Invasive Plant Bibliography

James P. Bennett

U.S.Geological Survey

Madison, Wisconsin

February 2, 2000

Aarssen, L.W., I.V. Hall, and K.I.N Jensen. 1986. The biology of
Canadian weeds. 76. *Vicia angustifolia* L., *V. cracca* L., *V. sativa*
L. *V. tetrasperma* (L.) Schreb., and *V. villosa* Roth. Canadian
Journal of Plant Science 66(3):711-737.

Anderson, Richard N. Germination and Establishment of Weeds for
Experimental Purposes. W. F. Humphrey Pres, Inc. Geneva, NY

Andrews, E.F. \"The Japanese Honeysuckle in the Eastern United States,\"
Torreya. Vol. 19, No. 3: 37-43. March 1919.

Anonymous. Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden. Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, Inc.: Brooklyn, New York, 1996.

Anonymous. The Magic and Medicine of Plants. Reader\'s Digest
Association, Inc.: Pleasantville, NY, 1986.

Anonymous. USDA Common Weeds of the U.S. 1971. Dover Publications, NY

Anonymous. Weeds of the North Central States. University of Illinois
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1954.

Anonymous. Wisconsin Manual of Control Recommendations for Ecologically
Invasive Species. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of
Endangered Resources: Madison, WI, 1997. Revised ed.

Archibold, O.W., D. Brooks, and L. Delany. \"An investigation of the
invasive shrub European buckthorn, *Rhamnus cathartica* L., near
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,\" Canadian Field-Naturalist. Vol. 111, No. 4:
617-621. 1997.

Atkinson, M.D. "*Betula pendula* Roth (*B. verrucosa* Ehrh.) and *B.
pubescens* Ehrh.," Journal of Ecology. Vol. 80(4), pp. 837-870.

Bailey, L.H. Manual of Cultivated Plants. The Macmillian Company: New
York, NY, 1949. 2nd ed.

Baker, H.G. \"Biological Flora of the British Isles (series):
*Melandrium dioicum* (L. emend.) Coss and Germ.,\" Journal of Ecology.
Vol. 35: 283-292. 1947.

Barkley, T.M. , ed. 1991. Flora of the Great Plains. University Press of
Kansas, Lawrence.

Baskin, Carol C. and Jerry M. Baskin. \"Germination requirement of
*Oenothera biennis* seed during burial undera natural seasonal
temperature cycles,\" Canadian Journal of Botany. Vol. 22: 779-782.
1994.

Baskin, J.M. and C.C. Baskin. \"Germination Ecology of *Veronica
arvensis*,\" Journal of Ecology. Vol. 71: 57-68. 1983.

Baskin, J.M. and C.C. Baskin. \"Variation in the annual dormancy cycle
in buried seeds of the weedy winter annual *Viola arvensis*,\" Weed
Research. Vol. 35: 353-362. 1995.

Baskin, J.M. and Carol C. Baskin. \"Temperature requirements for
after-ripening in seeds of nine winter annuals,\" Weed Research. Vol.
26: 375-380. 1986.

Baskin, Jerry M. and Carol C. Baskin. \"Seasonal changes in germination
responses of buried seed of *Verbascum thapsus* L. and *V. blattaria*
and ecological implications,\" Candian Journal of Botany. Vol. 59:
1769-1775. 1981.

Baskin, Jerry M. and Carol C. Baskin. \"Seasonal changes in germination
responses of buried *Lamium amplexicaule* seeds,\" Weed Research. Vol.
21: 299-306. 1981.

Baskin, Jerry M. and Carol C. Baskin. \"Studies on the autecology and
population biology of the weedy monocarpic perennial *Pastinaca
sativa*,\" Journal of Ecology. Vol. 67: 601-610. 1979.

Baskin, Jerry M. and Carol C. Baskin. \"Studies on the ecological
lifecycle of *Holosteum umbellatum*,\" Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club. Vol. 100: 110-116. March-April 1973.

Basset, I.J. et al. \"The biology of Canadian weeds. 21. *Urtica dioica*
L.,\" Canadian Journal of Plant Science. Vol. 57: 491-498. April 1977.

