**\[See EA Picture: The Argonauta\]**

**The Kipahulu Home of Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh**

![](media/image1.png){width="0.5597222222222222in"
height="0.7201388888888889in"}

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Haleakalä National Park

## **Environmental Assessment** 

### *Kipahulu Conservation Center Site*

### *Kipahulu District, Maui, Hawai'i*

Haleakalä National Park

P.O. Box 369

Makawao, HI 96768

June 2002

# TABLE OF CONTENTS

# 

**1. Introduction** 1

Purpose and Need 1 Background 2

**2. Alternatives** 2

Alternative One 3

Alternative Two

Alternative Three

Alternative Four

Alternative Five 5

Alternative Six

Environmentally Preferable Alternative

**3. Affected Environment** 5

Natural Resources 6

*Air Quality* 6

########  Threatened and Endangered Species 

*Topography, Soils, and Geology*

*Vegetation* 8

*Water Resources*

*Wetlands and Floodplains* 10

########  Wildlife 

Cultural Resources 11

*Archeological Resources* 11

*Cultural Landscapes* 14

*Historic Structures* *Museum Objects* 16

Socioeconomic Resources 16

*Park Operations* 16

*Traffic*

*Visitor Use and Experience*

*Visual/Scenic Resources* 17

**4. Environmental Impacts** 17

Methodology 17

Natural Resources 18

########  Air Quality 19

*Threatened and Endangered Species* 20

*Topography, Soils, and Geology* 21

*Vegetation* 22

*Water Resources* 24

*Wetlands and Floodplains* 25

*Wildlife* 26

Cultural Resources 27

*Archeological Resources* 28

*Cultural Landscapes* 29

*Historic Structures* 30

*Museum Objects* 31

Socioeconomic Resources 33

*Park Operations* 33

*Traffic* 35 *Visitor Use and Experience* 36

*Visual/Scenic Resources* 37

Environmentally Preferable Alternative 38

**5. Consultation and Coordination** 39

Preparers 39

Contributors

Compliance with Federal and/or State Laws

Regulations

**6. References** 40

**7. Appendix 1:** Vascular Plant Species List for Kïpahulu

Coastal Area of HALE 43

**8. Appendix 2:** List of Recipients of This EA 48

# FIGURES

**Figure 1.** Alternative Site Locations for House and Writer's

Cottage with the Kïpahulu Coastal Area 4

**Figure 2.** The Kïpahulu Coastal Area of Haleakalä National Park 7

**Figure 3.** Area of Vegetation and Archeological Surveys within

the Kïpahulu Coastal Area 9

**Figure 4.** The Kïpahulu Coastal Area, Project Area and Component

Cultural Landscape within the Kïpahulu Historic District 12

# TABLES

**Table 1.** Archeological Sites 13

**Table 2.** Historic Structures 14

**Table 3.** Summary of Impacts on Air Quality 20

**Table 4.** Summary of Impacts on TES 21

**Table 5.** Summary of Impacts on Topography, Soils and Geology 22

**Table 6.** Summary of Impacts on Vegetation 23

**Table 7.** Summary of Impacts on Water Resources 25

**Table 8.** Summary of Impacts on Wetlands and Floodplains 26

**Table 9.** Summary of Impacts on Wildlife 27

**Table 10.** Summary of Impacts on Archeological Resources 29

**Table 11.** Summary of Impacts on Cultural Landscapes 30

**Table 12.** Summary of Impacts on Historic Structures 31

**Table 13.** Summary of Impacts on Museum Objects 33

**Table 14.** Summary of Impacts on Park Operations 35

**Table 15.** Summary of Impacts on Traffic 36

**Table 16.** Summary of Impacts on Visitor Use and Experience 37

**Table 17.** Summary of Impacts on Visual/Scenic Resources 38

# 1. INTRODUCTION

In 1998 Greg Marshall, Chairperson of the Argonauta Project, and David
Scott, Executive Director of the Historic Hawai'i Foundation (HHF),
approached Haleakalä National Park (HALE) about the proposed donation of
the Kïpahulu home of Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, the
Argonauta, and nearby writer's cottage to the park. The property upon
which these structures sit was in the process of being sold, and the
buyer wanted to extensively remodel the structures or build anew. HHF
had entered into an agreement with the buyer to purchase these
structures and remove them from the property when the sale became final.
Subsequent discussions about the proposed donation were held with Greg
Marshall, HHF, the Kïpahulu Community Association, the Alliance for the
Heritage of East Maui, the Kïpahulu Ohana, the Lindbergh Family, HALE,
the National Park Service (NPS) Pacific Islands Support Office, and the
NPS Pacific West Region's Regional Director and Deputy Regional
Director.

In 2000 HHF formed a planning and an advisory committee to oversee the
project and conduct fund raising. Between 1999 and 2001 letters of
support were received from Senator Inouye, Senator Akaka, and Governor
Cayetano. In 2001 the NPS agreed to accept as a donation the house and
writer's cottage provided that all costs for their relocation and
restoration, as well as an endowment for annual maintenance are raised
by HHF. Escrow on the property upon which these structures sit closed in
May 2002. The structures must be moved no later than nine months
following the close of escrow or the buildings could be destroyed or
modified significantly.

**[Purpose and Need]{.underline}**

The purpose of the project is to provide a suitable site where the house
and writer's cottage can be relocated within the Kïpahulu District of
HALE. The purpose of the project is not to establish a memorial to
Charles Lindbergh, America's celebrated aviation hero, but to provide a
place where the conservation values of Lindbergh, the NPS, and others
can be preserved and carried out. Therefore, these structures will be
called the Kïpahulu Conservation Center once they are relocated to HALE.

HALE felt it would be good to preserve these structures for two
reasons: 1) because of their relationship to Charles Lindbergh who
played a role, along with others, in acquiring the Kïpahulu District for
the park (Kïpahulu was added to HALE in 1969); and 2) because these
structures are donated (free) and come with an endowment for annual
maintainence. If moved within HALE, the house and writer's cottage will
serve as functional structures in support of park programs and provide
office, storage, and workshop space for employees and cooperators such
as the Kïpahulu 'Ohana and the Hawaii Natural History Association, and
exhibit space for visitors. The specific uses of the building will be
under the direction and control of the NPS and may change through the
years as need dictates. The structures will be owned by the National
Park Service in fee and be used in accordance with Department of
Interior and NPS regulations and management policies.

**[Background]{.underline}**

How the house and writer's cottage would be moved to HALE is unknown at
this time. Building contractors and the U.S. Air Force have been
involved with HHF in planning how to best move the structures with the
least disturbance. The cost for the relocation and restoration of these
structures, as well as an endowment for annual maintenance will be paid
out of the \$500,000 raised by HHF.

The site where the house and writer's cottage would be relocated within
HALE is connected to a proposed Recreation Fee Demonstration (Fee Demo)
project for the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park. The Fee Demo project
is to replace the visitor restrooms and construct an on-site wastewater
treatment and disposal system, enlarge and hard-surface the visitor
parking lot and relocate the current entrance/exit, gravel a separate
parking area for commercial vehicles, and upgrade the visitor-use
facilities at and the access road to the campground.

Congress authorized the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program to allow
the NPS, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
U.S. Forest Service, to implement fees at up to 100 sites (per agency)
that they manage and retain all the revenues. Under the Fee Demo
program, HALE is allowed to retain 80% of the revenues collected at the
park. The remaining 20% of the revenues are transferred to a general NPS
funding source that distributes money to servicewide initiatives and
parks that are not part of the Fee Demo program. All NPS projects funded
under the Fee Demo program must be completed by September 30, 2007.

**2. ALTERNATIVES**

The following is a list of reasonable alternatives for
relocating/restoring the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu
District of HALE:

**[Alternative One]{.underline}** -- Relocate/restore the house
(approximately 1,400 square feet) and writer's cottage (approximately
375 square feet) to site #1 within the Kïpahulu coastal area of HALE
(see Figure 1). An approximately 2,400 square foot area site would need
to be cleared of non-native vegetation and graded to provide a level
surface for the structures. In order to provide bathroom facilities, a
trench (approximately 50 feet in length, 2 feet in width, and 2 feet in
depth) would have to be dug to connect a sewer line from the structures
to the wastewater treatment and disposal system associated with the
proposed Fee Demo project. To provide water, a waterline trench
(approximately 480 feet in length, 1 foot in width and 2 feet in depth)
would have to be dug from the water main located by the pay phone next
to Pi'ilani Highway (Highway 31) to the structures. A phone line would
be placed in the waterline trench to provide phones to the structures. A
photovoltaic system would be installed to provide electricity for these
structures, and an internal sprinkler system installed to protect the
structures from fire. After the relocation/restoration work is
completed, the area around the structures would be landscaped with
native or Polynesian-introduced plants. This is the preferred
alternative.

**[Alternative Two]{.underline}** -- Relocate/restore the house
(approximately 1,400 square feet) and writer's cottage (approximately
375 square feet) to site #2 within the Kïpahulu coastal area of HALE
(see Figure 1). This alternative differs from Alternative One in the
length of the sewer line trench (approximately 100 feet).

**[Alternative Three]{.underline}** -- Relocate/restore the house
(approximately 1,400 square feet) and writer's cottage (approximately
375 square feet) to site #3 within the Kïpahulu coastal area of HALE
(see Figure 1). This alternative differs from Alternatives One and Two
in length of the water and sewer line trenches (approximately 400 feet
and 240 feet respectively). Unlike Sites #1 and #2, Site #3 cannot be
connected to the septic tank associated with the wastewater treatment
and disposal system for the proposed Fee Demo Project; it is located too
far away. Therefore, in this alternative a separate 1,000-gallon septic
tank would need to be constructed for these structures before the sewer
line is connected to the wastewater treatment and disposal system.

**[Alternative Four]{.underline}** -- Relocate/restore the house
(approximately 1,400 square feet) and writer's cottage (approximately
375 square feet) to site #4 within the Kïpahulu coastal area of HALE
(see Figure 1). This alternative differs from

**\[See Figure 1.\]**

**Alternative Site Locations for House and Writer's Cottage within the
Kipahulu Coastal Area**

**\*WTDS = Wastewater Treatment and Disposal System**

Alternatives One, Two and Three in the moving of the Kïpahulu Visitor
Center (KVC). In order for these structures to occupy same location as
the KVC, the KVC must be moved approximately 85 feet north of its
current position. This alternative also differs from Alternatives One,
Two and Three in the length of the sewer line trench (approximately 80
feet). This alternative is similar to Alternative One in the length of
the water line trench.

**[Alternative Five]{.underline}** -- Relocate/restore the house
(approximately 1,400 square feet) and writer's cottage (approximately
375 square feet) to site #5 within the Kïpahulu coastal area of HALE
(see Figure 1). This alternative differs from Alternatives One, Two,
Three and Four in the length of the water line trench (approximately 800
feet). In this alternative a separate wastewater treatment and disposal
system (i.e., a 1,000-gallon septic tank and soil absorption field)
would need to be constructed solely for these structures in order to
provide bathroom facilities.

**[Alternative Six]{.underline}** -- Do not accept (i.e.,
relocate/restore) the house and writer's cottage within HALE. The buyer
of the property upon which they sit could decide to destroy or
significantly modify these structures. This is the no action
alternative.

# Environmentally Preferable Alternative

NPS policy requires identification of the environmentally preferred
alternative. The environmentally preferred alternative is the
alternative/s that will promote the national environmental policy as
expressed in the National Environmental Policy Act (Section 101(b)).
This means the alternative/s that cause the least damage to the
biological and physical environment, and afford the most protection,
preservation and enhancement of the cultural and natural resources.

