-------------------- --------------------------------------------------
  Animals in Disasters 

  MODULE A\            Meteorological Hazards:\
  UNIT 4               Applying the Four Phases
  -------------------- --------------------------------------------------

+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Ov             | This unit     |                                  |
| erview {#overvie | covers        |                                  |
| w .Animals-head} | m             |                                  |
|                  | eteorological |                                  |
|                  | hazards       |                                  |
|                  | including     |                                  |
|                  | tornadoes,    |                                  |
|                  | floods,       |                                  |
|                  | thunderstorms |                                  |
|                  | and winter    |                                  |
|                  | storms. It    |                                  |
|                  | defines each  |                                  |
|                  | of these      |                                  |
|                  | hazards and   |                                  |
|                  | provides      |                                  |
|                  | practical     |                                  |
|                  | information   |                                  |
|                  | for applying  |                                  |
|                  | the four      |                                  |
|                  | phases of     |                                  |
|                  | emergency     |                                  |
|                  | management in |                                  |
|                  | relation to   |                                  |
|                  | these         |                                  |
|                  | hazards. It   |                                  |
|                  | focuses on    |                                  |
|                  | protecting    |                                  |
|                  | animals       |                                  |
|                  | during such   |                                  |
|                  | emergencies.  |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Object         | Upon          |                                  |
| ives {#objective | completion of |                                  |
| s .Animals-head} | this unit you |                                  |
|                  | should be     |                                  |
| #                | able to:      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Define    |                                  |
|                  |     m         |                                  |
|                  | eteorological |                                  |
|                  |     hazards   |                                  |
|                  |     that      |                                  |
|                  |     threaten  |                                  |
|                  |     the       |                                  |
|                  |     United    |                                  |
|                  |     States    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Protect   |                                  |
|                  |     yourself  |                                  |
|                  |     against   |                                  |
|                  |     m         |                                  |
|                  | eteorological |                                  |
|                  |     hazards   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Protect   |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     against   |                                  |
|                  |     m         |                                  |
|                  | eteorological |                                  |
|                  |     hazards   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Apply the |                                  |
|                  |     four      |                                  |
|                  |     phases of |                                  |
|                  |     emergency |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    management |                                  |
|                  |     to        |                                  |
|                  |     m         |                                  |
|                  | eteorological |                                  |
|                  |     hazards   |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Types          | The most      |                                  |
| of disasters {#t | common        |                                  |
| ypes-of-disaster | disasters     |                                  |
| s .Animals-head} | result from   |                                  |
|                  | m             |                                  |
| #                | eteorological |                                  |
|                  | (wea          |                                  |
|                  | ther-related) |                                  |
|                  | and           |                                  |
|                  | geological    |                                  |
|                  | events and    |                                  |
|                  | can affect    |                                  |
|                  | any area of   |                                  |
|                  | the United    |                                  |
|                  | States. Their |                                  |
|                  | impact can be |                                  |
|                  | localized or  |                                  |
|                  | widespread,   |                                  |
|                  | predictable   |                                  |
|                  | or            |                                  |
|                  | u             |                                  |
|                  | npredictable. |                                  |
|                  | Damage can    |                                  |
|                  | range from    |                                  |
|                  | minimal to    |                                  |
|                  | major.        |                                  |
|                  | Depending on  |                                  |
|                  | the severity  |                                  |
|                  | of the        |                                  |
|                  | incident,     |                                  |
|                  | they can have |                                  |
|                  | a long-term   |                                  |
|                  | impact on the |                                  |
|                  | i             |                                  |
|                  | nfrastructure |                                  |
|                  | (roads,       |                                  |
|                  | bridges, and  |                                  |
|                  | utilities) of |                                  |
|                  | any location. |                                  |
|                  | Threats       |                                  |
|                  | involving     |                                  |
|                  | natural       |                                  |
|                  | forces        |                                  |
|                  | include       |                                  |
|                  | thunderstorm, |                                  |
|                  | flood,        |                                  |
|                  | tornado,      |                                  |
|                  | hurricane,    |                                  |
|                  | winter storm, |                                  |
|                  | drought,      |                                  |
|                  | wildfire,     |                                  |
|                  | landslide,    |                                  |
|                  | earthquake,   |                                  |
|                  | tsunami,      |                                  |
|                  | volcano and   |                                  |
|                  | dam failure.  |                                  |
|                  | Technological |                                  |
|                  | (man-made)    |                                  |
|                  | hazards       |                                  |
|                  | include       |                                  |
|                  | hazardous     |                                  |
|                  | materials     |                                  |
|                  | releases and  |                                  |
|                  | spills,       |                                  |
|                  | nuclear       |                                  |
|                  | accidents and |                                  |
|                  | many          |                                  |
|                  | consequences  |                                  |
|                  | of natural    |                                  |
|                  | disasters.    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | Natural       |                                  |
|                  | hazards are   |                                  |
|                  | usually more  |                                  |
|                  | predictable   |                                  |
|                  | than any      |                                  |
|                  | other type of |                                  |
|                  | hazard.       |                                  |
|                  | Although we   |                                  |
|                  | cannot know   |                                  |
|                  | exactly when  |                                  |
|                  | or where they |                                  |
|                  | will strike,  |                                  |
|                  | or how severe |                                  |
|                  | they will be, |                                  |
|                  | we recognize  |                                  |
|                  | from past     |                                  |
|                  | experience    |                                  |
|                  | which         |                                  |
|                  | geographical  |                                  |
|                  | areas are     |                                  |
|                  | most          |                                  |
|                  | vulnerable to |                                  |
|                  | certain types |                                  |
|                  | of natural    |                                  |
|                  | hazards. This |                                  |
|                  | knowledge     |                                  |
|                  | helps us      |                                  |
|                  | better        |                                  |
|                  | prepare for   |                                  |
|                  | and respond   |                                  |
|                  | to natural    |                                  |
|                  | hazards.      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | As you read   |                                  |
|                  | through the   |                                  |
|                  | following     |                                  |
|                  | information   |                                  |
|                  | on natural    |                                  |
|                  | hazards,      |                                  |
|                  | remember that |                                  |
|                  | each type of  |                                  |
|                  | hazard has    |                                  |
|                  | unique        |                                  |
|                  | cha           |                                  |
|                  | racteristics, |                                  |
|                  | yet common    |                                  |
|                  | elements.     |                                  |
|                  | These         |                                  |
|                  | ch            |                                  |
|                  | aracteristics |                                  |
|                  | allow you to  |                                  |
|                  | prepare and   |                                  |
|                  | protect       |                                  |
|                  | yourself and  |                                  |
|                  | your animals. |                                  |
|                  | In            |                                  |
|                  | particular,   |                                  |
|                  | you should    |                                  |
|                  | learn about   |                                  |
|                  | the disasters |                                  |
|                  | most likely   |                                  |
|                  | to occur in   |                                  |
|                  | your          |                                  |
|                  | geographical  |                                  |
|                  | area.         |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | #             |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Thunderstorm   | Thunderstorms |                                  |
| s {#thunderstorm | are a violent |                                  |
| s .Animals-head} | form of air   |                                  |
|                  | convection.   |                                  |
|                  | As warm air   |                                  |
|                  | rises, storm  |                                  |
|                  | clouds        |                                  |
|                  | develop that  |                                  |
|                  | can dump      |                                  |
|                  | large amounts |                                  |
|                  | of rain or    |                                  |
|                  | hail on       |                                  |
|                  | localized     |                                  |
|                  | areas.        |                                  |
|                  | Violent       |                                  |
|                  | lightning can |                                  |
|                  | strike the    |                                  |
|                  | ground        |                                  |
|                  | several miles |                                  |
|                  | away from its |                                  |
|                  | parent cloud. |                                  |
|                  | Thunderstorms |                                  |
|                  | can cause     |                                  |
|                  | tornadoes and |                                  |
|                  | flash floods. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | At least      |                                  |
|                  | 100,000       |                                  |
|                  | thunderstorms |                                  |
|                  | occur         |                                  |
|                  | annually      |                                  |
|                  | across the    |                                  |
|                  | United        |                                  |
|                  | States. Their |                                  |
|                  | frequency and |                                  |
|                  | potential for |                                  |
|                  | violence      |                                  |
|                  | makes them    |                                  |
|                  | one of        |                                  |
|                  | nature's      |                                  |
|                  | greatest      |                                  |
|                  | killers and   |                                  |
|                  | destroyers.   |                                  |
|                  | In an average |                                  |
|                  | year,         |                                  |
|                  | lightning     |                                  |
|                  | kills between |                                  |
|                  | 200 and 300   |                                  |
|                  | people.       |                                  |
|                  | Lightning     |                                  |
|                  | also kills    |                                  |
|                  | grazing       |                                  |
|                  | livestock and |                                  |
|                  | horses.       |                                  |
|                  | Annual        |                                  |
|                  | property loss |                                  |
|                  | resulting     |                                  |
|                  | from          |                                  |
|                  | t             |                                  |
|                  | hunderstorms, |                                  |
|                  | including     |                                  |
|                  | damage to     |                                  |
|                  | farms and     |                                  |
|                  | barns, is     |                                  |
|                  | estimated in  |                                  |
|                  | the hundreds  |                                  |
|                  | of millions   |                                  |
|                  | of dollars.   |                                  |
|                  | Lightning is  |                                  |
|                  | also a major  |                                  |
|                  | cause of      |                                  |
|                  | wildfires.    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | The National  |                                  |
|                  | Severe Storms |                                  |
|                  | Forecast      |                                  |
|                  | Center in     |                                  |
|                  | Kansas City,  |                                  |
|                  | Missouri,     |                                  |
|                  | issues severe |                                  |
|                  | thunderstorm  |                                  |
|                  | watches.      |                                  |
|                  | Local         |                                  |
|                  | National      |                                  |
|                  | Weather       |                                  |
|                  | Service       |                                  |
|                  | offices issue |                                  |
|                  | warnings and  |                                  |
|                  | statements    |                                  |
|                  | about severe  |                                  |
|                  | weather and   |                                  |
|                  | localized     |                                  |
|                  | storms.       |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | ##            | Conditions are right for:        |
| 3 .Animals-head} |  Severe thund |                                  |
|                  | erstorm watch | -   Lightning or damaging winds  |
|                  |               |     greater than 58 mph,         |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |               | -   Hail that could reach a      |
|                  |               |     diameter of 0.75 inches, and |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |               | -   Heavy rain.                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |               | A thunderstorm watch indicates   |
|                  |               | that you should take action to   |
|                  |               | protect yourself and your        |
|                  |               | animals.                         |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | ## S          | Severe thunderstorms have been   |
| 4 .Animals-head} | evere thunder | sighted in your area.            |
|                  | storm warning |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | Animals,      |                                  |
| 5 .Animals-head} | especially    |                                  |
|                  | dogs, can     |                                  |
|                  | often hear    |                                  |
|                  | thunderstorms |                                  |
|                  | before humans |                                  |
|                  | and may show  |                                  |
|                  | this by       |                                  |
|                  | becoming      |                                  |
|                  | anxious,      |                                  |
|                  | hiding, and   |                                  |
|                  | vocalizing.   |                                  |
|                  | Horses will   |                                  |
|                  | sometimes run |                                  |
|                  | frantically   |                                  |
|                  | around their  |                                  |
|                  | pasture.      |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Mitiga         | There are a   |                                  |
| tion {#mitigatio | number of     |                                  |
| n .Animals-head} | specific      |                                  |
|                  | measures you  |                                  |
|                  | can adopt to  |                                  |
|                  | mitigate the  |                                  |
|                  | impact of     |                                  |
|                  | t             |                                  |
|                  | hunderstorms. |                                  |
|                  | Here are a    |                                  |
|                  | few examples: |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Install   |                                  |
|                  |     lightning |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   suppression |                                  |
|                  |     systems   |                                  |
|                  |     on all    |                                  |
|                  |     high-risk |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    buildings, |                                  |
|                  |     including |                                  |
|                  |     those     |                                  |
|                  |     where     |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     are kept. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Insure    |                                  |
|                  |     crops     |                                  |
|                  |     against   |                                  |
|                  |     storm     |                                  |
|                  |     damage    |                                  |
|                  |     loss      |                                  |
|                  |     through   |                                  |
|                  |     the       |                                  |
|                  |     Federal   |                                  |
|                  |     Crop      |                                  |
|                  |     Insurance |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   Corporation |                                  |
|                  |     of the    |                                  |
|                  |     U.S.      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    Department |                                  |
|                  |     of        |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  Agriculture. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Because   |                                  |
|                  |     lightning |                                  |
|                  |     strikes   |                                  |
|                  |     can cause |                                  |
|                  |     fire;     |                                  |
|                  |     install   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   appropriate |                                  |
|                  |     sprinkler |                                  |
|                  |     systems   |                                  |
|                  |     and smoke |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    detectors. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Support   |                                  |
|                  |     the       |                                  |
|                  |     adoption  |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   enforcement |                                  |
|                  |     of a      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    floodplain |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    management |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    ordinance. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Buy flood |                                  |
|                  |     insurance |                                  |
|                  |     through   |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     local     |                                  |
|                  |     property  |                                  |
|                  |     insurance |                                  |
|                  |     agent     |                                  |
|                  |     (         |                                  |
|                  | thunderstorms |                                  |
|                  |     often     |                                  |
|                  |     cause     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    flooding). |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   If you    |                                  |
|                  |     live in a |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  manufactured |                                  |
|                  |     (mobile)  |                                  |
|                  |     home,     |                                  |
|                  |     securely  |                                  |
|                  |     tie it to |                                  |
|                  |     a solid   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    foundation |                                  |
|                  |     or        |                                  |
|                  |     anchors   |                                  |
|                  |     to keep   |                                  |
|                  |     the wind  |                                  |
|                  |     from      |                                  |
|                  |     shifting  |                                  |
|                  |     it or     |                                  |
|                  |     turning   |                                  |
|                  |     it over.  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Build     |                                  |
|                  |     fences    |                                  |
|                  |     around    |                                  |
|                  |     single    |                                  |
|                  |     trees in  |                                  |
|                  |     pastures  |                                  |
|                  |     where     |                                  |
|                  |     horses    |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     livestock |                                  |
|                  |     graze so  |                                  |
|                  |     they will |                                  |
|                  |     not       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    congregate |                                  |
|                  |     under     |                                  |
|                  |     these     |                                  |
|                  |     trees in  |                                  |
|                  |     storms.   |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Preparednes    | There are     |                                  |
| s  {#preparednes | several steps |                                  |
| s .Animals-head} | that you can  |                                  |
|                  | take to keep  |                                  |
|                  | yourself and  |                                  |
|                  | your animals  |                                  |
|                  | safe during   |                                  |
|                  | t             |                                  |
|                  | hunderstorms. |                                  |
|                  | Some          |                                  |
|                  | preparedness  |                                  |
|                  | actions are   |                                  |
|                  | listed below. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   If you    |                                  |
|                  |     plan to   |                                  |
|                  |     be        |                                  |
|                  |     outdoors  |                                  |
|                  |     or your   |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     are kept  |                                  |
|                  |     outside,  |                                  |
|                  |     check the |                                  |
|                  |     latest    |                                  |
|                  |     weather   |                                  |
|                  |     forecast  |                                  |
|                  |     and keep  |                                  |
|                  |     an eye on |                                  |
|                  |     the sky.  |                                  |
|                  |     When you  |                                  |
|                  |     observe   |                                  |
|                  |     signs of  |                                  |
|                  |     an        |                                  |
|                  |     impending |                                  |
|                  |     storm,    |                                  |
|                  |     such as   |                                  |
|                  |     towering  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | thunderheads, |                                  |
|                  |     darkening |                                  |
|                  |     skies,    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    lightning, |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    increasing |                                  |
|                  |     winds,    |                                  |
|                  |     listen to |                                  |
|                  |     the       |                                  |
|                  |     National  |                                  |
|                  |     Oceanic   |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   Atmospheric |                                  |
|                  |     A         |                                  |
|                  | dministration |                                  |
|                  |     (NOAA)    |                                  |
|                  |     weather   |                                  |
|                  |     forecast, |                                  |
|                  |     or a      |                                  |
|                  |     local     |                                  |
|                  |     radio or  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    television |                                  |
|                  |     station   |                                  |
|                  |     for the   |                                  |
|                  |     latest    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  information. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Designate |                                  |
|                  |     a safe    |                                  |
|                  |     area in   |                                  |
|                  |     or near   |                                  |
|                  |     your home |                                  |
|                  |     to        |                                  |
|                  |     shelter   |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     family    |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     in a      |                                  |
|                  |     severe    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | thunderstorm. |                                  |
|                  |     Teach     |                                  |
|                  |     family    |                                  |
|                  |     members   |                                  |
|                  |     what to   |                                  |
|                  |     do in a   |                                  |
|                  |     storm if  |                                  |
|                  |     they are  |                                  |
|                  |     at home,  |                                  |
|                  |     outside,  |                                  |
|                  |     or in a   |                                  |
|                  |     car,      |                                  |
|                  |     including |                                  |
|                  |     how to    |                                  |
|                  |     relocate  |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     to safe   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    locations. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Prepare a |                                  |
|                  |     disaster  |                                  |
|                  |     supply    |                                  |
|                  |     kit that  |                                  |
|                  |     includes: |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | ```{=html}    |                                  |
|                  | <!-- -->      |                                  |
|                  | ```           |                                  |
|                  | -             |                                  |
|                  |   flashlights |                                  |
|                  |     and extra |                                  |
|                  |     batteries |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   a         |                                  |
|                  |     ba        |                                  |
|                  | ttery-powered |                                  |
|                  |     radio     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   a carrier |                                  |
|                  |     to        |                                  |
|                  |     confine   |                                  |
|                  |     smaller   |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   enough    |                                  |
|                  |     drinking  |                                  |
|                  |     water for |                                  |
|                  |     you and   |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   contact   |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     local Red |                                  |
|                  |     Cross for |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   information |                                  |
|                  |     on other  |                                  |
|                  |     essential |                                  |
|                  |     supplies  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | If you have   |                                  |
|                  | animals that  |                                  |
|                  | get nervous   |                                  |
|                  | and pose a    |                                  |
|                  | safety risk   |                                  |
|                  | in            |                                  |
|                  | t             |                                  |
|                  | hunderstorms, |                                  |
|                  | contact your  |                                  |
|                  | veterinarian  |                                  |
|                  | for advice on |                                  |
|                  | how to        |                                  |
|                  | mitigate this |                                  |
|                  | situation.    |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Re             | Here are some |                                  |
| sponse {#respons | re            |                                  |
| e .Animals-head} | commendations |                                  |
|                  | that you      |                                  |
|                  | should        |                                  |
|                  | consider when |                                  |
|                  | responding to |                                  |
|                  | a             |                                  |
|                  | thunderstorm  |                                  |
|                  | hazard:       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Evacuate  |                                  |
|                  |     from a    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  manufactured |                                  |
|                  |     (mobile)  |                                  |
|                  |     home with |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     during a  |                                  |
|                  |     severe    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | thunderstorm. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Get       |                                  |
|                  |     inside a  |                                  |
|                  |     storm     |                                  |
|                  |     shelter,  |                                  |
|                  |     home or   |                                  |
|                  |     large     |                                  |
|                  |     building. |                                  |
|                  |     Avoid     |                                  |
|                  |     using the |                                  |
|                  |     telephone |                                  |
|                  |     except    |                                  |
|                  |     for       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  emergencies, |                                  |
|                  |     and stay  |                                  |
|                  |     away from |                                  |
|                  |     windows.  |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | If you are    |                                  |
| 6 .Animals-head} | outside and   |                                  |
|                  | do not have   |                                  |
|                  | time to reach |                                  |
|                  | a safe        |                                  |
|                  | building or   |                                  |
|                  | an            |                                  |
|                  | automobile,   |                                  |
|                  | follow these  |                                  |
|                  | rules:        |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Avoid     |                                  |
|                  |     standing  |                                  |
|                  |     under a   |                                  |
|                  |     natural   |                                  |
|                  |     lightning |                                  |
|                  |     rod such  |                                  |
|                  |     as tall,  |                                  |
|                  |     isolated  |                                  |
|                  |     trees in  |                                  |
|                  |     an open   |                                  |
|                  |     area.     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Keep      |                                  |
|                  |     yourself  |                                  |
|                  |     and any   |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     away from |                                  |
|                  |     open      |                                  |
|                  |     water,    |                                  |
|                  |     such as a |                                  |
|                  |     lake,     |                                  |
|                  |     pond, or  |                                  |
|                  |     river.    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Keep      |                                  |
|                  |     yourself  |                                  |
|                  |     and any   |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     away from |                                  |
|                  |     tractors  |                                  |
|                  |     and other |                                  |
|                  |     metal     |                                  |
|                  |     farm      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    equipment. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Get off   |                                  |
|                  |     of and    |                                  |
|                  |     stay away |                                  |
|                  |     from      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  motorcycles, |                                  |
|                  |     scooters, |                                  |
|                  |     golf      |                                  |
|                  |     carts,    |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     bicycles. |                                  |
|                  |     Put down  |                                  |
|                  |     golf      |                                  |
|                  |     clubs.    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Keep      |                                  |
|                  |     yourself  |                                  |
|                  |     and any   |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     away from |                                  |
|                  |     wire      |                                  |
|                  |     fences,   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | clotheslines, |                                  |
|                  |     metal     |                                  |
|                  |     pipes,    |                                  |
|                  |     rails,    |                                  |
|                  |     umbrellas |                                  |
|                  |     and other |                                  |
|                  |     metallic  |                                  |
|                  |     paths     |                                  |
|                  |     that      |                                  |
|                  |     could     |                                  |
|                  |     carry     |                                  |
|                  |     lightning |                                  |
|                  |     to you    |                                  |
|                  |     from some |                                  |
|                  |     distance  |                                  |
|                  |     away.     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Move      |                                  |
|                  |     yourself  |                                  |
|                  |     and any   |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     to a low  |                                  |
|                  |     place     |                                  |
|                  |     such as a |                                  |
|                  |     ravine or |                                  |
|                  |     valley    |                                  |
|                  |     but       |                                  |
|                  |     remain    |                                  |
|                  |     alert for |                                  |
|                  |     flash     |                                  |
|                  |     floods.   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   If you    |                                  |
|                  |     feel your |                                  |
|                  |     hair      |                                  |
|                  |     stand on  |                                  |
|                  |     end       |                                  |
|                  |     (which    |                                  |
|                  |     shows     |                                  |
|                  |     that      |                                  |
|                  |     lightning |                                  |
|                  |     is about  |                                  |
|                  |     to        |                                  |
|                  |     strike),  |                                  |
|                  |     stand on  |                                  |
|                  |     the tip   |                                  |
|                  |     of your   |                                  |
|                  |     toes and  |                                  |
|                  |     curl your |                                  |
|                  |     body into |                                  |
|                  |     a tight   |                                  |
|                  |     ball.     |                                  |
|                  |     Ideally   |                                  |
|                  |     you want  |                                  |
|                  |     to be as  |                                  |
|                  |     low as    |                                  |
|                  |     possible  |                                  |
|                  |     with as   |                                  |
|                  |     little    |                                  |
|                  |     contact   |                                  |
|                  |     with the  |                                  |
|                  |     ground as |                                  |
|                  |     is        |                                  |
|                  |     possible. |                                  |
|                  |     Do not    |                                  |
|                  |     lie flat. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   A person  |                                  |
|                  |     or animal |                                  |
|                  |     struck by |                                  |
|                  |     lightning |                                  |
|                  |     will      |                                  |
|                  |     receive a |                                  |
|                  |     severe    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    electrical |                                  |
|                  |     shock and |                                  |
|                  |     may be    |                                  |
|                  |     burned.   |                                  |
|                  |     They will |                                  |
|                  |     carry no  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    electrical |                                  |
|                  |     charge    |                                  |
|                  |     and can   |                                  |
|                  |     be        |                                  |
|                  |     handled   |                                  |
|                  |     safely.   |                                  |
|                  |     Give      |                                  |
|                  |     first aid |                                  |
|                  |     and get   |                                  |
|                  |     emergency |                                  |
|                  |     medical   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    assistance |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  immediately. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Victims   |                                  |
|                  |     who       |                                  |
|                  |     appear    |                                  |
|                  |     only      |                                  |
|                  |     stunned   |                                  |
|                  |     or        |                                  |
|                  |     otherwise |                                  |
|                  |     unhurt    |                                  |
|                  |     may also  |                                  |
|                  |     need      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   appropriate |                                  |
|                  |     medical   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    attention. |                                  |
|                  |     Check for |                                  |
|                  |     burns in  |                                  |
|                  |     people    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    especially |                                  |
|                  |     fingers   |                                  |
|                  |     and toes  |                                  |
|                  |     next to   |                                  |
|                  |     buckles   |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     jewelry.  |                                  |
|                  |     In        |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     check     |                                  |
|                  |     areas     |                                  |
|                  |     around    |                                  |
|                  |     collars   |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     leashes.  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   More than |                                  |
|                  |     one storm |                                  |
|                  |     may       |                                  |
|                  |     strike an |                                  |
|                  |     area      |                                  |
|                  |     within a  |                                  |
|                  |     few       |                                  |
|                  |     hours.    |                                  |
|                  |     Once one  |                                  |
|                  |     storm     |                                  |
|                  |     subsides, |                                  |
|                  |     be        |                                  |
|                  |     certain   |                                  |
|                  |     there are |                                  |
|                  |     no more   |                                  |
|                  |     storms    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   approaching |                                  |
|                  |     before    |                                  |
|                  |     resuming  |                                  |
|                  |     normal    |                                  |
|                  |     activity. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Provide   |                                  |
|                  |     fresh     |                                  |
|                  |     feed for  |                                  |
|                  |     animals,  |                                  |
|                  |     many will |                                  |
|                  |     refuse to |                                  |
|                  |     eat       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   waterlogged |                                  |
|                  |     feed and  |                                  |
|                  |     minerals. |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Re             | Severe        |                                  |
| covery {#recover | thunderstorms |                                  |
| y .Animals-head} | cause         |                                  |
|                  | extensive     |                                  |
|                  | power         |                                  |
|                  | outages,      |                                  |
|                  | agricultural  |                                  |
|                  | damage, and   |                                  |
|                  | may lead to   |                                  |
|                  | flooding.     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Make sure |                                  |
|                  |     that any  |                                  |
|                  |     animal    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    enclosures |                                  |
|                  |     are       |                                  |
|                  |     secure    |                                  |
|                  |     before    |                                  |
|                  |     placing   |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     in them.  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   In        |                                  |
|                  |     pasture   |                                  |
|                  |     areas,    |                                  |
|                  |     remove    |                                  |
|                  |     any       |                                  |
|                  |     debris    |                                  |
|                  |     that      |                                  |
|                  |     might     |                                  |
|                  |     injure    |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     or that   |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     may       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  accidentally |                                  |
|                  |     eat.      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   If your   |                                  |
|                  |     house or  |                                  |
|                  |     farm have |                                  |
|                  |     sustained |                                  |
|                  |     damage,   |                                  |
|                  |     have the  |                                  |
|                  |     damage    |                                  |
|                  |     assessed  |                                  |
|                  |     as        |                                  |
|                  |     required  |                                  |
|                  |     by your   |                                  |
|                  |     property  |                                  |
|                  |     insurance |                                  |
|                  |     company.  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Clean up  |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     repair    |                                  |
|                  |     damage as |                                  |
|                  |     soon as   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    authorized |                                  |
|                  |     by your   |                                  |
|                  |     insurer.  |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+