Bassett, I.J. and C.W. Crompton. 1978. The biology of Canadian weeds.
32. *Chenopodium album* L. Canadian Journal of plant science
58:1061-1072.

Bassett, I.J. and D.B. Munro. 1985. The biology of Canadian weeds. 67
*Solanum ptycanthum* Dun. *S. nigrum* L. and *S. saccharoides* Sendt.
Canadian Journal of plant science Sendt. 65: 401-414.

Bassett, I.J.; Crompton, C.W. and D.W. Woodland. 1977. The biology of
Canadian weeds. 21. *Urtica dioica* L. Canadian Journal of plant science
57:491-498.

Bello, Iliya A., Michael D.K. Owen, and Harlene M. Hatterman-Valenti.
\"Effect of shade on velvetleaf (*Abutilon theophrasti*) growth, seed
production, and dormancy,\" Weed Technology. Vol. 9: 452-455. 1995.

Best, K.F. and G.I. McIntyre. 1975 The biology of Canadian weeds. 9.
*Thlaspi arvense* L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55(1): 279-292.

Best, K.F.; Bowes, G.G.; Thomas, A.G. and M.G. Maw. 1980. The biology of
Canadian weeds. 39. *Euphorbia esula* L. Canadian Journal of plant
science 60:651-663.

Best, K.F.1977. The biology of Canadian weeds. 22 *Descurainia sophia*
(L.) Webb. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 57:499-507.

Boorman, L.A. \"Some plant growth patterns in relation to the sand dune
habitat,\" Journal of Ecology. Vol. 70: 607-614. 1982.

Bown, Deni. Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press: Portland,
Oregon, 1988.

Brandt, C.A. and W.H. Rickard. Alien taxa in the North American
Shrub-steppe Four Decades after Cessation of livestock grazing and
cultivation agriculture. Biological Conservation 68(1994) 95-105.
Elsevier Science Limited. Great Britain.

Brenchley, Winifred E. and Katherine Warington. \"The weed seed
population of arable soil: I. Numerical estimation of viable seeds and
observations on their natural dormancy,\" Journal of Ecology. Vol. 18:
235-272. 1930.

Briede, J.W. and C.M. McKell. \"Germination of seven perennial arid land
species, subjected to soil moisture stress.\" Journal of Arid
Environments. 23(3): 263-270. 1992.

Buman, R.A. and R.H. Abernethy. \"Temperature requirements for mountain
rye, Hycreast creasted wheatgrass, and downy brome germination. Journal
of Range Management. 41(1): 35-39.

Burnside, Orvin C. et al. \"Germination of Exumed Weed Seed in
Nebraska,\" Weed Science. Vol. 29: 577-586. 1981.

Burnside, Orvin C. et al. \"Seed Longevity of 41 Weed Species Buried in
17 Years in Eastern and Western Nebraska,\" Weed Science. Vol. 44:
74-86. 1996.

Cain, M.L. et al. "Neighborhood Models of Clonal Growth in the White
Clover *Trifolium repens*,\" The American Naturalist. June 1995: Vol.
145, pp. 888-917.

Can‑J‑Plant‑Sci‑Rev‑Can‑Phytotechnie. 67 (3): 787‑796.

Cardina, John and Denise H. Sparrow. \"Temporal changes in velvetleaf
(*Abutilon theophrasti*) seed dormancy,\" Weed Science. Vol. 45: 61-66.
1997.

Cardina, John and Heather M. Norquay. \"Seed production and seedbank
dynamics in subthreshold velvetleaf (*Albutilon theophrasti*),\" Weed
Science. Vol. 45: 85-90. 1997.

Catling, P.M. and I. Dobson. \"The biology of Canadian weeds. 69.
*Potamogeton crispus* L.,\" Canadian Journal of Plant Science. Vol. 65:
655-668. July 1985.

Catling, Paul M. and Z. Sue Porebski. \"The history of invasion and
current status of glossy buckthorn, *Rhamnus frangula*, in southern
Ontario,\" Canadian Field-Naturalist. Vol. 108: 305-310. 1994.

