# PART X -- TURFING

### **ITEM T‑901  SEEDING**

DESCRIPTION

**901‑1.1**   This item shall consist of soil preparation, seeding **\[
\]** the areas shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer in
accordance with these specifications.

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> **The Engineer shall specify fertilizing or liming or both as needed
> for a specific project.**

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MATERIALS

**901-2.1 SEED**  The species and application rates of grass, legume,
and cover‑crop seed furnished shall be those stipulated herein.  Seed
shall conform to the requirements of Fed. Spec. A‑A‑2671.

Seed shall be furnished separately or in mixtures in standard containers
with the seed name, lot number, net weight, percentages of purity and of
germination and hard seed, and percentage of maximum weed seed content
clearly marked for each kind of seed.  The Contractor shall furnish the
Engineer duplicate signed copies of a statement by the vendor certifying
that each lot of seed has been tested by a recognized laboratory for
seed testing within 6 months of date of delivery.  This statement shall
include:  name and address of laboratory, date of test, lot number for
each kind of seed, and the results of tests as to name, percentages of
purity and of germination, and percentage of weed content for each kind
of seed furnished, and, in case of a mixture, the proportions of each
kind of seed.

Seeds shall be applied as follows:

Seed Minimum Seed Minimum Germination Rate of Application

Purity (Percent) (Percent) lb./acre (or lb./1,000 S.F.)

Seeding shall be performed during the period between **\[ \]** and **\[
\]** inclusive, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer.

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> **Seeding dates, species and seeding rates must be specified that are
> compatible with local climate and soil conditions.  Due consideration
> must be given to longevity of plants, resistance to traffic and
> erosion, and attraction of birds or large animals.  More than one
> seeding season may be specified, if appropriate.  Local offices of the
> USDA Soil Conservation Service and the State University Agricultural
> Extension Service (County Agent or equivalent) shall be consulted for
> assistance and recommendations.  These agencies shall also be
> consulted for liming and fertilizer recommendations.**

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**901-2.2 LIME.**  Lime shall be ground limestone containing not less
than 85% of total carbonates, and shall be ground to such fineness that
90% will pass through a No. 20 mesh sieve and 50% will pass through a
No. 100 mesh sieve.  Coarser material will be acceptable, providing the
rates of application are increased to provide not less than the minimum
quantities and depth specified in the special provisions on the basis of
the two sieve requirements above.  Dolomitic lime or a high magnesium
lime shall contain at least 10% of magnesium oxide.  Lime shall be
applied at the rate of **\[ \]**.  All liming materials shall conform to
the requirements of ASTM C 602.

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> **The Engineer shall specify the application rate in pounds per
> acre.**

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**901-2.3 FERTILIZER**.  Fertilizer shall be standard commercial
fertilizers supplied separately or in mixtures containing the
percentages of total nitrogen, available phosphoric acid, and
water‑soluble potash.  They shall be applied at the rate and to the
depth specified herein, and shall meet the requirements of Fed. Spec.
A‑A‑1909 and applicable state laws.  They shall be furnished in standard
containers with name, weight, and guaranteed analysis of contents
clearly marked thereon.  No cyanamide compounds or hydrated lime shall
be permitted in mixed fertilizers.

The fertilizers may be supplied in one of the following forms:

**a.**  A dry, free‑flowing fertilizer suitable for application by a
common fertilizer spreader;

**b.**  A finely‑ground fertilizer soluble in water, suitable for
application by power sprayers; or

**c.**  A granular or pellet form suitable for application by blower
equipment.

Fertilizers shall be **\[ \]** commercial fertilizer and shall be spread
at the rate of **\[ \]**.

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> **The Engineer shall specify the analysis and the application rate in
> pounds per acre.  Paragraphs 2.2 and 2.3 shall be deleted if not
> applicable.**

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**901-2.4 SOIL FOR REPAIRS.**  The soil for fill and topsoiling of areas
to be repaired shall be at least of equal quality to that which exists
in areas adjacent to the area to be repaired.  The soil shall be
relatively free from large stones, roots, stumps, or other materials
that will interfere with subsequent sowing of seed, compacting, and
establishing turf, and shall be approved by the Engineer before being
placed.

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

**901‑3.1  ADVANCE PREPARATION AND CLEANUP.**  After grading of areas
has been completed and before applying fertilizer and ground limestone,
areas to be seeded shall be raked or otherwise cleared of stones larger
than 2 inches (50 mm) in any diameter, sticks, stumps, and other debris
that might interfere with sowing of seed, growth of grasses, or
subsequent maintenance of grass‑covered areas.  If any damage by erosion
or other causes has occurred after the completion of grading and before
beginning the application of fertilizer and ground limestone, the
Contractor shall repair such damage.  This may include filling gullies,
smoothing irregularities, and repairing other incidental damage.

An area to be seeded shall be considered a satisfactory seedbed without
additional treatment if it has recently been thoroughly loosened and
worked to a depth of not less than 5 inches (125 mm) as a result of
grading operations and, if immediately prior to seeding, the top 3
inches (75 mm) of soil is loose, friable, reasonably free from large
clods, rocks, large roots, or other undesirable matter, and if shaped to
the required grade.

However, when the area to be seeded is sparsely sodded, weedy, barren
and unworked, or packed and hard, any grass and weeds shall first be cut
or otherwise satisfactorily disposed of, and the soil then scarified or
otherwise loosened to a depth not less than 5 inches (125 mm).  Clods
shall be broken and the top 3 inches (75 mm) of soil shall be worked
into a satisfactory seedbed by discing, or by use of cultipackers,
rollers, drags, harrows, or other appropriate means.

**901-3.2 DRY APPLICATION METHOD.**

**a.  Liming.**  Lime shall be applied separately and prior to the
application of any fertilizer or seed and only on seedbeds that have
previously been prepared as described above.  The lime shall then be
worked into the top 3 inches (75 mm) of soil after which the seedbed
shall again be properly graded and dressed to a smooth finish.

