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**DESCRIPTIONS OF OVERLAP ASSEMBLAGES AND TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHIC TERRANES,
DEFINITIONS, AND METHODS FOR COMPILATION FOR NORTHEAST ASIA GEODYNAMICS
MAP**

# Compiled by Leonid M. Parfenov^1^, Alexander I. Khanchuk^2^, Gombosuren Badarch^3^, Nikolai A. Berzin^4^, 

# Robert J. Miller^5^, Vera V. Naumova^2^, Warren J. Nokleberg^5^, Masatsugu Ogasawara^6^, 

# Andrei V. Prokopiev^1^, and Hongquan Yan^7^

^1^Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia

^2^Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia

^3^Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

^4^Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

^5^U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California U.S.A.

^6^Geological Survey of Japan/AIST, Tsukuba, Japan

^7^Jilin University, Changchun, China

# Introduction and Companion Studies

This text provides an introduction for the Northeast Asia geodynamics
map, and for the companion descriptions of tectonostratigraphic
terranes, overlap assemblage, and cited references. The geodynamics map
is synthesized, compiled, described, and interpreted with the use of
modern concepts of plate tectonics, and analysis of terranes and overlap
assemblages. The map is the result of a detailed compilation and
synthesis at a scale of 1:5,000,000.

This text and companion materials are part of a major international
collaborative study of the *Mineral Resources, Metallogenesis, and
Tectonics of Northeast Asia* that was conducted from 1997 through 2002
by geologists from earth science agencies and universities in Russia,
Mongolia, northern China, South Korea, Japan, and the USA. The goals and
major and minor publications for this project are described in a
pamphlet entitled NE_Asia_Project_Pamphlet in the directory entitled
PROJMAT.

This report is one of a series of reports on the mineral resources,
metallogenesis, geodynamics, and metallogenesis of Northeast Asia.
Companion studies are other articles and maps on this CD-ROM, and
various detailed reports in preparation: (1) a detailed geodynamics map
of Northeast Asia (Parfenov and 2003); (2) a compilation of major
mineral deposit models (Rodionov and Nokleberg, 2000; Obolenskiy and
others, 2003a); (3) a series of metallogenic belt maps (Obolenskiy and
others, 2001; 2003b); (4) a lode mineral deposits and placer districts
location map for Northeast Asia (Obolenskiy and others, 2003b); (5)
descriptions of metallogenic belts (Rodionov and others, 2000; this
report; and (6) a database on significant metalliferous and selected
nonmetalliferous lode deposits, and selected placer districts
(Ariunbileg and others, 2003).

# Key Concepts for Compilation of Map

The companion Northeast Asia Geodynamics Map presents a modern
description of the major geologic and tectonic units of the region. The
map illustrates both the onshore terranes and overlap volcanic
assemblages of the region, and the major offshore geologic features. The
map is the first collaborative compilation of the geology of the region
at a scale of 1:5,000,000 by geologists from Russia, Mongolia, China,
South Korea, Japan, and the USA. The map is designed to be a source of
geologic information for all scientists interested in the region, and is
designed to be used for several purposes, including regional tectonic
analyses, mineral resource and metallogenic analyses, petroleum
analyses, neotectonic analyses, and analyses of seismic hazards and
volcanic hazards.

This map is the result of extensive geologic mapping and associated
tectonic studies in Northeast Asia in the last few decades. Geologic
mapping suggests that most of this region can be interpreted as a
collage of fault-bounded tectonostratigraphic terranes that were
accreted onto cratons and continental margins during the Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

A key definition for the map is *tectonostratigraphic terrane* which is
defined below, along with other key terms, as a fault-bounded geologic
entity or fragment that is characterized by a distinctive geologic
history that differs markedly from that of adjacent terranes (Jones and
others, 1983; Howell and others, 1985). A tectonostratigraphic terrane
(hereafter referred to as *terrane*) is a fault-bounded,
stratigraphically coherent assemblage that formed before accretion, i.e.
tectonic juxtaposition, to adjacent units. A few terranes are
fault-bounded structural complexes, mainly subduction zone or
accretionary-wedge complexes. The terranes are bounded by various types
of major faults or fault zones, termed sutures. Paleontologic,
stratigraphic, and paleomagnetic evidence suggests that some terranes
were originally widely separated from one another, or from the North
Asia or Sino-Korean (South China or Yangzi) Cratons. But other terranes
are interpreted to be displaced from one another or from a another loci
on the same continent by distances of less than hundreds of kilometers.

On the companion map, terranes are interpreted and colored according to
inferred tectonic environments. These environments are: (1) cratonal;
(2) passive continental margin; (3) metamorphosed continental margin;
(4) continental-margin arc; (5) island arc; (6) oceanic crust, seamount,
and ophiolite; (7) accretionary wedge and subduction zone; (8) turbidite
basin; (9) transform continental-margin arc, and (10) metamorphic for
terranes that are too highly-deformed and metamorphosed to determine the
original tectonic environment. For terranes with complex geologic
histories, the chosen color indicates the tectonic environment most
prevalent during this history of the terrane. Terranes in early
Precambrian crystalline basement of cratons are also delineated and are
colored according to major lithologies.

