**Appendix F**

**Reference Substances Information**

**F-1: NRU Test Information for the 72 Reference Substances F-3\
F-2: Chemical, Physical, and Biological Information from the**

**Literature for the 72 Reference Substances F-11**

***\[This Page Intentionally Left Blank\]***

**Appendix F-1**

**NRU Test Information for the 72 Reference Substances**

***\[This Page Intentionally Left Blank\]***

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Table F-1 NRU Test                                                                                             
  Information for the 72                                                                                         
  Reference Substances                                                                                           
  ----------------------- ------------ ---------- --------------- ------------- ------------------ ------------- ------------------
  **Chemical**            **CASRN**    **Purity   **Supplier**    **pH in 3T3   **Concentrations   **pH in NHK   **Concentrations
                                       (%)**                      Medium^a^**   Tested in 3T3      Medium^b^**   Tested in NHK
                                                                                Assay (μg/mL)**                  Assay (μg/mL)**

  Acetaminophen           103-90-2     99         Sigma           8.1           4.7-1000           7.7           11.8-4000

  Acetonitrile            75-05-8      99.5       Sigma           8.4           118-100000         7.9           8.12-200000

  Acetylsalicylic acid    50-78-2      99.5       Sigma           7.5           9.4-2500           6.9           11.8-2500

  Aminopterin             54-62-6      100.3      Fluka           8.1           0.00005-0.1        7.2           67.4-1000

  5-Aminosalicylic acid   89-57-6      99         Sigma           6.7           169-2500           7.5           2.4-500

  Amitriptyline HCl       549-18-8     100        Sigma           8.1           0.4-100            7.6           0.24-100

  Arsenic III trioxide    1327-53-3    99.9       Sigma           7.9           0.169-100          7.5           0.46-100

  Atropine sulfate        5908-99-6    100        Fluka           7.9           4.7-1000           7.5           3.8-10000
  monohydrate                                                                                                    

  Boric aid               10043-35-3   101.1      Fluka           7.1           4.7-10000          7.4           28.3-10000

  Busulfan                55-98-1      100.2      Fluka           8.1           2.4-500            7.8           2.35-800

  Cadmium II chloride     10108-64-2   99.8       Fluka           8.1           0.135-5            7.7           0.337-100

  Caffeine                58-08-2      99.9       Fluka           8.3           1.6-5000           7.8           3.25-10000

  Carbamazepine           298-46-4     \> 99      Sigma           8.0           0.3-1000           7.9           1.88-1000

  Carbon tetrachloride    56-23-5      \> 99.5    Sigma-Aldrich   NA            169-7000           7.7           11.8-7000

  Chloral hydrate         302-17-0     100.1      Sigma           8.4           4.7-1000           7.6           4.7-1000

  Chloramphenicol         56-75-7      \> 99      Fluka           8.3           4.7-2500           7.8           9.15-2500

  Citric acid             77-92-9      98         Sigma           2.9           23.5-10000         4.0           23.5-10000

  Colchicine              64-86-8      \> 98      Fluka           8.2           0                  7.7           0.0014-0.10

  Cupric sulfate          7758-99-8    99.7       Sigma           7.8           0.0059-5.0         7.4           2.4-750
  pentahydrate                                                                                                   

  Cycloheximide           66-81-9      100        Sigma           8.0           0.01-50            7.8           0.0040-100

  Dibutyl phthalate       84-74-2      \> 99      Sigma           8.0           3.7-2500           7.7           0.9-1000

  Dichlorvos              62-73-7      99.5       Chem Service,   8.1           0.5-100            7.7           0.235-500
                                                  Inc.                                                           

  Diethyl phthalate       84-66-2      99.5       Aldrich         8.1           4.7-2000           7.8           2.35-2000

  Digoxin                 20830-75-5   98.6       Sigma           8.2           3.5-1000           7.8           0.0000047-0.100

  Dimethylformamide       68-12-2      99.95      Sigma-Aldrich   8.1           236-50000          7.7           70.6-30000

  Diquat dibromide        6385-62-2    99         Chem Service,   7.9           0.03-100           7.7           0.47-500
  monohydrate                                     Inc.                                                           

  Disulfoton              298-04-4     99.4       Chem Service,   8.0           2.4-2500           7.8           2.4-2500
                                                  Inc.                                                           

  Endosulfan              115-29-7     99.5       Chem Service,   8.3           0.1-100            7.8           0.67-50
                                                  Inc.                                                           

  Epinephrine bitartrate  51-42-3      \> 99      Sigma-Aldrich   7.9           6.74-200           7.6           4.7-1000

  Ethanol                 64-17-5      100        Sigma-Aldrich   8.6           1011-50000         7.8           118-150000

  Ethylene glycol         107-21-1     99.99      Sigma           8.4           1770-100000        7.8           1770-100000

  Fenpropathrin           39515-41-8   91.8       Valent          8.3           2.4-500            7.8           0.301-100

  Gibberellic acid        77-06-5      99         Acros           4.5           1348-100000        6.5           23.6-10000

  Glutethimide            77-21-4      \> 99      Sigma-Aldrich   8.0           19-1000            7.7           4.7-1000

