+------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ![](me                 | **PubMed^®^**                               |
| dia/image1.png){width= |                                             |
| "1.8270833333333334in" | **Training**                                |
| height="               |                                             |
| 1.8270833333333334in"} |                                             |
+------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

RSNA 2008

**NLM PubMed/MEDLINE Basics:**

**Finding What You Need in Radiology**

# 

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="0.7923611111111111in"   *This workbook has been made available through the
  height="0.7590277777777777in"}                        efforts of the National Network of Libraries of
                                                        Medicine and is funded by in part or whole by NLM
                                                        under contract No. NLM-N01-LM-6-3503.*

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

**NLM PubMed/MEDLINE Basics**

**Agenda**

> **Overview**
>
> National Library of Medicine
>
> Medline PubMed
>
> **Dissect the search interface**
>
> Doing a Basic Search
>
> Limiting a Search
>
> Display Features
>
> Print and save Features
>
> **Other Features**
>
> Related Articles Feature
>
> Links and LinkOut
>
> My NCBI (saved searches and collections)
>
> Questions/ Wrap-up
>
> CME credit procedures
>
> Clinic Time

Class time: 90 minutes. 1.5 CE

Learning Objectives:

> 1\. Understand how PubMed constructs a query and how to develop and
> refine effective search strategies in radiology
>
> 2\. Use My NCBI to personalize PubMed, store searches and create email
> alerts
>
> 3\. Use other tools in PubMed, including Related Articles, LinkOut and
> the Single Citation Matcher

**PubMed/MEDLINE Searching in Radiology**

**Agenda**

[General Information 1](#general-information)

[National Library of Medicine 1](#__RefHeading___Toc215486830)

[National Network of Libraries of Medicine®
3](#national-network-of-libraries-of-medicine)

[NLM Customer Service 4](#nlm-customer-service)

[PubMed Overview 6](#__RefHeading___Toc215486833)

[Citation Status Tags 7](#__RefHeading___Toc215486834)

[Sidebar 9](#__RefHeading___Toc215486835)

[Searching with PubMed 11](#__RefHeading___Toc215486836)

[Subject Searching 12](#__RefHeading___Toc215486837)

[PubMed Automatic Term Mapping 12](#__RefHeading___Toc215486838)

[Phrase Searching 16](#__RefHeading___Toc215486839)

[Truncation 17](#__RefHeading___Toc215486840)

[Spell Check Feature 17](#__RefHeading___Toc215486841)

[Citation Sensor 18](#__RefHeading___Toc215486842)

[PubMed Stopwords 18](#__RefHeading___Toc215486843)

[Navigating Your Results 19](#__RefHeading___Toc215486844)

[Display Bar Selections 20](#__RefHeading___Toc215486845)

[Retrieval Summary Line 28](#__RefHeading___Toc215486846)

[Advanced Search 29](#__RefHeading___Toc215486847)

[Details 29](#__RefHeading___Toc215486848)

[PubMed Search History 31](#pubmed-search-history)

[Search by Author, Journal, Publication Date, and more
33](#__RefHeading___Toc215486850)

[Limit by Topics, Languages, and Journal Groups
35](#__RefHeading___Toc215486851)

[Index of Fields and Field Values 37](#index-of-fields-and-field-values)

[Focused Queries 38](#focused-queries)

[Related Articles 39](#__RefHeading___Toc215486854)

[LinkOut 41](#__RefHeading___Toc215486855)

[My NCBI 43](#__RefHeading___Toc215486856)

[Saving Searches 44](#__RefHeading___Toc215486857)

[Setting Automatic Updating 45](#__RefHeading___Toc215486858)

[My Bibliography 47](#my-bibliography)

[Collections 48](#collections)

[Practice Exercises 51](#__RefHeading___Toc215486861)

# General Information

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486830 .anchor}**National Library of Medicine**
-- **www.nlm.nih.gov**

+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| ![](media/image3.png)                         | *Click here for      |
|                                               | **PubMed***          |
|                                               |                      |
|                                               | *Click here for      |
|                                               | consumer health      |
|                                               | information.*        |
|                                               |                      |
|                                               | *Click here for a    |
|                                               | listing of clinical  |
|                                               | trials.*             |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+

**MedlinePlus*® --* www.[medlineplus.gov](http://medlineplus.gov/)**

**NLM\'s Consumer Information site**

-   Designed to direct consumers to resources containing information
    that will assist in researching their health questions

-   Site is updated daily and contains more than 750 health topics, 175
    tutorials, and 200 surgery videos, plus a medical dictionary and
    herbal supplement information

-   Information also available in Spanish

-   For comprehensive and authoritative health information - and for the
    latest news, current treatments and images - MedlinePlus should be
    your first stop on the web

**ClinicalTrials.gov --
[www.clinicaltrials.gov](http://clinicaltrials.gov/)**

-   Information on clinical trials for a wide range of diseases and
    conditions

-   Over 65,000 clinical studies throughout the United States and in 158
    countries

-   Consumers can search ClinicalTrials.gov by disease or condition,
    treatment, trial phase, location and/or name of researcher

-   Links to other resources including PubMed article citations

  ----------------------------------------------- -----------------------
  ![](media/image3.png)                           *Click here for a
                                                  comprehensive listing
                                                  of all the NLM
                                                  databases and
                                                  resources*

  ----------------------------------------------- -----------------------

**Drug Information Portal -- http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/**

-   Quick access to over 15,000 selected drugs from the U.S. and
    internationally

-   Search across NLM databases including DailyMed with includes FDA
    approved labels/package inserts, consumer health -- consumer health,
    TOXNET -- toxicological data and literature, ClinicalTrials,gov and
    AIDSInfo

-   The standard, search by a drug's trade name or the generic name

**Dietary Supplements Labels Database --
http://dietarysupplements.nlm.nih.gov/**

-   Offers information on the ingredients of over 2,000 brands of
    dietary supplements sold in the United States

-   Enables users to determine what ingredients are in specific brands
    and to compare ingredients in different brands

-   Links to MedlinePlus® and PubMed® to understand the characteristics
    of ingredients and related research including: uses in humans,
    adverse effects and mechanism of action

+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ##             | ##                                                  |
|                |                                                     |
| ![](medi       | ## National Network of Libraries of Medicine®       |
| a/image4.png){ |                                                     |
| width="1.36458 | ##                                                  |
| 33333333333in" |                                                     |
| he             | **NN/LM Web site: http://nnlm.gov**                 |
| ight="1.197916 |                                                     |
| 6666666667in"} | **Toll free phone number: 1-800-338-7657**          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

Medical libraries throughout the United States are joined together in a
network, along with public libraries and other related organizations.
The purpose of the **National Network of Libraries of Medicine
(NN/LM®)** is to provide health science practitioners, investigators,
educators, and administrators in the United States with timely,
convenient access to biomedical and health care information resources.

-   The network is administered by the National Library of Medicine

-   NN/LM consists of eight Regional Medical Libraries (major
    institutions under contract with NLM), and nearly 5,700 Primary
    Access Libraries (primarily at hospitals)

-   The Regional Medical Libraries administer and coordinate services in
    the network\'s eight geographical regions

**Document Delivery**

**Loansome Doc®** offers full-text document ordering.

This feature is part of PubMed and the NLM Gateway.

> More information on Loansome Doc may be found on factsheets found at
> the NLM Web site:
>
> **Loansome Doc:** www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/loansome_doc.html

**DOCLINE®** is the computerized interlibrary loan system that is the
foundation for

Loansome Doc. Libraries around the country are a part of this system.

> More information on DOCLINE may be found on factsheets found at the
> NLM Web site:
>
> **DOCLINE:** www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/docline.html

**Alternative delivery services** are available through My NCBI.

## NLM Customer Service

Contact NLM if you need assistance or have questions about NLM's
products or services -- and if you have suggestions or recommendations
for their products.

**E-mail: custserv@nlm.nih.gov**

**Toll-Free Phone**: **1-888-FINDNLM** (1-888-346-3656)

Monday-Friday 8:30 AM -- 9:00 PM ET

Saturday 9:00 AM -- 5:00 PM ET

(closed Sundays & Federal holidays)

**Webform:** for comments and suggestions

On the NLM home page, click on **Contact NLM**:

![](media/image5.png){width="4.728472222222222in" height="0.21875in"}

You will be taken to this screen:

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image6.png)

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**Subscribe to NLM's Weekly Updates**

This mailing list will alert you when new information has been added to
the NLM Web site.

For example:

-   *NLM Technical Bulletin* updates

-   Revisions to training manuals

-   Other important NLM announcements and events

Go to **http://list.nih.gov/archives/nlm-announces.html** and click on
**Join or leave the list (or change settings)** *or*

1.  From the NLM home page click on **About the National Library of
    Medicine**

2.  In the left hand column, click **Sign up**

3.  Click **NLM-Announces**

4.  Click on **Join or leave the list (or change settings)**

**Additional Ways to Keep Current**

There are a variety of ways to keep up-to-date with the latest NLM
resources and changes to existing database:

-   NLM RSS Feeds for News, Podcasts, and Webcasts:
    <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/listserv/rss_podcasts.html>

-   NLM Email Lists: <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/listserv/emaillists.html>

> Including MedlinePlus lists, *NLM Tox-Enviro-Health-L* and
> *NLM-Announces*.

-   The *NLM Technical Bulletin:*
    <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/>

> ![](media/image7.jpeg){width="6.188194444444444in"
> height="1.738888888888889in"}Bi-monthly newsletter for NLM online
> searchers. Information on new additions to the *NLM Technical
> Bulletin* is available via email and RSS feed.

![](media/image8.png){width="4.083333333333333in" height="0.625in"}

**www.pubmed.gov**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486833 .anchor}**PubMed Overview**

-   PubMed is a database developed by the National Center for
    Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine
    (NLM) available on the Web. It is one of several databases under
    NCBI's Entrez retrieval system

-   PubMed, a database of 18.5 million bibliographic citations back to
    the 1860s and including citations of recently published articles not
    yet fully indexed for MEDLINE

-   PubMed provides access to MEDLINE^®^, a database of 17 million
    bibliographic citations going back to the 1900's, with the major
    indexing beginning in 1950

-   PubMed also has links to the full‑text of articles at participating
    publishers' Web sites, biological data, sequence centers, etc. from
    third parties; and from PubMed Central

-   PubMed provides links to the integrated molecular biology databases
    maintained by NCBI. These databases contain: DNA and protein
    sequences, genome mapping data, and 3‑D protein structures, aligned
    sequences from populations, and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in
    Man® (OMIM) database

**Interrelationships between Entrez Databases**

-   Links between MEDLINE records and sequence records make it easy to
    find MEDLINE abstracts associated with sequence records and vice
    versa

-   The following diagram illustrates the relationships between some of
    the information resources in Entrez:

![](media/image9.png){width="3.3541666666666665in"
height="2.1319444444444446in"}

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486834 .anchor}**Citation Status Tags**

**Publisher Supplied Citations**

-   These are citations that are supplied electronically by publishers
    directly to PubMed. The citations are then forwarded to NLM's Index
    Section to be processed. (Not all citations are supplied
    electronically)

-   Citations received electronically have the status tag: **\[PubMed -
    as supplied by publisher\]**

-   Citations sent to PubMed before they are available in print include
    the tag: **\[Epub ahead of print\]**

> **Sample PubMed citations that were submitted electronically but
> processing has not yet begun:**

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Notice   | ![](media/image10.png){width="4.801388888888889in"       |
| the       | height="0.6909722222222222in"}                           |
| \[PubMed  |                                                          |
| -- as     | ![](media/image11.png){width="4.28125in"                 |
| supplied  | height="0.7708333333333334in"}                           |
| by        |                                                          |
| pu        |                                                          |
| blisher\] |                                                          |
| status    |                                                          |
| tags.*    |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

**In Process**

-   These citations are being reviewed for inclusion in MEDLINE and, if
    in scope, subsequently are indexed with Medical Subject Headings
    (MeSH) vocabulary. In addition the bibliographic data in these
    records is being checked for accuracy

-   In process records carry the status tag: **\[PubMed -- in
    process\]**

> **Sample of an In Process citation in PubMed:**

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  *Notice the  ![](media/image12.png){width="4.543055555555555in"
  \[PubMed --  height="0.9840277777777777in"}
  in process\] 
  status tag.* 

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

**MEDLINE**

-   This is NLM's premier bibliographic database, and a subset of
    PubMed, which covers the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry,
    veterinary medicine, the health care system, the preclinical
    sciences and other areas of the life sciences

-   MEDLINE records contain bibliographic citations and in most cases
    author abstracts from more than **5,000 biomedical journals**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Most records are from English-language sources or have English
    abstracts

-   Approximately 55% of MEDLINE records include abstracts

-   MEDLINE includes over 17 million records from 1902 to the present;
    the indexing program began in 1950 and nearly all records are after
    that date

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   At the "In Process" step, 10 to 15 Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    terms (NLM's controlled vocabulary terms) and other indexing terms
    are added to a citation. These records are also checked for
    bibliographic accuracy. After this step is completed, the citations
    graduate to become MEDLINE records

-   Fully indexed MEDLINE records carry the status tag **\[PubMed --
    indexed for MEDLINE\].** It may take from two weeks to over one year
    and a half for a record to processed and become a MEDLINE citation

> **Sample MEDLINE citation in PubMed:**
>
> ![](media/image13.png){width="3.7291666666666665in"
> height="0.8020833333333334in"}

**\[PubMed\] Citation**

-   Some citations received electronically from publishers never become
    MEDLINE citations and are not indexed with MeSH terms. This occurs
    when an article is out-of-scope for MEDLINE (such as a geology
    article in a general scientific journal like *Science* or *Nature*).
    These include:

    -   Out-of-scope articles from selectively indexed MEDLINE journals;

    -   Articles from issues of journals published prior to selection
        for MEDLINE indexing; and

    -   Articles from non-MEDLINE journals.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   These records generally have the status tag: **\[PubMed\]**

> **Sample citation for an article that is out of scope for MEDLINE:**
>
> ![](media/image14.png){width="4.479166666666667in" height="0.78125in"}

**PubMed's Home Page**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486835 .anchor}Sidebar

  ------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image15.jpeg){width="1.8743055555555554in"   **About Entrez** -- Click here to find out more
  height="7.177083333333333in"}                          about NCBI's Entrez databases.

                                                         **Text Version** - specifically for users who
                                                         require special adaptive equipment to access the
                                                         Web and use PubMed.

                                                         **Entrez PubMed**

                                                         The **Overview** provides a detailed description
                                                         of the PubMed database including database
                                                         coverage and PubMed journal information.

                                                         Click on **Help** to access the online PubMed
                                                         Help manual which includes all the features and
                                                         search and retrieval options within PubMed.
                                                         **FAQ**s are frequently asked questions and
                                                         answers about PubMed.

                                                         Click on **Tutorials** for access to Web-based,
                                                         interactive training programs for PubMed, My NCBI
                                                         and MeSH and to download helpful brochures.

                                                         **New/Noteworthy** provides information about
                                                         PubMed system enhancements. It is also available
                                                         as an RSS Feed.

                                                         **E-Utilities** are tools that provide access to
                                                         Entrez data outside of the regular web query
                                                         interface.

                                                         **PubMed Services**

                                                         Use the **Journals Database** to search for
                                                         journals and create journal searches (such as
                                                         tables of citation contents) in PubMed.

                                                         The **MeSH Database** allows you to find and
                                                         select terms from the MeSH vocabulary and create
                                                         complex searches in PubMed

                                                         The **Single Citation Matcher** allows you to
                                                         locate a specific article.

                                                         The **Batch Citation Matcher** is a tool for
                                                         publishers.

                                                         The **Clinical Queries** page was designed for
                                                         clinicians and has built-in search "filters"
                                                         including systematic reviews.

                                                         The **Special Queries** link provides access to a
                                                         directory of topic-specific PubMed queries.

                                                         **LinkOut** provides users with links from PubMed
                                                         and other Entrez databases to relevant
                                                         web-accessible online resources including
                                                         full-text publications.

                                                         **My NCBI** allows you to store search strategies
                                                         and citations and to set email updates of
                                                         searches. This feature also lets you set filters
                                                         to group your retrieval by topics of interest.

                                                         **Related Resources**

                                                         **Order Documents** is a link to the Loansome Doc
                                                         feature to order full‑text copies of articles
                                                         from a local library (local fees and delivery
                                                         methods vary).

                                                         **NLM Mobile** links to WISER, MD on Tap, and
                                                         other PDA accessible resources.

                                                         Click on **NLM Catalog** to access NLM
                                                         bibliographic data for journals, books,
                                                         audiovisuals, computer software, electronic
                                                         resources, and other materials.

                                                         Click on the **NLM Gateway** to access NLM's
                                                         other Web-based service that also provides access
                                                         to PubMed/MEDLINE and additional NLM databases.

                                                         **TOXNET** has databases on toxicology, hazardous
                                                         chemicals, and related areas.

                                                         **Consumer Health** is a link to MedlinePlus,
                                                         NLM's Web site for consumer health information.

                                                         **Clinical Alerts** expedite the release of
                                                         findings from the NIH‑funded clinical trials that
                                                         could significantly affect morbidity and
                                                         mortality.

                                                         Click on **ClinicalTrials.gov** to access the
                                                         NIH/NLM Web site to locate clinical research
                                                         studies open to participation.

                                                         **PubMed Central** is an archive of full text
                                                         articles from life science journals. Access is
                                                         free and unrestricted.
  ------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------

**[N]{.underline} [O]{.underline} [T]{.underline} [E]{.underline}
[S]{.underline}**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486836 .anchor}**Searching with PubMed**

-   PubMed provides many methods of searching to meet users' individual
    needs. You can run a simple search by entering a few search terms in
    the query box or construct complex search strategies using Boolean
    operators. On the Results screen, PubMed may include:

    -   Recent Activity

    -   Related Articles

    -   Patient Drug Information

-   You can also and using the various functions provided in the
    Advanced Search feature including these tools:

    -   Details

    -   PubMed Search History

    -   Search by Author, Journal, Publication Date, and more

    -   Limit by Topics, Languages, and Journal Groups

    -   Index of Fields and Field Values

    -   Focused Queries

-   In addition, these services are also available:

    -   My NCBI

    -   The Journals Database (covered in the Advanced Class)

    -   The MeSH Database (covered in the Advanced Class)

    -   Single Citation Matcher

    -   Clinical Queries & Systematic Reviews (covered in the Advanced
        Class)

    -   Special Queries

    -   LinkOut

-   Additional help and tutorials may be found at:

> ![](media/image16.jpeg){width="1.7659722222222223in"
> height="1.50625in"}

-   PubMed Help -- an online help manual

-   FAQ -- PubMed Frequently Asked Questions

-   Tutorials -- includes

    -   Web-based tutorial;

    -   Quick Tours, three to five minute videos on searching PubMed, on
        My NCBI and on the MeSH database

    -   Links to additional recordings and videos

    -   Links to downloadable handouts

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   PubMed makes use of **cookies** and **JavaScript** from
  height="0.8305555555555556in"}                         your Web browser for several functions. For more
                                                         information about cookies, see PubMed's Help.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486837 .anchor}**Subject Searching**

**Search:** *Find citations to articles about cat scans and the brain.*

![](media/image18.jpeg){width="6.5in" height="0.6in"}

**Entering Search Terms**

-   Enter significant terms in the query box (e.g., ***ct scan
    brain***).

-   Click on the **Go** button.

-   Use the **Clear** button to erase the contents of the query box.

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc215486838 .anchor}**PubMed Automatic Term
    Mapping**

**Unqualified terms that are entered in the query box are matched
against (in this order):**

1.  MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) Translation Table

2.  Journals Translation Table

3.  Full Author Translation table

4.  Author Index

5.  Full Investigator (Collaborator) translation table

6.  Investigator (Collaborator) index

1\. **MeSH Translation Table** contains:

-   MeSH Headings

-   MeSH Subheadings

-   Publication Types

-   Entry Term mappings (also known as synonyms) for MeSH terms

-   Pharmacologic action terms

-   Mappings derived from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)

-   Supplementary Concepts and synonyms to the Supplementary Concepts

If a match is found in this translation table:

-   The term will be mapped to the appropriate MeSH term and searched as
    MeSH

-   The searcher's term will be searched in all fields

-   In the case of Entry Terms, a "mapped to" MeSH term will also be
    searched in the title and abstract fields in citations that have yet
    been assigned MeSH terms

-   **NEW:** In the case of a phrase, the words will be split apart and
    each term searched separately in all fields, then combined (ANDed)
    together

> **Search Example:**
> ![](media/image19.jpeg){width="3.872916666666667in"
> height="0.3923611111111111in"}
>
> **PubMed's Translation** (Click *Advanced Search*, then *Details*):
>
> *\"tomography, x-ray computed\"\[MeSH Terms\]* OR \"x-ray computed
> tomography\"\[All Fields\] OR *(\"tomography\"\[All Fields\] AND
> \"x-ray\"\[All Fields\] AND \"computed\"\[All Fields\])* OR \"ct
> scan\"\[All Fields\] OR *(\"ct\"\[All Fields\] AND \"scan\"\[All
> Fields\])*

-   *CT Scan* is an Entry Term for the MeSH term, *Tomography, X-Ray
    Computed*

-   Note how each of the terms are searched separately, then combined
    (ANDed) together. Go to **Details** in **Advanced Search** to
    eliminate search combinations that are not desired

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   When a term is searched as a MeSH Heading, PubMed
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         automatically searches that heading and the more specific
                                                         headings underneath in the hierarchy. This is called
                                                         exploding a term.

                                                         For example, when searched as a MeSH Term, PubMed will
                                                         search the heading Exanthema as well as the more specific
                                                         term(s) in the hierarchy:
  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image20.jpeg){width="3.7284722222222224in"
height="0.7722222222222223in"}

**2. Journals Translation Table** contains:

-   Full journal title

-   MEDLINE title abbreviation

-   International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)

> **Example:**
>
> ![](media/image21.png){width="5.766666666666667in" height="0.3625in"}
>
> **PubMed's Translation**: *\"J Am Coll Radiol\"\[Journal\]*

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   If the journal is entered without using the journal tag,
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         \[journal\], both the phrase and the PubMed translation
                                                         are searched. Also, the individual terms may be searched
                                                         and combined (ANDed) together.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------

**3. Full Author Translation Table** includes:

-   Full author names for articles published from **2002 forward** and
    to journals that publish using the full names of authors

-   Full author searching can be entered in natural or inverted order:

> julia s wong
>
> wong julia s

-   When searching a full name using the inverted order, a comma
    following the last name is generally optional, omit periods after
    initials, and put all suffixes, e.g., Jr, at the end. For some
    names, distinguish which name is the last name by using the comma:

> ryan, james
>
> james, ryan

**4. Author Index**

-   If the phrase is not found in the MeSH ***or*** Journal Translation
    Tables and, even if it is found in the Full Author Name Translation
    Table, PubMed checks the Author Index

-   Enter the author's name in the form of Last Name (space) Initials.
    If only the first initial is used, PubMed automatically truncates
    the author's name to account for varying initials

> o'brien jm
>
> pogonka t

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   If author's last name without first initials is entered,
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         PubMed will search in All Fields and will not default to
                                                         the Author Index. Special attention is needed when the last
                                                         name is the same as a MeSH term - use Search Field
                                                         Descriptions, i.e.: *Brain \[author\]*.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

5.  **Full Investigator (Collaborator) translation table**

6.  **Investigator (Collaborator) index**

    -   The full investigator (collaborator) translation table includes
        full names, if available. Enter a full investigator name in
        natural or inverted order, e.g., harry janes or janes harry

    -   If the term is not found in the above tables, except for Full
        Author, and is not a single term, PubMed checks the investigator
        index for a match

> ![](media/image22.png){width="3.2881944444444446in"
> height="0.32708333333333334in"}

**Example:**

> **PubMed's Translation** (Click *Advanced Search*, then *Details*):
>
> *o\'brien j\[Author\] OR o\'brien j \[Investigator\]*

-   This search retrieves citations to articles written by o'brien j,
    o'brien ja, o'brien jz, etc.

-   Because O'Brien J was found in the investigator index, that
    information is also noted

**If no match is found?**

-   PubMed breaks apart the phrase and repeats the automatic term
    mapping process until a match is found

-   Terms that don't make a match will be searched in "All Fields."
    Individual terms will be combined (ANDed) together

> **Example:** ![](media/image23.jpeg){width="3.620833333333333in"
> height="0.375in"}
>
> **PubMed Translation** (*ct scan* and *cat scan* are MeSH terms, but
> *cat scans* is not)**:**
>
> (\"cats\"\[MeSH Terms\] OR \"cats\"\[All Fields\] OR \"cat\"\[All
> Fields\]) AND scans\[All Fields\]

-   PubMed breaks apart a long phrase from right to left:

> **Example:** ![](media/image24.jpeg){width="3.5791666666666666in"
> height="0.37430555555555556in"}

+---------------+-------------------+----------------------------------+
| **[Searches   | **[Result         | **[Action:]{.underline}**        |
| for:]{        | s:]{.underline}** |                                  |
| .underline}** |                   |                                  |
+---------------+-------------------+----------------------------------+
| brain ct scan | No match found    | Removes term on right to re-run  |
|               |                   | Automatic Term Mapping process.  |
+---------------+-------------------+----------------------------------+
| brain ct      | Match found in    | **brain ct** is an author and    |
|               | MeSH Translation  | will be searched as              |
|               | Table             |                                  |
|               |                   | *brain ct\[Author\]*             |
+---------------+-------------------+----------------------------------+
| scan          | No match found in | **scan** will be searched as     |
|               | Translation       |                                  |
|               | Tables            | *(\"radionuclide imaging\"\[MeSH |
|               |                   | Terms\] OR                       |
|               |                   | (\"radionuclide\"\[All Fields\]  |
|               |                   | AND \"imaging\"\[All Fields\])   |
|               |                   | OR \"radionuclide imaging\"\[All |
|               |                   | Fields\] OR \"scan\"\[All        |
|               |                   | Fields\])*                       |
+---------------+-------------------+----------------------------------+

-   **PubMed then combines (ANDs) the terms to produce a single search
    strategy:**

> *brain ct\[Author\]*
>
> *AND*
>
> *(\"radionuclide imaging\"\[MeSH Terms\] OR (\"radionuclide\"\[All
> Fields\] AND \"imaging\"\[All Fields\]) OR \"radionuclide
> imaging\"\[All Fields\] OR \"scan\"\[All Fields\])*

-   This search produces zero results because author **CT Brain** has
    only five articles in PubMed and none are about radiology

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc215486839 .anchor}**Phrase Searching**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   PubMed searches for phrases under these conditions:

1.  The phrase is entered with a search tag (see Search Field
    Descriptions and Tags in PubMed Help or the Advanced PubMed
    Searching Resource Packet):

> kidney allograft \[tw\]
>
> kidney allograft \[TIAB\]

2.  The phrase is enclosed in double quotes. The absence of a search tag
    indicates the search will be conducted in *All Fields*:

> "kidney allograft"

3.  The term is hyphenated:

> first-line

4.  The term is truncated:

> kidney allograft\*

![](media/image25.png){width="3.6131944444444444in"
height="0.36666666666666664in"}

> **Example:**
>
> **PubMed Translation:** *\"pressure point\"\[All Fields\]*

-   The above formats for phrase searching instruct PubMed to
    ***bypass*** automatic term mapping. Instead PubMed looks for the
    phrase in its Index of searchable terms. If the phrase is in the
    Index, PubMed will retrieve citations that contain the phrase.

-   PubMed may fail to find a phrase because it is not in the Index

-   New terms and rare terms that are not yet indexed may need to be
    searched using the double quotes

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   ![](media/image26.jpeg){width="3.298611111111111in"
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         height="1.3506944444444444in"}When you enclose a phrase in
                                                         double quotes, PubMed will ***not*** perform automatic term
                                                         mapping which includes explosions of MeSH terms. For
                                                         example, "Magnetic Resonance Imaging" ***will*** include
                                                         citations that have the MeSH heading, Magnetic Resonance
                                                         Imaging, but ***will not*** include the more specific
                                                         indentations (e.g. Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging,
                                                         Echo-Planar Imaging) that are included with automatic MeSH
                                                         mapping and explosion -- except when they are paired with
                                                         the main term.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486840 .anchor}**Truncation**

Find all terms that begin with a given text string

-   Place an asterisk (\*) at the end of a string of characters to
    search for all terms that begin with that string. The asterisk may
    only be used at the ***end*** of a string of characters

-   MeSH terms will include all available subheadings

> **Example:** radiog\*
>
> This will find all terms that begin with the letters r-a-d-i-o-g-;
> e.g., radiogalaxies, radiogenetics, radiography,
> radiographic/anatomical

-   PubMed searches the first 600 variations of a truncated term. If a
    truncated term, e.g., tox\*, produces more than 600 variations,
    PubMed displays the following warning message on the Results screen
    in pink near the top of the screen:

![](media/image27.png){width="6.497222222222222in"
height="0.41597222222222224in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Truncation turns off automatic term mapping. For example,
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         heart attack\* will not map to the MeSH term, Myocardial
                                                         Infarction or include any of its more specific terms, e.g.,
                                                         Myocardial Stunning.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486841 .anchor}**Spell Check Feature**

-   Suggests alternative spellings for search terms that include
    misspellings

-   Terms entered with a search tag (e.g., \[mh\]; \[majr\]; \[tw\])
    will not generate alternative spellings

**Examples :**

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------
  ![](media/image28.jpeg){width="4.299305555555556in"    *Click on the
  height="0.6736111111111112in"}                         hyperlinked
                                                         alternative
                                                         spelling to
                                                         generate that
                                                         search.*

                                                         

  ![](media/image29.jpeg){width="4.714583333333334in"    *If there are no
  height="0.8083333333333333in"}                         results with the
                                                         spelling, but
                                                         PubMed
                                                         identifies a
                                                         possible
                                                         correction, it
                                                         will run that
                                                         search.*
  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]     | -   The alternative spellings are not based on a           |
| (media/ |     dictionary but rather the frequency with which a term  |
| image17 |     appears in PubMed                                      |
| .jpeg){ |                                                            |
| width=" | -   The spell checking function will not display an        |
| 0.82986 |     alternative spelling for misspellings that have a high |
| 1111111 |     frequency of occurrence in PubMed or for terms with    |
| 1112in" |     numbers or fewer than five characters                  |
| he      |                                                            |
| ight="0 |                                                            |
| .920833 |                                                            |
| 3333333 |                                                            |
| 333in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486842 .anchor}**Citation Sensor**

-   To aid searchers looking for specific articles, the Citation Sensor
    displays results for searches that include terms characteristic of
    citation searching, e.g., author names, journal titles, and
    publication dates

-   Citations found by the search are included in a yellow bar

-   Only the first three citations are listed; additional citations may
    be viewed by clicking on the link describing the number of citations
    found

> **Example:**

![](media/image30.jpeg){width="3.53125in" height="0.3736111111111111in"}

> **PubMed Results -- including the Citation Sensor:**

![](media/image31.png){width="6.495833333333334in"
height="2.754166666666667in"}

-   In this case, only one citation was found: **SK Back** wrote and
    article for the journal **Pain**

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc215486843 .anchor}**PubMed Stopwords**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   PubMed compares each search to a list of commonly found terms that
    are referred to as "stopwords." Stopwords may be ignored when the
    search is run

-   To include a stopword in a search, use a field tag such as \[tiab\]
    or \[all fields\]. (See *PubMed Help* for a complete list of search
    field descriptions and tags.)

-   This list of stopwords is available in *PubMed Help*:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.table.pubmedhelp.T43

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486844 .anchor}**Navigating Your Results**

**Search Results Screen**

Once you click on **Go** or press the Enter key, PubMed will
automatically run the search and retrieve and display citations. The
following is the Results screen returned by PubMed for the search
example:

> ***Find citations to articles about cat scans of the brain.***

![](media/image32.png){width="6.495138888888889in"
height="2.857638888888889in"}

-   The **Search** query box displays your search

-   **Advanced Search** options

-   **Save Search** option via My NCBI

-   Feature Tab options (soon to be eliminated)

-   **Display** options including pull-down menus to Display, Sort and
    Send citations

-   **All** results and **Review** articles tabs

-   **Page** options

-   Citations are displayed in Summary format

-   Icons indicating presence of abstract and/or availability of free
    full text

-   **Related Articles** and **Links** options

-   Special features including the **Recent Activity** list

**Search Query Box**

![](media/image33.wmf){width="6.495833333333334in"
height="0.40208333333333335in"}

-   The drop-down menu after **Search** defaults to PubMed. It can be
    used to search other NCBI databases such as MeSH and Journals

-   The query box displays the current search (e.g. ct scan brain)

-   This box is active; you can modify the current search by adding or
    eliminating terms; click **Go** to run a new search

-   Click on the **Clear** button to clear the search in the query box
    and start a new search

-   Click **Advanced Search** to add limits and to focus the search in
    other additional ways

-   Click on **Save Search** to access My NCBI and the Save Search
    strategy feature

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc215486845 .anchor}**Display Bar Selections**

![](media/image34.png){width="6.488888888888889in"
height="0.9895833333333334in"}

**Display Options**

**Summary Format**

![](media/image35.png){width="4.84375in" height="1.1145833333333333in"}

> PubMed citations are initially displayed in the **Summary** format
> which may include:

-   **Title of the article:** Most foreign language titles will be
    translated into English and placed within brackets. Click this link
    to access the article

-   **Author Name(s):** All authors from the record are displayed. This
    line will include **Corporate Authors,** identifying the corporate
    authorship of an article

-   **Source:** Includes journal title abbreviation, date of
    publication, volume, issue, and pagination. Mouse-over of journal
    title abbreviation displays full journal title

-   **Review**: If the article is a review, this publication type is
    listed separately

-   **Language:** Non-English articles generally list the language of
    origin

-   **No abstract available**: Articles without abstracts display the
    notation: "No abstract available"

-   **Publication Type**: Annotations to associated citations are
    listed. For example, if the article is a retracted publication or
    contains *Comment Correction Types*, these may be listed, e.g.
    **Retraction in, Erratum in** or **Corrected and republished in**

-   **PMID:** PubMed Unique Identifier -- which may also be used as a
    search term

-   Status tag: **\[PubMed - as supplied by publisher\]**, **\[PubMed -
    in process\]**, **\[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE\],** or
    **\[PubMed\]**

-   **Related Articles:** This link performs a PubMed search to identify
    citations that may be related to the original citation(s) -- based
    on an algorithm that includes evaluating MeSH heading for MEDLINE
    citations

-   **Free article in PMC:** Citations with full text available in
    PubMed Central provide a link

**Additional Display Options**

You can access other display formats from the Results screen in the
following manner:

-   **Individual Citations:** Clicking on the author name link or the
    abstract icon link will display the citation in the AbstractPlus
    display format

-   **All Citations:** Select the format

-   **Selected Citations**: Clicking on the box found to the left of the
    item number allows you to select one or multiple items. Select
    desired display format from the pull-down menu

![](media/image36.wmf){width="2.4833333333333334in"
height="1.886111111111111in"}**Other Display Formats**

> The **Display** pull-down allows the user to select available display
> formats

-   **Summary** is the default when searching

-   **AbstractPlus** (Abstract plus the titles and journal citations for
    Related Article) is the default for the single citation

-   **Citation** shows the MeSH headings and subheading applied to the
    citation

-   **MEDLINE** is used when citations are to be downloaded to a
    bibliographic management program such as EndNote^®^ or Reference
    Manager^®^

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Summary, Abstract, AbstractPlus, Citation, MEDLINE, and
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         Related Articles are the most appropriate display
                                                         selections for bibliographic information.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

**AbstractPlus Format**

> May include the following information:

+---------------------------------------+------------------------------+
| -   Source (journal title             | -   Abstract (if present)    |
|     abbreviation -- mouse over for    |     from published article   |
|     full title)                       |                              |
|                                       | -   PMID                     |
| -   Annotation to associated          |                              |
|     citations (if present)            | -   Icons linking to full    |
|                                       |     text and libraries (when |
| -   Title                             |     set in My NCBI)          |
|                                       |                              |
| -   On non-English *language*         | -   Status tag               |
|     articles, \[Article in language\] |                              |
|     tag                               | -   Links to related         |
|                                       |     articles and other       |
| -   Author(s) with author names       |     resources                |
|     displayed as \"search links\" to  |                              |
|     author searches                   | -   Related articles list    |
|                                       |                              |
| -   Affiliation (address) of first    |                              |
|     author                            |                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------+

**Citation Format**

May include following information:

+---------------------------------------+------------------------------+
| -   Source (journal title             | -   Publication Types        |
|     abbreviation - mouseover for full |     (except for "Journal     |
|     title)                            |     Article")                |
|                                       |                              |
| -   Icons linking to full text and to | -   MeSH Terms               |
|     libraries (when set in My NCBI)   |                              |
|                                       | ```{=html}                   |
| -   Annotation to associated          | <!-- -->                     |
|     citations (if present)            | ```                          |
|                                       | -   Chemical substances (if  |
| -   Title                             |     present)                 |
|                                       |                              |
| -   On non-English *language*         | ```{=html}                   |
|     articles, \[Article in language\] | <!-- -->                     |
|     tag                               | ```                          |
|                                       | -   Personal Name as Subject |
| -   Author(s) with author names       |     (if present)             |
|     displayed as \"search links\" to  |                              |
|     author searches                   | -   Grant number \[GN\] (if  |
|                                       |     present)                 |
| -   Corporate Author                  |                              |
|                                       | -   ClinicalTrials.gov       |
| -   Affiliation (address) of first    |     identifier number -      |
|     author                            |     under \[SI\] (if         |
|                                       |     present)                 |
| -   Abstract (if present) from        |                              |
|     published article                 | -   **PMID**                 |
|                                       |                              |
|                                       | -   Status tag               |
|                                       |                              |
|                                       | -   **Related Articles**     |
|                                       |     link                     |
|                                       |                              |
|                                       | -   **Links** to other       |
|                                       |     resources                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------+

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *Click on  | ![](media/image37.png){width="5.007638888888889in"      |
| the linked | height="5.475in"}                                       |
| name to    |                                                         |
| run a      |                                                         |
| search for |                                                         |
| that       |                                                         |
| author     |                                                         |
| name.*     |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Click on  |                                                         |
| the MeSH   |                                                         |
| terms to   |                                                         |
| search for |                                                         |
| that term  |                                                         |
| or add the |                                                         |
| term to    |                                                         |
| the        |                                                         |
| search.*   |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

***Show* Pull-Down Menu**

-   PubMed initially displays search results in batches of 20 citations
    per page.

![](media/image38.wmf){width="6.495138888888889in"
height="1.7527777777777778in"}

-   Click on the **Show** pull-down menu to select a higher/lower number

-   PubMed redisplays the citations based on your selection

    ***Sort by* Pull-Down Menu**

![](media/image39.jpeg){width="6.402777777777778in" height="0.9625in"}

-   To sort items by author, journal, or publication date, click on the
    **Sort by** pull-down menu to select a sort field

-   You can sort directly from the results screen, or you can collect
    citations on the Clipboard and sort the items there

**Send to *Text***

![](media/image40.wmf){width="6.427777777777778in"
height="0.6208333333333333in"}

-   Use Text to redisplay citations omitting the Web or HTML components.

-   Text may also be used to download a text file

-   Text will display either selected citations, or if no citations are
    selected, all the citations on the page

-   Before using the **Text** option, consider changing the display
    format and the number of items displayed on each page. For example,
    use the Show menu to display up to 500 citations

-   Select **Text** and from the **Send to** pull-down menu

-   When finished with the Text display, use your Web browser's Back
    button to return to your results in the regular format

![](media/image41.wmf){width="1.6381944444444445in"
height="1.2486111111111111in"}**Send to *File***

-   To save and send your **entire set of search results** to a file,
    use the Display pull-down menu to select the desired format. Then
    select **File** from the **Send to** menu. This saves the results in
    the display format selected

-   To mark **selected citations** to save and send to a file, click on
    the check-box to the left of the item number as you go through each
    page of your retrieval. After you have finished selecting citations,
    choose a display format. Then select File from the Send to menu.

**Send to *Printer***

-   ![](media/image42.wmf){width="1.3479166666666667in"
    height="1.1340277777777779in"}Printer accesses the Web browser print
    function**,** which will print all the information and citations
    displayed on your Web page

-   Select **Printer** and from the **Send to** pull-down menu

-   You can only print the citations from the displayed page. Consider
    changing the display format by using the **Show** pull-down menu to
    display all citations on one Web page.

**Send to *Clipboard***

![](media/image43.wmf){width="1.0027777777777778in"
height="1.6777777777777778in"}

-   The Clipboard allows you to collect selected citations from one
    search or several searches that you may want to print, save, or
    order later.

-   The maximum number of items that can be placed in the Clipboard is
    **500**

-   To place an item in the Clipboard, click on the box to the left of
    the citation and select **Clipboard** from the Send to menu

-   Once you have added citations to the Clipboard:

    -   The item number color will change and when the citation appears
        in future searches, it will also have that different color

    -   A link to the Clipboard will appear on the Results page

> ![](media/image44.wmf){width="5.840972222222222in"
> height="0.5458333333333333in"}

-   Click on the to the Clipboard link to

    -   Send the citations to text, file, printer, email or order

    -   Save citations in My NCBI Collections

    -   Delete citations by using Clip Remove in the drop-down menu

**Send to *Collections***

![](media/image45.wmf){width="1.3402777777777777in"
height="0.9118055555555555in"}

-   See **My NCBI** for details

**Send to *E-mail***

![](media/image46.wmf){width="1.2055555555555555in"
height="1.9166666666666667in"}

-   **E-mail Tips:**

    -   You may E-mail up to 500 items

    -   The HTML option allows the PubMed e-mail messages to display as
        a results page with hyperlinks to Related Articles, LinkOut,
        etc. The recipient\'s e-mail service must be set for HTML view
        to allow for proper display

    -   A default E-mail address may be stored via **My NCBI** User
        Preferences

    -   A HTML link clicked from an email will go into the ordinary
        PubMed system

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Select **E-mail** from the **Send to** menu

-   You are brought to an options screen:

+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| *Settings on  | ![](media/image47.wmf){width="4.940972222222222in"   |
| the options   | height="4.403472222222222in"}                        |
| screen        |                                                      |
| reflect       |                                                      |
| selections on |                                                      |
| the Results   |                                                      |
| page and can  |                                                      |
| be modified   |                                                      |
| if desired.*  |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| *Add a        |                                                      |
| message if    |                                                      |
| you wish.*    |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| *Enter e-mail |                                                      |
| address.*     |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| *Click        |                                                      |
| **Mail**      |                                                      |
| button.*      |                                                      |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+

![](media/image48.wmf){width="1.9819444444444445in" height="1.2375in"}
**Send to *RSS Feed***

-   Select **RSS Feed** from the *Send to* menu in order to send
    selected items to a previously created RSS feed reader

-   You are brought to an options screen:

![](media/image49.wmf){width="6.684722222222222in" height="2.80625in"}

-   Set the maximum number of items to be sent to the Feed reader on
    each search. The maximum number of items that may be sent to a feed
    reader per search is 100

-   Create a name for the feed or use the default

-   Click **Create Feed**

-   RSS feeds not accessed for 6 months will be automatically deleted

> After clicking on Create Feed, a new window will appear which will
> include:
>
> ![](media/image50.wmf){width="2.4583333333333335in"
> height="0.33819444444444446in"}

-   In Firefox, click on the
    ![](media/image51.jpeg){width="0.2638888888888889in"
    height="0.2638888888888889in"} RSS feed icon to add the search to
    the browser

-   To add the search to a Feed Reader:

    -   Click the XML. In the new window, copy the URL in the browser
        Address box and paste it into your RSS reader. In some cases,
        you can do this by dragging and dropping the XML icon

    -   Set the updates to search PubMed as frequently as desired

**Send to *Order***

![](media/image52.wmf){width="1.898611111111111in"
height="1.7166666666666666in"}

-   Send to Order allows you to order full-text items from a
    participating library. Loansome Doc is PubMed's default ordering
    service. Other services available when signed into My NCBI

-   Set up an account with a library for document delivery service,
    either through Loansome Doc or a service specified in My NCBI

-   After you have set up an account, click on **Send to Order** to
    access the log in screen of the delivery service provider

-   Once you have logged in, follow the directions to confirm the
    citations you ordering

**Ordering Full-Text Documents**

Set up a relationship with a medical library through Loansome Doc
account to order documents.

-   ![](media/image53.jpeg){width="1.9027777777777777in"
    height="1.4305555555555556in"}Select **Order** from the **Send to**
    menu to use an automated document ordering program called **Loansome
    Doc,** OR

-   Select **Order** from the **Clipboard**, also by selecting Order
    from the Send to drop-down menu, OR

-   Click on **Order Documents** in the left navigation menu under
    Related Resources.

**What is Loansome Doc?**

> The Loansome Doc feature allows you to order the full-text of an
> article from a Loansome Doc participating library. Prior to using this
> feature, you need to establish an agreement with a Loansome Doc
> participating library. Your Loansome Doc library will provide you with
> their **Library ID**, which is needed when setting up the service
> within PubMed or the NLM Gateway.

**What does it cost?**

> The library providing you this service will explain their ordering
> fees, if any. This service is generally **not** free; however, costs
> are less than ordering direct from a publisher.

**What library can provide me with Loansome Doc service?**

> Follow the **Sign-Up** process (included below) to find out which
> medical library in your area can set you up with the Loansome Doc
> ordering service. You will need to select a library and set up a
> relationship with them BEFORE you order your first document.

Visit **http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/loansome_doc.html** for
more information.

**Alternative Delivery Services**

> Through My NCBI, several alternative services are available. Prior to
> using this feature, you need to establish an agreement with a service
> provider selected from the list in My NCBI. The library service will
> provide you with the sign in information needed to access their
> service from PubMed or NLM Gateway.
>
> ![](media/image54.png){width="3.75625in"
> height="1.8340277777777778in"}

-   Sign into **My NCBI**

-   Select **Preferences**

-   Select **PubMed Preferences** and **Document Delivery**

-   Select the institution you have contacted

-   Click **Save**

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   To access a delivery service other than Loansome Doc, **you
  height="0.8305555555555556in"}                         must be signed in** to My NBCI. Otherwise the **Send to
                                                         Order** function will default to the Loansome Doc document
                                                         delivery service.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486846 .anchor}**Retrieval Summary Line**

![](media/image34.png){width="6.183333333333334in"
height="0.9388888888888889in"}

The retrieval summary line displays:

-   Total number of citations retrieved by the search (**All** tab)

-   Total number of citations from search results that have been
    assigned the Publication Type, Review (**Review** tab)

-   **Tool symbol** (hammer and wrench) to the right of the filter tabs
    links you to My NCBI where users who are signed in can add or modify
    their Filter selections (See My NCBI)

-   How many pages of citations there are given the selected number of
    citations per page

    **Page Selection**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Use links for **Next** and/or **Previous** to navigate through
    search results

-   To move to a non-adjacent page, enter the desired page number and
    then press the **Page** button. The current page number is displayed
    in the Page box

  --------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc215486847   ![](media/image55.jpeg){width="2.420138888888889in"
  .anchor}**Advanced Search**       height="0.4465277777777778in"}

  --------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

  --------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc215486848   ![](media/image56.wmf){width="2.9618055555555554in"
  .anchor}**Details**               height="0.6583333333333333in"}

  --------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

-   Clicking on **Details** displays your search query as it was
    translated by PubMed including MeSH term and PubMed phrase index
    mappings

-   Error messages (e.g., stopwords, truncation warnings, misspellings)
    are also displayed

-   The PubMed Query Translation box in Details allows you to edit a
    search strategy and resubmit it

-   Details also allows you to save a search strategy

**Example of Details:**

+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| *You can modify    | ![](media/image57.wmf){width="4.73125in"        |
| the search         | height="4.3069444444444445in"}                  |
| strategy in the    |                                                 |
| Query Translation  |                                                 |
| box and then click |                                                 |
| on the **Search**  |                                                 |
| button.*           |                                                 |
|                    |                                                 |
| *Click on the      |                                                 |
| **URL** button to  |                                                 |
| create a URL that  |                                                 |
| allows you to save |                                                 |
| your search        |                                                 |
| strategy.*         |                                                 |
|                    |                                                 |
| *Click on the      |                                                 |
| **Result** number  |                                                 |
| hyperlink to       |                                                 |
| return to the      |                                                 |
| current search     |                                                 |
| results.*          |                                                 |
|                    |                                                 |
| *PubMed            |                                                 |
| Translations*      |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   Using **Details** is a very important resource for focusing
  height="0.8305555555555556in"}                         a search. PubMed seeks to help ALL possible results from
                                                         that search -- but you may not be interested in all of
                                                         them.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

-   Take a closer look at how PubMed searched: *brain cat scan*

![](media/image58.wmf){width="5.729166666666667in" height="1.825in"}

-   The term *cat scan* was converted to the MeSH term: *tomography,
    x-ray computed*. Then each word in both terms was searched
    separately and combined (ANDed) together

-   \[MeSH Terms\] means the MEDLINE subset of PubMed was searched for
    citations indexed with this term

-   \[All Fields\] means most fields in every citation in PubMed was
    searched for this term. This includes author, institution address,
    chemical substance, grant number, etc.

-   Because this is an active field, unwanted terms may be deleted (e.g.
    the highlighted field above) and additional terms added as needed

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image59.jpeg){width="0.6673611111111111in"   ALWAYS check **Details** to see how PubMed translates a
  height="0.7527777777777778in"}                         search. Delete unnecessary terms, like *(\"cat\"\[All
                                                         Fields\] AND \"scan\"\[All Fields\])* in the above example,
                                                         before rerunning the search

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

**Saving a search strategy from Details:**

-   Click on the **URL** button. PubMed will return to the search
    results screen. The translated search strategy will be displayed in
    the query box and this search strategy will also be embedded as part
    of the URL.

-   Next, use your Web browser's bookmark (favorite) function to save
    the URL as a bookmark. After saving the bookmark, you may want to
    use your Web browser's edit functions to rename the bookmark.

-   Save a search strategy using the **URL** button if you want to email
    the URL to a colleague or create a link on a Web page.

+---------+--------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| ![]     | Type Boolean |                                        |   |
| (media/ | operators    |                                        |   |
| image59 | (AND, OR and |                                        |   |
| .jpeg){ | NOT) in all  |                                        |   |
| width=" | capitals.    |                                        |   |
| 0.66736 | While not    |                                        |   |
| 1111111 | necessary,   |                                        |   |
| 1111in" | it will      |                                        |   |
| he      | prevent      |                                        |   |
| ight="0 | confusion    |                                        |   |
| .752777 | during       |                                        |   |
| 7777777 | PubMed's     |                                        |   |
| 778in"} | automatic    |                                        |   |
|         | mapping      |                                        |   |
|         | process and  |                                        |   |
|         | when saving  |                                        |   |
|         | searches to  |                                        |   |
|         | My NCBI.     |                                        |   |
+---------+--------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| ### P   |              | ###                                    |   |
| ubMed S |              |                                        |   |
| earch H |              |                                        |   |
| istory  |              |                                        |   |
|         |              |                                        |   |
| ###     |              |                                        |   |
+---------+--------------+----------------------------------------+---+

![](media/image60.jpeg){width="6.498611111111111in" height="1.675in"}

-   Use **PubMed Search History** to view and to combine previous
    searches by using the **Options** menu under the **Search**
    statement numbers

-   History temporarily holds up to **100** searches and links to
    results

-   The search history will be **deleted after 8 hours of inactivity**;
    the search history may also be deleted by clicking the **Clear
    History** button. (Note: this will not affect the **Recent
    Activity** list on general search results page)

-   The History screen displays:

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Search statement numbers menu for accessing and combining searches

-   The search query

-   The time of the search

-   The number of citations in the search results

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   PubMed will move a search statement to the top of the **Most Recent
    Queries** list when a new search is the same as a previous search.

-   A separate Search History will be kept for each of the Entrez
    databases although the search statement numbers will be assigned
    sequentially for all databases.

![](media/image61.wmf){width="3.1902777777777778in"
height="2.1020833333333333in"}**Steps to Using History**

-   

1.  Use **Clear** to delete the previous search term(s) (in this
    example: head), unless they are to start the new search

2.  Click on the **Search** statement number to access the **Options**
    menu (in this example: #11)

3.  Click on the appropriate Boolean term (AND, OR, or NOT) to add the
    earlier query to the new search

4.  Repeat #2 and #3 as necessary

5.  When all desired queries have been added from the Search History to
    the new search, click the **Search** button to run the new search.

**Options Menu** includes:

-   Boolean operators **AND, OR** or **NOT** to add the search to the
    query box

-   **Delete** the individual search/query from History

-   Re-run the search using the **Go** option

-   Display the search **Details**

-   **Save** the search in My NCBI

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](     | Always clear the search query box before combining        |
| media/im | searches.                                                 |
| age59.jp |                                                           |
| eg){widt | Searches may also be combined by typing in the numbers    |
| h="0.736 | (e.g. #65 AND #66) rather than using the Options menu.    |
| 11111111 |                                                           |
| 11112in" |                                                           |
| height   |                                                           |
| ="0.7527 |                                                           |
| 77777777 |                                                           |
| 7778in"} |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

![](media/image62.png){width="4.370833333333334in"
height="0.5111111111111111in"}

**Preview**

-   Preview the number of search results before displaying the
    citations. Clicking the **Preview** button adds the resulting search
    to Search History without moving to view the Results page

> **Search Request:** *Find citations about cancer and
> electrocardiography.*

-   ![](media/image63.wmf){width="3.2756944444444445in"
    height="1.43125in"}Enter terms in the query box -- by number or the
    Options menu -- and click **Preview**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   PubMed returns the number of citations but not the actual results

-   Click on the **Results** link to access the Results page

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Refining search strategies by adding one or more terms at a time**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Add another term (e.g., *chest x-ray*) to the query box and click
    **Preview**

-   View your search strategy and number of results as you continue to
    refine your search

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8402777777777778in"   Use the **Boolean operators** to combine search terms as
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         needed. If you use the Boolean operators, your search
                                                         terms are added to the PubMed query box and you must click
                                                         Preview to see the number of results.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486850 .anchor}**Search by Author, Journal,
Publication Date, and more**

![](media/image64.png){width="6.294444444444444in"
height="2.467361111111111in"}

**Limit Search by Author**

-   Fill in the **Author** query box to limit your retrieval to only
    citations by a given author

-   As the name is typed, PubMed's auto-complete feature (see figure
    below) provides possible names and initials for the author

-   Use the drop-down menu on the next line or click **Add More Search
    Fields** to include additional authors in the search

-   Change the radio button to search by **All of these** or **Any of
    these** authors

-   Use the **Index** button to view the number of citations by an
    author (see page 36)

-   ![](media/image65.wmf){width="4.288194444444445in"
    height="1.4833333333333334in"}Click **Clear all** to delete all the
    fields in this section

-   Click **Search** to run the search with the new limit(s)

**Limit Search by Journal**

-   This process is very similar to that of searching by authors

-   Fill in the **Journal** query box to limit your retrieval to desired
    journals

-   Use the auto-complete feature to find the correct journal (see
    above)

-   Click **Add More Search Fields** to include additional journals in
    the search

-   Click **Search** to run the search with the new limit(s)

-   If a large number of journals is needed, use the **Journals
    Database**

**Limit by Publication Date**

![](media/image66.png){width="6.198611111111111in"
height="0.5847222222222223in"}

-   PubMed contains citations published back to the 1860s

-   New citations are added Tuesday-Saturday

-   To search a specific date range: enter the dates in the format of
    YYYY/MM/DD (month and day are optional). Examples: *2006 to 2007*
    and *2005/01 to 2008/12/31*

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Citations in the search results are displayed in Entrez Date order
    -- last in, first out

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8402777777777778in"   PubMed uses the E-Published date, **NOT** the actual issue
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         date of a journal. For example, the search *2006* will
                                                         pull citations dated from 2004 to 2009. Use the Field Tag
                                                         \[PPDAT\] focus on a specific print publication date.
                                                         Example: *2006 \[PPDAT\]*

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image67.png){width="0.7013888888888888in"
height="0.31180555555555556in"}

**Using the Index**

-   View and select terms from the Index to develop search strategies.
    Also available at *Index of Fields and Field Values* at the bottom
    of the Advance Search form (see page 39).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   The Index allows you to view a listing of searchable terms within a
    search field (e.g. author, journal, MeSH) and includes the number of
    citations for that term

-   Build search strategy using Add More Search Fields or the Index of
    Fields and Field Values

![](media/image68.png){width="2.5479166666666666in"
height="2.5868055555555554in"}

> **Example:** *Find the author starting with Glock who wrote about 30
> articles.*

-   From the drop-down menu, select desired field: **Author**

-   Enter a term or part of a term: **Glock**

-   Click the **Index** button

-   Scroll down by using the scroll bar

-   Highlight the desired term, **Glocke M**, to move it to the query
    box

-   Click the **Search** button to run the search limited to

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc215486851 .anchor}**Limit by Topics,
    Languages, and Journal Groups**

**Limit to *Free Text, Free Full Text* and/or *Abstracts***

![](media/image69.png){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="0.8104166666666667in"}

-   Links to full text

    -   Check this box to limit the search to only those citations which
        have links to full text articles. This will include both free
        full text and paid full text

-   Links to free full text

    -   Check this box to limit the search to only those citations which
        have links to free full text articles

-   Abstracts

    -   Check this box to limit the search to only those citations for
        which PubMed has abstracts (nearly 60% of Medline citations have
        abstracts).

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8402777777777778in"   Using Full Text and/or Free Full Text **MAY ELIMINATE**
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         the full text citations or free citations which may
                                                         available to you through your library. Check with your
                                                         medical librarian before using this check box. Always use
                                                         the link from the library webpage when available.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

+---------------------------+---+---+-----+----+----------------------------+
| **Other Limits**          |   |   |     |    |                            |
+---------------------------+---+---+-----+----+----------------------------+
| ![](media/image70.png){wi |   |   | *   |    |                            |
| dth="2.561111111111111in" |   |   | *Hu |    |                            |
| heigh                     |   |   | man |    |                            |
| t="0.8597222222222223in"} |   |   | or  |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | An  |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | ima |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | l** |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | -   |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |  To |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | sea |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | rch |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | for |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |   a |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |  sp |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | eci |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | fic |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |  st |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | udy |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |  gr |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | oup |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |  ch |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | eck |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | the |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |  ap |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | pro |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | pri |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | ate |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   | box |    |                            |
+---------------------------+---+---+-----+----+----------------------------+
| !                         |   |   |     |    |                            |
| [](media/image71.png){wid |   |   |     |    |                            |
| th="2.1194444444444445in" |   |   |     |    |                            |
| height="0.85972           |   |   |     |    |                            |
| 22222222223in"}**Gender** |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
| -   To search for         |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     citation focusing on  |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     a specific gender,    |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     check the appropriate |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     box                   |   |   |     |    |                            |
+---------------------------+---+---+-----+----+----------------------------+
| ![](media/image72.png){wi |   | * |     |    |                            |
| dth="2.548611111111111in" |   | * |     |    |                            |
| height="1.10625in"}       |   | L |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | n |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | g |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | u |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | g |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | s |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | * |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | * |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | J |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | o |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | u |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | r |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | n |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | l |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | s |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | f |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | r |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | o |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | m |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | p |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | p |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | r |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | o |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | x |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | i |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | m |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | t |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | l |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | y |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | f |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | o |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | r |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | t |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | y |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | l |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | n |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | g |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | u |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | g |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | s |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | r |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | i |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | n |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | d |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | x |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | d |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | - |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | C |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | h |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | c |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | k |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | L |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | n |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | g |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | u |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | g |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | ( |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | s |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | ) |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | d |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | s |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | i |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | r |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | d |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | - |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | S |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | c |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | r |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | o |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | l |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | l |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | d |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | o |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | w |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | n |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | f |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | o |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | r |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | d |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | d |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | i |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | t |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | i |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | o |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | n |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | l |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | l |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | n |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | g |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | u |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | a |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | g |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | e |     |    |                            |
|                           |   | s |     |    |                            |
+---------------------------+---+---+-----+----+----------------------------+
| **Subsets**               |   |   |     |    | ![](media/image73.png){w   |
|                           |   |   |     |    | idth="2.597916666666667in" |
| > Limit citation          |   |   |     |    | hei                        |
| > retrieval to one or     |   |   |     |    | ght="1.145138888888889in"} |
| > more types of groupings |   |   |     |    |                            |
| > of records:             |   |   |     |    | !                          |
| >                         |   |   |     |    | [](media/image74.wmf){widt |
| > 1\. Journal Groups:     |   |   |     |    | h="9.027777777777777e-3in" |
|                           |   |   |     |    | height                     |
| -   **Core clinical       |   |   |     |    | ="9.027777777777777e-3in"} |
|     journals**: 120       |   |   |     |    | ![](media/image75.png){w   |
|     English-language      |   |   |     |    | idth="2.609722222222222in" |
|     journals from the     |   |   |     |    | heig                       |
|     formerly published    |   |   |     |    | ht="1.1569444444444446in"} |
|     *Abridged Index       |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     Medicus;* **Dental;   |   |   |     |    | !                          |
|     Nursing**             |   |   |     |    | [](media/image74.wmf){widt |
|                           |   |   |     |    | h="9.027777777777777e-3in" |
| > 2\. Topics:             |   |   |     |    | height=                    |
|                           |   |   |     |    | "9.027777777777777e-3in"}! |
| -   AIDS; Bioethics;      |   |   |     |    | [](media/image74.wmf){widt |
|     Cancer; Complementary |   |   |     |    | h="9.027777777777777e-3in" |
|     Medicine; History of  |   |   |     |    | height=                    |
|     Medicine; Space Life  |   |   |     |    | "9.027777777777777e-3in"}! |
|     Sciences; Toxicology  |   |   |     |    | [](media/image74.wmf){widt |
|                           |   |   |     |    | h="9.027777777777777e-3in" |
| > 3\. More Subsets:       |   |   |     |    | height=                    |
|                           |   |   |     |    | "9.027777777777777e-3in"}! |
|                           |   |   |     |    | [](media/image74.wmf){widt |
|                           |   |   |     |    | h="9.027777777777777e-3in" |
|                           |   |   |     |    | height                     |
|                           |   |   |     |    | ="9.027777777777777e-3in"} |
+---------------------------+---+---+-----+----+----------------------------+
| -   **MEDLINE:**          |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     completed citations   |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     with MeSH headings    |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     and other indexing    |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     terms that have also  |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     been checked for      |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     accuracy              |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
| -   **PubMed Central:**   |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     citations for         |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     articles available    |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     free in NLM's archive |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     of life sciences      |   |   |     |    |                            |
|     journal literature    |   |   |     |    |                            |
+---------------------------+---+---+-----+----+----------------------------+
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
+---------------------------+---+---+-----+----+----------------------------+
| ![](media/image76.png){wi | * |   |     |    |                            |
| dth="2.245833333333333in" | * |   |     |    |                            |
| heigh                     | P |   |     |    |                            |
| t="1.3291666666666666in"} | u |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | b |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | c |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | n |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | T |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | y |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | p |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | * |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | * |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | - |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | L |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | m |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | y |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | u |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | r |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | r |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | r |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | v |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | b |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | d |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | n |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | h |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | y |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | p |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | f |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | m |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | r |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | r |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | p |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | r |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | n |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | d |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | b |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | y |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | h |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | c |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | n |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | - |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | A |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | v |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | b |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | P |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | u |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | b |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | c |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | n |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | T |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | y |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | p |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | r |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | n |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | c |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | u |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | d |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | d |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | , |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | w |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | h |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | h |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | m |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | c |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | m |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | m |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | n |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | d |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | f |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | r |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | - |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | C |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | h |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | c |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | k |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | h |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | y |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | p |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | d |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | r |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | d |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | , |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | c |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | r |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | d |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | w |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | n |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | d |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | d |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | i |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | o |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | n |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | a |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | l |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           |   |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | t |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | y |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | p |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | e |   |     |    |                            |
|                           | s |   |     |    |                            |
+---------------------------+---+---+-----+----+----------------------------+
| **Ages**                  |   |   |     | !  |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | [] |                            |
| -   To search for a       |   |   |     | (m |                            |
|     specific age group,   |   |   |     | ed |                            |
|     check the box beside  |   |   |     | ia |                            |
|     that group or those   |   |   |     | /i |                            |
|     groups                |   |   |     | ma |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | ge |                            |
| -   Searching for more    |   |   |     | 77 |                            |
|     than one age group    |   |   |     | .p |                            |
|     will create an OR     |   |   |     | ng |                            |
|     search                |   |   |     | ){ |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | wi |                            |
| -   Scroll down to see    |   |   |     | dt |                            |
|     additional types      |   |   |     | h= |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | "2 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | .8 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 50 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 69 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 44 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 44 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 44 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 44 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 44 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 6i |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | n" |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | h  |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | ei |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | gh |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | t= |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | "1 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | .2 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 70 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 13 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 88 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 88 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 88 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 88 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | 89 |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | in |                            |
|                           |   |   |     | "} |                            |
+---------------------------+---+---+-----+----+----------------------------+

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8402777777777778in"   Using limits focuses the search on the MEDLINE subset --
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         which will eliminate the newer citations. The indexer must
                                                         have applied the specific limit (i.e. gender or age) to
                                                         the citation before the limits will find it.
                                                         **Recommended:** after running a search using limits, run
                                                         a similar search using the term (e.g. female or child) in
                                                         the search query box.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

### Index of Fields and Field Values 

![](media/image78.jpeg){width="6.445138888888889in"
height="1.3680555555555556in"}

-   This feature is similar to Index button in the *Search by Author,
    Journal, Publication Date, and more* section as described on page 33

-   Use Index to view and select terms and to add them to your search
    strategy

-   Build a search strategy using Boolean operators adding each
    individually

**View and select terms from the Index to develop search strategies**

-   ![](media/image79.png){width="3.234027777777778in"
    height="2.4833333333333334in"}To select a specific field, click the
    All Fields pull-down menu and select that search field, e.g. **MeSH
    Major Topic**

-   In the query box, enter the term or portion of the desired term:
    e.g. **tomography**

-   Click the Index button

    -   PubMed displays a portion of the alphabetical list of available
        terms for the selected search field. Scroll up and down this
        window using the **scroll bar**

    -   The number of citations that contain the term appears in
        parentheses to the right of the term

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Highlight a term from the Index by clicking on it; use ctrl right
    click to highlight more than one term

-   ![](media/image80.wmf){width="2.9784722222222224in"
    height="0.2847222222222222in"}Click on the appropriate Boolean
    Operator (AND, OR or NOT)

    -   The term is added to the search box at the top of the Advanced
        Search page

-   Continue viewing, selecting, and previewing search terms until your
    strategy is complete

-   Click the **Search** at the top of the page to run the search

![](media/image81.png){width="5.4840277777777775in"
height="0.4666666666666667in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8402777777777778in"   When you use the Boolean operators, your search terms are
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         added to the PubMed Advanced Search query box. Click
                                                         **Preview** to see the number of results for the search and
                                                         **Search** to run the search.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image59.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   To **OR** together multiple terms from an Index display and
  height="0.9194444444444444in"}                         then combine them in your search (with, **AND**), click on
                                                         each term while holding down the Crtl-key (PC) or the
                                                         Command-key (Mac). When all the terms you want are
                                                         highlighted, click the connector AND to add the terms
                                                         (OR'ed together) to the query.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

**Limits Indicators**

-   Limits indicators apply:

    -   To items selected under the Limits tab (soon to disappear);

    -   To items selected from the **Limit by Topics, Languages, and
        Journal Groups** section of the Advanced Search; and

    -   To search is run from MedlinePlus see more articles.

![](media/image82.png){width="1.0409722222222222in"
height="0.46944444444444444in"}

-   After the Limits are selected and the search is run, a check box
    appears next to the Limits on the tab and the limits in effect will
    appear in the yellow bar above the Display bar

> ![](media/image83.png){width="5.9222222222222225in"
> height="0.3111111111111111in"}

-   T**urn off limits** before running the next search

    -   Click on the check box on the **Limits** tab to remove the check
        and turn off all limits. Click **GO** or run a search
        immediately after unchecking the box. Clicking the Advanced
        Search link will also turn of limits selected under the Limits
        tab.

    -   In Advanced Search, uncheck the boxes to turn off limits

### ![](media/image84.png){width="2.4833333333333334in" height="1.054861111111111in"}Focused Queries 

-   This is the newest addition to Advanced Search is focused Queries.

-   These are identical links available on the blue navigation bar on
    the left side of the PubMed homepage

-   ![](media/image85.png){width="1.570138888888889in"
    height="0.6951388888888889in"}**Clinical Queries:** The Clinical
    Queries page was designed for clinicians and has built-in search
    "filters"

-   **Special Queries:** The Special Queries link provides access to a
    directory of topic-specific PubMed queries

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc215486854 .anchor}**Related Articles**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Citations in PubMed have a **Related Articles** link. Clicking on
    this link will access the citations in PubMed that are most closely
    related to the original citation based on an algorithm developed by
    PubMed.

-   To examine articles related to more than one citation, use the
    Display drop-down menu

-   To create this list of Related Articles PubMed compares words from
    the Title and Abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH
    headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm. This
    algorithm, for example, weights the major topic MeSH headings higher
    than other MeSH headings.

-   The Related Articles citations display is in rank order from most to
    least relevant according to the algorithm. The citation you linked
    from is displayed first.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   A detailed explanation of the **Related Articles
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         algorithm** is available at in PubMed Help.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

**Example:** *Find citations to articles on the adverse effects of
x-rays on the fetus.*

![](media/image86.png){width="6.309722222222222in"
height="3.636111111111111in"}

-   This search retrieves only two citations.

-   ![](media/image87.png){width="2.1847222222222222in"
    height="1.2625in"}Click on the Related Articles link of the second
    link (for example) and PubMed will display a list of related
    citations

-   Use the Display drop-down menu to find articles related to the
    search

![](media/image88.wmf){width="1.6388888888888888in"
height="1.132638888888889in"}

**Refining your Related Articles retrieval set:**

-   Click **Advanced Search** to refine your related articles search

![](media/image90.png){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="1.3979166666666667in"}

-   The first Relate Articles link (#27) is represented as: *Related
    Articles for PubMed (Search fetus AND tomography/adverse effects AND
    lungs)* and incorporates both citations -- which are listed first on
    the results page

-   The earlier Related Articles link (#23) is represented as: *Related
    Articles for PubMed (Select 10204867)*, where 10204867 is the PMID
    in the second example; this citation is listed first on the results
    page

Use the search statement number (e.g., #23) and use Limits or combine
with another concept:

> **Example:** *#23 AND english \[la\]*

![](media/image91.png){width="6.499305555555556in"
height="1.0604166666666666in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Refining will remove the ranking by relevancy.
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486855 .anchor}**LinkOut**

-   LinkOut provides links from PubMed and other Entrez databases to a
    wide variety of relevant web‑accessible online resources including
    full‑text publications.

-   Full-text is available when you see an icon link on the Abstract or
    Citation display formats. Free full-text icons are displayed on the
    Summary, Abstract or Citation display formats.

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  *The icon    ![](media/image92.png){width="5.235416666666667in"
  link to      height="3.952777777777778in"}
  full-text    
  available in 
  the Abstract 
  and Citation 
  formats.*    

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

-   Links back to citations in PubMed are often provided within the
    references at the end of an article viewed from a publisher's Web
    site:

  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------
  *Click on the                   ![](media/image93.png){width="5.247222222222222in"
  \[**[Medline\]]{.underline}**   height="1.9548611111111112in"}
  link to go to the PubMed record 
  for this reference.*            

  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

-   ![](media/image94.wmf){width="6.535416666666666in"
    height="1.729861111111111in"}To see the full list of web‑accessible
    online resources for an item, click on the title to access the
    citation, then click on Links to access the pull-down menu.

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Click  | ![](media/image95.png){width="5.545833333333333in"         |
| on icon | height="5.446527777777778in"}                              |
| to view |                                                            |
| a       |                                                            |
| legend  |                                                            |
| of icon |                                                            |
| dis     |                                                            |
| plays.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *       |                                                            |
| LinkOut |                                                            |
| Li      |                                                            |
| braries |                                                            |
| a       |                                                            |
| fter"J" |                                                            |
| was     |                                                            |
| sel     |                                                            |
| ected.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image59.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Use Linkout to visit other National Library of Medicine
  height="0.9194444444444444in"}                         databases and browse information on topics included in the
                                                         cited article.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc215486856     ![](media/image96.png){width="1.7916666666666667in"
  .anchor}**My NCBI**                 height="0.5520833333333334in"}

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

**My NCBI Features**

-   Saved Searches: save search strategies

-   Updates: create automatic e-mailed updates of searches

-   Saved Citations: save collections of citations to build
    bibliographies which may then be downloaded through Text, File,
    Printer, or E-mail

-   Filters: Group your retrieval by topics of interest to you (covered
    in advanced session)

**Getting to My NCBI**

+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| -   PubMed\'s banner will display links to My   | ![](media/image    |
|     NCBI                                        | 97.png){width="1.4 |
|                                                 | 645833333333333in" |
| -   When signed in, the **My NCBI** link goes   | height="0.6625in"} |
|     to the My NCBI homepage, otherwise it links |                    |
|     to the Sign In page                         | ![](media/image    |
|                                                 | 98.png){width="1.4 |
| -   **Sign In** links to the Sign In page       | 416666666666667in" |
|                                                 | height="0.66       |
| -   **Register** links to the My NCBI           | 45833333333333in"} |
|     registration page                           |                    |
|                                                 |                    |
| -   A link to My NCBI is also on the left       |                    |
|     navigation bar                              |                    |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------+

**Sign In: for the session-only or automatically when signing on your
computer**

-   To use My NCBI you need to click and **Register for an account**

> ![](media/image99.wmf){width="3.7159722222222222in"
> height="1.9534722222222223in"}

-   Keep me signed in

    -   Unchecked, My NCBI features will be available **for your current
        session** only

    -   Check the box for My NCBI features to be available from that
        computer without signing in again. This is done by use of a
        **permanent cookie** which remains on the computer.

    -   Click **About automatic sign in** for more information about
        this feature.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **See more sign in options for My NCBI partner organizations**

    -   If you have an account with eRA Commons, NIH intramural
        scientists or the NIH Manuscript Submission System, you can sign
        in under that organization

    -   Alternatively, you can link the other organization's account to
        your My NCBI account and share bibliographic data with the
        linked account

        []{#__RefHeading___Toc215486857 .anchor}**Saving Searches**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Run your PubMed search

-   From the Results page, click on the **Save Search** link to the
    right of the query box.

![](media/image100.png){width="6.49375in" height="1.6826388888888888in"}

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]     | -   PubMed uses the search as it is stored in PubMed       |
| (media/ |     Search History, so it is important to run a search in  |
| image59 |     order for it to appear in the history                  |
| .jpeg){ |                                                            |
| width=" | -   Before clicking Save Search, click on **Advanced       |
| 0.82986 |     Search** and then **Details** to make any necessary    |
| 1111111 |     corrective changes in the search. