APPENDIX B

Annotated Bibliography of Pearl Harbor Published and Unpublished
Literature

AECOS (1979). "A reconnaissance survey of the nearshore marine
environment at Iroquois Point Naval Housing area, O\'ahu, Hawaii," Rep.
No. AECOS 216. U. S. Army Engineering Div., Honolulu.

> Visual survey and water quality analysis of area offshore of Iroquois
> Point N. of P. H. Channel entrance. Communities typical of wave
> stressed coral reef under influence of discharge from sewage outfall
> from Fort Kam WWTP.

AECOS (1979). "Oahu Coral Reef Inventory. Part A , Atlas, and Part B,
Sectional Map Descriptions," Rep. No. 0072. U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Honolulu.

> Basic descriptive resource for Pearl Harbor and all Oahu nearshore
> marine environments, containing extensive annotated references.

AECOS (1980). "A plan for dredged material testing for maintenance
dredging of Magazine Loch, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii," Rep. No. AECOS No.
277. PacDiv Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Honolulu.

> Plan submitted to test toxicity of dredged material from Magazine
> Loch, P. H. prior to disposal at sea.

AECOS (1982). "Dredge material testing for maintenance dredging of
Magazine Loch, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii," Rep. No. AECOS No. 277a. PacDiv
Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Honolulu.

> Results of toxicity of testing of dredged material from Magazine Loch,
> P. H. prior to disposal at sea. No test organisms showed any toxic
> effects.

AECOS (1983). "Bioassay testing of dredged materials for dredging ,
Pearl Harbor, (Phase II) Naval Station, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Prefinal
report.," Rep. No. Contract No. 62742-81-C-0139. M & E Pacific Inc.,
Honolulu.

> Results of toxicity testing and chemical analyses of dredged material
> from numerous sites in East Loch, P. H. prior to disposal at sea. No
> test organisms showed any toxic effects from sediments, which
> contained trace metals organohalides, PCB\'s and petroleum
> hydrocarbons.

AECOS (1987). "Preliminary assessment of the biological impact of the
May 13, 1987 fuel spill on the mangrove environment in Middle Loch,
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii," Rep. No. AECOS No. 495. Chevron Inc., Honolulu.

> Short term assessment of effects of 100,000 gal spill of aviation fuel
> at head of Middle Loch on mangrove, intertidal and subtidal
> communities.

AECOS (1990). "Laboratory results. Bioassay and bioaccumulation for
Pearl Harbor dredged material disposal," Rep. No. Contr. No.
DACW83-89-D-0006. PacDiv Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Honolulu.

> Results of toxicity testing and bioaccumulation of chemicals from
> dredged material from numerous sites in Pearl Harbor. No test
> organisms showed any toxic effects, but bioaccumulation of metals was
> found for *Penaeus vannamei* and *Mercenaria mercenaria*.

AECOS (1993). "Environmental assessment,, sea wall and drainage system
at 98-165 Aiea Kai Way, Kaluaao, \'Ewa, O\'ahu," Rep. No. AECOS No. 742,
Honolulu.

> Brief EA describing effects of modifying existing seawall to mitigate
> flooding

Alton, H. (1972). Oysters perish at Pearl Harbor. *In* "Honolulu Star
Bulletin", pp. A-3, Honolulu.

> Massive dieoff of more than 90% of 3.5 million oysters in West Loch
> reported by unknown causes. No mortality observed in East or Middle
> Lochs.

Anon. (1892). Correspondence with reference to Pearl Harbor, reprinted
from the Hawaiian Gazette for Mr. Theo. H. Davies. *In* "Hawaiian
Gazette", pp. 1-29, Honolulu.

> Reprints of letters printed in Hawaiian Gazette in 1892 in favor and
> against ceding of Pearl Harbor to U. S. Navy by T. H. Davies A. F
> Hartwell, C. L. Carter, L. A Thurston, W. B. Oleson, J. Emmeluth and
> S. E. Bishop.

Anon. (1896). The value of Pearl Harbor. *Paradise of the Pacific*
**9**, 68.

> Brief description of potential of Pearl Harbor as port and the barrier
> of the bar at the Harbor\'s mouth.

Anon. (1901). Pearl Harbor bar. *Paradise of the Pacific* **14**.

> Announcement of specifications and pending award of contract for Pearl
> Harbor channel dredging.

Anon. (1902). Pearl Harbor. *Paradise of the Pacific* **15**, 36-37.

> Description of progress of channel dredging to be to depth of 30 ft
> and width of 200 ft, and waters teeming with mullet. Map on back cover
> gives depths from latest government surveys at that time.

Anon. (1904). Pearl Harbor. *Paradise of the Pacific* **17**, 20.

> Brief description of early recognition of value as a strategic harbor
> and plans of naval development.

Anon. (1910). First into Pearl Harbor. *Paradise of the Pacific* **23**,
7.

> Brief report of first two full size vessels entering P. H. dredged
> channel, to deliver lumber for building drydock.

Anon. (1912). Pearl Harbor channel opening. *Paradise of the Pacific*
**25**, 27-29.

> Description of two first warships to enter P. H. channel on Dec. 15,
> 1912 through waterway that had taken 10 years to create into navigable
> channel 600 ft wide.

Anon. (1936). When pearls were found at Pearl Harbor. *Paradise of the
Pacific* **48**.

> Brief review of anecdotal reports on presence of pearl oysters and
> clams in P. H. in 1798, 1816, 1818, 1825, 1826, 1840 and 1843.

Anon. (1940). Oysters in Hawaii. *Paradise of the Pacific* **52**, 77.

> Brief description of attempted introduction of Eastern oysters into
> Pearl harbor and Kaneohe Bay in 1921,1923, and 1924 by Territory Fish
> and Game. Those in P. H. did well for a time but were scattered and
> not abundant enough for commercial purposes by 1940.

Anon. (1971). Conference in the matter of pollution of the navigable
waters of Pearl harbor and its tributaries in the State of Hawaii. ,
Vol. 1, pp. 426, Honolulu.

> Transcript of proceedings of conference attended by politicians and
> activists

Anon. (1975). "Appraisal of alternative means to alleviate erosion and
sedimentation damages in the Pearl Harbor basin, Island of Oahu,
Hawaii,". Economic Research Service/Forest Service/Soil Conservation
Service, Honolulu.

> Information on soil erosion sedimentation and related problems in
> Pearl Harbor Basin

Anon. (1993). Alien organisms threaten Hawaii\'s marine resources.
*Hawaii Fishing News* **18**, 31.

> Brief description of some species introduced to Hawaii via Pearl
> Harbor and call for political action.

Apple, R. A., and Kikuchi, W. K. (1975). "Ancient Hawaii shore zone
fishponds: An evaluation for historical preservation,". National Park
Service, U. S. Dept Interior, Honolulu.

> Aerial photos and brief descriptions of four fishponds in Pearl Harbor
> of only 13 total on Oahu considered in suitable condition for
> restoration.

Ashwood, T. L., and Olsen, C. R. (1988). Pearl Harbor bombing attack. A
contamination legacy revealed in the sedimentary record. *Mar. Poll.
Bull.* **19**, 68-71.

> Sediment cores from Middle and West Lochs revealed bands of high metal
> content, esp. lead, corresponding to Dec. 7, 1941 bombing attack
> buried under more than 1 m of sediments.

Au, D. W. K. (1965). Survey of the distribution of the eggs and larvae
of nehu (*Stolephorus purpureus*) in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. M.S., Hawaii,
Honolulu.

> Greatest number of Nehu eggs occurred in P. H. channel entrance, while
> larvae tended to be randomly distributed. No correlations found with
> any environmental features. Current measurements showed maximum speed
> of 0.95 k at harbor entrance.

B-K Dynamics (1972). "Marine environmental impact analysis , Waiau Power
Plant," Rep. No. NV-9. Hawaiian Electric Co. Inc., Honolulu.

