+---------+---+---+----+----------+------+----------+---+---------------+
| ![]     |   |   | ## |          |      |          |   | NRA-02-OES-02 |
| (media/ |   |   | ## |          |      |          |   |               |
| image1. |   |   |  P |          |      |          |   | Proposal      |
| jpeg){w |   |   | ro |          |      |          |   | Number:       |
| idth="0 |   |   | po |          |      |          |   |               |
| .675in" |   |   | sa |          |      |          |   | (Leave blank  |
| he      |   |   | l  |          |      |          |   | for NASA use) |
| ight="0 |   |   | Co |          |      |          |   |               |
| .582638 |   |   | ve |          |      |          |   |               |
| 8888888 |   |   | r  |          |      |          |   |               |
| 889in"} |   |   | Pa |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | ge |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | ## |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |  D |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | at |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | e: |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |  [ |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | 4/ |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | 29 |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | /2 |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | 00 |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | 2] |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | {. |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | un |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | de |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | rl |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | in |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   | e} |          |      |          |   |               |
+---------+---+---+----+----------+------+----------+---+---------------+
| ### Nam |   |   |    | NASA     |      | **Congr  |   | California    |
| e of Su |   |   |    | Ames     |      | essional |   | #14           |
| bmittin |   |   |    | Research |      | Dis      |   |               |
| g Insti |   |   |    | Center   |      | trict:** |   |               |
| tution: |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
+---------+---+---+----+----------+------+----------+---+---------------+
| **P     | A |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| roposal | i |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| T       | r |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| itle:** | b |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | o |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | r |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | n |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | e |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | S |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | u |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | n |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | p |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | h |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | o |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | t |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | o |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | m |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | e |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | t |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | r |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | y |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | i |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | n |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | t |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | h |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | e |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | S |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | e |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | c |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | o |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | n |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | d |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | S |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | A |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | G |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | E |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | I |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | I |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | I |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | O |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | z |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | o |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | n |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | e |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | L |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | o |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | s |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | s |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | & |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | V |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | a |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | l |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | i |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | d |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | a |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | t |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | i |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | o |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | n |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | E |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | x |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | p |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | e |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | r |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | i |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | m |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | e |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | n |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | t |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | ( |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | S |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | O |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | L |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | V |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | E |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | - |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | 2 |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         | ) |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
+---------+---+---+----+----------+------+----------+---+---------------+
| # [C    |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ertific |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ation o |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| f Compl |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| iance w |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ith App |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| licable |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|  Execut |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ive Ord |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ers and |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|  US Cod |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| e]{.und |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| erline} |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| By      |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| sub     |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| mitting |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| the     |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| p       |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| roposal |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ide     |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ntified |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| in this |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| *Cover  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| Sheet/P |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| roposal |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| S       |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ummary* |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| in      |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| r       |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| esponse |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| to this |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| R       |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| esearch |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| Announ  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| cement, |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| the     |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| Auth    |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| orizing |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| O       |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| fficial |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| of the  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| pr      |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| oposing |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| inst    |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| itution |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| (or the |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ind     |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ividual |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| p       |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| roposer |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| if      |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| there   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| is no   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| pr      |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| oposing |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| insti   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| tution) |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| as      |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ide     |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ntified |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| below:  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| -   ce  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| rtifies |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    that |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     the |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     sta |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| tements |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    made |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     in  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    this |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     p   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| roposal |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     are |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    true |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     and |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     c   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| omplete |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     to  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     the |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    best |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     of  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| his/her |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     kno |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| wledge; |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| -       |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|  agrees |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     to  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|  accept |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     the |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    obli |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| gations |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     to  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|  comply |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    with |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    NASA |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|   award |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|   terms |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     and |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     con |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ditions |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     if  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     an  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|   award |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     is  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    made |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     as  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     a   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|  result |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     of  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    this |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     pr  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| oposal; |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     and |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| -   c   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| onfirms |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     com |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| pliance |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    with |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     all |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    prov |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| isions, |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|  rules, |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     and |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|   stipu |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| lations |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     set |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|   forth |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     in  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     the |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     two |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| Certifi |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| cations |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     co  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ntained |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     in  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    this |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     NRA |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     \[  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| namely, |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    (i*) |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     As  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| surance |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     of  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     Com |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| pliance |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    with |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     the |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    NASA |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|    Regu |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| lations |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     P   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ursuant |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     to  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     Non |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| discrim |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ination |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     in  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     Fe  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| derally |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     A   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ssisted |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     Pro |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| grams*, |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     *a  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| nd (ii) |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     C   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ertific |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ations, |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|   Discl |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| osures, |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     And |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     Ass |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| urances |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     Re  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| garding |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     L   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| obbying |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     and |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     De  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| barment |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     &   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|     Su  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| spensio |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| n*\]*.* |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| Willful |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| pr      |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ovision |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| of      |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| false   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| info    |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| rmation |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| in this |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| p       |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| roposal |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| and/or  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| its     |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| sup     |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| porting |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| doc     |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| uments, |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| or in   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| reports |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| r       |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| equired |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| under   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| an      |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| ensuing |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| award,  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| is a    |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| c       |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| riminal |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| offense |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| (U.S.   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| Code,   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| Title   |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| 18,     |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| Section |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| 1001).  |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
|         |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
| **[NASA |   |   |    |          |      |          |   |               |
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+---------+---+---+----+----------+------+----------+---+---------------+

  ----------------------- --------------- -- -------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------- -- --
  **Co-Investigators:**                                                                                                                    

  **Name**                **Telephone**                     **Email**                                   **Institution**   **Address**      

  Beat Schmid             650-604-5933                      [bschmid@mail.arc.nasa.gov]{.underline}     Bay Area          Sonoma, CA       
                                                                                                        Environmental     95476            
                                                                                                        Research                           
                                                                                                        Institute                          

  John M. Livingston      650-859-4174                      <jlivingston@mail.arc.nasa.gov>             SRI International Menlo Park,      
                                                                                                                          CA 94025         

  Jens Redemann           805-658-2637                      [jredemann@mail.arc.nasa.gov]{.underline}   Bay Area          Sonoma, CA       
                                                                                                        Environmental     95476            
                                                                                                        Research                           
                                                                                                        Institute                          

  **Budget:**                                (Cost                                                                                         
                                             reductions are                                                                                
                                             possible                                                                                      
                                             depending on                                                                                  
                                             availability                                                                                  
                                             of: (1) extra                                                                                 
                                             seats and/or                                                                                  
                                             shipping boxes                                                                                
                                             on DC-8                                                                                       
                                             transit                                                                                       
                                             flights,                                                                                      
                                             and/or (2)                                                                                    
                                             military or                                                                                   
                                             special                                                                                       
                                             housing at                                                                                    
                                             Edwards and                                                                                   
                                             deployment                                                                                    
                                             locations.)                                                                                   

  **Year 1: \$171.0K**                                                                                                                     

  (FY02: 15.4K, FY03:                                                                                                                      
  155.6K)                                                                                                                                  

  **Total: \$171.0K**                                                                                                                      
  ----------------------- --------------- -- -------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------- -- --

TABLE OF CONTENTS

[Page]{.underline}

ABSTRACT 1

1 OBJECTIVES AND JUSTIFICATION 1

2 AIRBORNE SUNPHOTOMETER AND SAGE MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSES 3

> 2.1 SAGE and Sunphotometer Aerosol and Thin Cloud Measurements And
> Analyses 4
>
> 2.2 SAGE and Sunphotometer Water Vapor Measurements And Analyses 6
>
> 2.3 SAGE and Sunphotometer Ozone Measurements And Analyses 8
>
> 2.4 Sunphotometer Error Analyses, Simulations, and Calibrations 9

3 PROPOSED RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT PLAN 13

> 3.1 Staffing and Management 13

3.2 Proposed Tasks 13

3.3 Schedule 14

> 4 REFERENCES 14

5 BUDGET 18

6 VITAE 20

7 CURRENT SUPPORT 26

8 ILLUSTRATIONS 28

APPENDIX: Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometers, AATS-6 and AATS-14 A1

**Airborne Sunphotometry in the Second SAGE III Ozone Loss & Validation
Experiment (SOLVE-2)**

**ABSTRACT:** We propose to participate in SOLVE-2 using the 14-channel
Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14) on the NASA DC-8. AATS-14
has channels matched to many SAGE III wavelengths from 380 to 1558 nm.
It can measure optical depths of aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds
(PSCs), plus column contents of water vapor and ozone, by viewing the
sun on paths matched to those viewed by SAGE III. In aircraft vertical
profiles AATS-14 can derive profiles of aerosol extinction and water
vapor and ozone concentrations by vertically differentiating the
corresponding profiles of optical depth and column content. AATS-14 has
been integrated and test-flown on the DC-8. Hence AATS-14 is ideally
suited to the objectives of SOLVE-2. Its use in SOLVE-2 would benefit
from our experience in flying its predecessor, AATS-6, on the DC-8 in
the second Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE-II), and from
our long experience in the validation and scientific use of SAM II,
SAGE, and SAGE II.

A key issue is the ability of AATS-14 to measure the very small optical
depths of background stratospheric aerosols, as well as PSCs.
Simulations made for this proposal indicate AATS-14 retrieval
uncertainties of \<25% for midvisible optical depths of background
stratospheric aerosols (τ(500 nm)=0.004) and \<5% for PSCs (τ(500
nm)=0.02), assuming accurate airmasses and high-latitude DC-8
measurements during the SOLVE-2 period (January-mid-February). For the
funding requested here we propose to: (1a) Conduct further pre-campaign
simulations and tests to determine expected sunphotometer retrieval
uncertainties for aerosols, PSCs, ozone, and water vapor for the
specific conditions and aircraft paths expected in SOLVE-2. (1b) Combine
simulation results with campaign objectives to determine the flight
plans likely to have the highest overall payoff. (2) Perform necessary
pre- and post-campaign calibrations. (3) Re-integrate AATS-14 on the
NASA DC-8. (4) Make measurements in SOLVE-2 deployments of aerosol and
PSC optical depth spectra, ozone and water vapor column amounts. (5)
Provide postflight preliminary data sets for exchange and flight
planning. (6) Derive preliminary vertical profiles of aerosol and cloud
extinction spectra, plus ozone and water vapor concentrations, by
differentiating column values measured in DC-8 ascents and descents. (7)
Perform preliminary comparisons of sunphotometer-derived aerosol, PSC,
and trace gas results to those retrieved from corresponding SAGE III
measurements and provided by other SOLVE-2 measurements. (8) Submit
final data and documentation to a central data facility \~6 months
following mission completion.

1.  **OBJECTIVES AND JUSTIFICATION**

The overall goals of the proposed research are to (1) produce a data set
suitable for making quantitative assessments of the accuracy of SAGE III
archived data products (including archived error bars), and (2) make
preliminary comparisons of airborne sunphotometer-derived aerosol, PSC,
and trace gas results (best estimates and uncertainties) to those
retrieved from corresponding SAGE III measurements and provided by other
SOLVE-2 measurements. Subsidiary objectives are to:

1.  Conduct pre-campaign analyses and tests to determine expected
    retrieval uncertainties for 14-channel Ames Airborne Tracking
    Sunphotometer (AATS-14) and help judge what flight plans are likely
    to have the highest overall payoff.

    Perform necessary pre- and post-campaign AATS-14 calibrations.

3\. Re-integrate AATS-14 on the NASA DC-8

4.  Participate in SOLVE-2 by measuring aerosol and PSC optical depth
    spectra (354-2138 nm), ozone and water vapor column amounts.

    Provide at the end of each flight a preliminary data set for
    exchange with SOLVE-2 investigators and managers for flight
    planning,

    Derive preliminary vertical profiles of aerosol and cloud extinction
    spectra, plus ozone and water vapor concentrations, by
    differentiating column values measured in DC-8 ascents and descents,

    Make preliminary comparisons of sunphotometer-derived aerosol, PSC,
    and trace gas results (best estimates and uncertainties) to those
    retrieved from corresponding SAGE III measurements and provided by
    other SOLVE-2 measurements,

    Submit final data, with supporting documentation, to a central data
    facility about six months following mission completion.

Table 1 (from SAGE III ATBD Team, 2000) lists SAGE III standard data
products that will be retrieved from SAGE III signals and archived at
the NASA Langley Atmospheric Sciences Data Center. Of the

**Table 1. SAGE III Standard Data Products**

+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **PRODUCT NAME**      | **A  | **TEMPORAL | *           | *         |
|                       | CCU- | RE         | *HORIZONTAL | *VERTICAL |
|                       | RACY | SOLUTION** | Resolution  | R         |
|                       | Abso |            | ::          | esolution |
|                       | lute |            | Coverage**  | ::        |
|                       | ::   |            |             | C         |
|                       | Re   |            |             | overage** |
|                       | lati |            |             |           |
|                       | ve** |            |             |           |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **Level 1B            | 0    | 1/(2       | \<2 x \<1   | 0.5 km :: |
| Transmission (≤80     | .05% | minutes),  | deg ::      | 0-100 km  |
| wavelengths) Solar    | ::   | 30/day     | Global      |           |
| Events**              | 0    |            |             |           |
|                       | .05% |            |             |           |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **Aerosol Extinction  | 5%   | 1/(2       | \<2 x \<1   | 0.5 km :: |
| & Stratospheric       | ::   | minutes),  | deg ::      | 0-40 km   |
| Optical Depth (at 9   | 5%   | 30/day     | Global      |           |
| wavelengths), Aerosol |      |            |             |           |
| to molecular          |      |            |             |           |
| extinction ratio at   |      |            |             |           |
| 1020 nm** (solar      |      |            |             |           |
| only)                 |      |            |             |           |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **H~2~0**             | 10%  | 1/(2       | \<2 x \<1   | 0.5 km :: |
|                       | ::   | minutes),  | deg ::      | 0-50 km   |
| Concentration (Alt.)  | 15%  | 30/day     | Global      |           |
|                       |      |            |             | 24        |
| Mixing Ratio          |      |            |             | leve      |
| (Pressure)            |      |            |             | ls/decade |
|                       |      |            |             | ::        |
|                       |      |            |             | 1000-0.8  |
|                       |      |            |             | hPa       |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **NO~2~**             | 10%  | 1/(2       | \<2 x \<1   | 0.5 km :: |
|                       | ::   | minutes),  | deg ::      | 10-50 km  |
| Concentration (Alt.)  | 15%  | 30/day     | Global      |           |
|                       |      |            |             | 24        |
| Mixing Ratio          |      |            |             | leve      |
| (Pressure)            |      |            |             | ls/decade |
|                       |      |            |             | ::        |
| Slant Path Col. Amt.  |      |            |             |           |
| (Alt.)                |      |            |             | 250-0.8   |
|                       |      |            |             | hPa       |
|                       |      |            |             |           |
|                       |      |            |             | 0.5 km :: |
|                       |      |            |             | 10-50 km  |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **NO~3~ (Lunar        | 10%  | 1/(2       | \<2 x \<1   | 0.5 km :: |
| Only)**               | ::   | minutes),  | deg ::      | 20-55 km  |
|                       | 10%  | ≤30/day    | Global      |           |
| Concentration (Alt.)  |      |            |             | 24        |
|                       |      |            |             | leve      |
| Mixing Ratio          |      |            |             | ls/decade |
| (Pressure)            |      |            |             | :: 50-0.4 |
|                       |      |            |             | hPa       |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **O~3~**              | 6%   | 1/(2       | \<2 x \<1   | 0.5 km :: |
|                       | ::   | minutes),  | deg ::      | 5-85 km   |
| Concentration (Alt.)  | 5%   | 30/day     | Global      |           |
|                       |      |            |             | 24        |
| Mixing Ratio          |      |            |             | leve      |
| (Pressure)            |      |            |             | ls/decade |
|                       |      |            |             | :: 0.5 km |
| Slant Path Col. Amt.  |      |            |             | :: 50-85  |
| (Alt.)                |      |            |             | km        |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **OClO (Lunar Only)** | 25%  | 1/(2       | \<2 x \<1   | 0.5 km :: |
|                       | ::   | minutes),  | deg ::      | 15-25 km  |
| Concentration (Alt.)  | 20%  | ≤30/day    | Global      | 24        |
|                       |      |            |             | leve      |
| Mixing Ratio          |      |            |             | ls/decade |
| (Pressure)            |      |            |             | :: 121-25 |
|                       |      |            |             | hPa       |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **Pressure**          | 2%   | 1/(2       | \<2 x \<1   | 0.5 km :: |
|                       | ::   | minutes),  | deg ::      | 0-85 km   |
|                       | 2%   | 30/day     | Global      |           |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **Temperature Profile | 2K   | 1/(2       | \<2 x \<1   | 0.5 km :: |
| (solar only)**        | ::   | minutes),  | deg ::      | 0-85 km   |
|                       | 2K   | 30/day     | Global      |           |
|                       |      |            |             | 24        |
|                       |      |            |             | level     |
|                       |      |            |             | s/decade: |
|                       |      |            |             | 1         |
|                       |      |            |             | 000-0.004 |
|                       |      |            |             | hPa       |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+
| **Cloud Presence**    | N/A  | 1/(2       | \<2 x \<1   | 0.5 km :: |
|                       |      | minutes),  | deg ::      | 6-30 km   |
|                       |      | 30/day     | Global      |           |
+-----------------------+------+------------+-------------+-----------+

products listed, this proposal addresses three: (1) aerosol extinction
and optical depth at 9 wavelengths (including thin clouds such as cirrus
and Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)), (2) H~2~O concentration and
column, and (3) O~3~ column.

As noted by the NRA, it is critically important to assess the accuracy
of SAGE III archived data products (including uncertainty estimates) by
comparing archived products to those determined by other means. We
propose to address this need by making measurements of aerosols, PSCs,
ozone, and water vapor using AATS-14. AATS-14 has channels matched to
many SAGE III wavelengths, has been integrated and test-flown on the
DC-8, and can view the sun on paths chosen to match SAGE III viewing
paths. Hence it is very well suited to the SOLVE-2 objectives. The
following sections expand on the AATS-14 and SAGE III measurement
commonalities and differences, and they summarize our previous relevant
experience. This experience includes flying AATS-14's predecessor,
AATS-6, on the DC-8 in the second Airborne Arctic Stratospheric
Expedition (AASE-II) \[Russell et al., 1993a; Toon et al., 1993\], many
investigations devoted to the validation and scientific use of SAM II,
SAGE, and SAGE II (e.g., Russell and McCormick, 1989; Russell et al.,
1984, 1986,1996a,b; Bauman and Russell, 2000; Bauman et al., 2002a,b,c),
and the development and investigation of retrieval algorithms and
validation plans for SAGE III \[e.g., Russell et al., 1996b; SAGE III
ATBD Team, 2000\].

As further noted by the NRA, investigations selected for the SAGE III
validation campaign will mostly be one-year investigations with very
limited support beyond the time frame of the campaign. Therefore, this
proposal does not request support for in-depth validation studies using
SOLVE-2 data. We will propose such studies as part of a Solar
Occultation Satellite Science Team (SOSST) proposal to be submitted by
May 30, 2002. Our SOSST proposal will include applying data from
AATS-14, SAGE III, SAGE II, and other satellites to answering the
scientific questions in the NRA. This will include deriving best
estimates and uncertainties for aerosol and PSC particle size
distributions, surface areas and volumes, for use in studies of the
heterogeneous chemical processes that control ozone concentrations over
the course of the winter.

**2. AIRBORNE SUNPHOTOMETER AND SAGE MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSES**

NASA Ames has been flying airborne sunphotometers in a wide variety of
research missions since 1985. The original 6-channel Ames Airborne
Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-6) and the new 14-channel unit (AATS-14)
are described in the Appendix, which also lists the types of studies
performed and representative publications resulting from those studies.
Of particular interest to this proposal are the first mission flown by
AATS-6 on the NASA CV-990 in April 1985 as part of a SAGE correlative
campaign (Russell et al., 1986; Livingston and Russell, 1989), and
subsequent missions flown by AATS-6 on the NASA DC-8 in 1991 as part of
the Second Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE II) and SAGE
II correlative missions (Russell et al., 1993a,b, 1996a). In addition to
those AATS-6 missions focused on stratospheric aerosols, AATS-14 has
been integrated on the DC-8 and made five test flights in June 1999
using the mounting hardware ("stovepipe," fairing, etc.) that was
developed for AATS-6 in AASE II. AATS-14 has also flown extensively on
other aircraft (Pelican, CV-580, Twin Otter) in 1996-2001 as part of
five major studies of tropospheric aerosols (TARFOX, ACE-2, SAFARI-2000,
ACE-Asia, and CLAMS).

The wavelengths of AATS-14 were chosen with four broad goals in mind:
(1) match many of the SAGE III wavelengths, (2) increase the number and
range of aerosol measurement wavelengths beyond the number and range of
AATS-6, (3) enable ozone measurements, and (4) preserve or improve the
quality of AATS-6 water vapor measurements. Table 2 compares the
channels of SAGE III and of AATS-14. Figure 1 shows the wavelengths of
SAGE III, AATS-6, and AATS-14 in relation to atmospheric spectra. The
following sections review aspects of airborne sunphotometer aerosol,
water vapor, and ozone measurements, as well as uncertainty analyses, of
particular interest to SAGE III validation.

**2.1 SAGE and Sunphotometer Aerosol Measurements and Analyses**

SAGE III will measure aerosol extinction and optical depth in both
stratosphere and troposphere. The tropospheric aerosol measurements will
be aided by SAGE III's addition (relative to SAGE II) of measurements at
wavelength 1540 nm. This longest SAGE III wavelength will both help to
characterize the larger particles in size distributions and will have
improved penetration into the greater extinction (gas and particle) of
the troposphere.

**Table 2. Science Detector Channels of SAGE III and the 14-Channel Ames
Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14)**

+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| SAGE  |            |           |        |   | ##           |        |
| III†† |            |           |        |   | #### AATS-14 |        |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| Chan  | Wavelength | Products  | Alt    |   | Wavelength   | Pr     |
| nel\* | (nm)       |           | itude† |   | (nm)\*\*     | oducts |
|       |            |           | (km)   |   |              |        |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S1    | 290        | O~3~      | 50-85  |   | 354          | A      |
|       |            |           |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S2    | 385        | Aerosol   | 15-40  |   | 380          | A      |
|       |            |           |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| L1    | 380-420    | OClO      | 15-25  |   |              |        |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S3/L1 | 433-450    | NO~2~,    | 10-50, |   | 449          | A      |
|       |            | Aerosol   |        |   |              | erosol |
|       |            |           | 10-40  |   |              |        |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| L1    | 470-490    | O~3~      | 16-35  |   |              |        |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
|       |            |           |        |   | 499          | A      |
|       |            |           |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S4    | 521        | Aerosol,  | 6-40   |   | 525          | A      |
|       |            | Cloud     |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S5    | 563-622    | O~3~,     | 6-60   |   | 606          | O~3~,  |
|       |            | Aerosol   |        |   |              | A      |
|       |            |           |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| L1    | 640-680    | NO~3~     | 20-55  |   |              |        |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S6    | 676        | Aerosol   | 3-40   |   | 675          | A      |
|       |            |           |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
|       |            |           |        |   |              |        |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S7    | 758        | Aerosol   | 3-40   |   | 778          | A      |
|       |            |           |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S8/L2 | 759-771    | Pressure, | 0-85   |   |              |        |
|       |            | Te        |        |   |              |        |
|       |            | mperature |        |   |              |        |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
|       |            |           |        |   |              |        |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S9    | 869        | Aerosol   | 0-40   |   | 864          | A      |
|       |            |           |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S     | 933-960    | H~2~O     | 0-50   |   | 940          | H~2~O  |
| 10/L3 |            |           |        |   |              |        |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S11   | 1020       | Aerosol,  | 0-40   |   | 1019         | A      |
|       |            | Cloud     |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
|       |            |           |        |   | 1240         | A      |
|       |            |           |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+
| S12   | 1540       | Aerosol,  | 0-40   |   | 1558         | A      |
|       |            | Cloud     |        |   |              | erosol |
|       |            |           |        |   | 2138         |        |
|       |            |           |        |   |              | A      |
|       |            |           |        |   |              | erosol |
+-------+------------+-----------+--------+---+--------------+--------+

\*L=Lunar occultation; S=Solar occultation

†Lowest altitude is determined by cloud top height

\*\*Sunphotometer channel Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) is 5 nm for
all channels except 354 nm, 449 nm and 2138 nm which have FWHM 2, 1 and
15 nm, respectively.

††SAGE III wavelengths are from Table 3.2.1 and following text in SAGE
III ATBD Team (2000).

A major goal of the proposed research will be to acquire airborne
sunphotometer optical depth data in both troposphere and stratosphere to
compare to SAGE III extinction and optical depth values. Figures 2 and 3
show examples of both stratospheric and tropospheric aerosol optical
depths measured with AATS-6. Latitude transects, spectra versus
wavelength, and vertical profiles are shown to illustrate the types of
data and presentation possible. Figure 4 shows profiles of
multiwavelength optical depth measured by AATS-14 in April 2001 on
flights of the Twin Otter aircraft in the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol
Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia). An earlier intercomparison and
calibration of AATS-14, using the Langley-plot method (e.g., Russell et
al., 1993b; Schmid and Wehrli, 1995) was conducted in October 1996 at
the Zugspitze in Germany (2.7 km ASL) as part of activities preparing
for the Second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2; Raes et al.,
2000). Figure 5 shows a comparison of optical depth spectra acquired
there by three instruments. The 18-channel unit of the University of
Bern is a ground-based instrument described by Schmid and Wehrli (1995)
and Schmid et al. (1995, 1997, 1998). The significance and derivation of
the error bars in these plots is discussed in Section 2.4. Figure 6
shows an example of optical depth and extinction profiles obtained by
AATS-14 on a flight of the Pelican in ACE-2 in July 1997.

Optical depth spectra like those in Figures 2 and 5 contain information
on the overlying aerosol size distribution. Hence, spatial and temporal
changes in column particle size distributions can be documented by
inverting optical depth spectra to obtain size distribution estimates
(e.g., King *et al.*, 1978; Spinhirne and King, 1985; Russell *et al.,*
1979, 1993b, 1996a; Wang et al., 1989; Yue et al., 1995; Schmid et al.,
1997), as illustrated in Figure 7. Figure 7(a) shows optical spectra
measured at Mauna Loa Observatory before and after the Pinatubo volcanic
eruption, and Fig. 7(b) shows the corresponding size distribution
retrievals. Note that the near-power-law optical depth spectrum measured
in mid-July 1991 (Fig. 7a), one month after the eruption, inverts to a
particle size distribution (Fig. 7b) that is relatively rich in both
small, freshly nucleated particles (r\<0.2 μm) and large particles
(r\>0.6 μm, shown by other measurements to be coated ash). The optical
depth spectra for August-September 1991 and July 1992 (2.5 and 13 months
after the eruption) peak at progressively longer wavelengths (Fig. 7a)
and produce retrieved size distributions (Fig. 7b) with progressively
larger effective (area-weighted) radii and smaller widths than the July
1991 distribution. These changes reflect the growth of small particles
through condensation and coagulation, plus the loss of the largest
particles through fallout. Such an evolution in particle size has been
shown to be consistent with results of in situ measurements and with
model calculations of size changes resulting from condensation and
coagulation (Russell *et al.*, 1996a).

When measured on a climbing or descending aircraft (as in Figures 2, 3,
4 and 6), the optical depth spectra can be differentiated to yield
vertical profiles or layer averages of extinction coefficient. The right
frames of Figures 4 and 6 illustrate this. Such extinction spectra can
be compared to those calculated from *in-situ* particle size, shape, and
composition measurements, or to those measured by *in situ* nephelometry
and absorption photometry. In the proposed research, analyses like those
in Figs. 2-7 will be able to track the evolution of the overlying column
particle size distribution while underflying an aerosol or PSC layer of
interest. Obtaining such a large set of column size distributions by *in
situ* measurements would require flying numerous vertical profiles
(hence many more flight hours), and moreover would be subject to
measurement errors caused by evaporative shrinkage or losses of sampled
particles, or by inability to sample aerosol layers above the aircraft
ceiling.

Figure 8 shows aerosol mass, surface area, and effective radius values
derived from optical depth spectra measured by AATS-6 on the DC-8 in
AASE II. These values describe the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol layer above
the DC-8, which was probed by lidar but not sampled in situ (Toon et
al., 1993). The lidar was used to determine the vertical extent of the
aerosol layer, and the sunphotometer provided the best available
information on aerosol mass, surface area, and effective radius in the
layer. These values, which were provided over an extensive longitude
transect (cf. Figures 2 and 8) were essential in analyzing the
heterogeneous chemical processes occurring in the layer. They led to the
conclusion that heterogeneous loss of HCl could be substantial even for
background sulfuric acid particles and hence be important for polar
ozone loss (Toon et al., 1993). In SOLVE-2, SAGE III itself will provide
optical depth spectra, analyzable for surface area, mass, and effective
radius, but only at the occultation profile locations (spaced 24 degrees
and \~1 hour apart). DC-8 sunphotometer measurements could provide
continuous longitude transects of this information, revealing spatial
structure not resolvable by SAGE III but of potential importance to the
scientific questions being addressed by SOLVE-2.

Our sunphotometer data analysis methods (Russell *et al.*, 1979, 1993b)
include an end-to-end error analysis that yields an error bar on
representative data points (see examples in Figures 2, 5 and 7).
Comparisons to other sunphotometer measurements (e. g., Figure 5) are
made periodically as a means of checking instrument performance and the
validity of error bars. Error analyses are discussed further in Section
2.4

**2.2 SAGE and Sunphotometer Water Vapor Measurements and Analyses**

Like SAGE II, SAGE III will determine water vapor by using transmission
measurements in the 940-nm absorption band (e.g., Chu et al., 1993; Rind
et al., 1993, 1996, SAGE III ATBD Team, 2000). However, SAGE III will
have the advantage of measuring transmission in \~20 adjacent channels
between 933 and 960 nm (cf. Table 2 and Figure 1). The resulting
spectral resolution and range, together with the available water vapor
spectroscopic data (reviewed in Appendix D of SAGE III ATBD Team, 2000)
will aid in separating water vapor extinction from that by aerosol and
ozone. SAGE III water vapor-aerosol separation also benefits from the
number and proximity of aerosol channels compared to SAGE II (cf. Figure
1). In contrast, SAGE II has only a single water vapor channel at 940
nm, and the nearest aerosol channels are at 1020 and 525 nm. The NASA
SAGE II retrieval algorithm (Chu et al., 1993; Rind et al., 1993) uses
the 940-nm channel together with aerosol channels at 1020 and 525 nm,
plus the ozone channel at 600 nm, to separate water vapor, aerosol, and
ozone components of extinction. To determine water vapor mixing ratios
from water vapor extinction, the NASA SAGE II and SAGE III algorithms
uses the Emissivity Growth Approximation (Gordley and Russell, 1980),
which accounts for the temperature and pressure dependences of the water
vapor absorption signatures. An alternate inversion algorithm applied to
SAGE II data by Pruvost et al. (1993) uses aerosol extinction in four
channels (1020, 525, 453, 385 nm) to derive the aerosol contribution at
940 nm, and it uses the Mill (1977) method to obtain vertical profiles
from limb transmissions. It uses the NASA algorithm (Chu et al., 1993)
for the transmission model of water vapor.

Differential solar transmission in and near the 940 nm water vapor
absorption band has also been used in ground-based applications by many
investigators to retrieve columnar water vapor. The relationship between
water vapor amount and transmittance is well known qualitatively, but it
is difficult to quantify. *Thome et al.* \[1992\] give an excellent
review of historic attempts to quantify this relationship, most of them
relying on an empirical fitting of the data to columnar water vapor
measurements from other instruments. To avoid the time-consuming nature
of empirical methods, the relationship between water vapor amount and
transmittance must be determined from theoretical models.

This approach was chosen by many investigators using a variety of models
(see Ingold et al., 2000; and references therein). Models used include
various versions of LOWTRAN and MODTRAN \[*Kneizys et al.*, 1996\], the
French 5S code \[*Tanré et al.*, 1990\], and FASCODE and its successor
LBLRTM \[Clough, and Iacono, 1995\]. Virtually all of these models rely
on the HITRAN spectroscopy data base \[Rothman et al., 1992 and 1998\].
Recent findings that the H~2~O line intensities in the visible and near
infrared portion of the widely used HITRAN-96 database were in error
\[Giver et al., 2000\] have sparked renewed discussion of the accurate
conversion of measured water-vapor transmittance into amounts of water
vapor.

Accurate implementation of the sunphotometer water vapor retrieval
procedure involves two critical steps. The first is calibration of the
sunphotometer to establish the zero-airmass voltage output for the water
vapor channel, which permits determination of the water vapor
transmittance. Calibration can be done by applying the modified Langley
plot technique as first proposed by Reagan *et al.* (1987a,b) to
sunphotometer measurements made under conditions where the CWV remains
sufficiently steady during at least 1.5-2 hours. The second step is to
apply an appropriate model (see above) to retrieve the water vapor
amount from the experimentally derived water vapor transmittance.
Unfortunately the two steps are linked to each other due to the fact
that the model has to be used to derive an extra coefficient used in the
modified Langley plot technique (Schmid et al. 1998, 2001).

All techniques for extracting the water vapor transmittance from the
sunphotometer measurements require correcting for or removing the effect
of aerosol extinction in the water vapor channel. This can be done by
(1) a two-channel plus modeling approach (Reagan *et al.*, 1992), (2) a
3-channel method where the aerosol water vapor channel optical depth is
interpolated from optical depths measured at wavelengths on each side of
the water vapor channel (Thome *et al.*, 1994), or (3) methods that use
all window channels (e.g. Pruvost et al., 1993; Michalsky et al., 1995;
Schmid et al., 1996, 2001). Each of these approaches can yield fairly
accurate correction of aerosol effects, but the use of 3 or more
channels, especially with 2 near and on either side the 940-nm channel,
is particularly well suited to deal with high aerosol optical depth
situations.

The solar absorption techniques are affected by ongoing significant
changes in the H~2~O spectroscopy, such that currently at least three
equally plausible different spectroscopic databases are available
(HITRAN96 corrected according to Giver et al., 2000; HITRAN 2000, which
uses Brown et al., 2002 in the 940 nm band; and the ESA database, e.g.,
Belmiloud et al., 2000, Schermaul et al., 2001).

We have participated with AATS-6 in the second and third DOE ARM Water
Vapor Intensive Observation Period (Fall 1997 and Fall 2000) and have
been comparing our results to other sunphotometers, radiosondes, lidar,
Global Positioning System retrievals, and microwave radiometers. It
appears when using HITRAN96 (corrected according to Giver et al., 2000)
that AATS-6 overestimates the standard ARM microwave results by 5% in
both campaigns (Schmid et al., 2001a, Schmid et al., 2001b, Revercomb et
al., 200, see Fig. 9a). Using the ESA database leads to an overestimate
of roughly 11%. However using the same model and spectroscopy for an
AERONET Cimel and AATS-6 lead to agreement within 3% (Fig 9b).

We will closely follow the developments of H~2~O spectroscopy in the 940
nm band. Beat Schmid remains heavily involved in DOE ARM's efforts to
establish the absolute calibration of water vapor retrievals. He is
co-leading a working group that includes all ARM systems that measure
the total column of water vapor.

Since the 940-nm filter in the new AATS-14 instrument has about the same
spectral characteristics as the corresponding AATS-6 filter, we are
confident that we will be able to retrieve CWV with AATS-14 to the same
level of accuracy.

The above described measurement and modeling procedures will be applied
to airborne measurements made in SOLVE-2 by AATS-14 to retrieve columnar
water vapor for the column above the aircraft. The changing flight
altitude imposes some additional difficulties in modeling the water
vapor transmittance. On the other hand, differentiation of CWV profiles
allows estimation of the water vapor density profile and comparison with
profiles from radiosondes, lidar, or in situ humidity sensors aboard the
aircraft (Schmid et al. 2000, Schmid et al., 2001). An example of such a
comparison is shown in Figure 10.

**2.3 SAGE and Sunphotometer Ozone Measurements and Analyses**

SAGE III will retrieve ozone in the mesosphere between 65 and 85 km
using differential absorption between the 290 and 385-nm channels (cf.
Table 2 and Figure 1). At lower altitudes SAGE III will retrieve ozone
by a multiple linear regression (MLR) technique that derives NO~2~ and
O~3~ simultaneously using all channels from 400-650 nm (SAGE III ATBD
Team, 2000; cf. Table 2). The MLR technique uses the fine spectral
resolution (\~2 nm) available in the 430-450 and 560-616 nm channels,
together with the fine spectral structure of NO~2~ and O~3~ there (cf.
Figure 1). Hence, the MLR technique can be used with SAGE III, but not
with SAGE II or with conventional sunphotometers (i. e. those without
detector arrays or other techniques permitting fine spectral
resolution). The latter instruments can use a least-squares technique,
which does not require such fine spectral resolution. In fact, SAGE II
uses a least-squares technique to derive ozone products (Chu et al.,
1989).

As a part of SAGE III Science Team research, we recently compared two
algorithms for ozone-aerosol separation by using tropospheric data sets
acquired with AATS-14 in the ACE-2 field campaign (Schmid et al., 2000).
The algorithms were compared for a range of aerosol optical depths
(0.008 \< τ~a~(500 nm) \< to 0.4), sampled by flying AATS-14 at
altitudes from sea level to 3.6 km. Ozone column amounts were about 300
Dobson Units (DU), which produced an ozone optical depth of about 0.04
at the Chappuis peak near 600 nm. The two algorithms compared were a
SAGE II-like least squares technique (Russell et al., 1996b; Cunnold et
al., 1996) and a quadratic fitting technique described by King and Byrne
(1976) and applied in 1995-97 by one of us (B. Schmid) to the University
of Bern (Switzerland) 18-Channel Tracking Sunphotometer. The
least-squares technique uses a matrix-inversion structure like that used
for SAGE II \[i.e., Eqs. (17)-(19) of Chu et al. (1989)\], with
transmissions measured at AATS-14 wavelengths 380, 453, 500, 525, 605,
667, 779, 864, and 1558 nm (see Table 2). (In contrast, the wavelengths
used in the SAGE II least-squares technique are 453, 525, 600, and 1020
nm.) Results to date show that the two algorithms produce ozone values
that agree within about 5 DU for τ~a~(500) \< 0.01 and within 10 DU for
0.01 \<τ~a~(500) \< to 0.07. However, differences can approach or exceed
100 DU when τ~a~(500) \> 0.3.

Steele and Turco (1997) and Cox (1998) have shown that the accuracy of
ozone-aerosol separation via least-squares techniques can be sensitive
to the coefficients used to express aerosol extinction at an
ozone-sensitive wavelength (e.g., 600 nm) in terms of aerosol extinction
at ozone-insensitive or less-sensitive wavelengths (e.g., 1020 and 453
nm). They show how different choices of these coefficients are more or
less appropriate depending on the typical range of aerosol size
distributions present during the measurements (e.g., they consider a
wide range of prevolcanic and postvolcanic stratospheric sulfate
aerosols). However, it is also important to consider the sensitivity of
derived ozone and aerosol products to measurement error. This
sensitivity is also dependent on the choice of the above coefficients
(H. Steele, L. Thomason, W. Chu, D. Cunnold, personal communications).
Thus the choice of the "best" coefficients must carefully consider both
typical measurement errors at each wavelength and the typical range of
aerosol characteristics (e.g., size distributions and compositions)
likely to be encountered. This range is considerably wider in the
troposphere than in the stratosphere.

In the proposed research we will use both tropospheric and stratospheric
measurements on the DC-8 in SOLVE-2 to retrieve ozone from AATS-14 using
the above algorithms, and we will make preliminary comparisons to
results from SAGE III and other SOLVE-2 ozone measurements. We also plan
to propose more extensive ozone studies in the SOSST proposal we will
submit by May 30. Our proposed SOSST studies will investigate the best
forms of least-squares techniques for separating ozone and aerosols in
AATS-14 data sets, and they will include more extensive SAGE III ozone
validation analyses. Tropospheric data sets will include those acquired
on the DC-8 in SOLVE-2 and on other aircraft in recent experiments where
we used AATS-14 (e.g., ACE-2 and ACE-Asia) at altitudes from sea level
to 4 km and at mountaintop observatories (2.7 and 3.4 km). Stratospheric
data sets will include those acquired on the DC-8 in SOLVE-2. (The DC-8
ceiling of \~12 km is well within the stratosphere at high latitudes.)
The investigations will combine these AATS-14 data sets with information
on aerosol size/composition distributions, both measured simultaneously
with the sunphotometer data (as done in ACE-2 and SOLVE) and measured
elsewhere. The latter will be used to try to characterize typical ranges
encountered by SAGE III in the troposphere. One goal of this research
will be to investigate how far SAGE III ozone retrievals can be extended
downward from the stratosphere into the troposphere.

A primary determinant of the accuracy of ozone-aerosol separation in the
vicinity of 600 nm is the relative size of ozone and aerosol
line-of-sight optical depths there. As an example, the ozone and aerosol
optical depth spectra shown in Figure 1 are for measurements from the
surface with a spring-summer aerosol model that has 600-nm vertical
optical depth \~0.3. Because the corresponding ozone optical depth is
only \~0.05, retrieved ozone amounts will be very sensitive to aerosol
extinction estimated at 600 nm from other wavelengths; consequently,
retrieved ozone amounts will have large uncertainties. Flying the
sunphotometer to higher altitudes can markedly reduce these
uncertainties. In nonvolcanic, cloud-free conditions, flying above
several km will typically reduce 600-nm aerosol optical depths to 0.05
or considerably less (cf. Figures 3-6), while the ozone optical depth,
which resides primarily in the stratosphere, is reduced very little. For
such conditions and altitudes, the uncertainty of aerosol optical depth
at 600 nm as estimated from other wavelengths will be small compared to
the ozone optical depth, and hence constitute a small source of error in
retrieved ozone. Successful acquisition of airborne Langley plots (see
next section) will greatly reduce the uncertainty in O~3~ retrieval.

**2.4 Sunphotometer Error Analyses, Simulations, and Calibrations**

A key issue is assessing the ability of AATS-14 to measure the very
small optical depths of background stratospheric aerosols, as well as
PSCs. This assessment entails quantitative analyses of AATS-14
measurement and retrieval uncertainties and their relationship to SAGE
III uncertainties. Over the past two decades, our group has devoted
considerable effort to understanding and quantifying the errors in
sunphotometer measurements and analyses. We have updated the error-bar
expression derived in conjunction with the Sutro Tower Aerosol and
Radiation Study (Russell et al., 1979) to include effects of (1) diffuse
skylight entering the sunphotometer channel field of view and (2)
species-dependent airmass factors that result from measurements at low
solar elevation with differing species vertical profiles. The result
(Russell et al., 1993b) for the uncertainty *δτ*~p~(λ) in particle
optical depth at wavelength λ is

![](media/image2.pct){width="3.5972222222222223in"
height="0.5833333333333334in"}

![](media/image3.pct){width="5.0in" height="0.6388888888888888in"}, (1)

where *F* is a diffuse-light correction factor (dependent on instrument
field of view and particle size distribution, among other factors); *τ*,
*τ*~R~, *τ*~3~, and *τ*~2~ are total, Rayleigh, ozone, and NO~2~ optical
depth respectively; *m*~x~ is airmass for species x; *V* is channel
output voltage; and *V*~0~ is the voltage that would be measured above
the atmosphere. This expression was used to compute the error bars shown
in Figures 2, 5, and 7. (As explained in more detail by the Appendix of
Russell et al. (1993b), the *δm*/*m* term of (1) is both a shorthand and
an upper bound for a more complicated term that includes the airmasses
for separate constituents and their cross correlations.)

Because the *δV*~0~ term in (1) is independent of *τ*~p~, its relative
importance increases as *τ*~p~ decreases. The *δV*~0~ term is in fact a
major reason that the relative error bars in Figures 4a,b and 7 increase
as *τ*~p~ decreases. Typical values for *δV*~0~/*V*~0~ are 0.005 to
0.01, and sometimes larger. Uncertainties *δV*~0~ can be caused by
drifts in detector response, filter transmission, or electronic gain
between mountaintop calibrations, by dirt deposition on the
sunphotometer front window, and by tracking at a point in a channel's
field-of-view (FOV) response curve that differs from the calibration
tracking point. Values for *δV*~0~/*V*~0~ of 0.005 to 0.01yield
relatively small percentage values of *δτ*~p~/*τ*~p~ (i.e., \<10%) for
*τ*~p~ \>0.1, but they yield relatively large *δτ*~p~/*τ*~p~ (i.e.,
\>50%) for *τ*~p~ \<0.01 and *m*=1. Thus, *δτ*~p~/*τ*~p~ can be made
relatively small for many boundary-layer and volcanic stratospheric
aerosols (which can have *τ*~p~ \>0.1), but *δτ*~p~/*τ*~p~ can become
unacceptably large for nonvolcanic stratospheric and free tropospheric
aerosols (which can have *τ*~p~ \<0.01).

Inspection of (1) shows that a way to reduce the impact of
*δV*~0~/*V*~0~ on *δτ*~p~/*τ*~p~ is to increase the particle airmass
*m*~p~\--i.e. to make measurements with the sun close to the horizon.
This is usually not recommended for surface-based sunphotometers,
because spatial inhomogeneity in atmospheric refraction and aerosol
content, plus timing errors, can introduce other large errors, e.g.
through the *δm*/*m* term of (1). Nevertheless, it can produce
satisfactory results for airborne measurements in or near the
stratosphere, where both refraction and inhomogeneities are much smaller
than at the surface (e.g., Russell et al., 1993a). In our Airborne
Arctic Stratospheric Expedition measurements with AATS-6 (Russell et
al., 1993a), the DC-8 was in fact flown along paths (called sun runs)
specially chosen to maintain such large airmasses for hours at a time.
Results from such a sun run are shown in Figure 5 of Russell et al.
(1993a). The primary reason for flying such paths was to enable
long-path absorption measurements of stratospheric trace gases (e.g.,
HF, HCl, HNO~3~, NO~2~) by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR)
spectrometers; however, the sun runs also benefited the sunphotometer
aerosol measurements. Such twilight sun runs can be sustained for hours
on the DC-8 when local daylight is short (i.e. in and near winter),
which will be the case for SOLVE-2.

Figure 11 illustrates some of the preceding points. Shown is an example
of an analysis performed with an airborne sunphotometer simulation/error
analysis code adapted from one developed for NASA Ames by the University
of Arizona (Reagan et al., 1991). Frames 11a and 11b show model
multiwavelength profiles of stratospheric and tropospheric aerosol
extinction and optical depth. These are based on stratospheric
measurements by SAGE II at 50N in February 1998, plus tropospheric
measurements by AATS-14 in ACE-Asia. In an effort to estimate
stratospheric extinction expected in the Kiruna vicinity in
January-February 2003, the 1998 SAGE-measured stratospheric extinction
values have been reduced by about 30%, yielding a stratospheric aerosol
optical depth of 0.004 at wavelength 500 nm and altitude 12 km. (This
optical depth is obtained from an analysis of both POAM and SAGE II
extinction profiles inside and outside the northern polar vortex over
the years 1988-2001 (L. Thomason, A. Strawa, A. Tabazadeh, personal
communications).) Frame 11c shows the altitude-vs-time profile of a
simulated DC-8 flight at 68N, 20E in February, taking off before midday
and flying at 12 km from \~1000 to 1300 UTC, including local sunset.
Also shown are the corresponding airmass values for Rayleigh scattering
(labelled "uniform"), ozone, aerosol, water vapor, and nitrogen dioxide.
They differ because of their different vertical profiles, as explained
above. Frame 11d compares simulated measurements of optical depth
spectra (dashed lines and symbols with error bars) to the model spectra
(solid lines) from which they were computed. For purposes of
illustration, this simulation assumes identical relative calibration
errors, δV~0~/V~0~, of +1% in each wavelength channel, and it assumes
that constituent airmasses, *m*~x~, are known accurately, i.e., that the
*δm/m* term of Eq. (1) is zero (see discussion of airmass errors below).
The simulation results in Frame 11d show how these calibration errors
produce small relative errors (\<5 %) in retrieved optical depth in the
lower troposphere, how those optical depth relative errors increase as
optical depths decrease when the DC-8 ascends toward and into the
stratosphere (with aerosol airmasses *m*~aer~ ≤21; see Frame 11c), and
how the optical depth relative errors then decrease (to 5 to 23%) as the
solar elevation decreases (and aerosol airmass *m*~aer~ increases to
\~40) while the DC-8 stays at 12 km.

During AASE II "sun runs", the DC-8 was flown westward during twilight,
so as to maintain solar zenith angles of 87 to 89 degrees for hours at a
time. If the stratospheric aerosol is at or near nonvolcanic levels
during SOLVE-2 (as is likely, and as exemplified in Figure 11a,b), we
will seek to have the DC-8 fly twilight sun runs to produce large *m*
and reduced *δτ*~p~/*τ*~p~ according to (1).

Figure 12 shows analogous simulation results for a PSC case. The PSC
extinction profiles in Frame 12a are from a POAM measurement made at
66.59°N, 15.2°E on 5 February 2000. The PSC optical depth (Frame 12b) at
wavelength 1 μm is 0.02, which is somewhat less than the average for
Arctic PSCs (0.025±0.014) found from an analysis of SAM II, SAGE II, and
POAM data over many northern winters (Fromm et al., 1999; Tabazadeh et
al., 2002). The PSC extinction wavelength dependence is based on POAM
and SAGE II measurements described by Strawa et al. (2002). Comparing
Frames 12d and 11d shows how the increased optical depth of the PSC
reduces the relative uncertainty in sunphotometer-retrieved optical
depth (to \<5% at 500 nm). In the proposed research, analyses like these
will be used to investigate other sources of error (including signal
instabilities, airmass errors, and tracking errors) and to recommend
DC-8 flight profiles that minimize them while satisfying other SOLVE-2
objectives.

As noted above, the *δm/m* term of Eq. (1) was set to zero in the
simulations of Figures 11 and 12. However, in measurements at low solar
elevation, determining airmasses *m*~x~ accurately is an important
issue, because then airmass is sensitive to the vertical distributions
of attenuating substances (and hence is different for different
substances), as well as to photometer altitude. This is illustrated in
Figure 13a, which shows values of airmass *m*~x~ as a function of solar
zenith angle calculated for several constituents encountered in AASE II;
Figure 13b shows the corresponding constituent vertical profiles. Under
such circumstances, we use measured vertical distributions of
attenuating substances (obtained, e.g., by aerosol, ozone, and water
vapor lidars on the DC-8) to calculate the airmass for each substance
(e.g. Thomason et al., 1983; Russell et al., 1993b) and thereby keep the
*δm*/*m* term of (1) as small as possible. Inspection of the data in
Figure 13 suggests that knowing the peak altitude of the aerosol profile
to ±1km permits deriving *m*~aer~ to ±5% or better for solar elevation
≥1° (solar zenith ≤89°). This issue will be investigated more thoroughly
in our proposed pre-mission analyses (Task 3.2.1, Section 3).

The above discussion also implies the need to reduce the uncertainty in
top-of-atmosphere output voltages *V*~0~ to the extent possible. Pre-
and post-mission calibrations at a mountaintop observatory are the
preferred method for determining sunphotometer *V*~0~ (e.g., Russell and
Shaw, 1975; Russell *et al.*, 1993a,b; Reagan *et al.*, 1992, 1995;
Schmid and Wehrli, 1995; Schmid *et al.*, 1998). For aerosol channels,
the mountain calibrations use the Langley-plot method, in which the
logarithm of each channel\'s output voltage is plotted vs. airmass (the
ratio of slant to vertical optical depth). Water vapor calibrations use
the modified Langley-plot method (Reagan *et al.*, 1992, 1995; Schmid
*et al.*, 1996) mentioned above. The fundamental assumption of both
methods is that the atmospheric vertical transmission in each channel is
invariant during the time required to span the necessary range of
airmasses (typically about 2.5 hours, starting about one-half hour after
sunrise or ending about one-half hour before sunset). Mountain
observatories have a greater frequency of the required invariant
transmission conditions than do lower-altitude sites. They also have the
advantage of permitting comparisons to other sunphotometers with well
established calibration histories (see Figure 5).

In addition to the mountaintop pre- and post-mission calibrations, we
will include an emphasis in SOLVE-2 on acquiring airborne Langley plots,
to check for any potential calibration changes between ground and
airborne operations. (Potential sources of such airborne calibration
changes include window contamination, temperature extremes not
controlled by our heaters and detector coolers, electromagnetic
interference, tracking at a different point in a channel's FOV-response
curve than during calibration.) Our previous measurements have shown
that such in-flight changes might induce optical depth errors of order
0.01 to 0.02 at high sun elevation angles, and progressively less at
lower sun elevation (errors proportional to 1/*m*~p~, cf. Eq. (1)).
Hence, they are of little concern for measurements of the volcanically
perturbed stratosphere or of the full atmospheric column in
urban-coastal environments (optical depths typically 0.1 or larger).
They are of concern for measuring free tropospheric or background
stratospheric aerosol optical depths, or for obtaining fine vertical
resolution in optical depths measured in aircraft descents and ascents.

Successful acquisition of airborne Langley plots requires flights at
constant (preferably maximum) altitude, under conditions of constant
expected overlying optical depth, for a period of about 2.5 hours,
starting about one-half hour after sunrise or ending about one-half hour
before sunset. The condition of constant overlying optical depth
excludes the occurrence of even subvisible clouds above the aircraft.
Acquisition of airborne Langley plot data has been an elusive goal in
many previous missions flown by AATS-6 and AATS-14, because of the
stringent requirements on atmospheric conditions and sun angles, coupled
with competing desires for different flight trajectories by other
investigators. Nevertheless, with favorable atmospheric conditions,
flight planning, and prioritization, successful airborne Langley plots
were acquired by AATS-14 on the Pelican aircraft in ACE-2.

In the proposed research, pre-campaign uncertainty analyses will be
conducted to determine expected sunphotometer retrieval uncertainties
for aerosol, ozone, and water vapor for the specific conditions (e.g.
stratospheric vs. tropospheric, volcanic vs. nonvolcanic, background
aerosol vs. PSC, low vs. high sun) and aircraft paths expected in each
campaign. These analyses will use Eq. (1) or appropriate variants for
aerosol and PSC retrievals and related equations for sunphotometer ozone
and water vapor retrievals. In addition, the SAGE III uncertainty
equations \[Eqs. (3.2.4.1-5) of Russell et al., 1996b, based on Chu et
al., 1989\], which account explicitly for the coupling of errors from
interfering species determined by a single instrument, will be analyzed
for their applicability to the sunphotometer measurements. These
analyses will be used with the SOLVE-2 scientific objectives to
determine what flight plans are expected to have the highest overall
payoff for validation and science goals.

Finally, we note that the proposed SOLVE validation measurements and
analyses will benefit from our extensive previous experience in
validating the SAM II, SAGE, and SAGE II measurements (e.g., Russell et
al., 1984; Russell and McCormick, 1989).

**PROPOSED RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT PLAN**

**3.1 Staffing and Management**

Dr. Philip B. Russell will be Principal Investigator of the proposed
research. As such, he will be responsible for supervision of the work
and will participate in the conduct of the re­search, including the
planning, AATS-14 tests, field measurements, and analyses, as well as
selected presentations and publications. He will be responsible for
completion of the work within budget and schedule. Drs. Beat Schmid,
Jens Redemann, and John Livingston will participate in tests,
calibrations, field measurements, data analyses, presentations, and
publications. James Eilers will be the lead engineer for the AATS-14
preparations, tests, DC-8 integration and operation in the field. Ames
will furnish additional engineering and technical personnel necessary to
maintain, operate, and repair the instrumentation before, during, and
after the calibrations and field measurements.

Vitae of key personnel are in Section 6.

**3.2 Proposed Tasks.**

For the funding requested in Section 5 we will provide the necessary
personnel, equipment, and facilities, and will perform the following
tasks.

**3.2.1 SOLVE-2 planning and pre-mission analyses.** We will participate
in all necessary SOLVE-2 planning, including definition of scientific
objectives, flight plans, and schedules for the DC-8 deployment.
Pre-campaign uncertainty analyses, using the methods described in
Section 2.4, will be used to determine expected sunphotometer retrieval
uncertainties for aerosol, ozone, and water vapor for the specific
conditions (e.g. stratospheric vs. tropospheric, background aerosol vs
PSC or volcanic, low vs. high sun), aircraft paths, and AATS-14
performance parameters (e.g., detector temperature stability, output
stability, tracking error) expected in each deployment. These analyses
will be used with the SOLVE scientific objectives to determine what
flight plans are expected to have the highest overall payoff for SOLVE-2
goals.

**3.2.2 Pre- and post-campaign calibrations.** We will perform necessary
pre- and post-campaign sunphotometer calibrations for aerosol, ozone,
and water vapor at Mauna Loa Observatory.

**3.2.3 DC-8 re-integration.** We will support the integration of
AATS-14 on the NASA DC-8 aircraft. Our cost estimate assumes that, for
SOLVE-2, AATS-14 will fly in the same port as in the June 1999 test
flights (62° Port #1, on the forward left hand side of the aircraft). If
it is necessary to move AATS-14 to another port we will provide a
revised estimate of costs for the AATS-14 team.

**3.2.4 SOLVE-2 measurements, calibrations, and data submissions.** We
will participate in SOLVE-2 by measuring aerosol and PSC optical depth
spectra, ozone and water vapor column amounts.

**3.2.5 End-of-flight data sets.** As specified in Appendix A Section C
of the NRA, we will produce a preliminary data set at the end of each
DC-8 flight for exchange with other measurement investigators and
SOLVE-2 managers for flight planning. We will use procedures and formats
similar to those used when we flew AATS-6 on the DC-8 in AASE-2.

**3.2.6 Vertical profile data.** We will derive preliminary vertical
profiles of aerosol and cloud extinction spectra, plus ozone and water
vapor concentrations, by differentiating column values measured in DC-8
ascents and descents,

**3.2.7 Preliminary comparison to SAGE III and other measurements.** We
will make preliminary comparisons of sunphotometer-derived aerosol, PSC,
and trace gas results (best estimates and uncertainties) to those
retrieved from corresponding SAGE III measurements and provided by other
SOLVE-2 measurements. As noted above, we will propose more extensive
validation analyses as part of our SOSST proposal, to be submitted by 30
May.

**3.2.8 Final data submission.** We will submit final data in the
required format, along with supporting documentation, to a central data
facility approximately six months following completion of the mission,
per Appendix A Section C of the NRA.

**3.3. Schedule**

  ------ ----------------------------------------------------------- ------
  CY                                                                 FY

  2002   SOLVE-2 selected proposals announced (Jun)                  2002

         AATS-14 Tests and Simulations (Jul-Sep)                     

         AATS-14 Tests and Simulations (Oct)                         2003

         SOLVE-2 Initial Science Team Meeting (\~Oct)                

         Pre-SOLVE-2 AATS-14 Aerosol/Ozone/Water Vapor Calibration,  
         Mauna Loa Observatory (10 days, Oct)                        

         SOLVE-2 DC-8 Integration & Test/Science Flights, NASA       
         Dryden (Nov-Dec)                                            

  2003   SOLVE-2 DC-8 Deployment (3-4 weeks, 1 Jan-15 Feb 2003)      

         Preliminary Analyses and Intercomparisons (Jan-Sep)         

         Post-Campaign Sunphotometer Aerosol/Ozone/Water Vapor       
         Calibration, Mauna Loa Observatory (10 days, Feb-Mar)       

         SOLVE/SAGE III Science Team Meeting (\~May?)                

         Final data submission (Aug?)                                

         Science Conference (May? Dec?)                              
  ------ ----------------------------------------------------------- ------

**4. REFERENCES**

Bauman, J.J., and P.B. Russell, Aerosol retrieval algorithm for
satellite solar occultation and infrared emission measurements: Theory
and 3-D analysis. *Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer*,
pp. 349-361, C. Zerefos Ed.. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

Bauman, J.J., P.B. Russell, M. A. Geller, and P. Hamill, A Climatology
of the Stratospheric Aerosol from SAGE II and CLAES Measurements I:
Methodology, *J. Geophys. Res.*, submitted, 2002a.

Bauman, J.J., P.B. Russell, M. A. Geller, and P. Hamill, A Climatology
of the Stratospheric Aerosol from SAGE II and CLAES Measurements II:
Results, *J. Geophys. Res.*, submitted, 2002b.

Bauman, J.J., P.B. Russell, M. A. Geller, and P. Hamill, A Stratospheric
Aerosol Climatology, Part III:Comparisons *J. Geophys. Res.*, submitted,
2002c.

Belmiloud, D., Schermaul R., Smith K. M., Zobov, N. F., Brault, J. W.,
Learner, R. C. M, Newnham, D. A., and Tennyson, J. New Studies of the
Visible and Near-Infrared Absorption by Water Vapour and Some Problems
with the HITRAN Database. *Geophys. Res. Lett.* Vol. 27, No. 22,
3703-3706, 2000

Brown, L. R., R. A. Toth, and M. Dulick, 2001: Line Parameters of Water
from 9600 to 11400 cm^-1^ . *J. Mol. Spectrosc,* 2000, in press

Chu, W. P., M. P. McCormick, J. Lenoble, C. Brogniez, and P. Pruvost,
SAGE II Inversion Algorithm*, J. Geophys. Res., 94*, 8339-8351, 1989.

Chu, W. P., E.-W. Chiou, J. C. Larsen, L. W. Thomason, D. Rind, J. J.
Buglia, S. Oltmans, M. P. McCormick, and L. R. McMaster, Algorithms and
sensitivity analyses for Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II
water vapor retrieval, *J. Geophys. Res*., *98*, 4857-4866, 1993.

Clough, S. A., and M. J. Iacono, "Line-by-Line Calculations of
Atmospheric Fluxes and Cooling Rates II: Application to Carbon Dioxide,
Ozone, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and the Halocarbons," J. Geophys. Res.
100, 16,519-16,535 (1995).

Cox \[formerly Steele\], H. M., *Information Retrieval from Solar
Occultation Experiments*, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Atmospheric
Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 1998.

Cunnold, D. M., M. P. McCormick, and the SAGE III Ozone ATBD Team*, SAGE
III Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD): Ozone Data Products,
Version 1.0*, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, November 15,
1996.

Fromm, M. D., R. M. Bevilacqua, J. Hornstein, E. Shettle, K. Hoppel, and
J. D. Lumpe, An analysis of Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM)
II Arctic polar stratospheric cloud observations, 1993-1996, *J.*
*Geophys. Res., 104*, 24,341-24,357, 1999.

Giver, L. P., C. Chackerian Jr., and P Varanasi, "Visible and
near-infrared H~2~^16^O line intensity corrections for HITRAN-96," J.
Quant. Spectr. Rad. Transf., 66, 101-105 (2000).

Gordley, L. L., and J. M. Russell, A fast and accurate radiance
algorithm for applications to inversion of limb measurements, in *Remote
Sensing of Atmospheres and Oceans*, edited by A. Deepak, 591 pp.,
Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1980.

Halthore, R. N., T. F. Eck, B. N. Holben, and B. L. Markham, Sun
photometric measurements of atmospheric water vapor column abundance in
the 940-nm band, *J. Geophys. Res., 102*, 4343-4352, 1997.

Ingold, T., B. Schmid, C. Mätzler, P. Demoulin, and N. Kämpfer, Modeled
and Empirical Approaches for Retrieving Columnar Water Vapor from Solar
Transmittance Measurements in the 0.72, 0.82 and 0.94-m Absorption
Bands. *J. Geophys. Res.*, 105(D19), 24327-24343, 2000.

King M. D. and D. M. Byrne, A method for inferring total ozone content
from the spectral variation of total optical depth obtained with a solar
radiometer. *J. Atmos. Sci., 33*, 2242-2251, 1976.

King, M. D., D. M. Byrne, B. M. Herman, and J. A. Reagan. \"Aerosol Size
Distributions Obtained by Inversion of Spectral Optical Depth
Measurements.\" *J. Atmos. Sci.*, *35*, 2153--2167, 1978.

Kneizys F.X., L.W. Abreu, G. P. Anderson, J.H. Chetwynd, E.P. Shettle,
A. Berk, L.S. Bernstein, D.C. Robertson, P. Acharaya, L.S. Rothmann,
J.E.A. Selby, W.O. Gallery, and S.A. Clough, "The MODTRAN 2/3 Report and
LOWTRAN 7 Model", 11. Jan. 1996, Phillips Laboratory, Geophysics
Directorate PL/GPOS, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-3010.

Livingston, J.M. and P.B. Russell, Comparison of Satellite-Inferred
(SAGE II) Aerosol Optical Depths with Corresponding Airborne
Sun-Photometer Optical Depths, Preprint AIAA 27th Aerospace Sciences
Meeting, Reno Nevada, January 9-12, 1989.

Matsumoto, T., P. Russell, C. Mina, W. Van Ark and V. Banta. \"Airborne
Tracking Sunphotometer.\" *J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.*, *4*, 336--339, 1987.

Michalsky, J., C. Liljegren, and L. C. Harrison, A comparison of
sunphotometer derivations of total column water vapor and ozone to
standard measures of the same at the Southern Great Plains atmospheric
radiation measurement site, *J. Geophys. Res., 100*, 25,995-26,003,
1995.

Mill, J. D., An efficient method for inverting limb radiance profiles
with application to the fluorocarbons*, Rep. 013624 Hael*, Univ. of
Mich., Ann Arbor, 1977.

Pruvost, P., J. Ovarlez, J. Lenoble, and W. P. Chu, Comparison of
Stratospheric Gas and Aerosol Experiment II and balloon-borne
stratospheric water vapor measurements, *J. Geophys. Res*, *98*,
4889-4896, 1993.

Raes, F., Bates, T., Mcgovern, F., van Liedekerke, M., 2000. The Second
Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2): general overview and main
results. *Tellus* B, 111-125, 2000.

Reagan, J.A., K. Thome, B. Herman, and R. Gall, Water vapor measurements
in the 0.94 micron absorption band: Calibration, measurements and data
applications, in *Proceedings of IGARSS \'87 Symposium*, pp. 63-67, IEEE
Press, Piscataway N.J., 1987a.

Reagan, J. A., P. A. Pilewskie, I. C. Scott-Fleming, B. M. Herman and A.
Ben-David, Extrapolation of Earth-Based Solar Irradiance Measurements to
Exoatmospheric Levels for Broad-Band and Selected Absorption-Band
Observations. *IEEE Geosc. Rem. Sens.*, Vol. 25, No. 6, 647-653, 1987b

Reagan, J. A., A. Ehsani, and Q. Gao. \"Conceptual Design and Simulation
of a Spectral Sunphotometer for the ER-2 Aircraft.\" Final Report
Part-II, Grant NAG 2-620, 12 August 1991.

Reagan, J. A., K. Thome, and B. Herman. \"A Simple Instrument and
Technique for Measuring Columnar Water Vapor Via Near-IR Differential
Solar Transmission Measurements.\" *IEEE Transactions Geosci. Remote
Sensing*, *30*, 825--831, 1992.

Reagan, J., K. Thome, B. Herman, R. Stone, J. DeLuisi, and J. Snider. A
comparison of columnar water vapor retrievals obtained with near-IR
solar radiometer and microwave radiometer measurements. *J. Appl.
Meteor., 34*, 1384-1391, 1995.

Revercomb H.E., D.D. Turner, D.C. Tobin, R.O. Knuteson, W.F. Feltz, B.
Balsley, J. Barnard, J. Bösenberg, S. Clough, D. Cook, R. Ferrare, J.
Goldsmith, S. Gutman, R. Halthore, B. Lesht, J. Liljegren, H. Linné, J.
Michalsky, V. Morris, W. Porch, S. Richardson, B. Schmid, M. Splitt, T.
Van Hove, E. Westwater, and D. Whiteman. The Atmospheric Radiation
Measurement (ARM) Program's Water Vapor Intensive Observation Periods:
Overview, Accomplishments, and Future Challenges. *Bull. Amer. Meteor.
Soc.* (submitted), 2001.

Rind, D., E.-W. Chiou, W. Chu, S. Oltmans, J. Lerner, J. Larsen, M. P.
McCormick, and L. McMaster, Overview of the Stratospheric Aerosol and
Gas Experiment II water vapor observations: method, validation, and data
characteristics, *J. Geophys. Res.,* *98*, 4835-4856, 1993.

Rind, D., M. P. McCormick, and the SAGE III Water Vapor ATBD Team*, SAGE
III Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD): Water Vapor Data
Products, Version 1.0*, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA,
November 15, 1996.

Rothman, L. S., R. R. Gamache, R. H. Tipping, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H.
Smith, D. C. Benner, V. M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, C. Camry-Peyret, A.
Perrin, A. Goldman, S. T. Massie, L. R. Brown, and R. A. Toth, The
HITRAN molecular database editions of 1991 and 1992, *J. Quant.
Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 48*, 469-507, 1992.

Rothman, L. S., C. P. Rinsland, A. Goldman, S. T. Massie, D. P. Edwards,
J.-M. Flaud, A. Perrin, C. Camy-Peyret, V. Dana, J.-Y. Mandin, J.
Schroeder, A. McCann, R. R. Gamache, R. B. Wattson, K. Yoshino, K. V.
Chance, K. W. Jucks, L. R. Brown, V. Nemtchinov, and P. Varanasi, "The
HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopic Database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric
Workstation): 1996 Edition," J. Quant. Spectr. Rad. Transf. 60, 665-710
(1998).

Russell, P. B. and M. P. McCormick. \"SAGE II Aerosol Data Validation
and Initial Data Use: An Introduction and Overview.\" *J. Geophys.
Res.*, *94*, 8335--8338, 1989.

Russell, P. B., and G. E. Shaw. \"Comments on \'The Precision and
Accuracy of Volz Sunphotometry.\' *J. Appl. Metreorol.*, *14*,
1206-1209, 1975.

Russell, P. B., et al., Measurements with an airborne, autotracking,
external-head sunphotometer, *Preprint Volume, Sixth Conference on
Atmospheric Radiation, May 13-16, 1986*, pp. 55-58, Amer. Meteor. Soc.,
Boston, MA, 1986.

Russell, P. B., J. M Livingston and E. E. Uthe. \"Aerosol-Induced Albedo
Change: Measurement and Modeling of an Incident.\" *J. Atmos. Sci.*,
*36*, 1587--1608, 1979.

Russell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler, J. M. Rosen, D. J.
Hofmann, and L. R. McMaster. \"Satellite and Correlative Measurements of
the Stratospheric Aerosol: III. Comparison of Measurements by SAM II,
SAGE, Dustsondes, Filters, Impactors, and Lidar.\" *J. Atmos. Sci.*,
*41*, 1791--1800, 1984.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. A. Reagan, E. V.
Browell, G. C. Toon, P. A. Newman, M. R. Schoeberl, L. R. Lait, L.
Pfister, Q. Gao and B. M. Herman. \"Post-Pinatubo Optical Depth Spectra
vs. Latitude and Vortex Structure: Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer
Measurements in AASE II.\" *Geophys. Res. Lett.*, *20*, 2571--2574,
1993a.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, E. G. Dutton, R. F. Pueschel, J. A.
Reagan, T. E. DeFoor, M. A. Box, D. Allen, P. Pilewskie, B. M. Herman,
S. A. Kinne and D. J. Hofmann. \"Pinatubo and Pre-Pinatubo Optical Depth
Spectra: Mauna Loa Measurements, Comparisons, Inferred Particle Size
Distributions, Radiative Effects, and Relationship to Lidar Data.\" *J.
Geophys. Res.*, *98*, 22,969--22,985, 1993b.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. B. Pollack, S. L.
Brooks, P. J. Hamill, J. J. Bauman, L. W. Thomason, L. L. Stowe, T.
Deshler, E. G. Dutton, and R. W. Bergstrom. \"Global to Microscale
Evolution of the Pinatubo Volcanic Aerosol, Derived from Diverse
Measurements and Analyses.\" *J. Geophys. Res.*, *101*, 18,745-18,763,
1996a.

Russell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, and the SAGE III Aerosol ATBD Team*,
SAGE III Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD): Aerosol Data
Products, Version 1.0*, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA,
(http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/atbd/sagetables.html) November 15, 1996b.

SAGE III ATBD Team*, SAGE III Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document
(ATBD): Solar and Lunar Algorithm, LaRC 475-00-109,* *Version 2*, NASA
Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA,
(http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp_ATBD/REVIEW/SAGE/atbd-sage-solar-lunar.pdf),
10 November 2000.

Schermaul, R., R.C.M. Learner, D.A. Newnham, R.G. Williams, J. Ballard,
N.F. Zobov, D. Belmiloud, and J. Tennyson, The water vapor spectrum in
the region 8600 - 15000 cm^-1^: experimental and theoretical studies for
a new spectral line database. II: Linelist construction, *J. Mol.
Spectrosc*., 208, 43-50, 2001.

Schmid B., and C. Wehrli. \"Comparison of Sun Photometer Calibration by
Langley Technique and Standard Lamp\". *Appl. Opt*., Vol. 34, No. 21,
4500-4512, 1995.

Schmid B., K. J. Thome, P. Demoulin, R. Peter, C. Mätzler, and J.
Sekler. \"Comparison of Modeled and Empirical Approaches for Retrieving
Columnar Water Vapor from Solar Transmittance Measurements in the 0.94
Micron Region\". *Journal of Geophysical Research* , *101*, 9345-9358,
1996*.*

Schmid B., C. Mätzler, A. Heimo, and N. Kämpfer. \"Retrieval of Optical
Depth and Size Distribution of Tropospheric and Stratospheric Aerosols
by Means of Sun Photometry\". *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and
Remote Sensing*, *35*, 172-182, 1997*.*

Schmid, B., P. Spyak, S. Biggar, C. Wehrli, J. Sekler, T. Ingold, C.
Mätzler, and N. Kämpfer, 1996: Evaluation of the applicability of solar
and lamp radiometric calibrations of a precision sunphotometer operating
between 300 and 1025 nm, *Appl. Opt.*, *37*, 3923-3947, 1998.

Schmid, B., Livingston, J. M., Russell, P. B., Durkee, P. A., Collins,
D. R., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Gasso, S., Hegg, D. A., Ostrom,
E., Noone, K. J., Welton, E. J., Voss, K., Gordon, H. R., Formenti, P.,
and Andreae, M. O. Clear sky closure studies of lower tropospheric
aerosol and water vapor during ACE 2 using airborne sunphotometer,
airborne in-situ, space-borne, and ground-based measurements. *Tellus B
52*, 568-593, 2000.

Schmid B., Eilers, J.A., McIntosh, D.M., Longo, K., Livingston, J.M.,
Redemann, J., Russell, P.B., Braun, J., and Rocken, C., Sunphotometric
Measurement of Columnar H~2~O and Aerosol Optical Depth During the 3rd
Water Vapor IOP in Fall 2000 at the SGP ARM Site. *Proceedings of the
11^th^ ARM Program Science Team Meeting*, Atlanta, Georgia. March 19 -
23, 2001a.

Schmid B., J. Michalsky, D. Slater, J. Barnard, R. Halthore, J.
Liljegren, B. Holben, T. Eck, J. Livingston, P. Russell, T. Ingold, and
I. Slutsker. Comparison of columnar water vapor measurements during the
fall 1997 ARM Intensive Observation Period: solar transmittance methods.
*Applied Optics,* Vol. 40, No. 12, 1886-1896 (2001b).

Schmid B., J. Redemann, P. B. Russell, P. V. Hobbs, D. L. Hlavka, M. J.
McGill, B. N. Holben, E. J. Welton, J. Campbell, O. Torres, R. A. Kahn,
D. J. Diner, M. C. Helmlinger, D. A. Chu, C. Robles Gonzalez, and G. de
Leeuw, Coordinated airborne, spaceborne, and ground-based measurements
of massive, thick aerosol layers during the dry season in Southern
Africa, *J. Geophys. Res.,* submitted, 2002.

Spinhirne, J. D., and M. L. King. \"Latitudinal Variation of Spectral
Optical Thickness and Columnar Size Distribution of the El Chichon
Stratospheric Aerosol Layer, *J. Geophys. Res.*, *90*, 10,607--10,619,
1985.

Steele, H. M., and R. P. Turco, The measurement and prediction of
aerosol extinction: implications for SAGE II ozone concentrations and
trends*, J. Geophys. Res*., in press, 1997.

Strawa, A.W., K. Drdla, M. Fromm, R.F. Pueschel, K.W. Hoppel, E.V.
Browell, P. Hamill, D. Dempsey, \"Discriminating Type Ia and Ib Polar
Stratospheric Clouds in POAM Satellite Data,\" *J. Geophys. Res.*
accepted., to be published in the first SOLVE/THESEO Special Issue.,
2002.

Tabazadeh, A., K. Drdla, M. R. Schoeberl, P. Hamill, and O. B. Toon,
Arctic "ozone hole" in a cold volcanic stratosphere, *Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci*., *99*, 2609-2612, 2002.

Tanré, D., Deroo, C., Duhaut, P., Herman M., Morcrette J. J., Perbos J.
and P. Y. Deschamps, 1990: Description of a computer code to simulate
the satellite signal in the solar spectrum: the 5S code. *Int. J. Rem.
Sens*., Vol. 11, No. 4, 659-668

Thomason L. W., 1985: Extinction of near infrared solar radiation as a
means for remote determination of atmospheric water vapor. Ph. D.
dissertation, University of Arizona Tucson. pp. 122.

Thomason, L. W., B. M. Herman, and J. A. Reagan, The effect of
atmospheric attenuators with structured vertical distributions on air
mass determinations and Langley plot analyses, *J. Atmos. Sci.,* *40*,
1851-1854, 1983.

Thome, K. J., B. M. Herman and J. A. Reagan: \"Determination of
Precipitable Water from Solar Transmission\". *J. Appl. Meteor.*, Vol.
31, 157-165., 1992.

Thome, K. J., M. W. Smith, J. M. Palmer and J. A. Reagan.
\"Three-Channel Solar Radiometer for the Determination of Atmospheric
Columnar Water Vapor.\" *Appl. Opt., 33*, 5811-5819, 1994.

Toon, O., E. Browell, B. Gary, L. Lait, J. Livingston, P. Newman, R.
Pueschel, P. Russell, M. Schoeberl, G. Toon, W. Traub, F. P. J. Valero,
H. Selkirk, and J. Jordan, Heterogeneous reaction probabilities,
solubilities, and the physical state of cold volcanic aerosols,
*Science, 261*, 1136-1140, 1993.

Trepte, C., *Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Data
Validation Plan,* *LaRC 475-00-020,* *Version 4.0*, NASA Langley
Research Center, Hampton, VA,
(http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp_docs/validation/val_plan_sage_v4.pdf),
November 2001.

Wang, J., R.C.Flagan, J.H.Seinfeld, H.H.Jonsson, D.R.Collins,
P.B.Russell, B.Schmid, J.Redemann, J.M.Livingston, S.Gao, D.A.Hegg,
E.J.Welton, and D.Bates, Clear-column radiative closure during ACE-Asia:
Comparison of multiwavelength extinction derived from particle size and
composition with results from sunphotometry J. Geophys. Res., submitted,
2002.

Wang, P.-H., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler, M. T. Osborne, W. H.
Fuller, and G. K. Yue, Inference of stratospheric aerosol composition
and size distribution from SAGE II satellite measurements, *J. Geophys.
Res., 94*, 8435-8446, 1989.

Yue, G. K., L. W. Thomason, L. R. Poole, P.-H. Wang, D. Baumgardner, and
J. E. Dye, Aerosol surface areas deduced from early 1993 SAGE II data
and comparisons with Stratospheric Photochemistry, Aerosols, and
Dynamics Expedition measurements, *Geophys. Res. Lett., 22*, 2933-2936,
1995.

**5. BUDGET**

![](media/image4.pct)

![](media/image5.pct)

**6. VITAE**

**(a) Philip B. Russell**

**Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae**

B.A., Physics, Wesleyan University (1965, Magna cum Laude; Highest
Honors). M.S. and Ph.D., Physics, Stanford University (1967 and 1971,
Atomic Energy Commission Fellow). M.S., Management, Stanford University
(1990, NASA Sloan Fellow).

Postdoctoral Appointee, National Center for Atmospheric Research
(1971-72, at University of Chicago and NCAR). Physicist to Senior
Physicist, Atmospheric Science Center, SRI International (1972-82).
Chief, Atmospheric Experiments Branch (1982-89), Acting Chief, Earth
System Science Division (1988-89), Chief, Atmospheric Chemistry and
Dynamics Branch (1989-95), Research Scientist (1995-present), NASA Ames
Research Center.

Currently, Member, Science Teams for NASA's Earth Observing System
Inter-Disciplinary Science (EOS-IDS) and the Asian Pacific Regional
Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia).

Previously, NASA Ames Associate Fellow (1995-96, awarded for excellence
in atmospheric research).

Previously, Member, Science Teams for SAGE II and SAGE III (satellite
sensors of stratospheric aerosols, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and water
vapor). Primary responsibilities: analyses of volcanic and background
aerosol properties and effects, development of the SAGE III Aerosol
Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), and experiment design and
data analyses to validate the satellite measurements. Member, Science
Team for Global Aerosol Climatology Project (GACP; Investigation Title:
Improved Exploitation of Field Data Sets to Address Aerosol
Radiative-Climatic Effects and Development of a Global Aerosol
Climatology).

Previously, Mission Scientist for ACE-Asia C-130 flights addressing
aerosol-radiation interactions. Co-coordinator for the CLEARCOLUMN
component of the Second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) of
the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project.
Coordinator for IGAC's Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing
Observational Experiment (TARFOX).

Previously, Editor-in-Chief (1994-95) and Editor (1993, 1996),
*Geophysical Research Letters*; Chair, American Meteorological Society
International Committee on Laser Atmospheric Studies (1979-82, Member,
1978-82). Member, National Research Council Committee on Army Basic
Research (1979-81). Member, American Meteorological Society Committee on
Radiation Energy (1979-81).

Previously, Project Scientist, Small High-Altitude Science Aircraft
(SHASA) Project to develop the Perseus A Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA,
1992-94). Member, Science/Aeronautics Seam Team of NASA Ames
Reorganization Team (1994). Member, Ad Hoc Committee on the NASA
Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) Program
(1993-4). Member, NASA Red Team on Remote Sensing and Environmental
Monitoring of Planet Earth (1992-3). Leader, NASA Ames Earth Science
Advanced Aircraft (ESAA) Team (1990-94). Member, National Aero-Space
Plane (NASP) Committee on Natural Environment (1988-94).

NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1988, for managing
Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project). NASA Space Act Award (1989,
for invention of Airborne Autotracking Sunphotometer). Member, Phi Beta
Kappa and Sigma Xi.

**SELECTED PUBLICATIONS (from 93 peer-reviewed papers)**

Russell, P. B., J. Redemann, B. Schmid, R. W. Bergstrom, J. M.
Livingston, et al., Comparison of aerosol single scattering albedos
derived by diverse techniques in two North Atlantic experiments, *J.
Atmos. Sci.,* *59*, 609-619, 2002.

Russell, P. B., and J. Heintzenberg, An overview of the ACE-2 Clear Sky
Column Closure Experiment (CLEARCOLUMN), *Tellus B 52*, 463-483, 2000.

Bergstrom, R. W., and P. B. Russell, Estimation of aerosol radiative
effects over the mid-latitude North Atlantic region from satellite and
in situ measurements. *Geophys. Res. Lett., 26*, 1731-1734, 1999.

Russell, P. B., P. V. Hobbs, and L. L. Stowe, Aerosol properties and
radiative effects in the United States Mid-Atlantic haze plume: An
overview of the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational
Experiment (TARFOX), *J. Geophys. Res*., *104*, 2213-2222, 1999.

Russell, P. B., et al., Aerosol-induced radiative flux changes off the
United States Mid-Atlantic coast: Comparison of values calculated from
sunphotometer and in situ data with those measured by airborne
pyranometer, *J. Geophys. Res.,* 104, 2289-2307, 1999.

Russell, P. B., S. Kinne and R. Bergstrom, Aerosol climate effects:
Local radiative forcing and column closure experiments, *J. Geophys.
Res.,* *102*, 9397-9407, 1997.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. J. Bauman, J. B.
Pollack, S. L. Brooks, P. Hamill, L. W. Thomason, L. L. Stowe, T.
Deshler, E. G. Dutton, and R. W. Bergstrom. \"Global to Microscale
Evolution of the Pinatubo Volcanic Aerosol, Derived from Diverse
Measurements and Analyses.\" *J. Geophys. Res.*, *101*, 18,745-18,763,
1996.

Russell, P.B., J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. A. Reagan, E.V.
Browell, G. C. Toon, P.A. Newman, M.R. Schoeberl, L.R. Lait, L. Pfister,
Q. Gao, and B. M. Herman. \"Post-Pinatubo Optical Depth Spectra vs.
Latitude and Vortex Structure: Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer
Measurements in AASE II.\" *Geophys. Res. Lett.*, *20*, 2571-2574, 1993.

Russell, P.B., L. Pfister, and H.B. Selkirk. \"The Tropical Experiment
of the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project (STEP): Science
Objectives, Operations, and Summary Findings.\" *J. Geophys. Res.*,
*98*, 8563-8589, 1993.

Russell, P.B., and M.P. McCormick. \"SAGE II Aerosol Data Validation and
Initial Data Use: An Introduction and Overview.\" *J. Geophys. Res.*,
*94*, 8335-8338, 1989.

Russell, P.B., M.P. McCormick, T.J. Swissler, J.M. Rosen, D.J. Hofmann,
and L.R. McMaster. \"Satellite and Correlative Measurements of the
Stratospheric Aerosol: III. Comparison of Measurements by SAM II, SAGE,
Dustsondes, Filters, Impactors, and Lidar.\" *J. Atmos. Sci.*, *41*,
1791-1800, 1984.

Russell, P.B., T.J. Swissler, M.P. McCormick, W.P. Chu, J.M. Livingston,
and T.J. Pepin. \"Satellite and Correlative Measurements of the
Stratospheric Aerosol: I. An Optical Model for Data Conversions.\" *J.
Atmos. Sci.,* *38*, 1270-1294, 1981.

**(b) Beat Schmid**

Bay Area Environmental Research Institute

645 Anthony Court

Sonoma, CA 95476

##### Education

  -------------------- --------- ------ -------------------------------------------
  M.S.                           1991   Institute of Applied Physics, University of
                                        Bern, Switzerland

  Ph.D.                          1995   Institute of Applied Physics, University of
                                        Bern, Switzerland

  Postdoctoral         1995-97          Institute of Applied Physics, University of
  Fellowship                            Bern, Switzerland
  -------------------- --------- ------ -------------------------------------------

##### Professional Experience

[Bay Area Environmental Research Institute]{.underline}, Sonoma, CA
(1997-Present)

Senior Research Scientist

[University of Arizona]{.underline}, Tucson, AZ (Oct. 1995 -Jan. 1996)

Visiting Scientist

[University of Bern]{.underline}, Switzerland (1989-1997)

Research Assistant (1989-1995)

Postdoctoral Researcher (1995-1997)

##### Scientific Contributions

-   9 years of leading studies in ground-based and airborne sun
    photometry: instrument design and calibration, development and
    validation of algorithms to retrieve aerosol optical depth and size
    distribution, H~2~O and O~3~.

-   Participated with the NASA Ames Airborne Sun photometers in ACE-2
    (North Atlantic Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment, 1997,
    Tenerife). Extensive comparison of results (closure studies) with
    other techniques: lidar, optical particle counters, nephelometers,
    and satellites.

-   Participated with the NASA Ames Airborne Sun photometers in the US
    Dept. of Energy, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program
    integrated fall 1997 and fall 2000 intensive observation periods in
    Oklahoma. Lead sun photometer intercomparison. Extensive comparison
    of water vapor results with radiosondes, microwave radiometers,
    lidar, and Global Positioning System.

-   Participated with the NASA Ames Airborne Sun photometers in SAFARI
    2000 (Southern African Regional Science Initiative; August/September
    2000). Validation of lidar and satellite retrievals.

-   Participated with the NASA Ames Airborne Sun photometers in ACE-Asia
    (Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment; April
    2001)

-   Test of candidate methods for SAGE III satellite ozone/aerosol
    separation using airborne sunphotometer data.

-   Application of NOAA/AVHRR satellite data to monitor vegetation
    growth in Switzerland

##### Scientific Societies/Committees

-   Associate Editor, Journal Geophysical Research (2002- )

-   American Geophysical Union

-   American Meteorological Society

##### Publications Summary

19 (7 first-authored and 12 co-authored) scientific publications in
various scientific journals (published or in press).

6 (1 first-authored and 5 co-authored) publications submitted recently
to various scientific journals

64 (20 first-authored and 44 co-authored) conference publications

13 invited talks at conferences, workshops and seminars

##### List of publications

**Schmid, B.**, and C. Wehrli, Comparison of Sun Photometer Calibration
by Langley Technique and Standard Lamp. *Appl. Opt.,* *34*(21),
4500-4512, 1995.

**Schmid, B.**, K. J. Thome, P. Demoulin, R. Peter, C. Mätzler, and J.
Sekler, Comparison of Modeled and Empirical Approaches for Retrieving
Columnar Water Vapor from Solar Transmittance Measurements in the 0.94
Micron Region. *J. Geophys. Res., 101*(D5), 9345-9358, 1996.

**Schmid, B.**, C. Mätzler, A. Heimo, and N. Kämpfer, Retrieval of
Optical Depth and Size Distribution of Tropospheric and Stratospheric
Aerosols by Means of Sun Photometry. *IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens*.,
35(1), 172-182, 1997.

**Schmid, B.**, P. R. Spyak, S. F. Biggar, C. Wehrli, J. Sekler, T.
Ingold, C. Mätzler, and N. Kämpfer, Evaluation of the applicability of
solar and lamp radiometric calibrations of a precision Sun photometer
operating between 300 and 1025 nm. *Appl. Opt., 37*(18), 3923-3941,
1998.

**Schmid B.**, J. Michalsky, R. Halthore, M. Beauharnois, L. Harrison,
J. Livingston, P. Russell, B. Holben, T. Eck, and A. Smirnov, Comparison
of Aerosol Optical Depth from Four Solar Radiometers During the Fall
1997 ARM Intensive Observation Period, *Geophys. Res. Lett*., *26*(17),
2725-2728, 1999.

Pilewskie P., M. Rabette, R. Bergstrom, J. Marquez, **B. Schmid**, and
P. B. Russell: The Discrepancy Between Measured and Modeled Downwelling
Solar Irradiance at the Ground: Dependence on Water Vapor. *Geophys.
Res. Lett*., *27*(1),137-140, 2000.

Ferrare, R., S. Ismail, E. Browell, V. Brackett, M. Clayton, S. Kooi, S.
H. Melfi, D. Whiteman, G. Schwemmer, K. Evans, P. Russell, J.
Livingston, **B. Schmid**, B. Holben, L. Remer, A. Smirnov, P. Hobbs.
Comparisons of aerosol optical properties and water vapor among ground
and airborne lidars and sun photometers during TARFOX. *J. Geophys.
Res*., *105*(D8), 9917-9933, 2000.

Redemann, J., R. P. Turco, K. N. Liou, P. B. Russell, R. W. Bergstrom,
**B. Schmid**, J. M. Livingston, P. V. Hobbs, W. S. Hartley, S. Ismail,
R. A Ferrare, E. V. Browell, Retrieving the Vertical Structure of the
Effective Aerosol Complex Index of Refraction From a Combination of
Aerosol In Situ and Remote Sensing Measurements During TARFOX. *J.
Geophys. Res.*, *105*(D8), 9949-9970, 2000*.*

**Schmid, B**., J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, P. A. Durkee, H. H.
Jonsson, D. R. Collins, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, S. Gassó, D. A.
Hegg, E. Öström, K. J. Noone, E. J. Welton, K. J. Voss, H. R. Gordon, P.
Formenti, and M. O. Andreae, Clear sky closure studies of lower
tropospheric aerosol and water vapor during ACE 2 using airborne
sunphotometer, airborne in-situ, space-borne, and ground-based
measurements, *Tellus*, B 52, 568-593, 2000.

Collins, D. R., H. H. Jonsson, J. H. Seinfeld, R.C. Flagan, S. Gassó, D.
A. Hegg, **B.** **Schmid**, P. B. Russell, J. M. Livingston, E. Öström,
K. J. Noone, L. M. Russell, and J. P. Putaud, In situ aerosol size
distributions and clear column radiative closure during ACE-2. *Tellus*,
B 52, 498-525, 2000.

Durkee, P. A., K. E. Nielsen, P. J. Smith, P. B. Russell, **B.**
**Schmid**, J. M. Livingston, B. N. Holben, D. R. Collins, R. C. Flagan,
J. H. Seinfeld, K. J. Noone, E. Öström, S. Gassó, D. A. Hegg, L. M.
Russell, T. S. Bates, and P. K. Quinn. Regional aerosol properties from
satellite observations: ACE-1, TARFOX and ACE-2 results. *Tellus,* B 52,
484-497, 2000.

Gassó, S., D. A. Hegg, K. J. Noone, D. S. Covert, **B.** **Schmid**, P.
B. Russell, J. M. Livingston, P. A. Durkee, and H. H. Jonsson, Influence
of humidity on the aerosol scattering coefficient and its effect on the
upwelling radiance during ACE2. *Tellus,* B 52, 546-567, 2000.

Livingston, J. M., V. Kapustin, **B. Schmid**, P. B. Russell, P. K.
Quinn, T. S. Bates, P. A. Durkee, P. J. Smith, V. Freudenthaler, D. S.
Covert, S. Gassó, D. A. Hegg, D. R. Collins, R. C. Flagan, J. H.
Seinfeld, V. Vitale, and C. Tomasi, Shipboard sunphotometer measurements
of aerosol optical depth spectra and columnar water vapor during ACE 2
and comparison to selected land, ship, aircraft, and satellite
measurements. *Tellus*, B 52, 594-619, 2000.

Welton, E. J., K. J. Voss, H. R. Gordon, H. Maring, A. Smirnov, B. N.
Holben, **B. Schmid**, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, P. A. Durkee, P.
Formenti, M. O. Andreae, and O. Dubovik, Ground-based lidar measurements
of aerosols during ACE-2: lidar description, results, and comparisons
with other ground-based and airborne measurements. *Tellus*, B 52,
636-651, 2000.

Ingold, T., **B. Schmid**, C. Mätzler, P. Demoulin, and N. Kämpfer,
Modeled and Empirical Approaches for Retrieving Columnar Water Vapor
from Solar Transmittance Measurements in the 0.72, 0.82 and 0.94-μm
Absorption Bands. *J. Geophys. Res.*, 105(D19), 24327-24343, 2000.

**Schmid B.**, J.J. Michalsky, D.W. Slater, J.C. Barnard, R.N. Halthore,
J.C. Liljegren, B.N. Holben, T.F. Eck, J.M. Livingston, P.B. Russell, T.
Ingold, and I. Slutsker. Comparison of columnar water-vapor measurements
from solar transmittance methods. *Applied Optics,* Vol. 40, No. 12,
1886-1896 (2001).

Kiedron P., J. Michalsky, **B. Schmid**, D. Slater, J. Berndt, L.
Harrison, P. Racette, E. Westwater, and Y. Han, A Robust Retrieval of
Water Vapor Column in Dry Arctic Conditions Using the Rotating
Shadowband Spectroradiometer. *J. Geophys. Res.* 106(D20), 24007-24016,
2001.

Russell P. B., J. Redemann, **B. Schmid**, R. W. Bergstrom, J. M.
Livingston, D. M. McIntosh, S. Hartley, P. V. Hobbs, P. K. Quinn, C. M.
Carrico, M. J. Rood, E. Öström, K. J. Noone, W. von Hoyningen-Huene, and
L. Remer. Comparison of aerosol single scattering albedos derived by
diverse techniques in two North Atlantic experiments. *J. Aerosol Sci.*,
Vol. 59, No. 3, 609-619, 2002.

McGill M., D. Hlavka, W. Hart, J. Spinhirne, S. Scott, and **B.
Schmid**. The Cloud Physics Lidar: Instrument Description and Initial
Measurement Results. *Appl. Opt*. 2002 (in press).

Revercomb H.E., D.D. Turner, D.C. Tobin, R.O. Knuteson, W.F. Feltz, B.
Balsley, J. Barnard, J. Bösenberg, S. Clough, D. Cook, R. Ferrare, J.
Goldsmith, S. Gutman, R. Halthore, B. Lesht, J. Liljegren, H. Linné, J.
Michalsky, V. Morris, W. Porch, S. Richardson, **B. Schmid**, M. Splitt,
T. Van Hove, E. Westwater, and D. Whiteman. The Atmospheric Radiation
Measurement (ARM) Program's Water Vapor Intensive Observation Periods:
Overview, Accomplishments, and Future Challenges. *Bull. Amer. Meteor.
Soc.* (submitted), 2001.

**Schmid B**., J. Redemann, P. B. Russell, P. V. Hobbs, D. L. Hlavka, M.
J. McGill, B. N. Holben, E. J. Welton, J. Campbell, O. Torres, R. A.
Kahn, D. J. Diner, M. C. Helmlinger, D. A. Chu, C. Robles Gonzalez, and
G. de Leeuw, Coordinated airborne, spaceborne, and ground-based
measurements of massive, thick aerosol layers during the dry season in
Southern Africa, *J. Geophys. Res.,* submitted, 2002.

Magi, B. I., P. V. Hobbs, **B. Schmid**, and J. Redemann, Vertical
profiles of light scattering, light absorption and single scattering
albedo during the dry, biomass burning season in southern Africa and
comparisons of in situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosol
optical depths, *J. Geophys. Res.*, submitted, 2002.

Gatebe, C. K., M. D. King, S. Platnick, G. T. Arnold, E. F. Vermote, and
**B. Schmid**, Airborne Spectral Measurements of Surface-Atmosphere
Anisotropy for Several Surfaces and Ecosystem over Southern Africa, *J.
Geophys. Res.*, submitted, 2002.

Bergstrom, R.W., P. Pilewskie, **B. Schmid**, and P.B. Russell,
Comparison of Measured and Predicted Aerosol Radiative Effects during
SAFARI 2000, *J. Geophys. Res.*, submitted, 2002.

Pilewskie, P., J. Pommier, R. Bergstrom, W. Gore, M. Rabbette, S.
Howard, **B. Schmid**, and P.V. Hobbs, Solar Spectral Radiative Forcing
During the South African Regional Science Initiative, *J. Geophys.
Res.*, submitted, 2002.

# (c) John M. Livingston 

SRI International

MS 306-42

333 Ravenswood Avenue

Menlo Park, CA 94025

# Education

  ---------------------------- --------- ----------------------------------
  Notre Dame Year-in-Japan     1971-72   Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
  Program                                

  B.S., earth sciences         1974      University of Notre Dame, Notre
                                         Dame, IN

  M.S., atmospheric sciences   1977      University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

  M.B.A.                       1992      Santa Clara University, Santa
                                         Clara, CA
  ---------------------------- --------- ----------------------------------

# Professional Experience

[SRI International]{.underline} (formerly Stanford Research Institute),
Menlo Park, CA (1978-present)

\- Senior Research Meteorologist, Applied Physical Sciences Laboratory

[University of Arizona]{.underline},Tucson, AZ (1974-1977)

\- Research assistant, Institute of Atmospheric Physics

\- NASA Kennedy Space Center (1975-1976): thunderstorm electrification
studies

# Scientific Contributions

\- Acquisition and analysis of ground-based, airborne, and shipboard
sunphotometer measurements in a variety of coordinated international
field campaigns to study the radiative impact on climate of
anthropogenic pollution, volcanic aerosol, and African and Asian dust

\- Validation of satellite aerosol extinction measurements (SAM II, SAGE
I, and SAGE II), and corresponding studies of the global distribution of
stratospheric aerosols

\- Analysis of in situ measurements of stratospheric and tropospheric
aerosols

\- Analysis of ground-based lidar measurements obtained at Sondrestrom,
Greenland to retrieve atmospheric density and temperature profiles in
the polar stratosphere and mesosphere and to characterize the physical
properties of noctilucent clouds

\- Acquisition, modeling and analysis of Differential Absorption Lidar
measurements of tropospheric ozone

\- Simulation of passive sensor radiance measurements to infer range to
an absorbing gas

\- Error analysis and simulation of lidar aerosol measurements

\- Analysis of lidar propagation through fog, smoke, and dust clouds

\- Weather forecasting for large-scale air pollution field study

\- Testing and evaluation of an offshore coastal dispersion computer
model

\- Application of objective wind field/trajectory models to
meteorological measurements

# Honors and Awards

\- 1997 NASA Ames Research Center Contractor of the Year

## Scientific Societies 

\- American Geophysical Union

### Publications 

Over 45 scientific publications in various major atmospheric science
journals

Selected publications:

Livingston, J. M., P. B. Russell, J. S. Reid, J. Redemann, B. Schmid, D.
Allen, O. Torres, R. C. Levy, L. A. Remer, B. N. Holben, A. Smirnov, O.
Dubovik, E. J. Welton, J. Campbell, S. A. Christopher, J. Wang, Airborne
sunphotometer measurements of aerosol optical depth and columnar water
vapor during the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment, and comparison with land,
aircraft, and satellite measurements, *J. Geophys. Res.*, submitted,
2002.

Livingston, J.M., V.N. Kapustin, B. Schmid, P.B. Russell, P.K. Quinn,
T.S. Bates, P.A. Durkee, P.J. Smith, V. Freudenthaler, M. Wiegner, D.S.
Covert, S. Gasso, D. Hegg, D.R. Collins, R.C. Flagan, J.H. Seinfeld, V.
Vitale, and C. Tomasi, 2000: "Shipboard sunphotometer measurements of
aerosol optical depth spectra and columnar water vapor during ACE-2 and
comparison with selected land, ship, aircraft, and satellite
measurements," *Tellus*, [52B]{.underline}*.*

Livingston, J.M., and P.B. Russell, 1989: "Retrieval of Aerosol Size
Distribution Moments from Multiwavelength Particulate Extinction
Measurements," *J. Geophys. Res.*, [94]{.underline}, 8425-8433.

Livingston, J.M., and R.M. Endlich, 1988: "The Relationship of
Satellite-Inferred Stratospheric Aerosol Extinction to the Position of
the 50 mb North Polar Jet Stream," *J. Appl. Meteor.*, [27]{.underline},
757-773.

Livingston, J.M., and E.P. Krider, 1978: "Electric Fields Produced by
Florida Thunderstorms," *J. Atmos. Sci.*, [83]{.underline}, 385-401.

Ludwig, F.L., J.M. Livingston, and R.M. Endlich, 1991: "Use of Mass
Conservation and Critical Dividing Streamline Concepts for Efficient
Objective Analysis of Winds in Complex Terrain," *J. Appl. Meteor.*,
[30]{.underline}, 1490-1499.

Oberbeck, V.R., J.M. Livingston, P.B. Russell, R.F. Pueschel, J.N.
Rosen, M.T. Osborn, M.A. Kritz, K.G. Snetsinger, and G.V. Ferry, 1989:
"SAGE II Aerosol Validation: Selected Alti­tude Measurements, Including
Particle Micromeasurements," *J. Geophys. Res.*, [94]{.underline},
8467-8380.

Pueschel, R.F., and J.M. Livingston, 1990: "Aerosol Spectral Optical
Depths: Jet Fuel and Forest Fire Smokes," *J. Geophys. Res.*,
[95]{.underline}, 22,417-22,422.

> Russell, P.B., J.M. Livingston, P. Hignett, S. Kinne, J. Wong, A.
> Chien, R. Bergstrom, P. Durkee, and P.V. Hobbs, 1999: "Aerosol-induced
> radiative flux changes off the United States mid-Atlantic coast:
> Comparison of values calculated from sunphotometer and in situ data
> with those measured by airborne pyranometer," *J. Geophys. Res.*,
> [104]{.underline}, 2289-2307.

Russell, P.B., J.M. Livingston, R.F. Pueschel, J.A. Reagan, E.V.
Browell, G.C. Toon, P.A. Newman, M.R. Schoeberl, L.R. Lait, L. Pfister,
Q. Gao, and B.M. Herman, 1993: "Post-Pinatubo Optical Depth Spectra vs.
Latitude and Vortex Structure: Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer
Measurements in AASE II," *Geophys. Res. Lett.*, [20]{.underline},
2571-2574.

Russell, P.B., J.M. Livingston, and E.E. Uthe, 1979: "Aerosol-Induced
Albedo Change: Measurement and Modeling of an Incident," *J. Atmos.
Sci.*, [36]{.underline}, 1587-1608.

Uthe, E.E., J.M. Livingston, and N.B. Nielsen, 1992: "Airborne Lidar
Mapping of Ozone Concen­trations During the Lake Michigan Ozone Study,"
*J. Air and Waste Management Assoc.*, [42]{.underline}, 1313-1318.

Uthe, E.E., and J.M. Livingston, 1986: "Lidar Extinction Methods Applied
to Observations of Obscurant Events," *Appl. Opt.*, [25]{.underline},
678-684.

**(d) Jens Redemann**

**Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae**

Research Scientist, Bay Area Environmental Research Institute

MS-245, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Phone: (650) 604-6259 Fax: (650) 604-3625, email:
<jredemann@mail.arc.nasa.gov>

# PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------
  Research Scientist                 April 1999 to present

  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------

> Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, San Francisco.

  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------
  Research Assistant                 May 1995 to March 1999

  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------

> **University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric
> Sciences.**

  ------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  Lecturer      Jan. 1999 to March 1999

  ------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

**University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric
Sciences.**

  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------
  Research Assistant                 June 1994 to April 1995

  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------

Free University of Berlin, Germany. Department of Physics.

# EDUCATION

+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Ph.D. in Atmospheric Sciences.   | > 1999                            |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

> University of California, Los Angeles. Specialization: atmospheric
> physics and chemistry.

+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| M.S. in Atmospheric Sciences.    | > 1997                            |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

> University of California, Los Angeles. Specialization: atmospheric
> physics and chemistry.

+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| M.S. in Physics.                 | > 1995                            |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

> Free University of Berlin, Germany. Specialization in experimental
> physics and mathematics.

# RELEVANT RESEARCH EXPERIENCE

5.  Principal Investigator for the participation of AATS-14 in the CLAMS
    (Chesapeake Lighthouse Aerosol Measurements for Satellites)
    satellite validation study (July 2001). Responsible for proposal
    writing, experiment design and instrument integration. Member of
    CLAMS science team.

6.  Participated in the SAFARI-2000, ACE-Asia, and CLAMS field
    experiments aimed at investigating aerosol-climate interactions.

7.  Developed a coupled aerosol microphysics and chemistry model to
    study the dependence of aerosol absorption and single scattering
    albedo on ambient relative humidity.

8.  Related airborne measurements using a sunphotometer, a lidar (light
    detection and ranging) system and a spectral solar flux radiometer
    to in situ measurements of atmospheric (mineral dust) aerosols and
    gases and modeled the local radiative transfer in Earth's
    atmosphere.

-   Developed inversion algorithms (C and IDL) and data analysis tools
    for aircraft-based lidar and sunphotometer measurements during field
    experiments (PEM, TARFOX).

-   Involved in the development of a multi-wavelength, ground-based
    lidar system at the Free University of Berlin, Germany.

-   Specialized course work in atmospheric sciences, geophysical fluid
    dynamics, cloud physics, radiative transfer and remote sensing.

# HONORS

+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| > Invited Speaker at the Atmospheric Chemistry           | ####      |
| > Colloquium for Emerging Senior Scientists (ACCESS V).  | June 1999 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| > Outstanding Student Paper Award, American Geophysical  | > 1998    |
| > Union - fall meeting.                                  |           |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| > NASA Global Change Research Fellowship Awards.         | >         |
|                                                          | 1996-1998 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| > UCLA Neiburger Award for excellence in the teaching of | > 1997    |
| > the atmospheric sciences.                              |           |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+

# ORGANIZATIONS

American Association for Aerosol Research, American Geophysical Union,
Co-president of the UCLA - Atmospheric Sciences Graduate Student Group.

# BIBLIOGRAPHY (selection is appended)

8 peer-reviewed (6 senior-authored + 2 junior-authored), +2 submitted
junior-authored journal articles.

18 senior-authored (21 total) conference presentations (16 oral, 5
poster).

# BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Magi, B. I., P. V. Hobbs, B. Schmid, and J. Redemann, Vertical profiles
of light scattering, light absorption and single-scattering albedo
during the dry, biomass burning season in southern Africa and
comparisons of insitu and remote sensing measurements of aerosol optical
depths, submitted to the JGR special issue on SAFARI-2000, 2002.

Schmid, B., J. Redemann, P. B. Russell, P. V. Hobbs, D. L. Hlavka, M.
McGill, W. Hart, B. N. Holben, E. J. Welton, J. Campbell, O. Torres, R.
Kahn, D. Diner, M. Helmlinger, D. A. Chu, L. A. Remer, C. Robles
Gonzalez, G. de Leeuw, Coordinated airborne, space borne, and ground
based measurements of massive, thick aerosol layers during the
SAFARI-2000 Dry Season Campaign, submitted to the JGR special issue on
SAFARI-2000, 2002.

^\#^Russell, P.B., J. Redemann, B. Schmid, R.W. Bergstrom, J.M.
Livingston, D.M. McIntosh, S. Hartley, P.V. Hobbs, P.K. Quinn, C.M.
Carrico, M.J. Rood, E. Öström, K.J. Noone, W. von Hoyningen-Huene, and
L. Remer, Comparison of aerosol single scattering albedos derived by
diverse techniques in two North Atlantic experiments, *J. Atmos. Sci.,*
*59*, 609-619, 2002.

^\#^Redemann, J., P.B. Russell, and P. Hamill, Dependence of aerosol
light absorption and single scattering albedo on ambient relative
humidity for sulfate aerosols with black carbon cores, *[J. Geophys.
Res.]{.underline}*, *106*, 27,485-27,495, 2001.

^\#^Redemann, J., P.B. Russell, M.P. McCormick, D.M. Winker, On the
feasibility of studying shortwave aerosol radiative forcing of climate
using dual-wavelength lidar-derived aerosol backscatter data, Presented
at the 20^th^ International Laser Radar Conference, Vichy, France,
*[Proceedings]{.underline}*, July 2000.

Redemann, J., Combining Remote Sensing and In Situ Aerosol Measurements
for the Determination of Aerosol Optical Properties and Radiative
Effects, Invited Presentation at Stanford University, February, 2000.

^\#^Redemann, J., R.P. Turco, K.N. Liou, P.B. Russell, R.W. Bergstrom,
B. Schmid, J.M. Livingston, P.V. Hobbs, W.S. Hartley, S. Ismail, R.A
Ferrare, E.V. Browell, Retrieving the vertical structure of the
effective aerosol complex index of refraction from a combination of
aerosol in situ and remote sensing measurements during TARFOX, *[J.
Geophys. Res.]{.underline}* , *105*, 9949-9970, 2000.

^\#^Redemann, J., R.P. Turco, K.N. Liou, P.V. Hobbs, W.S. Hartley, R.W.
Bergstrom, E.V. Browell, and P.B. Russell, Case studies of the vertical
structure of the direct shortwave aerosol radiative forcing during
TARFOX, *[J. Geophys. Res]{.underline}., 105,* 9971-9979, 2000.

^\#^Redemann, J., R.P. Turco, R.F. Pueschel, M.A. Fenn, E.V. Browell and
W.B. Grant. A Multi-Instrument Approach for Characterizing the Vertical
Structure of Aerosol Properties: Case Studies in the Pacific Basin
Troposphere, *[J. Geophys. Res]{.underline}., 103,* 23,287 - 23,298,
1998.

^\#^Redemann, J., R.P. Turco, R.F. Pueschel, E.V. Browell, W.B. Grant.
Comparison of Aerosol Measurements by Lidar and In Situ Methods in the
Pacific Basin Troposphere, in '*[Advances in Atmospheric Remote Sensing
with Lida]{.underline}r*', A. Ansmann, R. Neuber, P. Rairoux, U.
Wandinger (eds.), pp.55-58, Springer, Berlin, 1996.

^\#^Pueschel, R.F.; D.A. Allen, C. Black, S. Faisant, G.V. Ferry, S.D.
Howard, J.M. Livingston, J. Redemann, C.E. Sorensen, S. Verma, Condensed
Water in Tropical Cyclone "Oliver", 8 February 1993, *[Atmospheric
Research]{.underline}*, 38, pp.297-313, 1995.

^\#^ indicates a peer-reviewed publication

**7. CURRENT SUPPORT**

As specified in Appendix B of the NRA, other projects being conducted by
the Principal Investigator (PI) are identified by title, sponsoring
agency, and ending date.

**NASA RTOP 621-60-02-10**, PI P. Russell. \$105,000 (bridge funding) in
FY02, 10/95-9/02, 2 person-months/17% LoE per year. "SAGE III Science
Team Activities." Principal activities include contributing to the SAGE
III Aerosol Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), planning and
preparing for validation/correlative measurements, using the AATS-14
sunphotometer as a test-bed for SAGE III algorithm development, and
investigating retrieval algorithms for aerosol particle surface area,
volume, and effective radius.

**NASA RTOP 621-45-51-10**, PI P. Russell. \$20,000 (bridge funding) in
FY02, 10/95-9/02, 1 person-month/8% LoE per year. "Composite Data
Analyses for Stratospheric Aerosols." The principal activity is seeing
three papers based on the SAGE II-CLAES climatological analyses of Dr.
Jill Bauman (SUNY Stony Brook PhD dissertation) through the review and
publication process. The papers, describing a 1984-99 stratospheric
aerosol climatology, were submitted in early 2002.

**NASA RTOP 291-01-91-45**, PI P. Russell. \$236,300 in F02, 2/00-1/03,
3 person-months/25% LoE per year. "Satellite-Sunphotometer Studies of
Aerosol, Water Vapor and Ozone."

**NASA RTOP 622-44-75-10**, PI P. Russell. \$175,000 (bridge funding) in
F02, 2/99-1/03, 2 person-months/17% LoE per year. "Improved Exploitation
of Field Data Sets in GACP."

**NOAA Interagency Transfer of Funds NAO2AANRG0129**, PI P. Russell.
\$159,500 in FY02, 5/00-3/03, 3 person-months/25% LoE per year. "ACE-2
and ACE-Asia Aerosol Radiative Effect Studies Using Satellite,
Sunphotometer, and in-situ Measurements."

**ONR Contract/Order N00014-01-F-0404**, PI P. Russell. \$63,900 in
FY02, 3/01-9/02, 1 person-month/8% LoE per year. "AATS-14 Measurements
and Analyses in ACE-Asia."

8.  **ILLUSTRATIONS**

![](media/image6.jpeg){width="6.8069444444444445in"
height="7.613194444444445in"}

Fig. 1. Instrument channel wavelengths (vertical lines or shaded bars)
in relation to atmospheric spectra. Top: SAGE III (shaded vertical bars
indicate contiguous detector elements). Bottom: AATS-14 (2138 nm channel
not shown). Arrows above each frame show predecessor instrument
wavelengths. Spectra of ln(1/T) are calculated for transmission T of the
direct solar beam at sea level using MODTRAN-3/Version 1.2, a US
Standard atmosphere, a spring-summer tropospheric aerosol model, and sun
at the zenith.

![](media/image7.png){width="7.508333333333334in"
height="3.6041666666666665in"}

Fig. 2. (a, b) Latitude transects of particle optical depth measured by
AATS-6 on the DC-8 in the second Airborne Arctic Stratospheric
Expedition (AASE II). Crosshatched bars mark vortex transition as
determined from lidar profiles. (c) Optical depth spectra for locations
marked by arrows in (a,b). (Russell et al., 1993a)

![](media/image8.pct){width="7.501388888888889in"
height="4.221527777777778in"}

Fig. 3. Aerosol optical depths (λ=380, 451, 525, 1021 nm) measured by
AATS-6 on the UW C-131A in the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing
Observational Experiment (TARFOX). (a) Latitude transect. (b) Vertical
profile.

![](media/image9.pct){width="7.4in" height="5.56875in"}

Figure 4: Left panel: Aerosol optical depth profiles at 13 wavelengths
from 354 to 1558 nm calculated from AATS-14 measurements acquired during
an aircraft ascent south of Hiroshima, Japan on 2 April 2001 during
ACE-Asia. Right panel: Corresponding aerosol extinction profiles derived
by differentiating spline fits (dashed lines in left panel) to the
optical depth profiles.

![](media/image10.jpeg){width="6.498611111111111in"
height="3.8020833333333335in"}

Fig. 5. Comparison of aerosol optical depths measured by three
sunphotometers, Zugspitze, Germany (2.7 km ASL), 23 Oct 1996. Diamonds:
AATS-6. Circles: AATS-14. Triangles: U. Bern 18-channel.

![](media/image11.pct){width="6.271527777777778in"
height="4.809722222222222in"}

**Figure 6**. Left panel: Profiles of aerosol optical depth at four
selected AATS-14 wavelengths (380, 500, 864 and 1558 nm) measured in
ACE-2 south of the coast of Tenerife. Right panel: Aerosol extinction
profiles derived by differentiating the profiles in the left panel.
(Schmid et al., 2000b)

![](media/image12.png){width="7.402083333333334in" height="5.225in"}

Fig. 7. (a) Optical depth spectra measured by the Ames and NOAA tracking
sunphotometers at Mauna Loa Observatory (19.5 N, 155.6 W, 3.4 km ASL).
(b) Stratospheric column particle size distributions derived from the
Ames optical depth spectra in (a). Optical depth spectra computed from
the size distributions in (b) all give good fits to the corresponding
measurement data points and error bars in (a). (Russell et al., 1993b)

![](media/image13.png){width="4.572916666666667in"
height="7.499305555555556in"}

Fig. 8. (A) DC-8 altitude, tropopause altitude, and thickness of
Pinatubo volcanic aerosol layer measured by DC-8 lidar. (B) Aerosol
column mass (μg cm^-2^), column surface area (μm^2^ cm^-2^ I 10^7^) and
particle effective radius (μm), all determined from DC-8 sunphotometer
optical depth spectra. (C) Particle sulfuric acid concentration W (% by
weight), temperature (K) vertical average above the aircraft, and time
(h) spent on trajectories with W\<60%. Error bars denote extreme values
over the altitude region of the volcanic aerosol layer (Toon et al.,
1993).

![](media/image14.pct){width="3.2416666666666667in"
height="3.311111111111111in"}

Fig. 9a. Comparison of CWV from AATS-6 (using LBLRTM 5.10) with the DOE
ARM microwave radiometer at SGP in fall 1997 (from Schmid et al. 2001)

![](media/image15.pct){width="3.2416666666666667in"
height="3.316666666666667in"}

Fig. 9b. Comparison of CWV from AATS-6 (using LBLRTM 5.10) with AERONET
Cimel at SGP in fall 1997 (from Schmid et al. 2001).

Fig. 10. Left panel: Profile of the columnar water vapor above the
Pelican aircraft measured in ACE-2 south of the coast of Tenerife. Right
panel: Water vapor density derived by differentiating the profile in the
left panel. Also shown for comparison is the profile obtained by
combining readings of a humidograph and outside temperature on Pelican
(humidograph data courtesy of S. Gasso, University of Washington).
(Schmid et al., 2000)

![](media/image18.jpeg){width="6.559027777777778in"
height="8.305555555555555in"}

Fig. 11.(a,b) Model profiles of stratospheric and tropospheric aerosol
extinction and optical depth based on SAGE II and AATS-14 measurements.
(c) Profile of a simulated flight at 68N, 20E on January 25, 2003 with
corresponding airmass values for Rayleigh, ozone, aerosol, water vapor,
and NO~2~. (d) Simulated measurements of optical depth spectra (dashed
lines and symbols with error bars) with the model spectra (solid lines)
used to compute them.

![](media/image19.jpeg){width="6.605555555555555in"
height="8.596527777777778in"}

Fig. 12. Measurement simulation analogous to Fig. 11, but for a
POAM-measured PSC with τ(500 nm)=0.02.

![](media/image20.png){width="6.413888888888889in"
height="8.700694444444444in"}

Fig. 13. (a) Airmass factors for representative Pinatubo aerosol, ozone,
and air vertical profiles and photometer altitudes. (b) The vertical
distributions used in computing results for (a). "In" and "Out" are
relative to the northern polar vortex (Russell et al., 1993a).