LEARNING CHECK --\
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED ABOUT THUNDERSTORMS?

This activity is designed to assess your understanding of the
information presented in this unit.

Directions: Answer the questions --- use the Answer Key in Unit 10 to
check your answers.

# True or False

1.  In an average year lightning kills between 200 and 300 people in the
    United States.

2.  Lightning is a significant cause of wildfires.

3.  A severe thunderstorm watch indicates that thunderstorms have been
    sighted in your area.

4.  Animals in pastures should be provided with sources of shade and
    shelter that are not prone to a lightning strike during
    thunderstorms.

5.  It is not safe to stay in a manufactured (mobile) home during a
    severe thunderstorm.

6.  People and animals are protected from lightning during thunderstorms
    by taking cover under a tall isolated tree in an open area.

7.  A person or animal struck by lightning will receive a severe
    electrical shock; however, they will carry no electrical charge and
    can be safely handled.

# Multiple Choice

8.  Thunderstorms are **NOT** associated with which one of the following
    events?

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| a.  Tornadoes        | c\. Wildfires                                 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| b\. Flash floods     | d\. Drought                                   |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

9.  A measure to mitigate the impact of thunderstorms includes which one
    of the following?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a.  Check weather forecasts

b.  Evacuate with your animals

c.  Clean up and repair damage

d.  Obtain appropriate insurance

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
10. When preparing for thunderstorms, which one of these items should be
    available for the care of animals?

  ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------
  a\. Carriers for small   c\. Enough food for one week
  animals                  

  b\. Important documents  d\. Electric powered radio
  ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------

+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Floods {#flood | The           |                                  |
| s .Animals-head} | t             |                                  |
|                  | ransformation |                                  |
|                  | of a calm,    |                                  |
|                  | slow-flowing  |                                  |
|                  | river into a  |                                  |
|                  | violent and   |                                  |
|                  | destructive   |                                  |
|                  | flood occurs  |                                  |
|                  | hundreds of   |                                  |
|                  | times each    |                                  |
|                  | year. Floods  |                                  |
|                  | are one of    |                                  |
|                  | the most      |                                  |
|                  | common        |                                  |
|                  | natural       |                                  |
|                  | disasters in  |                                  |
|                  | the United    |                                  |
|                  | States and no |                                  |
|                  | area is       |                                  |
|                  | completely    |                                  |
|                  | free from the |                                  |
|                  | threat of     |                                  |
|                  | floods. In    |                                  |
|                  | the average   |                                  |
|                  | year:         |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   More than |                                  |
|                  |     300,000   |                                  |
|                  |     people    |                                  |
|                  |     are       |                                  |
|                  |     driven    |                                  |
|                  |     from      |                                  |
|                  |     their     |                                  |
|                  |     homes by  |                                  |
|                  |     floods,   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   200       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | flood-related |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    fatalities |                                  |
|                  |     occur,    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   \$2       |                                  |
|                  |     billion   |                                  |
|                  |     in total  |                                  |
|                  |     flood     |                                  |
|                  |     damages   |                                  |
|                  |     are       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    sustained, |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Animals   |                                  |
|                  |     that are  |                                  |
|                  |     affected  |                                  |
|                  |     by floods |                                  |
|                  |     risk      |                                  |
|                  |     death     |                                  |
|                  |     from      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   hypothermia |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     drowning. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | Floods are    |                                  |
|                  | classified    |                                  |
|                  | according to  |                                  |
|                  | whether they  |                                  |
|                  | are slow or   |                                  |
|                  | fast rising.  |                                  |
|                  | Slow-rising   |                                  |
|                  | floods are    |                                  |
|                  | typical as    |                                  |
|                  | flood waters  |                                  |
|                  | move down a   |                                  |
|                  | river or      |                                  |
|                  | stream and    |                                  |
|                  | can often be  |                                  |
|                  | predicted to  |                                  |
|                  | reach a       |                                  |
|                  | certain       |                                  |
|                  | height. Flash |                                  |
|                  | floods are    |                                  |
|                  | usually the   |                                  |
|                  | result of     |                                  |
|                  | extremely     |                                  |
|                  | heavy rain or |                                  |
|                  | melting snow  |                                  |
|                  | and occur     |                                  |
|                  | suddenly.     |                                  |
|                  | They can also |                                  |
|                  | result from a |                                  |
|                  | dam or levee  |                                  |
|                  | failure.      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | > If you live |                                  |
|                  | > near a dam  |                                  |
|                  | > you should  |                                  |
|                  | > understand  |                                  |
|                  | > your        |                                  |
|                  | > community's |                                  |
|                  | > dam failure |                                  |
|                  | > warning     |                                  |
|                  | > signals.    |                                  |
|                  | > Warnings    |                                  |
|                  | > may be      |                                  |
|                  | > issued by   |                                  |
|                  | > sirens,     |                                  |
|                  | > horns,      |                                  |
|                  | > radio,      |                                  |
|                  | > television, |                                  |
|                  | > or          |                                  |
|                  | >             |                                  |
|                  |  door-to-door |                                  |
|                  | > canvassing  |                                  |
|                  | > by local    |                                  |
|                  | > emergency   |                                  |
|                  | > personnel.  |                                  |
|                  | > Federal     |                                  |
|                  | > agencies    |                                  |
|                  | > also        |                                  |
|                  | > conduct     |                                  |
|                  | > stream-flow |                                  |
|                  | > monitoring  |                                  |
|                  | > to provide  |                                  |
|                  | > advanced    |                                  |
|                  | > warning of  |                                  |
|                  | > a flash     |                                  |
|                  | > flood.      |                                  |
|                  | >             |                                  |
|                  | > The         |                                  |
|                  | > National    |                                  |
|                  | > Weather     |                                  |
|                  | > Service,    |                                  |
|                  | > local       |                                  |
|                  | > police, the |                                  |
|                  | > sheriff,    |                                  |
|                  | > the highway |                                  |
|                  | > patrol, the |                                  |
|                  | > county      |                                  |
|                  | > flood       |                                  |
|                  | > control     |                                  |
|                  | > district    |                                  |
|                  | > office, or  |                                  |
|                  | > other local |                                  |
|                  | > agencies    |                                  |
|                  | > issue flood |                                  |
|                  | > watches and |                                  |
|                  | > warnings.   |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | ## Flas       | Issued when flash flooding is    |
| 7 .Animals-head} | h flood watch | possible within the designated   |
|                  |               | watch area: be alert. Listen to  |
|                  |               | your radio for flood forecasts   |
|                  |               | and prepare for evacuation with  |
|                  |               | your animals.                    |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | ## Flash      | Issued when a flash flood has    |
| 8 .Animals-head} | flood warning | been reported or is imminent:    |
|                  |               | take necessary precautions.      |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | ##            | Issued as an advance notice that |
| 9 .Animals-head} | Flood warning | a flood is imminent or is in     |
|                  |               | progress at a certain location   |
|                  |               | or in a certain river basin.     |
|                  |               | Take precautions as directed.    |
|                  |               | Start to relocate large animals  |
|                  |               | that are in danger.              |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Mitigati       | Proper land-use management and strict enforcement |
| on {#mitigation- | of building codes, with special attention to      |
| 1 .Animals-head} | floodplains, has helped reduce some of the high   |
|                  | cost of losses due to flooding. There are other   |
|                  | actions that may mitigate the impact of floods.   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Determine if you are in the floodplain. You   |
|                  |     can obtain this information from your county  |
|                  |     government. The National Flood Insurance      |
|                  |     Program (NFIP) is a Federal program enabling  |
|                  |     property owners to purchase flood insurance.  |
|                  |     Ask your local property insurance agent about |
|                  |     flood insurance.                              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Before you build or buy a home below a dam,   |
|                  |     learn as much as you can about its safety     |
|                  |     record.                                       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Check local building codes and ordinances.    |
|                  |     Install check valves in building sewer traps  |
|                  |     to prevent floodwater from backing up in      |
|                  |     sewer drains. The cost of protecting your     |
|                  |     home or farm may be expensive, but the        |
|                  |     investment may save the lives of people and   |
|                  |     valued animals.                               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Avoid building in a floodplain. If you graze  |
|                  |     livestock or horses in floodplains, be        |
|                  |     prepared to move them to higher ground before |
|                  |     low-lying evacuation routes become flooded.   |
|                  |     Consult with your State natural resources     |
|                  |     department if you plan to alter landscape on  |
|                  |     your property in such a way that it may       |
|                  |     affect the flow of water in a flood.          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Many farms operate manure pits and lagoons    |
|                  |     that are susceptible to flooding. Consult     |
|                  |     with your State departments of environmental  |
|                  |     management or natural resources on how to     |
|                  |     prevent overflow of these waste treatment     |
|                  |     facilities into local streams, rivers, or     |
|                  |     even the drinking water supply.               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Construct buildings for the storage of farm   |
|                  |     chemicals such as fertilizer, herbicides,     |
|                  |     pesticides and fuels so that these have       |
|                  |     minimal chance of contaminating the           |
|                  |     environment. Spilled chemicals are a          |
|                  |     potential cause for liability suits after     |
|                  |     disasters.                                    |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Preparedness   | Preparing for floods includes actions such as     |
|  {#preparedness- | stockpiling and replenishing emergency supplies,  |
| 1 .Animals-head} | planning evacuation routes, and ensuring that     |
|                  | equipment and vehicles are in proper working      |
|                  | condition. Listed below are some guidelines to    |
|                  | follow when preparing for a flood emergency.      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Stockpile and replenish emergency building    |
|                  |     materials such as sandbags, plastic sheeting, |
|                  |     and lumber.                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Keep your car, truck, or other vehicles       |
|                  |     fueled. If electric power is disrupted, gas   |
|                  |     station pumps may be out of operation for     |
|                  |     several days.                                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Check your horse or livestock trailers to     |
|                  |     make sure they are in useable condition.      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Make family and animal evacuation plans. If   |
|                  |     you are in a flash flood area, have several   |
|                  |     alternate routes to ensure rapid evacuation.  |
|                  |     If you have a large number of cattle or       |
|                  |     horses, anticipate the course flood waters    |
|                  |     might take. Start moving animals in advance   |
|                  |     of any danger. Even if the evacuation turns   |
|                  |     out to have been unnecessary, at least you    |
|                  |     have practiced for the time when it might be. |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Maintain a disaster supply kit that includes  |
|                  |     items such as a first aid kit, water, foods   |
|                  |     that require little or no cooking or          |
|                  |     refrigeration, a portable radio, emergency    |
|                  |     cooking equipment, flashlights, and           |
|                  |     batteries. Be sure to also maintain a supply  |
|                  |     of food for your animals.                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   You should have a way to keep animals safely  |
|                  |     confined while they are evacuated and living  |
|                  |     in a temporary setting.                       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Ensure that animals are properly identified   |
|                  |     --- keep a collar and identification tag on   |
|                  |     pets at all times so that if they get lost    |
|                  |     during a flood, you have a better chance of   |
|                  |     getting them back. Ideally tags should also   |
|                  |     list an out-of-state contact.                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Store drinking water in jugs, bottles, and    |
|                  |     pans. Be sure to include enough water for the |
|                  |     animals in your household.                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Maintain your animal's vaccinations against   |
|                  |     rabies and tetanus.                           |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Resp           | The immediate danger from flash floods is from    |
| onse {#response- | the strength of the water current as it surges    |
| 1 .Animals-head} | through an area, carrying debris and causing      |
|                  | injuries and drowning. This is a particular       |
|                  | concern for farms and livestock.                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Floods can interrupt power, disable fuel      |
|                  |     sources, and make roads impassable.           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   People may be stranded in their homes and     |
|                  |     farms or be unable to reach their homes.      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Landslides may follow flooding.               |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   | Seconds may make the difference between life and  |
| 0 .Animals-head} | death. If you hear a flash flood warning on the   |
|                  | radio or television, or hear the roar of          |
|                  | approaching waters, act immediately.              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Head for the nearest high ground without      |
|                  |     hesitation, bringing with you animals in      |
|                  |     danger.                                       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Even if you are not sure where to take your   |
|                  |     animals, do not leave them behind (unless it  |
|                  |     would compromise your safety).                |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If you must leave an animal behind, ensure    |
|                  |     that it always has an easy escape route.      |
|                  |     Never tie an animal up if floods are pending. |
|                  |     Many animals have died during floods when     |
|                  |     owners left them confined.                    |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   | As flood waters rise, take these key precautions: |
| 1 .Animals-head} |                                                   |
|                  | -   Secure all outdoor items or store them inside |
|                  |     on upper levels.                              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Move all valuable household possessions to    |
|                  |     upper levels above rising water.              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Move cars, machinery, and all livestock to    |
|                  |     higher ground.                                |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Check emergency food and water supplies and   |
|                  |     move them to a high-and-dry place.            |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Listen to radio announcements from emergency  |
|                  |     officials. If you are told to evacuate, do so |
|                  |     immediately. Use only those routes            |
|                  |     recommended by local authorities. Any other   |
|                  |     route could be blocked or otherwise made      |
|                  |     impassable by flooding. At the earliest sign  |
|                  |     of danger, start moving your animals to a     |
|                  |     safe location.                                |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If there is time before evacuation, turn off  |
|                  |     all utilities at the main switch. Do not      |
|                  |     touch any electrical equipment unless it is   |
|                  |     in a dry area. Always wear well insulated     |
|                  |     rubber footwear and gloves.                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Do not attempt to drive over a flooded road;  |
|                  |     you can become stranded or trapped. If your   |
|                  |     car stalls while in flowing water, abandon it |
|                  |     immediately, taking with you any animals      |
|                  |     (unless it would compromise your safety).     |
|                  |     Cars may only serve as traps in the face of a |
|                  |     raging flood. If you are evacuating horses,   |
|                  |     do not ride them through swift moving, deep   |
|                  |     water.                                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Do not attempt to cross flowing water that is |
|                  |     above your knees.                             |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Reco           | Large-scale flooding can disrupt a community for  |
| very {#recovery- | a long time while utilities are restored, debris  |
| 1 .Animals-head} | is cleared, and property is repaired. Dangers     |
|                  | include:                                          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Outbreak of disease,                          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Widespread animal death,                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Broken sewage lines and widespread water      |
|                  |     supply pollution,                             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Broken gas lines, downed power lines, and     |
|                  |     fires.                                        |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   | Keep animals away from any of these dangers.      |
| 2 .Animals-head} | Agricultural and grazing lands can be ruined and  |
|                  | crops destroyed by flooding, decreasing the food  |
|                  | supply for people and livestock. Fungal           |
|                  | contamination of animal feed can be toxic to      |
|                  | animals and humans who consume the meat or milk   |
|                  | of cattle that ingest these fungal toxins.        |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   | During the recovery process, safety precautions   |
| 3 .Animals-head} | may prevent further damage. Listed below are some |
|                  | precautions that will help you as you recover     |
|                  | from a flood.                                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Do not use food that has come in contact with |
|                  |     flood waters. This includes any feed for      |
|                  |     animals. If there is a boil water order in    |
|                  |     effect, continue to take this precaution      |
|                  |     until officials tell you the tap water is     |
|                  |     safe to drink. Do not give animals tap water  |
|                  |     until it has been boiled or determined safe.  |
|                  |     Wells should be flushed out and the water     |
|                  |     tested before drinking.                       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | ```{=html}                                        |
|                  | <!-- -->                                          |
|                  | ```                                               |
|                  | -   Before entering a building or barn, check for |
|                  |     structural damage. Also, look for any         |
|                  |     poisonous snakes or wildlife that may have    |
|                  |     gotten trapped inside buildings or barns.     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   When entering a building, open the building   |
|                  |     and let it air out for several minutes to     |
|                  |     remove foul odors or escaped gas before       |
|                  |     entering. Do not use a match or lantern as a  |
|                  |     source of light because of the possibility of |
|                  |     gas buildup. A battery-powered flashlight is  |
|                  |     recommended.                                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Once inside a building, check for electrical  |
|                  |     shorts and live wires. Make sure the power is |
|                  |     turned off and do not use any electricity     |
|                  |     until an electrician has checked your system. |
|                  |     Report broken utility lines to appropriate    |
|                  |     authorities.                                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Open all doors and windows to help dry the    |
|                  |     building. Shovel out mud while it is still    |
|                  |     moist to give walls and floors an opportunity |
|                  |     to dry. If horses or livestock have to stand  |
|                  |     in mud for extended periods, they can develop |
|                  |     foot problems.                                |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   In a barn, empty any water containers that    |
|                  |     contain flood water, and be sure to clean     |
|                  |     them with dilute chlorine bleach or some      |
|                  |     other type of disinfectant before they are    |
|                  |     used again. Any feed or bedding that has      |
|                  |     gotten wet or damp must be disposed of so     |
|                  |     that animals cannot eat it. Moldy food can    |
|                  |     lead to serious disease in horses and         |
|                  |     livestock.                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Before horses or livestock are returned to    |
|                  |     property that has flooded, be sure that all   |
|                  |     perimeter fences are intact and any debris    |
|                  |     has been removed.                             |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   | The release of hazardous materials during floods  |
| 4 .Animals-head} | may also become a problem. This can lead to       |
|                  | poisonings in animals that ingest or come into    |
|                  | contact with the hazardous materials and exposure |
|                  | to humans that handle contaminated animals.       |
|                  | Ingestion of and skin contact with hazardous      |
|                  | materials by farm animals could also cause the    |
|                  | hazardous materials to enter the human food       |
|                  | chain. Consult with your veterinarian, department |
|                  | of agriculture, county extension educator or      |
|                  | State chemist to determine the safety of the feed |
|                  | for                                               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | animals and products for human consumption.       |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

LEARNING CHECK --\
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED ABOUT FLOODS?

This activity is designed to assess your understanding of the
information presented in this unit.

Directions: Answer the questions --- use the Answer Key in Unit 10 to
check your answers.