Cavers, P.B. and J.L. Harper. \"Biological Flora of the British Isles
(series): *Rumex obtusifolius* L. and *Rumex crispus* L.,\" Journal of
Ecology. Vol. 59: 737-766. 1964.

Chapman, G.P. The Biology of Grasses. CAB International, UK. 1996.

Chapman, G.P.(ed.) Reproductive Versatility in the Grasses. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge. 1990.

Chow, Paul N.P. \"Control of leafy spurge in pasture using Dicamba and
2,4 D,\" Journal of Range Management. Vol. 39, No. 2: 159-162. March
1984.

Cook, Christopher D.K. 1990. Aquatic plant book. SPB Academic
Publishing. The Hague. cited as Cook

Crockett, Lawrence J. 1977. Wildly successful plants. MacMillan
Publishing Co., Inc. NY SB 612 A2 C72 cited WSP

Crompton, C.W. and I.J. Bassett. 1985. The biology of Canadian weeds.
*Salsola pestifer* A. Nels. Canadian Journal of plant science
65:379-388.

Dale, H.M. and P.J. Harrison. \"Wild Carrot Seeds: Germination and
Dormancy,\" Weeds. Vol. 14: 201-204. 1966.

Dale, Hugh M. \"The biology of Canadian weeds. 5. *Daucus carota*,\"
Canadian Journal of Plant Science. Vol. 54: 673-685. October 1974.

Darke, R. and M. Griffiths (eds.) Manual of Grasses. Timber Press.
Portland, OR 1994.

Darwent, A.L. \"The biology of Canadian weeds. 14. *Gypsophila
paniculata* L.,\" Canadian Journal of Plant Science. Vol. 55: 1049-1058.
October 1975.

Darwent, A.L. and R.T. Coupland. \"Life History of *Gypsophila
paniculata*,\" Weeds. Vol. 5: 313-318. 1966.

Davis, Elisabeth B. 1987. Guide to information sources in the botanical
sciences. Libraries Unlimited, Inc. Littleton CO.

Davis, Linda W. 1993. Weed seeds of the Great Plains: a handbook for
identification. University Press of Kansas.

Dawson, J.H. and V.F. Bruns. \"Longevity of Barnyardgrass, Green
Foxtail, and Yellow Foxtail Seeds in Soil,\" Weed Science. Vol. 23, No.
5: 437-440. September, 1975.

DeJong, Tom J. and Peter G.L. Klinkhamier. "Population Ecology of the
Biennials *Cirsium vulgare* and *Cynoglossum officinale* in a Coastal
Sand-Dune Area,\" Journal of Ecology. June 1988: Vol. 76, pp. 366-375.

DeJong, Tom J. et al. \"Biological Flora of the British Isles (series):
*Cynoglossum officinale* L.,\" The Journal of Ecology. 1990: Vol. 78,
pp. 1123-1144.

Desrochers, A.M.; Bain, J.F. and S.I. Warwick. 1988. The biology of
Canadian weeds. 89. *Carduus nutans* L. and *C. acanthoides* L. Canadian
Journal of plant science 68(4):1053-1068.

Dirr, Michael A, C.W. Heuser. The Reference Manual of Woody Plant
Propagation. Varsity Press. 1987.

Dirr, Michael A. Manual of Woody Lanscape Plants. Stipes Publishing
Company. 1975 (revised 1977, 1983)

Doohan, Douglas J. and Thomas J. Monaco. \"The biology of Canadian
weeds. 99. *Viola arvensis* Murr.,\" Canadian Journal of Plant Science.
Vol. 72: 187-201. January 1992.

Doohan, Douglas J., Thomas J. Monaco, and Thomas J. Sheets. \"Factors
influencing germination of field violet (*Viola arvensis*),\" Weed
Science. Vol. 39, No. 4: 601-606. 1991.

Douglas, Brian J.; Thomas, A. Gordon; Morrison, Ian N. and Murray G.
Maw. 1985. The biology of Canadian weeds. 70. *Setaria viridis* (L.)
Beauv. Canadian Journal of plant science 65:669-690.

