**STS-84 Crew Debrief Captions**

**Kam Lulla**

**[Ecology]{.underline}**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **Slide Id**     | **Caption**                                       |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Panorama of the Himalayas.                        |
| STS084-701-008** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS030-84-014** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Indus River delta.                                |
| STS084-701-056** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS084-701-059** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Regional view of the Rann of Kutch.               |
| STS084-710-020** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Sri Lanka                                         |
| STS084-710-025** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Amu Dar'Ya delta in the Aral Sea.                 |
| STS084-721-037** |                                                   |
|                  | Detailed view of the Aral Sea.                    |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS084-727-097** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Salt Lake City and the Great Salt Lake.           |
| STS084-706-015** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Dave Amsbury**

**[Geology]{.underline}**

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-705-010**   Colorado Plateau, United States. View southwestward
                       down the Colorado River in Lake Powell. The San
                       Juan River enters from the left (west) to form part
                       of the lake; the smaller but prominent Escalante
                       River enters from the right (northwest). Low sun
                       elevation enhances the topography that results from
                       differential erosion of gently folded and highly
                       fractured strata, but there was plenty of light to
                       record rock colors.

  **STS084-705-008**   Colorado Plateau, United States. View southwestward
                       along the upper end of Lake Powell. Volcanic peaks
                       of the Henry Mountains, that rise to 11,500 feet
                       above sea level, are partially obscured by clouds.

  **STS084-705-019**   White Sands, New Mexico, USA. An excellent shot
                       showing parabolic dunes of the field. Alamogordo
                       and the Shuttle landing strip can also be seen. The
                       sand is unusual because of composition - calcium
                       sulphate (gypsum) rather than quartz. Gypsum is
                       leached from older rocks of the surrounding San
                       Andres Mountains, precipitated in playa lakes near
                       the mountain base, and then remobilized as broken
                       crystals during dry periods.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-706-009**   Glacial Lake Bonneville, Utah, USA. View southward
                       of the northern part of Great Salt Lake and the
                       Bonneville Salt flats. During the last glacial
                       period the climate was wetter and cooler from time
                       to time, causing retention of much more water in
                       the lake basins than the evaporation/runoff ratio
                       allows today. Old shorelines of former lakes can be
                       seen in places around the now-dry basin.

  **STS084-712-030**   Northern Territory, Australia. Intricate meanders
                       on the Roper River delta formed after sea level
                       reached its present position. The tidal stream cuts
                       through a broad tidal flat and mangrove swamps.
                       Current studies by Australian geologists on these
                       rivers are unraveling the complex history of
                       climate change and sea-level change during the past
                       10,000 years.

  **STS084-721-029**   Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia. The birdsfoot delta
                       of the Selenga River, which enters Lake Baikal near
                       its southeastern corner, shows multiple periods of
                       delta formation and barrier-island formation caused
                       by erosion.

  **STS084-723-032**   Lake Chad; Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger. A
                       dusty view of the lake basin during a dry time.
                       Former higher levels of the lake, river courses and
                       deltas, and multiple sand dune fields mark the
                       basinÕs responses to past climate change.

  **STS084-729-090**   United States east coast. This south-viewing
                       oblique shot highlights the regular bights and
                       capes along the North Carolina, South Carolina, and
                       Georgia coast. Cape Hatteras, Cape Lookout, and
                       Cape Fear frame the bights.

  **STS084-731-085**   Grand Caicos, Bahamas. Land areas, shallow banks
                       and reefs, and deep water present striking color
                       differences. A small blue dot on the inner edge of
                       a bank near land, marks a Òblue holeÓ. These are
                       sinkholes formed in the limestone bank during the
                       past glacial age, when sea level was as much as 100
                       meters below todayÕs. Now the sinkhole is submerged
                       under salt water, providing a wonderful playground
                       for scuba divers and biologists.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**Sue Runco**

**[Ocean/Atmospheric Features]{.underline}**

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-725-063**   Down burst? Pinwheel

  **STS084-714-071**   Center of Tropical Cyclone #01B in the Bay of
                       Bengal. It later reached landfall near the Burma/
                       Bangladesh boarder.