The environmentally preferred alternative will be identified at the
conclusion of the environmental impact analysis.

### []{.mark}

### 3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 

The following is a description of the existing physical and
socioeconomic environment relevant to understanding the potential
impacts of the project alternatives.

# Natural Resources

####### Air Quality 

HALE has been designated a "class I" attainment area under the Clean Air
Act. Class I areas are national parks over 6,000 acres and national
wilderness areas over 5,000 acres that were in existence on August 7,
1977. The designation dictates the allowable increases in air pollution
that are permitted for the area to ensure that attainment is, in fact,
maintained.

HALE has been part of the NPS air quality monitoring network since May
1987 with the installation of a visibility camera on the inside slope of
Haleakalä Crater. A standard NPS air quality meterological station and
gaseous pollutant monitoring station was established at Olinda in July
1991 along with a single unit IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of
Protected Visual Environments) particulate sampler. The visibility
camera, meterological station, and gaseous monitoring equipment were
removed in the mid-1990s. The IMPROVE sampler was upgraded to a four
unit system in November 2000 and continues.

However, neither the park nor the State of Hawaii Department of Health
monitors air quality in the Kïpahulu area. Based on the air quality
monitoring data (particulate monitoring only; gaseous pollutants ended
in the mid-1990s) and due to persistent trade winds, the air quality at
HALE is considered "excellent."

####### Threatened and Endangered Species

There is one plant and one animal located in the Kïpahulu coastal area
of the park currently listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS) as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act.
The grass, Hilo ischaemum (*Ischaemum byrone* (Trin.) Hitchc.), is found
growing between rocks at the mouth of 'Ohe'o Gulch near sea level
(Medeiros et al. 1998:47). The Hoary Bat or 'öpe'ape'a (*Lasiurus
cinerius*) was observed around 8:00 p.m. on June 14, 2000, at the
Resources Management/Maintenance baseyard (Hodges 2000).

One species of goby, 'o'opu 'alamo'o (*Lentipes concolor*), located in
this area of the park is currently listed by the USFWS as a species of
concern. This freshwater fish has been observed in Pïpïwai and Palikea
Streams and 'Ohe'o Gulch (Hodges 1994; Kinzie and Ford 1977).

####### Topography, Soils and Geology

The Kïpahulu coastal area of the park extends from below the Hana
Highway to the ocean and from Puhilele Point to 'Ohe'o Gulch; an area of
approximately 90 acres (Figure 2). The

**\[See Figure 2.\]**

The Kïpahulu Coastal Area (orange-shaded) and Project Area (red-shaded)
within

Haleakalä National Park

topography of this area ranges in elevation from 20 to 160 feet (6 to 49
meters) above mean sea level and slopes eastward towards the ocean.
Based on a soils investigation conducted in 1979, the general geology of
this area of the park can be characterized as "an ancient mudflow
deposit and underlying volcanic flows" (Dames and Moore 1979:6). The
mudflow deposit is characterized by large angular boulders in a
clay-like silt and may represent debris materials from the upper part of
the mountain that were at onetime set in motion by heavy rains, strong
earthquakes or both (Dames and Moore 1979). The deposit is approximately
20 feet thick at Ka'ü Bay and thins out to the northeast (Dames and
Moore 1979). Beneath the mudflow deposit, basaltic 'a'ä flows of the
Hana Series of East Maui exist down to sea level (Dames and Moore
1979:7).

*Vegetation []{.mark}*

Although non-native vegetation such as java plum (*Syzygium cumini* (L.)
Skeels), christmas berry (*Schinus terebinthifolius* Raddi), elephant
grass (*Pennisetum purpureum* Schumach.) and california grass
(*Brachiaria mutica* (Forssk.) Stapf) dominate the landscape, HALE
botanists have identified 22 species of native plants during a November
2000 vegetation survey of approximately sixty acres within the Kïpahulu
coastal area of the park (Figure 3; Appendix 1). One of these plants,
ko'oko'olau (*Bidens hillebrandiana* (Drake) Deg. subsp. *polycephala*
Nagata and Ganders), has been designated by HALE as rare in the park.
This herb is localized on the lava, or 'a'ä, ledges near sea level on
the southern side of 'Ohe'o Gulch.

####### Water Resources

A well was drilled in 1980 and a distribution system developed in 1998
to provide a reliable, continuous source of potable water for this area
of the park. The mouth of the well drilled for this area of the park is
located above the Hana Highway at the 390-foot (1,280 meters) elevation
level. The 410-foot deep well taps an artesian aquifer; no other well is
known to be in the same aquifer. The well did not encounter a bottom to
the aquifer, so the lateral extent, thickness and exact nature of the
artesian system is not known (USGS 1983:22). Periodic sampling of the
water by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) during aquifer testing
established that the aquifer is not hydraulically connected with the
ocean (USGS 1983). The low temperature and pristine nature of the water
indicates that the aquifer gets recharge water from very high-level
rainfall at the head of Kïpahulu Valley (USGS 1983:16).

Based on the well pump tests conducted in 1980, the drawdown at a
discharge rate of 335 gallons per minute (gpm) was

**\[See Figure 3.\]**

Area of Vegetation and Archeological Surveys (orange-shaded) and

Project Area (red-shaded) within the Kïpahulu Coastal Area

11.75 feet with almost instantaneous recovery (USGS 1983:13). The water
distribution system was designed not to exceed the minimum capacity of
the aquifer and consists of a solar-powered pump with a maximum pumping
capacity of 17 gpm and two 8,000-gallon water storage tanks. Currently
the pump runs for a maximum of 8 hours per day and it takes
approximately 2 days to fill both storage tanks. Therefore, the minimum
supply of water currently available is 8,000 gallons per day (gpd) vice
the potentially available 16,000 gpd.

During a 1979 soils investigation, some small ground-water seeps were
noted on the cliffs in the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park (Dames and
Moore 1979:Plate 2). It is assumed these seeps represent very localized
accumulations of groundwater derived from downward percolation within
the boulder silt, and do not represent prolonged lateral migration
(Dames and Moore 1979:9). A spring is also visible at low tide in the
vicinity of the ground-water seeps seaward of the campground (Dames and
Moore 1979:Plate 2). It is assumed this spring represents leakage at the
shoreline of a relatively thin lens of basal fresh water generally found
in this type of formation (Dames and Moore 1979:10).

####### 

####### Wetlands and Floodplains

Based on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1978 national wetlands
inventory (http://www.nwi.fws.gov) and the Federal Emergency Management
Agency flood insurance rate maps for Maui Island
(http://www.esri.com/data/online/fema), there are wetlands and
floodplains located within the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park.

## *Wildlife*

Although non-native terrestrial vertebrates predominate, six native bird
species have been identified as present in the Kïpahulu coastal area of
the park (Hodges 2000; Stemmermann 1980). The white-tailed tropic bird
or koa'e kea (*Phaeton lepturus dorotheae*), black noddy or noio (*Anous
minutus melanogenys*) are seabirds that nest in cliffs and rocky ledges.
The great frigatebird or 'iwa (*Fregata minor palmerstoni*) can be
spotted flying inland over the pastured areas as well as in the coastal
areas. The wandering tattler or 'ülili (*Heteroscelus incanus*) and
ruddy turnstone or 'akekeke (*Arenia interpres*) are regular migrants to
the area commonly seen along the coast. The Pacific golden plover or
kolea (*Pluvialis fulva*) is also a regular migrant commonly seen along
the coast and in all grasslands in the area.

A total of 195 species of invertebrates have been identified as present
in the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park (Gagne 1980; Takumi 2000). Only
14 percent (27 of the 195) of these species are native (Takumi 2000).

#### 

#### Cultural Resources

As defined by NPS Management Policies (2001) and Director's Order #28:
Cultural Resource Management, a cultural resource may be a tangible
entity or cultural practice. Tangible cultural resources are categorized
as archeological resources, cultural landscapes, historic structures,
museum objects, and ethnographic resources for NPS management purposes.

The Kïpahulu District of HALE has cultural and spiritual value to Native
Hawaiians. Kïpahulu was a moku (district) with rich and diverse, but
scattered agricultural resources (Handy 1940:112). Its great valley and
lower fringing forests nourished forest taro and other native food
plants, as did the lower kula lands above the sea, where the native
homes are today (Handy 140:112). The Kïpahulu District of HALE
encompasses the ahupua'a or ancient land divisions of 'Alae Iki, 'Alae
Nui, and Kakalehale. The Kïpahulu coastal area of the park continues to
be used by Native Hawaiians for a variety of activities.

The Kïpahulu coastal area of the park is located within the Kïpahulu
Historic District (Hawaii State Inventory of Historic Places \[SIHP\]
Site \# 50-50-17-299; Figure 4) which has been formally determined
eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

####### Archeological Resources

Based on an archeological survey (Dye et al. 2002; Figure 3) of sixty
acres of the Kïpahulu Historic District, there are 65+ surface features
grouped into 12 sites located within the Kïpahulu coastal area of the
park associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District (Table 1). These
sites are eligible for listing in the NRHP under criteria A, C and/or D
as set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.4.

Criterion A applies to properties associated with events that have made
a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history, or are
significant to the cultural traditions of a community. Criterion C
applies to properties that embody the distinctive characteristics of a
type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a
master, or

**\[See Figure 4.\]**

The Kïpahulu Coastal Area (orange-shaded), Project Area (red-shaded) and

Component Cultural Landscape (blue-shaded) within the Kïpahulu Historic
District

that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and
distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
Criterion D applies to properties that have yielded, or may be likely to
yield, information important in prehistory or history.

[]{.mark}

Several miscellaneous features were also relocated during archeological
survey. These include isolated, small features, modern or recently
reconstructed walls, and bulldozer mounds. These features are either not
eligible for listing in the NRHP or are not associated with or do not
contribute to the significant qualities of the nearest sites (Dye et al.
2002:25). These features have been recorded appear on the archeological
base map (Rosendahl 1975).

Table 1. Archeological Sites (based on Dye et al. 2002)

+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| *     | **Site        | **Site    | **C       | *         | *     |
| *SIHP | Description** | F         | alibrated | *Probable | *NRHP |
| Site  |               | unction** | Ra        | Time      | Crite |
| \#**  | **(# of       |           | diocarbon | Period**  | ria** |
|       | features)**   |           | Date      |           |       |
| **5   |               |           | Range\*** |           |       |
| 0-50- |               |           |           |           |       |
| 17-** |               |           |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 1088  | Mu            | C         | A.D.      | \-        | A, C, |
|       | lti-component | eremonial | 1164-1384 |           | D     |
|       | complex (3)   |           |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 1089  | Mu            | H         | A.D.      | \-        | C, D  |
|       | lti-component | abitation | 1625-1949 |           |       |
|       | complex (3)   |           |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 3560  | Mu            | Ha        | A.D.      | \-        | D     |
|       | lti-component | bitation/ | 1486-1800 |           |       |
|       | complex (27+) | Ag        |           |           |       |
|       |               | riculture |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 3570  | Mu            | Ha        | \-        | Pr        | A, D  |
|       | lti-component | bitation/ |           | ehistoric |       |
|       | complex (8)   | Burial    |           | /Historic |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 3572  | Enclosure (1) | Ha        | \-        | Historic? | D     |
|       |               | bitation? |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 3577  | Mu            | C         | \-        | Pr        | A, D  |
|       | lti-component | eremonial |           | ehistoric |       |
|       | complex (6)   |           |           | /Historic |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 3580  | Mu            | H         | A.D.      | \-        | D     |
|       | lti-component | abitation | 1401-1632 |           |       |
|       | complex (5+)  |           |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 3581  | Platform with | Unknown   | \-        | ?         | D     |
|       | abutting wall |           |           |           |       |
|       | (2)           |           |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 3763  | Mu            | Ha        |           | Historic  | C, D  |
|       | lti-component | bitation/ |           |           |       |
|       | complex (5+)  | Ag        |           |           |       |
|       |               | riculture |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 3766  | Remnant       | Unknown   | \-        | ?         | D     |
|       | enclosures    |           |           |           |       |
|       | (2)           |           |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 3771  | Remnant       | Ranching  | \-        | Historic  | D     |
|       | features (1+) |           |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 5028  | Enclosure (1) | Ha        | \-        | Historic? | D     |
|       |               | bitation? |           |           |       |
+-------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+

\* Date is from charcoal sample collected at the base of a feature from
the site

#### *Cultural Landscapes*

There is one component cultural landscape identified within the Kïpahulu
coastal area of the park associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District
that may be eligible for listing in the NRHP (Figure 4). This component
landscape is listed on the NPS Cultural Landscapes Automated Inventory
Monitoring Systems (CLAIMS) database as Cultural Landscape Inventory
Identification #975094, "Hawaiian Homesteads ('Ohe'o)". This landscape
is associated with pä hale (house lot, yard, fence) built after the
Mahele (i.e., government privatization of land ownership between
1848-1850).

######## Historic Structures

There are nine historic structures identified within the Kïpahulu
coastal area of the park associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District
that may be eligible for listing in the NRHP. Seven of the nine
structures are features of four archeological sites identified above.
These structures are listed in the NPS List of Classified Structures
(LCS; Table 2).

Table 2. Historic Structures (based on the LCS)

  --------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------
  **LCS ID \#**   **Structure Name**           **Comments**

  006734          Early 'Ohe'o Gulch Bridge    
                  Supports                     

  006735          Kanalulu Tombs               

  014016          Po'onika Homesite            Part of SIHP Site \#
                  Foundations                  50-50-17-3763

  014017          Ka-U Bay Site #2             Part of SIHP Site \#
                                               50-50-17-1088

  014023          Ka-U Bay Site                Part of SIHP Site \#
                                               50-50-17-1089

  058299          Po'onika Homestead Stone     Part of SIHP Site \#
                  Walls                        50-50-17-3763

  058389          Po'onika Homestead Animal    Part of SIHP Site \#
                  Pens                         50-50-17-3763

  058434          Po'onika Secondary Stone     Part of SIHP Site \#
                  Walls                        50-50-17-3763

  058512          Po'onika Tomb                Part of SIHP Site \#
                                               50-50-17-3570
  --------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------

The Kïpahulu home of Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, which
was designed by John T. Jacobsen in 1969, and the writer's cottage were
built in 1970. Properties that are less than 50 years-old may be listed
in the NRHP only if they are of "exceptional importance" or if they are
integral parts of districts that are eligible for listing in the NRHP
(NPS National Register Bulletin 22). The phrase "exceptional importance"
may be applied to the extraordinary importance of an event or to an
entire category of resources so fragile that survivors of any age are
unusual (NPS National Register Bulletin 15:42).

As set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.4, Criterion B applies to properties
associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. Properties
eligible under Criterion B are usually those associated with a person's
productive life, reflecting the time period when he or she achieved
significance (NPS National Register Bulletin 15:15). Properties that
pre- or post-date an individual's significant accomplishments are
usually not eligible (NPS National Register Bulletin 15:15).

The house and writer's cottage have been determined ineligible for
listing in the NRHP through informal consultation with the Hawaii State
Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). The house and the writer's cottage
are not of "exceptional importance" in the productive life of Charles
Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh. In fact, these structures post-date
the time period when Charles and Anne achieved their significance. These
structures are associated with the last four years of Charles' life
before his death in 1974. Although Charles and Anne only "resided in
their Kïpahulu home, for around six weeks at a time, about twice a year
(Hunter 1993:124)", "Charles loved the remote beauty and quiet of
Kïpahulu (Pryor and Burnett 1981:24)."

The house and writer's cottage are also not of "exceptional importance"
for their physical design or construction nor as the work of a master
(i.e., Criterion C). Additionally, if a property is moved from its
original location it may be listed in the NRHP only if it is significant
primarily for its architectural value or it is the surviving property
most importantly associated with a historic person or event (NPS
National Register Bulletin 15:29). The phrase "most importantly
associated" means it must be the single surviving property that is most
closely associated with the event or with the part of the person's life
for which he or she is significant (NPS National Register Bulletin
15:30).

######## 

######## Museum Objects

Seven ethnology objects associated with the park's museum collection are
on exhibit at the KVC located within the Kïpahulu coastal area of the
park.

#### 

#### Socioeconomic Resources

####### Park Operations

There are two districts of operations for the park: Summit and Kïpahulu
(Strategic Plan 2000:6). The Kïpahulu District is staffed by 9.9
employees from the following divisions: Interpretation, Maintenance,
Protection and Resource Management. The staff are supported by the
assistance of park cooperators such as the Hawaii Natural History
Association and the University of Hawai'i.

[]{.mark}

Facilities in this area of the park include: a day-use parking lot and
overflow parking area; visitor center with exhibits and interpretative
literature sales; composting and portable chemical toilets including one
vault toilet; campground and campground access road; trails and
pedestrian bridges; well and water distribution system; and employee
baseyard and shelter. Commercial power is not available in this area of
the park. Photovoltaic systems are the only alternative source of
renewable energy currently used in the area of the park. Phone lines run
underground from overhead lines on the Pi'ilani Highway to a pay phone
at day-use parking lot, the KVC, and the employee baseyard.

####### []{.mark}

####### Traffic

Vehicle access to this area of the park is via the Pi'ilani Highway
(State Highway 31), which runs through the park as part of the island
road system. Park visitors in rental cars or commercial group van tours
and East Maui residents primarily travel this road. Vehicle circulation
within this area of the park is limited to the day-use parking lot and
overflow parking area, campground and campground access road.

[]{.mark}

####### Visitor Use and Experience

Visitor use of HALE is year-round. Approximately 95 percent of the use
is day use (GMP 1995:62). Based on the Spring 2000 Haleakalä National
Park Visitor Use Survey, the primary visitor reasons for visiting the
Kïpahulu coastal area of the park are "to sightsee/take scenic drive,
for the recreational opportunities (e.g., hike, swim, camp, etc.), and
to experience wilderness, Hawaiian culture, and solitude/quiet." From
the park's perspective, the desired visitor experience for this area of
HALE is 1) each visitor will understand, appreciate and respect the
scientific and cultural value of Kïpahulu, and 2) visitors will
understand and experience elements of an ahupua'a (2001 Draft Long Range
Interpretative Plan:29).

####### Visual/Scenic Resources

The scenic views identified as part of the park experience and worthy of
protection in the Kïpahulu coastal area of HALE are 1) the view of the
Kïpahulu Valley and the surrounding mountains and cliffs, and 2) the
view of the ocean as seen from the KVC (2001 Draft Long Range
Interpretative Plan:63).

### 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 

# Methodology

For the purposes of this EA, direct and indirect environmental impacts
of project alternatives are analyzed in terms of geographical context
(e.g., site-specific, local, state or national), temporal duration
(i.e., short- or long-term), and intensity (i.e., negligible, minor and
major). Short-term impacts are defined as lasting only for the duration
of the project. Long-term impacts are defined as continuing in duration
after the project is completed. The thresholds of change for intensity
of an impact are defined under each resource topic below. Relevant laws,
regulation, and park or other policies affecting the analysis of impacts
are also briefly discussed under each resource topic below.

Cumulative impacts are the "additive" impacts on a particular resource
from the proposed action and past, present, and reasonably foreseeable
future actions. Other projects that could occur in the vicinity of the
Kïpahulu coastal area of HALE are: 1) construction of a traditional hale
(building) for cultural demonstrations (currently cultural
demonstrations take place at the KVC); 2) a Fee Demo project to replace
the visitor restrooms and construct an on-site wastewater treatment and
disposal system, enlarge and hard-surface the visitor parking lot and
relocate the current entrance/exit, gravel a separate parking area for
commercial vehicles, and upgrade the visitor-use facilities at and the
access road to the campground; and 3) a line item construction project
to build administration/visitor protection and maintenance/resource
management facilities and staff residences.

For the purposes of this EA, cumulative environmental impacts of project
alternatives are also analyzed in terms of geographical context (e.g.,
site-specific, local, state, or national), temporal duration (i.e.,
short or long term), and intensity (i.e., negligible, minor and major).
The same definitions used to analyze direct and indirect impacts and
thresholds of change for intensity of an impact are used to analyze
cumulative impacts.

The NPS Organic Act mandates that park resources are passed onto future
generations "unimpaired". An impairment is an impact that would harm a
resource or value who conservation is: 1) necessary to fulfill specific
purposes identified in the establishing legislation or proclamation of
the park; 2) key to the natural or cultural integrity of the park or to
opportunities for enjoyment of the park; or 3) identified as a goal in
the park's GMP or other relevant planning document (NPS Management
Policies 2001:12).

NPS Management Policies (2001) and Director's Order #12: Conservation
Planning, Environmental Impact Analysis, and Decision-making require an
impairment finding for each resource topic as part of the environmental
analysis of project alternatives. While all impairments equal major
impacts, not all major impacts equal impairments. For the purposes of
this EA, impairment is defined as an adverse major impact.

**[Natural Resources]{.underline}**

In the absence of quantitative data, best professional judgement
prevailed in defining the thresholds of change for analyzing the
intensity of an impact on natural resources, and are as follows:

> "Negligible impact" -- No natural resources are present or there are
> natural resources are the present, but the action will have no direct
> and/or indirect impacts or only temporary impacts are expected.
>
> "Minor impact" -- the action will have permanent direct and/or
> indirect impacts on natural resources, however, the impacts are not
> substantial and highly noticeable or conditions can be imposed that
> mitigate and/or avoids the impacts being substantial and highly
> noticeable.
>
> "Major impact" -- the action will have permanent direct and/or
> indirect impacts on natural resources that are substantial and highly
> noticeable.

*Air Quality*

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} - Relocating/
restoring the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of
HALE would temporarily generate particulate matter (e.g., dust, dirt,
smoke, and liquid droplets) into the air from the site work (e.g.,
clearing, grading, and utilities installation) and construction
equipment. Therefore, this alternative would have a short-term
negligible impact on air quality.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on air quality.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are construction projects
(i.e., the hale, Fee Demo, and line item construction projects) that
would temporarily generate particulate matter (e.g., dust, dirt, smoke,
and liquid droplets) into the air from the site work (e.g., clearing,
grading, and utilities installation) and construction equipment.
Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One though Five would have
a short-term negligible impact on air quality. Alternative Six would not
contribute to the cumulative impact on air quality.

####### 

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on air quality are briefly summarized in Table 3.
Based on these findings, none of the project alternatives if implemented
would constitute an impairment on air quality.

Table 3. Summary of Impacts on Air Quality

  ----------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**   **Alternatives**                                                       

              **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**     **Six**

  *Air        Short-term         Short-term   Short-term   Short-term   Short-term   Negligible
  Quality*    negligible direct, negligible   negligible   negligible   negligible   direct,
              indirect and       direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,      indirect and
              cumulative impacts indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and cumulative
                                 cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   impacts
                                 impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts      
  ----------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

######## Threatened and Endangered Species

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Relocating/
restoring the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of
HALE at site #1 would not directly or indirectly impact threatened and
endangered species (TES; i.e., the Hilo ischaemum and Hoary Bat),
designated critical habitat, and/or species of concern (i.e., the 'o'opu
'alamo'o) located in this area of the park. Therefore, this alternative
would have a negligible impact on TES.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #2.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #3.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #4.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #5.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} - Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on TES.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are construction projects
(i.e., the hale, Fee Demo, and line item construction projects) that
would not directly or indirectly impact threatened and endangered
species (TES; i.e., the Hilo ischaemum and Hoary Bat), designated
critical habitat, and/or species of concern (i.e., the 'o'opu 'alamo'o)
located in this area of the park. Cumulatively these projects and
Alternatives One though Six would have a negligible impact on TES.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on TES are briefly summarized in Table 4. Based on
these findings, none of the project alternatives if implemented would
constitute an impairment on TES.

Table 4. Summary of Impacts on TES

  ----------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**   **Alternatives**                                                       

              **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**     **Six**

  *TES*       Negligible direct, Negligible   Negligible   Negligible   Negligible   Negligible
              indirect and       direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,
              cumulative impacts indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and
                                 cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative
                                 impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts
  ----------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

######## Topography, Soils, and Geology

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Relocating/
restoring the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of
HALE at site #1 would disturb approximately 4,160 cubic feet of soil,
however, this impact would not be substantial and highly noticeable. The
soil would be reused as fill material on-site or for other projects
solely within the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park. Therefore, this
alternative would have a long-term minor impact on topography, soils,
and geology.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #2.
Site work would disturb approximately 4,360 cubic feet of soil.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #3.
Site work would disturb approximately 6,105 cubic feet of soil.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #4.
Site work would disturb approximately 4,280 cubic feet of soil.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #5.
Site work would disturb approximately 5,945+ cubic feet of soil.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} - Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on topography, soils, and geology.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are construction projects (i.e.,
the hale, Fee Demo, and line item construction projects) that would
disturb an area of approximately 600 square feet, 4 acres, and 6 acres
respectively. The soils from these projects would be reused as fill
material on-site or for other projects solely within the Kïpahulu
coastal area of the park. Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives
One though Five would disturb approximately 5% of the Kïpahulu coastal
area (i.e., 4.06 acres out of a total of 90 acres), and 1% of the Lower
Kïpahulu Valley (i.e., 6 acres out of a total of 875 acres). This impact
would not be substantial and highly noticeable, therefore, cumulatively
these projects and Alternatives One though Five would have a long-term
minor impact on topography, soils, and geology. Alternative Six would
not contribute to the cumulative impact on topography, soils, and
geology.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on topography, soils, and geology are briefly
summarized in Table 5. Based on these findings, none of the project
alternatives if implemented would constitute an impairment on
topography, soils, and geology.

Table 5. Summary of Impacts on Topography, Soils, and Geology

+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *        | **      |         |         |         |         |         |
| *Topic** | Alterna |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | tives** |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|          | **One** | **Two** | **      | *       | *       | **Six** |
|          |         |         | Three** | *Four** | *Five** |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Top     | []      | Lo      | Lo      | Lo      | Lo      | Neg     |
| ography, | {.mark} | ng-term | ng-term | ng-term | ng-term | ligible |
| Soils,   |         | minor   | minor   | minor   | minor   | direct, |
| and      | Lo      | direct, | direct, | direct, | direct, | i       |
| Geology* | ng-term | i       | i       | i       | i       | ndirect |
|          | minor   | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | and     |
|          | direct, | and     | and     | and     | and     | cum     |
|          | i       | cum     | cum     | cum     | cum     | ulative |
|          | ndirect | ulative | ulative | ulative | ulative | impacts |
|          | and     | impacts | impacts | impacts | impacts |         |
|          | cum     |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | ulative |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | impacts |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

####### Vegetation

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Based on the
November 2000 vegetation survey, relocating/restoring the house and
writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE at site #1 would
not directly or indirectly impact native plant species or the rare
ko'oko'olu plant located in this area of the park. Landscaping the site
around the Kïpahulu Conservation structures after the relocation/
restoration work is completed would add native or Polynesian-introduced
plant species to this area of the park, however, this impact would not
be substantial and highly noticeable. Reusing soils disturbed by the
project as fill on-site or for other projects solely within the
predominately non-native vegetated Kïpahulu coastal area of the park
will limit the potential spread of alien plants elsewhere in the park.
Therefore, this alternative would have a long-term minor impact on
vegetation.

[]{.mark}

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #2.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #3.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #4.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #5.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on vegetation.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are construction projects (i.e.,
the hale, Fee Demo, and line item construction projects) that would not
directly or indirectly impact native plant species or the rare
ko'oko'olu plant located in this area of the park. Landscaping the sites
after the construction work is completed would add native or
Polynesian-introduced plant species to this area of the park, however,
this impact would not be substantial and highly noticeable. Reusing
soils disturbed by these projects as fill on-site or for other projects
solely within the predominately non-native vegetated Kïpahulu coastal
area of the park will limit the potential spread of alien plants
elsewhere in the park. Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One
though Five would have a long-term minor cumulative impact on
vegetation. Alternative Six would not contribute to the cumulative
impact on vegetation.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on vegetation are briefly summarized in Table 6.
Based on these findings, none of the project alternatives if implemented
would constitute an impairment on vegetation.

Table 6. Summary of Impacts on Vegetation

  -------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**      **Alternatives**                                                       

                 **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**     **Six**

  *Vegetation*   Long-term minor    Long-term    Long-term    Long-term    Long-term    Negligible
                 direct, indirect   minor        minor        minor        minor        direct,
                 and cumulative     direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,      indirect and
                 impacts            indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and cumulative
                                    cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   impacts
                                    impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts      
  -------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

####### Water Resources

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Drinking water
and bathroom facilities would be provided at the Kïpahulu Conservation
Center, which would use the park's well water and the wastewater
treatment and disposal system associated with the proposed fee demo
project for Kïpahulu. The volume of well water used by the occupants of
the Kïpahulu Conservation Center, an average daily use of 60 gpd per
day, would not be substantial and highly noticeable on the 8,000 gpd
supply of water currently available. The wastewater from the Kïpahulu
Conservation Center would be treated and disposed of in a manner
approved by the Hawaii State Department of Health and would not have a
substantial and highly noticeable impact ground-water seeps located in
this area of the park or the ocean. Therefore, this alternative would
have a long-term minor impact on water resources.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} - Drinking water and bathroom facilities
would be provided at the Kïpahulu Conservation Center, which would use
the park's well water and require a wastewater treatment and disposal
system constructed solely for these structures (i.e., a 1,000-gallon
septic tank and soil absorption field). The volume of well water used by
the occupants of the Kïpahulu Conservation Center, an average daily use
of 60 gpd, would not be substantial and highly noticeable on the 8,000
gpd supply of water currently available. The wastewater from the
Kïpahulu Conservation Center would be treated and disposed of in a
manner approved by the Hawaii State Department of Health and would not
substantially and highly noticeably impact ground-water seeps located in
this area of the park or the ocean. Therefore, this alternative would
have a long-term minor impact on water resources.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} - Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on water resources.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Fee Demo, and line
item construction projects that would have an estimated average daily
use of 0 gpd, 8,000 gpd, and 900 gpd respectively. The volume of well
water used by these projects and Alternatives One through Five, a total
average daily use of 8,960 gpd, would be substantial and highly
noticeable on the 8,000 gpd supply of water currently available.
However, increasing the hours per day that the pump runs would mitigate
these impacts being substantial and highly noticeable by increasing the
supply of water to the potentially available 16,000 gpd. The wastewater
from the Fee Demo and line item construction projects would be treated
and disposed of in a manner approved by the Hawaii State Department of
Health and would not substantially and highly noticeably impact
ground-water seeps located in this area of the park or the ocean.
Therefore, cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One though Five
would have a long-term minor cumulative impact on water resources.
Alternative Six would not contribute to the cumulative impact on water
resources.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on water resources are briefly summarized in Table
7. Based on these findings, none of the project alternatives if
implemented would constitute an impairment on water resources.

Table 7. Summary of Impacts on Water Resources

+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *        | **      |         |         |         |         |         |
| *Topic** | Alterna |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | tives** |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|          | **One** | **Two** | **      | *       | *       | **Six** |
|          |         |         | Three** | *Four** | *Five** |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Water   | Lo      | []      | Lo      | Lo      | Lo      | []      |
| Re       | ng-term | {.mark} | ng-term | ng-term | ng-term | {.mark} |
| sources* | minor   |         | minor   | minor   | minor   |         |
|          | direct, | Lo      | direct, | direct, | direct, | Neg     |
|          | i       | ng-term | i       | i       | i       | ligible |
|          | ndirect | minor   | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | direct, |
|          | and     | direct, | and     | and     | and     | i       |
|          |         | i       | cum     | cum     | cum     | ndirect |
|          | cum     | ndirect | ulative | ulative | ulative | and     |
|          | ulative | and     | impacts | impacts | impacts | cum     |
|          | impacts | cum     |         |         |         | ulative |
|          |         | ulative |         |         |         | impacts |
|          |         | impacts |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

####### Wetlands and Floodplains

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} - Relocating/
restoring the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of
HALE at site #1 would not directly or indirectly impact wetlands and
floodplains located in this area of the park. Therefore, this
alternative would have a negligible impact on wetlands and floodplains.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #2.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #3.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #4.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #5.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on wetlands and floodplains.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are construction projects (i.e.,
the hale, Fee Demo, and line item construction projects) would not
directly or indirectly impact wetlands and floodplains located in this
area of the park. Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One
though Six would have a negligible cumulative impact on wetlands and
floodplains.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on wetlands and flooplains are briefly summarized
in Table 8. Based on these findings, none of the project alternatives if
implemented would constitute an impairment on wetlands and floodplains.

Table 8. Summary of Impacts on Wetlands and Floodplains

  -------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topics**     **Alternatives**                                                       

                 **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**     **Six**

  *Wetlands and  Negligible direct, Negligible   Negligible   Negligible   Negligible   Negligible
  Floodplains*   indirect and       direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,
                 cumulative impacts indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and
                                    cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative
                                    impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts
  -------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

####### Wildlife

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- The noise and
work associated with relocating/restoring the house and writer's cottage
within the Kïpahulu District of HALE at site #1 could temporarily
disturb native bird species present within this area of the park. The
site work could also kill native insects present within this area of the
park, however, this impact would not be substantial and highly
noticeable. Therefore, this alternative would have a short-term minor
impact on wildlife.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #2.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #3.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #4.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #5.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on wildlife.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are construction projects (i.e.,
the hale, Fee Demo, and line item construction projects) that would
temporarily generate noise and work that could disturb native bird
species present within this area of the park. The site work could also
kill native insects present within this area of the park, however, this
impact would not be substantial and highly noticeable. Cumulatively
these projects and Alternatives One though Five would have a short-term
minor cumulative impact on wildlife. Alternative Six would not
contribute to the cumulative impact on wildlife.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on wildlife are briefly summarized in Table 9.
Based on these findings, none of the project alternatives if implemented
would constitute an impairment on wildlife.

Table 9. Summary of Impacts on Wildlife

  ------------ ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topics**   **Alternatives**                                                       

               **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**     **Six**

  *Wildlife*   Short-term minor   Short-term   Short-term   Short-term   Short-term   Negligible
               direct, indirect   minor        minor        minor        minor        direct,
               and cumulative     direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,      indirect and
               impacts            indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and cumulative
                                  cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   impacts
                                  impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts      
  ------------ ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

**[Cultural Resources]{.underline}**

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires
Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their actions on
cultural resources listed or eligible for listing in the NRHP.
Therefore, the thresholds of change for analyzing the intensity of an
impact on cultural resources are defined in accordance with Section 106
of the NHPA, and are as follows:

> "Negligible impact" -- no historic properties affected (36 CFR Part
> 800.4). There are either no cultural resources present within the area
> of potential effect (APE) or there are cultural resources present but
> located more than 30 feet away and the action will have no direct
> and/or indirect impacts on them.
>
> "Minor impact" -- no historic properties adversely effected (36 CFR
> Part 800.5). There are cultural resources located within 30 feet of
> the APE, however, conditions can be imposed on the action that
> mitigate or avoids direct and/or indirect impacts on them.
>
> "Major impact" -- historic properties will be adversely effected (36
> CFR Part 800.5). The action will directly or indirectly alter
> characteristics of a cultural resource that qualify it for inclusion
> in the NRHP by either diminishing the integrity of its location,
> design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and/or association.

*Archeological Resources*

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Based on site
locations as depicted in the archeological survey (Dye et al. 2002),
this alternative would have a minor impact on archeological resources
associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District, if the water line is
routed to avoid SIHP Site \# 50-50-17-3766.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} - Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} - Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Based on site locations as depicted in
the archeological survey (Dye et al. 2002), this alternative would have
a negligible impact on archeological resources associated with the
Kïpahulu Historic District.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on archeological resources associated
with the Kïpahulu Historic District.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are construction projects
(i.e., the hale, Fee Demo, and line item construction projects) that
would have negligible to minor impacts on archeological resources
associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District. Cumulatively these
projects and Alternatives One though Five would have at the most a minor
impact on archeological resources. Alternative Six would not contribute
to the cumulative impact on archeological resources.

[]{.mark}

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on archeological resources associated with the
Kïpahulu Historic District are briefly summarized in Table 10. Based on
these findings, none of the project alternatives if implemented would
constitute an impairment on archeological resources.

Table 10. Summary of Impacts on Archeological Resources

  ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**        **Alternatives**                                                       

                   **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**     **Six**

  *Archeological   Minor direct,      Minor        Minor        Minor        Negligible   Negligible
  Resources*       indirect and       direct,      direct,      direct,      direct and   direct,
                   cumulative impacts indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect     indirect and
                                      cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   impacts and  cumulative
                                      impacts      impacts      impacts      minor        impacts
                                                                             cumulative   
                                                                             impacts      
  ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

######## Cultural Landscapes

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} - Relocating/
restoring the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of
HALE at site #1 would not directly or indirectly impact the one
component cultural landscape associated with the Kïpahulu Historic
District identified in this area of the park. This component cultural
landscape is located is more than 400 feet away from site #1. Site #1 is
also not in the line of sight (i.e., obscured by vegetation and
topography) of this component cultural landscape. Therefore, this
alternative would have a negligible impact on cultural landscapes.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} - Same as Alternative One for site #2.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #3.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same As Alternative One for site #4.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #5.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} - Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on cultural landscapes.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- The Fee Demo and line item
construction projects that could occur in the vicinity of the Kïpahulu
coastal area would not directly or indirectly impact the one component
cultural landscape associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District
identified in this area of the park. The hale construction project that
could occur in the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area, would have a
minor impact on the one component cultural landscape associated with the
Kïpahulu Historic District identified in this area of the park.
Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One though Five would have
at the most a minor impact on cultural landscapes. Alternative Six would
not contribute to the cumulative impact on cultural landscapes.

[Conclusion]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on cultural landscapes associated with the Kïpahulu
Historic District are briefly summarized in Table 11. Based on these
findings, none of the project alternatives if implemented would
constitute an impairment on cultural landscapes.

Table 11. Summary of Impacts on Cultural Landscapes

  ------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**     **Alternatives**                                                       

                **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**     **Six**

  *Cultural     Negligible direct  Negligible   Negligible   Negligible   Negligible   Negligible
  Landscapes*   and indirect       direct and   direct and   direct and   direct and   direct,
                impacts and minor  indirect     indirect     indirect     indirect     indirect and
                cumulative impacts impacts and  impacts and  impacst and  impacts and  cumulative
                                   minor        minor        minor        minor        impacts
                                   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   
                                   impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts      
  ------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

######## Historic Structures

[Alternative One]{.underline} (preferred alternative) - Relocating/
restoring the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of
HALE at site #1 would not directly or indirectly impact historic
structures associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District identified in
this area of the park. The closest historic structure, LCS ID# 058434,
is located more than 400 feet away from site #1. Site #1 is also not in
the line of sight (i.e., obscured by vegetation and topography) of the
closest historic structure, LCD ID# 058434. Therefore, this alternative
would have a negligible impact on historic structures.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} - Same as Alternative One for site #2.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #3.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same As Alternative One for site #4.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #5.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} - Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on historic structures.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are construction projects
(i.e., the hale, Fee Demo, and line item construction projects) that
would have negligible to minor impacts on historic structures associated
with the Kïpahulu Historic District identified in this area of the park.
Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One though Five would have
at the most a minor impact on historic structures. Alternative Six would
not contribute to the cumulative impact on historic structures.

[Conclusion]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on historic structures associated with the Kïpahulu
Historic District are briefly summarized in Table 12. Based on these
findings, none of the project alternatives if implemented would
constitute an impairment on historic structures.

Table 12. Summary of Impacts on Historic Structures

+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *        | **      |         |         |         |         |         |
| *Topic** | Alterna |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | tives** |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|          | **One** | **Two** | **      | *       | *       | **Six** |
|          |         |         | Three** | *Four** | *Five** |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *        | Neg     | Neg     | Neg     | []      | []      | Neg     |
| Historic | ligible | ligible | ligible | {.mark} | {.mark} | ligible |
| Str      | direct  | direct  | direct  |         |         | direct, |
| uctures* | and     | and     | and     | Neg     | Neg     | i       |
|          | i       | i       | i       | ligible | ligible | ndirect |
|          | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | direct  | direct  | and     |
|          | impacts | impacts | impacts | and     | and     | cum     |
|          | and     | and     | and     | i       | i       | ulative |
|          | minor   | minor   | minor   | ndirect | ndirect | impacts |
|          | cum     | cum     | cum     | impacts | impacts |         |
|          | ulative | ulative | ulative | and     | and     |         |
|          | impacts | impacts | impacts | minor   | minor   |         |
|          |         |         |         | cum     | cum     |         |
|          |         |         |         | ulative | ulative |         |
|          |         |         |         | impacts | impacts |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

*Museum Objects*

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} - Relocating/
restoring the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of
HALE at site #1 would not directly or indirectly impact the museum
objects on exhibit at the KVC. Therefore, this alternative would have a
negligible impact on museum objects.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #2.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #3.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} - Relocating/restoring the house and
writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE at site #4 would
mean moving the KVC and the museum objects on exhibit at the KVC.
Therefore, this alternative would have a short-term minor impact on
museum objects.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for site #5.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} - Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on museum objects.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- The hale and line item construction
projects that could occur in the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area
would not directly or indirectly impact the museum objects on exhibit at
the KVC. The Fee Demo construction project that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area, could move the KVC and have a
short-term minor impact on museum objects exhibited at the KVC.
Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One though Five would have
at most a short-term minor impact on museum objects. Alternative Six
would not contribute to the cumulative impact on museum objects.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on museum objects exhibited at the KVC are briefly
summarized in Table 13. Based on these findings, none of the project
alternatives if implemented would constitute an impairment on museum
objects.

Table 13. Summary of Impacts on Museum Objects

+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *        | **      |         |         |         |         |         |
| *Topic** | Alterna |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | tives** |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|          | **One** | **Two** | **      | *       | *       | **Six** |
|          |         |         | Three** | *Four** | *Five** |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Museum  | Neg     | Neg     | []      | []      | []      | []      |
| Objects* | ligible | ligible | {.mark} | {.mark} | {.mark} | {.mark} |
|          | direct  | direct  |         |         |         |         |
|          | and     | and     | Neg     | Sho     | Neg     | Neg     |
|          | i       | i       | ligible | rt-term | ligible | ligible |
|          | ndirect | ndirect | direct  | minor   | direct  | direct, |
|          | impacts | impacts | and     | direct, | and     | i       |
|          | and     | and     | i       | i       | i       | ndirect |
|          | sho     | sho     | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | and     |
|          | rt-term | rt-term | impacts | and     | impacts | cum     |
|          | minor   | minor   | and     | cum     | and     | ulative |
|          | cum     | cum     | sho     | ulative | sho     | impacts |
|          | ulative | ulative | rt-term | impacts | rt-term |         |
|          | impacts | impacts | minor   |         | minor   |         |
|          |         |         | cum     |         | cum     |         |
|          |         |         | ulative |         | ulative |         |
|          |         |         | impacts |         | impacts |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

###### Socioeconomic Resources

In the absence of quantitative data, best professional judgement
prevailed in defining the thresholds of change for analyzing the
intensity of an impact on socioeconomic resources, and are as follows:

> "Negligible impact" -- the action will have no direct and/or indirect
> impacts on socioeconomic resources or only temporary impacts are
> expected.
>
> "Minor impact" -- the action will have permanent direct and/or
> indirect impacts on socioeconomic resources, however, the impacts are
> not substantial and highly noticeable or conditions can be imposed
> that mitigate and/or avoids the impacts being substantial and highly
> noticeable.
>
> "Major impact" -- the action will have permanent direct and/or
> indirect impacts on socioeconomic resources that are substantial and
> highly noticeable.

####### 

####### Park Operations

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Relocating/
restoring the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of
HALE would add two new facilities that the park must manage, however,
the HHF endowment for annual maintenance of the Kïpahulu Conservation
Center mitigates these management costs, and accepting these structures
would not increase the maintenance backlog for the park. New facilities
also add utilities (i.e., phone, wastewater, electric) that the park
must manage, however, use of a photovoltaic system for electricity,
tie-ing into the wastewater treatment and disposal system associated
with the proposed Fee Demo project, and the HHF endownment for annual
maintenance mitigates these management costs. Therefore, this
alternative would have a long-term minor impact on park operations.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- same as Alternative One, except that
in this alternative a separate wastewater treatment and disposal system
(i.e., a 1,000-gallon septic tank and soil absorption field) would be
required.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on park operations.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- The Fee Demo and line item
construction projects that could occur in the vicinity of the Kïpahulu
coastal area would replace existing facilities and add new facilities
that the park must manage. Most of these facilities meet an existing
need for such facilities in this area of the park, therefore, the impact
on park operations would not be substantial and highly noticeable. Since
most of these facilities replace existing ones with existing utilities
(i.e., phone, wastewater, electric), the impact of additional utilities
associated with the new facilities would not be substantial and highly
noticeable. The hale construction project that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area would add a new facility that the
park must manage, however, the partnership with the Kïpahulu Ohana for
the maintenance of this structure mitigates these management costs, and
building this structure would not increase the maintenance backlog for
the park. This facility would not require any utilities. Cumulatively
these projects and Alternatives One though Five would have a long-term
minor impact on park operations. Alternative Six would not contribute to
the cumulative impact on park operations.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on park operations are briefly summarized in Table
14. Based on these findings, none of the project alternatives if
implemented would constitute an impairment on park operations.