> Analysis of physical and biological impact of Waiau Power Station on
> waters and biota of East Loch.

Bailey-Brock, J. H. (1976). Habitats of tubiculous polychaetes from the
Hawaiian Islands. *Pac. Sci.* **30**, 69-81.

> Report of polychaete *Ficopomatus enigmaticus* from Pearl Harbor in
> 1976.

Bailey-Brock, J. H., and Hartman, O. (1987). Class Polychaeta. *In*
"Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii. Section 2: Platyhelminthes through
Phoronida and Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida" (D. M. Devaney and
L. G. Eldredge, eds.), BPBM Spec. Publ. 64 (2 & 3), pp. 461 pp. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu.

> Description of polychaete *Spinther japonicus*, occurring in Pearl
> Harbor.

Barayuga, D. and Ohira, R. 1996. "Nearly all" oil gone from harbor
waters. Honolulu Star Bull. May 17, 1996.

> Final report of 1996 oil spill from Chevron pipeline at head of East
> Loch.

Barnard, J. L. (1955). Gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea) in the
Collections of the Bishop Museum. *B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull.* **215**,
1-46.

Barnard, J. L. (1970). "Sublittoral Gamaridea (Amphipoda) of the
Hawaiian Islands," Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C.

Bartsch, P. (1921). A new classification of the shipworms and
descriptions of some new wood boring molluscs. *Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.*
**34**, 25-32.

> Taxonomic descriptions of *Teredo parksi* from Pearl Harbor.

Bathen, K. (1972). "Current measurements in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii,"
Rep. No. 72-M6. Look Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Honolulu.

> Current meters off Bishop Point at entrance to Pearl Harbor and at S.
> end of Ford Island measured currents July-Aug 1972. Flood tide
> currents set generally to NW at 0.1-0.2 k and ebbed to SE at 0.2-0.5
> k.

Bloxam, A. (1925). "Dairy of Andrew Bloxam," Bernice P. Bishop Museum,
Honolulu.

> Brief observations on Pearl Harbor by the naturalist of the HMS Blonde
> in 1824.

Bowser, G. (1880). "An Itinerary of the Hawaiian Islands; with a
description of the Principal Towns and Places of Interest.," The
Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Directory and Tourist\'s
Guide, 1880-81., Honolulu.

> Brief description of lochs of Pearl Harbor with numerous fish and fish
> ponds, and conjecture of why oysters no longer found.

Brewer, W. A., and Assoc. (1987). "Baseline marine surveys, upper West
Loch Basin, Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii," Rep. No. West Loch Golf Course
and Shoreline Park EIS, Mar. 1988. R. M. Towill Corp., Honolulu.

> Brief description of water quality and biological characteristics of
> West Loch at time of survey.

Brock, V. E. (1952) A history of the introduction of certain aquatic
animals to Hawaii. Bienn. Rept. Bd. Agric. Hawaii, 114-123

Brock, V. E. (1960). The introduction of aquatic animals in Hawaiian
waters. *Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol.* **45**, 463-480.

> Description and history of culture based introductions of marine
> species to Hawaii, including oysters into Pearl Harbor.

Brock, R. E., and Kimmerer, W. J. (1980). "A bioassay evaluation of
proposed discharge of Pearl Harbor dredged material (West Loch) at the
Honolulu disposal site,", Honolulu.

> Bioassays of Pearl Harbor sediments from narrow mouth of West Loch on
> one coral, a polychaete, shrimp, oyster fish and zooplankter showed
> low mortality and insignificant negative impacts.

Brock, R. E. (1994). "An analysis of benthic communities in the zone of
mixing for the Waiau Electrical Generation Facility.," Rep. No. JA619.
Hawaiian Electric Co. Inc., Honolulu.

> Report on 1993 visual census of epibenthic fouling organisms on
> natural and artificial hard substrata and fishes on and near HECO
> Waiau discharge, on W side of Ford Island and at head of Aiea Bay.

Brock, R. E. (1995). "An analysis of benthic communities in the zone of
mixing for the Waiau Electrical Generation Facility. Year 2 Report -
1994," Rep. No. JA619. Hawaiian Electric Co. Inc., Honolulu

> Repeat of 1993 visual census of epibenthic fouling organisms on
> natural and artificial hard substrata and fishes on and near HECO
> Waiau discharge, on W side of Ford Island and at head of Aiea Bay. No
> apparent or significant changes found from previous years survey.

Broughton, W. R. (1804). "A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific
Ocean in his Majesty\'s Sloop *Providence*\...1795, 1796, 1797, 1798.,",
London.

> Description of Pearl Harbor in 1796 and comment on quality of pearls
> obtained.

Bryan, W. A. (1915). "Natural History of Hawaii," Hawaii Gazette Co.,
Honolulu.

> Descriptions of oyster species occurring in Pearl Harbor and attempts
> to introduce and culture oysters in last century.

Bryan, W. A. (1919). A Hawaiian form of *Tapes philippinarum*.
*Nautilus* **32**, 124-125.

> Estimates presence of this species to Ewa, Oahu in late 1880\'s based
> on reports of native fisherman under name of \"okupi\". The clams died
> out around 1890, then reappeared in abundance at Kalihi and Moanalua
> mud flats.

Burgess, P. (1959). Where did this shell come from? *Hawaiian Shell
News* **7**, 73-74.

> Report of five species of cowries and the venerid *Vitularia miliaris*
> introduced into Pearl Harbor by barge YO-146 from Guam in 1950.

Burgess, P. (1963). *Vitularia miliaris* introduced into Hawaii.
*Hawaiian Shell News* **11**, 1.

> First report of *Vitularia miliaris* elsewhere than in Pearl Harbor,
> this species previously reported introduced on barge YO-146 from Guam
> in 1950.

Burgess, P. (1995). Strangers in Hawaii. *Hawaiian Shell News* **43**,
1, 10, 12.

> Reports of six introduced species of cowries and one muricid gastropod
> in Pearl Harbor area (Fort Kam and outside channel).

Buske, N. (1972). "Pearl Harbor circulation. Data Report, Summer 1972,"
Rep. No. T.R. 3. NUC Hawaii Laboratory, Honolulu.

Buske, N. (1972). "Pearl Harbor circulation. Data Report, Fall 1972,"
Rep. No. T.R. 5. NUC Hawaii Laboratory, Honolulu.

Buske, N. (1973). "Pearl Harbor circulation. Data Report, Winter
1972-1973," Rep. No. T.R. 6. NUC Hawaii Laboratory, Honolulu.

Buske, N. (1973). "Pearl Harbor circulation. Data Report, Spring 1973,"
Rep. No. T.R. 8. NUC Hawaii Laboratory, Honolulu.

Byron, L. G. A. (1826). "Voyage of the HMS Blonde to the Sandwich
Islands in the Years 1824-25.," John Murray, London.

> Lithograph of earliest view of Pearl Harbor area, looking from channel
> toward Barbers Point. \"Of shell fish the pearl oyster is the most
> valuable and the pearls are generally good. We found, besides, the
> Bulla Amplustra, Buccinum Arabica, Volutae papalis and Episcopalis,
> Conus Ebraeus, Cypraea Arabica, C. Carneola, C. Guttata, C. Mauritiana
> and C. Isabella; also several varieties of Murex, Nerita, Patella, and
> Turbo.\"

Campbell, A. (1822). "A Voyage Around the World, from 1806 to 1812\...,"
3rd/Ed., Honolulu.

> Mention of pearl harvesting in Pearl harbor in 1810.

Chamberlain, T. (1972). "Marine environmental impact analysis, Waiau
Power Plant," Rep. No. TR-3-170. B-K Dynamics Inc., Rockville, Maryland
for HECO.