  Glycerol                56-81-5      99.9       Sigma           8.2           4586-100000        7.8           47-101960

  Haloperidol             52-86-8      99         Sigma           8.3           0.1-25             7.7           0.188-100

  Hexachlorophene         70-30-4      99.2       Sigma-Aldrich   8.1           0.5-100            7.5           0.002-1

  Lactic acid             50-21-5      88.6       Sigma           3.2           47.1-10000         3.0           47.1-10000

  Lindane                 58-89-9      100        Sigma           8.1           0.8-2500           7.7           2.35-2000

  Lithium I carbonate     554-13-2     99.4       Sigma           9.3           74.3-1102.5        9.5           4.7-2000

  Meprobamate             57-53-4      \> 99      Sigma           8.1           9.4-2500           7.7           4.71-2500

  Mercury II chloride     7487-94-7    99.5       Sigma           8.1           0.05-10            7.6           0.67-10

  Methanol                67-56-1      99.97      Sigma-Aldrich   8.0           398-3500 (no       7.6           9.42-2500
                                                                                toxicity)                        

  Nicotine                54-11-5      \> 99.0    Fluka           8.8           94.9-1000          8.5           8.02-5000

  Paraquat                1910-42-5    100        Sigma           7.9           0.5-100            7.8           2.4-1000

  Parathion               56-38-2      98         Supelco         8.2           0.5-2500           7.7           0.47-1500

  Phenobarbital           50-06-6      100        Spectrum        7.7           11.8-2500          7.4           7.06-3000

  Phenol                  108-95-2     \> 99      Sigma           8.0           0.3-1500           7.7           4.7-1000

  Phenylthiourea          103-85-5     98         Sigma           8.1           0.8-2500           7.7           9.42-2500

  Physostigmine           57-47-6      100        Sigma           8.1           5.4-200            7.7           0.32-1000

  Potassium I chloride    7447-40-7    100        Sigma           8.3           163-15000          7.8           23.5-10000

  Potassium cyanide       151-50-8     99.4       Mallinckrodt    9.0           0.5-1500           8.2           0.401-500
                                                  Baker                                                          

  Procainamide HCl        51-06-9      99.7       Sigma-Aldrich   8.3           67-1000            7.5           47-10000

  2-Propanol              67-63-0      \> 99.9    Sigma           8.5           1011-50000         7.7           47.1-20000

  Propranolol HCl         350-60-90    100        Sigma           7.9           1.78-1000          7.4           1.8-350

  Propylparaben           94-13-3      \> 99      Fluka           8.1           2.4-1000           7.7           0.47-300

  Sodium arsenite         7784-46-5    \> 99.0    Fluka           8.0           0.05-10.0          7.7           0.038-30

  Sodium chloride         7647-14-5    99.5       Sigma           8.2           94-20000           7.9           4.71-10000

  Sodium dichromate       7789-12-0    100.4      Sigma           8.0           0.03-10.0          7.7           0.0318-100
  dihydrate                                                                                                      

  Sodium I fluoride       7681-49-4    100        Sigma           8.1           10.1-1000          7.7           0.3-1000

  Sodium hypochlorite     7681-52-9    12.9% Cl   Sigma-Aldrich   8.0           24-10000           7.7           47.1-10000

  Sodium oxalate          62-76-0      99.99      Sigma-Aldrich   8.1           1.2-500            7.7           40.5-2000

  Sodium selenate         13413-01-0   100        Sigma-Aldrich   8.2           6.8-300            7.8           0.47-556

  Strychnine              57-24-9      99         Sigma           8.4           9.5-800            7.8           1.18-500

  Thallium I sulfate      7446-18-6    99.995     Aldrich         8.3           0.1-500            7.8           0.0047-2

  Trichloroacetic acid    76-03-9      \> 99      Aldrich         2.3           24-10000           1.9           33.0-10000

  1,1,1-Trichloroethane   71-55-6      99.78      Sigma-Aldrich   8.4           1686-50000         8.0           674-10000

  Triethylenemelamine     51-18-3      98         Acros           8.0           0.02-4             7.6           0.024-10

  Triphenyltin hydroxide  76-87-9      \~ 99.5    Sigma-Aldrich   8.0           0.0002-0.1         7.6           0.005-0.1

  Valproic acid           99-66-1      100        Sigma           6.9           12-2500            6.0           11.8-2500

  Verapamil HCl           152-11-4     98         Sigma-Aldrich   8.1           3.4-100            7.5           3.8-1500

  Xylene                  1330-20-7    99.9       Mallinckrodt    6.8           398-2500           7.5           190-2000
                                                  Baker                                                          
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

^a^3T3 Medium - Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium, with
supplements.

^b^NHK medium - Keratinocyte Growth Medium (KGM from Cambrex).

pH = mean pH of the highest concentration tested (of all acceptable NRU
tests).

*\[This Page Intentionally Left Blank\]*

**Appendix F-2**

**Chemical, Physical, and Biological Information from\
the Literature for the 72 Reference Substances**

***\[This Page Intentionally Left Blank\]***

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th colspan="13">Table F-2 Chemical, Physical, and Biological
Information from the Literature for the 72 Reference Chemicals</th>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<th><strong>Chemical</strong></th>
<th><strong>CASRN</strong></th>
<th><strong>LD<sub>50</sub> (mg/kg)<sup>a</sup></strong></th>
<th><strong>MW (g/mol)</strong></th>
<th><strong>Chemical Class<sup>b</sup></strong></th>
<th><strong>Water Solubility<sup>c</sup></strong></th>
<th><strong>pK<sup>d</sup></strong></th>
<th><strong>log Kow<sup>c</sup></strong></th>
<th><p><strong>Boiling</strong></p>
<p><strong>Point (<sup>o</sup>C)<sup>d</sup></strong></p></th>
<th><p><strong>Toxic Effect</strong></p>
<p><strong>Class<sup>f</sup></strong></p></th>
<th><strong>Passage of Blood: Brain Barrier<sup>g</sup></strong></th>
<th><strong>Metabolic Activation/ Inactivation<sup>f</sup></strong></th>
<th><strong>Mechanism of Lethaliy<sup>f</sup></strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Acetaminophen</td>
<td>103-90-2</td>
<td>2404</td>
<td>151.20</td>
<td>Amide</td>
<td>Slightly in cold, much more in hot; 1-5 mg/mL @ 22<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Liver toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free?</td>
<td>More toxic intracellular metabolites</td>
<td>Covalent NAPQI binding and lipid peroxidation.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Acetonitrile</td>
<td>75-05-8</td>
<td>3798</td>
<td>41.05</td>
<td>Nitrile</td>
<td>Miscible; <u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @ 22.5<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>-4.30</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-0.34</td>
<td>81.6</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS stimulant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Presumed</td>
<td>Must be metabolized to hydrogen cyanide for effect.</td>
<td>Assumed to be same as cyanide: General enzyme inhibition. High
affinity for Fe<sup>+++</sup>. Inhibits cell respiration by inhibition
of cytochrome oxidase; solvent</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
<td>50-78-2</td>
<td>1000</td>
<td>180.20</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>3.3 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; 4.6 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; &lt;1
mg/mL @ 23<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td>3.49@ 25<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td>1.19</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Gastric irritant, CNS (encephalo-pathy), kidney toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted</td>
<td>Salicylic acid is an active metabolite</td>
<td>General cell poison, works by uncoupling oxidation phosphorylation
and inhibition of Kreb's cycle dehydrogenases.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Aminopterin</td>
<td>54-62-6</td>
<td><p>3</p>
<p>(mouse)</p></td>
<td>476.45</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>5.5</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Hematotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Presumed to be minimal (like methotrexate)</td>
<td>Not expected to require metabolism for toxicity</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Inhibits folic acid utilization and thus cell
proliferation.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>5-Aminosalicylic acid</td>
<td>89-57-6</td>
<td>7749 (mouse)</td>
<td>153.10</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>2 mg/mL; &lt;1 mg/mL @ 21<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>3.25</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.32</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Kidney toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Not activated</td>
<td>Unknown</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Amitriptyline HCl</td>
<td>549-18-8</td>
<td>319</td>
<td>313.90</td>
<td>Polycyclic compound</td>
<td>0.0097 mg/mL @ 24<sup>°</sup>C/HCl is freely soluble</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>9.4</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>5.04</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Cardiotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>Nortriptyline, a metabolite, also active</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Blocks norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and
dopamine presynaptic uptake; prevents reuptake of heart
norepinephrine.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Arsenic III trioxide</td>
<td>1327-53-3</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>197.80</td>
<td>Arsenical</td>
<td>sparingly in cold; in 15 parts boiling; 17 mg/mL @
16<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>465</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS toxin (encephalo-pathy)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Cellular poison. Multisystem failure due to uncoupling oxidative
phosphorylation &amp; inhibition of pyruvate and succinate oxidative
pathways; Apoptosis induction; angiogenesis inhibition; cellular growth
inhibition</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Atropine sulfate monohydrate</td>
<td>5908-99-6</td>
<td>623</td>
<td>694.80</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>2.2 mg/mL</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.83</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS stimulant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Antimuscarinic, anticholinergic action. Competitive antagonism of
anticholinesterase at cardiac &amp; CNS receptor sites.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Boric aid</td>
<td>10043-35-3</td>
<td>2660</td>
<td>61.83</td>
<td>Boron compound</td>
<td>56 mg/mL in cold water; 10-50 mg/mL @ 19<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>300</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Skin, kidney, liver, testicular toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Inhibits enzymes involved in metabolism and RNA
synthesis.<sup>g</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Busulfan</td>
<td>55-98-1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>246.31</td>
<td>Alcohol</td>
<td>Decomposes</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-0.52</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Hematotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Freely (similar to plasma concentration<sup>h</sup></td>
<td>Reactive intermediates<sup>g</sup></td>
<td>Hypothetical: Alkylation of sufhydryl groups.<sup>i</sup>;
antineoplastic</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Cadmium II chloride</td>
<td>10108-64-2</td>
<td>88</td>
<td>183.31</td>
<td>Cadmium compound</td>
<td>1400 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; <u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @
20<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>960</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Kidney, liver toxin, corrosive</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes<sup>j</sup></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Alters Ca<sup>++</sup> translocation, affects membrane ATPase &amp;
mitochondrial respiration.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Caffeine</td>
<td>58-08-2</td>
<td>192</td>
<td>194.20</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>21 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; 10-50 mg/mL @ 23<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>14 @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; pK<sub>b</sub>=14.15 @ 19<sup>°</sup>C</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-0.07</td>
<td><p>17</p>
<p>(sublimes)</p></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS stimulant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Inhibition of phosphodiesterase leading to AMP
accumulation. Translocation of intracellular Ca<sup>++</sup>? Adenosine