**b. Fertilizing.**  Following advance preparations and cleanup
fertilizer shall be uniformly spread at the rate that will provide not
less than the minimum quantity stated in paragraph 901‑2.3.

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> **Delete paragraphs a. and b. if not applicable.**

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**c. Seeding.**  Grass seed shall be sown at the rate specified in
paragraph 901‑2.1 immediately after fertilizing, and the fertilizer and
seed shall be raked within the depth range stated in the special
provisions.  Seeds of legumes, either alone or in mixtures, shall be
inoculated before mixing or sowing, in accordance with the instructions
of the manufacturer of the inoculant.  When seeding is required at other
than the seasons shown on the plans or in the special provisions, a
cover crop shall be sown by the same methods required for grass and
legume seeding.

**d. Rolling.**  After the seed has been properly covered, the seedbed
shall be immediately compacted by means of an approved lawnroller,
weighing 40 to 65 pounds per foot (60 to 97 kg per meter) of width for
clay soil (or any soil having a tendency to pack), and weighing 150 to
200 pounds per foot (223 to 298 kg per meter) of width for sandy or
light soils.

**901-3.3 WET APPLICATION METHOD.**

**a. General.**  The Contractor may elect to apply seed and fertilizer
(and lime, if required) by spraying them on the previously prepared
seedbed in the form of an aqueous mixture and by using the methods and
equipment described herein.  The rates of application shall be as
specified in the special provisions.

**b. Spraying Equipment.**  The spraying equipment shall have a
container or water tank equipped with a liquid level gauge calibrated to
read in increments not larger than 50 gallons (190 liters) over the
entire range of the tank capacity, mounted so as to be visible to the
nozzle operator.  The container or tank shall also be equipped with a
mechanical power‑driven agitator capable of keeping all the solids in
the mixture in complete suspension at all times until used.

The unit shall also be equipped with a pressure pump capable of
delivering 100 gallons (380 liters) per minute at a pressure of 100
pounds per square inch (690 kPa).  The pump shall be mounted in a line
that will recirculate the mixture through the tank whenever it is not
being sprayed from the nozzle.  All pump passages and pipe lines shall
be capable of providing clearance for 5/8 inch (15 mm) solids.  The
power unit for the pump and agitator shall have controls mounted so as
to be accessible to the nozzle operator.  There shall be an indicating
pressure gauge connected and mounted immediately at the back of the
nozzle.

The nozzle pipe shall be mounted on an elevated supporting stand in such
a manner that it can be rotated through 360 degrees horizontally and
inclined vertically from at least 20 degrees below to at least 60
degrees above the horizontal.  There shall be a quick‑acting, three‑way
control valve connecting the recirculating line to the nozzle pipe and
mounted so that the nozzle operator can control and regulate the amount
of flow of mixture delivered to the nozzle.  At least three different
types of nozzles shall be supplied so that mixtures may be properly
sprayed over distance varying from 20 to 100 feet (6 to 30 m).  One
shall be a close‑range ribbon nozzle, one a medium‑range ribbon nozzle,
and one a long‑range jet nozzle.  For case of removal and cleaning, all
nozzles shall be connected to the nozzle pipe by means of quick‑release
couplings.

In order to reach areas inaccessible to the regular equipment, an
extension hose at least 50 feet (15 m) in length shall be provided to
which the nozzles may be connected.

**c. Mixtures.**  Lime, if required, shall be applied separately, in the
quantity specified, prior to the fertilizing and seeding operations. 
Not more than 220 pounds (100 kg) of lime shall be added to and mixed
with each 100 gallons (380 liters) of water.  Seed and fertilizer shall
be mixed together in the relative proportions specified, but not more
than a total of 220 pounds (100 kg) of these combined solids shall be
added to and mixed with each 100 gallons (380 liters) of water.

All water used shall be obtained from fresh water sources and shall be
free from injurious chemicals and other toxic substances harmful to
plant life.  Brackish water shall not be used at any time.  The
Contractor shall identify to the Engineer all sources of water at least
2 weeks prior to use.  The Engineer may take samples of the water at the
source or from the tank at any time and have a laboratory test the
samples for chemical and saline content.  The Contractor shall not use
any water from any source that is disapproved by the Engineer following
such tests.

All mixtures shall be constantly agitated from the time they are mixed
until they are finally applied to the seedbed.  All such mixtures shall
be used within 2 hours from the time they were mixed or they shall be
wasted and disposed of at locations acceptable to the Engineer.

**d. Spraying.**  Lime, if required, shall be sprayed only upon
previously prepared seedbeds.  After the applied lime mixture has dried,
the lime shall be worked into the top 3 inches (8 cm), after which the
seedbed shall again be properly graded and dressed to a smooth finish.

Mixtures of seed and fertilizer shall only be sprayed upon previously
prepared seedbeds on which the lime, if required, shall already have
been worked in.  The mixtures shall be applied by means of a
high‑pressure spray that shall always be directed upward into the air so
that the mixtures will fall to the ground like rain in a uniform spray. 
Nozzles or sprays shall never be directed toward the ground in such a
manner as might produce erosion or runoff.

Particular care shall be exercised to insure that the application is
made uniformly and at the prescribed rate and to guard against misses
and overlapped areas.  Proper predetermined quantities of the mixture in
accordance with specifications shall be used to cover specified sections
of known area.  Checks on the rate and uniformity of application may be
made by observing the degree of wetting of the ground or by distributing
test sheets of paper or pans over the area at intervals and observing
the quantity of material deposited thereon.

On surfaces that are to be mulched as indicated by the plans or
designated by the Engineer, seed and fertilizer applied by the spray
method need not be raked into the soil or rolled.  However, on surfaces
on which mulch is not to be used, the raking and rolling operations will
be required after the soil has dried.

