## ![](media/image1.wmf){width="1.9229166666666666in" height="1.5979166666666667in"} ![](media/image2.png){width="1.6354166666666667in" height="1.7708333333333333in"}

## 

## RRS *James Clark Ross* Cruise 40

15^th^ March -- 22^nd^ April 1999

######### ALBATROSS

Antarctic Large-scale Box Analysis and The Role Of the Scotia Sea

## A Hydrographic Survey of the Scotia Sea

#### Principal Scientists 

> **Karen J. Heywood**

####### School of Environmental Sciences

> **David P. Stevens**
>
> School of Mathematics

University of East Anglia

Norwich

NR4 7TJ

## 

UEA Cruise Report Series No. 6

June 2000

**Contents**

1.  ***ALBATROSS Cruise
    Narrative***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
    3

    1.  Cruise
        Summary\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
        3

    2.  Cruise
        participants\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
        3

    3.  Cruise
        Diary\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
        5

    4.  Cruise
        Newsletters\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
        9

2.  ***CTDO~2~
    Measurements***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
    19

    1.  CTD and Rosette
        Multisampler\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
        19

    2.  Ship's Winch
        Operation\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
        20

    3.  CTDO~2~
        Calibrations\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
        21

    4.  CTDO~2~ Data
        Processing\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
        25

3.  ***Rosette Water Sample
    Analysis***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
    28

    1.  Salinity Sample
        Analysis\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
        28

    2.  Dissolved Oxygen
        Measurements\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
        29

    3.  Nutrient
        Measurements\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
        32

    4.  Chlorofluorocarbon and Carbon Tetrachloride
        Measurements\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
        34

    5.  SF~6~
        Measurements\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
        36

    6.  Helium and Tritium
        Measurements\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
        37

    7.  Oxygen Isotope
        Measurements\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
        38

4.  ***Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
    (LADCP)***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
    38

5.  ***Expendable Bathythermographs
    (XBTs)***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
    41

6.  ***Navigation***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
    44

7.  ***Ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
    (ADCP)***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
    45

8.  ***Underway
    Observations***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
    47

    1.  Bathymetry\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
        47

    2.  Oceanlogger\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
        48

9.  ***Shipboard Computing :
    DAPS***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
    49

10. ***Liquid Nitrogen
    Generator***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
    51

11. ***Bottom Pressure Recorder
    Recovery***\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
    52

Acknowledgements\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
52

Table 1. ALBATROSS Station
List\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
53

Table 2. ALBATROSS XBT
List\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
56

Figure 1. ALBATROSS cruise track and station
positions\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
57

Figure 2. Location of bottle
samples\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
58

Figure 3. Scatter diagram of CTD minus bottle salinity
data\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
59

Figure 4. Example of upcast and downcast 1 Hz CTD
data\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
60

Figure 5. Scatter diagram of CTD minus bottle oxygen
data\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
61

1.  ***ALBATROSS Cruise Narrative***

***1.1 Cruise Summary***

This cruise (JR40) formed the basis of the ALBATROSS project. It took
place on the RRS *James Clark Ross*, an ice strengthened vessel operated
by the British Antarctic Survey. We left Port Stanley, Falkland Islands
(Malvinas) on 15^th^ March 1999 and returned there on 22^nd^ April 1999
(Figure 1). A total of 170 CTDO~2~ small volume stations were occupied
(Figure 2 and Table 1).

***1.2 Cruise participants***

***1.2.1 Scientific party***

##### School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ

Dr David P. Stevens d.stevens@uea.ac.uk

##### School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ

Dr Karen J. Heywood k.heywood@uea.ac.uk

Dr Michael P. Meredith m.meredith@uea.ac.uk

Dr Elaine L. McDonagh \* elaine.l.mcdonagh@soc.soton.ac.uk

Mr. Alberto Naveira-Garabato a.naveira-garabato@uea.ac.uk

Mr. Richard Sanders \* richard.sanders@soc.soton.ac.uk

Dr Lucinda Spokes l.spokes@uea.ac.uk

Dr Alison Bateman a.bateman@uea.ac.uk

Ms Fiona Carse f.carse@uea.ac.uk

Ms Kate White k.white@uea.ac.uk

Ms Sally Thorpe sally.thorpe@uea.ac.uk

Mr. David Leah d.leah@uea.ac.uk

\* *Now at Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH*

###### Universität Bremen, Postfach 330 400, 28334 Bremen, Germany

Mr. Uli Fleischmann ufleisch@physik.uni-bremen.de

Mr. Oliver Huhn ohuhn@physik.uni-bremen.de

*Laboratoire de Physique des Océans, CNRS/IFREMER/UBO, IFREMER/Brest,
B.P. 70 Plouzané, France*

Mr. Michel Arhan michel.arhan@ifremer.fr

*British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3
0ET*

Dr Mark Brandon \* m.a.brandon@open.ac.uk

Ms Elizabeth Hawker ejha@pcmail.nerc-bas.ac.uk

Mr. Bruce Lamden bjl@pcmail.nerc-bas.ac.uk

Mr. Pat Cooper pjco@pcmail.nerc-bas.ac.uk

*\* Now at Dept of Earth Sciences, Walton Hall, The Open University,
Milton Keynes MK7 6AA*

*Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH*

Mr. Nick Crisp ncr@soc.soton.ac.uk

Mr John Smithers jsmi@soc.soton.ac.uk

***1.2.2 Principal Investigators***

Chief Scientists David Stevens and Karen Heywood

CTDO~2~, Hydrography David Stevens and Karen Heywood

XBT David Stevens

VMADCP Elaine McDonagh

LADCP Elaine McDonagh

Chlorofluorocarbons Michael Meredith

SF~6~ Fiona Carse

Nutrients & dissolved oxygen Richard Sanders

Helium/Tritium Uli Fleischmann and Oliver Huhn

Oxygen isotopes Michael Meredith

***1.2.3 Ship's Officers and Crew***

Mr. Christopher Elliott Master

Mr. Robert C. Paterson, Chief Officer

Mr. Robin Kilroy 2nd Officer

Mr. Andrew R. Liddle 3rd Officer

Mr. John Summers Deck Officer

Mr. Thomas Haigh Cadet

Mr. Charles A. Waddicor Radio Officer

Mr. David J. Cutting Chief Engineer

Mr. William J. Kerswell 2nd Engineer

Mr. Roger S. Jones 3rd Engineer

Mr. Steven J. Eadie 4th Engineer

Mr. Simon A. Wright Deck Engineer

Mr. Norman E. Thomas Electrical Engineer

Mr. Kenneth R. Olley Catering Officer

Mr. Martin Brookes Bosun

Mr. Jonathon M. Dodd Bosun\'s Mate

Mr. Peter A. Cossey Sg1a

Mr. Roderick A. Graham Sg1a

Mr. Neil Sullivan Sg1a

Mr. Raymond A. Davis Sg1a

Mr. David N. Watson Sg1a

Mr. Sidney F. Smith Mg1

Mr. Mark A. Robinshaw Mg1

Mr. Roy W. Fox Chief Cook

Mr. David R. Bailey 2nd Cook

Mr. John A. Clancy Steward

Mr. Tony N. Dixon Steward

Mr. Lawrence Baldwin-White Steward

Mr. Derek W. Lee Steward

***1.3 Cruise Diary***

Shiptime throughout the cruise was 3 hours behind GMT.

*Monday 15^th^ March (day 074)*

We set sail at 4pm from Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, and steamed
south towards our test station.

*Tuesday 16^th^ March (075)*

We arrived at our test station (001) mid afternoon. Conditions were
ideal, sunny and calm. This was a full depth station. All bottles were
fired at 3200 m for CFC bottle blanks. The first XBT was launched. After
the station we steamed westwards towards Cape Horn to start the Drake
Passage section. During the night the sea got rougher and there was a
large swell.

*Wednesday 17^th^ March (day 076)*

We were pitching into a large swell, although it was sunny with a
cloudless sky. We steamed all day towards the first station on our Drake
Passage section. Cape Horn was seen in the distance.

*Thursday 18^th^ March (day 077)*

Our section across Drake Passage (stations 2-46) began in the early
hours of the morning in shallow water not far from Cape Horn. Stations
were closely spaced on every 500 m depth contour. We were now beam on to
the swell so the ship was rolling badly. After only a couple of stations
we had to reterminate the CTD cable which had kinked. By the end of this
first day, we had completed our section over the continental shelf and
very steep slope.

*Friday 19^th^ March (day 078)*

Another retermination was necessary due to a bird's nesting of the CTD
cable. We also replaced the LADCP unit which would no longer
communicate. We continued deep (4000 m) stations southwards, repeating
the stations occupied by the WOCE A21 cruise in 1990, and additional
stations in between. It was still sunny but with a big swell.

*Saturday 20^th^ March (day 079)*

The CTD cable was streamed with a heavy weight due to recurring problems
with kinks and reterminations. After several sunny and relatively calm
days (although with a big beam-on swell), the wind began to get up and
it rained. We were about halfway across Drake Passage. Pilot whales were
seen around the ship.

*Sunday 21^st^ March (day 080)*

We were hove to from about midnight until midday due to poor weather.
This was the first day without any reterminations being necessary since
the section began! Pilot whales were seen spy-hopping. Crispin Day gave
a fascinating talk about Antarctica.

*Monday 22^nd^ March (day 081)*

Stations continued in heavy seas. The CTD cable required reterminating.
We crossed the Polar Front during Sunday and Monday. We were now halfway
across Drake Passage. It was a grey day and we had some snow. In the
late evening there were 2 more kinks in the cable and it was decided to
restream the cable to the sea bed, and to remove the fin (which
prevented the package from spinning).

*Tuesday 23^rd^ March (day 082)*

The first station without the fin was completed in the early hours. The
swell and wind had abated by daybreak, and it was a pleasant sunny day
with small waves. The cable was streamed again in the evening.

*Wednesday 24^th^ March (day 083)*

Today we had snow, saw our first iceberg and some Gentoo penguins
porpoising along beside the ship. A humpback whale investigated us for
about half an hour. We also saw another ship in the distance. We had
calm seas and it was foggy at times. We had to cut 1000m off the CTD
cable. There have been 7 terminations necessary so far. The fin was
replaced. ADCP signal penetration dramatically increased today. We spent
some time trying to unfreeze the liquid nitrogen plant.

*Thursday 25^th^ March (day 084)*

The liquid nitrogen plant began working, much to our relief, otherwise
no CFC measurements would have been possible thereafter. We began
closely spaced stations up the continental slope of Antarctica. Land was
sighted. ADCP signal penetration decreased again.

*Friday 26^th^ March (day 085)*

We completed the Drake Passage section, with our last station (046) in
shallow water close to the Antarctic Peninsula. Since the CTD cable had
been nothing but trouble, and was wasting a good deal of time with
reterminations and deploying the weights, it was agreed that we would
spool off the old cable by hand, and rewind the replacement one on
during our visit to Rothera, when we would be moored alongside a jetty.
Accordingly we spent the afternoon helping to walk the CTD cable off the
drum. There was snow during the morning and the weather gradually
deteriorated during the day. Snowmen were made on the aft deck. By late
afternoon the snow had turned to rain and the wind and waves got up. We
were disappointed to have to take the outside route along the Peninsula,
instead of the scenic inside route, but the weather conditions were too
poor. It became very rough overnight during our steam to Rothera.

*Saturday 27^th^ March (day 086)*

We arrived in Rothera at lunchtime. It was a calm and sunny day and the
scenery was spectacular. We went ashore while the unloading of the
aircraft fuel began. Then the spooling of the new CTD cable began, while
the scientific party enjoyed the generous hospitality of the winterers,
including trips on snocats and walks to see the seals and penguins.

*Sunday 28^th^ March (day 087)*

We awoke to find that the spooling of the new CTD cable onto the winch
had not gone smoothly and there were some turns misaligned. This meant
that the cable had to be unwound again, by hand, and put onto the
storage reel again (like a giant cotton reel). The scientific party,
together with a number of volunteers from Rothera, spent the morning
turning the drum manually, helping the crew to unwind the cable. By
lunchtime this was accomplished and the winding onto the winch could
begin again. Finally by 9pm the new CTD cable was safely spooled onto
the winch, and we were able to leave Rothera at 10pm. We did a shallow
CTD station just off the wharf for comparison with a similar station
done last year, primarily for Richard Sanders. We began steaming north
towards the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula.

*Monday 29^th^ March (day 088)*

We woke to find fog and poor visibility. We continued north past
Adelaide Island. Roy organised a Race Night and good fun was had by all.

*Tuesday 30^th^ March (day 089)*

We had a short visit to Deception Island during the morning, where the
ship's officers were able to deploy and test both lifeboats.

*Wednesday 31^st^ March (day 090)*

We began our southern section, eastward from the tip of the Peninsula,
just after midnight. Seven stations were completed today, many of which
were shallow ones (500 m) across the continental shelf. It was the
calmest day yet, almost glassy.

*Thursday 1^st^ April (day 091)*

The intensive southern section of closely spaced stations continued.

*Friday 2^nd^ April (day 092)*

Good Friday. We finished our section to the South Orkneys. Due to a
happy coincidence the Bransfield was just leaving Signy on her way back
to the UK, so we were able to meet up and steam together for a few
miles. It was good weather and we saw fur seals porpoising. There were
many icebergs, one with penguins on. In the evening we began stations
eastwards. After much trial and tribulation since the beginning of the
cruise, the SF6 kit appeared to be working. To allow the tracer chemists
time to prepare for the important Orkney Passage section, we did a 12
hour echo sounder survey across the Passage. This enabled us to
accurately locate the sill of the Passage and deduce the number of
stations required.

*Saturday 3^rd^ April (day 093)*

The wind got up during the early morning, and we made slow progress back
to the 500 m station, arriving about 10 am. We occupied closely spaced
stations across the Passage in rough weather. In the evening the SF6 kit
suffered 'melt-down'.

*Sunday 4^th^ April (day 094)*

It was still fairly rough. We completed our section across the Orkney
Passage. The CFC kit was unfortunately playing up.

*Monday 5^th^ April (day 095)*

Stations continued eastward sampling the deep gaps in the South Scota
Ridge. The CFC team battled to achieve good CFC data.

*Tuesday 6^th^ April (day 096)*

We woke to find heavy seas and strong winds. We were hove to for 4 hours
after station 089. We returned to the section at 9 am and then
continued.

*Wednesday 7^th^ April (day 097)*

Stations continued across the last deep passage of our southern section.
It was calm and sunny.

*Thursday 8^th^ April (day 098)*

At the eastern end of our southern section, we set off to recover a
bottom pressure recorder (BPR) deployed a year previously by colleagues
at the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory.

*Friday 9^th^ April (day 099)*

Heading north towards South Georgia. The weather was incredible --
glassy calm and sunny. We saw a green iceberg. We found ourselves
repeating A23 station 42 as ALBATROSS station 109 exactly 4 years later,
to the day.

*Saturday 10^th^ April (day 100)*

We continued occupying stations northward, repeating the A23 locations.

*Sunday 11^th^ April (day 101)*

Our biggest storm yet, Force 9. We were hove to from 2 am to 9 pm.

*Monday 12^th^ April (day 102)*

In the evening we completed our repeat of the A23 stations on the
continental shelf of South Georgia. There was rough weather overnight as
we steamed to Grytviken.

*Tuesday 13^th^ April (day 103)*

We arrived at Grytviken at breakfast-time. Unusually for South Georgia,
we had spectacularly clear weather and Mount Paget was out of cloud
against a deep blue sky. During the morning the scientific party
explored the old whaling station and encountered large numbers of
elephant seals and fur seals. A CTD station was occupied in the bay as
we left at lunchtime. Stations began on the Maurice Ewing Bank Section
in the late evening.

*Wednesday 14^th^ April (day 104)*

We continued stations along the Maurice Ewing Bank Section. It was foggy
so we had to reduce speed. It became windy and rough.

*Thursday 15^th^ April (day 105)*

Much rain and still rough. Now that the CFC and SF6 kits were working
reasonably well, we did another bottle blank station. We also retested
the original LADCP unit, but it was found still to produce X profiles so
we reverted to the proven one.

*Friday 16^th^ April (day 106)*

Rough weather again, 50 knot wind. We were hove to for about 6 hours
during the morning but by the afternoon it was sunny and we were
lurching along again. Cattle egrets have been landing on the ship,
presumably blown off course by the recent storms. During the evening
another storm hit us.

*Saturday 17^th^ April (day 107)*

We finally went round the bend (in the cruise track, of course!) and
headed west towards Stanley.

*Sunday 18^th^ April (day 108)*

On station 151, the rosette returned to the surface with 2 bottles
missing, one broken in half, and two cracked. We guessed that a bottle
had closed prematurely on the descent, and imploded at depth.

*Monday 19^th^ April (day 109)*

Only one cattle egret was left alive despite the best efforts of the
crew to feed them.

*Tuesday 20^th^ April (day 110)*

The end-of-cruise dinner was enjoyed during the evening during a brief
break from stations.

*Wednesday 21^st^ April (day 111)*

The last station was completed at 9 pm. We held an RPC (Requests the
Pleasure of your Company) to thank all the officers, crew and scientists
for making the cruise such a success.

*Thursday 22^nd^ April (day 112)*

Arrived in Stanley at dawn.

***1.4 Cruise Newsletters***

During the cruise weekly newsletters were sent back by email to be
displayed on the ALBATROSS web site
http://www.mth.uea.ac.uk/ocean/ALBATROSS.

**ALBATROSS Newsletter Week 0**

Monday 15^th^ March

We have just set sail, so we thought it would be a nice to send a
newsletter to keep you up to date with how we are, after a week away. We
left RAF Brize Norton on Monday evening and had no significant delays
during the journey. Our only anxious moments were when Mike, Lucy and
Alison only just arrived in the nick of time to check in for the
flights, and we were already worrying about how we might have to manage
without them ! We were very pleased to meet up with our French
participant Michel and our German participants Uli and Oliver. Karen
nearly made off with the hire car keys in her luggage to the Falklands.
The enormous mound of luggage was shared out amongst everybody, and off
we went. We enjoyed the brief spell in the morning sunshine at Ascension
during refuelling. We had a slight technical delay but the captain said
that ground engineers had given the plane the once over and thought it
was OK. He added 'The ground engineer seemed to know what he was talking
about' ! We finally arrived in the Falklands Tuesday afternoon.

The James Clark Ross was not due in until Thursday so we had 2 days to
be tourists. We stayed at the Ross Complex (aka the Inferiority
Complex), basically like a youth hostel. Various expeditions were
organised. Some of us took a day trip to Volunteer Point, several bumpy
hours in a landrover off road to see a colony of King Penguins. They
were remarkably relaxed when we approached to take (millions of) photos.
The Gentoo and Magellanic penguins were more nervous. Nick was the most
enterprising, and arranged a 24 hour trip by air to Sealion Island,
where he saw elephant seals and huge penguin colonies. The fittest
amongst us went to some nearby hills on long walks. Unfortunately the
weather was not good -- some days showery, other days just drizzly, but
always windy. We were exciting to see the ship coming in Thursday
lunchtime. First impressions of some people as she sailed past the
headland were that she was awfully small to be going south in. However
they were reassured when they went on board on Friday and realised how
big she is. Kate reckons she is like a Tardis, looks small on the
outside but is much bigger on the inside.

Our containers were craned on board on Friday afternoon, and in the
evening we started to unload and unpack. The chemists have decided to
all be one happy family in the main lab, CFCs, SF6, nutrients and
dissolved oxygens all together. Soon they were surrounded by a huge pile
of crates and boxes. The CTD, LADCP and data processing side is all in
the UIC lab, one deck up. On Saturday morning the unpacking began in
earnest. The liquid nitrogen generator was craned aboard and installed
by Simon down in the scientific hold. We were greatly impressed and very
grateful for his expertise when he announced after lunch that the beast
was running. All we now have to do is wait 40 hours to see if it
produces any liquid nitrogen. As an interim measure, to take some of the
pressure off, Lucy made an expedition to Mount Pleasant, the air base,
to fill a couple of dewars with liquid nitrogen. The RAF produce it as a
byproduct and were happy to let us have some.

The mobilisation days were hectic but most of us still found time to
visit the Seamen's Mission, near the port, for tea and cakes. This is
run by a Danish woman and is universally agreed to have the best home
made cakes in the Falklands. Lizzy flabbergasted us all by going for
incredibly long runs and still looking perky. Evenings were spent either
in the ship's bar, or some took the shuttle bus into Stanley to the
pubs.

Our first major headache was the discovery that the Ashtech 3dgps is
dead. This is a clever piece of navigational equipment which tracks GPS
satellites and tells us a very accurate heading for the ship, essential
for the shipborne acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). There is no
spare on board and despite Pat Cooper's best efforts it cannot be made
to work. However a replacement had been ordered some weeks ago, and its
delivery date was Monday 15^th^ March in Cambridge. Since accurate
current measurements are vital for many of the cruise's objectives, we
decided that it was worth exploring all possible avenues for getting a
replacement to the ship. We lined up a UEA PhD student, Tim Marwood, to
be on standby to fly out to the Falklands on the Monday night flight
from Brize Norton. This would entail a day's delay in sailing, which we
deemed worthwhile for the advantages of the Ashtech. Monday morning
found us anxiously awaiting news from Cambridge whether the crucial
parcel had been delivered. Our spirits sank when we heard that it had
not, and would not arrive for several more days. We have had to resign
ourselves to less accurate ADCP currents. We are so pleased that we have
the lowered ADCP, which will now be our salvation.

Our other disappointment is that the XBT system is not working. This
measures the temperature of the water in the top 1000 m, and can be
launched from the ship while it is steaming along. We use it to fill in
the gaps between stations, to get a more accurate picture of where
changes occur. The XBT was hand carried out from BAS as a replacement
for one which had broken. We are hoping that it may be coaxed into life.
Oh yes, and we shouldn't forget that Matlab didn't work on our computer
because of a bad license file, and the only exabyte (tape
reading/writing device) on board caused Nick Crisp's hard disk to be
completed wiped, setting him back by 24 hours ( he has remained
remarkably cheerful !). The good news is that the nutrient/oxygen team
are ready to go, the CFC and SF6 team are making good progress, the CTD
and LADCP are ready to go, and the technicians and engineers on board
have been superb in sorting out problems of all kinds.

On Monday morning Prince Charles visited the Falklands fishery
protection vessel, tied alongside the JCR. The JCR looked lovely all
decked out in flags. Karen, and the Master, Chris, went to a reception
at the Seamen's Mission, and got to shake HRH's hand, but were
disappointed he didn't have time to come on board the JCR.