  **STS084-714-015**   Jet Cirrus south of Greece with sunglint on the
                       Aegean Sea/Sea of Crete.

  **STS084-714-021**   Sunglint showing eddies along the Egyptian coast
                       near the Nile delta.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-714-024**   Oils from the reefs in the Red Sea.

  **STS084-722-069**   Sunglint in the Persian Gulf showing eddies and
                       oils along the Iranian coast.

  **STS084-723-055**   Marshy lakes in Zaìre. A series of lakes are
                       located in the swamps along the Zaìre River. Center
                       point of photo is at 8.5S 26.3E

  **STS084-729-037**   Sediment or plankton off South Africa.

  **STS084-374-016**   Bilge dump being blown.

  **STS084-373-011**   Nice sunrise, colorful limb photo.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**Pat Dickerson**

**[African Tectonics---The Construction and Destruction of a
Continent]{.underline}**

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-711-008**   South Africa. Uncommonly fine northward view of the
                       folded mountain ranges east of Cape Town in
                       southernmost Africa. From about 230 through 190
                       million years ago Africa was part of the southern
                       supercontinent of Gondwana. The ranges here formed
                       in Early Jurassic time (\~190 million years ago),
                       when the present continents of Africa, South
                       America, Australia and Antarctica and the Indian
                       subcontinent crashed together to create the giant
                       landmass.

                       

  **STS084-723-007**   Atlas Mountains of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. At
                       the same time that South Africa was being crumpled
                       during assembly of the Gondwanan supercontinent,
                       similar deformation was occurring along the
                       northern coast, in the area of the present Atlas
                       ranges.

  **STS084-707-010**   Greece, the Peloponnesos, Macedonia, Turkey, Aegean
                       Sea, Strait of the Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara.
                       Exceptional WNW view of the eastern Mediterranean.
                       Greece, Crete, Turkey and many of the islands of
                       this region consist of fragments of folded mountain
                       ranges that were created along the margin of the
                       southern supercontinent (Gondwana) when it collided
                       with a similarly great northern mass (Laurasia). As
                       the two huge masses pulled away from each other and
                       began to desegregate in Jurassic time (about 185
                       million years ago) pieces of the deformed African
                       margin were left behind.

                       
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-714-032**   Ethiopia, eastern Africa. Since about 25 million
                       years ago, the continental crust of Africa
                       -especially in East Africa - has undergone
                       stretching. Three rift branches radiate from
                       Ethiopia - the Red Sea rift, Ethiopian rift, and
                       Gulf of Aden. In the Gulf of Aden, rifting has
                       proceeded to the point that new oceanic crust has
                       been formed. Characteristic of all three rifts are
                       fault-bounded valleys (grabens), long straight
                       faults, and abundant lava flows (basalts).

  **STS084-707-082**   Kenya. This exceptionally detailed view of the Omo
                       River delta at the north end of Lake Turkana (Lake
                       Rudolf) shows older deltas and possible shorelines,
                       as well as traces of young rift faults. Comparison
                       with previous photos indicates much higher water
                       levels in the lake and over the rapidly building
                       delta; there is also water in the adjacent
                       depression to the west.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**Justin Wilkinson**

**[Africa]{.underline}**

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-730-92**    Cabinda, Angola.

  **STS084-730-94**    Congo River mouth, Democratic Republic of the
                       Congo.

                       

  **STS084-729-38**    Central Kwazulu-Natal, SE Republic of South Africa,
                       with the port Durban.

  **STS084-729-003**   Betsiboka River delta, Madagascar.

  **STS51A-34-40**     Betsiboka River delta, Madagascar, November 1984.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**[Eastern and Southeastern Europe]{.underline}**

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-722-026**   Hungarian plain, Slovenia, Croatia, looking NW.

  **STS084-727-78**    Volgograd in summer.

                       

  **STS084-712-097**   Danube River delta.

  **STS084-712-099**   Danube River delta region.

                       

  **STS084-707-026**   Western Anatolia, looking W to the Aegean Sea.

                       

  **STS084-722-037**   Aegean Sea and Greek Islands.

  **STS084-705-083**   Istanbul

                       

  **STS084-721-072**   Dead Sea divided, reduced in size.

  **STS084-721-072**   Dead Sea divided, regional view.

  **SL3-115-1887**     Dead Sea whole, regional view, August 1973.

  **S09-50-1362**      Dead Sea divided, regional view, December 1983.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**[Large Rivers]{.underline}**

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-723-101**   Yangtze River mouth region and Shantung Peninsula.

  **STS084-723-104**   Yangtze River mouth region.

                       

  **STS084-719-001**   Huallaga-Mara? on river basin, Peru.

  **STS084-731-095**   Santar, city, Amazon river.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**[Andean lake levels and volcanoes]{.underline}**

  --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-708-038**    L. Coipasa, Bolivia, with water.

  **STS51J-144-0023**   L. Coipasa, Bolivia, without water in October 1985.

                        

  **STS084-706-069**    Lake Poopo, Bolivia, half full.

  **STS067-732-011**    Lake Poopo, Bolivia, near empty in March 1995.

                        

  **STS084-708-045**    Coropuna volcano, Arequipa city, Huaynaputina
                        volcano.

  **STS084-706-051**    Huaynaputina volcano region.
  --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**Cindy Evans**

**[Volcanoes and Whitings]{.underline}**

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS084-702-033**   Mt. Etna (70 mm)

  **STS084-310-30**    Mt. Etna with steam plume.

                       

  **STS084-714-012**   S. Italy and Aeolian Islands. This is a wide view
                       of Naples, Vesuvius, and the volcanic Aeolian I.
                       Stromboli boasts a steam plume.

  **STS084-721-053**   SE Italy and big circle

                       

  **STS084-706-006**   Mt. St. Helens

  **STS084-705-003**   Mt. Rainier, Cascades

                       

  **STS084-712-008**   Southern tip of Kamchatka.

  **STS084-712-003**   Onekotan I., Kurile Islands.

                       

  **STS084-731-071**   Whitings, Little Bahama Bank
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**Mary Fae McKay/Joe Carauna**

**[Cities: Modern and Ancient]{.underline}**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  | Our data base of world city photos is provided in |
|                  | the form of an MS Word table on a PC-formatted    |
|                  | diskette, which also includes a log of changes    |
|                  | since 10-15-96, a list of cities for which we     |
|                  | still do not have usable photos, and a            |
|                  | preliminary list of the cities photographed by    |
|                  | the crew of STS-84.                               |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Bangkok, representing the Polynesian culture.     |
| STS084-708-088** |                                                   |
|                  | Lima, Peru, representing the Incan culture.       |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS084-727-053** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Solar array; Cape Cod; Providence, RI; Boston,    |
| STS084-709-081** | Waltham, Hudson, and Springfield, MA.             |
|                  |                                                   |
| **               | Finger Lakes; Webster, Elmira, Waverly, and       |
| STS084-729-081** | Binghamton, NY; Athens, Rome, and Troy (PA).      |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Troy (in Turkey, at the SW end of the             |
| STS084-707-013** | Dardanelles) to Greece \[Mycenae in NE            |
|                  | Peloponnisos, north of Argos, was the home of     |
| **               | Agamemnon, leader of the Greek forces; Sparta in  |
| STS084-707-019** | SE Peloponnisos was the home of his brother       |
|                  | Menelaus, whose wife, Helen had been stolen away  |
|                  | by a Trojan named Paris; Athens on the SW side    |
|                  | the of the "thumb" of Greece\]                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Between Turkey and Greece \[are two islands\] is  |
|                  | an island of interest to historians and cultural  |
|                  | anthropologists: \[Rodhos and\] Crete             |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | With frame -071 as the middle piece, these two    |
| STS084-701-069** | frames, the western and eastern ends, form a      |
|                  | mosaic of Crete. In this modern age, there is a   |
| **               | distinctively shaped airport on the Khania        |
| STS084-701-072** | peninsula.                                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | In the time of the Minoan culture, there was the  |
|                  | Palace of Knossos, whose remains, found just      |
|                  | south of the city of Iraklion (Candia), are so    |
|                  | complex that it is thought to be the Labyrinth    |
|                  | housing the Minotaur. According to Greek myth,    |
|                  | the hero Theseus penetrated the Labyrinth, killed |
|                  | the Minotaur, and was able to find his way out    |
|                  | again with the help of a ball of string given him |
|                  | by the princess Ariadne.                          |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | The only remaining wonder of the ancient list of  |
| STS084-701-074** | seven is the Pyramids, seen close to the city of  |
|                  | Cairo in this STS-84 photo.                       |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS084-310-036** | Port Said, at the Mediterranean end of the Suez   |
|                  | Canal, a candidate, at least for a list of the    |
| **               | Seven Wonders of the Modern World.                |
| STS084-721-064** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Arching from the location of the Pyramids at the  |
| STS084-707-033** | apex of the Nile delta to a loop of the Euphrates |
|                  | River is the panorama of the Holy Land. In it can |
| **               | be seen the Dead Sea, with Jerusalem on one side  |
| STS084-722-062** | of it and Amman on the other; the Sea of Galilee, |
|                  | with Damascus northeast of it; and a great sweep  |
|                  | of desert.                                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | And finally we see Mir booms extending over the   |
|                  | delta of the combined Tigris-Euphrates Rivers,    |
|                  | which formed a Fertile Crescent in this mostly    |
|                  | desert region and, in Mesopotamian times, became  |
|                  | the Cradle of Civilization.                       |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Kim Willis**