**901-3.4 MAINTENANCE OF SEEDED AREAS.**  The Contractor shall protect
seeded areas against traffic or other use by warning signs or
barricades, as approved by the Engineer.  Surfaces gullied or otherwise
damaged following seeding shall be repaired by regrading and reseeding
as directed.  The Contractor shall mow, water as directed, and otherwise
maintain seeded areas in a satisfactory condition until final inspection
and acceptance of the work.

When either the dry or wet application method outlined above is used for
work done out of season, it will be required that the Contractor
establish a good stand of grass of uniform color and density to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.  A grass stand shall be considered
adequate when bare spots are one square foot or less, randomly
dispersed, and do not exceed 3% of the area seeded. If at the time when
the contract has been otherwise completed it is not possible to make an
adequate determination of the color, density, and uniformity of such
stand of grass, payment for the unaccepted portions of the areas seeded
out of season will be withheld until such time as these requirements
have been met.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

**901-4.1**  The quantity of seeding to be paid for shall be the number
of units **\[1,000 square feet (square meters)\]\[   acres (square
meters)\]** measured on the ground surface, completed and accepted.

BASIS OF PAYMENT

**901-5.1**  Payment shall be made at the contract unit price per
**\[1,000 square feet (square meters)\]\[acre (square meters)\]** or
fraction thereof, which price and payment shall be full compensation for
furnishing and placing all material and for all labor, equipment, tools,
and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this item.

Payment will be made under:

Item 901‑5.1 Seeding---per **\[1,000 square feet (square meters)\]\[acre
(square meters)\]**

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

ASTM C 602 Agricultural Liming Materials

ASTM D 977 Emulsified Asphalt

FED SPEC A‑A‑1909 Fertilizer

FED SPEC A‑A‑2671 Seeds, Agriculture

**END OF ITEM T-901**

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### **ITEM T-903 SPRIGGING**

DESCRIPTION

**903-1.1**   This item shall consist of planting sprigs of living grass
plants at the locations shown on the plans or as directed by the
Engineer in accordance with these specifications.

MATERIALS

**903-2.1 SPRIGS.**  Sprigs shall be healthy living stems (stolons or
rhizomes), of the grass species stated in the special provisions,
harvested without adhering soil and obtained from sources where the sod
is heavy and thickly matted.  The presence of weeds or other material
that might be detrimental to the proposed planting will be cause for
rejection of sprigs.

**903-2.2 LIME.**  Lime shall conform to the requirements of 901‑2.2.

**903-2.3 FERTILIZER.**  Fertilizer shall conform to the requirements of
901‑2.3.

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> **Paragraphs 2.2 and 2.3 shall be deleted if not applicable.**

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**903-2.4 WATER.**  All water used shall be sufficiently free from oil,
acid, alkali, salt, or other harmful materials that would inhibit the
growth of grass.  Brackish water shall not be used at any time.  It
shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer prior to use. 

**903-2.5 SOIL FOR REPAIRS.**  The soil for fill, and topsoiling of
areas to be repaired, shall conform to the requirements of 901‑2.4.

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

**903-3.1 GENERAL.**  Areas to be sprigged and the location of sprigging
material, if available on the site, shall be shown on the plans.  Areas
requiring special ground surface preparation such as tilling, and those
in a satisfactory condition to remain undisturbed, shall also be shown
on the plans.

Suitable equipment necessary for proper preparation of the ground
surface and for the handling and placing of all required materials shall
be on hand, in good condition, and shall be approved by the Engineer
before the various operations are started.  The Contractor shall
demonstrate to the Engineer, before starting the various operations,
that the planting and application of required materials will be made at
the specified rates.

When weather conditions are such that unsatisfactory results may occur,
the work shall be stopped until the desired results can be obtained.

**903-3.2 ADVANCE PREPARATION AND CLEANUP.**  After grading of areas has
been completed and before applying fertilizer and limestone, areas to be
sprigged shall be raked or otherwise cleared of stones larger than 2
inches (50 mm) in any diameter, sticks, stumps, and other debris which
might interfere with sprigging, growth of grasses, or subsequent
maintenance of grass‑covered areas.  If any damage by erosion or other
causes has occurred after grading of areas and before beginning the
application of fertilizer and ground limestone, the Contractor shall
repair such damage.  This may include filling gullies, smoothing
irregularities, and repairing other incidental damage.

**903-3.3 APPLYING FERTILIZER AND GROUND LIMESTONE.**  Following advance
preparation and cleanup, fertilizer shall be uniformly spread at a rate
that will provide not less than the minimum quantity of each fertilizer
ingredient as stated in the special provisions.  If use of ground
limestone is required, it shall then be spread at a rate that will
provide not less than the minimum quantity stated in the special
provisions.  These materials shall be incorporated into the soil to a
depth of not less than 2 inches (50 mm) by discing, raking, or other
methods acceptable to the Engineer.  Any stones larger than 2 inches (50
mm) in any diameter, large clods, roots, and other litter brought to the
surface by this operation shall be removed.

In steep slopes where fertilizer and ground limestone cannot be
incorporated effectively by mechanical equipment, they may be applied
with power sprayers, blower equipment, or other approved method, and
need not be incorporated into the soil.

**903-3.4 HARVESTING SPRIGS.**  The sprigs obtained from sources off the
site shall be from suitable areas as close as practical to the planting
site.  Regardless of the source, sprigging material that contains grass
and weeds taller than 6 inches (150 mm) shall be mowed to a height of 3
inches (75 mm), and the clippings raked and removed before harvesting
begins.  Harvesting may be performed by any method acceptable to the
Engineer, including crisscross cultivation, shallow plowing, or other
acceptable methods to thoroughly loosen the sprigs from the soil and to
bring them to the surface.  After loosening the sprigs from the soil,
they shall be gathered in small piles or windrows, watered, and kept
moist until planted.