In addition to terranes, the map also depicts postaccretion units that
include: (1) Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic and overlap assemblages
of sedimentary and volcanic rocks that are deposited across two or more
terranes that formed generally after accretion of most terranes in the
region; (2) Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic basinal deposits that
occur within a terrane or on cratons; and (3) plutonic rocks. The
postaccretion igneous units are identified by age-lithologic
abbreviations and by name. These overlap assemblages and basinal
deposits formed mainly during sedimentation and magmatism that occurred
after accretion of terranes to each other or to a continental margin.
Overlap assemblages provide minimum ages on the timing of accretion of
terranes. Some overlap assemblages and basinal deposits, as well as
fragments of terranes, are extensively offset by movement along
postaccretion faults. In offshore areas, the map depicts major oceanic
plates, ocean floor magnetic lineations, oceanic spreading ridges, and
seamounts. For onshore units, the map also depicts active continental
margin and island arc-related assemblages, orogenic belt assemblages,
magmatic formations, and transform-plate-boundary-related assemblages.
In addition, the map depicts younger neotectonic features, including
active faults, active volcanoes, astroblemes, aulacogen, and rifts.

The map consists of two sheets. Sheet 1 is the map at a scale of
1:5,000,000. Sheet 2 is the explanation and list of map units. The map
was mainly compiled from sources listed in the section on source
references.

# Key Tectonic Definitions

For the compilation, synthesis, description, and interpretation of
metallogenic belts, the following and mineral deposit, metallogenic, and
tectonic definitions are employed. The definitions are adapted from
Coney and others (1980), Jones and others (1983), Howell and others
(1985), Monger and Berg (1987), Nokleberg and others (1994a, b, 1998;
2001), Wheeler and others (1988), and Scotese and others (2001).

*Accretion*. Tectonic juxtaposition of two or more terranes, or tectonic
juxtaposition of terranes to a craton margin. Accretion of terranes to
one another or to a craton margin also defines a major change in the
tectonic evolution of terranes and craton margins.

*Accretionary wedge and subduction-zone terrane*. Fragment of a mildly
to intensely deformed complex consisting of varying amounts of turbidite
deposits, continental-margin rocks, oceanic crust and overlying units,
and oceanic mantle. Divided into units composed predominantly of
turbidite deposits or predominantly of oceanic rocks. Units are
interpreted to have formed during tectonic juxtaposition in a zone of
major thrusting of one lithosphere plate beneath another, generally in
zones of thrusting along the margin of a continent or an island arc. May
include large fault-bounded units with a coherent stratigraphy. Many
subduction-zone terranes contain fragments of oceanic crust and
associated rocks that exhibit a complex structural history, occur in a
major thrust zone, and possess blueschist-facies metamorphism.

*Collage of terranes.* Groups of tectonostratigraphic terranes,
generally in oceanic areas, for which insufficient data exist to
separate units.

*Craton.* Chiefly regionally metamorphosed and deformed shield
assemblages of Archean and Early Proterozoic sedimentary, volcanic, and
plutonic rocks, and overlying platform successions of Late Proterozoic,
Paleozoic, and local Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary and lesser
volcanic rocks.

*Craton margin.* Chiefly Late Proterozoic through Jurassic sedimentary
rocks deposited on a continental shelf or slope. Consists mainly of
platform successions. Locally has, or may have had an Archean and Early
Proterozoic cratonal basement.

*Cratonal terrane*. Fragment of a craton.

*Continental-margin arc terrane*. Fragment of an igneous belt of coeval
plutonic and volcanic rocks, and associated sedimentary rocks that
formed above a subduction zone dipping beneath a continent. Inferred to
possess a sialic basement.

*Deposit*. A general term for any lode or placer mineral occurrence,
mineral deposit, prospect, and (or) mine.

*Island-arc terrane.* Fragment of an igneous belt of plutonic rocks,
coeval volcanic rocks, and associated sedimentary rocks that formed
above an oceanic subduction zone. Inferred to possess a simatic
basement.

*Metamorphic terrane.* Fragment of a highly metamorphosed or deformed
assemblage of sedimentary, volcanic, or plutonic rocks that cannot be
assigned to a single tectonic environment because the original
stratigraphy and structure are obscured. Includes intensely-deformed
structural melanges that contain intensely-deformed fragments of two or
more terranes.

*Metamorphosed continental margin terrane.* Fragment of a passive
continental margin, in places moderately to highly metamorphosed and
deformed, that cannot be linked with certainty to the nearby craton
margin. May be derived either from a nearby craton margin or from a
distant site.