**[Impact Structures]{.underline}**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | The cratering history of the Earth is preserved   |
| STS084-726-046** | on the surface of the Moon.                       |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Nemrut Dagi is a volcanic crater on the western   |
| STS084-709-007** | side of Lake Van in Turkey. The last recorded     |
|                  | eruption was in 1441 AD.                          |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Manicouagan crater in Quebec, Canada is a         |
| STS084-316-007** | complex, multiple ring structure with a diameter  |
|                  | of 100 km. The age of the crater is 214 million   |
|                  | years and some believe that it could have been    |
|                  | the cause of a mass extinction at the end of the  |
|                  | Triassic where roughly 60% of all species were    |
|                  | lost.                                             |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | The Chesapeake impact structure is a complex      |
| STS084-714-048** | peak-ring crater buried 300 to 500 m below the    |
|                  | lower Chesapeake Bay. The crater diameter is 90   |
| **               | km. The age of the structure has been estimated   |
| STS084-714-053** | at 35.5 million years. The center of the crater   |
|                  | is located near the town of Cape Charles on the   |
|                  | Delmarva Peninsula. The impact nature of the      |
|                  | structure was confirmed by Wylie Poag of the US   |
|                  | Geological Survey and his colleagues when         |
|                  | evidence of shock metamorphism was found in core  |
|                  | breccia samples taken from depths of 372 to 416   |
|                  | m.                                                |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Spectacular view of Comet Hale-Bopp from orbit.   |
| STS084-389-024** | Recent estimates based on the amount of material  |
|                  | being generated by the comet puts the nucleus at  |
|                  | about 40 km. Although the Earth is in no danger   |
|                  | of being impacted by Hale-Bopp (this time!) it    |
|                  | serves as a reminder that all planets in our      |
|                  | solar system are vulnerable. The mass extinction  |
|                  | at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million   |
|                  | years ago) is believed to have been a comet,      |
|                  | possibly an asteroid, with a diameter of 10 km.   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**[General Views]{.underline}**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Great Lakes.                                      |
| STS084-710-098** |                                                   |
|                  | East coast of the U.S.                            |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS084-365-006** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Oahu, Hawaii.                                     |
| STS084-721-014** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Sicily, Italy.                                    |
| STS084-709-036** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+