Table 14. Summary of Impacts on Park Operations

+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *        | **      |         |         |         |         |         |
| *Topic** | Alterna |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | tives** |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|          | **One** | **Two** | **      | *       | *       | **Six** |
|          |         |         | Three** | *Four** | *Five** |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Park    | []      | []      | []      | []      | []      | []      |
| Ope      | {.mark} | {.mark} | {.mark} | {.mark} | {.mark} | {.mark} |
| rations* |         |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | Lo      | Lo      | Lo      | Lo      | Lo      | Neg     |
|          | ng-term | ng-term | ng-term | ng-term | ng-term | ligible |
|          | minor   | minor   | minor   | minor   | minor   | direct, |
|          | direct, | direct, | direct, | direct, | direct, | i       |
|          | i       | i       | i       | i       | i       | ndirect |
|          | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | and     |
|          | and     | and     | and     | and     | and     | cum     |
|          | cum     | cum     | cum     | cum     | cum     | ulative |
|          | ulative | ulative | ulative | ulative | ulative | impacts |
|          | impacts | impacts | impacts | impacts | impacts |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

####### Traffic

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} - Installation of
the water line from the water main located by the pay phone next to
Pi'ilani Highway (Highway 31) down to the relocated/restored house and
writer's cottage would temporarily disrupt vehicles moving from the
day-use parking lot to the overflow parking area and/or the campground
access road. Therefore, this alternative would have a short-term
negligible impact on traffic.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on traffic.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - The Fee Demo and line item
construction projects that could occur in the vicinity of the Kïpahulu
coastal area would temporarily disrupt vehicles moving within this area
of the park and on the Pi'ilani Highway. The hale construction project
that could occur in the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area would not
directly or indirectly impact traffic. Cumulatively these projects and
Alternatives One though Five would have at most a short-term negligible
impact on traffic. Alternative Six would not contribute to the
cumulative impact on traffic.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on traffic are briefly summarized in Table 15.
Based on these findings, none of the project alternatives if implemented
would constitute an impairment on traffic.

Table 15. Summary of Impacts on Traffic

+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *        | **      |         |         |         |         |         |
| *Topic** | Alterna |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | tives** |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|          | **One** | **Two** | **      | *       | *       | **Six** |
|          |         |         | Three** | *Four** | *Five** |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *        | Sho     | Sho     | Sho     | Sho     | Sho     | Neg     |
| Traffic* | rt-term | rt-term | rt-term | rt-term | rt-term | ligible |
|          |         |         |         |         |         | direct, |
|          | neg     | neg     | neg     | neg     | neg     | i       |
|          | ligible | ligible | ligible | ligible | ligible | ndirect |
|          | direct, | direct, | direct, | direct, | direct, | and     |
|          | i       | i       | i       | i       | i       | cum     |
|          | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | ulative |
|          | and     | and     | and     | and     | and     | impacts |
|          | cum     | cum     | cum     | cum     | cum     |         |
|          | ulative | ulative | ulative | ulative | ulative |         |
|          | impacts | impacts | impacts | impacts | impacts |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

####### Visitor Use and Experience

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Although the
Kïpahulu Conservation Center would primarily provide office, storage,
and workshop space for employees and cooperators such as the Kïpahulu
'Ohana and the Hawaii Natural History Association, there would also be
an exhibit space for visitors to access. Increases in visitation
resulting from visitors being able to access the exhibit space in the
Kïpahulu Conservation Center would not be substantial and highly
noticeable, because the majority of visitors on day tours to Hana and
Kïpahulu already stop at the park as destination point in their trip.
Therefore, this alternative would have a long-term minor impact on
visitor use and experience.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on visitor use and experience.

####### 

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- The hale construction project that
could occur in the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area would provide a
new area for Hawaiian cultural demonstrations to take place. Increases
in visitor experience resulting from this project, however, would not be
substantial and highly noticeable since cultural demonstrations already
take place at the KVC. The Fee Demo construction project that could
occur in the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area would upgrade
existing visitor use facilities in this area of the park. Increases in
visitation resulting from this project would not be substantial and
highly noticeable because the majority of visitors on day tours to Hana
and Kïpahulu already stop at the park to use the restrooms. The line
item construction project for staff facilities that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area would have a negligible impact on
visitor use and experience. Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives
One though Five would have at the most a long-term minor impact on
visitor use and experience. Alternative Six would not contribute to the
cumulative impact on visitor use and experience.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on visitor use and experience are briefly
summarized in Table 16. Based on these findings, none of the project
alternatives if implemented would constitute an impairment on visitor
use and experience.

Table 16. Summary of Impacts on Visitor Use and Experience

  ------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**     **Alternatives**                                                       

                **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**     **Six**

  *Visitor Use  Long-term minor    Long-term    Long-term    Long-term    Long-term    Negligible
  and           direct, indirect   minor        minor        minor        minor        direct,
  Experience*   and cumulative     direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,      indirect and
                impacts            indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and cumulative
                                   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   impacts
                                   impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts      
  ------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

####### Visual/Scenic Resources

[Alternative One (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- The site for
relocating/restoring the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu
District of HALE would be located outside the significant viewsheds as
seen from the KVC. Therefore, this alternative would have a long-term
negligible impact on visual/scenic resources as seen from the KVC.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five]{.underline} -- Relocating/restoring the house and
writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE at site #5 would
add these structures to the far right side of the view towards the ocean
as seen from the KVC. Therefore, this alternative would have a long-term
minor impact on visual/scenic resources as seen from the KVC.

[Alternative Six (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Not relocating
the house and writer's cottage within the Kïpahulu District of HALE
would have a negligible impact on visual/scenic resources.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- The hale and line construction
projects that could occur in the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area
would have long-term negligible impacts on visual/scenic resources. The
Fee Demo construction project that could occur in the vicinity of the
Kïpahulu coastal area would impact the view of the Kïpahulu Valley and
the surrounding mountains and cliffs as seen from the KVC. However, this
impact would be mitigated by landscaping with native or
Polynesian-introduced plants, and would not be substantial and highly
noticeable. Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One though Five
would have at the most a long-term minor impact on visual/scenic
resources. Alternative Six would not contribute to the cumulative impact
on visual/scenic resources.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on visual/scenic resources are briefly summarized
in Table 17. Based on these findings, none of the project alternatives
if implemented would constitute an impairment on visual/scenic
resources.

Table 17. Summary of Impacts on Visual/Scenic Resources

+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *        | **      |         |         |         |         |         |
| *Topic** | Alterna |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | tives** |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|          | **One** | **Two** | **      | *       | *       | **Six** |
|          |         |         | Three** | *Four** | *Five** |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Visua   | []      | Lo      | Lo      | Lo      | Lo      | Neg     |
| l/Scenic | {.mark} | ng-term | ng-term | ng-term | ng-term | ligible |
| re       |         |         |         |         | minor   | direct, |
| sources* | Lo      | neg     | neg     | neg     | direct, | i       |
|          | ng-term | ligible | ligible | ligible | i       | ndirect |
|          |         | direct  | direct  | direct  | ndirect | and     |
|          | neg     | and     | and     | and     | and     | cum     |
|          | ligible | i       | i       | i       | cum     | ulative |
|          | direct  | ndirect | ndirect | ndirect | ulative | impacts |
|          | and     | impacts | impacts | impacts | impacts |         |
|          | i       | and     | and     | and     |         |         |
|          | ndirect | lo      | lo      | lo      |         |         |
|          | impacts | ng-term | ng-term | ng-term |         |         |
|          | and     | minor   | minor   | minor   |         |         |
|          | lo      | cum     | cum     | cum     |         |         |
|          | ng-term | ulative | ulative | ulative |         |         |
|          | minor   | impacts | impacts | impacts |         |         |
|          | cum     |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | ulative |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | impacts |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

###### Environmentally Preferable Alternative

Based on the findings of the environmental impact analysis as presented
above, the environmentally preferred alternative (i.e., the
alternative/s that cause the least damage to the biological and physical
environment, and afford the most protection, preservation and
enhancement of the cultural and natural resources) is Alternative Six.
Alternative Six is the only alternative that has negligible impacts on
all resource topics.

### 5. CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION

The following people participated in the development of this EA:

# 

# Preparers

Elizabeth Gordon, Cultural Resources Program Manager and Archeologist,
HALE

Ron Nagata, Chief of Resource Management, HALE

Don Reeser, Superintendent, HALE

# Contributors

Steve Anderson, Natural Resources Program Manager, HALE

Frank Baublits, Chief of Maintenance, HALE

Bill Haus, Biological Technician, HALE

Aaron Kogan, Resources Management Data Specialist, Research Cooperation
of the University of Hawai'i

Cathleen Natividad, Wildlife Biologist, HALE

Raina Takumi, Biologist (Entomologist), HALE

Patti Welton, Botanist, HALE

In addition to the internal park scoping process, the following people,
organizations and agencies were contacted for information prior to and
during the preparation of this EA: Eric Andersen, Management Assistant,
Pu'uhonua o Honaunau; Friends of Haleakalä National Park, Inc.; Kïpahulu
Community Association; the Lindbergh family; Greg Marshall, Chairman of
The Argonauta Project; The Argonauta Planning Committee (includes
representatives from Historic Hawaii Foundation, Kïpahulu 'Ohana,
Hawai'i Historical Aviation Foundation), U. S. Air Force.

Appendix 2 is the list of recipients of this EA.

# Compliance with Federal and/or State Laws and Regulations

This EA has been prepared to provide the opportunity for the public to
review the NPS decision-making process and the potential environmental
consequences of the proposed project as required by the National
Environmental Policy Act. Following public review of this document, the
NPS will issue either a finding of no significant impact or a notice of
intent to prepare an environmental impact statement.

## Section 106 of the NHPA requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties (i.e., cultural resources listed or eligible for listing in the NRHP) and afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and/or the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) a reasonable opportunity to comment on such undertakings. The NPS entered into formal Section 106 consultation with the Hawaii SHPO on the proposed project on April 18, 2002 stating that in accordance with 36 CFR Part 800.5 a finding of "no historic properties adversely effected" is appropriate for this undertaking. Hawaii SHPO concurrence on the "no adverse effect" determination was received on [???]{.mark}, 2002. 

## 

Section 106 of the NHPA also requires Federal agencies to consult with
Native Hawaiian organizations about the effects of their undertakings on
resources of traditional religious and cultural significance listed or
eligible for listing in the NRHP. Consultation with the Küpuna Group for
the Kïpahulu District of HALE on the proposed project occurred on
February 21, 2002. Generally the küpuna felt the house and writer's
cottage should be saved as long as we can make use of it, and that sites
#1 through #4 were fine. There was also general agreement from the
küpuna that site #5 was too far away from the main developed area.
Consultation with the Office of Hawaiian Affairs has also taken place
concurrently with the Hawaii SHPO consultation.

Prior to implementing the proposed project, the Hawaii State Department
of Health must approve the wastewater treatment and disposal system, and
that the well water in this area of the park is safe for drinking.

### 6. REFERENCES

Dames & Moore

1979 *Soils Investigation Proposed Day-Use Visitors' Facilities and
Wastewater Disposal Systems, Kïpahulu District/'Ohe'o, Haleakalä
National Park, Maui, Hawai'i for National Park Service, Department of
the Interior*. Honolulu.

Dye, T.S., M.T. Carson, and M. Tomonari-Tuggle

2002 *Archeological Survey of Sixty Acres of the Kïpahulu Historic
District within the Kïpahulu District of Haleakalä National Park*.
Prepared for Haleakalä National Park under contract with the Department
of the Navy, Pacific Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command,
Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i. Honolulu: International Archaeological Research
Institute, Inc.

Gagne, W.C.

1980 "Insects and Myriapods of Kïpahulu Valley Below 2000 Feet" in C.W.
Smith, ed. *Resources Base Inventory of Kïpahulu Valley Below 2000
Feet*. Honolulu: Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit
Hawaii.

Handy, E.S.C.

1940 *The Hawaiian Planter, Vol. I: His Plants, Methods and Areas of
Cultivation*. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 161. Honolulu: The
Museum.

Hodges, C.