# True or False

1.  Fungal contamination of animal feed will not harm animals or humans.

2.  Floods can be classified according to whether they are slow or fast
    rising.

3.  After a flood, empty all containers that contain contaminated water
    and clean them with dilute chlorine bleach.

4.  Hazardous material releases can occur during flooding.

5.  Keeping animals confined during a flood is essential.

6.  Following a flood, check the perimeter fences of pastures to ensure
    they are intact and that all debris is removed before allowing
    animals to graze.

7.  If your car stalls while in flowing water, wait a few minutes and
    attempt to restart the ignition.

# Multiple Choice

8.  Which notification is issued when flash flooding is possible within
    a designated watch area.

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. Flood watch         c\. Flash flood watch

  b\. Flood warning       d\. Flash flood warning
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

9.  Good flood preparedness includes which one of the following?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a.  Before entering a building or barn, check for structural damage

b.  Replenish emergency building materials such as sandbags, plywood and
    lumber in the spring

c.  Wear insulated rubber gloves and footwear

d.  Install check valves in building sewer traps

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
10. When returning to a building that has been flooded, take which one
    of the following actions?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a.  Allow animals to eat food that has gotten wet

b.  Use a match or lantern as a source of light

c.  Allow animals such as horses to return immediately

d.  Allow the building to air out before entering

+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Torn           | Tornadoes are |                                  |
| adoes {#tornadoe | violently     |                                  |
| s .Animals-head} | rotating      |                                  |
|                  | columns of    |                                  |
|                  | air that      |                                  |
|                  | descend in a  |                                  |
|                  | funnel shape  |                                  |
|                  | from          |                                  |
|                  | thunderstorm  |                                  |
|                  | cloud         |                                  |
|                  | systems.      |                                  |
|                  | Tornadoes can |                                  |
|                  | occur         |                                  |
|                  | anywhere at   |                                  |
|                  | any time.     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | The National  |                                  |
|                  | Severe Storms |                                  |
|                  | Forecast      |                                  |
|                  | Center in     |                                  |
|                  | Kansas City,  |                                  |
|                  | Missouri,     |                                  |
|                  | issues        |                                  |
|                  | tornado       |                                  |
|                  | watches.      |                                  |
|                  | Local         |                                  |
|                  | National      |                                  |
|                  | Weather       |                                  |
|                  | Service       |                                  |
|                  | offices issue |                                  |
|                  | tornado       |                                  |
|                  | warnings.     |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   | Tornado watch | Conditions are right for a       |
| 5 .Animals-head} |               | tornado to develop and that the  |
|                  |               | sky should be watched.           |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
|                  | Tornado       | A tornado has been sighted or is |
|                  | warning       | spotted on radar. Warnings will  |
|                  |               | give the location of the tornado |
|                  |               | and the area immediately         |
|                  |               | affected by the warning.         |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Mitigati       | Tornado       |                                  |
| on {#mitigation- | warning       |                                  |
| 2 .Animals-head} | networks save |                                  |
|                  | many lives    |                                  |
|                  | each year.    |                                  |
|                  | Each          |                                  |
|                  | community in  |                                  |
|                  | high and      |                                  |
|                  | moderate risk |                                  |
|                  | tornado areas |                                  |
|                  | should have a |                                  |
|                  | group of      |                                  |
|                  | volunteer     |                                  |
|                  | spotters who  |                                  |
|                  | watch the sky |                                  |
|                  | during        |                                  |
|                  | threatening   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | weather and   |                                  |
|                  | report signs  |                                  |
|                  | of a tornado  |                                  |
|                  | to local      |                                  |
|                  | emergency     |                                  |
|                  | management    |                                  |
|                  | officials,    |                                  |
|                  | the regional  |                                  |
|                  | office of the |                                  |
|                  | National      |                                  |
|                  | Weather       |                                  |
|                  | Service, and  |                                  |
|                  | local         |                                  |
|                  | farmers.      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | The following |                                  |
|                  | is a list of  |                                  |
|                  | other         |                                  |
|                  | mitigation    |                                  |
|                  | activities.   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Follow    |                                  |
|                  |     relevant  |                                  |
|                  |     building  |                                  |
|                  |     code      |                                  |
|                  |     practices |                                  |
|                  |     such as   |                                  |
|                  |     the use   |                                  |
|                  |     of        |                                  |
|                  |     w         |                                  |
|                  | ind-resistant |                                  |
|                  |     design.   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Build     |                                  |
|                  |     tornado   |                                  |
|                  |     shelters  |                                  |
|                  |     for       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  manufactured |                                  |
|                  |     (mobile)  |                                  |
|                  |     home      |                                  |
|                  |     parks and |                                  |
|                  |     implement |                                  |
|                  |     policies  |                                  |
|                  |     that      |                                  |
|                  |     provide   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    sheltering |                                  |
|                  |     for pets  |                                  |
|                  |     when      |                                  |
|                  |     there is  |                                  |
|                  |     a pending |                                  |
|                  |     tornado   |                                  |
|                  |     or other  |                                  |
|                  |     disaster. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Replace   |                                  |
|                  |     windows   |                                  |
|                  |     in barns  |                                  |
|                  |     with      |                                  |
|                  |     materials |                                  |
|                  |     that will |                                  |
|                  |     not       |                                  |
|                  |     shatter   |                                  |
|                  |     and cut   |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     or people |                                  |
|                  |     when      |                                  |
|                  |     broken.   |                                  |
|                  |     Store or  |                                  |
|                  |     secure    |                                  |
|                  |     any loose |                                  |
|                  |     materials |                                  |
|                  |     including |                                  |
|                  |     strapping |                                  |
|                  |     and label |                                  |
|                  |     hazardous |                                  |
|                  |     material  |                                  |
|                  |     tanks     |                                  |
|                  |     such as   |                                  |
|                  |     heating,  |                                  |
|                  |     oil, or   |                                  |
|                  |     propane.  |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Preparedness   | Tornadoes develop during severe thunderstorms and |
|  {#preparedness- | hurricanes. While not all thunderstorms and       |
| 2 .Animals-head} | hurricanes create tornadoes, the potential is     |
|                  | there. During violent weather, stay tuned to a    |
| #  {#section-1   | local television or radio station for tornado     |
| 6 .Animals-head} | reports.                                          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | The best preparation for a tornado is to          |
|                  | designate a tornado shelter for yourself and your |
|                  | animals. Tornado shelters are safest if they are  |
|                  | underground --- a storm cellar or basement away   |
|                  | from windows offers the best protection.          |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   | If a storm shelter or basement is not available,  |
| 7 .Animals-head} | follow these guidelines when preparing for a      |
|                  | tornado hazard.                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Plan to find shelter under heavy furniture or |
|                  |     mattresses near an inside wall of your house  |
|                  |     on the ground floor. Provide animals in your  |
|                  |     household with a safe area and keep them      |
|                  |     confined.                                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Keep collars and identification tags on all   |
|                  |     your pets, at all times. When you evacuate    |
|                  |     take current pictures of the animals in your  |
|                  |     household, their most recent vaccination and  |
|                  |     health records, and any bills of sale for     |
|                  |     them with you.                                |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Conduct tornado drills with your family.      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Know the location of the designated shelter   |
|                  |     where you work or go to school. If you        |
|                  |     frequently travel with your dog in the car,   |
|                  |     keep a leash in the vehicle at all times in   |
|                  |     case you have to vacate the car during a      |
|                  |     tornado.                                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If you are boarding an animal or using a      |
|                  |     pet-sitting service ask about their disaster  |
|                  |     plans and make sure they are familiar with    |
|                  |     your disaster plan while the animals are in   |
|                  |     their care.                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Plan to evacuate your manufactured (mobile)   |
|                  |     home taking your pets with you. Even if you   |
|                  |     are not sure where to take them, do not leave |
|                  |     them behind.                                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If a watch is issued, turn horses and other   |
|                  |     livestock out to an open pasture to avoid     |
|                  |     injuries from building collapse. Try to turn  |
|                  |     animals out into areas where they will not be |
|                  |     harmed by flying debris. Ideally this will be |
|                  |     a low-lying area where animals can choose to  |
|                  |     lie down and protect themselves.              |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Resp           | The destructive path of a tornado averages about  |
| onse {#response- | 250 yards in width and 15 miles in length.        |
| 2 .Animals-head} | However, in extreme conditions, a tornado may     |
|                  | travel more than 300 miles and leave a path of    |
|                  | total destruction more than a mile wide.          |
|                  | Tornadoes will travel up to 60 mph with wind      |
|                  | speeds approaching 400 mph within the tornado's   |
|                  | center. When nearby, a tornado has a sound        |
|                  | comparable to the combined roars of several jet   |
|                  | engines. The immediate threat from tornadoes is   |
|                  | danger to life and damage to property from        |
|                  | violently whirling winds and debris hurled        |
|                  | through the air.                                  |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   | Take the following actions when responding to     |
| 8 .Animals-head} | tornadoes.                                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If you have a storm cellar or shelter, go to  |
|                  |     it immediately with your family and animals.  |
|                  |     If no shelter is available, go to your        |
|                  |     basement and get under a heavy workbench or   |
|                  |     stairs.                                       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If your home has no basement, stay in the     |
|                  |     center of the house away from the windows or  |
|                  |     in a small room on the ground floor that is   |
|                  |     away from outside walls. Take cover under     |
|                  |     solid furniture or mattresses. Protect your   |
|                  |     head.                                         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   In manufactured (mobile) homes or vehicles,   |
|                  |     leave and take shelter in a substantial       |
|                  |     structure, taking your animals with you. If   |
|                  |     there is no nearby shelter, lie flat in the   |
|                  |     nearest ditch or ravine with your hands       |
|                  |     shielding your head.                          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Do not drive. If you are driving and spot a   |
|                  |     tornado, get out of your car and go into a    |
|                  |     nearby building or ditch taking your animals  |
|                  |     with you. Protect your head and stay low to   |
|                  |     the ground.                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | ```{=html}                                        |
|                  | <!-- -->                                          |
|                  | ```                                               |
|                  | -   After a tornado passes, stay tuned to the     |
|                  |     local radio or television station to get an   |
|                  |     all-clear signal before leaving your shelter. |
|                  |     Sometimes more than one tornado will develop  |
|                  |     during a violent storm.                       |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Reco           | Tornadoes are part of a severe thunderstorm and   |
| very {#recovery- | may bring with them the dangers of lightning,     |
| 2 .Animals-head} | high winds, floods, and flash floods from         |
|                  | extremely heavy rainfall. Other risks include:    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   The possibility of building collapse,         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Fallen trees and downed power lines,          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Broken gas lines,                             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Broken sewer or water mains,                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Hazardous materials releases, and             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Fires.                                        |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   | Be alert to additional hazards and take the       |
| 9 .Animals-head} | following precautions.                            |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Consult with your veterinarian if you are     |
|                  |     concerned about the health of your animal, or |
|                  |     with the agriculture department, county       |
|                  |     extension educator or State chemist if you    |
|                  |     are concerned about contamination of your     |
|                  |     livestock or your animals' feed.              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Re-enter buildings with extreme caution.      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | ```{=html}                                        |
|                  | <!-- -->                                          |
|                  | ```                                               |
|                  | -   Be alert to fire hazards such as broken       |
|                  |     electrical wires or damaged electrical        |
|                  |     equipment, gas or oil leaks, other hazardous  |
|                  |     materials or smoldering piles of wet hay or   |
|                  |     feed. Report downed utility lines or other    |
|                  |     hazards to appropriate authorities.           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Do not use food that may have been            |
|                  |     contaminated. This includes any food for      |
|                  |     animals. If there is a boil water order in    |
|                  |     effect, continue to take this precaution      |
|                  |     until officials tell you the tap water is     |
|                  |     safe to drink. Do not give tap water to pets  |
|                  |     until it has been boiled or otherwise         |
|                  |     determined safe.                              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | ```{=html}                                        |
|                  | <!-- -->                                          |
|                  | ```                                               |
|                  | -   Keep animals safely confined until the area   |
|                  |     has been cleared of debris.                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

LEARNING CHECK --\
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED ABOUT TORNADOES?

This activity is designed to assess your understanding of the
information presented in this unit.

Directions: Answer the questions --- use the Answer Key in Unit 10 to
check your answers.

# True or False

1.  Thunderstorms and tornadoes have the potential to create hurricanes.

2.  Tornado shelters are safest if they are underground.

3.  It is usually safe to leave your pet in a mobile home during a
    tornado.

4.  During a tornado, turning horses and livestock out will help prevent
    them from being injured by a building collapse, but may put them at
    risk from flying debris.

5.  If there is no indoor shelter during a tornado, lie flat in a ditch
    or depression shielding your head.

6.  Tornadoes usually travel at up to 60 mph with winds approaching 400
    mph.

7.  Tornadoes are part of a severe thunderstorm and may occur along with
    lightning, high winds, floods and extremely heavy rainfall.

8.  Furniture and mattresses may offer some protection against injury
    caused by a tornado.

# Multiple Choice

9.  A mitigation activity that will reduce the effects of tornadoes
    includes which one of the following?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a.  Evacuate with your pets

b.  Do not drive if a tornado warning has been issued

c.  Wait for an all-clear signal before leaving your shelter

d.  Create a volunteer tornado spotting network

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
10. Which of the following is **NOT** a risk following a tornado?