Appendix: Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometers, AATS-6 and AATS-14

Philip B. Russell, John M. Livingston, Beat Schmid, and James A. Eilers

NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

prussell@mail.arc.nasa.gov

**1. Introduction**

The NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometers (AATS-6 and AATS-14)
measure the transmission of the solar beam in six and 14 spectral
channels, respectively. Azimuth and elevation motors controlled by
differential sun sensors rotate a tracking head so as to lock on to the
solar beam and keep detectors normal to it. The tracking head of each
instrument mounts external to the aircraft skin, to minimize blockage by
aircraft structures and also to avoid data contamination by
aircraft-window effects. Each channel consists of a baffled entrance
path, interference filter, photodiode detector, and integral
preamplifier. The filter/detector/preamp sets are temperature-controlled
to avoid thermally-induced calibration changes. Each instrument includes
an entrance-window defogging system to prevent condensation (a problem
otherwise common in aircraft descents). In general, sun tracking is
achieved continuously, independent of aircraft pitch, roll, and yaw,
provided rates do not exceed \~8° s^-1^ and the sun is above aircraft
horizon and unblocked by clouds or aircraft obstructions (e.g., tail,
antennas). Data are digitized and recorded by an onboard data
acquisition and control system. Realtime data processing and color
display are routinely provided. The science data set includes the
detector signals, derived optical depths and water vapor column content,
detector temperature, sun tracker azimuth and elevation angles, tracking
errors, and time. Radiometric calibration is determined via Langley
plots, either at high-mountain observatories or on specially designed
flights. Repeated calibrations show that the instruments maintain their
calibration (including window and filter transmittance, detector
responsivity and electronic gain) to within 1% in most spectral channels
for periods of several months to a year.

**2. Six-Channel Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-6)**

The six-channel instrument \[Fig. 1, *Matsumoto et al.*, 1987\] uses a
differential-shadowing sun sensor to drive the azimuth and elevation
tracking motors. The window-defogging system uses bottled dry nitrogen,
which also aids in overall instrument thermal control. The six
filter/detector/preamp sets are mounted in a common heat sink maintained
at 45 ±1 °C. Filter wavelengths are shown in Fig. 2. Filter full widths
at half-maximum (FWHM) are 5 nm. Data are digitized and recorded by a
laptop computer-based data acquisition and control system, with
realtime, onboard processing and color display.

AATS-6 has flown on a variety of aircraft, including the NASA CV-990,
C-130, and DC-8, the Sandia National Laboratories Twin Otter, and the
University of Washington C-131A. These measurements have been compared
with SAGE II measurements of free-tropospheric and stratospheric
aerosols \[*Russell et al*., 1986; *Livingston and Russell*, 1989\] and
used to characterize the spectral optical depth of oil- and forest-fire
smokes and thin clouds \[*Pueschel et al.*, 1988; *Pueschel and
Livingston*, 1990\], to measure tropospheric haze aerosols and their
impact on atmospheric radiation and on remote measurements of the
Earth\'s surface \[*Spanner et al.*, 1990; *Wrigley et al.*, 1992;
*Russell et al.,* 1999\], and to document the effect of the 1991
Pinatubo volcanic eruption on global-scale stratospheric aerosol optical
depth spectra \[*Russell et al.*, 1993a,b; 1996; *Toon et al.,* 1993\].
In addition, AATS-6 operated successfully on the ship R/V Vodyanitsky in
the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2), making
measurements of marine, European, and African aerosol optical depth
spectra, as well as water vapor columns \[*Livingston et al.,* 1997\].

![](media/image21.pct){width="3.4in" height="4.170138888888889in"}

**Figure 1.** Six-channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-6).

![](media/image22.pct){width="5.591666666666667in"
height="4.976388888888889in"}

**Figure 2.** Sunphotometer channel wavelengths (vertical lines with
arrows) in relation to atmospheric spectra. The spectra of transmittance
T of the direct solar beam at sea level were calculated using
MODTRAN-3.7/Version 1.0 with a Midlatitude Summer atmosphere, a rural
spring-summer tropospheric aerosol model (Vis = 23 km), and the sun at
the zenith. Current center wavelengths of channel filters are 354, 380,
449, 454, 500, 525, 606, 675, 779, 864, 940,1019, 1240, 1558 nm for
AATS-14 and 380, 451, 525, 864, 941, 1021 nm for AATS-6. Filter full
widths at half-maximum (FWHM) are 5 nm, except for the 449 and 454 nm
channels, which have FWHM 0.94 and 2.17 nm, respectively.

**3. Fourteen-Channel Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14)**

AATS-14 (Fig. 3) was developed under the NASA Environmental Research
Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) Program. It provides 14 spectral
channels in the same tracking-head size as the six-channel instrument,
with a more compact and automated data/control system. AATS-14 is
designed to operate on a variety of aircraft, some of which may be
remotely piloted or autonomous. Hence it can locate and track the sun
without input from an operator and record data in a self contained data
system. In addition, it must interface to an aircraft-provided telemetry
system, so as to receive and execute commands from a remote operator
station, and transmit science and instrument-status data to that
station.

AATS-14 uses a quad-cell photodiode to derive azimuth and elevation
tracking-error signals. Window defogging is achieved by a foil heater.
Channel filters are at wavelengths from 354 to 1558 nm (Fig. 2), chosen
to allow separation of aerosol, water vapor, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide
transmission. Detectors in the two longest-wavelength channels
incorporate thermoelectric coolers. The other 12 channels are maintained
at an elevated temperature by a foil heater or a
liquid-loop/thermoelectric heater/cooler system.

AATS-14 made its first science flights on the Pelican (modified Cessna)
aircraft of the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft
Studies (CIRPAS) during the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing
Observational Experiment (TARFOX) in July 1996 \[*Russell et al.,*
1999\]. More extensive flights on Pelican were made in the second
Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2), providing many measurements
of marine, European, and African aerosol optical depth spectra, as well
as water vapor columns \[*Schmid et al.,* 2000\].

![](media/image23.pct){width="2.977777777777778in"
height="5.625in"}AATS-14 completed its first operations on a pressurized
aircraft in June 1999, when it made five test flights on the NASA DC-8.
Operations included autonomous sun finding, tracking and data
acquisition with external temperatures as low as --62 C and sun angles
from \~10° off aircraft zenith to local horizontal.

**Figure 3.** Fourteen-channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer
(AATS-14). Dimensions are in inches.

####### References

Livingston, J.M. and P.B. Russell, Comparison of satellite-inferred
(SAGE II) aerosol optical depths with corresponding airborne
sun-photometer optical depths, Preprint AIAA 27th Aerospace Sciences
Meeting, January 9-12, 1989, Reno Nevada.

Livingston, J. M., V. N. Kapustin, B. Schmid, P. B. Russell, P. K.
Quinn, T. S. Bates, P. A. Durkee, and V. Freudenthaler, Shipboard
sunphotometer measurements of aerosol optical depth spectra and columnar
water vapor during ACE 2. *Tellus B 52*, 594-619, 2000.

Matsumoto, T., P. B. Russell, C. Mina,, W. Van Ark, and V. Banta,
Airborne tracking sunphotometer. *J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech*. *4,* 336-339,
1987.

Pueschel, R.F., J.M. Livingston, P.B. Russell, D.A. Colburn, T.P.
Ackerman, D.A. Allen, B.D. Zak and W. Einfeld: Smoke optical depths:
magnitude, variability and wavelength dependence, *J. Geophys. Res.*,
*93*, 8388-8402, 1988.

Pueschel, R.F. and J.M. Livingston, Aerosol spectral optical depths: Jet
fuel and forest fire smokes, *J. Geophys. Res.*, *95*, 22,417-22,422,
1990.

Pueschel, R. F., S. A. Kinne, P. B. Russell, K. G. Snetsinger, and J. M.
Livingston, Effects of the 1991 Pinatubo volcanic eruption on the
physical and radiative properties of stratospheric aerosols, *Current
Problems in Atmospheric Radiation* (Proc. IRS \'92), S. Keevallik, ed.,
A. Deepak Press, 1992.

Pueschel, R.F., J.M. Livingston, P.B. Russell, and S. Verma, Physical
and optical properties of the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol: aircraft
observations with impactors and a suntracking photometer, *J. Geophys.
Res., 99*, 12,915-12,922, 1994.

Russell, P. B., et al., Measurements with an airborne, autotracking,
external-head sunphotometer, *Preprint Volume, Sixth Conference on
Atmospheric Radiation, May 13-16, 1986*, pp. 55-58, Amer. Meteor. Soc.,
Boston, MA, 1986.

Russell, P.B. et al., Pinatubo and pre-Pinatubo optical depth spectra:
Mauna Loa measurements, comparisons, inferred particle size
distributions, radiative effects, and relationship to lidar data. *J.
Geophys. Res,* *98*, *22*, 969-22,985, 1993a.

Russell, P.B., J.M. Livingston, R.F. Pueschel, J.A. Reagan, E.V.
Browell, G.C. Toon, P.A. Newman, M.R. Schoeberl, L.R. Lait, L. Pfister,
Q. Gao, and B.M. Herman, Post-Pinatubo optical depth spectra vs.
latitude and vortex structure: Airborne tracking sunphotometer
measurements in AASE II*. Geophys Res. Lett, 20,* 2571-2574, 1993b.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. B. Pollack, S. L.
Brooks, P. J. Hamill, J. J. Hughes, L. W. Thomason, L. L. Stowe, T.
Deshler, E. G. Dutton, and R. W. Bergstrom. Global to microscale
evolution of the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol, derived from diverse
measurements and analyses. *J. Geophys. Res.*, *101*, 18,745-18,763,
1996.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, P. Hignett, S. Kinne, J. Wong, and P.
V. Hobbs, Aerosol-induced radiative flux changes off the United States
Mid-Atlantic coast: Comparison of values calculated from sunphotometer
and in situ data with those measured by airborne pyranometer, *J.
Geophys. Res.,* *104*, 2289-2307, 1999.

Schmid, B., Livingston, J. M., Russell, P. B., Durkee, P. A., Collins,
D. R., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Gassó, S., Hegg, D. A., Öström,
E., Noone, K. J., Welton, E. J., Voss, K., Gordon, H. R., Formenti, P.,
and Andreae, M. O.. Clear sky closure studies of lower tropospheric
aerosol and water vapor during ACE-2 using airborne sunphotometer,
airborne in-situ, space-borne, and ground-based measurements. *Tellus B
52,* 568-593, 2000.

Spanner, M.A., R.C. Wrigley, R.F. Pueschel, J.M. Livingston and D.S.
Colburn, Determination of atmospheric optical properties during the
first international satellite land surface climatology project field
experiment. *J. Spacecraft and Rockets*,

*27*, 373-379, 1990.

Toon, O., E. Browell, B. Gary, L. Lait, J. Livingston, P. Newman, R.
Pueschel, P. Russell, M. Schoeberl, G. Toon, W. Traub, F.P.J. Valero, H.
Selkirk, J. Jordan, Heterogeneous reaction probabilities, solubilities,
and the physical state of cold volcanic aerosols, *Science*, *261*,
1136-1140, 1993.

Wrigley, R.C., M.A. Spanner, R.E.. Sly, R.F. Pueschel, and H.R.
Aggarwal, Atmospheric correction of remotely sensed image data by a
simplified model. *J. Geophys. Res.,* *97*, 18797-18814, 1992.

**Weight, Power, Size, and Related Information**

1\. Six-Channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-6):

+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Part**   | *         | **Size**       | *      | **Type  | **Ex   |
|            | *Weight** |                | *Power | of      | ternal |
|            |           | **(19\" panel  | Requ   | Power** | Sensor |
|            |           | or other)**    | ired** |         | Loca   |
|            |           |                |        | **(V,   | tion** |
|            |           |                | **(    | Hz)**   |        |
|            |           |                | watts, |         |        |
|            |           |                | a      |         |        |
|            |           |                | mps)** |         |        |
+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+
| a\.        | 62 lb.    | Telescope dome | See    | See     | Zenith |
| Sun        | (Includes | 8\" OD,        | (b.)   | (b.)    | or     |
| photometer |           | Cylinder       |        |         | near-  |
| telescope  | 27-lb     | flange 10\" OD |        |         | zenith |
|            | head,     | Overall        |        |         | port\  |
|            |           | telescope      |        |         | (See   |
|            | 1-lb      | height \~15\"  |        |         | note.) |
|            | bearing,  | w/o. bottom    |        |         |        |
|            |           | cable          |        |         |        |
|            | 5-lb      | connector.     |        |         |        |
|            | isolator, | Extends \~6\"  |        |         |        |
|            |           | above A/C      |        |         |        |
|            | 1-lb      | skin, 9\"      |        |         |        |
|            | reinforc. | below. Mounted |        |         |        |
|            | ring,     | in Zenith      |        |         |        |
|            |           | port.          |        |         |        |
|            | 1 lb      |                |        |         |        |
|            | mounting  |                |        |         |        |
|            | bolts,    |                |        |         |        |
|            | 27-lb     |                |        |         |        |
|            | cable)    |                |        |         |        |
+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+
| b\.        | 39 lb.    | 13\" total     | 3.1 A  | 120VAC, | N/A    |
| Da         | (Includes | rack height in | c      | 60Hz    |        |
| ta/control | 27-lb     | 19" rack mount | ontrol |         |        |
| system     | control   | panel.         | box    |         |        |
|            | box; 5-lb | (Includes 9"   | plus   |         |        |
|            | laptop w/ | high control   | 0.8 A  |         |        |
|            | 2-lb      | box and 4"     | laptop |         |        |
|            | charger   | high laptop    |        |         |        |
|            | and 5-lb  | tray)          |        |         |        |
|            | rack      |                |        |         |        |
|            | tray)     |                |        |         |        |
+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+
| c\. N~2~   | 30 lb     | 7.5" Dia x 21" | N/A    | N/A     | N/A    |
| gas bottle |           | H              |        |         |        |
+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+
| d\.        | 45-lb 13" | 15\" rack      | 1.3A   | 120VAC, | N/A    |
| \*Optional | diagonal  | height in 19"  |        | 60Hz    |        |
|            | color     | panel          |        |         |        |
|            | monitor   |                |        |         |        |
|            | (needs    |                |        |         |        |
|            | rack      |                |        |         |        |
|            | tray).\   |                |        |         |        |
|            | 4-lb      |                |        |         |        |
|            | printer   |                |        |         |        |
|            | w/        |                |        |         |        |
|            | charger   |                |        |         |        |
+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+

2\. Fourteen-Channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14):

+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+
| **Part**   | *         | **Size**       | *      | **Type  | **Ex   |
|            | *Weight** |                | *Power | of      | ternal |
|            |           | **(19\" panel  | Requ   | Power** | Sensor |
|            |           | or other)**    | ired** |         | Loca   |
|            |           |                |        | **(V,   | tion** |
|            |           |                | **(    | Hz)**   |        |
|            |           |                | watts, |         |        |
|            |           |                | a      |         |        |
|            |           |                | mps)** |         |        |
+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+
| a\.        | 131.6 lb. | [Outside       | 5.5A   | 28 VDC  | Top of |
| Telescope  | (Includes | A/C            | 154 W  |         | cabin, |
| head w     |           | ]{.underline}: | peak   | or      | nose,  |
| electr     | 121-lb    | 8\" OD dome    |        |         | wing,  |
| onics/data | head      | (hemisphere)   | or     | 120VAC, | or     |
| system     | w/elec.,  | atop 5\" H     |        | 50-400  | pod.   |
| cylinder   |           | pedestal.      | 4.2 A  | Hz with |        |
|            | 3.5-lb    | (Total H: 9\"  | @ 500  | add     | 9\" D  |
|            | isolator, | above A/C      | W peak | itional | port   |
|            |           | skin)          |        | 55-lb   | (See   |
|            | 1-lb      |                |        | power   | note.) |
|            | reinforc. | [Inside        |        | supply. |        |
|            | ring,     | A/C            |        |         |        |
|            |           | ]{.underline}: |        |         |        |
|            | 0.4-lb    | 12\" D x 18\"  |        |         |        |
|            | torque    | H cylinder.    |        |         |        |
|            | link,     |                |        |         |        |
|            |           | (+ laptop      |        |         |        |
|            | 0.7-lb    | computer for   |        |         |        |
|            | mount     | checkout and   |        |         |        |
|            | bolts,    | test flights)  |        |         |        |
|            |           |                |        |         |        |
|            | 5-lb      |                |        |         |        |
|            | cable     |                |        |         |        |
|            | bundle.   |                |        |         |        |
+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+
| b\.        | 6-lb      | Laptop         | \~0.8  | 120 V,  | N/A    |
| Operator   | laptop &  | computer.      | A      | 60 Hz   |        |
| station    | cable,    | Optional       |        |         |        |
| (laptop    |           |                | 92     |         |        |
| computer)  | 15-lb     | tray mounts in | Watts  |         |        |
|            | tray      | 19" rack.      |        |         |        |
|            | w/slides. |                |        |         |        |
+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+
| c\. N~2~   | 30 lb     | 7.5" Dia x 21" | N/A    | N/A     | N/A    |
| gas bottle |           | H              |        |         |        |
+------------+-----------+----------------+--------+---------+--------+

Note: Telescope dome needs to be mounted as far as possible from viewing
obstructions such as A/C tail and antennas.