receptor antagonism?; neurotoxic</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Carbamazepine</td>
<td>298-46-4</td>
<td>1957</td>
<td>236.30</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>Practically insoluble</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>2.45</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant, hematotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>10,11-epoxide metabolite as active as parent</td>
<td>Not known. Therapeutically decreases firing of noradrenergic
neurons.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Carbon tetrachloride</td>
<td>56-23-5</td>
<td>2799</td>
<td>153.82</td>
<td>Halogenated hydrocarbon</td>
<td>0.793 mg/mL at 25<sup>°</sup>C; &lt;1 mg/mL @ 21<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>2.83</td>
<td>76.8</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Liver, kidney toxin, CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>More toxic intracellular metabolites?</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Covalent binding of toxic intracellular metabolites.
Free radicals inducing lipid peroxidation?</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Chloral hydrate</td>
<td>302-17-0</td>
<td>479</td>
<td>165.40</td>
<td>Alcohol</td>
<td>9310 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; <u>&gt;</u>10 mg/mL @
20.5<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>0.99</td>
<td>96</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant &amp; cardiotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Freely</td>
<td>Active metabolite trichloroethanol is partly<sup>f</sup> or
totally<sup>k</sup> responsible for CNS effect</td>
<td>Proposed: potentiation of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor activity,
inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate activity, &amp; modulation of
5-hydroxytryptamine<sub>3</sub> receptor-mediated depolarization of the
vagas nerve.<sup>j</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Chloramphenicol</td>
<td>56-75-7</td>
<td>3393</td>
<td>323.14</td>
<td>Alcohol</td>
<td>2.5 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.14</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Hematotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Binds to mitochondrial ribosomes &amp; inhibits enzyme
syntheses (e.g., those necessary for oxidative phosphorylation)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Citric acid</td>
<td>77-92-9</td>
<td>3000</td>
<td>192.10</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>592 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; <u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @
22<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>1=3.1282=4.761 3=6.396 @ 25<sup>°</sup>C</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-1.72</td>
<td>decomposes</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Acidosis</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Colchicine</td>
<td>64-86-8</td>
<td><p>6</p>
<p>(mouse)</p></td>
<td>399.45</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>45 mg/mL; <u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @ 21<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>pK=12.35 @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; pKa=1.7 &amp; 12.4</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.03</td>
<td></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>GI, liver, kidney, hemato-, PNS toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Not expected</td>
<td>Depresses respiratory center.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Cupric sulfate pentahydrate</td>
<td>7758-99-8</td>
<td>300</td>
<td>249.70</td>
<td>Sulfur compound</td>
<td>148 &amp; 316 mg/mL @ 0<sup>°</sup>C; 2033 mg/mL @ 100<sup>°</sup>C;
230.5 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; 32 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C;
<u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @ 21<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>decomposes @ 150<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Liver, kidney toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Copper is reduced by thiol groups in cell membranes.
superoxide is formed by reoxidation of copper, inducing lipid
peroxidation.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Cycloheximide</td>
<td>66-81-9</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>281.40</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>21 mg/mL @ 2<sup>°</sup>C; 10-50 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>0.55</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Liver toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Unknown</td>
<td>Metabolically activated</td>
<td>Inhibition of protein synthesis?; metabolic inhibitor</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Dibutylphthalate</td>
<td>84-74-2</td>
<td>11998</td>
<td>278.30</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>0.013 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; 0.01 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; &lt;1
mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>4.9</td>
<td>340</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant; pulmonary, liver, testicular toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes<sup>m</sup></td>
<td>Monobutyl metabolite has greater toxicity than parent in rats</td>
<td>Peroxisome proliferator<sup>v</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Dichlorvos</td>
<td>62-73-7</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>220.98</td>
<td>Organophos-phorous compound</td>
<td>10 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; 5 g/mL; 10-50 mg/mL @
20<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.43, 1.45</td>
<td>245; 140 @ 20 mmHg</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Assumed due to CNS effects</td>
<td>Rapidly inactivated by hepatic metabolism</td>
<td>Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase resulting in acetylcholine
accumulation in CNS &amp; effector organs; irreversible cholinesterase
inhibitor</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Diethyl phthalate</td>
<td>84-66-2</td>
<td>8602</td>
<td>222.20</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>&lt;1 mg/mL @ 19<sup>°</sup>C and 25<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>2.47</td>
<td>298</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant, liver toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes<sup>n</sup></td>
<td>Monoethyl metabolite has greater toxicity than parent in rats</td>
<td>Peroxisome proliferator<sup>v</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Digoxin</td>
<td>20830-75-5</td>
<td><p>18</p>
<p>(mouse)</p></td>
<td>780.90</td>
<td>Polycyclic compound</td>
<td>0.0648 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.26</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Cardiotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted</td>
<td>Also active metabolites</td>
<td>Impairs ion transport &amp; increases sarcoplasmic calcium by
binding to Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase, increasing automaticity
of cardiac cells.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Dimethylformamide</td>
<td>68-12-2</td>
<td>2800</td>
<td>73.10</td>
<td>Amide</td>
<td>Miscible; <u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @ 22<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>-0.01 @ -20<sup>°</sup>C</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-1.01</td>
<td>153</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Liver, kidney toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><p>Hepatocellular</p>
<p>necrosis<sup>v</sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Diquat dibromide monohydrate</td>
<td>6385-62-2</td>
<td>231</td>
<td>362.10</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>700 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; <u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @
20<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-3.05</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>GI, pulmonary, liver, kidney toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free<sup>o</sup></td>
<td>No<sup>o</sup></td>
<td>Assumed to be same as Paraquat; Hypothetical: Multisystem failure
due to depletion of superoxide dismutase, formation of free radicals
&amp; lipid peroxidation. Lung fibrosis due to accumulation.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Disulfoton</td>
<td>298-04-4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>274.42</td>
<td>Organo-phosphorous compound</td>
<td>0.012 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>4.02</td>
<td>132-33 @ 1.5 mmHg; 108 and 62 @ 0.01 mmHg</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>More toxic metabolites</td>
<td>Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase resulting in acetylcholine
accumulation in CNS &amp; effector organs; irreversible cholinesterase
inhibitor</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Endosulfan</td>
<td>115-29-7</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>406.91</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>0.00053 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>3.83</td>
<td>106 @ 0.7 mm, partial decom-position</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes<sup>p</sup></td>
<td>No <sup>p</sup></td>
<td>Affects brain neurotransmitter levels.<sup>p</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Epinephrine bitartrate</td>
<td>51-42-3</td>
<td><p>4</p>
<p>(mouse)</p></td>
<td>333.30</td>
<td>Alcohol</td>
<td>1 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; &lt; 0.1 mg/mL @ 18<sup>°</sup>C (for
base)</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-1.52</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Cardiovascular toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Large first pass metabolism to inactive metabolites</td>
<td>Adrenergic receptor stimulation.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ethanol</td>
<td>64-17-5</td>
<td>14008</td>
<td>46.07</td>
<td>Alcohol</td>
<td>&gt;10% why include; <u>&gt;</u> 100 mg/ml @ 23<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>15.9 @ 25<sup>°</sup>C</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-0.31</td>
<td>78.5</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>Acetaldehyde, active metabolite</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Interferes with cell membrane fluidity, perturbing
proteins such as ion channels. Depression of postsynaptic potentials in
CNS; solvent</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Ethylene glycol</td>
<td>107-21-1</td>
<td>8567</td>
<td>62.07</td>
<td>Alcohol</td>
<td>Miscible; <u>&gt;</u> 100 mg/mL @ 17.5<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-1.36</td>
<td>197.6 @ 760 mmHg</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant, kidney toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>Glyoxalate, glycolate, &amp; oxalate, active metabolites</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Metabolites inhibit mitochondria to produce metabolic
acidosis. Oxalate decreases sarcoplasmic Ca<sup>++</sup>; affects kidney
function; oxalic acid is toxic metabolite</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Fenpropathrin</td>
<td>39515-41-8</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>349.43</td>
<td>Hydrocarbon</td>
<td>0.00033 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>6.0 @ 20<sup>°</sup>C<sup>r</sup></td>
<td>377</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>PNS toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes<sup>s</sup></td>
<td>Rapidly hydrolyzed to inactive products in
mammals<sup>e,p</sup></td>
<td>Delays closure of sodium channel causing persistent depolarization
of membrane.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Gibberellic acid</td>
<td>77-06-5</td>
<td>6305</td>
<td>346.38</td>
<td>Hydrocarbon</td>
<td>5 mg/mL; slightly</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>4</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>0.24</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Glutethimide</td>
<td>77-21-4</td>
<td>600</td>
<td>217.30</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>Practically insoluble</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>4.2</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Presumed</td>
<td>2X active metabolite: 4-hydroxyglu-thethimide</td>
<td>CNS depression; anticholinergic activity</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Glycerol</td>
<td>56-81-5</td>
<td>12691</td>
<td>92.09</td>
<td>Alcohol</td>
<td>Soluble in all proportions; <u>&gt;</u> 100 mg/mL @ 18
<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>14.4</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-1.76</td>
<td>182; 290 @ 760 mmHg, decomposes</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Body fluids</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>No evidence found</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Cellular dehydration; osmotic effect</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Haloperidol</td>
<td>52-86-8</td>
<td>128</td>
<td>375.90</td>
<td>Ketone</td>
<td>0.014 mg/mL</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>8.3</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>3.36</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Presumed</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Blocks dopamine receptors</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Hexachlorophene</td>
<td>70-30-4</td>
<td>61</td>
<td>406.91</td>
<td>Cyclic hydrocarbon</td>
<td>0.140 mg/mL @ 25 <sup>°</sup>C; &lt; 1 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>4.95</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>6.91</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Binding to
proteins in cytoplasmic membrane &amp; cell organelles.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Lactic acid</td>
<td>50-21-5</td>
<td>3730</td>
<td>90.08</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>Soluble</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>3.86 @ 25<sup>°</sup>C</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-0.72</td>
<td>122 @ 14-15 mmHg</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Acidosis, corrosive</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes<sup>r</sup></td>
<td>Unknown</td>
<td>Disturbance of metabolism (lactic acidosis).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Lindane</td>
<td>58-89-9</td>
<td>76</td>
<td>290.80</td>
<td>Halogenated hydrocarbon</td>
<td>0.0073 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; &lt; 1 mg/mL @ 24<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>3.72</td>
<td>323.4 @ 760 mmHg</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS stimulant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No?</td>
<td>CNS depression through inhibition of GABA receptor linked chloride
channel at the picrotoxin binding site, leading to blockade of chloride
influx into neurons?</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Lithium I carbonate</td>
<td>554-13-2</td>
<td><p>1187</p>
<p>(sulfate salt; mouse)</p></td>
<td>73.89</td>
<td>Lithium compound</td>
<td>1.5 mg/mL @ 0<sup>°</sup>C; 1.3 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; 1.2 mg/mL @
40<sup>°</sup>C; 12.2 mg/mL cold; 7 mg/mL hot</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted (assumed same as lithium sulfate)</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Unknown: Partial substitution for normal cations of cells may
disturb energy processes?</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Meprobamate</td>
<td>57-53-4</td>
<td>794</td>
<td>218.30</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>3.4 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; 7.9 mg/mL @ 37<sup>°</sup>C; &lt; 1
mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>9.2</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant cardiotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>Rapidly inactivated by hepatic metabolism</td>
<td>Unknown</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Mercury II chloride</td>
<td>7487-94-7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>271.50</td>
<td>Mercury compound</td>
<td>69 mg/mL at 20<sup>°</sup>C; 5-50 mg/mL @ 22<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>0.22</td>
<td>302</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Corrosive, kidney toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Changes membrane potentials &amp; blocks enzyme
reactions in cells by targeting the sulfhydryl part of active sites of
some enzymes.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Methanol</td>
<td>67-56-1</td>
<td>13012</td>
<td>32.04</td>
<td>Alcohol</td>
<td>Completely miscible at 20<sup>°</sup>C; <u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @
21<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>15.3</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-0.77</td>
<td>64.7 @ 760 mmHg</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>Active metabolites: formadehyde, formic acid</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Accumulation of formic acid leads to metabolic
acidosis. Lactate inhibits mitochondrial respiration; formaldehyde
metabolite</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Nicotine</td>
<td>54-11-5</td>
<td>50</td>
<td>162.20</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>Miscible below 60<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>pK<sub>b1</sub>=6.16 @ 15<sup>°</sup>C; pK<sub>b2</sub>=10.96</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.17</td>
<td>247</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS stimulant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>CNS nicotinic receptor; cholinergic block causing polarization of
CNS and PNS synapses.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Paraquat</td>
<td>1910-42-5</td>
<td>58</td>
<td>257.20</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>Soluble; <u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @ 19<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-4.22 @ pH 7.4</td>
<td>175-180 @ 760 mmHg, decomposes</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Pulmonary toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free?</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Multisystem failure due to depletion of superoxide dismutase, with
formation of free radicals &amp; lipid peroxidation. Lung fibrosis due
to accumulation; interferes with ATP synthesis.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Parathion</td>
<td>56-38-2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>291.28</td>
<td>Organo-phosphorous compound</td>
<td>0.011 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; &lt;1 mg/mL @ 23<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>3.83</td>
<td>375 @ 760 mm Hg</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free (assumed the same as malathion)</td>
<td>Paraoxon is active metabolite.</td>
<td>Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase resulting in acetylcholine
accumulation in CNS &amp; effector organs; irreversible cholinesterase
inhibitor</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Phenobarbital</td>
<td>50-06-6</td>
<td>163</td>
<td>232.23</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>1 mg/mL; 1.3 mg/mL at 25<sup>°</sup>C; &lt;0.1 mg/mL @
14<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>pK<sub>1</sub>=7.3, pK<sub>2</sub>=11.8</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.47</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Neurotoxic; CNS depression through inhibition of GABA synapses?
Inhibits hepatic NADH cytochrome oxidoreductase;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Phenol</td>
<td>108-95-2</td>
<td>414</td>
<td>94.11</td>
<td>Phenol</td>
<td>67 mg/mL; 82.8 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; 93 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C;
50-100 mg/mL @ 19<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.46</td>
<td>182 @ 760 mm Hg</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Corrosive; CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>General protoplasmic poison that denatures proteins; depresses
vasomotor center</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Phenylthiourea</td>
<td>103-85-5</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>152.20</td>
<td>Sulfur compound</td>
<td>2.5 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; &lt;1 mg/mL @ 21<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>0.71</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Pulmonary toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>Humans &amp; animals have high capacity to detoxify sulfides</td>
<td>Destroys cytochrome p450; interferes with pulmonary, thyroid
functions.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Physostigmine</td>
<td>57-47-6</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>275.40</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>Slightly soluble</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Easily</td>
<td>None known</td>
<td>Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase resulting in acetylcholine
accumulation in CNS &amp; effector organs.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Potassium I chloride</td>
<td>7447-40-7</td>
<td>2602</td>
<td>74.55</td>
<td>Potassium, chlorine compound</td>
<td>342 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; &gt;100 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>1500</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Cardiotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free?</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Essential cellular electrolyte maintains normal transmembrane
potential, necessary for heart conduction.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Potassium cyanide</td>
<td>151-50-8</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>65.12</td>
<td>Potassium, nitrogen compound</td>
<td>500 mg/mL cold; 1000 mg/mL hot</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS stimulant, corrosive</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>General enzyme inhibition. Interferes with ATP synthesis. High
affinity for Fe<sup>+++</sup>. Inhibits cell respiration by inhibition
of cytochrome oxidase.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Procainamide HCl</td>
<td>51-06-9</td>
<td>1950</td>
<td>271.79</td>
<td>Amide</td>
<td>Freely soluble</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant, cardiotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Some</td>
<td><p>Less potent<sup>s</sup>;</p>
<p>active metabolite<sup>c</sup></p></td>
<td>Slows impulse conduction in the heart?<sup>s</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2-Propanol</td>
<td>67-63-0</td>
<td>5843</td>
<td>60.10</td>
<td>Alcohol</td>
<td><u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @ 22<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>0.05</td>
<td>82.3</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No.</td>
<td>CNS depression through membrane effects<sup>v</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Propranolol HCl</td>
<td>350-60-90</td>
<td><p>470</p>
<p>(mouse)</p></td>
<td>295.80</td>
<td>Alcohol</td>
<td>Soluble</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>3.09</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Cardiotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No?</td>
<td>Unknown: Beta-adrenergic blockade?</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Propylparaben</td>
<td>94-13-3</td>
<td><p>6326</p>
<p>(mouse)</p></td>
<td>180.20</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>0.463 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; &lt;1 mg/mL @ 12<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>3.04</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Sodium arsenite</td>
<td>7784-46-5</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>129.90</td>
<td>Arsenical</td>
<td>Very to freely soluble</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>PNS, liver, hematotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Not expected</td>
<td>Assumed the same as arsenic trioxide - causes multisystem failure