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. Hazardous materials c\. Fires

  b\. Flying debris       d\. Broken gas lines
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Hurric         | Hurricanes    |                                  |
| anes {#hurricane | usually       |                                  |
| s .Animals-head} | strike        |                                  |
|                  | coastal       |                                  |
|                  | areas, but    |                                  |
|                  | may also      |                                  |
|                  | affect inland |                                  |
|                  | regions. They |                                  |
|                  | begin as      |                                  |
|                  | tropical      |                                  |
|                  | depressions   |                                  |
|                  | (low-pressure |                                  |
|                  | center),      |                                  |
|                  | progress to   |                                  |
|                  | become        |                                  |
|                  | tropical      |                                  |
|                  | storms and    |                                  |
|                  | finally       |                                  |
|                  | hurricanes.   |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   | Hurricanes    | Storms that develop in the       |
| 0 .Animals-head} |               | northern hemisphere and have     |
|                  |               | winds with constant speeds of at |
|                  |               | least 74 mph. These winds blow   |
|                  |               | in a counterclockwise spiral     |
|                  |               | around a relatively calm center  |
|                  |               | known as the eye of the          |
|                  |               | hurricane. Around the rim of the |
|                  |               | eye, winds may gust to more than |
|                  |               | 200 mph. The entire storm        |
|                  |               | dominates the ocean surface and  |
|                  |               | the lower atmosphere over tens   |
|                  |               | of thousands of square miles. In |
|                  |               | the western Pacific, hurricanes  |
|                  |               | are called typhoons*.* South of  |
|                  |               | the equator and in the Indian    |
|                  |               | Ocean, they are called           |
|                  |               | cyclones*.*                      |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   | > Hurricanes  |                                  |
| 1 .Animals-head} | > are very    |                                  |
|                  | >             |                                  |
|                  |  destructive. |                                  |
|                  | > The worst   |                                  |
|                  | > recorded    |                                  |
|                  | > event in    |                                  |
|                  | > the United  |                                  |
|                  | > States      |                                  |
|                  | > happened in |                                  |
|                  | > Galveston,  |                                  |
|                  | > Texas, in   |                                  |
|                  | > 1900, when  |                                  |
|                  | >             |                                  |
|                  | approximately |                                  |
|                  | > 6,000 lives |                                  |
|                  | > were lost.  |                                  |
|                  | > The         |                                  |
|                  | > greatest    |                                  |
|                  | > economic    |                                  |
|                  | > damage      |                                  |
|                  | > resulted    |                                  |
|                  | > from        |                                  |
|                  | > Hurricane   |                                  |
|                  | > Andrew in   |                                  |
|                  | > 1992, with  |                                  |
|                  | > an          |                                  |
|                  | > estimated   |                                  |
|                  | > loss in     |                                  |
|                  | > excess of   |                                  |
|                  | > \$20        |                                  |
|                  | > billion.    |                                  |
|                  | >             |                                  |
|                  | > Hurricanes  |                                  |
|                  | > can move    |                                  |
|                  | > inland and  |                                  |
|                  | > cause       |                                  |
|                  | > extensive   |                                  |
|                  | > flooding.   |                                  |
|                  | > For         |                                  |
|                  | > example, in |                                  |
|                  | > 1955        |                                  |
|                  | > Hurricane   |                                  |
|                  | > Diana       |                                  |
|                  | > brought     |                                  |
|                  | > floods to   |                                  |
|                  | >             |                                  |
|                  | Pennsylvania, |                                  |
|                  | > New York,   |                                  |
|                  | > and New     |                                  |
|                  | > England     |                                  |
|                  | > that killed |                                  |
|                  | > 200 people  |                                  |
|                  | > and caused  |                                  |
|                  | > an          |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | estimated     |                                  |
|                  | \$700 million |                                  |
|                  | in damage. In |                                  |
|                  | 1972,         |                                  |
|                  | Hurricane     |                                  |
|                  | Agnes and     |                                  |
|                  | another storm |                                  |
|                  | system caused |                                  |
|                  | more than a   |                                  |
|                  | foot of rain  |                                  |
|                  | in less than  |                                  |
|                  | 12 hours,     |                                  |
|                  | resulting in  |                                  |
|                  | severe        |                                  |
|                  | flooding from |                                  |
|                  | Virginia to   |                                  |
|                  | New England.  |                                  |
|                  | That          |                                  |
|                  | hurricane     |                                  |
|                  | killed 117    |                                  |
|                  | people and    |                                  |
|                  | caused \$4.7  |                                  |
|                  | billion in    |                                  |
|                  | damage.       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | One of the    |                                  |
|                  | greatest      |                                  |
|                  | dangers       |                                  |
|                  | associated    |                                  |
|                  | with          |                                  |
|                  | hurricanes a  |                                  |
|                  | storm surge.  |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   | #             | A dome of water that may cause   |
| 2 .Animals-head} | # Storm surge | flooding up to 20 feet above     |
|                  |               | normal sea level along major     |
|                  |               | stretches of coastline where the |
|                  |               | eye of the hurricane makes       |
|                  |               | landfall. This surge of water is |
|                  |               | topped by battering waves and    |
|                  |               | incredibly strong winds. Nine    |
|                  |               | out of 10 hurricane-related      |
|                  |               | fatalities are caused by the     |
|                  |               | storm surge.                     |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   | On the        |                                  |
| 3 .Animals-head} | average, six  |                                  |
|                  | Atlantic      |                                  |
|                  | hurricanes    |                                  |
|                  | occur each    |                                  |
|                  | year. Most    |                                  |
|                  | occur in      |                                  |
|                  | August,       |                                  |
|                  | September,    |                                  |
|                  | and October,  |                                  |
|                  | but the       |                                  |
|                  | six-month     |                                  |
|                  | period from   |                                  |
|                  | June 1 to     |                                  |
|                  | November 30   |                                  |
|                  | is considered |                                  |
|                  | the Atlantic  |                                  |
|                  | hurricane     |                                  |
|                  | season. Not   |                                  |
|                  | all of these  |                                  |
|                  | violent       |                                  |
|                  | storms strike |                                  |
|                  | land. The     |                                  |
|                  | National      |                                  |
|                  | Hurricane     |                                  |
|                  | Center in     |                                  |
|                  | Miami         |                                  |
|                  | monitors      |                                  |
|                  | weather data  |                                  |
|                  | and issues    |                                  |
|                  | forecasts for |                                  |
|                  | hurricanes in |                                  |
|                  | the Atlantic  |                                  |
|                  | Ocean,        |                                  |
|                  | Caribbean     |                                  |
|                  | Sea, Gulf of  |                                  |
|                  | Mexico, and   |                                  |
|                  | the eastern   |                                  |
|                  | Pacific       |                                  |
|                  | Ocean. Your   |                                  |
|                  | local         |                                  |
|                  | National      |                                  |
|                  | Weather       |                                  |
|                  | Service       |                                  |
|                  | office and    |                                  |
|                  | local and     |                                  |
|                  | State         |                                  |
|                  | officials may |                                  |
|                  | disseminate   |                                  |
|                  | hurricane     |                                  |
|                  | information.  |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   | ## Hurri      | Tells where the storm is         |
| 4 .Animals-head} | cane advisory | located, the intensity of wind   |
|                  |               | speeds, and the direction of     |
|                  |               | movement.                        |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
|                  | Hurricane     | Issued for a coastal area when   |
|                  | watch         | there is a threat of hurricane   |
|                  |               | conditions within 24 to 36       |
|                  |               | hours. In vulnerable areas,      |
|                  |               | actions for protection of life   |
|                  |               | and property should begin at     |
|                  |               | this point. This includes        |
|                  |               | starting to evacuate large       |
|                  |               | animals, such as horses and      |
|                  |               | cattle, or large populations of  |
|                  |               | dogs and cats, i.e., an animal   |
|                  |               | shelter, boarding, or breeding   |
|                  |               | kennel. Zoos should also start   |
|                  |               | to move or secure their animal   |
|                  |               | population. If you have cats put |
|                  |               | them in transport cages. Cats    |
|                  |               | often sense an approaching storm |
|                  |               | and search for a hiding spot.    |
|                  |               | However, do not depend on        |
|                  |               | behavior changes to indicate the |
|                  |               | severity of storms.              |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
|                  | Hurricane     | Issued when hurricane conditions |
|                  | warning       | are expected in a specified      |
|                  |               | coastal area in 24 hours or      |
|                  |               | less. Hurricane conditions       |
|                  |               | include winds of 74 mph (64      |
|                  |               | knots) and dangerously high      |
|                  |               | tides and waves. Final actions   |
|                  |               | for protection of life and       |
|                  |               | property should be completed as  |
|                  |               | quickly as possible before high  |
|                  |               | winds and heavy rains arrive.    |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   |               |                                  |
| 5 .Animals-head} |               |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Mitigati       | Communities   |                                  |
| on {#mitigation- | in areas that |                                  |
| 3 .Animals-head} | may be        |                                  |
|                  | threatened by |                                  |
|                  | hurricanes    |                                  |
|                  | should        |                                  |
|                  | develop       |                                  |
|                  | action plans  |                                  |
|                  | that specify  |                                  |
|                  | what areas    |                                  |
|                  | would need to |                                  |
|                  | be evacuated  |                                  |
|                  | and by what   |                                  |
|                  | routes, what  |                                  |
|                  | shelters      |                                  |
|                  | would be      |                                  |
|                  | used, and how |                                  |
|                  | local         |                                  |
|                  | emergency     |                                  |
|                  | services      |                                  |
|                  | units would   |                                  |
|                  | respond.      |                                  |
|                  | Special       |                                  |
|                  | attention     |                                  |
|                  | should be     |                                  |
|                  | given to      |                                  |
|                  | evacuation    |                                  |
|                  | routes for    |                                  |
|                  | trucks and    |                                  |
|                  | trailers that |                                  |
|                  | would carry   |                                  |
|                  | livestock or  |                                  |
|                  | horses.       |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   | The following |                                  |
| 6 .Animals-head} | are some      |                                  |
|                  | actions that  |                                  |
|                  | you can take  |                                  |
|                  | to help       |                                  |
|                  | mitigate      |                                  |
|                  | hurricane     |                                  |
|                  | hazards.      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Retrofit  |                                  |
|                  |     your home |                                  |
|                  |     to        |                                  |
|                  |     withstand |                                  |
|                  |     wind and  |                                  |
|                  |     flooding. |                                  |
|                  |     Coastal   |                                  |
|                  |     homes in  |                                  |
|                  |     flood     |                                  |
|                  |     hazard    |                                  |
|                  |     areas     |                                  |
|                  |     should be |                                  |
|                  |     elevated. |                                  |
|                  |     All       |                                  |
|                  |     windows   |                                  |
|                  |     should be |                                  |
|                  |     shuttered |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    structural |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    connectors |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   reinforced. |                                  |
|                  |     Check for |                                  |
|                  |     hurricane |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    strapping. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    Strengthen |                                  |
|                  |     masonry   |                                  |
|                  |     that is   |                                  |
|                  |     not       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   reinforced. |                                  |
|                  |     Consult   |                                  |
|                  |     *FEMA's   |                                  |
|                  |     Coastal   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  Construction |                                  |
|                  |     Manual*   |                                  |
|                  |     (FEMA-55) |                                  |
|                  |     for       |                                  |
|                  |     guidance. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Support   |                                  |
|                  |     the       |                                  |
|                  |     adoption  |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   enforcement |                                  |
|                  |     of        |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    floodplain |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    management |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | requirements. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   In some   |                                  |
|                  |     cases the |                                  |
|                  |     best      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    mitigation |                                  |
|                  |     may be    |                                  |
|                  |     not to    |                                  |
|                  |     build at  |                                  |
|                  |     all.      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    Protecting |                                  |
|                  |     wildlife  |                                  |
|                  |     in areas  |                                  |
|                  |     such as   |                                  |
|                  |     dunes,    |                                  |
|                  |     wetlands, |                                  |
|                  |     reefs and |                                  |
|                  |     barrier   |                                  |
|                  |     islands   |                                  |
|                  |     should    |                                  |
|                  |     also be a |                                  |
|                  |     c         |                                  |
|                  | onsideration. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   In        |                                  |
|                  |     addition  |                                  |
|                  |     to your   |                                  |
|                  |     property  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    insurance, |                                  |
|                  |     buy a     |                                  |
|                  |     flood     |                                  |
|                  |     insurance |                                  |
|                  |     policy.   |                                  |
|                  |     Renters   |                                  |
|                  |     also can  |                                  |
|                  |     buy a     |                                  |
|                  |     flood     |                                  |
|                  |     policy    |                                  |
|                  |     for       |                                  |
|                  |     personal  |                                  |
|                  |     property. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Determine |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    sheltering |                                  |
|                  |     options   |                                  |
|                  |     for you   |                                  |
|                  |     and your  |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     ---       |                                  |
|                  |     consider  |                                  |
|                  |     the       |                                  |
|                  |     following |                                  |
|                  |     in your   |                                  |
|                  |     area and  |                                  |
|                  |     within a  |                                  |
|                  |     100 mile  |                                  |
|                  |     radius:   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | ```{=html}    |                                  |
|                  | <!-- -->      |                                  |
|                  | ```           |                                  |
|                  | -             |                                  |
|                  | motels/hotels |                                  |
|                  |     that      |                                  |
|                  |     allow     |                                  |
|                  |     pets,     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   boarding  |                                  |
|                  |     kennels,  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -             |                                  |
|                  |    veterinary |                                  |
|                  |     offices   |                                  |
|                  |     with      |                                  |
|                  |     boarding  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   facilities, |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   grooming  |                                  |
|                  |     shops,    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   dog or    |                                  |
|                  |     horse     |                                  |
|                  |     race      |                                  |
|                  |     tracks,   |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   approved  |                                  |
|                  |     areas at  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   fairgrounds |                                  |
|                  |     or parks. |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   | In addition,  |                                  |
| 7 .Animals-head} | individuals   |                                  |
|                  | should be     |                                  |
|                  | encouraged to |                                  |
|                  | set up buddy  |                                  |
|                  | systems with  |                                  |
|                  | friends or    |                                  |
|                  | relatives     |                                  |
|                  | that live     |                                  |
|                  | outside their |                                  |
|                  | area, where   |                                  |
|                  | an animal can |                                  |
|                  | be safely     |                                  |
|                  | evacuated.    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Learn     |                                  |
|                  |     about     |                                  |
|                  |     warnings, |                                  |
|                  |     dangers,  |                                  |
|                  |     and how   |                                  |
|                  |     to        |                                  |
|                  |     protect   |                                  |
|                  |     property, |                                  |
|                  |     family,   |                                  |
|                  |     animals,  |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     yourself  |                                  |
|                  |     in        |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   hurricanes. |                                  |
|                  |     Before    |                                  |
|                  |     hurricane |                                  |
|                  |     season,   |                                  |
|                  |     recheck   |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     window    |                                  |
|                  |     shutters  |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     supply of |                                  |
|                  |     boards,   |                                  |
|                  |     tools,    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    batteries, |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | nonperishable |                                  |
|                  |     foods,    |                                  |
|                  |     bottled   |                                  |
|                  |     water,    |                                  |
|                  |     and other |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    equipment. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   If you    |                                  |
|                  |     have a    |                                  |
|                  |     horse     |                                  |
|                  |     that is   |                                  |
|                  |     not       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    accustomed |                                  |
|                  |     to being  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   transported |                                  |
|                  |     in a      |                                  |
|                  |     trailer,  |                                  |
|                  |     practice  |                                  |
|                  |     leading   |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     loading   |                                  |
|                  |     under a   |                                  |
|                  |     variety   |                                  |
|                  |     of        |                                  |
|                  |     c         |                                  |
|                  | ircumstances, |                                  |
|                  |     such as   |                                  |
|                  |     rain,     |                                  |
|                  |     extreme   |                                  |
|                  |     heat, at  |                                  |
|                  |     night,    |                                  |
|                  |     and when  |                                  |
|                  |     you are   |                                  |
|                  |     tired.    |                                  |
|                  |     Plan a    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    flood-free |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    evacuation |                                  |
|                  |     route if  |                                  |
|                  |     your area |                                  |
|                  |     is        |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    vulnerable |                                  |
|                  |     to        |                                  |
|                  |     flooding  |                                  |
|                  |     or if you |                                  |
|                  |     live in a |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  manufactured |                                  |
|                  |     (mobile)  |                                  |
|                  |     home.     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Make a    |                                  |
|                  |     household |                                  |
|                  |     inventory |                                  |
|                  |     with      |                                  |
|                  |     pictures  |                                  |
|                  |     or a      |                                  |
|                  |     video,    |                                  |
|                  |     and keep  |                                  |
|                  |     it with   |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     insurance |                                  |
|                  |     policies  |                                  |
|                  |     in a safe |                                  |
|                  |     place     |                                  |
|                  |     such as a |                                  |
|                  |     safety    |                                  |
|                  |     deposit   |                                  |
|                  |     box.      |                                  |
|                  |     Don't     |                                  |
|                  |     forget to |                                  |
|                  |     inventory |                                  |
|                  |     items in  |                                  |
|                  |     your barn |                                  |
|                  |     used to   |                                  |
|                  |     maintain  |                                  |
|                  |     and care  |                                  |
|                  |     for       |                                  |
|                  |     animals.  |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Preparedness   | Plans should  |                                  |
|  {#preparedness- | include       |                                  |
| 3 .Animals-head} | animal        |                                  |
|                  | evacuation    |                                  |
|                  | locations.    |                                  |
|                  | Once the plan |                                  |
|                  | is in place,  |                                  |
|                  | the community |                                  |
|                  | should        |                                  |
|                  | conduct       |                                  |
|                  | exercises     |                                  |
|                  | (simulations  |                                  |
|                  | of emergency  |                                  |
|                  | situations).  |                                  |
|                  | Include       |                                  |
|                  | animal        |                                  |
|                  | concerns in   |                                  |
|                  | emergency     |                                  |
|                  | preparedness  |                                  |
|                  | drills.       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | > Special     |                                  |
|                  | > thought     |                                  |
|                  | > should be   |                                  |
|                  | > given to    |                                  |
|                  | > senior      |                                  |
|                  | > citizens    |                                  |
|                  | > and others  |                                  |
|                  | > that have   |                                  |
|                  | > close bonds |                                  |
|                  | > with their  |                                  |
|                  | > animals.    |                                  |
|                  | > People who  |                                  |
|                  | > cannot      |                                  |
|                  | > evacuate    |                                  |
|                  | > with their  |                                  |
|                  | > animals may |                                  |
|                  | > refuse to   |                                  |
|                  | > evacuate.   |                                  |
|                  | > This puts   |                                  |
|                  | > their lives |                                  |
|                  | > at risk and |                                  |
|                  | > jeopardizes |                                  |
|                  | > rescue      |                                  |
|                  | > workers.    |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   | > Use the     |                                  |
| 8 .Animals-head} | > following   |                                  |
|                  | > list to     |                                  |
|                  | > check your  |                                  |
|                  | > animal      |                                  |
|                  | > disaster    |                                  |
|                  | > supplies.   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   If your   |                                  |
|                  |     pet is on |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  prescription |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    medication |                                  |
|                  |     keep an   |                                  |
|                  |     extra     |                                  |
|                  |     copy of   |                                  |
|                  |     this      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  prescription |                                  |
|                  |     in your   |                                  |
|                  |     pet's     |                                  |
|                  |     disaster  |                                  |
|                  |     kit.      |                                  |
|                  |     Remember  |                                  |
|                  |     that      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | prescriptions |                                  |
|                  |     have      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    expiration |                                  |
|                  |     dates --- |                                  |
|                  |     keep the  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  prescription |                                  |
|                  |     updated.  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Make sure |                                  |
|                  |     that your |                                  |
|                  |     animal's  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   vaccination |                                  |
|                  |     records   |                                  |
|                  |     are       |                                  |
|                  |     current.  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Keep a    |                                  |
|                  |     collar    |                                  |
|                  |     and an    |                                  |
|                  |     i         |                                  |
|                  | dentification |                                  |
|                  |     tag that  |                                  |
|                  |     includes  |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  out-of-state |                                  |
|                  |     contact   |                                  |
|                  |     phone     |                                  |
|                  |     number on |                                  |
|                  |     your dogs |                                  |
|                  |     and cats  |                                  |
|                  |     at all    |                                  |
|                  |     times.    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Take      |                                  |
|                  |     updated   |                                  |
|                  |     pictures  |                                  |
|                  |     of all    |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     and put   |                                  |
|                  |     them with |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     important |                                  |
|                  |     insurance |                                  |
|                  |     papers,   |                                  |
|                  |     in case   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | > an animal   |                                  |
|                  | > should get  |                                  |
|                  | > separated   |                                  |
|                  | > from you    |                                  |
|                  | > during a    |                                  |
|                  | > disaster.   |                                  |
|                  | > Send a copy |                                  |
|                  | > of          |                                  |
|                  | > important   |                                  |
|                  | > papers,     |                                  |
|                  | > including   |                                  |
|                  | > current     |                                  |
|                  | > photos, to  |                                  |
|                  | > your        |                                  |
|                  | >             |                                  |
|                  |  out-of-state |                                  |
|                  | > contact.    |                                  |
|                  | > Also        |                                  |
|                  | > include any |                                  |
|                  | > bill of     |                                  |
|                  | > sales or    |                                  |
|                  | >             |                                  |
|                  | registrations |                                  |
|                  | > for animals |                                  |
|                  | > you own.    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   If you do |                                  |
|                  |     not have  |                                  |
|                  |     a horse   |                                  |
|                  |     trailer   |                                  |
|                  |     or the    |                                  |
|                  |     proper    |                                  |
|                  |     vehicle   |                                  |
|                  |     to        |                                  |
|                  |     transport |                                  |
|                  |     other     |                                  |
|                  |     large     |                                  |
|                  |     animals,  |                                  |
|                  |     try to    |                                  |
|                  |     locate    |                                  |
|                  |     someone   |                                  |
|                  |     who would |                                  |
|                  |     be        |                                  |
|                  |     willing   |                                  |
|                  |     to loan   |                                  |
|                  |     you what  |                                  |
|                  |     you need  |                                  |
|                  |     to        |                                  |
|                  |     evacuate  |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     animals.  |                                  |
|                  |     You       |                                  |
|                  |     should    |                                  |
|                  |     also      |                                  |
|                  |     consider  |                                  |
|                  |     who would |                                  |
|                  |     evacuate  |                                  |
|                  |     your      |                                  |
|                  |     animals   |                                  |
|                  |     if you    |                                  |
|                  |     were not  |                                  |
|                  |     in a      |                                  |
|                  |     position  |                                  |
|                  |     to do so. |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   | When your area receives a hurricane watch         |
| 9 .Animals-head} | notification, keep calm; plan your time before    |
|                  | the storm arrives and avoid a last-minute rush    |
|                  | that might leave you marooned or unprepared. Take |
|                  | the following precautions:                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Listen for weather updates.                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Board up your windows or protect them with    |
|                  |     shutters or tape.                             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Secure outdoor objects such as tools, porch   |
|                  |     furniture, garbage cans, and bicycles that    |
|                  |     could become deadly projectiles in hurricane  |
|                  |     winds. Store them inside if possible.         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Store drinking water in clean bathtubs,       |
|                  |     bottles, pans and containers suitable for     |
|                  |     livestock. Remember to include enough for     |
|                  |     your animals.                                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Ensure batteries are fresh and in sufficient  |
|                  |     quantity.                                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Keep your car's gas tank filled. Service      |
|                  |     stations may be closed for several days after |
|                  |     a hurricane due to power outages and          |
|                  |     flooding.                                     |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-3   | Manufactured (mobile) homes are extremely         |
| 0 .Animals-head} | susceptible to high winds and most should be      |
|                  | evacuated for more substantial shelter. Do not    |
|                  | leave any animals in these types of homes.        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Follow these basic guidelines at all times:       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Evacuate low-lying areas when ordered to do   |
|                  |     so by officials.                              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Turn off utilities at the main switch, if     |
|                  |     time permits.                                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Do not leave animals behind, even if you are  |
|                  |     not sure where to take them.                  |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Resp           | The storm surge can destroy property along a      |
| onse {#response- | coastline and is a major threat to life. Dangers  |
| 3 .Animals-head} | associated with a hurricane emergency also        |
|                  | include high winds that can demolish houses,      |
|                  | uproot trees, and fill the air with debris.       |
|                  | Tornadoes may develop as a hurricane passes.      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Stay at home only if it is safe. If you are   |
|                  |     advised to evacuate before the hurricane,     |
|                  |     follow directions. Do not attempt to evacuate |
|                  |     during a hurricane --- stay indoors in        |
|                  |     windowless rooms or hallways. Keep your small |
|                  |     animals in carriers or confined areas.        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If the storm center passes directly overhead, |
|                  |     the wind will calm. Don't think the hurricane |
|                  |     has passed while the eye is over your area.   |
|                  |     When winds begin again, they quickly grow to  |
|                  |     hurricane force and come from the opposite    |
|                  |     direction.                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Severe flooding may follow hurricanes as they |
|                  |     move inland. Stay away from river banks and   |
|                  |     streams. Monitor National Weather Service     |
|                  |     advisories on flood stages.                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Recov          | Long-term hazards include interrupted gas, water, |
| ery  {#recovery- | and electric power, fires and explosions from gas |
| 3 .Animals-head} | leaks, fallen power lines, electrical short       |
|                  | circuits, and contaminated food and water. The    |
| #  {#section-3   | following actions should be taken when recovering |
| 1 .Animals-head} | from a hurricane.                                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Dispose of perishable, contaminated, or       |
|                  |     water-soaked foods, including any water or    |
|                  |     food for animals. This will also ensure that  |
|                  |     stray or wild animals cannot eat it.          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If there is a boil water order in effect, do  |
|                  |     not drink or give animals tap water unless    |
|                  |     you know it is safe. Official notices will be |
|                  |     given about the safety of the water supply.   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Avoid loose or dangling wires, and report     |
|                  |     them to the power company. Inspect areas      |
|                  |     where animals are kept for loose wires.       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Report broken sewer or water mains to the     |
|                  |     water department.                             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Check for gas leaks. Do not strike a match or |
|                  |     relight appliances until they have been       |
|                  |     inspected.                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Open windows and doors to let the air         |
|                  |     circulate. This will help remove foul odors   |
|                  |     and protect you from collected gas. It also   |
|                  |     will help dry out the house.                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Pump out the basement if it is flooded, but   |
|                  |     do it gradually. Drain one third of the flood |
|                  |     waters each day to minimize further           |
|                  |     structural damage. Shovel out the mud while   |
|                  |     it is still moist, and dry rugs and carpets   |
|                  |     thoroughly. It is especially important to     |
|                  |     remove mud from barns as horses and livestock |
|                  |     will develop foot problems if they stand in   |
|                  |     mud for too long.                             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Make any temporary repairs necessary to       |
|                  |     prevent further losses, including repair to   |
|                  |     fencing needed to keep animals confined.      |
|                  |     Ensure that substantially damaged structures  |
|                  |     are elevated above the base flood elevation   |
|                  |     or relocated when reconstructed.              |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