> Analysis of physical and biological impact of Waiau Power Station on
> waters and biota of East Loch.

Chave, K. E., and Miller, J. N. (1977). "Baseline studies and evaluation
of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of nearshore
dredge spoil disposal, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Part A. Baseline studies,
investigation and selection of a suitable dredge spoil site; Part B.
Immediate effects of dumping; Part C. Long term effects of dumping;
Final summary," Rep. No. N62742-76 C-0050. PacDiv Naval Facilities
Engineering Command, Honolulu.

> Environmental impact study of offshore dredge spoil site off Pearl
> Harbor and potential effects of dumping sediments dredged from Pearl
> Harbor.

Clark, A. H. (1949). Ophiuroidea of the Hawaiian islands. *B. P. Bishop
Mus. Bull.* **195**, 1-33.

Coles, S. L. (1979). "A description of the wetlands adjacent to the
Waiua Generating Station , Oahu, Hawaii and a history of its land
utilization.," Rep. No. NV-144. Hawaiian Electric Co. Inc., Honolulu.

> Description of wetland and fill area SW of Waiau Power Plant,
> including wetland vegetation, birds, freshwater chemistry,
> invertebrates and fishes, and history of land use in last century.

COMPACNAVFACENGCOM (1971). "Pearl Harbor Pollution Model Study,". OICC,
MICPAC, and DCE (COMFOURTEEN) staffs, Pearl Harbor.

> Identification and compilation of all significant sources of pollution
> contributing to the degradation of Pearl Harbor as of 1971.

Cooke, W. J., Grovhoug, J. G., and Ching, P. J. (1980). A survey of
marine borer activity in Hawaiian nearshore waters: Effects of
environmental conditions and epifauna. *In* "5th Int. Congress on Marine
Corrosion and Fouling", Vol. 1, pp. 155-174, Madrid.

> Fouling and boring communities studied on wooden blocks deployed at
> three sites in Pearl Harbor and eight sites elsewhere on Oahu. In P.
> H. and Kaneohe Bay boring activity and abundance was reduced by
> competition of epifaunal fouling competing for habitat space.

Corney, P. (1896). "Narrative of Several Voyages from 1813 to 1818,
between the Northwest Coast of America, the Hawaiian Islands and China,
with a description of the Russian Establishments on the Northwest
Coast," Thomas Thrum, Honolulu.

> Description of Pearl Harbor and pearl harvesting in 1821-22.

Costa-Pierce, B. A. (1987). Aquaculture in Ancient Hawaii. *Bioscience*
**37**, 320-331.

> Map of fishponds in Pearl Harbor in ca. 1933 and description of
> fishpond characteristics.

Cox, D., and Gordon, G., Jr. (1970). "Estuarine pollution in the State
of Hawaii. Vol. 1. Statewide survey," Rep. No. Tech. Report No. 31.
Water Resources Research Center, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu.

> General description of Pearl Harbor water resources, stream and spring
> flow and pollution sources in early 1970\'s.

Cuttress, C. E. (1977). Order Actiniaria. *In* "Reef and Shore Fauna of
Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora" (D. M. Devaney and L. G.
Eldredge, eds.), BPBM Spec. Publ. 64(1), 278 pp., Bishop Museum Press,
Honolulu.

> Description of anthozoan *Diadumene leucolena* occurring in Pearl
> Harbor

Dall, W. H., Bartsch, P., and Rehder, H. A. (1938). A manual of the
recent and fossil marine pelecypod molluscs of the Hawaiian Islands.
*Bishop Mus. Bull.* **153**, 233.

> Taxonomic descriptions of two species of shipworms collected from
> Pearl Harbor, later synomized to previously described species.

de Laubenfels, M. W. (1950). The sponges of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. *Pac.
Sci.* **4**, 3-36.

> Description of some sponges occurring in Pearl Harbor.

Doty, M. S. (1961). *Acanthophora*, a possible invader of the marine
flora of Hawaii. *Pacific Science* **15**, 547-552.

> Description of first report of *Acanthophora spicifera* in Pearl
> Harbor in fall of 1952 and subsequent spread to rest of Oahu and other
> islands. Mention of heavily fouled oil barge \"YO-146\" in Pearl
> Harbor arrival in Feb. 1950 which may have provided the vector.
> Cutress note on medusae of *Cotylorrhizoides pacificus* (Mayer) and
> *Cassiopea medusa* (Light) (Rhizostomae) being introduced into Pearl
> Harbor in 1941-45 and in Honolulu Harbor, Ala Wai and Kaneohe Bay in
> 1950\'s.

E.K.\_Noda\_&\_Associates (1994). "Application for Section 401 water
quality certification for the Ford Island Bridge Naval Station, Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii," Rep. No. PACDIV Contract N62742-92-C-0601. Naval
Station Pearl Harbor, Honolulu.

> Description of estimated environmental impacts of Ford Island bridge
> construction

Edmondson, C. H. (1931). New crustaceans from Kaui, Oahu and Maui. *Occ.
Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus* **9**, 3-18.

> Taxonomic description of *Panopeus pacificus* and *Pilumnus oahuensis*
> from bouys in Pearl Harbor, probably introduced on fouling of ships.

Edmondson, C. H. (1933). "Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii," 1^st^ Ed.
Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Edmondson, C. H., and Ingram, W. M. (1939). Fouling organisms in Hawaii.
*Occ. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus.* **14**, 251-300.

> Reports of Bivalves *Anomia nobilis* and *Ostrea sandvicensis* sampled
> in Pearl Harbor in 1936. Report based primarily on investigations in
> Kaneohe Bay, but include observations made in Pearl Harbor in 1935
> (See Ingram 1937).

Edmondson, C. H., and Wilson, I. H. (1940). The shellfish resources of
Hawaii. *In* "6th Pacific Science Congress", Vol. 3, pp. 241-243.

> Brief descriptions of introductions of Japanese little neck clam *T.
> philippinarum* and oyster *C. virginica* to Pearl harbor and other
> Oahu sites in 1920 and Samoan crab *S. serrata* \"a few years ago\",
> along with observations on other commercial species.

Edmondson, C. H. (1940). A recent shipworm survey in Hawaii. *In* "6th
Pacific Science Congress", Vol. 3, pp. 245-250.

> Descriptions of species of shipworms and rates of fouling and
> destruction at various site in Hawaii, including Pearl Harbor, where
> *Teredo bartschi* was the dominant species with the fastest growth
> rate.

Edmondson, C. H. (1942). Teredinidae of Hawaii. *Occ. Pap. Bernice P.
Bishop Mus.* **17**, 97-150.

> Taxonomic descriptions of species of shipworms occurring in Hawaii,
> including three species from Pearl Harbor.

Edmondson, C. H. (1944). Incidence of fouling in Pearl Harbor. *Occ.
Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus.* **18**, 1-34.

> Study of fouling in 1940 at two stations at the coaling dock in East
> Loch and comparison with previous measurements made at junction of
> East and Middle Lochs (See Ingram 1937).

Edmondson, C. H. (1944). "A report on the incidence of fouling of two
similar units (described below) off the coast of Oahu,", Honolulu.

> Brief unpublished reports describing the general characteristics of
> the fouling of bouys of Pearl Harbor and Barbers Point, used by
> Hutchins (1949).

Edmondson, C. H. (1946). "Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii," 2^nd^ Ed.
Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Edmondson, C. H., and Mansfield, G. S. (1948). Hawaiian Caprellidae.
*Occ. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus.* **29**, 201-218.

> Taxonomic description of a species of caprellid amphipod reported from
> Pearl Harbor.

Edmondson, C. H. (1951). Some Central Pacific crustaceans. *Occ. Pap.
Bernice P. Bishop Mus.* **20**, 183-243.

> Taxonomic description of *Schizophrys aspera* from Pearl Harbor,
> introduced on fouling of drydock from Guam in 1950.

Edmondson, C. H. (1952). Additional Central Pacific crustaceans. *Occ.
Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus.* **21**, 67-86.

> Taxonomic description of *Glabropilumnus seminudus* from Pearl Harbor,
> introduced on fouling of drydock from Guam in 1950.

Edmondson, C. H. (1954). Hawaiian Portunidae. *Occ. Pap. Bernice P.
Bishop Mus.* **21**, 217-274.

> Taxonomic description of *Charybdis hellerii* from Pearl Harbor,
> introduced on fouling of drydock from Guam in 1950.

Edmondson, C. H. (1962). Xanthidae of Hawaii. *Occ. Pap. Bernice P.
Bishop Mus.* **22**, 215-309.

> Descriptions of four species of xanthid crabs collected from Pearl
> Harbor, introduced on fouling of drydock from Guam in 1950 or on
> earlier ship movements.

Eldredge, L. G. (1987). Coral reef alien species. *In* "Human Impacts on
Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations" (B. Salvat, ed.), pp. 215-228.
Antenne Museum, Tahiti.

> Descriptions of some important species invasions in the Pacific,
> especially in Hawaiian waters, many of which were first reported in
> Pearl Harbor.

Eldredge, L. G. (1994). "Perspectives in aquatic exotic species
management in the Pacific Islands. Vol. 1. Introductions of commercially
significant organisms to the Pacific Islands," Rep. No. 78. South
Pacific Commission, Noumea.

> Comprehensive accounting of species introductions throughout the
> Pacific, including Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Eldredge, L. G. (1995). First record of the Blue Crab (*Callinectes
sapidus*) in Hawaii (Decapoda:Brachyura). *Occ. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop
Mus.* **42**, 55-58.

> Reports six specimens of *C. sapidus* collected from Kaneohe Bay since
> 1985, and mentions a specimen of *Callinectes* sp. collected by
> Bartsch in 1920 from Pearl Harbor which could not be identified to
> species (see Stephenson, 1976).

Ely, C. A. (1942). Shallow water Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea of Hawaii.
*B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull.* **176**, 1-63.

> Reports of one species of brittle star from Pearl Harbor.

Emerson, (1909). Unwritten Literature of Hawaii. The Sacred Songs of the
Hula. U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, C. C.

> Hawaiian chant describing Ewa's laggon red with dirt.

Engineering Concepts, Sea Engineering, AECOS, and OCEES (1991). "Draft
environmental assessment for dockside chlorination units Pearl Harbor
Shipyard Oahu Hawaii,". Pearl Harbor Navy Shipyard, Honolulu.

> Assessment of effects of chlorination cleaning of submarine condensor
> units on Pearl Harbor receiving water organisms.

Evans, E. C., III, Murchinson, E., Peeling, T. J., and Stephen-Hassard,
Q. D. (1971). "Pearl Harbor - Quik Survey (13 May to 18 June 1971),".
Naval Undersea Center, San Diego.

> Preliminary draft of first report on NUC biological findings and
> overall descriptions of biological communities of Pearl Harbor.

Evans, E. C., III, Murchinson, E., Peeling, T. J., and Stephen-Hassard,
Q. D. (1972). "A proximate biological survey of Pearl Harbor, Oahu. 13
May to 18 June 1971," Rep. No. NUC TP-290. Naval Undersea Center, San
Diego.

> Preliminary report on NUC biological findings and overall descriptions
> of biological communities of Pearl Harbor.

Evans, E. C. I., Buske, N. L., Grovhoug, J. G., Guinther, E. B., Jokiel,
P. L., Kam, D. T. O., Kay, E. A., Peeling, T. J., and Smith, S. V.
(1974). "Pearl Harbor Biological Survey - Final Report," Rep. No. NUC TN
1128. Naval Undersea Center (NUC), San Diego.

> Final report of extensive environmental study conducted by Navy in
> 1971-73. Most complete database of marine biological communites and
> environmental parameters affecting the marine biological system of
> Pearl Harbor.

Fellows (Undated). "Checklist of marine invertebrates recorded from the
Hawaiian Islands by the mid-1800\'s,", Honolulu.

> References to marine invertebrate species recorded through the middle
> of the 1850\'s.

Fisher, W. K. (1907). The Holothurians of the Hawaiian Islands. *Proc.
U. S. Nat Mus.* **32**, 637-744.

> Taxonomic description of *Opheodesoma spectabilis*, type specimen
> taken from Aiea Bay, Pearl Harbor.

Fisher, L. J. (1961). "Field report, Pearl Harbor dye dispersal tests,".

FWPCA (1969). "Report on pollution of the navigable waters of Pearl
Harbor,". U.S. Department of Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Pacific Southwest Region.

> Description of water quality problems affecting P. H. at time of
> report such as waste flows from Waipahu sewerage system, Oahu Sugar
> Co. Honolulu dump in West Loch and high nutrient loads in Waikele and
> Waiawa streams. Programs for pollution abatement reviewed.

FWPCA (1971). "Report on the navigable water of Pearl Harbor,". Federal
Water Quality Admin., Dept. of Interior, Honolulu.

> Summary of history of Pearl Harbor to 1969 and description of results
> of bacteriological survey conducted July-Aug 1971.

Greco, S. B. (1982). An assessment of the hazards to U. S. Navy Divers
in Pearl Harbor to potentially pathogenic bacteria of the genus
*Vibrio.* M. S., University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

> Thirteen Navy divers evaluated for presence of halophilic bacteria of
> genus *Vibrio* during 39 sample dives in Pearl Harbor. Only *V.
> alginolyticus* and *V. parahaemolyticus* were found, and these did not
> cause colonizations or wound infections.

Grigg, R. W., and Krock, H. (1983). "Outfall inspection of Fort
Kamehameha Wastewater Treatment Plant, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, March
1983," Rep. No. Contr. No. N62742-82-D-0048. PacDiv Naval Facilities
Engineering Command, Honolulu.

> Brief inspection of Fort Kam sewage outfall pipeline, description of
> visually dominant benthic organisms associated with pipeline and
> discharge, and statement of environmental impact.

Grovhoug, J. G. (1976). "A preliminary evaluation of environmental
indicator systems in Hawaii.," Rep. No. NUC TN 1689. Naval Undersea
Center, San Diego.

> Follow up fouling study at three stations in Pearl Harbor and four in
> Kaneohe Bay to determine indicator species for degrees of pollution.
> 55 benthic infaunal stations sampled in K-Bay to compare with previous
> sampling in Pearl Harbor.

Grovhoug, J. G. (1979). "Marine environmental assessment at three sites
in Pearl Harbor, Oahu August-October 1978," Rep. No. Tech. Rept 441.
Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC), San Diego.

> Assessment of effects of thermal effluents from power stations at
> Hospital Point and near Shipyard on biotal of SE Loch of Pearl Harbor.

Grovhoug, J. G., and Rastetter, E. B. (1980). Marine fouling dynamics in
Hawaii nearshore ecosystems. A suggested technique for comparison and
evaluation. *In* "5th Int. Congress on Mar. Corrosion and Fouling", Vol.
1, pp. 249-266, Madrid.

> Measurement of rate of fouling of test panels in Kaneohe Bay and Pearl
> Harbor indicated one month exposure times optimal and that fouling
> communities of P. H. considerably different from K-Bay.

Grovhoug, J. G., Franshaw, R. L., and Seligman, P. F. (1987). "Butyltin
concentrations in selected US harbor systems. A baseline assessment.,"
Rep. No. TR 1155. Navy Ocean Systems Center, San Diego.

> TBT concentrations given for water, sediments and oyster tissue
> burdens for Pearl Harbor, Honolulu Harbor and Kewalo Basin, as well as
> 13 other harbor areas in the U. S. For total organotin, Pearl Harbor
> ranked \"clearly at the low end of the range, while Honolulu Harbor
> exhibits some of the highest levels detected\".

Grovhoug , J. G. (1992). "Evaluation of sediment contamination in Pearl
Harbor," Rep. No. Tech. Rept. 1502. Naval Command, Control and Ocean
Surveillance Center, San Diego.

> Review of all available data and studies relating to Pearl Harbor
> sediments indicate P. H. supports diverse biological communities that
> are minimally affected by sediment contamination. Contaminants in
> sediments, tissues and water are at or below levels reported for
> Hawaiian Bays and generally lower than averages for Mainland harbors.
> Only silver and PCB\'s showed concentrations in sediments above
> national averages. Bioassays for sediment toxicity showed minimal
> effects due to sediment contamination. No decline indicated in P. H.
> water quality, critical habitats or marine resources indicated for the
> last 20 years; some improvement indicated due to sewage diversion.

Handy, E. S. C., and Handy, E. G. (1972). Native planters in Old Hawaii.
Their life, lore and environment. *Bernice Bishop Mus. Bull.* **233**,
260-473.

> Descriptions of early general appearance of Pearl Harbor fish ponds
> and traps, and terracing of taro fields around harbor shore.

Harry, H. W. (1985). Synopsis of the supra-specific classification of
living oysters (Bivalvia: Gryphaeidae and Ostreidae). *Veliger* **28**,
121-158.

> Reports *Nanotrea exigua* (Osteidae) from 35-40 ft. in Pearl Harbor

Hartman, O. (1966). Polychaetous annelids of the Hawaiian Islands. *Occ.
Pap Bernice P. Bishop Mus.* **23**, 163-252.

> Taxonomic descriptions of polychaetes from Pearl Harbor. *Occ. Pap.
> Bernice P. Bishop Mus.*

Henry, D., and Mclaughlin, P. (1975). The barnacles of the *Balanus
amphitrite* complex (Cirripedia, Thoracica). *Zoolog. Verhandl.*
**141**, 1-254.

> Tables listing previous reports and museum collections for *Pearl
> Harbor* Balanus.

Hirashima, G. T. (1971). "Availability of stream flow for recharge of
the basal aquifer in the Pearl Harbor area, Hawaii," Rep. No.
Water-Supply Paper 1999-B. USGS, Washington D. C.

> Description of hydrology of Pearl Harbor area aquifer.

Hochman, H. (1972). "Evaluation of pile preservatives at Coco Solo and
Pearl Harbor," Rep. No. R 757. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port
Hueneme, CA.

> Evaluation of wood preservative using creosote and variety of chemical
> treatments to prevent wood borers in Pearl Harbor. After 5-8 years
> preliminary finding that piles treated with creosote containing toxic
> additive performed better than those with creosote alone.

Honolulu City & County (1988). "West Loch Golf Course and Shoreline Park
Environmental Impact Statement,". C & C Honolulu, Honolulu.

> Brief description of shallow water marine biota of West Loch. Marine
> survey by Brewer included as appendix.

Hurlbut, C. J. (1990). Variations in larval density and settlement in
space and time: Important determinants of recruitment in sessile marine
invertebrates? Ph. D.Dissertation, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

> Factors influencing recruitment, temporal and spatial variation in
> settlement and juvenile mortality were measured for colonial ascidian
> *Didemnum candidum* and six other species of fouling organisms in
> Pearl Harbor.

Hutchins, L. W. (1944). "Progress in the investigation of the fouling on
fixed installations.," Seventh Report to the Bureau of Ships from Woods
Hole Institution of Oceanography, April 20, 1944.

Hutchins, L. W. (1944). "Progress in the investigation of the fouling on
fixed installations.," Seventh Report to the Bureau of Ships from Woods
Hole Institution of Oceanography, April 20, 1944.

> Fouling of buoys and test panels measured outside channel entrance and
> at two stations within Pearl Harbor and five other sites in the
> Hawaiian Islands, as well as many sites throughout tropical Pacific.
> Studies oriented to practical aspects of rate of cover and fouling
> accumulation, but some species identifications given.

IFourthCorp. (1978). "Phase II. Environmental surveys of deep ocean
dredged spoils disposal sites in Hawaii," Rep. No. DACW84-77-C-0063. U.
S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu.

> Descriptions of biota at disposal sites off Pearl Harbor and Honolulu
> dumping sites.

Ingram, W. (1937). Fouling organisms in Kaneohe Bay and Pearl Harbor,
Oahu. MA, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

> Classical study of fouling rates, dominant organisms and effects of
> antifouling paint on fouling communities occupying panels over 12
> month period (1935-36) in Pearl Harbor and 18 months in Kaneohe Bay.

Jones, E. C. (1966). A new record of *Pseudodiaptomus marinus* Sato
(Copepoda: Calanoida) from brackish waters of Hawaii. *Crustaceana*
**10**, 316-317.

> This species, originally described from Japan, was sampled in
> abundance from Ala Wai canal in 1964-65. Most abundant near inland
> end, in salinity about 18 ppt.

Judd, B. (1929). "Voyages to Hawaii before 1860," Hawaiian Children\'s
Mission Society, Honolulu.

> Chronology of voyages and ships officers arriving in Hawaii before
> 1860

Kakesako, G. K. and Barayuga, D. 1996. 8400 gallons on oil spilled in
isle stream. Honolulu Star. Bull., May14, 1996.

> First report of 1996 oil spill from Chevron pipeline at head of East
> Loch.

Kakesako, G. K.,Ohira, R. and Matsuoka, A.. 1996. Oil spill 3 times
larger than reported. Honolulu Star Bull., May 15, 1996

> Second report of 1996 oil spill from Chevron pipeline at head of East
> Loch.

Kawamoto, P. Y., and Sakuda, H. M. (1973). "Commercial oyster fishery
development investigation," Rep. No. Proj. No. H-2-R/H-13-R. State of
Hawaii DLNR Div. Fish and Game, Honolulu

> .Fish and Game conducted surveys of oyster abundance in 1971 and
> feasibility studies for commercial development and aquaculture of
> American oysters (*Crassostrea viginica*) in Pearl Harbor West Loch
> and in intake and discharge zones of HECO Waiau power plant. Oysters
> in West Loch grew to commercial size in three weeks utilizing
> artificial feeding and could be dupurated in clean sea water in one
> week to be suitable for direct marketing. Oyster transplanted to power
> plant zone showed lower condition indexes and lower growth in warm
> water discharge than in cooler intake water, which stimulated growth
> by water movement. Oysters in West Loch were drastically depleted in
> 1972 by undetermined cause.

Kay, E. A. (1979). "Hawaiian Marine Shells. Reef and Shore Fauna of
Hawaii. Section 4: Mollusca" Bernice P. Bishop Museum Spec. Publ. 64(4),
652 pp. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

> Description of various molluscs occurring in Pearl Harbor.

Kela (1897). Pearl Harbor. *Paradise of the Pacific* **10**, 119-120.

> Description of land area surrounding Pearl Harbor and lagoon as partly
> filled with aluvial deposit, with depth at mouth only 15 ft deep at
> high tide and coral bar 400 ft wide.

Kennedy, Jenks, and Chilton (1989). "Ecology of Pearl Harbor,". U. S.
Navy PacDiv Naval Facilities Eng. Command, Honolulu.

> Summary of findings of NUC Pearl Harbor Biological Survey.

Kimmerer, W. J., and Brock, R. E. (1980). "Report on bioaccumulation
study of Pearl Harbor sediments,", Honolulu.

> Bioaccumulation experiments for the clam *Quadrans palatum* in Pearl
> Harbor dredged material tested for variety of heavy metals and
> pesticides showed significant increases only for DDE.

Laevastu, T., Avery, D. E., and Cox, D. C. (1964). "Coastal currents and
sewage disposal in the Hawaiian Islands," Rep. No. HIG-64-1. Hawaii
Inst. Geophysics, Honolulu.