2000 *Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna in the Proposed 'Ohe'o
Development Area*. Makawao: Haleakalä National Park.

Hodges, M.H.

1994 *Technical Report 93: Monitoring of the Freshwater Amphidromous
Populations of the 'Ohe'o Gulch Stream System and Pua'alu'u Stream,
Haleakalä National Park*. Honolulu: Cooperative National Park Resources
Studies Unit Hawaii.

Hunter, T.W.

1993 *The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh: Another Dimension*. New York:
Madison Books, Inc.

Kinzie III, R.A. and J. I. Ford

1977 *Technical Report 17: A Limnological Survey of Lower Palikea and
Pïpïwai Streams, Kïpahulu, Maui*. Honolulu: Cooperative National Park
Resources Studies Unit Hawaii.

Medeiros, A.C., L.L. Loope, and C.G. Chimera

1998 *Technical Report 120: Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of
Haleakalä National Park*. Honolulu: Cooperative National Park Resources
Studies Unit Hawaii.

National Park Service

1991 *National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register
Criteria for Evaluation.*

1995 *General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Haleakalä
National Park, Maui County, Hawai'i*.

1996 *National Register Bulletin 22: Guidelines for Evaluating and
Nominating Properties that Have Achieved Significance Within the Past
Fifty Years.*

2000. *Strategic Plan for Haleakalä National Park: Fiscal Year 2000-2005
      (October 1, 1999 -- September 20, 2005)*.

2001. *Haleakalä National Park Visitor Study, Spring 2000*. Visitor
      Services Project Report 118. Cooperative Park Studies Unit,
      University of Idaho.

2001 *Draft Haleakalä National Park Long-Range Interpretative Plan,
Maui, Hawai'i.*

Pryor, S. and J. Burnett

1981 *All God's Creatures: the Autobiography of Sam Pryor*. New York:
Vantage Press.

Rosendahl, P.H.

1975 *Archeological Base Map, Lower Kïpahulu District, Haleakalä
National Park, Maui.* 105 sheets including Drawing 162/82003.

Stemmermann, M.

1980 "Birds of Kïpahulu Valley Below 2000 Feet" in C.W. Smith, ed.
*Resources Base Inventory of Kïpahulu Valley Below 2000 Feet*. Honolulu:
Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit Hawaii.

Takumi, R.L.

2000 *Survey of Insect Fauna in the Proposed 'Ohe'o Development Area*.
Makawao: Haleakalä National Park.

United States Geological Survey (USGS)

1983. *Exploratory Drilling and Aquifer Testing at the Kïpahulu
      District, Haleakalä National Park, Maui, Hawaii*. Report 83-4066.

### 7. APPENDIX 1: VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES LIST FOR THE KÏPAHULU COASTAL AREA OF HALE

  -------------------- ------ ---------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- ---------- ----------- ----------- --------------------- -- -------------------- --------- --------------- -------------- ---- ---- -- -- --- -- -- ---- -- -- -------- -- --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  **Pteridiophytes**                                                                                                                              **Common Name**                                                         **Status\^**                                                    

                              **Dryopteridaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

                              *Nephrolepis*          *multiflora*                         (Roxb.) Jarrett ex                                      \'okupukupu                                                             X                                                               
                                                                                          Morton                                                                                                                                                                                          

                              **Polypodiaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                              *Phymatosorus*         *scolopendria*                       (Langsd. & Fisch.)                                      laua\'e, lauwa\'e                                                       X                                                               
                                                                                          Brownlie                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  **Monocotyledons**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

                              **Agavaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                              *Agave*                *sisalana*                           Perrine                                                 sisal, malina                                                           X                                                               

                              *Cordyline*            *fruticosa*                          (L.) A. Chev.                                           ti, ki                                                                  PI                                                              

                              **Amaryllidaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

                              *Pancratium*           *littorale*                          Jacq.                                                   spider lily                                                             X                                                               

                              **Araceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

                              *Alocasia*             *macrorrhiza*                        (L.) Schott                                             \'ape                                                                   PI                                                              

                              **Arecaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                              *Cocos*                *nucifera*                           L.                                                      coconut, niu                                                            PI                                                              

                              **Cannaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                              *Phoenix*              *canariense*                         Chabaud                                                 Date Palm                                                               X                                                               

                              *Canna*                *indica*                             L.                                                      canna, poloke                                                           X                                                               

                              **Commelinaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                              *Commelina*            *diffusa*                            N. L. Burm.                                             honohono, makolokolo                                                    X                                                               

                              **Cyperaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                              *Cyperus*              *gracilis*                           R. Br.                                                  McCoy grass, mau\`u                                                     X                                                               
                                                                                                                                                  hunehune                                                                                                                                

                              *Fimbristylis*         *cymosa*                             *R.B. subsp.*                                           mau\`u \`aki\`aki                                                       I                                                               
                                                                                          umbellata-capitata                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                                                          (Hillebr.) T. Koyama                                                                                                                                                                            

                              *Fimbristylis*         *dichotoma*                          (L.) Vahl                                               tall fringe rush                                                        I                                                               

                              *Kyllinga*             *nemoralis*                          (Forster & Forster)                                     kyllinga,                                                               X                                                               
                                                                                          Dandy ex Hutchinson                                     kili\'o\'opu                                                                                                                            
                                                                                          & Dalziel                                                                                                                                                                                       

                              *Mariscus*             *javanicus*                          (Houtt.) Merr. &                                        marsh cypress,                                                          I                                                               
                                                                                          Metcalfe                                                \'ahu\'awa                                                                                                                              

                              *Pycreus*              *polystachyos*                       (Rottb.) P. Beauv.                                                                                                              I                                                               
                                                                                          ssp. *holosericeus*                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                          (Link) T. Koyama                                                                                                                                                                                

                              *Pycreus*              *polystachyos*                       (Rottb.) P. Beauv.                                                                                                              I                                                               
                                                                                          ssp. polystachyos                                                                                                                                                                               

                              **Pandanaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

                              *Pandanus*             *tectorius*                          Warb.                                                   hala, puhala                                                            I                                                               

                              **Poaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

                              *Brachiaria*           *mutica*                             (Forssk.) Stapf                                         california grass                                                        X                                                               

                              *Cynodon*              *dactylon*                           (L.) Pers.                                              bermuda grass,                                                          X                                                               
                                                                                                                                                  manienie-haole                                                                                                                          

                              *Digitaria*            *ciliaris*                           (Retz.) Koeler                                          henry\'s crabgrass                                                      X                                                               

                              *Digitaria*            *insularis*                          (L.) Mez ex Ekman                                       sourgrass                                                               X                                                               

                              *Digitaria*            *pentzii*                            Stent                                                   pangola grass                                                           X                                                               

                              *Digitaria*            *setigera*                           Roth                                                    mau\'u-kukaepua\'a,                                                     X                                                               
                                                                                                                                                  itchy crabgrass                                                                                                                         

                              *Eleusine*             *indica*                             (L.) Gaertn.                                            goosegrass,                                                             X                                                               
                                                                                                                                                  manienie-ali\'i                                                                                                                         

                              *Eragrostis*           *brownei*                            (Kunth) Nees in                                         brown\'s lovegrass                                                      X                                                               
                                                                                          Hook. & Arn.                                                                                                                                                                                    

                              *Ischaemum*            *byrone*                             (Trin.) Hitchc.                                         Hilo ischaemum                                                          \*E                                                             

                              *Oplismenus*           *hirtellus*                          (L.) Beauv.                                             basketgrass,                                                            X                                                               
                                                                                                                                                  honohono-kukui                                                                                                                          

                              *Panicum*              *fauriei*                            Hitch var. latius                                                                                                               E                                                               
                                                                                          (St.John) Davidse                                                                                                                                                                               

                              *Panicum*              *maximum*                            Jacq.                                                   guinea grass                                                            X                                                               

                              *Paspalum*             *dilatatum*                          Poir.                                                   dallis grass                                                            X                                                               

                              *Paspalum*             *urvillei*                           Steud.                                                  vasey grass                                                             X                                                               

                              *Pennisetum*           *clandestinum*                       Hochst. ex Chiov.                                       kikuyu grass                                                            X                                                               

                              *Pennisetum*           *purpureum*                          Schumach.                                               elephant grass                                                          X                                                               

                              *Saccharum*            *officinarum*                        L.                                                      sugar cane, ko                                                          PI                                                              

                              *Setaria*              *gracilis*                           Kunth                                                   perennial foxtail,                                                      X                                                               
                                                                                                                                                  mau\'u-kaleponi                                                                                                                         

                              *Sporobolus*           *indicus*                            (L.) R. Br.                                             west indian dropseed                                                    X                                                               

                              *Stenotaphrum*         *secundatum*                         (Walt.) Ktze.                                           buffalo grass                                                           X                                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  **Dicotyledons**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                              **Aizoaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                              *Sesuvium*             *portulacastrum*                     (L.) L.                                                 \'akulikuli,                                                            I                                                               
                                                                                                                                                  sea-purslane                                                                                                                            

                              **Anacardiaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                              *Mangifera*            *indica*                             L.                                                      mango, manako                                                           X                                                               

                              *Schinus*              *terebinthifolius*                   Raddi                                                   christmas berry,                                                        X                                                               
                                                                                                                                                  wilelaiki                                                                                                                               

                              **Annonaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                              *Artabotrys*           *hexapetalus*                        (L. f.) Bhandari                                        ylang-ylang                                                             X                                                               

                              **Apiaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

                              *Centella*             *asiatica*                           (L.) Urban                                              asiatic pennywort,                                                      X                                                               
                                                                                                                                                  pohekula                                                                                                                                

                              **Apocynaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

                              *Catharanthus*         *roseus*                             (L.) G. Don                                             madagascar periwinkle                                                   X                                                               

                              **Asteraceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                              *Bidens*               *hillebrandiana*                     (Drake) Deg. ssp.                                       ko\'oko\'olau                                                           \*\*E                                                           
                                                                                          *polycephala* Nagata                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                          and Ganders                                                                                                                                                                                     

                              *Bidens*               *pilosa*                             L.                                                      spanish needle,                                                         X                                                               
                                                                                                                                                  ki-nehe                                                                                                                                 

                              *Eclipta*              *alba*                               (L.) Hassk.                                             false daisy                                                             X                                                               

                              *Emilia*               *fosbergii*                          Nicolson                                                                                                                        X                                                               

                              *Emilia*               *sonchifolia*                        (L.) DC                                                 lilac pualele                                                           X                                                               
                                                                                          var.*sonchifolia*                                                                                                                                                                               

                              *Pluchea*              *symphytifolia*                      (Miller) Gillis                                         sour bush                                                               X                                                               

                              *Sonchus*              *oleraceus*                          L.                                                      sow thistle, pua-lele                                                   X                                                               

                              *Synedrella*           *nodiflora*                          (L.) Gaertn.                                            synedrella                                                              X                                                               

                              *Vernonia*             *cinerea*                            (L.) Less.                                              ironweed                                                                X                                                               

                              *Youngia*              *japonica*                           (L.) DC.                                                oriental hawksbeard                                                     X                                                               

                              *Crassocephalum*       *crepidioides*                                            (Benth.)                                                                                                                  X                                                
                                                                                                               S. Moore                                                                                                                                                                   

                              *Elephantopus*         *spicatus*                                                Juss. ex                                                                                                                  X                                                
                                                                                                               Aubl.                                                                                                                                                                      

                              **Bignoniaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                              *Spathodea*            *campanulata*                                             Beauv.                                                                           african                                  X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                tulip                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                tree                                                                                      

                              **Boraginaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                              *Tournefortia*         *argentia*                                                           L. fil.                                          tree heliotrope                                               X                                                