LEARNING CHECK --\
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED ABOUT HURRICANES?

This activity is designed to assess your understanding of the
information presented in this unit.

Directions: Answer the questions --- use the Answer Key in Unit 10 to
check your answers.

# True or False

1.  Severe flooding may accompany a hurricane.

2.  Your animal's vaccinations should be current before the hurricane
    season starts.

3.  You should attempt to evacuate when a hurricane makes landfall.

4.  Hurricane winds are the most violent in the center (eye) of the
    storm.

5.  Your out-of-state contact should have a copy of important papers,
    including current photos.

6.  Hurricanes are confined to inland areas where they cause extensive
    damage.

# Multiple Choice

7.  Which of the following regions is most likely to be hit by a
    hurricane?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a.  Southwestern States such as Arizona and New Mexico

b.  Great Plains States such as Oklahoma and Kansas

c.  The Great Lake region including Michigan and Ohio

d.  Coastal areas from Texas to Maine

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
8.  This information is issued for an area when there is a threat of
    hurricane conditions within 24 to 36 hours.

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. Storm surge         c\. Hurricane watch

  b\. Hurricane advisory  d\. Hurricane warning
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

9.  This information is issued when hurricane conditions are expected in
    24 hours or less.

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. Storm surge         c\. Hurricane watch

  b\. Hurricane advisory  d\. Hurricane warning
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

10. This information tells where the storm is located, the intensity of
    wind speeds, and the direction of movement.

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. Storm surge         c\. Hurricane watch

