**USDA Forest Service\
Southern Research Station\
Recent Publications--December 1999**

**Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference---A Seriously Valuable Series Continues**

The **Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference** includes 122 papers and 3 poster summaries that address a
range of issues affecting southern forests. Program chair James D.
Haywood, research forester with the Ecology and Management of Even-Aged
Southern Pine Forests in Pineville, LA, edited the proceedings. Papers
are grouped in 15 sessions that included upland hardwoods, intensive
management of bottomland hardwoods, intermediate hardwood management,
hardwood and bottomland regeneration, ecological relationships, water
and soil hydrology, site preparation for pine establishment, artificial
and natural regeneration of pines, intensive management of pines, pine
fertilization, biometrics, insects and diseases, and landscape
management. To receive a copy of the **Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial
Southern Silvicultural Research Conference**, please request number
**6**.

The Eleventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference in
March 2001 will continue the tradition of providing a forum for the
exchange of information among silviculturists and researchers in related
areas, research coordination, review of research in progress, and new
approaches or techniques of general interest. Knoxville, TN will host
the conference March 19-22, 2001. If you want to contribute a paper,
please contact Ken Outcalt, research plant ecologist with the
Disturbance and Management of Southern Pine Ecosystems research work
unit in Athens, GA. You can reach Dr. Outcalt by calling 706.559.4312 or
sending an e-mail to koutcalt/srs_athens@fs.fed.us.

**Forest Plants and Wildlife Uses**

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station forest
ecologist, and Karl V. Miller, wildlife ecologist at the University of
Georgia's School of Forest Resources in Athens, collaborated to write
**Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses**. Published by
the Southern Weed Science Society, this field-durable manual describes
330 plant species of the Southeast and summarizes wildlife uses for each
plant genus. **Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses**
includes 644 color photographs of herbaceous plants, grasses, shrubs,
woody vines, palms, and ferns common to forests, rights-of-way, and
natural areas. The book includes native, wetland, and exotic plants.
Descriptions and photographs of plants appear on facing pages, making
identification easier. Extra-high resolution photographs will appear in
the companion CD, available in February 2000.

Southeastern forests include complex communities of plants, animals,
insects, and microorganisms. The critical need to better understand the
intricate relationships that have evolved over millions of years---and
the effects of humans on the entire ecosystem---helped motivate James
Miller and Karl Miller to write **Forest Plants of the Southeast and
Their Wildlife Uses**. Foresters, botanists, and wildlife biologists
will find this book helpful in the classroom and in the field. Natural
resource managers, private landowners, and naturalists will also be
comfortable with this manual.

You can purchase **Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife
Uses** for \$36 (includes shipping and handling) by contacting the
Southern Weed Science Society. Please send your request and check to
1508 West University Avenue, Champaign, IL 61821-3133. You can call
(217.352.4212) or send an e-mail to raschwssa@aol.com. Proceeds will
support the Society's graduate programs.

James Miller, honored by the Southern Weed Science Society as the 1999
Scientist of the Year, performs research at the Southern Research
Station's Vegetation Management Research and Longleaf Pine Ecosystems
research work unit at Auburn University. Co-author Karl Miller is widely
recognized for his research related to the impacts of forest management
practices on wildlife habitat. With John C. Kilgo and Winston P. Smith,
Miller co-authored **Effects of group-selection timber harvest in
bottomland hardwoods on fall migrant birds**. Select number **8** to
receive a copy of this publication.

**Annual Report for the Southern Research Station**

Research generates knowledge, our most important product. We want you to
know what the Southern Research Station accomplishes, and the **Annual
Report for 1998--Southern Research Station** provides a concise picture
of our work for the period from October 1997 through September 1998. The
annual report also details the strategies we have developed with you for
the 21^st^ century and explains how we spend your tax dollars.
Increasing knowledge about forested environments of the South and
transferring that information to you comprise two of our most important
goals. Please request **AR** so we can share our progress report with
you.

**Tax Tips for Forest Landowners**

Larry Bishop of the USDA Forest Service Southern Region comes through
again with concise information to help forest landowners prepare their
taxes. **Tax Tips for Forest Landowners for the 1999 Tax Year** covers
basis and tax records; passive loss rules; reforestation tax credit and
amortization; capital gains and self-employment taxes; cost-share
payments; conservation reserve program; casualty losses; and management
and maintenance expenses. The Southern Region's web site includes this
report; go to www.r8web.com, then to taxtips. You can also print **Tax
Tips for Forest Landowners for the 1999 Tax Year** by visiting the
Southern Research Station Web site, www.srs.fs.fed.us; click on the USDA
Forest Service site, then go to the Southern Region site.