We set sail from Stanley at 4 pm, resigned to the lack of the Ashtech.
It was a relief to be started on our project. The first hour or so was
devoted to Boat drill and safety procedures. We don't arrive at our test
station until midday Tuesday, so watches have not yet started, and only
limited data sets are being collected. We sail on into the night,
luckily with reasonable weather. ALBATROSS is airborne!

**ALBATROSS Newsletter Week 1**

Sunday 21^st^ March

We have spent nearly a week at sea now and there is a lot to tell you.
Our first whales, our first storm and our first data churning through
the computers.

The first few days at sea were sunny with very little wind, as good as
one could hope for in the Southern Ocean. Tuesday was spent getting
equipment to work, and organising data processing. The test station was
south of the Falklands, its location chosen to be in deep water outside
Argentinian jurisdiction. It went suspiciously smoothly, and soon we
were heading west to Cape Horn. Cape Horn was clearly visible, steep
blue mountains rising out of the sea. Later as darkness fell we could
make out the beam from the lighthouse.

We began our section across Drake Passage in the early hours of
Thursday, on the continental shelf just south of Chile. We are repeating
a set of oceanographic (CTD) stations done by German oceanographers 10
years ago, and one of our goals is to see if there have been changes in
the ocean physics and chemistry. So every other station is a 'Roether
station' and is sampled fully for trace gases. We are putting extra
stations in between to get a more detailed picture of the currents. We
really threw everyone in at the deep end, because the first few stations
were extremely close together as we crossed the continental slope into
deep water. This meant that barely had the water been taken from the
bottles from one station, when it was time to deploy the CTD again.

We have now been doing stations for 4 days and are halfway across Drake
Passage. After only 2 days everyone felt that they had been doing
stations for weeks. Overall things are going well, although we've had
our share of hassles. The CTD wire has had problems and John had to
reterminate the CTD every morning for 3 consecutive days. After
yesterday's retermination it was decided to let the CTD wire unwind
itself by spooling it into the water with a heavy weight on the bottom
and a swivel at the top. Fingers crossed, this may have eliminated the
tendency to get kinks in the wire. Nick has had to replace the Lowered
ADCP unit. Pat is rebuilding an XBT processing unit from scratch.

Team Chemistry have been working very hard. Alison has the unenviable
task of coaxing temperamental gas chromatographs to work, measuring
CFCs. This has been very stressful and she deserves a medal, and at the
very least a Mention in Dispatches. There have been a series of problems
which she has solved carefully, and today she has at last looked more
relaxed and less exhausted. Fiona has put her own SF6 work to one side
for a while to support Alison, Sally has been learning CFC analysis 'on
the job', and Uli and Oliver have been helping with sampling and trouble
shooting. The nutrients/oxygen team are busy but seem to have everything
under control. Well that's what they tell us anyway.

We have had a few sightings of schools of pilot whales near the ship,
causing great excitement. We saw them spyhopping -- this is when they
lift their heads out of the water using their flippers to balance, to
have a look around, presumably out of curiosity. There have been large
numbers of birds, mostly various types of albatrosses (Black browed and
the big Wandering ones), and also a pretty delicate pied bird called a
Cape Petrel.

As we turned south across Drake Passage we found ourselves beam on to a
large swell. During Saturday conditions worsened, it began to rain and
the wind got up. The last station of Saturday night was sampled in
mountainous seas, and Sally was at one stage drenched to her waist.
Sunday morning found us hove to, sitting out the storm into wind. The
wind during the night was up to force 11 but had abated to 9 by morning.
Everyone was groggy with lack of sleep, as the ship had rolled and
corkscrewed all night. Dave L was found curled on the floor of the main
lab claiming it was the most comfortable place. He has struggled on
stoically despite suffering the worst seasickness of all of us.

By lunchtime Sunday the wind was decreasing but the seas were still
confused. A number of us were in the bar for 'tabnabs', pre-lunch
snacks, when the ship gave an almighty roll (measured at 39 degrees).
All the tabnabs went flying. There was mayonnaise over the Mate, tartar
sauce all over Lucy. John was thrown from his chair, somersaulted over
Sally, hurtled out of the door and back in again, all without spilling a
drop of his gin ! Down in the lab even more devastation had occurred.
Nick's computer had, lemming like, decided to throw itself off the bench
to which it was screwed down. Kate showed incredible presence of mind.
She threw down the can of coke in her hand, launched herself at the
computer and managed to catch the hard disks, while the monitor dangled
on its lead an inch off the deck. Seconds later she was attacked by a
flying metal waste bin which has given her a very nasty bruise on her
knee. We have given her stick for the mess caused by the coke can as
there were 2 other waste bins within reach which she managed to miss,
but she definitely wins this week's prize for heroism beyond the call of
duty.

Stations began again on Sunday afternoon when the waves had abated
somewhat. We hear rumours that another low pressure system is on its
way. We are just crossing the Polar Front. Today our passenger, Crispin
Day, whom we are dropping off at Rothera, gave us a slide show about
Antarctica, which has certainly whetted our appetites for the ice and
scenery to come. Something to look forward to this week.

**ALBATROSS Newsletter Week 2**

Sunday 28^th^ March

We are writing this week\'s newsletter moored alongside the BAS base at
Rothera, on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula, surrounded by
the most spectacular scenery and wildlife. It has been an eventful week.

Science-wise, the week has been very successful. We have completed our
section across Drake Passage, 45 stations from continent to continent.
These are closely spaced, and have excellent lowered ADCP data to give
us in situ current profiles. Team Nuts (Richard, Lucy and Dave) have
measured every bottle for nitrates, phosphates, silicates and dissolved
oxygen. Team CFCs (Alison, Fiona and Sally) are now achieving high
quality data and have a good section across the southern Drake Passage
where this data set will be most interesting. The CTD data have been
calibrated and the quality of the data looks good. We have made initial
comparisons with the Roether data from the same section 10 years ago.
Hopefully within the next few days we\'ll be able to send back some
preliminary results to put on the Web.

One major success of the week has been getting the liquid nitrogen
generator to release its supply. We knew it was working (well the
flashing lights indicated so) but the outlet appeared to be frozen up.
Alison spearheaded a thankless campaign of aiming a hot air gun at the
outlet for hours on end. She then announced that she\'d sleep on it
(rather uncomfortable we thought ...) and it would work in the morning.
It didn\'t, but the following day Simon, our deck engineer, tried again
and practically fell over in astonishment because the outlet siphon just
slid out effortlessly ! Since then the generator dragon has been
behaving, much to our relief, because that would have been the end of
our CFC measurements. We still thank our lucky stars that Lucy got the
two dewars filled in the Falklands, which gave us enough to complete
Drake Passage.

Socially, the high spot of the week has been \"These Rough Notes\", a
collection of slides and readings from diaries, to document Scott\'s
disasterous expedition to the South Pole. This was organised by Mark,
who showed slides of various people and their original drawings. John
read Cherry-Garrard, the Mate Rob was Bowers, Crispin read Wilson,
Elaine was Kathleen Scott and Richard read Scott. It was very moving,
and particularly apt as we pitched and rolled our way towards
Antarctica. Other entertainment on board tends to revolve around the
bar, and frequently involves noisy games of Trivial Pursuit. We also get
a daily news bulletin printed out by the radio officer. We have followed
the Pinochet trial with close interest, not least because Oli and Uli
were planning to fly home via Lan Chile to Punta Arenas but will now
probably have to return with us via Brize Norton. We were most relieved
to have safely left Chilean waters before this week\'s ruling, since it
would have been too late to rescind their permission for us to work in
their waters.

However the high spot for all of us this week has been Antarctica
itself. It is almost impossible to find words for how spectacular the
scenery is. We left off the section on Friday morning and arrived in
Rothera on Saturday after lunch, a welcome break from the hard work of
the last week. The weather deteriorated during Friday, and we had snow,
several inches. We enjoyed making substantial snowmen and snow penguins,
and having snowball fights, on the aft deck. Visibility was poor, so we
took a route outside of the islands which dot the coastline, and steamed
quickly south. It was windy overnight, and the sea was rough - one of
the worst nights so far for sleeping, as the ship was pitching and
lurching. However we woke on Saturday to a clearing sky and the wind was
dropping. Soon we saw our first glimpses of mountains in the distance.
Then we could make out snow covered peaks, glaciers, crags, ice bergs.
Science, data analysis and sample preparation were soon forgotten as the
scientists excitedly went out on deck, up to the bridge or the monkey
island, to absorb the views. Cameras were clicking incessantly. The
mountains are so steep and high, it feels as though we are sailing
through the Alps, but the valleys are filled with sea. There are no
trees, but the beauty is in the crags and rocks, the colours of the ice,
the sharp pinnacles. Sorry, but you\'ll just have to wait until you see
the photographs, to get an inkling of how amazing it is.

The main source of angst this week has been the CTD cable. During our
deep stations across Drake Passage, the cable kept getting turns in it,
and becoming kinked. We had to stop every few stations, and deploy the
cable with just a set of weights on it, lowered down to the sea bed to
let the cable de-stress itself. This was getting time consuming, so the
decision was taken to replace the cable with a new one. There are two
main parts to this - getting the old cable off, and putting the new one
on. All the scientists were roped in to help with the former job, by
keeping the wire under tension as we walked it off the winch drum and
into the hold where it was coiled in a figure of eight by the crew. When
you realise that the cable is some 5 km long, you can see how much
walking up and down the ship this involved. This task was completed
during our steam south to Rothera on Friday.

The purpose of the trip to Rothera was to drop off aircraft fuel there,
to be used next spring. On arrival the de-fuelling began, together with
the longer task of winding the new CTD cable onto the winch drum. This
was done by the winch, so there was nothing the scientists could help
with. We were welcomed onto the base and allowed to explore. There are
22 BAS people overwintering at Rothera, a few scientists but mostly
support personnel. They were extremely helpful and went to great efforts
to show us their home. They took us up Reptile Ridge on Snocats or
skidoos, where we had fantastic views over the bays. We were extremely
lucky with the weather, which was windless and sunny. The wildlife at
Rothera was the other marvel. We walked round the nearby headland along
the rocky shore, and saw Crabeater seals, Weddell seals, Fur seals, and
dozens of Adelie penguins. They were all so fearless. Uli sat still and
wiggled his fingers in the snow, and one penguin came to peck his
fingers out of curiosity! The Skuas were also fearless but in a nasty
way - one or two people were attacked by them - they dive-bomb people\'s
heads which is frightening.

By Saturday evening the CTD cable was well on the way to being spooled
on, but there was bad news when we woke on Sunday morning expecting to
be sailing at 9 am. The cable spooling had become uneven after 3.6 km
(due to a slightly greater wire thickness), and it was necessary to
unspool it and start again. All of the scientists were required again,
and many base members came to help too. Our task was to turn by hand the
drum onto which the cable was being wound. This was like a giant cotton
reel, suspended on the aft deck. With 4 or more people at a time, we
just managed to keep it turning, taking turns of a few minutes each from
8.30 until 11.30, to the strains of a range of music from the \'chain
gang song\' to the teletubbies ! It was exhausting, and our arms and
backs ached. The drum weighed 5 tonnes. There were rumours that the wire
change had been concocted by Karen as a team building exercise ...
entirely unfounded!

At lunchtime the cable was off again, and the painstaking task of
winding it back on began again. This time the ship\'s side managed to
avoid the uneven lie of the cable, and they succeeded in getting the
cable on smoothly (we hope). Our unexpected extra day at Rothera was
spent in a variety of ways. Many people walked, photographed and enjoyed
the scenery and the wildlife. Some went for boats trips in the bay to
collect water samples for oxygen isotope analysis. In the evening we
learnt that the cable was on again, and we sailed at 10 pm. The base
people gave us a spectacular send-off, with flares and fireworks. Hard
to believe that they will be there for 5 months with no means of getting
out. Lizzy was very envious of them, and indeed there were rumours that
she had hidden in a cupboard on Rothera as a stowaway ! Finishing this
week\'s newsletter, we are now steaming northwards from Rothera, to
rejoin our section at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula.

**ALBATROSS Newsletter Week 3**

Monday 5^th^ April

Happy Easter from the James Clark Ross, just east of the South Orkney
islands. Since leaving Rothera a week ago, we have had a week of hard
work and are now progressing well round our cruise track. We should
accomplish our hundredth CTD station within the next 3 days.

The social highlight of the week has been \'race night\', organised by
Roy, one of the catering staff. This took place in the officers\' bar on
Monday night. Six small wooden horses moved along a mat laid out along
the floor, with some fences and a water jump. We shook dice to determine
which horse moved and how many spaces. If your horse landed on a jump,
it had to go back a few spaces, rather like snakes and ladders. Horses
cost £1, and the names chosen were inventive! We also bet on the outcome
of the races. It was hilarious and very noisy! About £100 was raised for
charity, and a good time had by all, even if most of us did lose our
money.

On leaving Rothera, we were hopeful of a scenic steam through the
\'inside route\', between various islands and the peninsula. However we
were beset with bad weather, first fog and then rougher seas, which
meant that the inside route was not feasible. As a consolation, we
visited Deception Island for a few hours on Tuesday morning. (The
Captain announced at Race Night that he would not allow a visit to
Deception unless there was a good showing at breakfast. Accordingly
there were more than the usual number of bleary eyed scientists munching
cereal at 7.30 am. Strangely however the Captain was not to be seen
...). Deception is a caldera, a volcano with sea in the middle.
Apparently the water is warm enough to swim in, although we didn\'t have
time for such an in depth exploration. Slowly the JCR slipped through
the very narrow gap through the rock cliffs to get inside, crew standing
by on the foredeck in case we began to drift onto the rocks and had to
drop anchor. Most others were on Monkey Island or on the Bridge taking
photos. It was a lovely calm and bright morning. Inside there is an old
whaling station, rusty hulks of the containers they used to store the
whale oil in. On the beach were dozens of fur seals gambolling about.
They look like bears, because they stand on their hind flippers. Very
furry and appealing but definitely rather nasty. We stayed at Deception
for about an hour, while the ship took advantage of the calm seas to
test the launching of both life boats.

There has been a good range of wildlife this week. Fur seals leaping
through the water alongside the ship, hourglass dolphins and sei whales.
Dozens of chinstrap penguins frequently arrive when we\'re on station or
sampling, and porpoise along. They look so small and vulnerable to be so
far from land. We are often followed by various kind of albatross and
petrel, including an attractive light-mantled sooty albatross, and some
Antarctic petrels.

Tuesday brought us the bad news from Myriam in Stanley that we will not
be flying home to the UK on Saturday 24^th^ April as planned, because
the RAF have cancelled that flight. Instead we have a prolonged visit to
the Falklands and return to the UK on Thursday 29^th^. This created a
subdued atmosphere for several days (and emergency chocolate rations
were broken into), now replaced by a mixture of resignation and
determination to get out of Stanley and make the most of the enforced
stay. A number of us are still hoping that we might be able to escape
through South America, if any air links to the Falklands resume. As of
1^st^ April there is no longer an air link with Chile because of the
Pinochet situation.

CTD stations began again on Wednesday at the tip of the Antarctic
Peninsula. It was our calmest day yet, with almost glassy seas. The
stations were shallow, only about 500 m, so progress was fast. By Friday
we had arrived at the South Orkneys. By coincidence, the other BAS ship,
the Bransfield, had just relieved their base on Signy, and was leaving
to return to the UK. We were able to meet up with her, and the 2 ships
steamed side by side for a few miles, each ship crawling with people
waving and taking photos. Some fur seals came and porpoised along in
between us. Finally the JCR sounded her horn, brash and loud, and there
came from the Brannie a deep throaty response. The 2 ships \'talked\'
for a few minutes and then we swung away to turn east again. It was
strangely emotional meeting the other ship, and she seemed too small to
be going all that way on her own!

The weather on Friday was excellent and we enjoyed seeing all the
icebergs grounded around the South Orkneys. One was covered with
penguins, so many that from a distance it looked like the whole iceberg
was covered in a black smudge. In the evening we did a survey of the
ocean depth in the Orkney Passage east of the South Orkneys, so that we
could decide where best to place our stations, and also to give Fiona
some extra time to fix some problems with her SF~6~ kit. By Saturday
morning the wind had got up and we were struggling through heavy seas.
Stations began again and proceeded eastwards. Unfortunately Fiona\'s kit
suffered what she described as \'meltdown\' and she is back to square
one. She is remarkably sanguine about it.

The chemists have discovered a new chemical compound, ^137^Tedium. They
are measuring its concentration daily and have a plot showing its
variations. There is a positive correlation between the number of CTD
stations per day, and the concentration of Tedium determined by their
sensitive equipment. Very little Tedium was observed at Rothera or
during Fiona\'s meltdown.

Much excitement this week when we saw 2 ships nearby, their lights
clearly visible. They were Polish fishing vessels. It is strange to see
other ships and realise that there are other people in the world. Easter
day was celebrated with turkey and Christmas pudding. Don\'t ask us why.
For the last couple of weeks there has been a dire shortage of
chocolate, but suddenly the ship was awash with chocolate as people
brought out their hidden supplies. Bill the engineer has started bribing
Karen and Dave with Mars bars to allow a visit to South Georgia. Easter
Day was Sally\'s birthday and a party spontaneously erupted during the
small hours in the crew bar.

We are now past the halfway point and will soon be turning north to
repeat the A23 stations we did almost exactly 4 years ago from the same
ship. If all goes well and we are lucky with the weather, we should be
writing next week\'s newsletter from the vicinity of South Georgia. In
the mean time we are looking forward to a break from the CTD stations,
to recover a bottom pressure recorder for our colleagues at the Proudman
Oceanographic Lab in Birkenhead. This has been moored for the last year
just east of our first A23 repeat station.

**ALBATROSS Newsletter Week 4**

Tuesday 13^th^ April

We have delayed sending this email out until today so that we could tell
you about our visit to South Georgia. It has been another week of hard
work for all of us, and we have had some rough weather to contend with,
so the short break was very welcome. Science wise all continues to go
well. We have now chalked up 122 CTD stations and have completed almost
three sides round our box. After the test station, we have 45 stations
in Drake Passage, one at Rothera, then 55 along our southern section,
and 20 along the short repeat of A23, the WOCE section we occupied in
1995. We now head northwest repeating stations occupied annually by BAS,
the Maurice Ewing Bank section (or as Lucy calls it, the Bobby Ewing
Bank!). Then west along the Falkland Plateau, back to Port Stanley. Due
in lunchtime Thursday next week.

At the end of the southern section, as we went into triple figures with
the CTD stations, we had a short detour to recover a bottom pressure
recorder (BPR) for Chris Hughes at the Proudman Oceanographic Lab. This
has been sitting on the sea bed for the last year, recording the
pressure due to the amount of water above it - this tells us how
variable the currents are. We arrived at its location soon after
daybreak on Thursday, and were astonished when it responded immediately
to the acoustic signal we sent it, to tell it to wake up. Happy that we
were talking to it, we sent the signal to release, then waited for it to
begin coming up. As it rose we could track its progress as it sent back
its pressure reading (this was a bit of a black art since it sent back
about 6 different numbers and you had to choose which one was most
realistic). At a depth of 300 m, we lost track of it - no more response.
We all went up onto Monkey Island or the Bridge, to search for it on the
surface. No sign. The BPR should have a radio transmitter to allow us to
get a bearing on its location. There was silence on the receivers on the
Bridge. The ship began to do a box around the supposed location, and we
discussed whether it could have drifted out of sight or perhaps was
never released in the first place. Suddenly, good news spread round the
ship, Charlie had spotted it! There has since been some debate over
which Charlie saw it first, since both Charlie the radio officer and
Charlie the Motorman claim the right to the prize. We were extremely
lucky that the weather was so calm with no wind or waves to speak of,
otherwise we would never have seen the BPR on the surface. Its radio
transmitter was not working, although it did start working belatedly
when safely on deck. We were expecting a large BPR rig and had the crane
standing by to haul it out of the water, so were surprised when the rig
turned out to be a small capsule only about as big as Karen.

After the BPR recovery we had several more days of unbelievable seas,
glassy calm with barely any wind, and plenty of sunshine, which lifted
people\'s spirits considerably. It was hard to believe that this was the
Southern Ocean. On Friday we were excited to find that we were repeating
A23 station 42, which we had occupied on the same day, 9^th^ April,
exactly 4 years ago. Conditions could scarcely have been more different.
In 1995 we had our big storm immediately after that station, and were
\'hove to\' for 24 hours. In 1999 we completed the station in flat seas
and sun.

One of the unusual sights of the week has been a green iceberg. Most
icebergs are white or grey, and some older ones are vivid blue or black.
This one however was green. We decided that it was worth a closer look,
for scientific purposes of course. According to Mark, it was green
because it had chlorophyll growing inside it. As the glaciers flow
seawards, they pick up soil and, presumably, plant life, from the rock
beneath. Then the iceberg calves, eventually rolls over, and the
chlorophyll is exposed to light and begins to grow. We knew the iceberg
was something special when even the Chief Engineer and the Captain were
getting their cameras out for the first time this trip. The green
iceberg was covered with hundreds of penguins, and a small whale was
spotted cavorting about in the surf beside the berg. Other wildlife this
week has included fur seals and chinstrap penguins swimming round the
ship, and krill swarms - big brown streaks on the sea. Plus the usual
birds accompanying the ship from time to time, including petrels and
shags. The different types of albatross we usually see are Wandering,
Black-browed, Grey-headed and Light-mantled sooty albatrosses; the
latter look rather like chocolate point Siamese cats. One night around
the CTD there were dozens of long stringy things drifting about in the
water. Some people caught them in nets. They were up to about a metre
long and a couple of centimetres in diameter, translucent and jelly
like. Apparently they are salps, a kind of zooplankton.

After the glorious weather early this week, the ocean returned to its
more usual state on Saturday evening and we were hove to for much of
Sunday, about 24 hours in all. Force 9 winds, together with snow, rain
and just about anything else the atmosphere could hurl at us. Lots of
ship rolls so furniture falling over, luckily no kami kaze computers
this time. This caused a 24 hour delay in our visit to South Georgia,
planned for Monday. There were suggestions that this had been
deliberately arranged by Mikey so that he could spend his 30^th^
birthday on South Georgia. By Monday we were back doing stations and
completed the A23 repeat in the evening. Our last station was a shallow
one on the shelf of South Georgia. Overnight it got very windy again and
there was some concern that we would not make it to the harbour at
Grytviken by morning.

However early Tuesday found us steaming past spectacular mountains,
turned pink in the dawn, as we approached Grytviken. Glorious sunshine
again, and the high mountains were sheltering us from the strong wind.
Glaciers came down to the sea and had jagged edges where bergs had
calved. There was much more bare rock than there had been in Antarctica,
giving a greater contrast between glaciers and mountains. Strangest of
all, there was a green colour on the lower slopes - rough grass. It was
noticeably warmer out on deck than it had been in Antarctica - we had
forgotten how much further north we are now. Furry hats and gloves are
now optional rather than essential.

Grytviken was a Norwegian whaling station until the 1960\'s, then it was
used as a BAS base, and now it houses a small contingent from the
British army. There is also a museum and a post office. We had hoped to
lie the ship alongside the jetty but the wind was strong onshore and the
idea was abandoned. Instead the cargo tender was launched. The ship\'s
officers refer to this as the floating skip, but it also looks rather
like a child\'s drawing of a boat. We had to climb down a ladder over
the side of the ship, and stand in the boat as it chugged to land. All
the scientists went ashore to explore Grytviken for a couple of hours.
The whaling station is deserted and eerie, derelict buildings, rusty
machinery and half sunken ships. It had a macabre atmosphere. Some
retail therapy was liberally applied in the post office and museum shop.
The museum was fascinating. High spots included a huge stuffed
albatross, wings extended, hanging from the ceiling, and a fur seal\'s
whisker, very long and wiry. There were big displays on Shackleton\'s
Antarctic expedition which ended in South Georgia, and on the life and
times of the Norwegian whalers. A short walk from the whaling station
was the cemetery where Shackleton is buried. To get there we had to run
the gauntlet of the fur seals, who were getting cross at the number of
visitors so decided to run after a few to frighten them. There were fur
seals everywhere, and we managed to get close to some of the least
aggressive ones (and some people got closer to the aggressive ones than
they intended - fur seals can run remarkably fast!). Also there were
elephant seals all over the place. These are frankly not one of
nature\'s most attractive inventions. They smell, and their throaty
snores could be heard reverberating across the bay. They paid us no
attention but continued basking in the sun, all piled on top of one
another. A lone Gentoo penguin seemed to enjoy being the centre of
attention and would happily let people get within a metre to take
pictures.

We left Grytviken after lunch, and after a quick CTD station in the bay
for Richard, continued our steam west across the South Georgia shelf,
towards our first Maurice Ewing Bank station, due late this evening.

**ALBATROSS Newsletter Week 5**

Thursday 22^nd^ April

Our final newsletter from the ship. We arrived in Stanley at dawn this
morning and already people can be found singing \'we\'re coming home\'
in unguarded moments. Overall it has been a more successful cruise than
we would have dared to hope for, so we are very pleased. We have had our
share of good fortune, but primarily the success is owed to everyone\'s
hard work. The dataset will keep us out of mischief for several years to
come. After leaving South Georgia, we completed a set of CTD stations to
the Maurice Ewing Bank, repeats of the ones done by BAS for several
years. It will be interesting to see how the ocean properties vary from
year to year. This will be the first time that the section has been done
with tracer chemistry, and measuring the whole water column from surface
to sea bed. Our final section was westward along the top of the Falkland
Plateau, where we sampled again the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that
flows through Drake Passage and then turns north. Our last station,
number 170, was completed on Wednesday evening, close to the Falklands.

For several days we were visited by cattle egrets, large white birds on
impossibly spindly legs. They ought not to be found here, so have
presumably been blown off course by recent storms. Sadly they all seem
to die on the ship. Otherwise there has been very little wildlife this
week - no whales or penguins, just the usual albatrosses. One of the
most dramatic events of the week has been the loss of 5 of the sampling
bottles on the CTD rosette frame. The CTD came inboard with 2 of its 24
bottles completely missing, a 3^rd^ broken in two and a further 2
cracked. These are huge bottles more than a metre tall and made of thick
plastic so one can only imagine the force needed to break them apart.
There are 2 possible explanations in circulation. First, Dave suggests a
giant squid attack. Second, a bottle may have closed at the surface, and
descended with air inside, so imploded at depth, taking out the bottles
either side as well. Both explanations are something most of us have
heard about but never seen. We leave it to our readers to decide which
story they prefer.

The early part of the week brought us bad weather, and we were hove to
for several hours on Friday and Saturday, unable to steam anywhere or do
stations. However the weather improved for the last few days as we
neared the Falklands, and we had some lovely mild days with plenty of
sunshine. Visibility has been good and we had excellent sightings of
Mars and Venus. The red planet was amazingly clear and definitely
reddish orange in colour. We have enjoyed some beautiful sunrises and
sunsets. They seem more spectacular at sea, because of the large expanse
of sky, and the lack of light pollution.

It being the last week of the cruise, we have managed to fit in some
socialising amidst the science, although the end-of cruise celebrations
were muted by the fact that the last stations were so close to our
arrival in port so there was a good deal of packing to do. On Tuesday we
had the formal end of cruise dinner, when the officers wear their full
uniforms. The catering staff did us proud with an excellent meal. On
Wednesday after the last stations we held an RPC (Requests the Pleasure
of your Company), a party to thank everyone on board for their hard
work. The table tennis tournament reached its closing stages and Mikey
beat Uli in the grand final.

On Tuesday we heard that the southbound Tristar from Brize Norton has
been delayed at Ascension. We emailed to enquire whether its northbound
journey was likely to be delayed sufficiently for us to get it. We found
out that it would be returning north early Thursday morning, and that 6
places were available. Sadly most of us were unable to take up this
opportunity since we have a huge amount of equipment to dismantle, the
last salinity samples to analyse, and final data to archive. Five
fortunate souls, Michel, John, Alberto, Mikey and Uli, were able to go.
We arrived at our berth in Stanley at 6 am today, and they were whisked
off in a bus straight to the airport. The rest of us are most envious.
We leave the ship tomorrow, and have various expeditions planned until
our homeward flight scheduled to depart on Wednesday.

Karen and Dave, Chief scientists, RRS James Clark Ross cruise 40,
ALBATROSS

*Antarctic Largescale Box Analysis and The Role Of the Scotia Sea*

or as the chemists have renamed it, *A Long Boring And Tedious Round Of
Silly Stations*

2.  ***CTDO~2~ Measurements***

## 

## *2.1 CTD and Rosette Multisampler*

John Smithers

In total 170 stations were occupied ranging in depths from 100 -- 4700
metres. The equipment used during cruise JR40 was as follows.

CTD MKIIIc S/N Deep04.

Chelsea Transmissometer. S/N

Simrad 200 metre Altimeter. S/N

FSI 24 Bottle Rosette Pylon. S/N FSI No 2.

LADCP S/N

The raw data were logged both on the DAPS and on the CTD data/display
systems. Throughout the cruise both the CTD deck and underwater units
worked without fault. There were few misfires when firing bottles and
most faults were due to lanyards not being set properly. The 10 litre
water bottles were gradually replaced or serviced during the cruise.
Typical faults were leaking or stiff taps and leaking bottom 'O' ring
seals. One bottle was found to have no bottom seal even though it had
sealed for most of the cruise.

During station 151 five bottles were damaged. There was no obvious cause
but speculation suggests that one of the bottles may have closed at the
surface and then imploded at depth, damaging the bottles either side of
it.

Throughout the first part of the cruise the CTD cable presented
problems. The down cast was generally fine but as the load increased on
the up cast the package would spin and wind the cable. The number of
turns could be determined from the LADCP. This resulted in kinks forming
once the package was recovered and the load was removed from the cable.
The termination had to be remade on an almost daily basis. It was not
initially clear which was causing the spin, the CTD package or the
cable. A fin was fitted to the CTD frame. This stopped any rotation of
the package but the problem persisted. The CTD cable was replaced with a
new one once the ship reached Rothera. There were no further problems
from then on.

## *2.2 Ship's Winch Operation*

Simon Wright

After cast 003 the wire kinked and required reterminating, this was
after a test cast and a shallow one to only a few hundred metres. It was
decided to control this spinning by fitting a vane on one side to resist
the rotations. Although the spinning was no longer a problem being
indicated by the LADCP, the wire did need reterminating on casts 011 &
016. This was because the wire kinked on recovery either on deck or in
the winch room damaging it beyond use. At this point, considering the
fact that turns were already in the wire, it was deployed to full depth
(3900m) connected to a swivel and some weights with the aim of letting
the twists come out. After this operation no further twisting was
registered by the LADCP in the water, but some evidence of twisting
still existed on deck. This led to a policy of unshackling the package
and allowing the twists to come out. The wire kinked again on casts 022
& 025 resulting in reterminations, after 025 the wire was deployed with
weights and the vane was removed from the CTD to study its effects. The
package appeared to be behaving with only one deployment with weights on
cast 030 being required. However on cast 033 the wire was twisted so
much that once the weight was removed it kinked inside the winch and had
to be cut out of the system. At this point 1000 m of wire was removed
with the aim of using newer cable and the vane reattached to the CTD.
The package was now spinning in the water with the vane on, particularly
on the down cast. The wire was also having to be disconnected nearly
every time it came on deck to remove the twists and occasionally
deployed with weights to relax it.

Due to the continuing problems the decision was then made to use the
visit to Rothera to replace the cable with the spare being carried at
that time. This operation went reasonable smoothly as wire winding goes
with only one major removal of cable (\~4000m) being required. The
operation took about 26 working hours and resulted in extending the time
taken for the resupply by about four hours over the BAS allocated
period. I would like to thank all the ship, base and scientific
personnel who assisted when required for all their help and patience.

The winch system was then operated with a policy of veering at 50 m/min
and hauling at 60 m/min as one possible theory was that the wire was
over speeding the package particularly in the rough weather we had been
experiencing in Drake Passage. This would have the possible effect of
trying to kink and twist the wire as the weight was applied and removed,
but this cannot be proven at this point. The policy also allowed the
wire some gentler operations as a single deep cast could not be carried
out and allowed the wire to bed into the system.

The system has however worked with only minimal attention since then.
The only problems being experienced was a lack of traction due to grease
coming out and coating the wheels causing some slight delays on deeper
casts, this has improved as the wire is worked and is a fact of life
with a new cable. Some adjusting of the wire during spooling on was
required until the ends became worked in due to the new cable being
marginally larger than the old one.

In the period from this no major problems have been experienced to date
with the remaining 120+ CTDs and it is the hope of the Deck Engineer
that the earlier problems have not detracted from or hindered to a
detrimental effect the science being done.

***2.3 CTDO~2~ Calibrations***

Alberto Naveira-Garabato

*Temperature calibration*

The calibration of temperature consisted of, firstly, a conversion from
temperature in engineering units (T***~raw~***) to temperature in deg C
on the ITS-90 scale (T):

T = 4.9966928 x 10^-4^ \* T***~raw~*** + 0.13094213.

A correction was applied in order to allow for the mismatch between the
time constants of the temperature and conductivity sensors and in
accordance with the procedure described in the SCOR WG 51 report (Crease
*et al.*, 1988). This involved computing a time rate of change of
temperature (δT) from 16 Hz data in the level A, for each 1 s ensemble.
The correction then consisted of

T = T + α \* δT

where α is a time constant chosen as 0.25 s after the trial of a range
of values made obvious that the selected figure minimised the spikiness
of the temperature profile.

Though the ITS-90 scale was used for all the temperature data reported
from this cruise, temperatures were converted to the 1968 scale for the
purpose of computing derived oceanographic variables:

T68 = 1.00024 T (Saunders, 1990)

*Pressure calibration*

The calibration of pressure involved a number of steps. Following a
conversion from pressure in engineering units (P~raw~) to pressure in
dbar (P)

P = 0.107378894 \* P~raw~ - 38.2847318

a correction was made for the effect of temperature on the pressure
offset.

This correction required the construction of a lagged temperature
(T~lag~) from the time series of temperature at each CTD cast:

T~lag~(t=t0+tdel) = W \* T~lag~(t=t0) + (1-W) \* T(t=t0+tdel)

where W = exp(-tdel/tconst), tdel (= 1 s) is the time interval over
which T~lag~ is being updated, and tconst is a time constant estimated
as 400 s in laboratory experiments (King, 1996). Then

P = P - 0.55 \* (T~lag~ - 12)

The values of 0.55 and 12 were determined by inspection of on-deck CTD
temperatures and pressures.

An additional adjustment to upcast pressures was conducted to account
for hysteresis in the CTD pressure sensor. This was resolved after it
became apparent that nominally calibrated salinity profiles at depth
were systematically offset to lower values  by O(0.002)  in the
downcast with respect to the upcast, and that pressure hysteresis
appeared to be the only remaining factor that could explain such
discrepancy. Through trial and error, the following table of pressure
hysteresis corrections was derived that forced the downcast and upcast
salinity profiles to converge:

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  P \[dbar\]                          δP \[dbar\]

  6500                                0

  5000                                0

  3500                                0.5

  3000                                2

  2500                                3

  2000                                3

  1500                                3

  1000                                2

  500                                 2

  350                                 2

  200                                 1.5

  0                                   0

  -10000                              0
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

with the correction equation for upcast pressures expressed as

P = P + (δP(P) - P)\*δP(P~max~)/P~max~

where P~max~ is the pressure at the bottom of the cast.

*Salinity calibration*

Salinity (S) was calibrated by comparison with upcast Niskin bottle
salinities on a station by station basis. By logging the bottle firing
events in the level A, simultaneous CTD data required for the
calculation of salinity (T, P and conductivity C) were merged in time
with bottle sample salinities. Initially, a conversion of C from
engineering to physical units was performed in an analogous fashion to T
and P:

C = 7.7913034 x 10^-3^ + 0.96424172 x 10^-3^ \* C~raw~ + 3.325916 x
10^-11^ \* C~raw~^2^

This was followed by the correction to conductivity ratio:

C = C (1 - 6.5 x 10^-6^ \* (T-15) + 1.5 x 10^-8^ \* P)

A nominally calibrated salinity was then computed from P, T and C using
the UNESCO 1983 algorithm (Fofonoff and Millard, 1983). Least-squares
linear regression with reference to bottle salinities followed to derive
a small correction (as a function of P, T and C) for the nominally
calibrated CTD salinity. Poorly-fitting samples, which generally
occurred in regions of strong vertical salinity gradients, were excluded
from the linear regression. To provide a measure of the final
uncertainty associated with the calibrated salinities, Figure 3 shows a
scatter diagram of the deviations between CTD and bottle salinities for
all stations and depths. Only stations 016 and 017 (where data quality
was bad, see section on stations with special treatment) and 046, where
the fit to near-surface salinities was poor, deviate significantly from
the cluster of points below 0.001. The root-mean-square deviation of
bottle and CTD salinities for 1298 good samples deeper than 1000 m was 8
x 10^-4^.

Though the agreement between upcast and downcast T/S relations was
adequate, it was decided to extract the upcast data for the subsequent
construction of the master 2 dbar-gridded files. This was due to the
fact that, for some reason, downcast profiles were considerably noisier
than the upcasts (Figure 4).

*Oxygen calibration*

CTD dissolved oxygen concentration was calibrated by fitting to bottle
values using the expression

\[O2\] = sat(T,S) \* ρ \* (oxyc + c) \* exp(a \* (w\*T +
(1-w)\*T~oxy~) + b\*P)

where ρ, a, b, c and w (0\<w\<1) are the coefficients of the fit. oxyc
and T~oxy~ are output in the CTD data stream and relate, respectively,
to the amplitude of the signal from the oxygen sensor and its
temperature. Due to the strong hysteretic behaviour of the oxygen
sensor, only downcast CTD data were considered in the calibration.
Accordingly, the merging with the bottle samples was conducted in
pressure rather than time, which, in light of the generally close
resemblance between downcast and upcast hydrographic properties, should
not be critical for the accuracy of the calibration. The fit
coefficients were computed separately at each station by a least-squares
minimisation algorithm. Figure 5 shows a scatter diagram of the
dissolved oxygen concentration residuals for all stations and depths.
The root-mean-square deviation of bottle and CTD oxygens for 1299 good
samples deeper than 1000 m was 2.18 μmol kg^-1^.

*Gridded master files*

Once this series of calibrations had been applied, the upcast data for
each CTD cast (downcast in the case of oxygen) was despiked and gridded
into 2 dbar pressure bins with linear interpolation used in regions of
absent data (see the guide to the CTD processing algorithm below).

*CTD stations with special treatment*

A few CTD stations were processed in a manner which differed in some
aspect from the general procedure described above.

Bottle oxygen data from station 011 were bad and no direct computation
of the CTD oxygen calibration coefficients was possible. As a result,
those from station 010 were used in the calibration.

The data from stations 016 and 017 were strongly affected by
high-frequency noise due to rough weather. In order to bring noise down
to acceptable levels, the data were reprocessed through DAPS while
applying a despiking routine at the 25 Hz level. Since time had been
lost during reprocessing, it had to be reconstructed manually. A rate of
change of temperature with time was also computed explicitly for use in
place of δT, which was very noisy.

In station 021, the signal from the oxygen sensor was useless (possibly
due to leaving the sensor cap on during the cast) and a new oxyc was
constructed by calculating the mean of the oxyc values at stations 020
and 022 at each pressure level.

The hysteresis table that was used in the other stations did not perform
well for cast 037, the deepest of the cruise. Adopting a practical
approach to optimise the quality of the CTD salinity calibration, the
following table was employed instead:

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  P \[dbar\]                          δP \[dbar\]

  6500                                0

  5000                                0

  4500                                0.2

  3500                                0.5

  3000                                1.2

  1000                                1.2

  500                                 0.8

  350                                 0.8

  200                                 0.5

  0                                   0

  -10000                              0
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

During station 085, DAPS was started late when the CTD was at a depth of
800 m during the downcast. The downcast data from the top 800 m then had
to be reacquired and pasted into the remaining segment of the cast.
Special manipulation of the data was needed to match the times of both
fragments of the cast.

In station 095, DAPS was never activated. As a result, no record of the
firing of bottles was available and a bottle file had to be created
manually. The times in the bottle file and the CTD data were matched by
reference to a time series of pressure during the cast.

Being bottle blank stations, casts 134, 153 and 154 offered no
possibility of a local salinity or oxygen calibration, so the
coefficients from a neighbouring station (133, 152 and 155,
respectively) were used instead.

*References*

Crease, J. *et al.*, 1988: The acquisition, calibration and analysis of
CTD data. *Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science*, No. 54, 96 pp.

Fofonoff, P. and R. C. Millard Jr., 1983: Algorithms for computation of
fundamental properties of seawater. *Unesco Technical Papers in Marine
Science*, No. 44, 53 pp.

King, B. A., 1996: CTDO2 data collection and processing. In WOCE Section
A23 Cruise Report, *UEA Cruise Report Series No. 1.*

Saunders, P. M., 1990: The International Temperature Scale 1990, ITS-90.
*WOCE Newsletter No. 10*, p. 10. (Unpublished manuscript)

***2.4 CTDO~2~ Data Processing***

Alberto Naveira-Garabato

Instructions for CTD processing during ALBATROSS were as follows:

*nnn* refers to the 3 digit station number e.g. 001.

Log on to a suitable Sun workstation (either jrue or albatross).

**cd \~/ctd**

**ls**

If a directory for the station to be processed does not exist, create it
(**mkdir** ***nnn***) and copy the calibration file (cal.*nnn*) from the
station 001 directory.

**cp 001/cal.001 nnn/cal.nnn**

**cd \~/ctd/nnn**

**ftp wodaps**

*Name* daps

*Password* jr40jr40

**cd /local/daps_data/jr40**

**get** ctdfile and bottlefile indicated on daps logsheet.

exit from ftp (type **bye**)

**cp** ctdfile **ctdnnn.raw**

**cp** bottlefile **botnnn.asc**

**matlab**

**ctdcal(*nnn*)**

This uses the calibration information in cal.*nnn* to convert all
variables in ctd*nnn*.raw from engineering to physical units. In
addition, it changes the time unit from Julian day to seconds and
applies the deltat correction to temperature, the lagged temperature and
hysteresis corrections to pressure, and the correction to conductivity
ratio.

The output file is ctd*nnn*.1hz .

This program will also produce a hardcopy of the time series of all the
variables in the input file.

Now add to (or if necessary create) the README file in the directory and
document what you have done (look at previous stations for examples).
Keep adding to the README as you go through each of the remaining
procedures.

Next correct for a possible offset in pressure. Type **offpress**

enter station number *nnn*

A plot will appear on the screen showing time series of pressure and
conductivity as read from the ctd*nnn*.1hz file.

You will then be prompted to enter the desired pressure offset (in
dbar).

The program will apply the specified offset, produce a new time series
of the resulting pressure and use this to extract the part of the input
file in which the CTD was in the water. The offset pressure (along with
the other input variables) is output to ctd*nnn*.wat. If the pressure
offset applied does not appear satisfactory, run offpress again.

If by any chance you have to recreate ctd*nnn*.wat and you already know
the pressure offset to apply, you can run **offpress2(*nnn*,off)**

where 'off' is the pressured offset of your choice.

Now check for high frequency noise in the temperature and conductivity
data in ctd*nnn*.wat. Type **spike(*nnn*)**

Spikes in temperature and conductivity are automatically set to absent
data. In addition, a nominal calculation of salinity is performed within
the program in order to detect any spikes possibly resulting from the
combination of smooth temperature and conductivity data. If any such
spikes are observed, the corresponding data cycles in conductivity are
also set to absent data.

The output file is ctd*nnn*.spk .

##### Creating the bottle file

Running **ctd10s(*nnn*)** produces a 10 second average of all variables
in ctd*nnn*.spk . This is saved to ctd*nnn*.10s .

Outside matlab, edit the bot*nnn*.asc file using your favourite editor.
This is a text file containing the times of the bottle firings.

From the CTD logsheet, enter the sample number as a 3^rd^ column into
the bot*nnn*.asc file. The sample number is the station number followed
by the bottle number. e.g. 01801 for bottle 01 in station 018. Take
particular care to enter the sample numbers in the right order, if the
bottles were not fired in numerical order.

**matlab**

**readbot**

enter station number *nnn*

This will produce the basic matlab bottle file bot*nnn*.mat, into which
other variables can be read. It also sorts into sample number order.

Typing **readsal**

enter station number *nnn*

will put salinity values from the ascii file sal*nnn*.txt into the
bottle file. It will also create a salinity flag variable called
salflag, set it to 1 and append it to the bottle file. In future stages
of the processing, samples can be excluded from the salinity calibration
algorithm by setting salflag to 0.

Now we want to merge values from the upcast CTD profile into the bottle
file:

**mergctdt(*nnn*)** merges ctd*nnn*.10s into bot*nnn*.mat . Variables
from the ctd*nnn*.10s file are renamed with the prefix *ctd.*

##### Calibrating salinity

The program **salcal2(*nnn*)** reads in data from bot*nnn*.mat and
calculates the salinity calibration coefficients, which it writes to the
file salcoef.mat along with the root-mean-square deviation and
individual point-to-point differences of the fit. A flagging facility is
included through the variable salflag in the bot*nnn*.mat file.

**salcal(*nnn*)** reads in the salinity calibration coefficients in
salcoef.mat and calculates salinity from conductivity, temperature and
pressure in ctd*nnn*.spk . Output file is ctd*nnn*.sal . This program
also calculates salinity from the CTD conductivity, temperature and
pressure data merged into bot*nnn*.mat and appends it to this file.

Now run **interpol(*nnn*)** which interpolates across absent data in
temperature and salinity in ctd*nnn*.sal writing the results to
ctd*nnn*.int .

This should be followed by **dervar(*nnn*)** which derives T~68~,
potential temperature, σ~0~, σ~2~ and σ~4~ from the variables in
ctd*nnn*.int . Output is ctd*nnn*.var . This program also calculates the
above variables for the CTD data previously merged with bot*nnn*.mat,
appending them to this file.

Executing **splitcast(*nnn*)** splits the CTD cast in ctd*nnn*.var into
a downcast (saved to ctd*nnn*.var.dn) and an upcast (saved to
ctd*nnn*.var.up).

Then **ctd2dbup(*nnn*)** grids the ctd*nnn*.var.up file into 2 dbar
pressure bins, producing ctd*nnn*.2db

**interp2db(*nnn*)** interpolates across gaps of absent data in every
variable in ctd*nnn*.2db

**ctdbottom(*nnn*)** can be run once ctd*nnn*.var exists. It appends
latitude, longitude and depth information to the ascii file
ctdbottom.asc. It should be run normally only once for each station, and
in numerical order of stations.

##### Calibrating dissolved oxygen concentration

**loadoxynuts(*nnn*)** reads in oxygen and nutrient data from the ascii
file JR40*nnn*.TXT in the oxynuts directory and appends them to the
bot*nnn*.mat file. It also creates an oxygen flag variable called
oxyflag, sets it to 1 and appends it to the bottle file. In future
stages of the processing, samples can be excluded from the oxygen
calibration algorithm by setting oxyflag to 0.

**ctdpav(*nnn*)** then grids the ctd*nnn*.var.dn file into 2 dbar
pressure bins, producing ctd*nnn*.pav

Run **mergctdp(*nnn*)** to merge variables from the gridded CTD downcast
data file, ctd*nnn*.pav, into bot*nnn*.mat, renaming them with the
prefix *d*.

**oxycal2(*nnn*)** reads in data from bot*nnn*.mat and calculates the
oxygen calibration coefficients, which it writes to the file oxycoef.mat
along with the root-mean-square deviation of the fit. A flagging
facility is included through the variable oxyflag in the bot*nnn*.mat
file.

**oxycal(*nnn*)** reads in the oxygen calibration coefficients written
to oxycoef.mat and calculates dissolved oxygen concentration from oxyc,
oxyt, temperature, salinity and pressure in ctd*nnn*.int . Output file
is ctd*nnn*.oxy . This program also calculates dissolved oxygen
concentration from the downcast CTD oxyc, oxyt, temperature, salinity
and pressure data previously merged into bot*nnn*.mat and appends it to
this file. In addition, it performs the conversion of oxygen and
nutrients in the latter file from μmol l^-1^ to μmol kg^-1^, creating
new variables oxykg, nitkg, phoskg and silckg and outputting them to
bot*nnn*.mat.

Finally, **splot(*nnn*)** extracts the downcast data from the
ctd*nnn*.oxy file, grids it into 2dbar bins and appends it to the
existing ctd*nnn*.2db .

**interpoxy2db(*nnn*)** interpolates across gaps of absent data in
oxygen in ctd*nnn*.2db

3.  ***Rosette Water Sample Analysis***

***3.1 Salinity Sample Analysis***

Kate White, Michel Arhan, Liz Hawker, Mark Brandon.

At the start of the cruise two salinometers were set up for use in the
Radiation lab. These were a British Antarctic Survey Guildline 8400b
serial number SN 63360, and a Southampton Oceanography Centre Guildline
8400b serial number SN 60839. Both salinometers were fitted with
peristaltic pumps purchased from Ocean Scientific Ltd. The BAS unit was
designated as the primary salinometer, being purchased in the Autumn of
1998 it was significantly newer. The laboratory was set at 19ºC, and a
thermometer attached to the wall showed no significant deviations from
this throughout the cruise. The salinometers were set to 21ºC. After
thermal equilibrium was reached in the salinometers (i.e the internal
heating lamps were flashing), the BAS unit was aligned against OSIL
standard seawater batch P134. The BAS salinometer functioned perfectly
and was used throughout.

Samples were taken from every Niskin bottle throughout the cruise. The
only exceptions were on casts where duplicate bottles were fired for CFC
sampling (stations 011, 013, 015, 117, 119 and 154). In total 2572
samples were taken. The salinity samples were taken in 200 ml medicine
bottles, each bottle being rinsed twice before being filled to just
below the neck. The rim of the bottle was then wiped with tissue, a
plastic seal inserted and the screw cap replaced. The salinity samples
were then placed near to the salinometer and left for at least 24 hours
before measuring. This allowed the sample temperatures to equalize with
the laboratory (19ºC). In addition samples were taken from the non‑toxic
supply to underway calibrate the oceanlogger system approximately every
4 hours throughout the cruise. These samples were taken and analysed in
the same way as the CTD samples.

The samples were then analysed on the salinometer S/N 63360 and
calibrated against standard seawater supplied by Ocean Scientific
International Ltd. The salinity samples were analysed in batches of two
crates, one vial of standard seawater was used at the beginning and end
of each crate to enable a calibration offset to be derived and check the
stability of the salinometer. Once analysed the conductivity ratios were
entered by hand into a using an Excel based spreadsheet written by
Sheldon Bacon (S.O.C.). The derived salinities were then transferred to
the UNIX system and integrated into the CTD calibration process.

Throughout the cruise two batches of standard seawater were used: P133
and P134. As two bottles were closed at the deepest level of each CTD
station we can use these duplicates as a measure of the accuracy of the
method. For 177 duplicate pairs the mean difference between all pairs
was 0.000, the standard deviation was 0.001.

## *3.2 Dissolved Oxygen Measurements*

Lucinda Spokes, Dave Leah and Richard Sanders.

The concentration of dissolved oxygen was determined in seawater samples
taken from individual Niskin bottles using the same analytical equipment
as that used on WOCE section A23 (March to April 1995) and the repeat
occupation of SR1b (JR27 - December 1997 to January 1998). The method
uses the whole bottle Winkler procedure coupled to an automatic
titration system with spectrophotometric end-point detection (Williams
and Jenkinson, 1982).

######## *The Winkler Method*

The initial step of the reaction involves the reaction of Mn^2+^ ions (a
1 ml addition of 3 mol L^‑1^ MnCl~2~) with hydroxide ions added from an
alkaline iodide solution (a 1 ml addition of a mixed solution of
8 mol L^‑1^ NaOH and 4 mol L^‑1^ NaI) to form the Mn(OH)~2~ precipitate.
Reagents were both prepared according to the methods in Dickson (1994).
Once formed the precipitate scavenges oxygen from the water and is
itself oxidised to Mn(III).

↓2Mn(OH)~2~ + ½ O~2~ + H~2~O → ↓2Mn(OH)~3~

Samples were shaken twice, once just after fixing and again once the
Mn(OH)~3~ precipitate had settled to approximately half the bottle
volume. Samples were then left until the precipitate had again settled
to approximately half the bottle volume. Just before analysis, the
samples were acidified with 1 ml of 5 mol L^-1^ sulphuric acid. The
acidification step causes the precipitate to dissolve and liberates
Mn^3+^ ions. Under acidic conditions, these are strong oxidising agents
reacting with the iodide added initially to form iodine.

↓2Mn(OH)~3~ + 2I^-^ + 6H^+^ → 2Mn^2+^ + I~2~ + 6H~2~O

The iodine liberated then reacts with the remaining iodide ions to form
the orange-yellow coloured triiodide species.

I~2~ + I^-^ → I~3~^-^

The triiodide species is then titrated against thiosulphate and the
reaction end point determined photometrically once all the triiodide has
been converted to the colourless iodide ion.

I~3~^-^ + 2S~2~O~3~^2-^ → S~4~O~6~^2-^ + 3I^-^

The amount of thiosulphate used is therefore proportional to the I~3~^-^
concentration which is proportional to the amount of Mn^3+^ produced,
which is itself proportional to the initial dissolved oxygen
concentration. The amount of thiosulphate required was therefore
converted to an equivalent oxygen concentration (in μmol L^-1^) at the
fixing temperature using equations taken from Dickson (1994).

######## *Sampling*

Oxygen was sampled on all casts. On approximately half the stations,
Helium, CFC's and SF~6~ were also sampled. On these occasions, oxygen
sampling followed that for these gases otherwise it was the first
analyte to be sampled. Samples were drawn through Tygon tubes into the
oxygen bottles directly from the Niskin and the bottle allowed to
overflow with approximately three times its own volume (ca 360 ml). The
temperature of the water at the time of fixing was measured using a
Testo thermometer accurate to ± 0.1^o^C. The sample was then fixed using
manganous chloride and alkaline iodide solutions. Injections were made
using two BCL 8000 repetitive pipettes (Boehringer Mannheim) calibrated
before the cruise by Biological Instrumentation Services Ltd. Syringes
were changed frequently and greased to ensure accurate volumes of
reagents were dispensed. In all but one case (the station at Marguerite
Bay), samples were titrated within four hours of collection.

The oxygen bottles used were approximately 120 ml and were obtained from
SOC as being surplus to their requirements and are in less than perfect
condition. They are nominally calibrated to 0.01 ml. Usage has resulted
in chipping of the lids which has reduced the accuracy of these
calibrations leading to an increase in the effective bottle volume. No
assessment of the possible impact of this factor on the final results
has been undertaken.

######## *Instrumentation*

The various sub-units of the automatic titration system are a Metrohm
665 Dosimat 1 ml burette and a custom built end point detector purchased
from the School of Ocean Sciences, University of Bangor, which are
coupled to a PC and printer. Further details are available in Heywood
and King (1996). The instrument is controlled by a QuickBasic program
(LOXYBOT.BAS). At the beginning of this cruise a new version of this
programme was created (JR40.BAS) which has been archived. Several of the
default values differ from those in the original programme. The
photocell readings was set at 100 (since a 286 computer was used), 4
endpoint checks were employed, 3 for the number of decrease points and
the tolerance read was set at 0.35%.

##### Standardisation

Two batches of thiosulphate were used through the cruise with the second
batch being introduced on April 4th. Since thiosulphate is not a primary
standard (i.e. its concentration decreases with time), the degradation
of each batch was monitored by titrating it against two iodate
standards. These standards both had a nominal concentration of 0.0017
mol L^-1^. In addition we used a Sagami standard of concentration
0.0017 mol L^-1^ (0.01N). These were titrated in 5ml aliquots against
the thiosulphate at intervals throughout the cruise to monitor
deterioration of the thiosulphate solution. Initial checks on the
thiosulphate solutions (once problems with lamp deterioration had been
corrected for, see below) indicate that the concentrations of both
batches changed only slightly during the cruise. Reagent blanks were
determined during standardisation. Results indicate an average reagent
blank equivalent to an oxygen concentration of 1.14 μmol L^‑1^.

##### Precision of Replicate Measurements

On all casts, two bottles were fired at the bottom. Comparison of the
oxygen concentrations recorded in these two bottles, replicate samples
taken from the same bottle and full bottle blank casts enables an
assessment of the precision of the analysis. Since oxygen values differ
in different water masses, the coefficient of variation (CV = standard
deviation/mean value \* 100) has been used. Over the first 150 stations,
an average CV value of 0.14 % was obtained.

Precision of replicate measurements improved dramatically after the
first few days. Thereafter, values for CV appear correlated with
sea-state, with lowest values (\< 0.1%) during calm weather (\~ Stations
64 to 95). Under rough sea-state conditions, precision is worse as the
titration equipment has problems finding the endpoint as the equipment
moves around. Even under these conditions, the value for CV is better
than \~ 0.4%.

Problems Experienced![](media/image3.wmf){width="5.801388888888889in"
height="4.083333333333333in"}

The analytical system for dissolved oxygen analyses worked well
throughout the cruise with only a few minor problems. As a result of
instability in the light source, the lamp was changed on March 23rd 1999
immediately before titrating the samples from Station 29. During
standardisation it was noted that the amount of thiosulphate needed to
titrate a fixed amount of iodate was decreasing. This is contrary to
expected results (the thiosulphate is not stable over time so the amount
required to titrate a fixed amount of iodate should increase). After the
bulb was changed, little change in the thiosulphate titre was seen..

![](media/image4.wmf){width="4.702083333333333in"
height="2.6333333333333333in"}

On previous cruises bubbles in the burette have also caused problems.
This was largely eliminated during JR40 by the use of Metrohm grease on
the burette during assembly.

In addition:

Station 11. Values not reported as the accuracy of replicate
measurements was, for an unknown reason, very poor.

Station 108. Problems experienced with the thermometer and an average
fixing temperature of 0.2 used throughout.

##### Preliminary Results

Since the cruise, all data has been recalibrated to correct for the
instability in the light source and slight changes in the thiosulphate
concentrations over time.

Preliminary interpretation of the data has been carried out. Along the
Southern Section from the Peninsula to the start of the A23 repeat there
is evidence for recently ventilated water with oxygen levels around 240
μmol L^-1^ entering the Scotia Sea from the Weddell Sea. The eddy
feature encountered on the A23 repeat also shows up especially well in
the oxygen data.

##### References

Dickson, A. G. (1994) Determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater by
Winkler titration. *WHP Operations and Methods-November 1994*.

Heywood, K. J. and King, B. A (1996) WOCE Section A23 Cruise Report.
*UEA Cruise Report Series No.1.*

Williams, P.J.L. and Jenkinson, N. W. (1982) A transportable
microprocessor-controlled precise Winkler titration suitable for field
station and shipboard use. *Limnology and Oceanography* **27 **576-584.

***3.3 Nutrient Measurements***

Richard Sanders, David Leah and Lucinda Spokes

##### Methods

Dissolved inorganic nutrients (phosphorus, silicon and nitrate+nitrite)
were analysed using a Skalar San Plus autoanalyser as on cruises JR10
(WOCE section A23) and JR27 (WOCE section SR1b); the reader is referred
to reports detailing the results obtained on these cruises for further
details of instrumentation and methods. The autoanalyser generally
worked satisfactorily throughout the cruise with the following points
noted.

1)  [Dilutions]{.underline} On both JR10 and JR27 we operated a ten fold
    dilution loop for silicate analyses in order to bring the high
    concentrations encountered within the linear range of the method. On
    JR10 we did not dilute nitrate samples however we diluted nitrate
    samples three fold on JR27 as we were unable to obtain linear
    calibrations for undiluted nitrate samples for unknown reasons. On
    JR40 we diluted both nitrate and silicate samples ten fold.

2)  [Baseline jumps]{.underline}. The phosphate line has developed an
    electrical fault which results in sudden jumps in the baseline
    within an hour of start up. We solved this problem initially (in the
    early part of the cruise) by running standards at the end of runs if
    a jump occurred and towards the end of the cruise by leaving the
    electronics switched on continuously.

3)  Sample and wash times were both 150 seconds. These are longer than
    those used on JR10 and JR27, allowed a better resolution of peaks
    and was made possible by having three experienced analytical
    chemists on board to undertake the nutrient and dissolved oxygen
    analyses. In addition the oxygen and nutrients systems were set up
    on adjacent benches in the main lab which allowed simultaneous
    operation of the two systems to a greater degree than we have been
    able to undertake in the past. Data work up was undertaken using a
    UEA lap top also situated in the main lab as the shipboard computer
    facilities in the main lab were found to be inadequate. The new
    purified water system on the JCR is excellent.

4)  Cleaning, retubing and cadmium columns. The entire cruise was run on
    a single cadmium column purchased new before the cruise began. All
    lines were cleaned at the start of the cruise. All pump tubes were
    replaced at the start of the cruise.

5)  Logging and software. All analytical runs were logged and results
    calculated using the Skalar supplied software Version 5.1. This is
    in common with the results from A23 and JR27. The logging system
    failed towards the end of one of the analytical runs (stations
    104-6) resulting in the loss of one stations worth of data (106).

6)  Rerun salinity samples. On one station (137) we reran the samples
    that had been stored for 24 hours in salinity bottles to establish
    the potential for using these samples to settle disputes about
    anomalous results or if samples were lost. The average
    concentrations determined after this storage, expressed as a
    percentage of the initial concentration determined were 105, 89 and
    98 for N, P and Si respectively. This suggests that the usage of
    stored salinity samples is only suitable for silicate.

# *Precision* 

1.  Short term: We repeated one or two samples from each station. The
    mean coefficients of variations (standard deviation of the replicate
    analyses expressed as a percentage of the mean) were 1.16, 1.37 and
    1.01% for nitrate, phosphate and silicate respectively. The short
    term precision of the data obtained on JR27 were Nitrate 0.46%,
    Phosphate 0.56% and Silicate 0.72%. These are approximately the same
    as A23 short term precisions which were Nitrate 0.4%, Phosphate
    0.65% and Silicate 0.35%. Clearly the dataset collected on Albatross
    whilst of high quality is not as good as those collected on A23 and
    JR27. This is probably because the Albatross data was not as
    extensively quality controlled post cruise as the data from the
    other two cruises was.

2.  Longterm: To check for day to day variations in calibrations and
    blanks, we also analysed each day a bulk (25l) seawater sample
    collected on the A23 cruise. The results obtained, together with
    those found on A23 and JR27 are shown below. If we assume that the
    bulk nutrient concentration is unlikely to vary significantly over
    the course of ALBATROSS (when it has been approximately constant for
    4 years) then the cruise wide precisions of our analyses are given
    in the table above as the standard deviations of the replicate
    analyses of the bulk sample (i.e. Nitrate 2.85%, Phosphate 3.4%,
    Silicate 1.52%).

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>Mean (µM)</td>
<td>Stdev (µM)</td>
<td>/mean (%)</td>
<td>Mean (µM)</td>
<td>stdev (µM)</td>
<td>/mean (%)</td>
<td>Mean (µM)</td>
<td>stdev (µM)</td>
<td>/mean (%)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h2 id="nitrate">Nitrate</h2></td>
<td>33.83</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>1.24</td>
<td>34.18</td>
<td>0.75</td>
<td>2.19</td>
<td>34.75</td>
<td>0.99</td>
<td>2.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Phosphate</td>
<td>2.35</td>
<td>0.07</td>
<td>2.48</td>
<td>2.32</td>
<td>0.053</td>
<td>2.30</td>
<td>2.31</td>
<td>0.08</td>
<td>3.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Silicate</td>
<td>126.8</td>
<td>2.07</td>
<td>1.30</td>
<td>129.6</td>
<td>2.39</td>
<td>1.84</td>
<td>131.6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1.52</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Clearly the precisions for nitrate and phosphate obtained on Albatross
not as good as those obtained on A23 or JR27. On the other hand the
silicate data is of a better quality than that obtained on JR27.

# *Conclusions*

The dataset from Albatross is slightly worse than that from A23 and JR27
in its current state. It would probably benefit from the thorough
scrutiny that the datasets from these other two cruises received.

# *References* 

Heywood, K. J. and King, B. A (1996) WOCE Section A23 Cruise Report.
*UEA Cruise Report Series No.1.*

King, B. A. Drake Passage JR27 cruise report.

***3.4 Chlorofluorocarbons and Carbon Tetrachloride***

Alison Bateman, Sally Thorpe, Uli Fleischmann, Fiona Carse, Mike
Meredith

Four transient tracer halocarbons were measured during ALBATROSS using a
Shimadzu GC8A gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture
detector (ECD). These were trichlorofluoromethane (CCl~3~F; CFC-11),
dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl~2~F~2~; CFC-12), trichlorotrifluoroethane
(CCl~2~FCClF~2~; CFC-113), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl~4~).

##### Procedure

Samples were drawn directly from the Niskins into glass syringes (100
ml) with metal stopcocks. Sampling was performed immediately after the
CTD package had been secured when possible, or immediately after
sampling for Helium had been completed. Samples were stored under cold
seawater until analysis, which was usually possible within 12 hours of
sample collection.

The analysis system used was largely the same as that used for the WOCE
A23 section (Watson *et al.,* 1996), itself a modification of that
described by Haine *et al.* (1995). It comprised a sample stripping
board, a Shimadzu GC8A (operated isothermally at 50°C), an electronics
system controlling timing of valve throwing, and a data acquistion
system. The SpectraPhysics software used previously with this system was
replaced for ALBATROSS with the Unicam 4880 chromatography software
package, with a stand-alone single channel data capture unit (DCU)
interfacing with the output of the GC-ECD.

During operation, volatiles were extracted from seawater by purging a
known volume of sample with 1%H in N~2~ as stripper gas. These were then
concentrated on an unpacked stainless steel trap at temperatures between
-145 and -160°C. The trap was situated in the headspace above liquid
nitrogen and the temperature of the headspace controlled by a heater in
the liquid nitrogen. The compounds were separated using a DB-624 column.
This comprised approximately 2.5m of precolumn and 20-25m of main
column. CP grade He was used as carrier gas, and zero-grade N~2~ as
make-up gas. Flowrates of 5 ml/minute and 27 ml/minute were used for the
carrier and make-up gases respectively.

##### Blanks

During previous cruises (e.g. the WOCE A23 section), the bottle blanks
have been determined by closing all the Niskins at a depth presumed to
be tracer-free. In the case of the A23 section, this was at the core
depth of North Atlantic Deep Water in the Argentine Basin of the South
Atlantic. However, the ALBATROSS cruise track was not well-suited to
this technique, since it did not cross any water masses which could be
known for certain to be devoid of CFCs. In particular, the Lower
Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) shown by Roether *et al.* (1993) to be
tracer-free in 1990 can now reasonably be expected to contain small but
measurable quantities of tracer. Nonetheless, all the Niskins were
closed at the core depth of the LCDW at stations 1**,** 134 and 154,
with multiple samplings also occurring at the LCDW level at stations 11
and 13. These will be used to place constraints of the range of possible
bottle blanks. For example, it is known that the final tracer
concentrations in Drake Passage must be higher than those reported by
Roether *et al.*, and those on the A23 section must be higher than those
shown in Meredith *et al.* (1999), whilst simultaneously the tracer
ratios must be reasonable upon comparison to the published Southern
Hemisphere atmospheric histories (Walker *et al.,* 1999) and
solubilities (Warner and Weiss, 1985; Bu and Warner, 1995; Bullister and
Wisegarver, 1998). Thus, once the necessary rigorous quality control on
the data has been performed, the bottle blanks should be able to be
determined to a reasonable degree of accuracy.

##### Calibration

As with A23, the samping frequency precluded full calibrations prior to
each cast. Consequently, multi-point (low-end) calibrations were
performed when time permitted (18/3/99, 26/3/99, 7/4/99, 17/4/99), with
full calibrations being performed on 7/4/99 and 16/4/99. The calibration
was performed by analysing various volumes of the NOAA gas standard used
on ALBATROSS, with combinations of the small loop (0.3776 cm^3^), large
loop (2.1261 cm^3^) and extra-large loop (10 ml) being implemented to
cover the full range of concentrations encountered in seawater.
Fourth-order polynomials were then fitted to the points to form the base
calibration curves, with residuals being examined to ensure no
systematic lack of fit. Blanks and NOAA standards were run approximately
every 6 samples; the variation of standard was smoothed with a 1-day
filter, and used to determine "stretch factors", whereby the system
response at the time of analysing the samples was made appropriate to
that at the time of the calibration.

##### Problems

Numerous technical difficulties were encountered during the cruise, many
of which were due to the long period since the last use of the system,
and the very short time available with which to reconstruct it prior to
ALBATROSS. Full details of the difficulties and suggestions for
improvements to the system are described in Bateman (1999). The impact
of the problems experienced on the data quality is not yet fully
ascertained, though the quantity of high-quality measurements available
will certainly be less than desired. Extensive rigorous quality control
of the data is now needed, after which the precisions of the
measurements can be derived.

##### References

Bateman, A., 1999. CFC and CCl~4~ measurements during JR40 (ALBATROSS).
UEA internal document, 28pp.

Bu, X. and M.J.Warner, 1995. Solubility of chlorofluorocarbon 113 in
water and seawater. *Deep-Sea Research,* 42, 1151-1161.

Bullister, J.L. and D.P.Wisegarver, 1998. The solubility of carbon
tetrachloride in water and seawater. *Deep-Sea Research,* 45, 1285-1302.

Haine, T.W.N., A.J.Watson and M.I.Liddicoat, 1995.
Chlorofluorocarbon-113 in the northeast Atlantic. *Journal of
Geophysical Research*, 100(C6), 10745-10753.

Roether, W., R.Schlitzer, A.Putzka, P.Beining, K.Bulsiewicz, G.Rohardt
and F.Delahoyde, 1993. A Chlorofluoromethane and Hydrographic Section
Across Drake Passage: Deep Water Ventilation and Meridional Property
Transport. *Journal of Geophysical Research,* 98(C8), 14,423-14,435.

Meredith, M. P., R. A. Locarnini, K. A. Van Scoy, A. J. Watson, K. J.
Heywood and B. A. King (2000) On the sources of Weddell Gyre Antarctic
Bottom Water, *Journal of Geophysical Research*, *105(C1)*, 1093-1104.

Walker, S.J., R.F.Weiss and P.K.Salameh, 2000. Reconstructed histories
of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for the halocarbons
CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 and carbon tetrachloride. *Journal of
Geophysical Research*, submitted.

Warner, M.J. and R.F.Weiss, 1985. Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11
and 12 in water and seawater. *Deep-Sea Research,* 32, 1485-1497.

Watson, A.J., K.A.Van Scoy and J.Kleinot, 1996. CFCs and Carbon
Tetrachloride Transient Tracers. pp.33-34 in *WOCE Section A23 Cruise
Report, UEA Cruise Report Series No.1, May 1996* (ed. K.Heywood and
B.King).

## *3.5 SF~6~ Measurements*

## Fiona Carse

## 

## Water column dissolved sulphur hexafluoride (SF~6~) concentrations were determined using vacuum-sparge and ECD gas chromatography. Sampling commenced at the southern end of the repeat A23 section, running approximately every other station. Around 450 samples were analysed in total.

##### Analysis

The system was the same as that described in Law *et al.* (1994). SF~6~
is separated from oxygen and other gases by a 3 metre column (at room
temperature, outside the oven) of molecular seive (5A, 100-120 micron),
and detected by the electron-capture detector in the GC. The SF6 was
extracted from approx. 350ml seawater sample under vacuum and by purging
with oxygen-free nitrogen. The extracted gas stream is dried and
cryotrapped at \< -70°C in a 30 centimetre loop of porapak QS in 1/8\"
steel tubing. The SF***~6~*** is released from this trap by
electro-heating to about +70°C, and is injected onto the chromatographic
column. Each sample takes 10 minutes to run.

##### Calibration

One gas standard (47.8 parts per trillion v/v SF~6~ in nitrogen) was
used for calibration, using two gas sample loops (0.297 and 0.850 ml) to
produce a relationship between peak area and SF6 concentration in water
samples. The ECD response to SF**~6~** is highly linear at low
concentrations, and early data work-up shows regression lines for
calibration have R^2^ \> 0.999. The blank for this procedure is zero,
thus the calibration relationship takes the form \[SF**~6~**\] = slope
\* peak area.

A calibration took about 2 hours to run and was performed approximately
every two days.

##### Air Sampling

On four occasions, triplicate air samples (\~ 2 ml) were run after
calibration. These were collected in 100 ml ground glass syringes into
the wind, to avoid contamination from the ship, and injected into the
system via a tube of magnesium perchlorate (to remove water vapour). The
atmospheric concentration of SF~6~ was found to be above 4 pptv, as
predicted by measurements reported by Maiss *et al.* (1998) for Cape
Grim, Tasmania.

##### Sample Handling

Samples were collected in 500 ml ground glass stoppered BOD bottles,
using Tygon tubing, and were overfilled at least 3 times to eliminate
all bubbles. One person from each watch was trained to take SF6 samples,
in order that I could analyse as many samples as possible, and keep the
system maintained. Samples were stored (for as short a time as possible)
in coolboxes topped up with cold Niskin bottle water. It was found that
if the samples were stored for more than about 6-8 hours, they developed
bubbles and therefore had to be thrown away.

##### Precision

Standard injections were generally measured to within 1 %, however on
the smaller loop size the precision was occasionally around 2 %.
Duplicate water samples were taken from at least one niskin on almost
every cast. Average co-variance was 0.8 %, with a maximum of 1.4 %.

##### Sampling Blank

Two bottle blank stations were analysed (casts 134 and 154). Both
stations gave a mean signal of about 0.4 fmol/l. There was some
uncertainty about whether the system was capable of measuring
\'zero-SF6\' water. In order to test this, niskin 24 was removed from
the CTD rosette and set up in the Wet Lab, filled with spare niskin
water and purged with oxygen-free nitrogen for 12 hours. An SF6 signal
was still found in this water. Attempts are on-going to determine the
size and cause of this problem, however data quality may be seriously
impaired.

##### References

Law, C.S., Watson, A.J., and Liddicoat, M.I. (1994) Automated vacuum
analysis of SF6 in seawater: derivation of the atmospheric trend
(1970-1993) and potential as a transient tracer, *Marine Chemistry*, 48,
57-69.

Maiss, M. and Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M. (1998) Atmospheric SF6: Trends,
sources and prospects *Environ. Sci. Technol.*, 32, 3077-3086.

## 

## *3.6 Helium and Tritium Measurements*

Uli Fleischmann and Oliver Huhn

In total we took 576 helium and 528 tritium samples at 70 stations: 176
helium and 146 tritium samples at 19 stations in Drake Passage, 169
helium and 161 tritium stations at 24 stations along the southern
west/east section. On the eastern south/north section we collected 89
helium and 77 tritium samples at 10 stations south of South Georgia and
77 helium and 79 tritium samples at 8 stations north of South Georgia.
Finally we collected 65 helium and 65 tritium samples at 9 stations on
the northern east/west section on the way back to the Falkland Islands.

At all chosen stations both helium and tritium were sampled, and were
also sampled on equivalent depth with CFCs for further comparisons. The
main interest was focused on connections between basins, so that
sampling was more dense close to slopes and gaps. Further more we
repeated most of the stations that have been sampled for helium and
tritium on cruises A21 (Drake Passage) and A23 (i.e. eastern south/north
track) to allow intercalibration of these data sets.

The 40 ml helium samples are stored in 1 m long copper tubes, with both
ends pinched off, to prevent degassing. Air bubbles along the inner side
of the copper tubes were removed prior to the pinching by banging along
the guides. The tritium samples are stored in 1 litre glass bottles,
sealed with a screw cap. Both samples are to be carried home for
analysis in the Institut fuer Umweltphysik (Institute of Environmental
Physics), University Bremen, Germany as soon as possible. The helium
samples have to be degassed into vacuum to extract the dissolved gas.
The He isotopic ratio, as well as ^4^He and Ne concentrations, will then
be measured in a He-isotopic mass spectrometric system.

The tritium samples will be degassed to remove all the helium dissolved
in the water. The degassed water is then stored for about 6 month. After
this time, ^3^He from the tritium decay is measured with a mass
spectrometer. Knowing the storage time, the date of sampling and the
half-life time of tritium, it is possible to derive the tritium
concentration in the water when it was sampled.

***3.7 Oxygen Isotope Measurements***

Michael Meredith

Sampling for oxygen isotope analysis was performed at 24 of the CTD
casts made during the cruise. Samples were drawn directly from the
Niskins into 150 ml winchesters which had rubber seals in the caps, and
which were further sealed with Nescofilm^^ to prevent equilibration of
the sample with the atmosphere. The sampling programme concentrated
predominantly on the deep stations of the South Scotia Ridge section (in
particular the Orkney Deep), and the A23 repeat stations for which
oxygen isotope data already exist. Additionally, two ice samples were
obtained from icebergs in Marguerite Bay (Adelaide Island) to better
enable quantification of the glacial endmember. These samples were
allowed to melt slowly in the ship's cold store before being sealed in
150 ml winchesters as per the seawater samples. Two surface water
samples were obtained from near the icebergs for comparison. All samples
will be analysed at the UEA Stable Isotope Laboratory to determine the
ratios of stable oxygen isotopes.

4.  ***Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP)***

Elaine McDonagh, Nick Crisp, Michel Arhan and Kate White

##### Description

The LADCP package at SOC consists of a RDI 150kHz BroadBand ADCP (Phase
III) with a pressure case rated to 6000 meters and 4 downward facing
transducers mounted at 20 degrees from the vertical. An instrument with
transducers mounted at 30º was also available for use. Fitted centrally
in the CTD rosette frame, the LADCP is powered during casts by a 48 volt
lead-acid rechargeable battery pack housed in a second pressure case
horizontally mounted near the bottom of the frame. As well as a
permanent connection to the ADCP, the battery pack pressure case is
fitted with a recharge plug and a screw at the end cap which can be used
to release any gas build-up as a result of charging. The communications
connector of the ADCP is brought to the outside edge of the frame with a
short extension cable, enabling easier access for the unit to be
connected pre- and post-deployment.

Two 15 metre communications and power leads were connected to a
dedicated PC and to a Wynall purpose made 48v charging unit located in
the UIC Lab. Unlike the CTD sensors which are sending a continuous flow
of data to the computer onboard, the LADCP unit is set for recording
internally prior to deployment then sealed off with two socket blank
plugs for the deployment.

Prior to each cast the instrument was subjected to a checklist and sent
a configuration command-file (Table 1), which determines the mode of
operation. The pre-cast checks include setting the ADCP time to GMT, and
running internal diagnostic tests. The test results and pre-deployment
files were recorded for each cast. After cast 008 BD, the number of
pings for which the instrument pauses before attempting bottom tracking
again, was changed from 50 to 25. After cast 023 BA, Bottom-tracking
minimum evaluation amplitude was changed from 30 to 25. The success of
changing BD was masked by the instrument change after cast 011. The
change of BA was based on the data from the 30-degree instrument, it had
little effect on data retrieval from the 20-degree instrument which
generally had more and higher amplitude returns from the bottom. The
instrument was set to Water and Bottom Tracking Mode with 10-bin
ensembles of 16-meter bins for the whole cruise. The rechargeable
battery pack was connected for recharge at the end of each cast, and
remained on charge until the next deployment. Keeping the batteries well
charged both minimises the charging period and minimises any gassing of
the batteries. Experience gained from this cruise has shown that there
is no significant gassing of the batteries when used in this way. The
pressure release screw on the end-cap was loosened at weekly intervals,
with no, or very little, audible evidence of gas being released.

Two instruments were available for use during the cruise. One of these
(the 30º instrument) had suffered a leakage and beam-failures on a
previous cruise (*RRS Discovery* cruise 232) and had just been
refurbished by the manufacturers. It was, therefore, necessary for us to
install this instrument at the beginning of the cruise in order to
confirm it\'s operation. On the first station (the deep test station),
the resulting current profile was what has become known in LADCP-speak
as an \'X-profile\' (c.f.
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/\~visbeck/ladcp/example/example.html). The
first few casts in shallow water south of the Cape, however, showed good
data with closely matching up and down shear-profiles. The instrument
was replaced with the 2^nd^ unit just prior to cast 012 when we were
unable to communicate with it. Later inspection of the instrument
identified some blown communications fuses in the main electronics, and
a shorted filter in the end-cap. This failure was most likely the result
of an accidental shorting of pins in the communication connector on the
CTD frame which occurred just prior to cast 008.

It has been noticed during this cruise that due to the relatively high
voltage of the battery packs that if the plugs and sockets of the
connectors and dummy-plugs are not completely dry when mated that severe
corrosion of the pins/sockets occurs. The problem occurs because
seawater is usually dripping from the CTD frame when people are
connecting the communications and battery leads. It is therefore
necessary to keep a close eye on the state of these connectors and to
check that they are dry before mating them.

Towards the end of the cruise, the number of errors occurring during
data recovery was found to be increasing (these are noted on the
logsheets). Data were being recovered using RDI's **BBSC** software.
However, a read-through of the manual for the terminal software
**BBTALK** revealed that the more recent version (which we were now
using) was capable of data recovery from the instrument using the 'Y'
Modem protocol. This facility was consequently tried and found to
recover data without errors (and, therefore, loss of ensembles). The
Microsoft Windows terminal program **HyperTerminal** also has the 'Y'
Modem facility, and so this program was also tried. Again, data recovery
was 100% successful, and the user interface to **HyperTerminal** is
better than **BBTALK**. In addition, the user is provided with useful
information whilst the download is taking place (e.g. estimated time
remaining, no. of retries, etc.). Due to the better user interface, we
used **HyperTerminal** for the download of LADCP data for the remainder
of the cruise.

*Data processing*

The LADCP measures relative instantaneous velocities of scatterers in
the water column which can be converted into profiles of absolute
currents by an elaborate processing path. The scatterer velocities are
calculated by measuring the doppler shift in the return signal from each
of the 4 transducers. Given the geometry of the transducer set, the
orientation of the package, and the magnetic declination, the along-beam
velocities are then transformed into magnetic co-ordinates to give East
and North current motion relative to the CTD package. Later in the
processing, the velocity data are scaled by taking into account the
in-situ sound velocity, as estimated from CTD data. The instrument depth
is first calculated by integrating the measured vertical velocity and
later fine-tuned by matching CTD pressure and time data.

In order to remove relative velocities introduced by the motion of the
package during the cast, shear profiles are computed by differentiating
the velocities within each of the ensemble 16-bins. Then, the data are
integrated up over the cast to produce a shear profile with a zero net
velocity. This process also removes the barotropic component of the
velocities, which must be reinstated either from the ship displacement
(recorded from differential GPS data) or from the relative motion of the
package over the sea floor (from Bottom Track data). The final velocity
profile is therefore the sum of the baroclinic and barotropic
components.

The processing of LADCP data is achieved using software developed by
Eric Firing at the University of Hawaii. The software uses a combination
of *perl* scripts and MATLAB *m* files to process the data:

1\) Extract binary ADCP files from instrument,

2\) Load the ADCP data into a database, including nominal cast position.
Raw data files (with extension 000) and deployment log and test files
were copied to the SUN workstation.

3\) The perl script *domerge* calculated mean shear profiles (the
baroclinic component of the current) and applied corrections and editing
options which were kept constant throughout the cruise. The MATLAB
script *do_abs* calculated absolute velocities and produced a standard
set of profiles. In this step the uncorrected data (down, up and mean
profiles) were viewed and plotted as unreferenced shear profiles with
the depth-averaged set to zero.

4\) Next the calibrated CTD data were interactively matched to the ADCP
vertical velocities within MATLAB (*fd.m*), and the true depth
information for the cast merged into the database together with sound
speed data corrected for temperature and salinity (add_ctd and re-run
domerge and do_abs).

5\) In order to restore the depth-averaged (barotropic) velocity
component (equivalent to the ship's displacement) which was removed when
first calculating the shear, the cast GPS data was used.

An additional correction to the GPS-derived barotropic component of the
flow was made for the time when the package was near the sea floor and
no good water-tracked data were recorded. The depth-averaged
(barotropic) velocity component was also estimated using bottom-tracked
data (where available) to remove package motion from the water-tracked
data. This was achieved using a MATLAB script (bottomexec.m) written at
UEA. On return to UEA a comparison of the GPS-derived and the
bottom-track-derived barotropic velocity will be undertaken. An estimate
of the of the contribution of tidal velocities to the velocities
measured by the LADCP was made using version 3.1 of the OSU tidal model
(Egbert *et al*., 1994). This was achieved using a perl script
(tide.prl) written by Eric Firing.

*Data collection*

The LADCP was deployed on a total of one test station and 169 CTD
stations, in depths ranging from 170 to 4500m.The instrument with the
20-degree beam angle was used for all stations apart from the test
station and the first ten stations in Drake Passage. The 30º instrument
was installed once more at station 134 in the Maurice Ewing Bank section
for the purposes of a comparison with the 20º instrument, deployed at
the same location. The data from the 30-degree instrument (station 134)
were again in the form of an X-profile. This is in contrast to the data
from the 20-degree instrument (station 133) which gave well matched
shear profiles for the upcast and the downcast.

1^st^ July 1999 -- On return from the ship further analysis of the LADCP
data has shown that the 30-degree instrument suffered from an
unacceptably high noise floor, which has reduced data quality to the
extent that the data from this instrument are unlikely to be useful. The
high level of noise observed in this instrument has not been explicitly
linked with the large and spurious shears that characterise an X
profile. This instrument has been returned to the manufacturers for
investigation.

The CTD was again deployed in the same place along the Falkland plateau
section. The 20-degree instrument was installed for each of these casts
(stations 153 and 154). For each cast the up and down shear profiles
matched one another very closely. The data from the two casts also
matched one another closely. This reinforced our confidence that the
20-degree instrument was working well.

Table 1. LADCP command file.

CR1 Restore factory defaults

PS0

CY Clear Error status word

CT0

EZ 0011101

EC 1500 Speed of sound in m/s-1

EX 11101

WD 111100000

WL 0,4

WP 00001 One water track ping

WN 010 10 bins

WS 1600 Bin size 16 metres

WF 1600 Blanking distance 16 metres

WM 1 Profiling mode 1

WB 1

WV 400

WE 0150

WC 056

CP 255 Max transmit power

CL 0

BP 001 One Bottom track ping

BD 25

BX 2500 Max bottom track distance 250 metres

BL 0,200,600

BM 4

TP 000100

TE 00000200 Ensemble every 2 seconds

&R20

CF11101

&?

## *Reference*

Egbert, G.D., A.F. Bennett, and M.G.G. Foreman, TOPEX/POSEIDON tides
estimated using a global inverse model, Journal of Geophysical Research,
99 (C12), 24821-24852, 1994.

5.  ***Expendable Bathythermographs (XBTs)***

Pat Cooper

The cruise started badly with the demise of the Ashtec 3DF GPS receiver
and new Sippican Mk12 XBT system. The Ashtec was beyond local repair and
attempts to revive the old Mk9 XBT system were not successful. Detailed
documentation for the Mk9 XBT was available and I constructed a very
basic system from this information (PXBT).

An XBT probe consists of a temperature sensor (thermistor) mounted in a
bomb shaped housing. The thermistor is connected to the ship via a fine
2 core copper cable. Part of the cable is contained within the probe and
the rest is wound round a former in the launch tube. A probe is launched
by releasing it from the launch tube. When the thermistor reaches the
sea surface it completes an electrical ground path to the ship via the
sea water. This connection can be detected and used to trigger the
digital recording system. The probe is spin-stabilised to fall at a
guaranteed rate. The end of a deployment is signalled by an abrupt
change in recorded temperature caused by a preset weak point in the
cable.

It took a number of weeks to produce a working system that produced
temperature profiles similar to the CTD information. The final circuit
used a simple potential divider with the thermistor as the second
resistor. Two other resistors were connected in place of the thermistor
to act as calibration sources. The potential divider output was
connected to a low pass filter. The filter was created by trial and
error but gave good step response and removed a significant amount of
induced noise. The analogue voltage from the LP filter is connected to a
10bit analogue-to-digital converter. The A/D plugs into a PC printer
port.

The whole system has to be isolated from ship ground to prevent noise
(mains & radio) from swamping the XBT signal. This caused problems but
eventually I used an isolated precision voltage generator to supply the
potential divider and a portable PC (Toshiba T2110) as the data logger.
Two programs were written to collect and partially process the data.

##### Data Collection

The PC automatically booted into PXBT1.exe and requested various
parameters from the operator. Automatic calibration was carried out and
the system readied for deployment. The probe/sea signalling system could
not be made to function so the logger was started manually. A 10 second
delay between starting logging and probe deployment ensured that the
moment of water impact would be visible on the recorded data. XBT
progress was monitored using the PC screen and the operator ended the
cast when the sensor wire signal was visible, the wire broke or 30
seconds had passed. This covered all eventualities during moving &
stationary deployments. The following files were then transferred to
floppy disk:

Filenames are created from PC date, day, hour & minute.

01042345.raw Raw data from A/D converter. The first line contains a
header containing start and stop times. These times are the number of
seconds since midnight so by subtracting start from stop the cast time
can be determined.

01042345.bak as above

01042345.cal Calibration results from "HI" and "LO" resistors. 50
samples of each resistor. If all values are within 2 or 3 counts then
calibration is considered valid.

##### Data Processing

The above files were transferred to a Viglen desktop PC for further
processing. Data from the A/D is sampled using a software timing loop.
This allowed the Toshiba to over-sample at high speed to produce smooth
data profiles. A typical file would contain 25,000 samples. An
equivalent Sippican file would only have 2,500 samples. The first task
was to calculate cast time and divide this by the number of samples.
This produced an accurate column of timed data points. The sample time
was generally 0.012 mS. ie 80/second.

The operator is presented with the first 6000 records of the cast in
graphical format and asked to chose a 200 record gap which bracketed the
water entry point. The 200 record gap was then expanded to allow a more
accurate water entry point (+/- 5m) to be determined. The data file was
now truncated to contain a record of samples when the probe was in the
water - not in the air. A new column of depths is added to the file
using time and depth coefficients for the appropriate probe type.

Drop equation: Depth (m) = B\*T - A\*T^2^ (T=Time in seconds)

For a T5 probe - A=0.00182 , B=6.828

For a T7 probe - A=0.00216 , B=6.472

A graph of the complete cast is displayed and the operator is asked to
select the end of cast point. This simplifies post processing as the
data file now contains only information of interest to the scientist. A
number of files are transferred to the network drive for archiving and
further transfer to the UNIX system.

*Final Files:*

01042345.raw Original data file (untouched)

01042345.txt New data file containing 3 columns :

Time(S) Data Depth(m)

0.171 1047 1.170

0.343 1042 2.339

0.514 1039 3.509

0.685 1036 4.678

0.857 1033 5.847

1.028 1030 7.017

1.199 1027 8.186

1.371 1025 9.355

1.542 1022 10.523

1.713 1021 11.692

01042345.bak As above

01042345.cal Calibration data

01042345.inf Information file, details below

PXBT System, pjc, ets, 1999

Information file for 01042345.xxx

Filename consists of day(2) month(2) hour(2) min(2)

Each PXBT drop creates 6 files -

01042345.raw = raw data from A/D converter (in mV)

01042345.bak = raw data backup file

01042345.int = semi-processed data before trimming

01042345.txt = fully processed - correct time stamp & depth

01042345.cal = calibration file

01042345.inf = this information file

Calibration file contains 50 samples of two resistors alternately
switched in place of the thermistor. The values can be averaged to give
offset (low) and scale (high) readings and applied to the resulting
trace.

Data columns are \| Elapsed Time (mS) \| Data (mV) \| Calculated Depth
(m) \|

Station Number 26

Operator pjc

Probe type 5

Start log time (Seconds) 29995.03

End log time (Seconds) 30322.17

Number of samples 29416

Duration of cast (before trim) (Seconds) 327

Samples in final file 28001

Frequency of sampling (Hz) 89.95718

Sampling period (Seconds) 0.0111164

Water entry lower range 500

Water entry upper range 700

Water entry sample number 630

End of cast sample number (x 1000) 28

Comments stn 84

A number of attempts were made to calibrate the XBTs using simultaneous
CTD casts. Unfortunately the fit was at best variable and generally poor
so the data are not meaningful.

6.  ***Navigation***

## Kate White

A series of daily navigation files were maintained throughout the
cruise. These included the output from the gps, glonass and gyro. The
script get_data is used initially on all the navigation data to produce
the ascii files to be read into Matlab and requires the instrument
required to be selected and the Jday as input.

##### Best Nav File

Two daily files were produced during the cruise, the first was the
output from the get_data script which produced a ascii file containing
the RVS 'bestnav' position data at 30 second intervals. The input into
this file is primarily the gps data, with the addition of the gyro data
to cover any missing time intervals. The second file was a standard
matlab file, produced by the script loadbnav.m. The daily matlab files
were appended to a master file every 24 hours (bestnav.all.mat).

No modifications have been made to the data contained in
bestnav.all.mat, although this file has been used to produce bathymetry
files, which were binned into 10 or 30 minute time intervals.

##### Best Drift Data

Ascii and matlab versions of the RVS 'bestdrf' data were produced daily.
These data give estimates of the current velocities derived from
differences between dead-reckoning calculations (based on EM_LOG
velocities) and the actual position fixes from GPS at 30 second
intervals. The script get_data produced the ascii file and loadbdrf.m
will then produce bestdrf.nnn.mat where nnn is an incrementing time
counter.

7.  ***Ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)***

Elaine McDonagh, Kate White and Mark Brandon

The *RRS James Clark Ross* is fitted with a 153.6 kHz RDI hull-mounted
ADCP. To protect the unit from damage by ice it is mounted in a chest
which is recessed into the hull. The chest is enclosed by a 33mm sheet
of low density polyethylene and is filled with an unknown silicone oil.
The transducer is mounted in a direction offset from fore-aft by 45°.
Firmware version 17.07 and Data Acquisition Software (DAS) version 2.48
were used. Primarily the instrument was operated in water-tracking mode.
When the water depth was less than \~500 m the instrument was switched
to bottom-tracking mode where one in four pings being bottom tracking.
In each mode data was collected in two-minute ensembles of sixty-four
8-m depth bins. The depth of the transducer is approximately 6 m and the
'blank before transmit' distance is 4 m. This means that the first bin
is at 14 m.

Data quality was generally good to about 250 m, but was degraded in
rough weather. The lack of an operational three dimensional GPS system
meant that errors in the ship's gyrocompass could not be corrected.
Bottom-tracked data were used to calibrate the adcp. The six main areas
where bottom-tracked data were collected were,

1\) On the Falklands shelf at the start and end of the cruise.

2\) Across the Birdwood Bank.

3\) On the shelf just south of Cape Horn.

4\) Along the Antarctic Peninsula on the voyage to Rothera station.

5\) South of Coronation Island.

6\) At South Georgia.

It was felt that the easiest way to access data from the ADCP was to use
the established pexec data route. A Unix script "get_adp" extract data
from the RVS level C in 24 hour chunks, and then divided each days data
into two files: these were a file containing water track data, and a
file containing bottom track data. When the ADCP was configured in water
track mode, the bottom track file, although still created had zeros in
the velocity data.

The variables stored in each file were as follows:

Water track file: adp.nnn

year day HH:MM:SS bindepth heading toll pitch temp velew velns velvert
velerr ampl good

Bottom track file: bot.nnn

year day HH:MM:SS heading bottomew bottomns depth temp

Further data processing consisted of three main steps, and was achieved
using MATLAB scripts.

1.  *Effect of Oil on Sound Speed*

A correction was applied to account for the change in sound speed caused
by the transducers being surrounded by oil (loadadp, loadbot). This
correction is a scaling factor (F) for the velocities measured by the
adcp and takes the form

F = 1.0 - 0.004785 T + 0.0000355 T^2^

![](media/image5.wmf)

where T is the temperature measured at the transducer head. This
correction is based on work described by King and Alderson in the cruise
report for the Drake Passage repeat section SR1 (Observations on the
R.R.S. *James Clark Ross* across Drake Passage in November 1993, King,
B.A. and S.G. Alderson, Unpublished Cruise Report, Southampton
Oceanography Centre)

*2. Clock Correction*

The pc which logs the adcp data has a clock which drifts at a rate of
around one second per hour. A log of the difference between the adcp
clock and the ship's master clock is used to derive a correction for
this drift (clock_correction). Subsequent to this data were merged with
navigation and velocity components converted to speed (merge_bestnav,
con2speed)

*3. Misalignment angle, phi and scaling factor, A.*

The misalignment angle, phi, represents the offset of the transducers
from the fore-aft direction and should be constant. Recent evidence from
cruises on the James Clark Ross (Brian King, pers. comm.) has suggested
that phi has in fact a variation that can be linked to horizontal scale.
This is most likely due to incorrect paramertization of the effects of
the oil bath around the transducers. The failure of the 3D GPS system on
ALBATROSS meant that our estimates of phi were contaminated by errors in
the gyrocompass. The scaling factor, A, represents the fractional
overestimation of velocities by the adcp. These calibration parameters
were determined from a comparison of the bottom velocities measured by
the adcp and the ship's velocity from navigation (bottomtxt, Aphicalc).
The ten-minute blocks of bottom-tracked data used in this comparison
were selected based on the following criteria:

i\) gyrocompass heading varied by no more than 1.5°,

ii\) ship's speed varied by no more than 20 cm s^-1^ and

iii\) ship's direction over the ground from navigation did not vary by
more than 2°.

In the first instance, the ADCP data were calibrated using A = 0.82 and
phi = -2.3°. Using the bridge's measurements of gyrocompass error an
estimate of phi corrected for gyrocompass uncertainty was also made. An
empirical estimate of phi was also made on a daily basis. The results of
these exercises are shown below.

![](media/image6.wmf){width="6.1in" height="3.683333333333333in"}

![](media/image7.wmf){width="5.9944444444444445in"
height="3.683333333333333in"}

Subsequent to this the data were calibrated using A and phi,
water-tracked velocities were converted to water velocities by removing
the ship's velocity and data with percent good less than 25% were set to
absent (correct4Aphi, absvel, maskbad).

8.  ***Underway Observations***

## *8.1 Bathymetry*

Kate White

A Simrad EA500 hydrographic echosounder and a hull mounted transducer
were used to acquire sea floor depth. Uncorrected depths, assuming a
sound speed of 1500 m s^-1^, were passed via a RVS level A interface to
the level C system for processing, and logged every 30 seconds. Pairs of
time and uncorrected depths were extracted from the level C system at 30
second intervals, and corrected depths were matched to the corresponding
latitude and longitude logged in the navigation file. Sets of merged
data were appended to a master file daily. The merged data was used to
produce sea floor profiles for each section, and to obtain the water
column depth at the location of each station occupied. The corrected
depths from the prodep files were merged with the bestnav position
fixes. Binning on time intervals of 30 minutes and 10 minutes was done
in matlab (using scripts such as dpass30.m for the Drake Passage
section). The bathymetry was edited to remove multiple values whilst on
station and also any missing values were interpolated across. The 10
minute time binned data file was further smoothed on 0.1° latitude or
longitude bins dependent on the orientation of the section. The few
obvious anomalies, such as the topography reaching the surface, were
removed by hand. It should be noted that the uncorrected depths from the
prodep files had not been despiked prior to being merged with
navigation.

Towards the end of the cruise, a problem was noticed with the prodep
data in that the time index was not regular and monotonic. Further
investigation revealed a problem with the merging of the bestnav data
and the uncdepth file. This was overcome by only selecting the output
data at 30 second intervals using listit. A new directory, bathynew, was
made and the daily files rerun and the bathymetry recalculated. Little
visible difference resulted, but it was done for completeness.

## *8.2 Oceanlogger*

Mark Brandon

The Oceanlogger system is a BAS designed and built (P. Woodroffe,
E.T.S.) PC based logging system. It emulates the function of several RVS
level A interfaces, has an input from the ship's master clock and has
real time display of data. This system logs sea surface data gathered
from the ship's non‑toxic pumped sea water supply and some
meteorological data to the RVS ABC system with a ship's master clock
time stamp on the data. The instruments with an analogue output are
connected to self‑contained digitising Rhopoint modules located close to
the relevant instrument. The modules are then interrogated by the
controlling PC using the RS485 protocol. A full list of the sensors used
is given in Table 1 below.

Table 1: The instruments connected to the Oceanlogger.

+----------------+----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| instrument     | type           | location      | Field Name        |
+----------------+----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| sea            | 4 wire PRT     | Transducer    | sstemp            |
| temperature    |                | space         |                   |
+----------------+----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| flow meter     | Liter Meter    | prep lab      | flow              |
+----------------+----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| The            | Sea Bird SBE   | prep lab      | tstemp and cond   |
| rmosalinograph | 21             |               |                   |
|                |                |               |                   |
|                | serial No.     |               |                   |
|                | 214800-0820    |               |                   |
+----------------+----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| fluorometer    | Turner Systems | prep lab      | fluor             |
+----------------+----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| Air            | vector T351    | foremast      | atemp             |
| temperature    |                |               |                   |
+----------------+----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| PAR sensor     | Kipp & Zonen   | foremast      | par               |
|                | CM5            |               |                   |
+----------------+----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| TIR sensor     | Didcot DRP1    | foremast      | tir               |
+----------------+----------------+---------------+-------------------+
| Barometer      | Vaisala PA11   | UIC           | Press             |
+----------------+----------------+---------------+-------------------+

##### Calibration and logging

The last calibration of the Seabird SBE 21 was on 23 July 1998 by
Seabird Inc, Seattle, U.S.A. The sensor number used was s/n 820. For the
duration of cruise JR40 the sampling rate was set to 5 seconds (the
maximum the present system is capable of) and the data logged to the
level B system.

##### Routine Processing

##### 

##### The data were read into the UNIX system daily in 24 hour sections using a Unix script, get_data, and then read into matlab using loaduway.m A master file, ocean.all.mat was updated daily using oceancatexec.m. The anomalous readings caused by the ship being docked at Rothera and South Georgia were removed by hand. The routine dspike.m was then run on the remaining data to remove all major spikes and missing data values were replaced by NaN's.

##### Underway salinity samples

Salinity samples were drawn from the non‑toxic supply as it left the
thermosalinograph approximately once every four hours. These samples
were treated in the exactly the same manner as those taken for the CTD
calibration. The 200 ml sample bottle was rinsed twice and the neck of
the bottle dried carefully before an air tight plastic seal was inserted
and the cap screwed back on. The samples were then stored in the radio
lab beside the Guildline Salinometer for at least 24 hours before the
conductivity was measured against Ocean Scientific Standard Seawater
batch P133 and P134. The sample conductivity values were entered into a
Macintosh Excel Spreadsheet and transferred to Unix. In total there were
163 underway salinity samples. The data are in the oceanlogger directory
ready for calibration.

##### Problems

At the start of the cruise the system fell over approximately once every
four hours. This was cured by taking the controlling PC out of "Turbo"
mode. The second problem is much more serious and is the still
unexplained lag between the temperature sensor and the conductivity cell
in the thermosalinograph. The problem was first reported during WOCE leg
A23 (JR10) when it was noticed that conductivity from the SBE - 21
lagged the temperature of the housing (tstemp). This of course causes a
spike in the derived salinity signal. The A23 scientists overcame this
by applying a lag through a filter to the stream tstemp. On previous MLS
cruises (CF reports for JR16 and JR17) we tried filters of varying
length in time to lag the temperature before settling on a length 48
one‑way filter with n = 48 successive coefficients given by W ( 1 -
W)^n-1^. W was found by experiment to reduce the salinity spiking best
at a value of 0.03 for this data set. With the 5 second sampling rate
the 48 point filter has an effect over 4 minutes.

9.  ***Shipboard Computing : DAPS***

Nick Crisp

The Data Acquisition and Processing System (DAPS), is a real-time system
for the acquisition of ship\'s/scientific data such as CTD/SeaSoar/GPS -
indeed it can currently be coded for anything that outputs an ASCII data
stream, and could, if required, cope with other data transmission
mediums such as ethernet. The system is coded in C and utilises a single
ULTRA-Sparc, SUN workstation with a peripheral unit providing an extra
16 serial ports in addition to the 2 standard ones. This small amount of
hardware makes DAPS a very portable system, and it has, to date, been
used on Spanish, French and South African vessels in addition to 3 NERC
vessels.

When the software is started, two windows appear - a command window, and
a status window. Acquisition processes are started, controlled, and
killed in the command window, and the status window displays which
processes are running, their acquisition status, and any error or
warning messages, such as data-time-out messages.

Each \'instrument\' which is logged, is configured by parameters in an
Instrument Control Parameters (ICP) file. Such a file exists for each
instrument and includes parameters for the configuration of the RS232
port, a time-out value, and which variables in the data stream are to be
logged, together with polynomial calibration constants if required. One
setting in this file determines whether the data are acquired in
real-time (e.g. from an RS232 port) or from a file. This feature enables
the replaying of certain data streams such as CTD, which proved useful
during this cruise - see below and in section 2 regarding CTD
processing.

During this cruise, DAPS was used for the logging of CTD and Bottle
data. The processes were started just prior to each cast, and killed
once the CTD was back on deck. The ASCII files generated were named
using the UNIX process number of each acquisition process (e.g.
ctd25342.000 where 25342 is the process number). This method ensures
unique file names and is currently the method used by DAPS for all
acquisition processes. An alternative method would be to allow the
operator to specify an identifier such as the cast number on the command
line when starting up a process, but this has not yet been coded. In
order to keep track of the file names for each cast, a logsheet was
maintained with the cast number, start and stop times of logging, time
comparison of the workstation\'s clock with GMT, and ctd and bottle
filenames.

##### CTD Data acquisition

The CTD acquisition process used with DAPS includes a 1-second
de-spiking and averaging routine before the data are written out to an
ASCII file. Currently the routines used are based on those in the RVS
level A,B,C system which were originally written by scientists at the
former Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (IOS). The 1 second averaging
procedure is described below:

1.  For each variable in each second's worth of data...

2.  Remove large spikes by comparing each value with previous value.
    Spike value for each var. is defined in ICP file.

3.  Calculate delta-t = last good temp. in frame minus first good temp.
    Then divided by no. of good samples.

4.  (Median despiking)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a)  Binary sort good samples in frame. Take absolute value of difference
    (diff) between value at the mid-point, and the previous value. Also
    calculate the mean of these 2 values.

b)  Set upper and lower limits based on: Av. value +/- (diff \* no. good
    samples)

c\) Calculate mean of all samples within these limits

5.  Return the 1-second mean values

In order to try to de-spike the conductivity data from casts 16 and 17,
the casts were re-run through DAPS after tightening the criteria for the
median de-spiking routine. Instead of calculating the difference between
the two median values as described above, the difference value was
chosen by calculating all of the difference values for successive
samples in the averaging interval, sorting them, and then taking the
median of these. A section of data from the down-cast of station 16 was
run through DAPS several times. For each run, the upper and lower limits
for the median de-spiking were tightened, and the number of frames over
which to calculate the average were adjusted. The most successful
averaging interval was found to be 3.2 seconds (equal to 80 frames of
raw CTD data) which is approximately half the period of the occurrence
of the spikes in the conductivity. Consequently, both casts were run
using the above criteria. Further processing and de-spiking was carried
out in MATLAB (see section on CTD data processing).

##### DAPS time-stamping

The DAPS software currently uses the internal clock of the workstation
(which has a resolution of microseconds ) for it\'s time-stamp value.
However, there is currently no way to precisely synchronise this clock
with the ships clock, or with GPS time. The method currently used is to
check the current time using the UNIX command \'date -u\'. This provides
the GMT time which can be visually compared with the ships clock.

The workstation time was always fast compared with the ship's clock, and
so when the difference was greater than 2 seconds (typically), the
workstation time was adjusted back to ship's time using the command
\'date -a *sec*\', where *sec* is the number of seconds. This command
gradually (over a minute or so) adjusts the workstation time by the
required amount. Such adjustments were, of course, only made in between
stations, when data acquisition was turned off.

As mentioned above, the DAPS logsheets included the time-difference, and
for reference, these values have been plotted (against CTD station
number) in the figure below. For standard CTD work, offsets of these
magnitudes are unimportant. However, where absolute currents were being
calculated for the LADCP, it was important that the CTD data were
synchronised to the nearest second with the GPS and LADCP (which were
always in line with the ships clock) and so the DAPS logsheets were
referred to in these circumstances. In the future, it is intended that
GPS data will provide a time-input for DAPS, so that the workstation
time can be kept in line with GMT with sub-second accuracy.

![](media/image8.wmf)

***10. Liquid Nitrogen Generator***

David Stevens and Alison Bateman

Liquid nitrogen (LN~2~) was required for the analysis of CFC and SF~6~
samples. A day before sailing 40 litres of LN~2~ was acquired from the
RAF at Mount Pleasant airport. This was used as an interim measure until
the LN~2~ generator was up and running.

The UEA IWATANI liquid nitrogen generator was installed in the
scientific hold (by the entrance). The generator used two power
supplies, a 30 amp single phase 240 volt supply to the transformer and a
13 amp single phase 240 volt supply to the circulating water chiller.
The generator was installed following the written instructions provided
by Sue Turner of ENV UEA. There were no problems with the generation of
LN~2~. However, an initial and recurring problem was blockages in the
siphon tube. In principle this is straightforward to rectify. The siphon
tube should be replaced by a spare and unblocked with the aid of a heat
air gun. Unfortunately this problem was sometimes compounded by the
siphon tube being frozen stuck in the storage dewar. No amount of
treatment with the heat gun would loosen the siphon tube sufficiently. A
technique we discovered which had a 100% success rate was to press the
red stop button and leave the generator for 12 hours! The siphon tube
could then be extracted with relative ease. One of the two siphon tubes
provided appeared to have a permanent blockage. Thus when blockages
occurred the 'good' tube had to be extracted, unblocked with a heat gun
and replaced in a short time.

***11. Bottom Pressure Recorder Recovery***

David Stevens and Mark Brandon

The Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL) deployed a bottom pressure
recorder (BPR), code named CH-1, at 59°52.046′S 30°06.044′W in 2843 m of
water during the previous year. As the ALBATROSS cruise was occupying
stations in this vicinity a request was made to recover the BPR.
Following completion of CTD station 102 the ship steamed toward the
deployment location arriving at 09:55UTC on day 98 (8^th^ April 1999).

A Benthos TR7000 series deck unit was used to send the release signal.
The deck unit was set up in the wet lab with the acoustic transponder
deployed over the starboard side close to the lab entrance. The acoustic
settings were as follows:

ID=08, Rx=13.5 kHz, Tx=12.0 kHz

Enable=A, Disable=B, Release=C

Direction Finder Radio Beacon - 154.585 MHz (Channel A)

With the acoustic transponder in the water, the deck unit was switched
to RANGE mode and a series of pings were sent to the BPR. After a number
of positive replies were received, the deck unit was switched to TR70000
mode. At approximately 10:05UTC a release signal was sent to fire the
burnwire release mechanism on the BPR. It was anticipated that the
release would take approximately 30 minutes. If a further release signal
were sent during this time then the release would be aborted. The deck
unit was switched back to RANGE mode. Pings were sent to the BPR at
frequent intervals to ascertain whether the release signal had been
successfully received. A predicted depth was computed based upon a rise
rate of 0.5m/s. Unfortunately the majority of responses appeared to be
false and so it was difficult to know whether the unit had been
successfully released. At approximately 10:45UTC a second release signal
was sent 'just in case'. Throughout the following hour a number of pings
were received which were close to the predicted depth, although the
majority were not. At 12:00UTC the ship began searching for the BPR both
visually and with the direction finder. The BPR was eventually sighted
at 12:30UTC and recovered at 59°52.05′S 30°06.11′W 12:36UTC. The radio
direction finder did not receive a signal until the unit was on deck!

***Acknowledgements***

This cruise was funded by research grant GR3/11654 from the Natural
Environment Research Council Marine Sciences Peer Review Committee. The
Chief Scientists would like to thank all the participants for their hard
work and good humour. We also thank Brian King at the Southampton
Oceanography Centre for his invaluable help to us during cruise
preparations and while we were at sea. We thank the Chilean government
for permitting us access to their waters in the northern Drake Passage.

Table 1. ALBATROSS Station List

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>Station</strong></p>
<p><strong>number</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>Day of year</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>Date</strong></p>
<p><strong>dd mm</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Time at bottom</strong></p>
<p><strong>GMT</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Lat</strong></p>
<p><strong>(south)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Long</strong></p>
<p><strong>(west)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Max Pressure</strong></p>
<p><strong>(db)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Max Depth</strong></p>
<p><strong>(m)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Minimum distance off</strong></p>
<p><strong>(m)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Water depth</strong></p>
<p><strong>(corrected)</strong></p>
<p><strong>(m)</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>No. of samples</strong></td>
<td><strong>Notes</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>001</strong></td>
<td><strong>75</strong></td>
<td><strong>16 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>16:53</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 22.27</strong></td>
<td><strong>57 58.83</strong></td>
<td><strong>4339.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>4256.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>4263.8</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>002</strong></td>
<td><strong>77</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>03:41</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 19.81</strong></td>
<td><strong>67 59.29</strong></td>
<td><strong>96.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>95.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>101.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>003</strong></td>
<td><strong>77</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>07:33</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 47.81</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 11.51</strong></td>
<td><strong>306.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>303.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>307.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>004</strong></td>
<td><strong>77</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>09:53</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 50.95</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 12.60</strong></td>
<td><strong>526.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>520.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>522.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>005</strong></td>
<td><strong>77</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>11:41</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 52.59</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.03</strong></td>
<td><strong>1323.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>1306.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>16.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1280.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>006</strong></td>
<td><strong>77</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>13:53</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 53.64</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.28</strong></td>
<td><strong>2012.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1984.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>10.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>1955.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>007</strong></td>
<td><strong>77</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>16:57</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 54.52</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.70</strong></td>
<td><strong>2638.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2598.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2478.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>008</strong></td>
<td><strong>77</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>19:49</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 55.32</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.69</strong></td>
<td><strong>3005.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2957.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>2846.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>009</strong></td>
<td><strong>77</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>23:35</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 59.00</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.75</strong></td>
<td><strong>3671.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>3606.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3611.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>010</strong></td>
<td><strong>78</strong></td>
<td><strong>19 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>04:20</strong></td>
<td><strong>57 07.82</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.90</strong></td>
<td><strong>4452.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>4366.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>10.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>4395.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>20</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>011</strong></td>
<td><strong>78</strong></td>
<td><strong>19 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>09:21</strong></td>
<td><strong>57 19.85</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.60</strong></td>
<td><strong>4461.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>4374.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>4383.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>24</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>012</strong></td>
<td><strong>78</strong></td>
<td><strong>19 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>15:42</strong></td>
<td><strong>57 34.69</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 15.25</strong></td>
<td><strong>3820.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>3751.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>3738.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>19</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>013</strong></td>
<td><strong>78</strong></td>
<td><strong>19 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:15</strong></td>
<td><strong>57 49.78</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.41</strong></td>
<td><strong>3809.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3740.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3742.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>24</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>014</strong></td>
<td><strong>79</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:01</strong></td>
<td><strong>58 04.79</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.40</strong></td>
<td><strong>3800.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3731.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>9.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>3718.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>015</strong></td>
<td><strong>79</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>05:53</strong></td>
<td><strong>58 19.79</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.40</strong></td>
<td><strong>3890.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3819.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>3782.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>24</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>016</strong></td>
<td><strong>79</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>10:55</strong></td>
<td><strong>58 34.75</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 15.02</strong></td>
<td><strong>4017.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3942.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3855.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>19</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>017</strong></td>
<td><strong>79</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>17:38</strong></td>
<td><strong>58 50.40</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 15.62</strong></td>
<td><strong>3902.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3831.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>234.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>3829.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>19</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>018</strong></td>
<td><strong>79</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>22:07</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 05.46</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.81</strong></td>
<td><strong>3578.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>3515.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>3386.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>019</strong></td>
<td><strong>80</strong></td>
<td><strong>21 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>02:33</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 19.88</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.18</strong></td>
<td><strong>3655.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3590.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3583.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>19</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>020</strong></td>
<td><strong>80</strong></td>
<td><strong>21 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>18:53</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 35.13</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.43</strong></td>
<td><strong>3767.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3699.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3679.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>021</strong></td>
<td><strong>81</strong></td>
<td><strong>22 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>00:23</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 48.94</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 14.12</strong></td>
<td><strong>3708.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>3641.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3560.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>022</strong></td>
<td><strong>81</strong></td>
<td><strong>22 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>05:17</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 04.24</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 11.06</strong></td>
<td><strong>3553.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>3490.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3498.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>023</strong></td>
<td><strong>81</strong></td>
<td><strong>22 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>11:30</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 19.24</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 07.27</strong></td>
<td><strong>3831.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3761.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>12.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>3711.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>024</strong></td>
<td><strong>81</strong></td>
<td><strong>22 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>16:27</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 34.53</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 03.53</strong></td>
<td><strong>4014.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3938.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>3865.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>19</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>025</strong></td>
<td><strong>81</strong></td>
<td><strong>22 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>21:20</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 49.71</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 00.05</strong></td>
<td><strong>4025.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3949.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3932.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>19</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>026</strong></td>
<td><strong>82</strong></td>
<td><strong>23 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>05:00</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 01.18</strong></td>
<td><strong>67 40.27</strong></td>
<td><strong>4171.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>4091.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>4075.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>21</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>027</strong></td>
<td><strong>82</strong></td>
<td><strong>23 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>09:41</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 12.60</strong></td>
<td><strong>67 19.89</strong></td>
<td><strong>3872.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3800.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3801.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>19</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>028</strong></td>
<td><strong>82</strong></td>
<td><strong>23 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>14:18</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 24.59</strong></td>
<td><strong>67 0.02</strong></td>
<td><strong>4127.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>4048.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>4038.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>20</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>029</strong></td>
<td><strong>82</strong></td>
<td><strong>23 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>18:48</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 36.02</strong></td>
<td><strong>66 40.14</strong></td>
<td><strong>4000.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>3925.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>3882.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>19</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>030</strong></td>
<td><strong>82</strong></td>
<td><strong>23 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>23:07</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 48.10</strong></td>
<td><strong>66 19.38</strong></td>
<td><strong>3768.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3699.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>3708.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>031</strong></td>
<td><strong>83</strong></td>
<td><strong>24 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>04:39</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 00.16</strong></td>
<td><strong>65 56.72</strong></td>
<td><strong>3632.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3566.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>3577.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>032</strong></td>
<td><strong>83</strong></td>
<td><strong>24 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>08:43</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 08.61</strong></td>
<td><strong>65 34.51</strong></td>
<td><strong>3682.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>3615.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3620.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>033</strong></td>
<td><strong>83</strong></td>
<td><strong>24 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>12:45</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 16.83</strong></td>
<td><strong>65 12.35</strong></td>
<td><strong>4123.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>4044.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>4054.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>19</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>034</strong></td>
<td><strong>83</strong></td>
<td><strong>24 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:40</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 23.30</strong></td>
<td><strong>64 49.75</strong></td>
<td><strong>3868.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>3796.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3806.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>035</strong></td>
<td><strong>84</strong></td>
<td><strong>25 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>00:50</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 30.00</strong></td>
<td><strong>64 27.39</strong></td>
<td><strong>3807.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>3736.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3732.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>036</strong></td>
<td><strong>84</strong></td>
<td><strong>25 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>04:53</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 36.60</strong></td>
<td><strong>64 04.85</strong></td>
<td><strong>3524.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3462.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3473.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>037</strong></td>
<td><strong>84</strong></td>
<td><strong>25 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>09:21</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 41.67</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 54.11</strong></td>
<td><strong>4558.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>4466.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>9.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>4475.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>20</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>038</strong></td>
<td><strong>84</strong></td>
<td><strong>25 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>13:46</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 46.59</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 42.27</strong></td>
<td><strong>3372.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3313.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>3255.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>039</strong></td>
<td><strong>84</strong></td>
<td><strong>25 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>18:05</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 48.80</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 37.18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2613.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2572.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>2461.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>040</strong></td>
<td><strong>84</strong></td>
<td><strong>25 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:26</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 51.59</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 31.32</strong></td>
<td><strong>1772.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1748.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>1740.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>041</strong></td>
<td><strong>84</strong></td>
<td><strong>25 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>23:00</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 56.29</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 26.72</strong></td>
<td><strong>1028.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1016.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1013.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>10</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>042</strong></td>
<td><strong>85</strong></td>
<td><strong>26 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>00:39</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 58.86</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 23.26</strong></td>
<td><strong>495.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>489.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>493.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>043</strong></td>
<td><strong>85</strong></td>
<td><strong>26 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>02:46</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 08.99</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 12.01</strong></td>
<td><strong>470.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>465.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>473.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>044</strong></td>
<td><strong>85</strong></td>
<td><strong>26 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>06:01</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 28.99</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 10.01</strong></td>
<td><strong>680.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>673.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>9.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>662.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>045</strong></td>
<td><strong>85</strong></td>
<td><strong>26 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>09:04</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 48.71</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 07.47</strong></td>
<td><strong>455.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>450.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>457.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>046</strong></td>
<td><strong>85</strong></td>
<td><strong>26 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>11:43</strong></td>
<td><strong>64 08.52</strong></td>
<td><strong>63 05.04</strong></td>
<td><strong>608.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>601.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>599.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>047</strong></td>
<td><strong>88</strong></td>
<td><strong>29 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:39</strong></td>
<td><strong>67 34.60</strong></td>
<td><strong>68 07.93</strong></td>
<td><strong>336.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>333.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>323.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>048</strong></td>
<td><strong>90</strong></td>
<td><strong>31 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>4:13</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 44.98</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 09.05</strong></td>
<td><strong>185.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>183.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>11.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>199.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>049</strong></td>
<td><strong>90</strong></td>
<td><strong>31 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>7:33</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 24.44</strong></td>
<td><strong>54 43.28</strong></td>
<td><strong>287.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>284.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>291.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>050</strong></td>
<td><strong>90</strong></td>
<td><strong>31 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>10:45</strong></td>
<td><strong>62 03.56</strong></td>
<td><strong>54 17.18</strong></td>
<td><strong>643.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>636.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>643.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>051</strong></td>
<td><strong>90</strong></td>
<td><strong>31 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>14:07</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 43.12</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 51.96</strong></td>
<td><strong>321.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>318.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>323.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>052</strong></td>
<td><strong>90</strong></td>
<td><strong>31 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>17:02</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 38.70</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 06.44</strong></td>
<td><strong>400.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>396.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>399.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>053</strong></td>
<td><strong>90</strong></td>
<td><strong>31 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:07</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 33.90</strong></td>
<td><strong>52 20.80</strong></td>
<td><strong>468.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>463.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>468.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>054</strong></td>
<td><strong>90</strong></td>
<td><strong>31 3</strong></td>
<td><strong>22:22</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 27.39</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 59.35</strong></td>
<td><strong>986.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>975.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>983.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>10</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>055</strong></td>
<td><strong>91</strong></td>
<td><strong>1 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:43</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 16.82</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 21.26</strong></td>
<td><strong>555.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>549.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>556.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>056</strong></td>
<td><strong>91</strong></td>
<td><strong>1 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>03:22</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 13.31</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 10.99</strong></td>
<td><strong>1040.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1027.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>1020.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>11</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>057</strong></td>
<td><strong>91</strong></td>
<td><strong>1 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>05:22</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 11.51</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 06.80</strong></td>
<td><strong>1557.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1537.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>1545.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>058</strong></td>
<td><strong>91</strong></td>
<td><strong>1 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>07:55</strong></td>
<td><strong>61 05.41</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 50.88</strong></td>
<td><strong>1017.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>1005.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>1014.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>11</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>059</strong></td>
<td><strong>91</strong></td>
<td><strong>1 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>10:46</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 54.64</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 28.20</strong></td>
<td><strong>1010.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>998.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1008.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>10</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>060</strong></td>
<td><strong>91</strong></td>
<td><strong>1 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>14:01</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 37.80</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 10.20</strong></td>
<td><strong>1586.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1565.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1545.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>061</strong></td>
<td><strong>91</strong></td>
<td><strong>1 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>18:16</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 35.05</strong></td>
<td><strong>49 29.85</strong></td>
<td><strong>1614.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1593.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>1596.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>062</strong></td>
<td><strong>91</strong></td>
<td><strong>1 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>21:51</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 31.94</strong></td>
<td><strong>48 49.44</strong></td>
<td><strong>1512.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1492.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>1498.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>063</strong></td>
<td><strong>92</strong></td>
<td><strong>2 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:21</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 28.94</strong></td>
<td><strong>48 09.90</strong></td>
<td><strong>1379.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>1361.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>1367.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>064</strong></td>
<td><strong>92</strong></td>
<td><strong>2 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>05:56</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 30.65</strong></td>
<td><strong>47 51.16</strong></td>
<td><strong>1908.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>1882.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>1890.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>065</strong></td>
<td><strong>92</strong></td>
<td><strong>2 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>08:56</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 31.50</strong></td>
<td><strong>47 41.40</strong></td>
<td><strong>1610.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1589.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>13.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1512.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>066</strong></td>
<td><strong>92</strong></td>
<td><strong>2 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>11:09</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 31.74</strong></td>
<td><strong>47 35.83</strong></td>
<td><strong>979.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>968.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>973.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>10</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Station</strong></p>
<p><strong>number</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>Day of year</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>Date</strong></p>
<p><strong>dd mm</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Time at bottom</strong></p>
<p><strong>GMT</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Lat</strong></p>
<p><strong>(south)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Long</strong></p>
<p><strong>(west)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Max Pressure</strong></p>
<p><strong>(db)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Max Depth</strong></p>
<p><strong>(m)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Minimum distance off</strong></p>
<p><strong>(m)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Water depth</strong></p>
<p><strong>(corrected)</strong></p>
<p><strong>(m)</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>No. of samples</strong></td>
<td><strong>Notes</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>067</strong></td>
<td><strong>92</strong></td>
<td><strong>2 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>13:14</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 33.86</strong></td>
<td><strong>47 14.17</strong></td>
<td><strong>487.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>482.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>487.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>068</strong></td>
<td><strong>92</strong></td>
<td><strong>2 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>14:39</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 35.02</strong></td>
<td><strong>46 59.96</strong></td>
<td><strong>247.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>244.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>246.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>069</strong></td>
<td><strong>92</strong></td>
<td><strong>2 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>23:35</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 55.02</strong></td>
<td><strong>43 59.87</strong></td>
<td><strong>250.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>248.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>253.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>070</strong></td>
<td><strong>93</strong></td>
<td><strong>3 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>13:21</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 45.57</strong></td>
<td><strong>42 57.54</strong></td>
<td><strong>506.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>501.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>495.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>071</strong></td>
<td><strong>93</strong></td>
<td><strong>3 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>15:01</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 44.24</strong></td>
<td><strong>42 47.23</strong></td>
<td><strong>1362.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>1344.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>1348.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>072</strong></td>
<td><strong>93</strong></td>
<td><strong>3 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>17:34</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 40.60</strong></td>
<td><strong>42 23.47</strong></td>
<td><strong>1014.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1002.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>995.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>11</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>073</strong></td>
<td><strong>93</strong></td>
<td><strong>3 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>19:13</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 39.85</strong></td>
<td><strong>42 18.83</strong></td>
<td><strong>1553.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1533.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>1480.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>074</strong></td>
<td><strong>93</strong></td>
<td><strong>3 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>21:37</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 39.12</strong></td>
<td><strong>42 12.52</strong></td>
<td><strong>2066.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2037.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1955.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>075</strong></td>
<td><strong>94</strong></td>
<td><strong>4 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:25</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 38.78</strong></td>
<td><strong>42 11.48</strong></td>
<td><strong>2665.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2623.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2474.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>076</strong></td>
<td><strong>94</strong></td>
<td><strong>4 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>04:49</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 38.57</strong></td>
<td><strong>42 10.29</strong></td>
<td><strong>3138.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3085.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2862.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>077</strong></td>
<td><strong>94</strong></td>
<td><strong>4 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>08:15</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 37.95</strong></td>
<td><strong>42 05.27</strong></td>
<td><strong>3721.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3653.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3668.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>078</strong></td>
<td><strong>94</strong></td>
<td><strong>4 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>12:36</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 35.63</strong></td>
<td><strong>41 49.70</strong></td>
<td><strong>2994.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2945.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>2949.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>079</strong></td>
<td><strong>94</strong></td>
<td><strong>4 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>15:44</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 34.31</strong></td>
<td><strong>41 41.62</strong></td>
<td><strong>2490.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>2452.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>2447.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>080</strong></td>
<td><strong>94</strong></td>
<td><strong>4 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>18:46</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 31.54</strong></td>
<td><strong>41 22.72</strong></td>
<td><strong>1992.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1964.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>1959.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>081</strong></td>
<td><strong>94</strong></td>
<td><strong>4 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>21:38</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 27.95</strong></td>
<td><strong>40 58.85</strong></td>
<td><strong>1472.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1453.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>1457.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>082</strong></td>
<td><strong>95</strong></td>
<td><strong>5 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:53</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 26.07</strong></td>
<td><strong>40 04.40</strong></td>
<td><strong>1379.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1362.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>1359.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>083</strong></td>
<td><strong>95</strong></td>
<td><strong>5 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>06:17</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 24.83</strong></td>
<td><strong>39 17.88</strong></td>
<td><strong>1562.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>1541.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>1526.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>084</strong></td>
<td><strong>95</strong></td>
<td><strong>5 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>08:50</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 24.53</strong></td>
<td><strong>39 07.27</strong></td>
<td><strong>2121.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>2090.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>10.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>2066.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>085</strong></td>
<td><strong>95</strong></td>
<td><strong>5 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>12:08</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 25.23</strong></td>
<td><strong>38 42.36</strong></td>
<td><strong>2626.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2585.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2559.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>086</strong></td>
<td><strong>95</strong></td>
<td><strong>5 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>16:30</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 26.68</strong></td>
<td><strong>37 59.98</strong></td>
<td><strong>2945.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>2897.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>2903.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>087</strong></td>
<td><strong>95</strong></td>
<td><strong>5 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:48</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 27.31</strong></td>
<td><strong>37 22.28</strong></td>
<td><strong>2099.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>2069.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2077.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>088</strong></td>
<td><strong>96</strong></td>
<td><strong>6 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:34</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 22.87</strong></td>
<td><strong>36 23.84</strong></td>
<td><strong>1905.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>1878.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>1881.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>089</strong></td>
<td><strong>96</strong></td>
<td><strong>6 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>07:23</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 18.68</strong></td>
<td><strong>35 27.37</strong></td>
<td><strong>1520.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1500.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1450.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>090</strong></td>
<td><strong>96</strong></td>
<td><strong>6 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>14:20</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 08.56</strong></td>
<td><strong>34 53.15</strong></td>
<td><strong>382.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>378.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>385.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>091</strong></td>
<td><strong>96</strong></td>
<td><strong>6 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>16:44</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 01.56</strong></td>
<td><strong>34 28.36</strong></td>
<td><strong>1023.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1010.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>1000.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>11</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>092</strong></td>
<td><strong>96</strong></td>
<td><strong>6 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:00</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 55.99</strong></td>
<td><strong>33 50.82</strong></td>
<td><strong>1307.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1291.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1293.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>093</strong></td>
<td><strong>96</strong></td>
<td><strong>6 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>23:13</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 50.79</strong></td>
<td><strong>33 16.95</strong></td>
<td><strong>1620.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>1598.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1605.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>094</strong></td>
<td><strong>97</strong></td>
<td><strong>7 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:23</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 51.53</strong></td>
<td><strong>33 09.85</strong></td>
<td><strong>2073.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>2043.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>2.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2007.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>095</strong></td>
<td><strong>97</strong></td>
<td><strong>7 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>03:48</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 51.66</strong></td>
<td><strong>33 04.43</strong></td>
<td><strong>2509.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2471.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>2488.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>096</strong></td>
<td><strong>97</strong></td>
<td><strong>7 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>06:59</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 52.69</strong></td>
<td><strong>32 57.14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2933.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>2885.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>2847.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>097</strong></td>
<td><strong>97</strong></td>
<td><strong>7 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>10:03</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 53.54</strong></td>
<td><strong>32 51.55</strong></td>
<td><strong>2027.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>1998.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1966.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>098</strong></td>
<td><strong>97</strong></td>
<td><strong>7 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>11:60</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 53.86</strong></td>
<td><strong>32 48.65</strong></td>
<td><strong>1528.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>1508.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1499.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>099</strong></td>
<td><strong>97</strong></td>
<td><strong>7 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>13:60</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 54.24</strong></td>
<td><strong>32 43.74</strong></td>
<td><strong>1051.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1039.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>2.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1005.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>100</strong></td>
<td><strong>97</strong></td>
<td><strong>7 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>16:49</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 56.49</strong></td>
<td><strong>32 14.27</strong></td>
<td><strong>1000.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>988.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>989.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>11</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>101</strong></td>
<td><strong>97</strong></td>
<td><strong>7 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:44</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 58.44</strong></td>
<td><strong>31 28.67</strong></td>
<td><strong>2274.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2240.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>2141.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>102</strong></td>
<td><strong>98</strong></td>
<td><strong>8 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:42</strong></td>
<td><strong>60 18.92</strong></td>
<td><strong>30 57.53</strong></td>
<td><strong>2790.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2746.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2663.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>103</strong></td>
<td><strong>98</strong></td>
<td><strong>8 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>06:12</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 59.63</strong></td>
<td><strong>30 55.84</strong></td>
<td><strong>3036.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2986.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2995.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>104</strong></td>
<td><strong>98</strong></td>
<td><strong>8 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>16:13</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 45.98</strong></td>
<td><strong>30 54.37</strong></td>
<td><strong>3858.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>3787.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3799.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>105</strong></td>
<td><strong>98</strong></td>
<td><strong>8 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:22</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 40.40</strong></td>
<td><strong>30 53.76</strong></td>
<td><strong>3016.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>2966.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2868.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>106</strong></td>
<td><strong>99</strong></td>
<td><strong>9 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>00:28</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 26.16</strong></td>
<td><strong>30 51.61</strong></td>
<td><strong>3515.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>3453.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>3429.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>107</strong></td>
<td><strong>99</strong></td>
<td><strong>9 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>05:35</strong></td>
<td><strong>59 03.05</strong></td>
<td><strong>30 49.84</strong></td>
<td><strong>3166.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3113.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>3125.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>108</strong></td>
<td><strong>99</strong></td>
<td><strong>9 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>10:52</strong></td>
<td><strong>58 37.90</strong></td>
<td><strong>30 49.58</strong></td>
<td><strong>3599.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3535.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3528.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>109</strong></td>
<td><strong>99</strong></td>
<td><strong>9 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>17:08</strong></td>
<td><strong>58 12.85</strong></td>
<td><strong>30 49.32</strong></td>
<td><strong>4065.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>3989.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>3803.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>19</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>110</strong></td>
<td><strong>99</strong></td>
<td><strong>9 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>22:41</strong></td>
<td><strong>57 48.12</strong></td>
<td><strong>30 49.95</strong></td>
<td><strong>3641.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3576.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>3489.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>111</strong></td>
<td><strong>100</strong></td>
<td><strong>10 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>04:12</strong></td>
<td><strong>57 27.47</strong></td>
<td><strong>31 19.64</strong></td>
<td><strong>3815.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3746.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>205.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3753.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>112</strong></td>
<td><strong>100</strong></td>
<td><strong>10 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>09:40</strong></td>
<td><strong>57 07.12</strong></td>
<td><strong>31 48.51</strong></td>
<td><strong>3449.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>3389.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>3398.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>113</strong></td>
<td><strong>100</strong></td>
<td><strong>10 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>14:53</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 46.54</strong></td>
<td><strong>32 18.24</strong></td>
<td><strong>3280.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3225.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3230.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>114</strong></td>
<td><strong>100</strong></td>
<td><strong>10 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:40</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 22.80</strong></td>
<td><strong>32 52.15</strong></td>
<td><strong>3186.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>3133.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3145.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>115</strong></td>
<td><strong>101</strong></td>
<td><strong>11 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>02:58</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 59.42</strong></td>
<td><strong>33 25.19</strong></td>
<td><strong>3099.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3049.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>2949.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>116</strong></td>
<td><strong>102</strong></td>
<td><strong>12 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>00:37</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 43.52</strong></td>
<td><strong>33 47.18</strong></td>
<td><strong>3569.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>3507.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>3441.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>117</strong></td>
<td><strong>102</strong></td>
<td><strong>12 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>07:24</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 40.39</strong></td>
<td><strong>33 51.77</strong></td>
<td><strong>3109.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3059.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3010.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>21</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>118</strong></td>
<td><strong>102</strong></td>
<td><strong>12 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>11:52</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 29.10</strong></td>
<td><strong>34 08.05</strong></td>
<td><strong>2490.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2453.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2449.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>20</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,3,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>119</strong></td>
<td><strong>102</strong></td>
<td><strong>12 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>15:30</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 17.30</strong></td>
<td><strong>34 24.25</strong></td>
<td><strong>1999.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>1971.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1944.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>120</strong></td>
<td><strong>102</strong></td>
<td><strong>12 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>17:32</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 15.54</strong></td>
<td><strong>34 26.59</strong></td>
<td><strong>1534.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>1514.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1493.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>121</strong></td>
<td><strong>102</strong></td>
<td><strong>12 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>19:43</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 13.71</strong></td>
<td><strong>34 29.22</strong></td>
<td><strong>1095.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1082.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>9.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>1032.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>11</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>122</strong></td>
<td><strong>102</strong></td>
<td><strong>12 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:59</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 12.86</strong></td>
<td><strong>34 30.38</strong></td>
<td><strong>569.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>563.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>545.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>123</strong></td>
<td><strong>103</strong></td>
<td><strong>13 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>17:30</strong></td>
<td><strong>54 12.96</strong></td>
<td><strong>36 26.59</strong></td>
<td><strong>244.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>242.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>246.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>124</strong></td>
<td><strong>104</strong></td>
<td><strong>14 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:16</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 53.20</strong></td>
<td><strong>38 39.35</strong></td>
<td><strong>170.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>168.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>177.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>125</strong></td>
<td><strong>104</strong></td>
<td><strong>14 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>03:29</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 41.75</strong></td>
<td><strong>38 49.47</strong></td>
<td><strong>718.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>710.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>13.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>701.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>126</strong></td>
<td><strong>104</strong></td>
<td><strong>14 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>05:10</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 36.66</strong></td>
<td><strong>38 53.52</strong></td>
<td><strong>1240.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1226.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>1229.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>11</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>127</strong></td>
<td><strong>104</strong></td>
<td><strong>14 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>07:17</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 32.99</strong></td>
<td><strong>38 56.62</strong></td>
<td><strong>1840.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>1816.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1756.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>128</strong></td>
<td><strong>104</strong></td>
<td><strong>14 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>09:43</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 31.58</strong></td>
<td><strong>38 57.71</strong></td>
<td><strong>2384.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>2350.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2348.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>129</strong></td>
<td><strong>104</strong></td>
<td><strong>14 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>13:00</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 29.28</strong></td>
<td><strong>38 59.93</strong></td>
<td><strong>2943.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>2896.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2883.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>130</strong></td>
<td><strong>104</strong></td>
<td><strong>14 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>16:55</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 20.25</strong></td>
<td><strong>39 07.74</strong></td>
<td><strong>3493.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>3434.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>3431.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>131</strong></td>
<td><strong>104</strong></td>
<td><strong>14 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>21:48</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 02.91</strong></td>
<td><strong>39 21.63</strong></td>
<td><strong>3820.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3753.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>205.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3767.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>132</strong></td>
<td><strong>105</strong></td>
<td><strong>15 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>03:06</strong></td>
<td><strong>52 45.98</strong></td>
<td><strong>39 34.73</strong></td>
<td><strong>3797.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>3730.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>205.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3748.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>133</strong></td>
<td><strong>105</strong></td>
<td><strong>15 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>07:56</strong></td>
<td><strong>52 28.94</strong></td>
<td><strong>39 48.56</strong></td>
<td><strong>3801.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>3734.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>14.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>3750.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>134</strong></td>
<td><strong>105</strong></td>
<td><strong>15 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>12:44</strong></td>
<td><strong>52 28.95</strong></td>
<td><strong>39 48.56</strong></td>
<td><strong>3811.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3744.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>205.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3751.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>24</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>135</strong></td>
<td><strong>105</strong></td>
<td><strong>15 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>18:15</strong></td>
<td><strong>52 12.27</strong></td>
<td><strong>40 02.47</strong></td>
<td><strong>3808.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>3741.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>205.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3743.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>136</strong></td>
<td><strong>105</strong></td>
<td><strong>15 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>23:06</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 55.30</strong></td>
<td><strong>40 15.76</strong></td>
<td><strong>3777.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>3711.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>205.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3723.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>Station</strong></p>
<p><strong>number</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>Day of year</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>Date</strong></p>
<p><strong>dd mm</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Time at bottom</strong></p>
<p><strong>GMT</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Lat</strong></p>
<p><strong>(south)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Long</strong></p>
<p><strong>(west)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Max Pressure</strong></p>
<p><strong>(db)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Max Depth</strong></p>
<p><strong>(m)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Minimum distance off</strong></p>
<p><strong>(m)</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Water depth</strong></p>
<p><strong>(corrected)</strong></p>
<p><strong>(m)</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>No. of samples</strong></td>
<td><strong>Notes</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>137</strong></td>
<td><strong>106</strong></td>
<td><strong>16 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>04:11</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 38.21</strong></td>
<td><strong>40 29.16</strong></td>
<td><strong>3783.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3717.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>3728.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>138</strong></td>
<td><strong>106</strong></td>
<td><strong>16 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>13:56</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 21.27</strong></td>
<td><strong>40 42.29</strong></td>
<td><strong>3657.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3594.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3599.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>18</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,4,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>139</strong></td>
<td><strong>106</strong></td>
<td><strong>16 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>18:58</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 04.32</strong></td>
<td><strong>40 55.84</strong></td>
<td><strong>2971.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>2924.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2920.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>140</strong></td>
<td><strong>106</strong></td>
<td><strong>16 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>23:37</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 47.17</strong></td>
<td><strong>41 08.23</strong></td>
<td><strong>2291.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2259.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2269.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>141</strong></td>
<td><strong>107</strong></td>
<td><strong>17 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>06:20</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 30.55</strong></td>
<td><strong>41 22.55</strong></td>
<td><strong>1779.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1756.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>1761.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>142</strong></td>
<td><strong>107</strong></td>
<td><strong>17 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>09:57</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 13.83</strong></td>
<td><strong>41 35.45</strong></td>
<td><strong>1367.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>1351.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>1360.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>143</strong></td>
<td><strong>107</strong></td>
<td><strong>17 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>14:55</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 21.89</strong></td>
<td><strong>42 17.51</strong></td>
<td><strong>1369.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1353.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>1356.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>144</strong></td>
<td><strong>107</strong></td>
<td><strong>17 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>19:31</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 30.02</strong></td>
<td><strong>43 00.02</strong></td>
<td><strong>1352.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1336.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1340.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>145</strong></td>
<td><strong>107</strong></td>
<td><strong>17 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>23:38</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 31.50</strong></td>
<td><strong>43 41.52</strong></td>
<td><strong>1358.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1342.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>1.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1344.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>146</strong></td>
<td><strong>108</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>03:25</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 32.93</strong></td>
<td><strong>44 23.15</strong></td>
<td><strong>1380.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1364.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1373.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>147</strong></td>
<td><strong>108</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>07:21</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 34.46</strong></td>
<td><strong>45 04.62</strong></td>
<td><strong>1444.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>1426.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>8.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1435.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>148</strong></td>
<td><strong>108</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>11:26</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 35.73</strong></td>
<td><strong>45 46.03</strong></td>
<td><strong>1566.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1547.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1551.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>149</strong></td>
<td><strong>108</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>15:33</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 37.46</strong></td>
<td><strong>46 27.58</strong></td>
<td><strong>1981.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>1954.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1959.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>150</strong></td>
<td><strong>108</strong></td>
<td><strong>18 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>20:07</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 39.07</strong></td>
<td><strong>47 08.77</strong></td>
<td><strong>2711.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2671.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>5.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>2675.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>151</strong></td>
<td><strong>109</strong></td>
<td><strong>19 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:06</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 40.37</strong></td>
<td><strong>47 50.03</strong></td>
<td><strong>2689.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>2648.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>2652.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>152</strong></td>
<td><strong>109</strong></td>
<td><strong>19 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>07:01</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 41.80</strong></td>
<td><strong>48 31.49</strong></td>
<td><strong>2811.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>2768.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>2776.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>153</strong></td>
<td><strong>109</strong></td>
<td><strong>19 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>10:47</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 42.28</strong></td>
<td><strong>48 54.08</strong></td>
<td><strong>2846.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2802.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2808.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>154</strong></td>
<td><strong>109</strong></td>
<td><strong>19 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>12:60</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 41.88</strong></td>
<td><strong>48 54.79</strong></td>
<td><strong>2817.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>2774.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>44.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>2815.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>24</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>155</strong></td>
<td><strong>109</strong></td>
<td><strong>19 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>16:18</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 43.32</strong></td>
<td><strong>49 13.04</strong></td>
<td><strong>2813.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2770.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>2768.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>17</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>156</strong></td>
<td><strong>109</strong></td>
<td><strong>19 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>21:02</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 44.74</strong></td>
<td><strong>49 53.03</strong></td>
<td><strong>2652.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>2612.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>2613.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6,7</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>157</strong></td>
<td><strong>110</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>01:35</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 46.18</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 33.49</strong></td>
<td><strong>2484.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>2448.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2450.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>158</strong></td>
<td><strong>110</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>05:33</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 47.34</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 04.91</strong></td>
<td><strong>2371.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2338.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2315.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>16</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>159</strong></td>
<td><strong>110</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>09:49</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 48.63</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 36.64</strong></td>
<td><strong>2079.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>2051.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>6.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2060.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>160</strong></td>
<td><strong>110</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>14:07</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 49.68</strong></td>
<td><strong>52 09.54</strong></td>
<td><strong>2058.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2030.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>2042.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>14</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>161</strong></td>
<td><strong>110</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>18:35</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 50.79</strong></td>
<td><strong>52 42.13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2067.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>2039.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2049.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>162</strong></td>
<td><strong>110</strong></td>
<td><strong>20 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>23:51</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 51.80</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 14.94</strong></td>
<td><strong>1912.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>1887.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1891.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>15</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>163</strong></td>
<td><strong>111</strong></td>
<td><strong>21 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>04:14</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 53.07</strong></td>
<td><strong>53 46.78</strong></td>
<td><strong>1732.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>1710.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>7.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>1717.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>164</strong></td>
<td><strong>111</strong></td>
<td><strong>21 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>07:37</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 54.26</strong></td>
<td><strong>54 18.98</strong></td>
<td><strong>1530.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>1511.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>9.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>1518.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>165</strong></td>
<td><strong>111</strong></td>
<td><strong>21 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>11:02</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 55.44</strong></td>
<td><strong>54 50.99</strong></td>
<td><strong>1337.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>1321.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>1322.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>13</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>166</strong></td>
<td><strong>111</strong></td>
<td><strong>21 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>14:01</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 56.36</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 17.95</strong></td>
<td><strong>1126.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>1114.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>1115.2</strong></td>
<td><strong>11</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>167</strong></td>
<td><strong>111</strong></td>
<td><strong>21 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>17:01</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 57.43</strong></td>
<td><strong>55 47.09</strong></td>
<td><strong>876.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>866.7</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>867.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>10</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>168</strong></td>
<td><strong>111</strong></td>
<td><strong>21 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>19:32</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 58.54</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 15.69</strong></td>
<td><strong>608.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>602.4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2.8</strong></td>
<td><strong>603.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td><strong>2,5,6</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>169</strong></td>
<td><strong>111</strong></td>
<td><strong>21 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>21:55</strong></td>
<td><strong>50 59.40</strong></td>
<td><strong>56 43.82</strong></td>
<td><strong>361.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>357.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.6</strong></td>
<td><strong>362.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>7</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>170</strong></td>
<td><strong>111</strong></td>
<td><strong>21 4</strong></td>
<td><strong>23:56</strong></td>
<td><strong>51 00.59</strong></td>
<td><strong>57 11.72</strong></td>
<td><strong>114.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>113.3</strong></td>
<td><strong>4.9</strong></td>
<td><strong>120.1</strong></td>
<td><strong>4</strong></td>
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Notes:

1\. Date, time and position are reported for the time at the bottom of
the cast.

2\. Salinity, dissolved oxygen, silicate, nitrate+nitrite, and phosphate
were sampled for these stations

3\. Oxygen isotopes were sampled for these stations.

4\. CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, and CCl4 were sampled at these stations.

5\. Tritium was sampled for these stations.

6\. Helium was sampled for these stations.

7\. SF~6~ was samples for these stations.

Table 2. ALBATROSS XBT List

  ----------- ---------- ---------- ----------- -------------- --------------- ----------------- ---------
  **Probe**   **Julian   **Date**   **Time**    **Latitude**   **Longitude**   **Depth**         **Probe
              Day**                                                                              Type**

                         **dd mm**  **hh:mm**                                  **(Corrected)**   

                                                                                                 

  **001**     **091**    **01 04**  **16:28**   **60 35.57**   **49 43.95**    **1546.1**        **T-5**

  **002**     **091**    **01 04**  **17:55**   **60 35.03**   **49 29.74**    **1594.9**        **T-5**

  **003**     **091**    **01 04**  **20:05**   **60 33.55**   **49 11.07**    **1519.3**        **T-5**

  **004**     **091**    **01 04**  **21:23**   **60 31.91**   **48 49.49**    **1498.5**        **T-5**

  **005**     **092**    **02 04**  **01:24**   **60 28.93**   **48 09.98**    **1368.4**        **T-5**

  **006**     **092**    **02 04**  **05:16**   **60 30.63**   **47 50.82**    **1893.5**        **T-5**

  **007**     **092**    **02 04**  **08:20**   **60 31.47**   **47 41.62**    **1485.9**        **T-5**

  **008**     **092**    **02 04**  **13:21**   **60 33.87**   **47 14.21**    **487.9**         **T-7**

  **009**     **093**    **03 04**  **04:36**   **60 39.85**   **42 18.52**    **1512.7**        **T-7**

  **010**     **093**    **03 04**  **15:11**   **60 04.25**   **42 07.30**    **343.9**         **T-5**

  **011**     **093**    **03 04**  **17:20**   **60 40.62**   **42 23.39**    **995.3**         **T-7**

  **012**     **093**    **03 04**  **18:42**   **60 39.98**   **42 19.03**    **1414**          **T-5**

  **013**     **094**    **04 04**  **00:41**   **60 08.77**   **42 01.34**    **543**           **T-7**

  **014**     **094**    **04 04**  **00:54**   **60 38.78**   **42 11.35**    **2455.9**        **T-7**

  **015**     **094**    **04 04**  **03:58**   **60 38.62**   **42 10.16**    **2859**          **T-5**

  **016**     **094**    **04 04**  **07:31**   **60 37.99**   **42 05.32**    **3674.1**        **T-5**

  **017**     **094**    **04 04**  **13:02**   **60 35.63**   **41 49.68**    **2947.9**        **T-5**

  **018**     **094**    **04 04**  **15:09**   **60 34.33**   **41 41.75**    **2453.4**        **T-5**

  **019**     **094**    **04 04**  **18:23**   **60 31.57**   **41 22.92**    **1969.9**        **T-5**

  **020**     **095**    **05 04**  **00:00**   **60 26.69**   **40 30.27**    **1408.3**        **T-5**

  **021**     **095**    **05 04**  **04:26**   **60 25.27**   **39 38.24**    **1536.9**        **T-7**

  **022**     **095**    **05 04**  **04:33**   **60 25.21**   **39 36.33**    **1451.4**        **T-5**

  **023**     **095**    **05 04**  **05:47**   **60 24.86**   **39 18.05**    **1518.8**        **T-5**

  **024**     **095**    **05 04**  **05:55**   **60 24.89**   **39 18.04**    **1520.6**        **T-7**

  **025**     **095**    **05 04**  **06:00**   **60 24.87**   **39 17.97**    **1523.1**        **T-5**

  **026**     **095**    **05 04**  **08:18**   **60 24.56**   **39 07.34**    **2061.6**        **T-5**

  **027**     **095**    **05 04**  **11:40**   **60 25.24**   **38 42.29**    **2569**          **T-5**

  **028**     **095**    **05 04**  **14:39**   **60 26.14**   **38 15.06**    **2928.3**        **T-5**

  **029**     **095**    **05 04**  **15:41**   **60 26.66**   **38 00.12**    **2906.3**        **T-5**

  **030**     **095**    **05 04**  **18:45**   **60 27.19**   **37 43.89**    **2878.6**        **T-5**

  **031**     **095**    **05 04**  **20:12**   **60 27.32**   **37 22.19**    **2078**          **T-5**

  **032**     **095**    **05 04**  **23:36**   **60 24.70**   **36 46.60**    **1723.5**        **T-5**

  **033**     **096**    **06 04**  **00:59**   **60 22.97**   **36 23.82**    **1887.6**        **T-5**

  **034**     **096**    **06 04**  **16:24**   **60 01.54**   **34 28.52**    **989.5**         **T-7**

  **035**     **098**    **08 04**  **22:11**   **59 35.22**   **30 53.09**    **2669.2**        **T-7**

  **036**     **099**    **09 04**  **02:56**   **59 17.00**   **30 50.82**    **2928.4**        **T-7**

  **037**     **099**    **09 04**  **03:15**   **59 13.69**   **30 50.78**    **3098**          **T-5**

  **038**     **099**    **09 04**  **03:19**   **59 13.00**   **30 50.84**    **3108.2**        **T-5**

  **039**     **099**    **09 04**  **04:49**   **59 03.01**   **30 49.81**    **3124.3**        **T-5**

  **040**     **099**    **09 04**  **14:16**   **59 14.61**   **30 49.42**    **3367.3**        **T-7**

  **041**     **099**    **09 04**  **20:03**   **58 00.53**   **30 49.38**    **3360.8**        **T-7**

  **043**     **100**    **10 04**  **01:21**   **57 38.32**   **31 04.18**    **2851.7**        **T-5**

  **044**     **100**    **10 04**  **07:01**   **57 17.55**   **31 34.00**    **3422.5**        **T-7**

  **045**     **100**    **10 04**  **12:16**   **56 58.14**   **32 01.69**    **2973.2**        **T-7**

  **046**     **100**    **10 04**  **17:45**   **56 35.46**   **32 33.95**    **3475.7**        **T-7**

  **047**     **105**    **15 04**  **20:41**   **52 04.13**   **40 08.70**    **3728.1**        **T-7**

  **048**     **106**    **16 04**  **01:29**   **51 48.43**   **40 21.25**    **3712.0**        **T-7**

  **049**     **106**    **16 04**  **16:31**   **51 13.25**   **40 48.68**    **3184.6**        **T-7**

  **050**     **106**    **16 04**  **21:23**   **50 56.45**   **41 01.96**    **2587.1**        **T-7**

  **051**     **107**    **17 04**  **01:45**   **50 44.63**   **41 09.91**    **2208.2**        **T-7**

  **052**     **107**    **17 04**  **08:11**   **50 22.58**   **41 29.09**    **1544.0**        **T-7**

  **053**     **107**    **17 04**  **13:36**   **50 20.46**   **42 10.09**    **1353.0**        **T-7**

  **054**     **107**    **17 04**  **17:18**   **50 26.09**   **42 39.04**    **1327.4**        **T-7**

  **055**     **107**    **17 04**  **21:32**   **50 30.69**   **43 19.78**    **1360.9**        **T-7**

  **056**     **108**    **18 04**  **01:29**   **50 32.24**   **44 01.85**    **1299.5**        **T-7**

  **057**     **111**    **21 04**  **05:56**   **50 53.58**   **54 02.31**    **1592.8**        **T-7**

  **058**     **111**    **21 04**  **09:15**   **50 54.95**   **54 33.98**    **1396.5**        **T-7**

  **059**     **111**    **21 04**  **12:35**   **50 55.97**   **55 04.00**    **1295.3**        **T-7**

  **060**     **111**    **21 04**  **15:32**   **50 56.88**   **55 30.58**    **1042.1**        **T-7**
  ----------- ---------- ---------- ----------- -------------- --------------- ----------------- ---------

Figure 1 ALBATROSS cruise track and station positions.

Figure 2. Location of bottle samples

Figure 3. Scatter diagram of CTD minus bottle salinity data

Figure 4. Example of upcast and downcast 1 Hz CTD data. Station 012 is
plotted. The solid line is the downcast. The dotted line, offset by
0.002, is the upcast.

Figure 5. Scatter diagram of CTD minus bottle oxygen data