Doust, L. Lovett; A. MacKinnon and J. Lovett Doust. 1985. The biology of
Canadian weeds. 71. *Oxalis stricta* L., *O. corniculata* L. , *O.
dilenii* Jacq. ssp. *dillenii*, and ssp. *filipes*. Canadian Journal of
plant science 65(3)691-710.

Dreyer, Glenn D., Lisa M. Baird, and Christine Fickler. \"*Celastrus
scandens* and *Celastrus orbiculatus*: Comparisons of reproductive
potential between a native and an introduced woody vine,\" Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol. 114 No. 3: 260-264

Duke, James A. Handbook of Edible Weeds. CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1992.

Dunn, P.H. \"The distribution of leafy spurge (*Euphorbia escula*) and
other weedy *Euphorbia* spp. In the United States,\" Weed Science. Vol.
27: 509-516. 1979.

Ehrenfeld, Joan G. \"Invasion of deciduous forest preserves in the New
York metropoliton regin by Japanese barberry (*Berberis thunbergii*
D.C.),\" Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. Vol. 124, No. 2:
210-215. 1997.

Elias, Thomas, S. The Complete Trees of North America. Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company. 1980.

Elkington, T.T. et al. \"Biological Flora of the British Isles (series):
*Iris pseudoacorus*,\" The Journal of Ecolgy. 1990: Vol. 78, pp.
833-848.

Englund, Roger. \"Fruit removal in *Viburnum opulus*: copious seed
predation and sporadic massive seed dispersal in a temperate shrub,\"
Oikos. Vol. 67: 503-510. 1993.

Englund, Roger. \"Movement patterns of *Cetonia* beetles (Scarbacidae)
among flowering *Viburnum opulus* (Caprifoliaceae),\" Oecologia. Vol.
94: 295-302. 1993.

Epstein, A.H., J.H. Hill, and W. Nutter, Jr. \"Augmentation of rose
rosette disease for biocontrol of multiflora rose (*Rosa multiflora*),\"
Weed Science. Vol. 45, No. 1: 172-178. 1997.

Firbank, L.G. "Biological Flora of the British Isles (series):
*Agrostemma githago*," Journal of Ecology. Vol. 76, pp. 1232-1246.

Flint, H.L. Lanscape Plants for Eastern North America. John Wiley and
Sons. 1983.

Forest Service. USDA. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Forest
Service, USDA. 1974.

Frick, Brenda. 1984. The biology of Canadian weeds. 62. *Lappula
squarrosa* (Retz) Dumort. Canadian Journal of plant science 64:375-386.

Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. Manual of Vascular Plants of the
Northeastern United States and Canada. New York Botanical Garden: Bronx,
NY, 1993. 2nd ed.

Gray, Asa. Gray\'s Manual of Botany: A handbook of the flowering plants
and ferns of the central and northeastern U.S. and adjacent Canada.
Dioscorides Press, 1987, c1950.

Greig-Smith, P. \"Biological Flora of the British Isles (series):
*Urtica dioica* L.,\" Journal of Ecology. Vol. 36: 343-351. 1948.

Grime, J. P.; Hodgson, J. G. and R. Hunt. 1988. Comparative plant
ecology: a functional approach to common British species. Unwin Hyman,
Boston.

Grime, J.P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley
and Sons, NY.

Grime, J.P. et al. \"A Comparative Study of Germination Characteristics
in a Local Flora,\" Journal of Ecology. Vol. 69: 1017-1059. 1981.

Grime, J.P. et al. Comparative Plant Ecology: A functional approach to
common British species. Unwin Hyman Ltd.: London, 1988.

Gross, Katherine L. and Patricia A. Werner. 1978. The biology of
Canadian weeds. 28. *Verbascum thapsus* L. and *V. blattaria* L.
Canadian Journal of plant science 58:401-413.

Gross, Ronald S.; Werner, Patricia A. and Wayne R. Hawthorn. 1980. The
biology of Canadian weeds. 38. *Arctium minus* (Hill) Bernh. and *A.
lappa* L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 60:621-634

Hafliger, Ernst and Hildemar Scholz. 1981. Grass weeds 1 and 2.
Ciba-Geigy, Basle Switzerland.