### Recent Publications--December 1999

Burke, Marianne K.; Lockaby, B. Graeme; Conner, William H. 1999.
**Aboveground production and nutrient circulation along a flooding
gradient in a South Carolina Coastal Plain forest.** Canadian Journal of
Forest Research. 29: 1402-1418.

Relative to effects of flooding, little is known about the influence of
hydrology‑nutrient interactions on aboveground net primary production
(NPP) in forested wetlands. The authors found that nutrient circulation
and NPP were closely related along a complex physical, chemical, and
hydrologic gradient in a bottomland hardwood forest with four distinct
communities. Aboveground biomass, NPP, biomass partitioning to stem
production, growth efficiency, and soil macronutrient availability were
greatest in the flooded zone, possibly because of the stable hydrologic
regime. In the wet transition zone, trees were least productive,
nutrient use efficiency was highest, and N retranslocation from foliage
before abscission was \"complete.\" Wet and dry transition zones had the
lowest litterfall quality. Soil organic matter was negatively correlated
with extractable NH~4~‑N plus NO~3~‑N before in situ incubations and
positively correlated with litterfall lignin/N ratios. Lignin/P and C/N
ratios were positively correlated with exchangeable soil Ca and Mg,
cation exchange capacity, and clay content, and negatively correlated
with extractable soil P. The scientists concluded that periodic flooding
and associated widely fluctuating soil chemistry resulted in
disequilibrium between the plant community and environmental conditions,
which led to nutrient deficiency and low NPP in the transition zones
compared with the continuously flooded and mesic zones. **(1)**

Cain, Michael D. 1999. **Woody and herbaceous competition effects on
stand dynamics and growth of 13-year-old natural, precommercially
thinned loblolly and shortleaf pines.** Canadian Journal of Forest
Research. 29: 947-959.

Stand dynamics of naturally regenerated, even-aged, loblolly pines
(*Pinus taeda* L.) and shortleaf pines (*P. echinata* Mill.) were
examined on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas, U.S.A.,
following four levels of competition control. Treatments included a
check (Ck) with no competition control, woody control (WC), herbaceous
control (HC), and total control (TC) of nonpine vegetation. After pines
became established from natural seeding, herbicides were used to control
herbaceous plants for four consecutive years and woody plants for five
consecutive years. At age five, 1235 crop pines/ha were retained and all
noncrop pines \>1.5 m tall were precommercially hand thinned. Although
93 percent of crop pines on Ck plots were judged free-to-grow 13 years
after establishment, crop pines on vegetation control plots were larger
(P ≤ 0.001) in mean diameter at breast height, total height, and volume
per tree. From age 5 through 13 years, crop pine diameter growth
increased on WC plots and decreased on HC plots because of hardwood
competition in the latter treatment. At age 13, mean pine volume
production was 48 percent greater (P \< 0.01) on plots that received
competition control than on Ck plots (160 m^3^ ha^-1^); TC resulted in
31 percent more (P \< 0.01) volume (282 m^3^ ha^-1^) than the mean of WC
and HC plots; and there was no difference (P = 0.15) between the latter
two treatments. **(2)**

Elliott, Katherine J.; Vose, James M.; Swank, Wayne T.; Bolstad, Paul V.
1999. **Long‑term patterns in vegetation‑site relationships in a
southern Appalachian forest.** Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society.
126(4): 320‑334.

The authors used permanent plot inventories from 1969‑1973 and 1988‑1993
to describe forest species distribution patterns of the Coweeta
Hydrologic Laboratory, a 2,185 ha basin in Western North Carolina, USA.
They used canonical correspondence analysis to explore the
vegetation‑site patterns for the 1970's and 1990's inventories combined.
Site variables were determined by direct measurements or calculated by
digital geographical information system mapping methods. Site variables
were percent slope, elevation, terrain shape, precipitation, modified
azimuth, soil organic matter content, soil depth, soil clay content,
depth of A‑horizon, potential solar radiation, and mean temperature
during the growing season. Fifty percent of the variation in the
vegetation distribution was explained by the site variables used in the
canonical correspondence analysis. Soil organic matter, terrain shape,
and elevation were the variables most strongly related to vegetation
distribution. Species associated with convex terrain (upper slopes and
ridges), such as *Pinus rigida, Quercus coccinea,* and *Quercus
velutina,* decreased in abundance from the 1970's to the 1990's; species
associated with soils having high organic matter content and deep
A‑horizons, such as *Liriodendron tulipifera, Rhododendron maximum,* and
*Tsuga canadensis* increased in abundance. Individual species responded
differently to site gradients. For example, *Acer rubrum, Quercus
prinus, Oxydendrum arboreum,* and *Nyssa sylvatica* were located in the
center of the ordination space (i.e., their occurrence was not related
to any of the site variables), which suggests that these species are
habitat generalists. **(3)**

Haines, Terry K.; Cleaves, David A. 1999. **The legal environment for
forestry prescribed burning in the South: regulatory programs and
voluntary guidelines.** Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 23(3):

170-174.