due to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation &amp; inhibition of
pyruvate &amp; succinate oxidative pathways.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Sodium chloride</td>
<td>7647-14-5</td>
<td>2998</td>
<td>58.44</td>
<td>Sodium, chlorine compound</td>
<td>357 mg/mL @ 0<sup>°</sup>C; 391.2 mg/mL @ 100<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>1413<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Body fluids</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Acute dehydration of brain cells caused by osmotic shift of water to
the outside of the blood:brain barrier.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Sodium dichromate dihydrate</td>
<td>7789-12-0</td>
<td>50</td>
<td>298.00</td>
<td>Sodium, chromium compound</td>
<td>2380 mg/mL @ 0<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>decomposes @ 400</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Kidney, liver toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes<sup>t</sup></td>
<td>Less active in presence of metabolizing system</td>
<td>Inhibition of respiratory chain activity; carcinogenic</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Sodium I fluoride</td>
<td>7681-49-4</td>
<td>180</td>
<td>41.99</td>
<td>Sodium, fluorine compound</td>
<td>43 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; 10-50 mg/mL @ 23<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>GI irritant, CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Protoplasmic poison interfering with many enzymes. May
lower sarcoplasmic Ca<sup>++</sup> &amp; induce K<sup>+</sup> efflux
from cells.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Sodium hypochlorite</td>
<td>7681-52-9</td>
<td>8910</td>
<td>74.44</td>
<td>Sodium, oxygen, chlorine compound</td>
<td>293 mg/mL @ 0<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>111</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Corrosive, body fluids</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Sodium oxalate</td>
<td>62-76-0</td>
<td>155</td>
<td>134.00</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>220 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Corrosive, body fluids, kidney &amp; cardiotoxin, CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Ca<sup>++</sup>-complexing action, depressing the
level of ionized Ca<sup>++</sup> in body fluids, but doesn't explain
action on GI, vasculature, &amp; kidney. Corrosivity not due to
acidity.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Sodium selenate</td>
<td>13413-01-0</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>188.90</td>
<td>Sodium, selenium compound</td>
<td><u>&gt;</u> 100 mg/mL @ 21<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Liver, kidney toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes<sup>u</sup></td>
<td>Not expected</td>
<td>Inactivates sulfhydryl enzymes for oxidative reactions in cellular
respiration.<sup>u</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Strychnine</td>
<td>57-24-9</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>334.40</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>0.16 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>8.26 @ 25<sup>°</sup>C</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.93</td>
<td>270 @ 5 mmHg</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS stimulant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Expected</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Increases glutamic acid in the CNS. Alkaloid poison.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Thallium I sulfate</td>
<td>7446-18-6</td>
<td>29 (mouse)</td>
<td>504.80</td>
<td>Metal</td>
<td>48.7 mg/mL @ 15<sup>°</sup>C; 191.4 mg/mL @ 100<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>GI irritant, CNS toxin (encephalo-pathy)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Hypothetical: Enzyme inhibition by binding sulfhydryl groups of
mitochondrial membranes. Interferes with oxidative phosphorylation by
inhibition of Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Trichloroacetic acid</td>
<td>76-03-9</td>
<td>4999</td>
<td>163.40</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>10 g/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; 1200 mg/mL @ 25<sup>°</sup>C; 13.06 g/mL
@ 25<sup>°</sup>C; <u>&gt;</u>100 mg/mL @ 22<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>1.33</td>
<td>196</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>GI corrosion, acidosis</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Expected</td>
<td>Not expected</td>
<td>Corrosive; possible carcinogen</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1,1,1-Trichloroethane</td>
<td>71-55-6</td>
<td>10298</td>
<td>133.41</td>
<td>Halogenated hydrocarbon</td>
<td>4.4 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; &lt;1 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>2.49</td>
<td>76</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant; liver toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No.</td>
<td>Arrhythmogenic<sup>v</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Triethylenemelamine</td>
<td>51-18-3</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>204.23</td>
<td>Heterocyclic compound</td>
<td>400 mg/mL @ 26<sup>°</sup>C; &lt;1 mg/mL @ 16<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>-0.54</td>
<td>139 (decomposes)</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Hemato-, liver, kidney toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Unknown</td>
<td>Expected since it's an alkylator</td>
<td>Genotoxic; binds with DNA; alkylating agent; alkylates proteins</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Triphenyltin hydroxide</td>
<td>76-87-9</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>367.02</td>
<td>Organo- metallic compound</td>
<td>0.0012 mg/mL; &lt;1 mg/mL @ 21<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS toxin (encephalo-pathy), skin &amp; GI irritant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Rapidly</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Affects a number of enzymes involved in cellular energy production
and use. Affects immune system; causes lymphopenia; clastogenic</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Valproic acid</td>
<td>99-66-1</td>
<td><p>670</p>
<p>(mouse)</p></td>
<td>144.20</td>
<td>Carboxylic acid</td>
<td>2 mg/mL @ 20<sup>°</sup>C; 1.27 mg/mL; &lt;1 mg/mL @
22<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>2.75</td>
<td>220</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant, liver toxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Some metabolites may be active</td>
<td>Increases GABA in the CNS?</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Verapamil HCl</td>
<td>152-11-4</td>
<td>108</td>
<td>491.08</td>
<td>Amine</td>
<td>70 mg/mL</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>3.79</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Cardiotoxin</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Restricted?</td>
<td>Also active metabolites</td>
<td>Inhibition of transmembrane Ca<sup>++</sup> flux in excitatory
tissues. Cardiac-Ca<sup>++</sup> channel blocker. Also alpha-adrenergic
blockade.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Xylene</td>
<td>1330-20-7</td>
<td>4300</td>
<td>106.17</td>
<td>Cyclic hydrocarbon</td>
<td>Practically insoluble; &lt;1 mg/mL @ 22<sup>°</sup>C</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>NA</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>3.12-3.2</td>
<td>136-140</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>CNS depressant</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Free</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Unknown: Heart failure caused by sensitization of heart to
catecholamines?; solvent</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Abbreviations: MW = molecular weight; NA = no information found; NADPQI
= N-acetyl-*p*-benzoquinoneimine; CNS = central nervous system; AMP =
adenosine monophosphate; GABA = gamma aminobutyric acid; GI-
gastrointestinal; PNS = peripheral nervous system; NADH = nicotine
adenine dinucleotide (reduced).