Hafliger, Ernst and Hildemar Scholz. 1981. Monocot Weeds 3. Ciba-Geigy,
Basle Switzerland.

Hall, I.V.; Steiner,‑E.; Threadgill,‑P.; Jones,‑R.W. 1988. The biology
of Canadian weeds. 84. *Oenothera biennis* L. Journal of plant science
68 (1) p. 163‑173.

Hanf, Martin. The Arable Weeds of Europe with their seedlings and seeds.
BASF UK Ltd.: Aktiengesellschaft, Germany, 1983.

Hardt, Richard A. \"Japanese Honeysuckle: From \'One of the best\' to
Ruthless Pest,\" Arnoldia. Vol. 45, No. 2: 27-34. Spring 1986.

Harper, J.L. \"Biological Flora of the British Isles (series):
*Ranunculus acris, R. repens, R. bulbosus*,\" Journal of Ecology. Vol.
45: 289-342. 1957.

Harper, John L. and A.P. Chancellor. \"The comparative biology of
closely related species living in the same area: IV. *Rumex*:
Interference between individuals in populations of one and two
species,\" Journal of Ecology. Vol. 47: 679-695. 1959.

Harris, G.R. and P.H. Lovell. \"Adventitous Root Formation in *Veronica*
spp.,\" Annals of Botany. Vol. 45: 459-468. 1980.

Harris, G.R. and P.H. Lovell. \"Growth and Reproductive Strategy in
*Veronica* spp.,\" Annals of Botany. Vol. 45: 447-458. 1980.

Hawthorn, Wayne R. 1974. The biology of Canadian Weeds. 4. *Plantago
major* and *P. rugelii*. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54:383-396.

Heidorn, Randy. \"Vegetation Management Guideline: Exotic Buckthorns:
Common Buckthorn (*Rhamnus cathartica*), Glossy Buckthorn (*Rhamnus
frangula*), and Dahurian Buckthorn (*Rhamnus davurica*),\" Natural Areas
Journal. Vol. 11, No. 4: 216-217. 1991.

Heisey, Rod M. \"Allelopathic and herbicidal effects of extracts from
tree of heaven (*Ailanthus altissima*),\" American Journal of Botany.
Vol. 77, No. 5: 662-670. May 1990.

Hendrix, Stephen D. and Joseph E. Trapp. "Population Demography of
*Pastinaca sativa*: Effects of Seed Mass on Emergence, Survival, and
Recruitment,\" American Journal of Botany. April 1992: Vol. 79, pp.
365-375.

Hendrix, Steven D. \"Variation in seed weight and its effect on
germination in *Pastinaca sativa* L. (Umbelliferae),\" American Journal
of Botany. Vol. 71 No. 6: 795-802. 1984.

Hendrix, Steven D. and E. Joseph Trapp. \"Population demography of
*Pastinaca sativa* (Apiaceae): Effects of seed mass on emergence,
survival, and recruitment,\" American Journal of Botany. Vol. 79 No. 4:
365-375. 1992.

Hitchcock, A.S. and Agnes Chase. 1971. Manual of the grasses of the
United States. Dover Publications, Inc., NY.

Holm, Leroy et al. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York, NY, 1997.

Holm, LeRoy G.; Plucknett, Donald L.; Pancho, Juan V. and James P.
Herberger. 1977. World's worst weeds: distribution and biology.
Honolulu, University Press of Hawaii.

Holzner, W. and M. Numata, eds. 1982. Biology and ecology of weeds. DrW.
Junk Publishers, Boston.

Hume, L.; Martinez, J.; and K. Best. 1983. The biology of Canadian
weeds. 60. *Polygonum convolvulus* L. Canadian Journal of plant science
63:243-266.

Hutchinson, I., J.Colosi, and R.A. Lewis. \"The biology of Canadian
weeds. 63. *Sonchus asper* (L.) Hill and *S. oleraceus* L.\" Canadian
Journal of Plant Science. 64:731-744. 1984.

Hutchinson, Ian; Colosi, Joseph and Ralph A. Lewin. 1984. The biology of
Canadian weeds. 63. *Sonchus asper* (L.) Hill and *S. oleraceus* L.
Canadian Journal of plant science 64:731-744.

Isely, Duane. 1948. Seed characters of common clovers. Iowa State
College Journal of Science 23:125-136

James, Lynn F. et al., eds. Noxious Range Weeds. Westview Press:
Boulder, CO, 1991.

Janssen, J.G.M. \"Effects of Light, Temperature, and Seed Age on the
Germination of Winter Annuals *Veronica arvensis* L. and *Myosotis
ramosissima* Rochel ex. Schult,\" Oecologia (Berlin). Vol. 12: 141-146.
1973.

Jennerson, Ola. \"Pollination in *Dianthus deltoides* (Caryophyllaceae):
Effects of habitat fragmentation on visitation and seed set,\"
Conservation Biology. Vol. 2, No. 4: 359-366. December 1988.

Jones, Elise and Nathaniel T. Wheelwright. \"Seasonal changes in the
fruits of *Viburnum opulus*, a fleshy-fruited temperate zone shrub,\"
Canadian Journal of Botnay. Vol. 65, No. 11: 2291-2296. 1987.

Joney, David A. and Roy Turkington. "Biological Flora of the British
Isles (series): *Lotus corniculatus*," Journal of Ecology. Dec. 1986:
Vol. 74, pp. 1185-1212.

Kartesz, John T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of
the US, Canada, and Greenland, 2nd ed. Timber Press, Portland OR.

Keeler, Harriet L. Our Northern Shrubs. Charles Scribner\'s Sons: New
York, 1903.

King, Lawrence J. 1966. Weeds of the world: biology and control.
Interscience Publishers, Inc. NY. not much use to our topic.

King, T.J. \"Inhibition of Seed Germination Under Leaf Canopies in
*Arenaria serpyllifolia, Veronica arvensis,* and *Cerastium
holosteoides*,\" New Phytologist. Vol. 75: 87-90. 1975.

Kivilaan, A. and Robert s. Bandurshi. \"The One Hundred-Year Period for
Dr. Beal\'s Seed Viability Experiment,\" American Journal of Botany.
Vol. 68, No. 9: 1290-1292. 1981.

Klinkhamer, Peter G.L. and Tom J. DeJong. \"Effects of plant size, plant
density, and sex differential nectar reward on pollinator visitation in
the protandrous *Echium vulgare* (Boranginaceae),\" Oikos. Vol. 57:
399-405. 1990.

Korsmo, E. Unbrauter from his book Ackerbauder Neuzeit (Translated and
edited by H.W. Wollenweber. Julius Springer, Berlin, 1930.) as quoted in
O.A. Steven\'s article \"Weights of Seeds and Number per Plant,\" Weeds.
Vol. 5: 46-55. 1957.

Krannitz, Pam G. and M. Anwar Maun. \"An experimental study of floral
display size and reproductive success in *Viburnum opulus*: Importance
of grouping,\" Canadian Journal of Botany. Vol. 69, No. 2: 394-399.
1991.

Krussmann, G., M.E. Epp, G.S. Daniels. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved
Trees and Shrubs. Timber Press 1978 (English translation 1986).

Lacey, Elizabeth P. \"Timing of seed dispersal in *Daucus carota*,\"
Oikos. Vol. 39: 83-91. 1982.

LaCroix, Lucien T. and David W. Stanforth. \"Seed Dormancy in
Velvetleaf,\" Weeds. Vol. 12: 171-174. 1964.

Lawrence, Jeffery G., Alison Colwell, and Owen J. Sexton. \"The
Ecological Impacts of Allelopathy in *Ailanthus altissima*
(Simaroubaceae),\" American Journal of Botany. Vol. 78, No. 7: 948-958.
1991.

Lemna, W.K. and C.G. Messersmith. 1990. The biology of Canadian weeds.
94. *Sonchus arvensis* L. Canadian Journal of plant science 70:509-532.