Southern States vary widely in their approaches to regulation and
liability protection for prescribed burning. Most State air quality laws
exempt prescribed burning from many open burning rules; however,
monetary penalties are established for the rules that do apply. Forest
protection laws address escaped fire and require permits or notification
in all but two States. So-called "certified burner" laws have been
passed in six States to limit liability for experienced burners who
attend training courses and adhere to applicable air quality and forest
protection laws and regulations. **(4)**

Harrington, Timothy B.; Edwards, M. Boyd. 1999. **Understory vegetation,
resource availability, and litterfall responses to pine thinning and
woody vegetation control in longleaf pine plantations.** Canadian
Journal of Forest Research. 29: 1055-1064.

In six 8- to 11-year-old plantations of longleaf pine (*Pinus palustris*
Mill.) near Aiken, S.C., responses of understory vegetation, light, and
soil water availability and litterfall were studied in relation to pine
thinning (May 1994), herbicidal treatment of nonpine woody vegetation
(1995-1996), or the combined treatments (treatment responses described
below are in absolute units). Treatment differences in fifth-year (1998
herbaceous species density were as described below are in absolute
units). Treatment differences in fifth-year (1998) herbaceous species
density were as follows: pine thinning \> woody control = combined
treatments \> untreated (33, 30, 30, and 25 species per 40 m^2^,
respectively). Forb and grass covers were 13 and 8 percent greater,
respectively, after pine thinning, and 7 and 9 percent greater after
woody control. Pine thinning stimulated a large increase in third-year
gap fraction (0.26), short-term increases in soil water content (1
percent), and a reduction in pine litterfall by half (--120 g∙--m^−2^
per year). Woody control had no effect on gap fraction, decreased
litterfall of nonpine woody vegetation (--32 g∙m^−2^ per year), and
stimulated season-long increases in soil water content (1--2 percent).
The ranking of factors affecting herbaceous vegetation responses was as
follows: light \> soil water \> herbicides \> litterfall. Herbaceous
species density and cover can be promoted in longleaf pine plantations
by intensive thinning of pines and herbicidal control of nonpine woody
vegetation. **(5)**

Haywood, James D., ed. 1999. **Proceedings of the tenth biennial
southern silvicultural research conference**; 1999 February 16-18;
Shreveport, LA. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-30. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 618 p.

One hundred and twenty-two papers and three poster summaries address a
range of issues affecting southern forests. Papers are grouped in 15
sessions that included upland hardwoods, intensive management of
bottomland hardwoods, intermediate hardwood management, hardwood and
bottomland regeneration, ecological relationships, water and soil
hydrology, site preparation for pine establishment, artificial and
natural regeneration of pines, intensive management of pines, pine
fertilization, biometrics, insects and diseases, and landscape
management. **(6)**

Howell, Michael; Ford, Eric. 1999. **Florida\'s timber industry--an
assessment of timber product output and use, 1997.** Resour. Bull.
SRS‑43. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Research Station. 32 p.

In 1997, volume of roundwood output from Florida\'s forests totaled 517
million cubic feet, 2 percent less than in 1995. Mill byproducts
generated from primary manufacturers remained stable at 162 million
cubic feet. Almost all plant residues were used primarily for fuel and
fiber products. Pulpwood was the leading roundwood product at 288
million cubic feet; saw logs ranked second at 162 million cubic feet;
veneer logs were third at 30 million cubic feet. Total receipts declined
6 percent to 532 million cubic feet. The number of primary processing
plants declined from 113 in 1995 to 101 in 1997. **(7)**

Kilgo, John C.; Miller, Karl V.; Smith, Winston P. 1999. **Effects of
group-selection timber harvest in bottomland hardwoods on fall migrant
birds.** Journal of Field Ornithology. 70(3): 404-413.

Due to projected demands for hardwood timber, development of
silvicultural prac­tices that provide for adequate regeneration in
southeastern bottomland hardwoods without causing undue harm to wildlife
resources is critical. Group‑selection silviculture involves harvesting
a small group of trees, which creates a canopy gap (usually \<2 ha in
size). The objectives were to determine the extent of use of
group‑selection harvest gaps by fall migrant birds, to compare
experimentally use of three sizes of gaps (10‑m, 20‑m, and 40‑m radius),
and to compare use of locations within gaps (center, edge, and adjacent
forest). The authors captured 210 birds of 36 species in 1692 mist‑net
hours. Total captures were greater in 40‑m radius gaps than in 20‑ and
10‑m radius gaps and were greater in gap centers than at gap edges and
adjacent forest. Forest interior/interior‑edge Neotropical migrants and
interior‑edge short‑distance migrants were captured most often in the
centers of the largest gaps. Kilgo, Miller, and Smith captured no
interior‑edge short‑distance migrants or field‑edge birds of any
migratory group in the adjacent forest. A threshold gap size determining
use by migrant birds may exist between 20 and 40 m in radius. Though
reasons for greater capture success in gaps are unclear, forest interior
Neotropical and short‑distance migrants apparently shifted their hab­itat
preferences during fall to include forest gap habitat. **(8)**

Klepzig, Kier D.; Schlyter, Fredrik. 1999. **Laboratory evaluation of
plant-derived antifeedants against the pine weevil *Hylobius abietis*
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae).** Forest Entomology. 92(3): 644-650.

The authors assayed 12 plant‑derived and 1 insect‑produced
allelochemicals--verbenone, borneol, bornyl acetate, carvone,
cucurbitacin, myrcene, limonin, 4‑allyanisole, α‑ pinene, β‑pinene,
limonene, and coumarin--for inhibition of feeding by the pine weevil
*Hylobius abietis* L. Scots pine twigs were treated with these compounds
dissolved in ethyl acetate solvent, and adult weevils were fed for 48 h
on the twigs in both choice and no‑choice assays. Coumarin, carvone,
verbenone, and limonin were consistently inhibitory to feeding by both
male and female *H. abietis*. Borneol and 4‑allyanisole also
demonstrated some activity as an antifeedant compound against *H.
abietis*. The remainder of the compounds did not consistently inhibit
weevil feeding. Sex of weevils or temperature in cold storage (10 or
5°C) did not consistently affect amount of bark feeding. A 48‑h feeding
period gave more distinct effects for active compounds than did a 24‑h
test. **(9)**

Kush, John S.; Meldahl, Ralph S.; Boyer, William D. 1999. **Understory
plant community response after 23 years of hardwood control treatments
in natural longleaf pine (*Pinus palustris*) forests.** Canadian Journal
of Forest Research. 29: 1047-1054.

In 1973, a study was established in south‑central Alabama, U.S.A., to
determine the effects of hardwood control treatments on understory
succession and overstory growth in natural stands of longleaf pine
(*Pinus palustris* Mill.). The treatments were seasonal biennial burns
and a no‑burn check, each combined with three supplemental hardwood
control treatments (one‑time chemical, periodic mechanical, and
untreated check). Green vegetation less than 1 cm d.b.h. and organic
litter were destructively sampled to determine the effects of 23 years
of treatments on understory vegetation and identify changes in this
community since last sampled in 1982. Among the hardwood control
treatments, the only significant differences occurred in the shrub and
green biomass (total of tree, shrub, woody vine, and herbaceous species
masses) component of the understory. There were significant differences
for all vegetation components when comparing the burning to no‑burn
treatment. Green biomass estimates were variable but showed an increase
for all but two of the 12 treatment combinations when compared to 1982
biomass. The major change occurred in the accumulation of organic
litter, which increased 119 percent when averaged across all treatments.
The chemical treatment did not eliminate any species when compared with
the other hardwood control treatments. **(10)**

Landers, J. Larry; Boyer, William D. 1999. **An old-growth definition
for upland longleaf and south Florida slash pine forests, woodlands, and
savannas.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-29. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 15 p.

Upland longleaf pine forests, woodlands, and savannas once occupied most
of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from southeastern Virginia south
through the northern two-thirds of Florida and west to east Texas, with
extensions into the Piedmont and mountains of Alabama and northwest
Georgia. South Florida slash pine is native to the southern half of
peninsular Florida. The probable structure of and variability in
old-growth forests, woodlands, and savannas of these two overlapping and
fire-dependent ecosystems are described based on all available
information. A number of old-growth attributes are listed for both
species, including estimates of the variability that can be expected in
these attributes. **(11)**

Lo Bianco, Riccardo; Rieger, Mark; Sung, She-Jean S. 1999. **Activities
of sucrose and sorbitol metabolizing enzymes in vegetative sinks of
peach and correlation with sink growth rate.** Journal of the American
Society of Horticulture Science. 124(4): 381-388.

Terminal portions of \'Flordaguard\' peach roots (*Prunus persica* ((L.)
Batsch) were divided into six segments and the activities of
NAD^+^‑dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), sorbitol oxidase (SOX),
sucrose synthase (SS), soluble acid invertase (AI), and soluble neutral
invertase (NI) were measured in each segment 10,15, and 20 days after
seed germination. The same type of experiment was conducted with
terminal portions of \`Flordaguard\' and \`Nemaguard\' peach shoots
except that one of the six segments consisted of the leaflets
surrounding the apex. Independent of the age of individual roots,
activities of SDH and AI were consistently highest in the meristematic
portion and decreased with tissue maturation. In shoots, AI was the most
active enzyme in the elongating portion subtending the apex, whereas SDH
was primarily associated with meristematic tissues. A positive
correlation between SDH and AI activities was found in various
developmental zones of roots (*r* = 0.96) and shoots (*r* = 0.90).
Sorbitol and sucrose contents were low in roots regardless of distance
from tip, while sucrose showed a decreasing trend with distance and
sorbitol, fructose, and glucose increased with distance from the
meristem in shoots. Activity of SDH in internodes, but not apices,
correlated with shoot elongation rate of both cultivars, whereas
activities of other enzymes did not correlate with shoot elongation
rate. The authors conclude that AI and SDH are the predominant enzymes
of carbohydrate catabolism and the best indicators of sink growth and
development in vegetative sinks of peach. **(12)**

Michael, Jerry L.; Webber, E. Cliff; Bayne, David R.; and others. 1999.
**Hexazinone dissipation in forest ecosystems and impacts on aquatic
communities.** Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 29: 1170-1181.

Hexazinone (active ingredient) was aerially applied as a pellet (Velpar
ULW) and as a liquid (Velpar L) to watersheds in the Piedmont of
Alabama, U.S.A., at the rate of 6.72 kg∙ha^-1^ (three times the
prescribed rate for this site). An untreated watershed served as a
control. The authors determined hexazinone half‑life in days for Velpar
ULW (plants,

26‑59; litter, 55; bare soil, 68; soil under litter, 74) and for Velpar
L (plants, 19‑36; litter, 56; bare soil, 77; soil under litter, 275).
Maximum stream concentrations of hexazinone (422 μg∙L^‑1^ for Velpar
ULW; 473 μg∙L^‑1^ for Velpar L) were observed during application and
resulted from direct overspray. Hexazinone stream concentrations peaked
several times during stormflow in the first 30 days (56‑70 μg∙L^‑1^ for
Velpar ULW; 145‑230 μg∙L^‑1^ for Velpar L) and were diluted three to
five times 1.6 km downstream. Hexazinone metabolites were also
monitored. Exposure of macroinvertebrates to hexazinone did not alter
benthic community structure. Taxa richness, including
pollution‑sensitive insects, did not differ significantly between either
hexazinone treatment and the control. Benthic macroinvertebrates in
Piedmont streams of the southeastern United States appear insensitive to
hexazinone at the exposures observed in this study. **(13)**

Miller, James H.; Boyd, Robert S.; and Edwards, M. Boyd. 1999.
**Floristic diversity, stand structure, and composition 11 years after
herbicide site preparation.** Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 29:
1073-1083.

This study tested for effects of site preparation herbicides applied at
high labeled rates 11 years earlier on plant species richness,
diversity, and stand structure and composition. Four study sites in
three physiographic provinces were established in central Georgia in
1984. Six herbicide treatments were included on each site: hexazinone
liquid, hexazinone pellets, glyphosate, triclopyr, picloram, and a
mixture of dicamba and 2,4‑dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‑D). Herbicide
and untreated plots were prescribed‑burned and planted to loblolly pine
(*Pinus taeda* L.). Eleven years after treatment, 177 total species were
identified in these dense pine plantations; 99 species were forbs and
grasses‑grasslikes. Treated and check plots did not differ in species
richness or diversity. Structurally, the total basal area of the tree
canopy was not significantly altered, but the proportion of pine to
hardwoods and shrub stem density were influenced by treatment. Latent
effects were detected in the abundance and frequency of *Pinus taeda*,
*Prunus serotina* Ehrh., *Quercus stellata* Wangenh., *Diospyros
virginiana* L., *Vaccinium stamineum* L., *Vitis rotundifolia* Michx.,
and *Lespedeza bicolor* Turcz. Most are potential mast producers for
wildlife. Herbicide site preparation had little influence on total
species numbers or their diversity 11 years after treatment but affected
composition by altering perennial species abundance. **(14)**

Outcalt, Kenneth W.; Williams, Marcus E.; Onokpise, Oghenekome. 1999.
**Restoring *Aristida stricta* to *Pinus palustris* ecosystems on the
Atlantic Coastal Plain, U.S.A.** Restoration Ecology. 7(3): 262-270.

> *Aristida stricta* (wiregrass), a perennial bunchgrass, quickly
> accumulates dead leaves, which along with the shed needles of *Pinus
> palustris* (longleaf pine) provide the fuel for frequent surface
> fires. Thus, historically, wiregrass played a key role in many
> longleaf communities where it significantly influenced the natural
> fire regime and thereby the composition of the plant community.
> Reestablishment of wiregrass is, therefore, critical to restoring the
> native understory of Atlantic Coastal Plain longleaf pine ecosystems.
> This study measured the effects of different site prepara­tions and
> fertilizer application on the survival and growth of wiregrass
> seedlings. Two‑month‑old seed­lings were underplanted in existing
> longleaf pine stands on dry Lakeland soils at the Savannah River Site
> in South Carolina. Survival was acceptable at 51 percent after four
> years, although reduced owing to drought and small seedling size.
> Survival and growth could both be increased by using older seedlings
> with an initial height of at least 6 cm. Wiregrass leaves grew quite
> rapidly and attained an average length of 48 cm in four years on
> control plots. Basal area growth rate was greater than expected,
> averaging 40 percent on control treatments and 55 percent on
> cultivated and fertilized plots. **(15)**

Parresol, Bernard R. 1999. **Assessing tree and stand biomass: a review
with examples and critical comparisons.** Forest Science. 45(4):
573-593.

There is considerable interest today in estimating the biomass of trees
and forests for both practical forestry issues and scientific purposes.
New techniques and procedures are brought together along with the more
traditional approaches to estimating woody biomass. General model forms
and weighted analysis are reviewed, along with statistics for evaluating
and comparing biomass models. Additivity and harmonization are
addressed, and weight‑ratio and density‑integral approaches are
discussed. Subsampling methods on trees to derive unbiased weight
estimates are examined, and ratio and difference sampling estimators are
considered in detail. Error components for stand biomass estimates are
examined. This paper reviews quantitative principles and gives specific
examples for prediction of tree biomass. The examples should prove
useful for understanding the principles involved and for instructional
purposes. **(16)**

Perry, Roger W.; Thill, Ronald E. 1999. **Estimating mast production: an
evaluation of visual surveys and comparison with seed traps using white
oaks.** Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 16(3): 164-169.

Perry and Thill compared five types of visual mast surveyed with seed
trap data from 105 white oaks (*Quercus alba* L.) during 1996-1997 in
the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. They also evaluated these visual
survey methods for their usefulness in detecting differences in acorn
density among areas. Indices derived from all five methods were highly
correlated with acorn densities derived from traps, and the Koenig
method had the highest r-values. Categorical surveys using fewer than
six categories yielded significantly different acorn densities among all
categories, whereas surveys using nine or ten categories did not. All
survey methods detected moderate to large acorn density differences
among four study areas. The authors found no difference in the
effectiveness of visual survey in dense versus open-forested conditions.
Visual surveys are an effective method for evaluating acorn production
and may be superior to seed traps for comparisons of acorn production in
tree canopies since they are not affected as greatly by wildlife
removal. However, visual surveys can be biased by observer differences,
whereas trap data are not. **(17)**

Reams, Gregory A.; Roesch, Francis A.; Cost, Noel D. 1999. **Annual
forest inventory: cornerstone of sustainability in the South.** Journal
of Forestry. 97(12): 21-26.

With many competing uses and large regional shifts in forestland use,
the sustainability of southern forests is being questioned. The new
Southern Annual Forest Inventory System (SAFIS) is being implemented to
address regional, State, and national questions regarding past, current,
and projected changes in the southern forest. The annual inventory
system will provide the information needed to closely monitor and
quantify the landscape dynamics of southern forests. These annual
inventory data will form the basis of State, regional, and national
forest sustainability assessments. **(18)**

Reams, Gregory A.; Van Deusen, Paul C. 1999. **The Southern Annual
Forest Inventory System.** Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and
Environmental Statistics. 4(4): 346-360.

The Southern Annual Forest Inventory System (SAFIS) is in various stages
of implementation in 7 of the 13 southern states serviced by the
Southern Research Station. The SAFIS design is an interpenetrating
design where the *n* units (1/6 acre plots) are divided into *k* = 5
panels, each panel containing *m* = *n/k* units. Panel 1 plots are
measured in year 1, panel 2 in year 2, etc., such that all plots have
been visited by the end of year 5. The panel cycle is repeated into
perpetuity. Each panel, in effect, is a 5‑year periodic survey with
complete overlap of sample units. Numerous estimation schemes are
possible, and the authors explore five possible options. The five
options are (1) use existing periodic inventory programs to produce
5‑year survey estimates by adjusting all five panels to a common year;
(2) analyze each annual panel independently; (3) produce 5‑year
estimates by combining the five panel estimates by varying the weight
given to each panel; (4) base inventory estimates on mixed estimation
where actual and predicted values are combined; and (5) use imputation
techniques such that unmeasured plots are filled in with imputed plots.
A two‑phase method for forest area estimation that uses the known map
marginals from a thematic map is presented as an alternative to photo
interpretation‑based estimates. **(19)**

Roesch, Francis A.; Reams, Gregory A. 1999. **Analytical alternatives
for an annual inventory system.** Journal of Forestry. 97(12): 33-37.

Methods for analyzing data from the Southern Annual Forest Inventory
System (SAFIS) are discussed. Differences between the annual inventory
approach and the more traditional periodic approach require that we
revisit the previous assumption that there are no important spatial and
temporal trends in the data. Over the next few years, the USDA Forest
Service Southern Research Station will be evaluating models of varying
complexity to determine the most efficient estimation approach for each
variable, at all spatiotemporal scales of interest. **(20)**

Schmidtling, R.C.; Carroll, E.; LaFarge, T. 1999. **Allozyme diversity
of selected and natural loblolly pine populations.** Silvae Genetica.
48(1): 35-45.

Loblolly pine (*Pinus taeda* L.) megagametophytes and embryos were
examined electrophoretically to compare the extent and distribution of
genetic variability in allozymes of selected and wild populations.
Range‑wide collections of three different types were investigated in
this study. These consisted of seed sampled from (1) a provenance test
established in 1953; (2) bulk seed sampled from collections obtained
from natural stands; and (3) seed harvested from clones used to produce
improved seed in a tree improvement program.

All 18 loci tested were found to be polymorphic. The average number of
alleles overall (N~a~) was 3.8. Expected heterozygosities (H~e~) varied
from 0.193 in the 70‑year old orchard clones, to 0.174 in the
40‑year‑old provenance test samples, to 0.163 in the embryos of the bulk
collections. The maximum F~ST~ was 0.066 for the provenance test
populations, which indicates that only a small proportion (6.6 percent)
of the total variation in allozymes was attributed to population
differences. In spite of this, the populations were well differentiated
in multivariate analysis.

In controlled‑pollinated progeny tests of the orchard selections, there
was a negative association between growth and the presence of rare
alleles in the parent. A rare allele at the IDH locus was associated
with slower growth, probably because it indicated hybridization with the
slower‑growing shortleaf pine *(P. echinata* Mill.).

Allozyme variation as well as variation in cortical monoterpenes and
fusiform rust resistance suggests that loblolly pine resided in two
refugia during the Pleistocene; one in south Texas/northeast Mexico and
one in south Florida/Caribbean. The two populations migrated to the
northern Gulf Coastal Plain at the beginning of the Holocene and merged
just east of the Mississippi River. **(21)**

Schweitzer, Callie Jo. 1999. **Forest statistics for west central
Tennessee, 1997.** Resour. Bull. SRS-44. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 52 p.

This report summarizes a 1997 inventory of the forest resources of an
11-county area of Tennessee. Major findings are highlighted in text and
graphs; detailed data are presented in 51 tables. **(22)**

Strom, B.L.; L.M. Roton, Goyer, R.A.; Meeker J.R. 1999. **Visual and
semiochemical disruption of host finding in the southern pine beetle.**
Ecological Applications. 9(3): 1028-1038.

The importance of visual silhouettes for host finding by the southern
pine beetle (SPB), *Dendroctonus frontalis* (Coleoptera: Scolytidae),
and the potential for disruption of this process using visual deterrents
were evaluated with multiple‑funnel traps, painted white or black, and
with clear, white, or black Plexiglas sticky panels. All traps and
panels were baited with the SPB attractant frontalure. The effect of
combined semiochemical and visual disruption was evaluated in funnel
traps by including the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone, or the
repellent/inhibitory host compound 4‑allylanisole, in addition to the
attractant. Visual treatments had a highly significant effect on catch
of SPB and the predatory clerid beetle *Thanasimus dubius*. In
attractant‑baited traps, white paint alone reduced the average number of
SPB caught by 72 percent in Florida and 68 percent in Louisiana. The
repellent 4‑allylanisole reduced catch of SPB by 56 percent in Florida
and 45 percent in Louisiana. Verbenone was eluted at 25 percent of the
targeted rate and did not affect total catch in either place. White
panels trapped 79 percent fewer SPB than black, and 55 percent fewer
than clear, with both differences significant. Clear panels also caught
significantly fewer (‑54 percent) SPB than black panels. Capture of *T.
dubius* was reduced significantly by clear (‑61 percent) or white (‑56
percent) panels compared to black but did not differ significantly
between clear and white panels. The percentage of female SPB captured
was not significantly changed by visual treatments but was, as expected,
reduced by verbenone. Neither visual nor semiochemical treatments
influenced the sex ratio of *T. dubius*. The potential for using visual
disruptants for protection of trees was assessed in front of a single
SPB infestation by painting trees either white or black to 4.5 m. White
trees showed fewer landings by SPB and a reduced density of successful
and total SPB attacks within, but not above, the painted area. These
results show that both SPB and *T. dubius* can be significantly affected
by altering visual silhouettes, and that visual and semiochemical
treatments, especially used in combination, may increase effectiveness
of bark beetle disruption strategies. **(23)**

Trettin, C.C.; Johnson, D.W.; Todd, D.E., Jr. 1999. **Forest nutrient
and carbon pools at Walker Branch watershed: changes during a 21-year
period.** Soil Science Society of America Journal. 63: 1436-1448.

A 21‑yr perspective on changes in nutrient and C pools on undisturbed
upland forest sites is provided. Plots originally representing four
cover types have been sampled three times. On each plot, forest biomass,
forest floor, and soil, to a depth of 60 cm, were measured, sampled, and
analyzed for Ca, Mg, C, N, and P. Exchangeable soil Ca and Mg have
declined in most soils. Despite the low exchangeable Ca, cumulative
sequestration in the biomass has exceeded the soil pool, suggesting that
soil supplies below 60 cm are satisfying the biomass demand. Extractable
soil P also declined, with means ranging from 4.2 to 18.2 kg ha^‑1^, as
a result of reductions in the mineral soil and Oi horizon. The loss of
extractable soil P exceeded biomass sequestration in all but one plot,
suggesting abiotic soil processes as the removal mechanism. Soil C and N
were either stable, although highly variable, or declined, which was
unexpected in these undisturbed sites. The net C balance of these sites
was controlled by aboveground sequestration, which offset changes in the
soil and forest floor. Soil parent material and geomorphic setting
strongly influenced the changes in soil properties during the 21‑yr
period, reflecting the importance of those factors in assessing soil
nutrient and C cycles over that of forest cover type. The variability
encountered in the periodic soil measurements highlights the difficulty
in detecting temporal changes in soil chemical properties. **(24)**

Weng, C.; Kubisiak, T.L.; Stine, M. 1998. **Scar markers in a longleaf
pine × slash pine F~1~ family.** Forest Genetics. 5(4): 239-247.

Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were derived from
random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) that segregate in a longleaf
pine x slash pine F~1~ family. Nine RAPD fragments, five from longleaf
pine and four from slash pine, were cloned and end sequenced. A total of
13 SCAR primer pairs, with lengths between 17 and 24 nucleotides, were
developed. Nine (for SCAR loci FGP004, FGP005, FGE006, FGE007, FGP008,
FGE009, FGPO10, FGE011, and FGP012) were designed by extending the RAPD
primers; three (for FGE001, FGP002, and FGE003) were based on the
internal sequences of corresponding cloned RAPD fragments; and one (for
FGP013) was based on the sequence of the original cloned RAPD fragment
as well as the sequence of the cloned SCAR fragment amplified from the
other parent. All SCAR primer pairs amplified bands of expected sizes.
The primer pairs for FGP004, FGE006, and FGE007 amplified polymorphic
bands between the parents. The primer pair for FGP013 revealed a
polymorphism between the parents, but lost the within‑tree polymorphism.
The other nine primer pairs amplified monomorphic bands when separated
on agarose gels. A polymorphism between the parents was identified for
FGP005 by digesting the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products with
the restriction enzyme *Sma*I. FGP005 and FGPO12 were found to be
polymorphic when the PCR products were separated on a 3 percent
acrylamide sequencing gel. The segregation of four of the six
polymorphic SCARs was confirmed in 64 longleaf x slash F~1~ individuals.
**(25)**