> Brief description of sewage contamination of Pearl Harbor and
> unpublished studies of current movements in the harbor. Flood tide set
> generally to NW and ebb to SE and Ford Island. Superimposed on tidal
> oscillations was prevailing seaward flow resulting from stream
> discharge and wind drag.

Lenihan, D. J., ed. (1990). "Submerged cultural resource study. USS
Arizona Memorial and Pearl Harbor National Historical Landmark, 2nd
ed.," Vol. Professional Papers No. 23, pp.. 1-192. Southwest Cultural
Resources Center.

> Survey of biofouling organisms growing on USS Arizona conducted in
> 1986

Long, E. R. (1969). "Oceanographic cruise summary marine fouling studies
off Oahu, Hawaii," Rep. No. IR No. 69-86. Naval Oceanographic Office,
Washington D. C.

Long, E. R. (1970). "Oceanographic cruise summary. Second year of marine
biofouling studies off Oahu, Hawaii," Rep. No. IR No. 70-48. Naval
Oceanographic Office, Washington D. C.

> Description of offshore fouling of wood and asbestos panels near Pearl
> Harbor entrance and off Barbers Point.

Long, E. R. (1972). Marine fouling studies off Oahu, Hawaii. *Veliger*
**17**, 23-36.

> Fouling in main channel of Pearl Harbor exceeded offshore fouling
> which in turn decreased with depth. Community composition, nos. of
> species and biomass varied from year to year in Pearl Harbor and was
> dominated by tunicates, barnacles. gastropods and hydroids on test
> panels.

Long, E. R. (undated). "Marine fouling studies off Oahu, Hawaii,". U. S.
Naval Oceanographic Office, Washington D. C.

> Draft ms. of paper later published in *The Veliger* comparing fouling
> in Pearl Harbor channel with sites off Ewa and Barbers Pt.

M & E Pacific (1983). "Environmental impact assessment for the proposed
Pearl Harbor dredging and disposal,". U. S. Navy PacDiv, Honolulu.

> Summary of dredging of East Loch and disposal of sediments offshore
> and expected environmental impacts.

Maciolek, J. A. (1984). Exotic fishes in Hawaii and other islands of
Oceania. *In* "Distribution, Biology and Management of Exotic Fishes"
(W. R. Courtenay and J. R. Stauffer, Jr, eds.). Johns Hopkins Univ.
Press, Baltimore

Macrae, J. (1922). "With Lord Byron at the Sandwich Islands in 1825.
Being Extracts from the MS Dairy of James Macrae, Scottish Botanist," W.
F. Wilson, Honolulu.

> Description of shallow entrance to Pearl Harbor and pearls in 1824-25.

Makai Ocean Engineering (1973). "A two dimensional computer analysis of
East Loch and Middle Lochs for the evaluation of Waiau Power Plant
thermal diffuser studies.," Rep. No. NV-39. Hawaiian Electric Co.,
Honolulu.

> Two dimensional model to evaluate thermal effects of various diffuser
> sites for the Waiau Power Plant

Marine Research Consultants (1990). "Marine environmental assessment of
Pearl Harbor in the vicinity of Foxtrot 5 pier.,". Belt,Collins and
Assoc, Honolulu.

> Superficial analysis of impact of dredging and construction of pier
> and landing at Ford Island. Environmental data taken from 1972 NUC
> study.

Mathison, G. F. (1825). "Narrative of a Visit to Brazil, Chile, Peru,
and the Sandwich Islands during the years 1821 and 1822," Charles
Knight, London.

> Description of Pearl Harbor and pearls obtained inn 1821-22.

Matsuda, C. (1973). A shoreline survey of free-living intertidal
barnacles (Class Crustacea; Subclass Cirrepdia; Order Thoracica) on the
island of Oahu, Hawaii. M. S. Thesis, Dept. Zoology, Univ. Hawaii,
Honolulu, 60 pp.

> Results of barnacle surveys conducted on shoreline of Pearl harbor and
> elsewhere on Oahu in 1973.

.

McCain, J. C. (1974). "Environmental survey - Waiau Generating Plant,"
Rep. No. NV-43. Hawaii Electric Company, Honolulu.

> Results of one year study of environmental effects of operation and
> discharge of cooling water effluent from Waiau Power Plant.

McCain, J. C. (1975). Fouling community changes induced by the thermal
discharge of a Hawaiian power plant. *Environ. Pollut.* **9:** 62-83.

> Summary of HECO\'s Waiau plant operations and effects on local
> receiving waters, including fouling study in intake and discharge area
> of East Loch

McCain, J. C. (1977). "A benthic survey in the vicinity of the Waiu
Generating Station," Rep. No. NV99. Hawaiian Electric Co. Inc.,
Honolulu.

> Soft bottom benthos near Waiau Generating Station intake composed of
> two communities of organisms with high density and diversity relative
> to adjacent areas. However, number of species not as high as other
> areas of Pearl Harbor except where most polluted.

McClellan, E. N. (1938). Hawaiian Oysters. *In* "Paradise of the
Pacific", Vol. 50, pp. 27-28, 38-39.

> Description of planting of seed oysters imported from San Francisco at
> Moanalua.

Menzies, A. (1920). "Hawaii Nei 128 Years Ago,", Honolulu.

> Description of entrance to Pearl Harbor and pearls obtained by crew of
> the HMS *Discovery* in 1792.

Meyen, F. J. F. (1981). "A Botanist\'s Visit to Oahu in 1831," Press
Pacifica, Kailua, HI.

> Brief description of scenes going from Honolulu to Pearl Harbor in
> 1831.

Miller, M. A. (1924). Wood-boring mollusks from the Hawaiian, Samoan and
Philippine Islands. *Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.* **22**, 401-414.

> Description of *Teredo trulliformis* collected from Pearl Harbor

Miller, M. A. (1941). The isopod crustacea of the Hawaiian Islands, II.
Asellota. *Occ. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus* **16**, 305-320.

> Taxonomic descriptions of three species of isopods reported in Pearl
> Harbor.

Miller, M. A. (1968). Isopoda and Tanaidacea from buoys in coastal
waters of the continental United States, Hawaii, and the Bahamas
(Crustacea). *Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.* **125**, 1-53.

> Report of isopod *Paracerceis sculpta* collected from Pearl Harbor in
> 1943, and probably introduced by ship movement.

Morris, D. E., and Youngberg, A. D. (1972). "Methods of collections and
reporting of sediment samples from Pearl Harbor," Rep. No. EPDB 73-001.
Naval Civil Engineering Lab., Port Hueneme.

> Description of sampling schedule and methods for Youngberg (1973)
> study of Pearl Harbor sediments.

Morris, D. E., Surface, S. W., and Murray, J. P. (1973). "Completion
report for the Pearl Harbor, Hawaii study covering the test period
through calendar year 1972," Rep. No. EPDB 73-005. NCEL Report, Port
Hueneme, CA.

> Summary of findings of various Navy water quality studies in Pearl
> Harbor in 1970\'s.

NCEL (1973). "A study of sediments and soil samples from Pearl Harbor
area," Rep. No. MPA 6.2.1.2. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port
Hueneme, CA.

> Strong relationship between total metal concentration and biological
> quality in Pearl Harbor . High metal concentrations associated with
> low numbers of species and organisms.

O\'Neill, T. B. (1983). "1982 inspection of experimental marine piling
at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii," Rep. No. N-1672. Naval Civil Engineering
Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA.

> Evaluation of wood preservatives demonstrated effectiveness of
> chlorinated hydrocarbons in tests from 1963 to 1966. However, search
> for an environmentally more acceptable substitute suggested basic zinc
> sulfate to be promising for prevention of *Teredo, Martesia* and
> *Limnoria.*

PacDiv (1971). "Improvement dredging study for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii,".
Facilities Planning Dept., PacDiv, Honolulu.

> Short history of dredging in Pearl Harbor and master plan for future
> dredging.

PacDiv (1974). "Monitoring results and evaluation of the receiving water
quality of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii,". PacDiv Nav. Fac. Eng. Com., Honolulu.

> Water quality data taken in support of NUC 1971-74 biological study
> with significant findings and recommendations.

PacDiv (1989). "Ecology of Pearl Harbor,". PacDiv, Nav. Fac. Eng. Com,
Honolulu.

> Summary of environment of Pearl Harbor mostly based on 1971-74 NUC
> study

PacDiv (1990). "Final EIS for proposed developments at Naval Base Pearl
Harbor Oahu, Hawaii,". Department of Navy, Honolulu.

> EIS describing effects of naval development in East Loch resulting
> from pontoon bridge from Halawa to Ford Is. Very little biological
> analysis.

Paulay, G. (1996). New records and synonymies of Hawaiian bivalves
(Mollusca). *Bernice P. Bishop Mus Occ. Pap.* **45**, 18-29.

> New state records for four species of bivalves originally found on
> barge in Pearl Harbor in 1950.

Peeling, T. J., Grovhoug, J. G., and Evans, E. C., III (1972). "Pearl
Harbor biological survey: Report for first survey cycle (August 1972),"
Rep. No. NUC TN 801. Naval Undersea Center, San Diego.

> First summary report for Navy Pearl Harbor study describing initial
> findings on sediment infauna, micromolluscs, fouling communities and
> fishes.

Pendelton, D. E., and O\'Neill, T. B. (1986). "1985 inspection of
experimental marine piling at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii," Rep. No. N-1757.
Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA.

> Evaluation of wood preservatives demonstrated effectiveness of
> chlorinated hydrocarbons in tests from 1963 to 1966. However, search
> for an environmentally more acceptable substitute suggested basic zinc
> sulfate to be promising for prevention of *Teredo, Martesia* and
> *Limnoria*. Tributyl tin oxide (TBO) and copper naphenate found to be
> ineffective in preventing wood borers.

Pilsbry, H. A. (1917). Marine mollusks of Hawaii I-XV. *Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila.* **69:207-30, 309-33**.

> Taxonomic descriptions of Hawaiian bivalves found in Pearl Harbor.

Pilsbry, H. A. (1921). Marine mollusks of Hawaii I-XV. *Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila.* **72:296-328, 360-82**.

> Taxonomic descriptions of Hawaiian bivalves found in Pearl Harbor.

Pilsbry, H. A. (1928). Littoral barnacles of the Hawaiian Islands and
Japan. *Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.* **79**, 305-317.

> Report of *Balanus amphitrite* found in Pearl Harbor in 1913.

Pukui, M. K. (1944). "Ke awa lau o Pu\'uloa (The many harbored sea of
Pu\'uloa)," Rep. No. 52nd Annual Report. Hawaiian Historical Society,
Honolulu.

> Eloquent recounting of the legends of Pearl Harbor, with emphasis on
> shark gods and pearl oysters.

R. M. Towill Inc. (1973). "Physical oceanography study - Waiau Power
Plant biological support data," Rep. No. NV-45. Hawaiian Electric Co.
Inc., Honolulu.

> Measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and other
> parameters in support of biofouling study on intake and discharge
> sides of Waiau outfall jetty.

Randall, J. E. (1987). Introductions of marine fishes to the Hawaiian
Islands. Bull. Mar. Sci. 41:490-502.

Randall, J. E., Earle, J. L., Hayes, T., Pittman, C., Severns, M., and
Smith, R. J. F. (1993). Eleven new records and validations of shore
fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. *Pac. Sci.* **47**, 222-239.

> Report of *Mugilogobius parvus* in 1987 and 1991 in Pearl Harbor near
> East Loch shore.

Rathbun , M. J. (1906). The Brachyura and Macrura of the Hawaiian
Islands. *Bull. U. S. Fish Commision* **1903**, 827-930.Taxonomic
descriptions of some crabs reported in Pearl Harbor

Reid, D. G. (1986). "The Littorinid Molluscs of Mangrove Forests in the
Indo-Pacific Region," 1^st^ Ed. British Museum, London.

> Taxonomic description of *Littoraria intermedia*, formerly *Littorina
> scabra* var *newcombi*, from Pearl Harbor.

Roe, T., Jr. (1977). "1977 inspection of experimental marine piling at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii," Rep. No. N-1505. Naval Civil Engineering
Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA.

> Report of inspection of piles at Pearl Harbor treated with creosote
> containing toxic additive, solution with two toxic additives or a dual
> treatment.

S. O. Hirota Inc. (1977). "Environmental impact assessment U. S. S.
Arizona Memorial,". PacDiv Nav. Fac. Com, Honolulu.

> Brief description of environment in vicinity of Arizona Memorial on
> Ford Island, including fouling species lists.

Sakuda, H. M. (1964). "Experimental purification of Eastern Oyster
(*Crassostrea virginica*) in Hawaii", Honolulu.

> Experimental cleaning of oysters taken from Pearl Harbor at Honolulu
> Bait Station. Coliform levels in oysters reached \< 2400 coliform MPN
> in about one week.

Sakuda, H. M. (1966). Condition of the American Oyster, Crassostrea
virginica, in West Loch, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. *Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.*
**95**, 426-429.Condition of oysters in West Loch determined through two
year period indicated better growth in lower than upper or middle West
Loch, due to excessive siltation in latter areas.

Scott, E. B. (1968). "The Saga of the Sandwich Islands," 4^th^ Ed.
Sierra-Tahoe Publishing, Honolulu.

> Anecdotes and photographs of Pearl Harbor area through WWII.

Seligman, P. F., Grovhoug, J. G., Valkirs, A. O., Stang, P. M.,
Franshaw, R., Stallard, M. O., Davidson, B., and Lee, R. F. (1989).
Distribution and fate of tributyltin in the United States marine
environment. *Applied Organometallic Chemistry* **3**, 31-47.

> Highest concentrations of TBT have been found in yacht harbors and
> near vessel repair centers. 75% of sites measured had no detectable
> TBT. Pearl harbor among the lowest concentrations found for TBT.

Seligman, P. F., Grovhoug, J. G., Franshaw, R. L., Cola, S. Y.,
Stallard, M. O., Stang, P. M., and Valkirs, A. O. (1989). "Butyltin
concentration measurements in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 1986 to
January 1988 Pearl Harbor case study.," Rep. No. TR 1293. Navy Ocean
Systems Center, San Diego.

> Follow up study to 1984 baseline assessment confirmed low levels of
> TBT in Pearl Harbor, from undetectable to max of 21 ppb in SE Loch
> water. By contrast, Honolulu Harbor ranged 4.8 to 580 ppb . Sediment
> samples from near Drydock No. 2 had TBT concentrations 10X the harbor
> average, up to 420 ppb (dry wt.). Oyster tissue burdens ranged from
> non-detectable in W. Loch to 360 ppb (wet wt.) at Rainbow Bay.

Somerton, D. A., Kobayashi, D. R., and Landgraf, K. C. (1993). Stock
assessment of Nehu, *Encrasicholina purpurea*, using the egg production
method. *Bull. Mar. Sci.* **53**, 768-777.

> Spawning biomass of nehu in Pearl Harbor was estimated weekly over two
> year period and varied from 0.5 to 5 metric tons in response to
> fishing and seasonal cyclicity in reproduction.

Sparks, A. K. (1963). "Survey of the oyster potential of Hawaii,".
Hawaii DLNR, Div. Fish and Game, Honolulu.

> Report on condition of oyster fishery in Pearl Harbor.

Stanford, H. R. (1915). Pearl Harbor dry dock. *Trans. Am. Soc. Civ.
Eng.* **Pap. No. 1354**, 223-337.

> Extensive engineering description of construction of first Pearl
> Harbor dry dock and reasons for collapse.

Stephenson, W. (1976). Notes on Indo-Pacific portunids (Decapoda,
Portunidae) in the Smithsonian collection. *Crustaceana* **31**, 11-26.

> Describes a specimen of *Callinectes* sp. collected by Bartsch in 1920
> from Pearl Harbor which could not be identified to species (see
> Eldredge, 1995).

Sterling, E. P., and Summers, C. C. (1978). "Sites of Oahu," Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu.

> General information on early appearance and history of Pearl Harbor
> (Puuloa) area with Hawaiian legends. Historical descriptions of
> abundances of pearl oysters, reasons of disappearance and opening of
> main channel by ancient chief. 1959 map of Pearl Harbor compiled from
> 1873-1915 data included.

Stickney, H. L. (1945). Colossus of the Pacific. *Paradise of the
Pacific* **57**, 10-12.

> Description of first drydock opening in 1919 and recent opening in
> 1943 of one of the worlds largest drydocks. Massive alteration of
> shoreline occurred after 1940 with 6 1/2 miles of 10 total miles of
> piers and wharves and massive dredge and fill operations.

Stokes, J. F. G. (1909). Walled fish traps of Pearl Harbor. *Occ. Pap.
Bernice P. Bishop Museum* **4**, 199-36.

> Description of shapes and locations of walled fish traps in Pearl
> Harbor main channel in 1909, just before they were destroyed by Naval
> dredging and widening of channel. Principal species of fish caught are
> named.

Straughan, D. (1969). Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Oahu,
Hawaii. *Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci.* **68**, 229-40.

> Reports of various species of polychaetes from Pearl Harbor sampled
> 1929-1940.

Sun, Low, Tom, and Hara (1967). "Dispersion study of effluent from the
proposed Pearl Harbor sewage treatment plant outfall," Rep. No. NBy
82365. U. S. Public Works Center, Pearl Harbor, Honolulu.

> Dye studies of current movements in Pearl Harbor channel entrance by
> Fort Kam relative to sewage effluent disposal.

Takahashi, C. E. (1986). Tales of Honolulu\'s Fort Kam reef. *In*
"Hawaii Shell news", Vol. 33, pp. 5.Reports findings of exotic species
*Cyprea arabica* Linn. and *C. staphylea* Linn. on ledges at entrance
channel to Pearl Harbor.

> Attributes to blowing of ballast water by submarines that they have
> taken on at Apra Harbor, Guam. (However, see Byron, 1826).

Taylor, A. P. (1912). Pearl Harbor. *Paradise of the Pacific* **25**,
69-71.

> Detailed history of development of idea of use of Pearl Harbor for a
> naval base, beginning with Lt. I. W. Curtis on USS Constitution in
> 1846 and culminating with construction of 1000 ft drydock to be
> completed in 1914.

Thaanaum, D. (1921). *Tapes philippinarum* in the Hawaiian Islands.
*Nautilus* **34**, 107.

> Describes planting of this introduced species on mud flats twice
> pre-1920 at Moanalua and states they are frequently imported from
> Japan for sale by the barrel.

Tokioka, T. (1967). Pacific tunicata of the United States National
Museum. *Smithsonian Institution Bull.* **251**, 1-247.

> Report and description of tunicate *Polyclinum vasculosum* from Pearl
> Harbor.

Townsend, J. K. (1839). "Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky
Mountains to the Columbia River, and a visit to the Sandwich Islands,
Chile, etc., with a Scientific Appendix.,", Philadelphia.

> Description of pearls obtained from Pearl Harbor in 1798.

Turner, B. W. (1975). Mineral distribution with the sediments of Pearl
Harbor. M.S. Thesis, Hawaii, Honolulu.

> Study of mineralogy , organic content and metal content of Pearl
> Harbor sediments and inter-relationships of these parameters.

Visscher, J. P. (1928). Nature and the extent of fouling of ships\'
bottoms. *Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish.* **43**, 193-252.

> General description of fouling organisms occurring on ships throughout
> the world, mechanisms of organism settlement and fouling and attempts
> to prevent using the technology of the time.

Visscher, J. P. (1937). "Fouling of ships\' bottoms, Pearl Harbor,
1935-1936. Section II. Ships examined in dry dock.," Bureau of Ships
Library.

Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., and Sohmer, S. H. (1990). "Manual of
Flowering Plants of Hawaii," Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

> Date of introduction of red mangrove to Hawaii

Walter Lum & Assoc. (1969). "Investigation of pollution of harbor
waters, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii," Rep. No. N62471-69-C-0585. Nav. Fac. Eng.
Com., Honolulu.

> Study to locate and determine source of oil contamination in vicinity
> of Oscar-1 pier using soil borings.

Ward, L. A. (1987). Family Spionidae. *In* "Reef and Shore Fauna of
Hawaii. Section 2: Platyhelminthes through Phoronida and Section 3:
Sipuncula through Annelida" (D. M. Devaney and L. G. Eldredge, eds.),
Vol. Special Publ. 64 (2&3), pp. 461. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

Water Resources Engineers (1973). "Data report for the Pearl Harbor
system of Hawaii," Rep. No. Contr. No. 68-01-1800. EPA Systems
Development Agency, Washington D. C.

> Effects of Waikele Stream runoff on water quality and circulation of
> West Loch and Pearl Harbor.

Water Resources Engineers (1974). "Validation and sensitivity analyses
of stream and estuary models applied to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii," Rep. No.
Contract No. 68-01-1800. EPA Systems Development Branch, Washington D.
C.

> Calculation and validation of stream and estuarine circulation in
> Pearl Harbor.

Wentworth (1951). "Geology and ground-water resources of the
Honolulu-Pearl Harbor area, Oahu, Hawaii,". Board of Water Supply,
Honolulu.

> Description of hydrology and groundwater resources of the Pearl Harbor
> area, including surface and artesian spring sources.

Wilson Okimoto & Assoc. (197?). "Aiea Bay State Recreation Area
Conceptual Master Plan and DEIS,". Hawaii Dept. Land and Nat Resources,
Honolulu.

> Superficial description of near shore waters of Aiea bay with limited
> hydrographic data.

Wyrtki, K., Graefe, V., and Patzert, P. (1969). "Current observations in
the Hawaiian Archipelago," Rep. No. HIG-69-15. Hawaii Inst. Geophysics,
Honolulu.

> Results of current meter studies conducted 1965-69, including waters
> seaward off Honolulu Harbor and Barbers Point

Yap, W. G. (1978). Population biology of the Japanese Little-neck clam,
*Tapes philppinarum*, in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. *Pac.
Sci.* **31**, 223-244.

> This clam was first introduced to Hawaii from Japan in 1920 and
> planted in Kalihi Basin, Pearl Harbor and Kaneohe Bay, had disappeared
> from Pearl Harbor and Kalihi, but was still thriving at time of study
> in Kaneohe Bay on a 1.35 hectare mudflat after depletion in six other
> beds in the Bay.

Youngberg, A. D. (1973). "A study of sediments and soil samples from
Pearl Harbor area," Rep. No. ETDB 73-004 LIMDIST. Naval Civil
Engineering Lab., Port Hueneme, CA.

> Description of sediment characteristics and heavy metal content of
> Pearl Harbor sediments and effects of Navy operations on sediment
> metals, primarily restricted to SE Loch and S Channel. Middle and West
> Loch strongly affected by urban development and agriculture. Stations
> with highest metal content had lowest number of species.

Youngberg, A. D. (1973.). "A study of groundwater contamination beneath
landfills at Pearl Harbor," Rep. No. EPDB 73-004 LIMDIST. Nat. Fac. Eng.
Com., Honolulu.