  b\. Hurricane advisory  d\. Hurricane warning
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Winter Storm   | Winter storms |                                  |
| s {#winter-storm | vary in size  |                                  |
| s .Animals-head} | and strength. |                                  |
|                  | A storm may   |                                  |
| #  {#section-3   | be large      |                                  |
| 2 .Animals-head} | enough to     |                                  |
|                  | affect many   |                                  |
|                  | States or     |                                  |
|                  | only a        |                                  |
|                  | portion of a  |                                  |
|                  | single State. |                                  |
|                  | There are     |                                  |
|                  | three         |                                  |
|                  | categories of |                                  |
|                  | winter        |                                  |
|                  | storms. These |                                  |
|                  | are defined   |                                  |
|                  | in the        |                                  |
|                  | following     |                                  |
|                  | table.        |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-3   | # Blizzard    | The most dangerous of all winter |
| 3 .Animals-head} |               | storms. It combines low          |
|                  |               | temperatures, heavy snowfall,    |
|                  |               | and high winds that blow the     |
|                  |               | snow into drifts and reduce      |
|                  |               | visibility to only a few yards.  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-3   | Heavy         | Drops four or more inches of     |
| 4 .Animals-head} | snowstorm     | snow in a 12-hour period or six  |
|                  |               | or more inches in a 24-hour      |
|                  |               | period. High winds may blow snow |
|                  |               | into drifts and cause poor       |
|                  |               | visibility.                      |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-3   | Ice storm     | Occurs when moisture falls from  |
| 5 .Animals-head} |               | clouds and freezes immediately   |
|                  |               | upon impact. Ice storms make     |
|                  |               | driving and even walking         |
|                  |               | extremely hazardous.             |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-3   | In addition,  |                                  |
| 6 .Animals-head} | the National  |                                  |
|                  | Weather       |                                  |
|                  | Service       |                                  |
|                  | issues        |                                  |
|                  | watches and   |                                  |
|                  | warnings for  |                                  |
|                  | hazardous     |                                  |
|                  | winter        |                                  |
|                  | weather. The  |                                  |
|                  | terms used    |                                  |
|                  | are defined   |                                  |
|                  | to follow.    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | #             |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-3   | Winter storm  | Severe winter weather may affect |
| 8 .Animals-head} | watch         | your area.                       |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-3   | Winter storm  | Severe winter weather conditions |
| 9 .Animals-head} | warning       | are expected.                    |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-4   | Ice storm     | Significant, possibly damaging,  |
| 0 .Animals-head} | warning       | ice accumulation is expected.    |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-4   | Heavy snow    | A snowfall of at least four      |
| 1 .Animals-head} | warning       | inches in 12 hours or six inches |
|                  |               | in 24 hours is expected          |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-4   | Blizzard      | Large amounts of falling or      |
| 2 .Animals-head} | warning       | blowing snow and winds of at     |
|                  |               | least 35 mph are expected for    |
|                  |               | several hours.                   |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-4   | Severe        | Considerable falling or blowing  |
| 3 .Animals-head} | blizzard      | snow, winds at least 45 mph, and |
|                  | warning       | temperatures of 10 F or lower    |
|                  |               | are expected for several hours.  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-4   | High wind     | Winds of at least 40 mph are     |
| 4 .Animals-head} | warning       | expected to last at least one    |
|                  |               | hour.                            |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-4   | Traveler's    | Ice and snow are expected to     |
| 5 .Animals-head} | advisory      | hinder travel but the            |
|                  |               | anticipated weather conditions   |
|                  |               | are not serious enough to        |
|                  |               | require warnings.                |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-4   | Heavy snowfall and blizzards can trap people and  |
| 6 .Animals-head} | animals in their cars or inside buildings. These  |
|                  | conditions can cause the loss of livestock.       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Ice storms can break power lines causing          |
|                  | widespread blackouts. This can be a serious       |
|                  | problem for dairy farmers, making it difficult    |
|                  | for them to milk their cows. Intensive farm       |
|                  | industries, such as swine and poultry farms, may  |
|                  | suffer during these storms if their heating       |
|                  | systems fail or fuel cannot be delivered for      |
|                  | power generators. Frozen water troughs and        |
|                  | snow-covered feed bunkers and pasture predispose  |
|                  | animals to malnutrition and dehydration.          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Fires during winter storms present a great danger |
|                  | because water supplies may freeze and             |
|                  | fire-fighting equipment may not be able to get to |
|                  | the fire. Large amounts of snow can also lead to  |
|                  | localized flooding when warmer temperatures melt  |
|                  | the snow in a short period of time.               |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Mitigati       | The following is a list of actions that can be    |
| on {#mitigation- | taken to mitigate the possible effects of winter  |
| 4 .Animals-head} | storms.                                           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Purchase a flood insurance policy to cover    |
|                  |     possible flood damage that may occur during   |
|                  |     the spring thaw.                              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Store adequate amounts of fuel and extra feed |
|                  |     before the severe winter weather starts.      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Construct barns to withstand typical snow     |
|                  |     accumulations in your area.                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Preparedness   | Preparedness actions before winter storms include |
|  {#preparedness- | following weather conditions, insulating the      |
| 4 .Animals-head} | areas where your pets are kept, and ensuring that |
|                  | family members know how to use emergency lighting |
|                  | and heating equipment. Use the following          |
|                  | guidelines for further preparation.               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Use your radio, television, and newspapers to |
|                  |     keep informed of current weather conditions   |
|                  |     in your area.                                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Be prepared for isolation at home,            |
|                  |     particularly if you live in a rural area. It  |
|                  |     is highly possible that a severe winter storm |
|                  |     could isolate you for one or two weeks.       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If possible, insulate any buildings used to   |
|                  |     house animals. Dog houses should be built to  |
|                  |     withstand extreme cold --- putting straw      |
|                  |     inside will provide added protection. Under   |
|                  |     extreme conditions, animals should be housed  |
|                  |     inside. Avoid leaving animals to rest on hard |
|                  |     surfaces (e.g., in garages).                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Have fuel and a safe type of emergency        |
|                  |     heating equipment available in case of power  |
|                  |     failures that would shut down standard        |
|                  |     furnaces --- a camp stove with fuel or a      |
|                  |     supply of wood or coal for your fireplace     |
|                  |     could be used. Be prepared to keep at least   |
|                  |     one room of your house warm enough to live in |
|                  |     for at least a week or two.                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Be sure that all family members know how to   |
|                  |     use your emergency heating and lighting       |
|                  |     equipment. Proper ventilation in homes and    |
|                  |     barns is essential. Never use fuel in         |
|                  |     equipment that was not designed for that      |
|                  |     fuel. Burning charcoal indoors will give off  |
|                  |     deadly carbon monoxide. If you are trying to  |
|                  |     heat a barn, use something with a safely      |
|                  |     contained heating element. Do not place it    |
|                  |     near hay or any other combustible materials   |
|                  |     or leave a heater unattended in the presence  |
|                  |     of animals. Keep fire extinguishers nearby.   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Stock an emergency supply of food and water   |
|                  |     for yourself and your animals. Keep foods     |
|                  |     that do not require cooking or other          |
|                  |     preparation. If you or your animals are on    |
|                  |     continual medications, be sure to always have |
|                  |     at least a two-week supply on hand.           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Should a power failure occur, have a          |
|                  |     battery-powered radio and extra batteries on  |
|                  |     hand. Have flashlights ready for use. A       |
|                  |     generator may be necessary to prevent the     |
|                  |     loss of life in livestock production          |
|                  |     facilities.                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Keep simple tools and other equipment to      |
|                  |     fight a small fire easily accessible. The     |
|                  |     chance of fire may increase when wiring and   |
|                  |     ventilation is inadequate. Winter storms may  |
|                  |     interrupt fire department services.           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Only keep animals outdoors that have had      |
|                  |     sufficient time to acclimatize to the cold    |
|                  |     weather. Provide extra feed and wind breaks   |
|                  |     for any animals kept outdoors. See the tables |
|                  |     at the end of this section.                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Keep your car winterized with antifreeze, but |
|                  |     use it in a safe manner. Carry a winter care  |
|                  |     kit that includes food and water, a           |
|                  |     windshield scraper, a flashlight with extra   |
|                  |     batteries, a tow chain or rope, a shovel,     |
|                  |     tire chains, a blanket, a bag of sand, a      |
|                  |     fluorescent distress flag, and an emergency   |
|                  |     flare. If you have to travel, keep a supply   |
|                  |     of high-energy foods, candles and matches     |
|                  |     with you. Keep extra mittens, hats, boots,    |
|                  |     socks and outerwear in the car. If you        |
|                  |     routinely take your dog in the car, be sure   |
|                  |     to keep a leash in the car. Put extra         |
|                  |     blankets in the car to keep the dog warm.     |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Resp           | Do not be fooled if a winter storm seems mild as  |
| onse {#response- | it begins. Some storms may take several hours to  |
| 4 .Animals-head} | move into an area and may last for several days.  |
|                  | When responding to a winter storm, keep the       |
|                  | following guidelines in mind.                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Cold weather itself, without any physical     |
|                  |     exertion, puts an extra strain on your heart. |
|                  |     If strenuous physical activity such as        |
|                  |     shoveling snow, pushing a car, or even        |
|                  |     walking fast or far through deep snow is      |
|                  |     added to your body's overworked system, you   |
|                  |     risk serious or fatal results.                |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Avoid all unnecessary trips. If you are at    |
|                  |     home when a winter storm strikes, plan to     |
|                  |     stay there. Keep all domestic animals inside  |
|                  |     if possible. If they must be outdoors, be     |
|                  |     sure to provide them with proper sheltering   |
|                  |     to keep them warm and dry.                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If you must be outdoors, wear several layers  |
|                  |     of loose-fitting, lightweight, protective     |
|                  |     clothing rather than a single layer of thick  |
|                  |     clothing. Mittens are warmer than gloves.     |
|                  |     Hoods should be worn to protect your head and |
|                  |     face. Cover your mouth to protect your lungs  |
|                  |     from the extremely cold air.                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If you are traveling and your car breaks down |
|                  |     or if you become lost, decide what is the     |
|                  |     safest and best thing to do and do it slowly  |
|                  |     and carefully. If you are stuck on a          |
|                  |     well-traveled road, display a trouble signal. |
|                  |     Turn on your flashing hazard lights, raise    |
|                  |     the hood of your car, or hang a bright cloth  |
|                  |     from the antenna or car window. Stay in your  |
|                  |     car and wait for help. Do not leave your car  |
|                  |     to search for assistance unless you are       |
|                  |     absolutely certain you can find help within   |
|                  |     100 yards of your car. It is very easy to     |
|                  |     become disoriented and lost during a severe   |
|                  |     storm. If you have animals in the car, leave  |
|                  |     them in the car while you go to get help.     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   While in your car awaiting assistance, take   |
|                  |     the following precautions:                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | ```{=html}                                        |
|                  | <!-- -->                                          |
|                  | ```                                               |
|                  | -   If you run your engine to keep warm, remember |
|                  |     to keep snow away from the exhaust pipe. Keep |
|                  |     a window open slightly to provide proper      |
|                  |     ventilation and protection from carbon        |
|                  |     monoxide poisoning.                           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Do not let everyone in the car sleep at the   |
|                  |     same time.                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   At night, turn on the inside dome light so    |
|                  |     work and rescue crews can spot you.           |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Reco           | If the storm lasts more than one or two days,     |
| very {#recovery- | there is an increased possibility of utility      |
| 4 .Animals-head} | failures and interruption of services. This can   |
|                  | lead to extreme hardship and even death from      |
|                  | extended exposure to cold temperatures. Animals   |
|                  | that live outside require additional feed and     |
|                  | owners must make sure that the animals have water |
|                  | available. Although some livestock and horses     |
|                  | will eat snow and ice in the winter as a source   |
|                  | of water, this varies among animals and cannot be |
|                  | relied upon for all animals.                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Use the following list of suggestions as you      |
|                  | recover from a winter storm.                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   After the storm, check on your neighbors and  |
|                  |     their animals. Be sure they have proper       |
|                  |     heating and sufficient supplies to get them   |
|                  |     through the emergency.                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Check roofs of your house and barns for       |
|                  |     damage from heavy snow. Remove the snow to    |
|                  |     prevent the roof from collapsing.             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Avoid overexertion while clearing snow by     |
|                  |     working slowly and taking frequent breaks,    |
|                  |     particularly if you become dizzy or tired.    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Check and replenish emergency provisions.     |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

# Estimated lower critical temperature for beef cattle

+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| Hair coat                    | Feed level        | Lower critical\   |
|                              |                   | temperature (^o^  |
|                              |                   | F)                |
+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| summer coat or wet           | maintenance       | > 60              |
+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| fall coat                    | maintenance       | > 45              |
+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| winter coat                  | maintenance       | > 32              |
+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| heavy winter coat            | maintenance       | > 19              |
+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+

> Adapted from Brownson R, Ames D. Winter Stress in Beef Cattle. Alberta
> Beef Herd Management. Alberta Agriculture, Calgary, Canada.

# Feed requirements for livestock kept under various temperature ranges

  ------------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  Deviation in ^o^ F  Energy increase                     
  below critical      to be metabolized                   
  temperature                                             

                      1,000 lb.\        770 lb.\          550 lb. cows
                      pregnant cow      yearling          gaining 1.5 lb.
                                                          per day

  0                   0.0               0.0               0.0

  5                   0.9               1.0               0.9

  10                  2.0               1.9               1.7

  15                  3.2               2.8               2.5

  20                  3.6               3.7               3.3

  25                  4.5               4.6               4.2

  30                  5.4               5.5               5.0

  35                  6.4               Above intake      Above intake
                                        capacity          capacity

  40                  7.3               Above intake      Above intake
                                        capacity          capacity
  ------------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

Adapted from Brownson R, Ames D. Winter Stress in Beef Cattle. Alberta
Beef Herd Management. Alberta Agriculture, Calgary, Canada.

# Recommendations for wind break requirements for livestock under winter conditions

-   Wind has the most serious effects on livestock performance. Cold by
    itself has little influence on feed performance, particularly for
    animals on full feed.

-   Wind and snow must always be considered as a joint problem.

-   Simple shelters, sheds and wind break fences are essential.

-   Porous fences of 80 percent density offer the best wind protection
    for about 75 to 100 ft downwind.

-   Solid fences provide the best snow barrier, because 90 percent of
    drifting snow moves within one foot of the ground.

-   Buildings should be separated by at least 30 to 50 feet to prevent
    snowdrifts developing between them.

Adapted from Publication 1461. Snow and wind control for farmstead and
feedlot. Agriculture Canada. Calgary, Canada, 1978.

LEARNING CHECK --\
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED ABOUT WINTER STORMS?

This activity is designed to assess your understanding of the
information presented in this unit.

Directions: Answer the questions --- use the Answer Key in Unit 10 to
check your answers.

# True or False

1.  A single layer of thick clothing offers the greatest protection if
    you must be outdoors during a winter storm.

2.  Winter storms may start deceptively mild, and escalate into severe
    weather within a few hours.

3.  Snow may be used as a supplement to fresh water for some animals.

4.  Burning charcoal in a fireplace is a good method for keeping warm
    during winter storms.

5.  Access to farms may be compromised for many weeks in winter storms.

6.  Cold weather itself does not put extra strain on a person's heart;
    therefore adding strenuous physical activity during these times is
    not a problem.

7.  Nutritional requirements for livestock remain the same during cold
    weather.

# Multiple Choice

8.  Which of the following describes moisture falling from clouds and
    immediately freezing upon impact?

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. Blizzard            c\. Ice storm

  b\. Heavy snowstorm     d\. Winter storm
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

9.  Which type of information is issued when severe winter weather
    conditions are expected.

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. Winter storm watch  c\. Heavy snow warning

  b\. Winter storm        d\. Blizzard warning
  warning                 
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

10. Which type of information is issued when large amounts of falling or
    blowing snow and winds of 35 mph are expected for several hours?

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. Winter storm watch  c\. Heavy snow warning

  b\. Winter storm        d\. Blizzard warning
  warning                 
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