^a^LD~50~ data from Registry of Cytotoxicity (Halle 1998), Hazardous
Substances Data Bank (NLM 2001, 2002), or Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances® (MDL information Systems 2001, 2002). Rat data
unless otherwise noted. Rounded to the nearest one.

^b^Based on the Medical Subject Heading \[MeSH\] index (NLM 2005).

^c^Hazardous Substances Data Bank (NLM 2001, 2002) and NTP Chemical
Health and Safety Data (2001) at
<http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/Main_Pages/Chem-HS.html>. The NTP
database is no longer available. NTP values can be identified by the use
of the following symbols: \<, \>, and ≥. Conditions are reported if
available.

^d^Hazardous Substances Data Bank (NLM 2001, 2002) unless otherwise
specified. pK measured under the conditions specified. If no conditions
were specified, none are reported.

^e^Hazardous Substances Data Bank (NLM 2001, 2002) or Material Safety
Data Sheets. Boiling point measured under the conditions specified. If
no conditions were specified, none are given.

^f^Ekwall et al. (1998) or Hazardous Substances Data Bank (NLM 2001,
2002) unless otherwise noted.

^g^Cosmetic Ingredient Review Panel (1983).

^h^Orphan Medical (1999).

^i^Glaxo Wellcome (2000).

^j^ATSDR (1999).

^k^EPA (2000).

^l^EPA (2002).

^m^ATSDR (2001).

^n^ATSDR (1995).

^o^EPA (1995)

^p^ATSDR (2000a).

^q^ATSDR (2004a).

^r^Ames (2000).

^s^Hardman et al. (1996).

^t^ATSDR (2000b).

^u^ATSDR (2004b).

^v^Casarett et al. (2001).

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