Leopold, D.J, W.C. McComb, R.N. Muller. \"Trees of the Central Hardwood
Forests of North America.\" Timber Press, 1998

Liberty Hyde Baily Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. MacMillan Publishing
Co. NY

Little, Elbert L. National Audobon Society Field Guide to North American
Trees, Eastern Region. Albert A. Knopf, Inc.: New York, 1995.

Lokker, Cynthia and Paul B. Cavers. \"The effects of physical damage on
seed production in flowering plants of *Saponaria officinalis*,\"
Canadian Journal of Botany. Vol. 73 No. 2: 235-243. 1995.

Lovett-Doust, J., L. Lovett-Doust, and A.T. Groth. \"The biology of
Canadian weeds. 95. *Ranunculus repens*,\" Canadian Journal of Plant
Science. Vol. 70: 1123-1141. October 1990.

Lubke, Marguerite A. and P.B. Cavers. \"The germination ecology of
*Saponaria officinalis* from riverside gravel banks,\" Canadian Journal
of Botany. Vol. 47: 529-535. 1969.

MacDonald, M.A, and P.B. Cavers.1991. The biology of Canadian weeds. 97
*Barbarea vulgaris* R. Br. Canadian Journal of Plant Science
71(1):149-166.

Makowski, R.M.D. and I.N. Morrison. 1989. The biology of Canadian weeds.
91. *Malva pusilla* Sm. (=*M. rotundifolia* L.) Canadian Journal of
plant science 69:861-879.

Malik, N. \"Meadow bromegrass and crested wheatgrass forage yield
response to herbicides applied during establishment.\" Journal of Range
Management. 41(1): 35-39. 1991.

Marlette, G.M. and J.E. Anderson. \"Seed banks and propagule dispersal
in crested wheatgrass stands.\" Journal of Applied Ecology. 23(1)
161-176. 1986.

Matlack, Glenn R. \"Comparative demographies of four adjacent
populations of the perennial herb *Silene dioica* (Caryophyllaceae),\"
Journal of Ecology. Vol. 75: 113-134. 1987.

Maun, M.A. and Barrett, S.C.H. The biology of Canadian weeds. 77.
*Echinochloa crus‑galli* (L.) Beauv. Canadian Journal of plant science
66 (3):739‑759.

Maw, M.G.; Thomas, A.G. and A. Stahevitch. 1985. The biology of Canadian
weeds. 66. *Artemisia absinthium* L. Canadian Journal of plant science
65:389-400.

McNeill, J. \"The biology of Canadian weeds. 46. *Silene noctiflora*
L.,\" Canadian Journal of Plant Science. Vol. 60: 1243-1253. October
1980.

Mitich, Larry W. \"Intriguing World of Weeds: Bouncingbet\--The Soap
Weed,\" Weed Technology. Vol. 4: 221-223. 1990.

Miyanishi, Kiyoko and Paul B. Cavers. 1980. The biology of Canadian
weeds. 40. *Portulaca oleracea* L. Canadian Journal of plant science
60:953-963.

Mohlenbrock, R.H. The Illustrated Flora of Illinois: Grasses Bromus to
paspalum. Southern Illinois Press, 1972.

Mohlenbrock, Robert H., ed. 1972. The illustrated flora of Illinois:
Grasses Bromus to Paspalum. Southern Illinois University Press. cited
Mohlenbrock

Mohlenbrock, Robert H., ed. 1973. The illustrated flora of Illinois:
Grasses Panicum to Danthonia. Southern Illinois University Press. cited
Molhenbrock

Moore, R.J. \"The biology of Canadian weeds. 13. *Cirsium arvense* (L.)
Scop.\" Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 55: 1033-1048. 1975.

Morrow, L.A. \"Studies on the reproductive biology of leafy spurge,\"
Weed Science. Vol. 27: 106-109. 1979.

Muenscher, W. C. Weeds. Comstock Pub. Associates, Ithaca and London.
1980. 2nd ed.

Muenscher, Walter Conrad. 1944. Aquatic plants of the United States.
Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY.

Muenscher, Walter Conrad. 1955. Weeds, 2nd ed. Comstock Publishing
Associates, Ithaca NY.

Mulligan, G.A. and L.G. Bailey. 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. 8.
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