                              **Caricaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                              *Carica*               *papaya*                                                             L.                                               papaya                                                        X                                                

                              **Caryophyllaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

                              *Drymaria*             *cordata*                                                            (L.) Willd.                                      pipili                                                        X                                                
                                                                                                                          ex R. & S.                                                                                                                                                      

                              **Casuarinaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                              *Casuarina*            *equisetifolia*                                                      L.                                               ironwood, paina                                               X                                                

                              **Clusiaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                              Calophyllum            inophyllum                                                           L.                                               kamani, alexandrian                                           PI                                               
                                                                                                                                                                           laurel                                                                                                         

                              **Combretaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                              *Terminalia*           *catappa*                                                            L.                                               tropical almond,                                              X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           false kamani                                                                                                   

                              **Convolvulaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

                              *Ipomoea*              *alba*                                                               L.                                               moon flower,                                                  X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           koali-pehu                                                                                                     

                              *Ipomoea*              *indica*                                                             (J. Burm.)                                       morning glory,                                                I                                                
                                                                                                                          Merr.                                            koali-awa                                                                                                      

                              *Ipomoea*              *pes-caprae*                                                         (L.) R. Br.                                      beach morning glory,                                          I                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           pohuehue                                                                                                       

                              **Crassulaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                              *Kalanchoe*            *pinnata*                                                            (Lam.)                                           air plant,                                                    X                                                
                                                                                                                          Pers.                                            \'oliwa-ku-kahakai                                                                                             

                              **Euphorbiaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                              *Aleurites*            *moluccana*                                                          (L.) Willd.                                      candlenut, kukui                                              PI                                               

                              *Chamaesyce*           *hirta*                                                              (L.)                                             garden spurge,                                                X                                                
                                                                                                                          Millsp.                                          koko-kahiki                                                                                                    

                              *Manihot*              *esculenta*                                                          Crantz                                           cassava, tapioca                                              X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           plant                                                                                                          

                              *Manihot*              *glaziovii*                                                          Mull. Arg.                                       Ceara rubber tree                                             X                                                

                              *Phyllantus*           *sp.(tenellus or                                                                                                                                                                    X                                                
                                                     debilis)*                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                              *Phyllantus*           *debilis*                                                            Klein ex                                         niruri                                                        X                                                
                                                                                                                          Willd.                                                                                                                                                          

                              **Fabaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

                              *Canavalia*            *cathartica*                                                         Thouars.                                         maunaloa                                                      X                                                

                              *Chamaecrista*         *nictitans*                                                          (L.) Moench                                      partridge pea, lauki                                          X                                                

                              *Crotolaria*           *pallida*                                                            Aitin                                            smooth rattle pod                                             X                                                

                              *Desmodium*            *incanum*                                                            DC                                               spanish clover,                                               X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           ka\'imi                                                                                                        

                              *Desmodium*            *sandwicense*                                                        E. Mey.                                          spanish or chili                                              X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           clover                                                                                                         

                              *Desmodium*            *triflorum*                                                          (L.) DC.                                         three-flowered                                                X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           beggarweed                                                                                                     

                              *Erythrina*            *sandwicensis*                                                       Deg.                                             wiliwili                                                      E                                                

                              *Erythrina*            *variegata*                                                          Stickm.                                          tiger\'s claw                                                 X                                                

                              *Indigofera*           *suffruticosa*                                                       Mill.                                            indigo                                                        X                                                

                              *Leucaena*             *leucocephala*                                                       (Lam.) de                                        koa-haole                                                     X                                                
                                                                                                                          Wit                                                                                                                                                             

                              *Medicago*             *lupulina*                                                           L.                                               black medic, trefoil                                          X                                                

                              *Mimosa*               *pudica*                                                             L. var.                                          sensitive plant,                                              X                                                
                                                                                                                          unijuga                                          pua-hilahila                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                          (Duchass. &                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                          Walp.)                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                          Griseb.                                                                                                                                                         

                              *Mucuna*               *gigantea*                                                           (Willd.)                                         ka\'e\'e                                                      I                                                
                                                                                                                          DC.                                                                                                                                                             

                              *Senna*                *pendula*                                                            (Humb. &                                                                                                       X                                                
                                                                                                                          Bonpl. ex                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                          Willd.)                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                          Irwin &                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                          Barneby                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                          var.                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                          *advena*                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                          Barneby                                                                                                                                                         

                              *Senna*                *surattensis*                                                        (Burm.)                                          kolomona                                                      X                                                
                                                                                                                          Irwin and                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                          Barneby                                                                                                                                                         

                              *Trifolium*            *sp.*                                                                                                                                                                               X                                                

                              *Vigna*                *marina*                                                             (Burm.)                                          beach pea, nanea,                                             I                                                
                                                                                                                          Merr.                                            pohilihili,                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                           pulihilihi, lemu o                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                           makili                                                                                                         

                              **Goodeniaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                              *Scaevola*             *sericea*                                                            Vahl                                             naupaka,                                                      I                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           naupaka-kahakai                                                                                                

                              **Lauraceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                              *Persea*               *americana*                                                          Mill.                                            avocado                                                       X                                                

                              **Malvaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                              *Hibiscus*             *tiliaceus*                                                          L.                                               hau                                                           I                                                

                              *Sida*                 *rhombifolia*                                                        L.                                               cuba jute                                                     X                                                

                              *Thespesia*            *populnea*                                                           (L.)                                             milo                                                          PI                                               
                                                                                                                          Soland. ex                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                          Correa                                                                                                                                                          

                              **Moraceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

                              *Broussonetia*         *papyrifera*                                                         (L.) Vent.                                       wauke, paper                                                  PI                                               
                                                                                                                                                                           mulberry                                                                                                       

                              *Ficus*                *microcarpa*                                                         L. fil.                                          chinese banyan                                                X                                                

                              **Moringaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

                              *Moringa*              *oleifera*                                                           Lam.                                             horse-radish tree,                                            X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           ben tree, kalimanggi                                                                                           

                              **Myrsinaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

                              *Ardisia*              *elliptica*                                                          Thunb.                                           shoebutton ardisia                                            X                                                

                              **Myrtaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                              *Psidium*              *cattleianum*                                                        Sabine                                           strawberry guava,                                             X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           waiawi                                                                                                         

                              *Psidium*              *guajava*                                                            L.                                               guava, common guava,                                          X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           kuawa                                                                                                          

                              *Syzygium*             *cumini*                                                             (L.) Skeels                                      java plum                                                     X                                                

                              **Nyctaginaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                              *Bougainvillea*        *sp?*                                                                                                                 bougainvillea                                                 X                                                

                              **Oxalidaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

                              *Oxalis*               *corniculata*                                                        DC\.                                             pink wood sorrel,                                             PI                                               
                                                                                                                                                                           \'ihi-pehu                                                                                                     

                              *Oxalis*               *corymbosa*                                                                                                           pink wood sorrel,                                             X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           \'ihi-pehu                                                                                                     

                              **Passifloraceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

                              *Passiflora*           *edulis*                                                             Sims                                             liliko\'i, passion                                            X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           fruit                                                                                                          

                              *Passiflora*           *subpeltata*                                                         Ortega                                           white passionflower                                           X                                                

                              **Plantaginaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

                              *Plantago*             *major*                                                              L.                                               broad-leaved                                                  X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           plantain,                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                                           laukahi-nunui                                                                                                  

                              **Polygalaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                              *Polygala*             *paniculata*                                                         L.                                                                                                             X                                                

                              **Portulacaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                              *Portulaca*            *lutea*                                                              Soland. ex                                       \`ihi                                                         I                                                
                                                                                                                          G. Forster                                                                                                                                                      

                              *Portulaca*            *oleracea*                                                           L.                                               common purslane,                                              X                                                
                                                                                                                                                                           \'akulikuli-kula                                                                                               

                              **Rosaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

                              *Eriobotrya*           *japonica*                                                           (Thunb.)                                         Loquat                                                        X                                                
                                                                                                                          Lindl.                                                                                                                                                          

                              *Osteomeles*           *anthyllidifolia*                                                    (Sm.)                                            \'ulei, eluehe                                                I                                                
                                                                                                                          Lindl.                                                                                                                                                          

                              **Rubiaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                              *Coffea*                                    *arabica*                                                   L.                                                                  arabian coffee                      X                                           

                              *Morinda*                                   *citrifolia*                                                L.                                                                  indian                              PI                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          mulberry, noni                                                                  

                              *Spermacoce*                                *assurgens*                                                 Ruiz & Pav.                                                         Buttonweed                          X                                           

                              **Scrophulariaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                              *Bacopa*                                    *monnieri*                                                  (L.)                                                                water hyssop                        I                                           
                                                                                                                                      Wettst.                                                                                                                                             

                              **Solanaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                              *Lycium*                                    *sandwicense*                                               Gray                                                                \'ohelo-kai,                        I                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          \'ae\'ae                                                                        

                              *Solanum*                                   *americanum*                                                Mill.                                                               popolo, black                       I                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          nightshade                                                                      

                              **Verbenaceae**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

                              *Lantana*                                   *camara*                                                    L.                                                                  lantana, lakana                     X                                           

                              *Stachytarpheta*                            *urticifolia*                                               (Salisb.)                                                           nettle-leaved                       X                                           
                                                                                                                                      Sims                                                                vervain, oi,                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                          owi                                                                             
  -------------------- ------ ---------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- ---------- ----------- ----------- --------------------- -- -------------------- --------- --------------- -------------- ---- ---- -- -- --- -- -- ---- -- -- -------- -- --

\^ E = Endemic

I = Indigenous

PI = Polynesian Introduction

X = Alien

\*E = Endemic and listed by USFWS as threatened or

> endangered

\*\*E = Endemic and designated rare in park

### 8. APPENDIX 2: LIST OF RECIPIENTS OF THIS EA

Senator Daniel Akaka, U.S. Senate

Eric Andersen, NPS, Pu'uhonua o Honaunau

Honorable James "Kimo" Apana, Jr., Mayor, County of Maui

Gary Barbano, NPS, Pacific Islands Support Office

John & Maile Bay

John Blumer-Buell, Hana Community Association

Michael Buck, Administrator, Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife

Councilmember Robert Carroll, Maui County Council

Senator Avery Chumbley, 6^th^ District, Hawaii State Senate

Evelyn Dana

Linda Domen, Kaupö Community Association

Coila Eade, Hana Cultural Center

Jeanne Englehart

Senator J. Kalani English, Hawaii State Senate

Helen Felsing, NPS, Rivers and Trails Conservation Assistance Program

David Gray

Issac & Dana Hall

Lisa Hamilton

Bob Hobdy, Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources,
Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Maui Branch

Senator Daniel Inouye, U.S. Senate

Farley Jacob

Librarian, Hana Public & School Library

Librarian, Kahului Public Library

Librarian, Wailuku Public Library

John & Tweetie Lind

Land Lindbergh

Reeve Lindbergh

Carl & Rae Lindquist

Greg Marshall, Chairperson, The Argonauta Project

Charles Maxwell, Sr.

Representative Patsy Mink, 2^nd^ District, U.S. House of Representatives

Mike Minn, President, Kïpahulu 'Ohana

Floyd Miyazono, Director, Department of Parks and Recreation, County of
Maui

Representative Hermina Morita, 12^th^ District, Hawaii State House of
Representatives

Dorothy Pyle

Laurance Rockefeller

Elizabeth Russell, Alliance for the Heritage of East Maui (AHEM)

David Scott, Executive Director, Historic Hawai'i Foundation

Diane Shepherd, Chairperson, Sierra Club, Maui Group

Robert Smith, President, Friends of Haleakalä National Park

Jonathon Starr

Ed Wendt

Mark White, The Nature Conservancy

Robin Winks