Not more than 24 hours shall elapse between harvesting and planting
sprigs, except that, when weather or other uncontrollable conditions
interrupt the work, a time extension may be granted, provided the sprigs
are still moist and viable.  Sprigs that have heated in stockpiles, have
become frozen, permitted to dry out, or otherwise seriously damaged
during harvesting or delivery shall be rejected and shall be disposed of
as directed by the Engineer.

**903-3.5 PLANTING SPRIGS.**  Sprigging shall be done only within the
periods stipulated in the special provisions.  Sprigging shall not be
done during windy weather, or when the ground is dry, excessively wet,
frozen, or otherwise untillable.  If the soil is not moist when the
sprigs are being set, water shall be applied until the soil is moist and
in a workable condition.  One or more of the following methods shall be
used, whichever is shown on the plans or stated in the special
provisions:

**a. Broadcast Sprigging.**  Sprigs shall be broadcast by hand or by
suitable equipment in a uniform layer over the prepared surface with
spacing between sprigs not to exceed 6 inches (150 mm).  The sprigs
shall then be forced into the soil to a depth of 2 to 4 inches (50 to
100 mm) with a straight spade or similar tool, or with a disc harrow or
other equipment set to cover the sprigs to the required depth.

**b. Row Sprigging.**  Furrows shall be opened along the approximate
contour of slopes at the spacing and depth stated in the special
provisions.  Sprigs shall be placed without delay in a continuous row in
the open furrow with successive sprigs touching, and they shall be
covered immediately.

**c. Spot Sprigging.**  Spot sprigging shall be performed as specified
under row sprigging, except that groups of 4 sprigs or more shall be
spaced 18 inches (45 cm) apart in the rows.

**903-3.6 MULCHING AND COMPACTING.**  After planting of sprigs has been
completed and prior to compacting, the surface shall be cleared of
stones larger than 2 inches (50 mm) in any diameter, large clods, roots,
and other litter brought to the surface during sprigging.

If mulching of sprigged areas is shown on the plans or stated in the
special provisions, the sprigged areas shall be covered with mulch in
accordance with the requirements of Item T‑908 within 24 hours from the
time sprigging has been completed, weather and soil conditions
permitting.

If mulching is not shown on the plans nor stated in the special
provisions, the sprigged area shall be compacted within 24 hours from
the time sprigging has been completed, weather and soil conditions
permitting, by cultipackers, rollers, or other satisfactory equipment
operated at right angles to the slope.  Compaction shall not be done
when the soil is in such condition that it is picked up by the
equipment.

**903-3.7 ESTABLISHING TURF.**  The Contractor shall be responsible for
the proper care of the sprigged areas during the period when the plants
are becoming established and he shall protect the sprigged areas against
traffic by warning signs or barricades approved by the Engineer. 
Surfaces gullied or otherwise damaged following sprigging shall be
repaired by regrading and resprigging as directed.  The Contractor shall
mow, water as directed, and otherwise maintain sprigged areas in a
satisfactory condition until final inspection and acceptance of the
work.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

**903-4.1**  Sprigging shall be measured by the number of units of 1,000
square feet (100 square meters), measured on the ground surface,
completed and accepted.

BASIS OF PAYMENT

**903-5.1**  Payment will be made at the contract unit price per 1,000
square feet (100 square meters) or fraction thereof.  This price shall
be full compensation for furnishing and placing all material including
any required mulching of sprigged areas, and for all labor, equipment,
tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this
item.

Payment will be made under:

Item 903‑5.1 Sprigging---per 1,000 square feet (100 square meters)

**END OF ITEM T-903**

**Intentionally Left Blank**

### **ITEM T‑904  SODDING**

DESCRIPTION

**904‑1.1**   This item shall consist of furnishing, hauling, and
placing approved live sod on prepared areas in accordance with this
specification at the locations shown on the plans or as directed by the
Engineer.

MATERIALS

**904-2.1 SOD.**  Sod furnished by the Contractor shall have a good
cover of living or growing grass.  This shall be interpreted to include
grass that is seasonally dormant during the cold or dry seasons and
capable of renewing growth after the dormant period.  All sod shall be
obtained from areas where the soil is reasonably fertile and contains a
high percentage of loamy topsoil.  Sod shall be cut or stripped from
living, thickly matted turf relatively free of weeds or other
undesirable foreign plants, large stones, roots, or other materials that
might be detrimental to the development of the sod or to future
maintenance.  At least 70% of the plants in the cut sod shall be
composed of the species stated in the special provisions, and any
vegetation more than 6 inches (150 mm) in height shall be mowed to a
height of 3 inches (75 mm) or less before sod is lifted.  Sod, including
the soil containing the roots and the plant growth showing above, shall
be cut uniformly to a thickness not less than that stated in the special
provisions.

**904-2.2 LIME.**  Lime shall conform to the requirements of 901‑2.2.

**904-2.3 FERTILIZER.**  Fertilizer shall conform to the requirements of
901‑2.3.

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> **Delete paragraphs 2.2 and 2.3 if not applicable.**

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**904-2.4 WATER.**  The water shall be sufficiently free from oil, acid,
alkali, salt, or other harmful materials that would inhibit the growth
of grass.  It shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer prior to
use.

**904-2.5 SOIL FOR REPAIRS.**  The soil for fill and topsoiling of areas
to be repaired shall conform to the requirements of 901‑2.4.

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

**904-3.1 GENERAL.**  Areas to be solid, strip, or spot sodded shall be
shown on the plans.  Areas requiring special ground surface preparation
such as tilling and those areas in a satisfactory condition that are to
remain undisturbed shall also be shown on the plans.

Suitable equipment necessary for proper preparation of the ground
surface and for the handling and placing of all required materials shall
be on hand, in good condition, and shall be approved by the Engineer
before the various operations are started.  The Contractor shall
demonstrate to the Engineer before starting the various operations that
the application of required materials will be made at the specified
rates.

**904-3.2 PREPARING THE GROUND SURFACE.**  After grading of areas has
been completed and before applying fertilizer and limestone, areas to be
sodded shall be raked or otherwise cleared of stones larger than 2
inches (50 mm) in any diameter, sticks, stumps, and other debris which
might interfere with sodding, growth of grasses, or subsequent
maintenance of grass‑covered areas.  If any damage by erosion or other
causes occurs after grading of areas and before beginning the
application of fertilizer and ground limestone, the Contractor shall
repair such damage.  This may include filling gullies, smoothing
irregularities, and repairing other incidental damage.

**904-3.3 APPLYING FERTILIZER AND GROUND LIMESTONE.**  Following ground
surface preparation, fertilizer shall be uniformly spread at a rate
which will provide not less than the minimum quantity of each fertilizer
ingredient, as stated in the special provisions.  If use of ground
limestone is required, it shall then be spread at a rate that will
provide not less than the minimum quantity stated in the special
provisions.  These materials shall be incorporated into the soil to a
depth of not less than 2 inches (50 mm) by discing, raking, or other
methods acceptable to the Engineer.  Any stones larger than 2 inches (50
mm) in any diameter, large clods, roots, and other litter brought to the
surface by this operation shall be removed.

**904-3.4 OBTAINING AND DELIVERING SOD.**  After inspection and approval
of the source of sod by the Engineer, the sod shall be cut with approved
sod cutters to such a thickness that after it has been transported and
placed on the prepared bed, but before it has been compacted, it shall
have a uniform thickness of not less than 2 inches (50 mm).  Sod
sections or strips shall be cut in uniform widths, not less than 10
inches (250 mm), and in lengths of not less than 18 inches (45 cm), but
of such length as may be readily lifted without breaking, tearing, or
loss of soil.  Where strips are required, the sod must be rolled without
damage with the grass folded inside.  The Contractor may be required to
mow high grass before cutting sod.

The sod shall be transplanted within 24 hours from the time it is
stripped, unless circumstances beyond the Contractor\'s control make
storing necessary.  In such cases, sod shall be stacked, kept moist, and
protected from exposure to the air and sun and shall be kept from
freezing.  Sod shall be cut and moved only when the soil moisture
conditions are such that favorable results can be expected.  Where the
soil is too dry, permission to cut sod may be granted only after it has
been watered sufficiently to moisten the soil to the depth the sod is to
be cut.

**904-3.5 LAYING SOD.**  Sodding shall be performed only during the
seasons when satisfactory results can be expected.  Frozen sod shall not
be used and sod shall not be placed upon frozen soil.  Sod may be
transplanted during periods of drought with the approval of the
Engineer, provided the sod bed is watered to moisten the soil to a depth
of at least 4 inches (100 mm) immediately prior to laying the sod.

The sod shall be moist and shall be placed on a moist earth bed. Pitch
forks shall not be used to handle sod, and dumping from vehicles shall
not be permitted.  The sod shall be carefully placed by hand, edge to
edge and with staggered joints, in rows at right angles to the slopes,
commencing at the base of the area to be sodded and working upward.  The
sod shall immediately be pressed firmly into contact with the sod bed by
tamping or rolling with approved equipment to provide a true and even
surface, and insure knitting without displacement of the sod or
deformation of the surfaces of sodded areas.  Where the sod may be
displaced during sodding operations, the workmen when replacing it shall
work from ladders or treaded planks to prevent further displacement. 
Screened soil of good quality shall be used to fill all cracks between
sods.  The quantity of the fill soil shall not cause smothering of the
grass.  Where the grades are such that the flow of water will be from
paved surfaces across sodded areas, the surface of the soil in the sod
after compaction shall be set approximately 1 inch (25 mm) below the
pavement edge.  Where the flow will be over the sodded areas and onto
the paved surfaces around manholes and inlets, the surface of the soil
in the sod after compaction shall be placed flush with pavement edges.

On slopes steeper than 1 vertical to 2‑1/2 horizontal and in v‑shaped or
flat‑bottom ditches or gutters, the sod shall be pegged with wooden pegs
not less than 12 inches (300 mm) in length and have a cross‑sectional
area of not less than 3/4 square inch (18 square millimeter).  The pegs
shall be driven flush with the surface of the sod.

**904-3.6 WATERING.**  Adequate water and watering equipment must be on
hand before sodding begins, and sod shall be kept moist until it has
become established and its continued growth assured.  In all cases,
watering shall be done in a manner that will avoid erosion from the
application of excessive quantities and will avoid damage to the
finished surface.

**904-3.7 ESTABLISHING TURF.**

**a. General.**  The Contractor shall provide general care for the
sodded areas as soon as the sod has been laid and shall continue until
final inspection and acceptance of the work.

**b. Protection.**  All sodded areas shall be protected against traffic
or other use by warning signs or barricades approved by the Engineer.

**c. Mowing.**  The Contractor shall mow the sodded areas with approved
mowing equipment, depending upon climatic and growth conditions and the
needs for mowing specific areas.  In the event that weeds or other
undesirable vegetation are permitted to grow to such an extent that,
either cut or uncut, they threaten to smother the sodded species, they
shall be mowed and the clippings raked and removed from the area.

**904-3.8 REPAIRING.**  When the surface has become bullied or otherwise
damaged during the period covered by this contract, the affected areas
shall be repaired to re‑establish the grade and the condition of the
soil, as directed by the Engineer, and shall then be sodded as specified
in 904‑3.5.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

**904-4.1**  This item shall be measured on the basis of the area in
square yards (square meters) of the surface covered with sod and
accepted.

BASIS OF PAYMENT

**904-5.1**  This item will be paid for on the basis of the contract
unit price per square yard (square meter) for sodding, which price shall
be full compensation for all labor, equipment, material, staking, and
incidentals necessary to satisfactorily complete the items as specified.

Payment will be made under:

Item T‑904‑5.1 Sodding---per square yard (square meter)

**END OF ITEM T-904**

**Intentionally Left Blank**

### **ITEM T‑905  TOPSOILING**

DESCRIPTION

**905‑1.1**   This item shall consist of preparing the ground surface
for topsoil application, removing topsoil from designated stockpiles or
areas to be stripped on the site or from approved sources off the site,
and placing and spreading the topsoil on prepared areas in accordance
with this specification at the locations shown on the plans or as
directed by the Engineer.

MATERIALS

**905-2.1 TOPSOIL.**  Topsoil shall be the surface layer of soil with no
admixture of refuse or any material toxic to plant growth, and it shall
be reasonably free from subsoil and stumps, roots, brush, stones (2
inches or more in diameter), and clay lumps or similar objects.  Brush
and other vegetation that will not be incorporated with the soil during
handling operations shall be cut and removed.  Ordinary sods and
herbaceous growth such as grass and weeds are not to be removed but
shall be thoroughly broken up and intermixed with the soil during
handling operations.  The topsoil or soil mixture, unless otherwise
specified or approved, shall have a pH range of approximately 5.5 pH to
7.6 pH, when tested in accordance with the methods of testing of the
association of official agricultural chemists in effect on the date of
invitation of bids.  The organic content shall be not less than 3% nor
more than 20% as determined by the wet‑combustion method (chromic acid
reduction).  There shall be not less than 20% nor more than 80% of the
material passing the 200 mesh (0.075 mm) sieve as determined by the wash
test in accordance with ASTM C 117.

Natural topsoil may be amended by the Contractor with approved materials
and methods to meet the above specifications.

**905-2.2 INSPECTION AND TESTS.**  Within 10 days following acceptance
of the bid, the Engineer shall be notified of the source of topsoil to
be furnished by the Contractor.  The topsoil shall be inspected to
determine if the selected soil meets the requirements specified and to
determine the depth to which stripping will be permitted.  At this time,
the Contractor may be required to take representative soil samples from
several locations within the area under consideration and to the
proposed stripping depths, for testing purposes as specified in 905‑2.1.

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

**905‑3.1  GENERAL.**  Areas to be topsoiled shall be shown on the
plans.  If topsoil is available on the site, the location of the
stockpiles or areas to be stripped of topsoil and the stripping depths
shall be shown on the plans.

Suitable equipment necessary for proper preparation and treatment of the
ground surface, stripping of topsoil, and for the handling and placing
of all required materials shall be on hand, in good condition, and
approved by the Engineer before the various operations are started.

**905-3.2 PREPARING THE GROUND SURFACE.**  Immediately prior to dumping
and spreading the topsoil on any area, the surface shall be loosened by
discs or spike‑tooth harrows, or by other means approved by the
Engineer, to a minimum depth of 2 inches (50 mm) to facilitate bonding
of the topsoil to the covered subgrade soil.  The surface of the area to
be topsoiled shall be cleared of all stones larger than 2 inches (50 mm)
in any diameter and all litter or other material which may be
detrimental to proper bonding, the rise of capillary moisture, or the
proper growth of the desired planting.  Limited areas, as shown on the
plans, which are too compact to respond to these operations shall
receive special scarification.

Grades on the area to be topsoiled, which have been established by
others as shown on the plans, shall be maintained in a true and even
condition.  Where grades have not been established, the areas shall be
smooth‑graded and the surface left at the prescribed grades in an even
and properly compacted condition to prevent, insofar as practical, the
formation of low places or pockets where water will stand.

**905-3.3 OBTAINING TOPSOIL.**  Prior to the stripping of topsoil from
designated areas, any vegetation, briars, stumps and large roots,
rubbish or stones found on such areas, which may interfere with
subsequent operations, shall be removed using methods approved by the
Engineer.  Heavy sod or other cover, which cannot be incorporated into
the topsoil by discing or other means shall be removed.

When suitable topsoil is available on the site, the Contractor shall
remove this material from the designated areas and to the depth as
directed by the Engineer.  The topsoil shall be spread on areas already
tilled and smooth‑graded, or stockpiled in areas approved by the
Engineer.  Any topsoil stockpiled by the Contractor shall be rehandled
and placed without additional compensation.  Any topsoil that has been
stockpiled on the site by others, and is required for topsoiling
purposes, shall be removed and placed by the Contractor.  The sites of
all stockpiles and areas adjacent thereto which have been disturbed by
the Contractor shall be graded if required and put into a condition
acceptable for seeding.

When suitable topsoil is secured off the airport site, the Contractor
shall locate and obtain the supply, subject to the approval of the
Engineer.  The Contractor shall notify the Engineer sufficiently in
advance of operations in order that necessary measurements and tests can
be made.  The Contractor shall remove the topsoil from approved areas
and to the depth as directed.  The topsoil shall be hauled to the site
of the work and placed for spreading, or spread as required.  Any
topsoil hauled to the site of the work and stockpiled shall be rehandled
and placed without additional compensation.

**905-3.4 PLACING TOPSOIL.**  The topsoil shall be evenly spread on the
prepared areas to a uniform depth of 2 inches (50 mm) after compaction,
unless otherwise shown on the plans or stated in the special
provisions.  Spreading shall not be done when the ground or topsoil is
frozen, excessively wet, or otherwise in a condition detrimental to the
work.  Spreading shall be carried on so that turfing operations can
proceed with a minimum of soil preparation or tilling.

After spreading, any large, stiff clods and hard lumps shall be broken
with a pulverizer or by other effective means, and all stones or rocks
(2 inches (50 mm) or more in diameter), roots, litter, or any foreign
matter shall be raked up and disposed of by the Contractor.  after
spreading is completed, the topsoil shall be satisfactorily compacted by
rolling with a cultipacker or by other means approved by the Engineer. 
The compacted topsoil surface shall conform to the required lines,
grades, and cross sections.  Any topsoil or other dirt falling upon
pavements as a result of hauling or handling of topsoil shall be
promptly removed.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

**905-4.1**  Topsoil obtained on the site shall be measured by the
number of cubic yards (cubic meters) of topsoil measured in its original
position and stripped or excavated.  Topsoil stockpiled by others and
removed for topsoiling by the Contractor shall be measured by the number
of cubic yards (cubic meters) of topsoil measured in the stockpile. 
Topsoil shall be measured by volume in cubic yards (cubic meters)
computed by the method of end areas.

**905-4.2**  Topsoil obtained off the site shall be measured by the
number of cubic yards (cubic meters) of topsoil measured in its original
position and stripped or excavated.  Topsoil shall be measured by volume
in cubic yards (meters) computed by the method of end areas.

BASIS OF PAYMENT

**905-5.1**  Payment will be made at the contract unit price per cubic
yard (cubic meter) for topsoiling (obtained on the site).  This price
shall be full compensation for furnishing all materials and for all
preparation, placing, and spreading of the materials, and for all labor,
equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the item.

**905-5.2**  Payment will be made at the contract unit price per cubic
yard (cubic meter) for topsoiling (obtained off the site).  This price
shall be full compensation for furnishing all materials and for all
preparation, placing, and spreading of the materials, and for all labor,
equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the item.

Payment will be made under:

Item T‑905‑5.1 Topsoiling (Obtained on Site or Removed from
Stockpile---per cubic yard (cubic meter)

Item T‑905‑5.2 Topsoiling (Furnished from Off the Site)---per cubic yard
(cubic meter)

TESTING MATERIALS

ASTM C 117 Materials Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral
Aggregates by Washing

**END OF ITEM T-905**

**Intentionally Left Blank**

### **ITEM T‑907  TILLING**

DESCRIPTION

**907‑1.1**   This item shall consist of preparing the surface of areas
for dust control or erosion control in accordance with this
specification at the locations shown on the plans or as directed by the
Engineer.

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

**907‑3.1  GENERAL.**  Areas to be tilled and areas requiring special
attention and tilling shall be shown on the plans.

The tilling work shall be performed only during periods when beneficial
and satisfactory results can be reasonably expected.  The work shall be
stopped when it is unlikely that the desired results will be obtained,
due to excessive drought, moisture conditions, or other factors, and
resumed only when the conditions again are favorable.

Suitable equipment necessary for proper tilling and for handling all
required materials shall be on hand, in good operating condition, and
approved by the Engineer before the various operations are started.

**907-3.2 TILLING.**

**a. General.**  Prior to the commencement of tilling operations, all
heavy growths of vegetation on areas shown on the plans to be tilled
shall be mowed, raked and burned, used for mulch if suitable, or hauled
off the site, as directed by the Engineer.

During tilling operations, the ground surface shall be kept cleared of
all cable, wire, or any other waste materials that might hinder final
grading, planting, or subsequent maintenance operations.  Any
irregularities in the surface resulting from tilling or other operations
of the Contractor shall be corrected insofar as practical to prevent the
formation of low places and pockets where water will stand.

The proper graded areas shall be tilled by the Contractor with suitable
plows, discs, scarifying machines, or other power‑drawn implements
approved by the Engineer.

**b. For Dust and Erosion Control.**  The areas to be tilled for dust or
erosion control shall be loosened to a depth of at least 4 inches (10
cm) by a tiller tool so that clods will be left on the surface of the
ground.  In areas where such penetration cannot be accomplished by a
tiller tool in one operation, a heavy scarifier shall be used first.  On
areas 250 feet (76 m) or more from the centerline of runways, as shown
on the plans, on which scarifiers will not produce clods of sufficient
size and quantity to provide adequate control by the above operation,
furrows shall be opened on approximately 36‑inch (90 cm) centers to a
depth of 5 inches (12 cm) by using an approved type lister.  Tilling
operations shall commence on the windward side of the field and at right
angles to the prevailing wind except on runway shoulders, where they
shall be parallel to the pavements.  Equipment and operations, other
than those specified above, may be used subject to the approval of the
Engineer.

**907-3.3 SMOOTH GRADING.**  Where final grades have been established by
others, they shall be shown on the plans.  Where grades have not been
established, the areas shall be smooth graded and the surfaces left at
the prescribed grades in an even and properly compacted condition which,
insofar as practical, will prevent the formation of low places and
pockets where water will stand.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

**907-4.1**  Tilling shall be measured by the number of acres (square
meter), measured by surface area, tilled, smooth graded, and accepted.

BASIS OF PAYMENT

**907-5.1**  Payment will be made at the contract unit price per acre
(square meter) for tilling.  This price shall be full compensation for
furnishing all materials and for all preparation, operation and smooth
grading, and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary
to complete the item.

Payment will be made under:

Item T‑907‑5.1 Tilling---per acre (square meter)

**END OF ITEM T-907**

### **ITEM T‑908  MULCHING**

DESCRIPTION

**908‑1.1**   This item shall consist of furnishing, hauling, placing,
and securing mulch on surfaces indicated on the plans or designated by
the Engineer.

MATERIALS

**908‑2.1  MULCH MATERIAL.**  Acceptable mulch shall be the materials
listed below or any approved locally available material that is similar
to those specified.  Low grade, musty, spoiled, partially rotted hay,
straw, or other materials unfit for animal consumption will be
acceptable.  Mulch materials, which contain matured seed of species that
would volunteer and be detrimental to the proposed overseeding, or to
surrounding farm land, will not be acceptable.  Straw or other mulch
material which is fresh and/or excessively brittle, or which is in such
an advanced stage of decomposition as to smother or retard the planted
grass, will not be acceptable.

**a. Hay.**  Hay shall be native hay, sudan grass hay, broomsedge hay,
legume hay, or similar hay or grass clippings.

**b. Straw.**  Straw shall be the threshed plant residue of oats, wheat,
barley, rye, or rice from which grain has been removed.

**c. Hay Mulch Containing Seed.**  Hay mulch shall be mature hay
containing viable seed of native grasses or other desirable species
stated in the special provisions or as approved by the Engineer.  The
hay shall be cut and handled so as to preserve the maximum quantity of
viable seed.  Hay mulch that cannot be hauled and spread immediately
after cutting shall be placed in weather‑resistant stacks or baled and
stored in a dry location until used.

**d. Manufactured Mulch.**  Cellulose‑fiber or wood‑pulp mulch shall be
products commercially available for use in spray applications.

**e. Asphalt Binder.**  Asphalt binder material shall conform to the
requirements of ASTM D 977, Type SS‑1 or RS‑1.

**908-2.2 INSPECTION.**  Within 5 days after acceptance of the bid, the
Engineer shall be notified of sources and quantities of mulch materials
available and the Contractor shall furnish him with representative
samples of the materials to be used.  These samples may be used as
standards with the approval of the Engineer and any materials brought on
the site that do not meet these standards shall be rejected.

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

**908-3.1 MULCHING.**  Before spreading mulch, all large clods, stumps,
stones, brush, roots, and other foreign material shall be removed from
the area to be mulched.  Mulch shall be applied immediately after
seeding.  The spreading of the mulch may be by hand methods, blower, or
other mechanical methods, provided a uniform covering is obtained.

Mulch material shall be furnished, hauled, and evenly applied on the
area shown on the plans or designated by the Engineer.  Straw or hay
shall be spread over the surface to a uniform thickness at the rate of 2
to 3 tons per acre (1800‑2700 kg per acre) to provide a loose depth of
not less than 1‑1/2 inches (37 cm) nor more than 3 inches (75 mm). 
Other organic material shall be spread at the rate directed by the
Engineer.  Mulch may be blown on the slopes and the use of cutters in
the equipment for this purpose will be permitted to the extent that at
least 95% of the mulch in place on the slope shall be 6 inches (150 mm)
or more in length.  When mulches applied by the blowing method are cut,
the loose depth in place shall be not less than 1 inch (25 mm) nor more
than 2 inches (50 mm).

**908-3.2 SECURING MULCH.**  The mulch shall be held in place by light
discing, a very thin covering of topsoil, small brush, pins, stakes,
wire mesh, asphalt binder, or other adhesive material approved by the
Engineer.  Where mulches have been secured by either of the asphalt
binder methods, it will not be permissible to walk on the slopes after
the binder has been applied.  The Contractor is warned that in the
application of asphalt binder material he must take every precaution to
guard against damaging or disfiguring structures or property on or
adjacent to the areas worked and that he will be held responsible for
any such damage resulting from his/her operations.

If the "peg and string" method is used, the mulch shall be secured by
the use of stakes or wire pins driven into the ground on 5‑foot (150 m)
centers or less.  Binder twine shall be strung between adjacent stakes
in straight lines and crisscrossed diagonally over the mulch, after
which the stakes shall be firmly driven nearly flush to the ground to
draw the twine down tight onto the mulch.

**908-3.3 CARE AND REPAIR.**

**a.**  The Contractor shall care for the mulched areas until final
acceptance of the project.  Such care shall consist of providing
protection against traffic or other use by placing warning signs, as
approved by the Engineer, and erecting any barricades that may be shown
on the plans before or immediately after mulching has been completed on
the designated areas.

**b.**  The Contractor shall be required to repair or replace any
mulching that is defective or becomes damaged until the project is
finally accepted.  When, in the judgment of the Engineer, such defects
or damages are the result of poor workmanship or failure to meet the
requirements of the specifications, the cost of the necessary repairs or
replacement shall be borne by the Contractor.  However, once the
Contractor has completed the mulching of any area in accordance with the
provisions of the specifications and to the satisfaction of the
Engineer, no additional work at his/her expense will be required, but
subsequent repairs and replacements deemed necessary by the Engineer
shall be made by the Contractor and will be paid for as additional or
extra work.

**c.**  If the "asphalt spray" method is used, all mulched surfaces
shall be sprayed with asphalt binder material so that the surface has a
uniform appearance.  The binder shall be uniformly applied to the mulch
at the rate of approximately 8.0 gallons (32 liters) per 1,000 square
feet (100 square meters), or as directed by the Engineer, with a minimum
of 6.0 gallons (24 liters) and a maximum of 10 gallons (40 liters) per
1,000 square feet (100 square meters) depending on the type of mulch and
the effectiveness of the binder securing it.  Bituminous binder material
may be sprayed on the mulched slope areas from either the top or the
bottom of the slope.  An approved spray nozzle shall be used.  The
nozzle shall be operated at a distance of not less than 4 feet (120 cm)
from the surface of the mulch and uniform distribution of the bituminous
material shall be required.  A pump or an air compressor of adequate
capacity shall be used to insure uniform distribution of the bituminous
material.

**d.**  If the "asphalt mix" method is used, the mulch shall be applied
by blowing, and the asphalt binder material shall be sprayed into the
mulch as it leaves the blower.  The binder shall be uniformly applied to
the mulch at the rate of approximately 8.0 gallons (32 liters) per 1,000
square feet (100 square meters) or as directed by the Engineer, with a
minimum of 6.0 gallons (24 liters) and a maximum of 10 gallons (40
liters) per 1,000 square feet (100 square meters) depending on the type
of mulch and the effectiveness of the binder securing it.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

**908-4.1**  Mulching shall be measured in square yards (square meters)
on the basis of the actual surface area acceptably mulched.

BASIS OF PAYMENT

**908-5.1**  Payment will be made at the contract unit price per square
yard (square meter) for mulching.  The price shall be full compensation
for furnishing all materials and for placing and anchoring the
materials, and for all labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals
necessary to complete the item.

Payment will be made under:

Item T‑908‑5.1 Mulching---per square yard (square meter)

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

ASTM D 977 Emulsified Asphalt

**END OF ITEM T-908**

**Intentionally Left Blank**