*Oceanic crust, seamount, and ophiolite terrane*. Fragment of part or
all of a suite of *eugeoclinal* deep-marine sedimentary rocks, pillow
basalt, gabbro, and ultramafic rocks that are interpreted as oceanic
sedimentary and volcanic rocks and the upper mantle. Includes both
inferred offshore oceanic and marginal ocean basin rocks, minor
volcaniclastic rocks of magmatic arc derivation, and major marine
volcanic accumulations formed at a hotspot, fracture zone, or spreading
axis.

*Overlap assemblage.* A postaccretion unit of sedimentary or igneous
rocks deposited on, or intruded into, two or more adjacent terranes. The
sedimentary and volcanic parts either depositionally overlie, or are
interpreted to have originally depositionally overlain, two or more
adjacent terranes, or terranes and the craton margin. Overlapping
plutonic rocks, which may be coeval and genetically related to overlap
volcanic rocks, link or stitch together adjacent terranes, or a terrane
and a craton margin.

Passive continental margin terrane. Fragment of a craton margin.

*Post-accretion rock unit.* Suite of sedimentary, volcanic, or plutonic
rocks that formed in the late history of a terrane, after accretion. May
occur also on adjacent terranes or on the craton margin either as an
overlap assemblage or as a basinal deposit. A relative-time term
denoting rocks formed after tectonic juxtaposition of one terrane to an
adjacent terrane.

*Pre-accretion rock unit.* Suite of sedimentary, volcanic, or plutonic
rocks that formed in the early history of a terrane, before accretion.
Constitutes the stratigraphy and igneous geology inherent to a terrane.
A relative-time term denoting rocks formed before tectonic juxtaposition
of one terrane to an adjacent terrane.

*Subterrane.* A fault-bounded unit within a terrane that exhibit
similar, but not identical geologic history relative to another fault
bounded unit in the same terrane.

*Superterrane.* An aggregate of terranes that is interpreted to share
either a similar stratigraphic kindred or affinity, or a common geologic
history after accretion (Moore, 1992). An approximate synonym is
*composite terrane*.

*Tectonic linkage.* The interpreted association of a suite of coeval
tectonic units that formed in the same region and as the result of the
same tectonic processes. An example is the linking of a coeval
continental-margin arc, forearc deposits, a back-arc rift assemblage,
and a subduction-zone complex, all related to the underthrusting of a
continental margin by oceanic crust.

*Tectonostratigraphic terrane.* A fault-bounded geologic entity or
fragment that is characterized by a distinctive geologic history that
differs markedly from that of adjacent terranes (Jones and others, 1983;
Howell and others, 1985).

*Transform continental-margin arc*. An igneous belt of coeval plutonic
and volcanic rocks, and associated sedimentary rocks that formed along a
transform fault that occurs along the margin of a craton, passive
continental margin, and (or) collage of terranes accreted to a
continental margin.

*Turbidite basin terrane.* Fragment of a basin filled with deep-marine
clastic deposits in either an orogenic forearc or backarc setting. May
include continental-slope and continental-rise turbidite deposits, and
submarine-fan turbidite deposits deposited on oceanic crust. May include
minor epiclastic and volcaniclastic deposits.

# Geologic Time Scale

Geologic time scale units are according to the IUGS Global Stratigraphic
Chart (Remane, 1998). For this study, for some descriptions of geologic
units, the term *Riphean* is used for the Mesoproterozoic through Middle
Neoproterozoic (1600 to 650 Ma), and the term *Vendian* is used for
Neoproterozoic III (650 to 540 Ma).

# Descriptions of Terranes and Overlap Assemblages

This publication also includes descriptions of tectonostratigraphic
terranes and overlap assemblages of Northeast Asia. The descriptions of
terranes and overlap assemblages are provided in the directory
/descriptions/ along with complete references. The descriptions of
terranes and overlap assemblages are illustrated in stratigraphic
columns, described below.

# ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

For the preparation of this report, we thank the many geologists who
have worked with us for their valuable expertise in each region of
Northeast Asia. We also thank managers N.L. Dobretsov, L.C. Gundersen,
P.P. Hearn, K. Johnson, R. Koski, L.P. Leahy, J. Medlin, M. Power, and
J.N. Weaver for their encouragement and support of the project. We thank
Russian interpreters Tatiana Bounaeva and Elena Koltunova for their
skill and assistance during long and complex scientific dialogues, and
for translation of complex geologic descriptions and references.

#   {#section .unnumbered}

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1:2,000,000, 9 p.

# Source References

The Northeast Asia geodynamics map was principally compiled from the
following publications and from unpublished data of the authors.

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S.B., 1998, Tectonic map and xplanatory notes for the Kara and Laptev
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Region, 1993, Geological Map of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,
People\'s Republic of China: Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 9
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Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shandong Province, 1991,
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Chang, E.Z., Coleman, R.G., and Ying D.X., 1995, Tectonic transect map
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Dobretsov, N.L., and Bulgatov A.N., 1991, Geodynamic map of
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Khanchuk, A.I., Ratkin, V.V., Ryazantseva, M.D., Golozubov, V.V.,
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V.D., and Filimonov A., 1995, Paleo-oceanic complexes: the Dzhida zone
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2 floppy disks.

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