# 

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Dr             | A drought occurs when there is no substantial     |
| ought and Extrem | rainfall for a long period of time. Since         |
| e Heat {#drought | different areas of the country receive widely     |
| -and-extreme-hea | differing amounts of rainfall, the amount of time |
| t .Animals-head} | it takes for drought conditions to develop        |
|                  | varies.                                           |
| #  {#section-4   |                                                   |
| 8 .Animals-head} | Extreme heat is defined as temperatures 10        |
|                  | degrees or more above the average high            |
|                  | temperature, lasting for several weeks.           |
|                  | Throughout the country, extreme heat conditions   |
|                  | vary. When drought and extreme heat occur at the  |
|                  | same time, the conditions can be very dangerous.  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Local community officials will alert you through  |
|                  | your local newspaper, radio station, or           |
|                  | television station when drought and extreme heat  |
|                  | conditions exist in your area. Although extreme   |
|                  | heat conditions are easily recognized, drought    |
|                  | conditions often develop slowly and can only be   |
|                  | tracked through local weather advisories.         |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Mitigati       | The following guidelines will help you mitigate   |
| on {#mitigation- | the effects of a drought or extreme heat hazard.  |
| 5 .Animals-head} |                                                   |
|                  | -   Practice personal water conservation measures |
| #  {#section-4   |     to avoid depletion of water supplies both     |
| 9 .Animals-head} |     before and during periods of extended         |
|                  |     drought. If you are a farmer, consider        |
|                  |     establishing alternative sources and supplies |
|                  |     of water for your crops and your animals.     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Conserve electricity. During periods of heat  |
|                  |     and drought, people use a lot of power for    |
|                  |     air conditioning. Excessive drain on the      |
|                  |     community's energy supply could lead to       |
|                  |     another emergency, such as a power shortage   |
|                  |     or outage. Insulating your home will reduce   |
|                  |     the demand for air conditioning. Keeping the  |
|                  |     thermostat set to 78 F will also reduce       |
|                  |     energy use.                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   For large animals, consider creating          |
|                  |     artificial shade and installing humidifiers   |
|                  |     to keep animals cool.                         |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Preparedness   | All family members should learn to recognize heat |
|  {#preparedness- | impairment symptoms and administer appropriate    |
| 5 .Animals-head} | first aid for animals. Causes of heat stroke or   |
|                  | hyperthermia in pets are:                         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Being left in parked cars (the most common    |
|                  |     reason),                                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Lack of appropriate shelter for an animal     |
|                  |     outdoors,                                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Animals not acclimated to the heat, and       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Excessive exercise in hot and humid weather.  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Never leave your pet in a parked car in the heat  |
|                  | of the summer. Even with the window open, pets    |
|                  | can quickly suffer heat stroke and die.           |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Resp           | The signs of heat stress in animals are           |
| onse {#response- | identified below.                                 |
| 5 .Animals-head} |                                                   |
|                  | -   Excessive panting or difficulty breathing,    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Body temperature 104 F or above,              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Collapse,                                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Increased heart and respiratory rate,         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Salivation, and                               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Depression, stupor.                           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | In addition to recognizing the signs of heat      |
|                  | stress in animals, follow these guidelines when   |
|                  | responding during periods of drought and extreme  |
|                  | heat.                                             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Keep animals in areas where they have access  |
|                  |     to shade.                                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Provide animals with plenty of water. Hosing  |
|                  |     off an animal periodically will also help to  |
|                  |     cool it.                                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Do not exercise animals when it is especially |
|                  |     hot outside, e.g. playing Frisbee, jogging or |
|                  |     riding. If you have to work with animals,     |
|                  |     provide regular rest periods. This allows the |
|                  |     body's natural cooling system to work. A few  |
|                  |     minutes of sweat-free rest every hour will    |
|                  |     help restore physical and mental energy.      |
|                  |     Animals often are willing to please their     |
|                  |     owners to the point of endangering            |
|                  |     themselves.                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Since dogs don't sweat, dogs must be allowed  |
|                  |     to pant to dissipate heat. Do not encourage   |
|                  |     them to carry objects in their mouths if they |
|                  |     are hot.                                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Do not dress animals with vests, blankets and |
|                  |     other clothing-type materials that would      |
|                  |     prevent them from sweating.                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Animals in cages require special attention    |
|                  |     because the ventilation may not be very good. |
|                  |     Provide caged animals with extra ventilation. |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Provide plenty of fresh cool water for all    |
|                  |     animals to drink. Offer it in a shady place   |
|                  |     as some species may not venture into the sun  |
|                  |     if it is very hot.                            |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Be sure to provide salt licks for animals     |
|                  |     that require them regularly.                  |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Reco           | A prolonged drought can have a serious economic   |
| very {#recovery- | impact on a community. Agricultural production    |
| 5 .Animals-head} | can be severely reduced by loss of crops or       |
|                  | livestock, resulting in food shortages. Increased |
|                  | demand for water and electricity can result in    |
|                  | shortages of these resources. When combined with  |
|                  | extreme heat, droughts can make life very         |
|                  | difficult, especially if the situation lasts for  |
|                  | a long time. Droughts are probably the largest    |
|                  | cause of death in livestock throughout the world. |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Follow these guidelines when recovering from      |
|                  | extreme heat or drought conditions.               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Continue to conserve water even after the     |
|                  |     drought appears to have ended.                |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If you own a farm and your crop is lost,      |
|                  |     contact the county Farmer's Home              |
|                  |     Administration Office for disaster assistance |
|                  |     information.                                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Avoid any activities that could precipitate   |
|                  |     fires. As the forest dries up, debris falls   |
|                  |     on the forest floor. Trees become prone to    |
|                  |     fire, even from the slightest spark.          |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

LEARNING CHECK -- WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED\
ABOUT HEAT AND DROUGHT?

This activity is designed to assess your understanding of the
information presented in this unit.

Directions: Answer the questions --- use the Answer Key in Unit 10 to
check your answers.

# True or False

1.  If they are provided with plenty of water to drink, it is safe to
    exercise animals when it is extremely hot outside.

2.  Animals should be offered a shady place to drink water in hot
    weather.

3.  Dogs sweat to dissipate heat.

4.  If you have to work with animals in extreme heat, you should provide
    regular rest periods for the animals.

5.  Animals that regularly require salt licks should not be provided
    with them during periods of extreme heat or drought.

6.  Hosing off animals periodically is a good method to help cool them
    off in hot weather.

7.  As long as a window is partly rolled down, it is safe to leave pets
    in parked cars in the summer.

8.  A prolonged drought can result in food shortages for people and
    animals.

# Multiple Choice

9.  Which of the following is a sign of heat stress in animals?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a.  Excessive agitation

b.  Slowed heart and respiratory rate

c.  Body temperature greater than 104 F

d.  Lack of panting and little salivation

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
10. Extreme heat is defined as \_\_\_\_\_ degrees above the average high
    temperature.

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. 5                   c\. 15

  b\. 10                  d\. 20
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Wild           | A wildfire is any instance of uncontrolled        |
| fires {#wildfire | burning in grasslands, brush, or woodlands.       |
| s .Animals-head} | Wildfires destroy property and valuable natural   |
|                  | resources, and may threaten the lives of people   |
|                  | and animals.                                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Wildfires pose an increasing threat to the        |
|                  | residential United States. In 1987, 53,000 fires  |
|                  | consumed more than two million acres. By October  |
|                  | 1988, almost 70,000 fires had claimed more than   |
|                  | four million acres. The increase in fires is the  |
|                  | result of population growth in rural communities  |
|                  | and in the wild land/urban interface.             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Wildfires can occur at any time of the year, but  |
|                  | usually occur during hot, dry weather. Wildfires  |
|                  | are usually signaled by dense smoke which may     |
|                  | fill the air for miles around. The National       |
|                  | Weather Service, U.S. Forest Service, and State   |
|                  | forestry agencies combine to give wildfire        |
|                  | probability forecasts. Local radio and television |
|                  | stations broadcast information and warnings on    |
|                  | local fire conditions.                            |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Mitigati       | There are many actions you can take to mitigate   |
| on {#mitigation- | the effects of wildfires. Many of these are       |
| 6 .Animals-head} | listed to follow.                                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Use only fire-resistant materials on the      |
|                  |     exterior of your home or barn, including the  |
|                  |     roof, siding, decking, and trim.              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Consider installing sprinkler systems for     |
|                  |     buildings on your property, and lawn          |
|                  |     sprinkler systems outdoors.                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   When constructing pools and ponds, make them  |
|                  |     accessible to fire equipment --- they may     |
|                  |     serve as a source of water for fighting       |
|                  |     wildfires.                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Have hoses that are long enough to reach all  |
|                  |     parts of your building.                       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Use fire carefully and wisely so that you do  |
|                  |     not cause a wildfire. Teach family members    |
|                  |     and employees safe practices.                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Keep your chimney clean and install a spark   |
|                  |     arrestor.                                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Avoid open burning during dry weather. Store  |
|                  |     firewood away from your home and barns.       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Store hay, sawdust, or straw in a building    |
|                  |     separate from where animals are housed. This  |
|                  |     is especially important during the summer     |
|                  |     when freshly cured hay can suddenly ignite    |
|                  |     from spontaneous combustion.                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Be extremely careful with open flame when     |
|                  |     shoeing horses or welding.                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Gas and other hazardous materials should be   |
|                  |     stored in separate buildings from animals.    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   To reduce the risk of structural fires, make  |
|                  |     sure that the wiring in your barn is in good  |
|                  |     condition. Rodents can chew through the       |
|                  |     wiring, putting the barn at risk for fire.    |
|                  |     Keep all areas around your barn free of       |
|                  |     cobwebs.                                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Clear leaves and other vegetation off roof    |
|                  |     surfaces and out of gutters regularly. Meet   |
|                  |     local fire code requirements by clearing      |
|                  |     brush away from all structures.               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Implement and enforce no smoking policies on  |
|                  |     your property.                                |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Teach all personnel working with animals      |
|                  |     where the fire extinguishers are and how to   |
|                  |     use them. Practice a fire drill every month   |
|                  |     throughout the fire season.                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Preparedness   | The following list outlines steps that you can    |
|  {#preparedness- | take to prepare for wildfires.                    |
| 6 .Animals-head} |                                                   |
|                  | -   Learn to recognize dangerous fire conditions  |
|                  |     and consult with your local fire department   |
|                  |     on how to improve the safety of your house    |
|                  |     and barns.                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Provide wide spacing between trees. Cut back  |
|                  |     vegetation overhanging any building.          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Clear vegetation, including dead brush, from  |
|                  |     around your house or barn to serve as a fire  |
|                  |     break. Fire breaks should be at least 30 feet |
|                  |     wide for all structures and 75 feet wide for  |
|                  |     homes built in pine forests.                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Use fire-resistant plants on your property.   |
|                  |     Check with local fire officials or a nursery  |
|                  |     about the best species for your area.         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Plan several evacuation routes with your      |
|                  |     animals in case fires block your escape. If   |
|                  |     you have horses or livestock, make            |
|                  |     arrangements ahead of time for a place to     |
|                  |     temporarily relocate them. Fairgrounds,       |
|                  |     parks, racetracks, large animal shelters, or  |
|                  |     with family or friends may be options         |
|                  |     available to you.                             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Make sure your trailer is in good condition   |
|                  |     and keep the gas tank of your car and truck   |
|                  |     filled. If you do not have enough trailers,   |
|                  |     identify who else could help you evacuate.    |
|                  |     Practice your buddy system, teach your horse  |
|                  |     how to load into a trailer, and practice your |
|                  |     evacuation routes.                            |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Purchase rope or leather halters for horses   |
|                  |     and livestock because nylon halters can melt  |
|                  |     when they heat up in a fire. This may lead to |
|                  |     deep burn wounds on the animal.               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Have fire tools handy at your home and in     |
|                  |     your barn: a ladder, garden hoses, fire       |
|                  |     extinguishers, gas-operated water pumps,      |
|                  |     shovels, rakes, and buckets.                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Keep your horses' tetanus vaccinations        |
|                  |     current.                                      |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Resp           | Use the following list to guide your actions when |
| onse {#response- | responding to a wildfire.                         |
| 6 .Animals-head} |                                                   |
|                  | -   Place a sprinkler on the roofs and anything   |
|                  |     else that might be damaged by fire to wet     |
|                  |     down the surfaces. Be sure that your efforts  |
|                  |     do not jeopardize the water supply and        |
|                  |     pressure needed by firefighters.              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If officials evacuate your area, leave        |
|                  |     immediately. Fires can spread rapidly and     |
|                  |     unpredictably. If you have large numbers of   |
|                  |     animals, horses, or livestock, it will take a |
|                  |     much longer time to evacuate these animals.   |
|                  |     If you are evacuating horses when the fire is |
|                  |     close, it may help to temporarily place a     |
|                  |     blindfold over their eyes. Place pieces of    |
|                  |     cloth around the horses' nostrils to reduce   |
|                  |     the inhalation of smoke. Wet the horses'      |
|                  |     tails and manes and remove blankets on the    |
|                  |     horses' backs.                                |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If you are unable to take animals with you,   |
|                  |     do not leave them confined. If you have       |
|                  |     horses and livestock, let them out of the     |
|                  |     barn and close all the doors. A horse may run |
|                  |     back into a burning barn if it gets           |
|                  |     frightened. Turn off the power and gas and    |
|                  |     disconnect any electrical fences so that      |
|                  |     animals will not injure themselves trying to  |
|                  |     escape. (These recommendations are for        |
|                  |     livestock, poultry and other types of         |
|                  |     animals; house pets should be leashed/crated  |
|                  |     and taken with you.)                          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   If you are on an outing in the woods when a   |
|                  |     fire breaks out, note the weather conditions  |
|                  |     and wind direction. Determine the direction   |
|                  |     of the fire and plan your escape routes in    |
|                  |     other directions. If you had a campfire       |
|                  |     burning, be sure to extinguish it before      |
|                  |     leaving. As you leave the area, be cautious   |
|                  |     of wild animals crossing the road.            |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Reco           | The following list provides suggested actions     |
| very {#recovery- | during the recovery phase of a wildfire           |
| 6 .Animals-head} | emergency.                                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Consult with your insurance agent and have    |
|                  |     damages assessed as soon as possible. Take    |
|                  |     pictures or a video of damages.               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Wildfires can leave scorched and barren land, |
|                  |     reducing grazing land for livestock. This     |
|                  |     land may take many years or decades to return |
|                  |     to its previous condition. Major fires can    |
|                  |     destroy ground cover, which leads to erosion. |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   The most common cause of death in fires and   |
|                  |     in the days afterward are complications from  |
|                  |     smoke inhalation. All animals exposed to fire |
|                  |     should be monitored for smoke inhalation      |
|                  |     pneumonia. A veterinarian should be consulted |
|                  |     immediately for any burn injuries. Burn       |
|                  |     injuries can be difficult and expensive to    |
|                  |     treat. They often require intensive care.     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Care must be taken in re-entering burned      |
|                  |     areas. There may be hot spots that could      |
|                  |     flare up without warning. Partially burned    |
|                  |     structures and trees can be very unstable,    |
|                  |     and may suddenly fall over. Do not tie        |
|                  |     animals to burned trees. Don't allow animals  |
|                  |     into areas where there may be ash pits (root  |
|                  |     systems that have burned underground).        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Check any areas where animals and people will |
|                  |     be for dangerous debris --- use a metal       |
|                  |     detector. Consult medical personnel about     |
|                  |     tetanus vaccinations for your family and      |
|                  |     animals.                                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Debris from burned buildings should be        |
|                  |     removed before animals re-enter the area.     |
|                  |     Metal pipes heated during a fire may be       |
|                  |     coated with toxic residues from the heat      |
|                  |     damaged galvanized components. If this occurs |
|                  |     to your pasture fences, they need to be       |
|                  |     cleaned before any animals come in contact    |
|                  |     with them.                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Replant burned forests quickly and            |
|                  |     efficiently to reduce the soil erosion. Ask   |
|                  |     your State forestry commission for            |
|                  |     guidelines. Landslides, mud flows, and floods |
|                  |     can follow wildfires due to vegetation        |
|                  |     damage.                                       |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

LEARNING CHECK --\
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED ABOUT WILDFIRES

This activity is designed to assess your understanding of the
information presented in this unit.

Directions: Answer the questions --- use the Answer Key in Unit 10 to
check your answers.

# True or False

1.  Wildfires are primarily caused by population growth among animals.

2.  One way to decrease the chance of barn fires is the implementation
    and enforcement of no smoking policies.

3.  Sources of water to fight wildfires could include pools and farm
    ponds.

4.  Animals recover quickly from burn injuries and usually do not
    require veterinary care.

5.  If you have installed sprinkler systems, it is not necessary to
    evacuate from a wildfire when officials ask that you do so.

6.  Areas around burned buildings may contain debris that is hazardous
    to animals.

7.  Vegetation damage caused by wildfires creates a flood risk.

8.  It is the natural instinct of horses to flee from fire; therefore,
    you do not need to worry about them returning to a burning barn.

# Multiple Choice

9.  Which of the following is the most common cause of animal death in
    fires?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a.  Complications from smoke inhalation

b.  Tetanus from stepping on debris

c.  Burn injuries

d.  Viral infection

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
10. Wildfires can occur at any time during the year, but most often
    occur when conditions are:

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. Hot and humid       c\. Cool and humid

  b\. Hot and dry         d\. Cool and dry
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #                | In this unit you learned how the four phases of   |
| Summary {#summar | emergency management --- mitigation,              |
| y .Animals-head} | preparedness, response and recovery --- can be    |
|                  | applied to the emergency management and response  |
|                  | to natural meteorological hazards. At each level  |
|                  | you were given practical advice to protect        |
|                  | yourself and your animals from the dangers that   |
|                  | these hazards cause.                              |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+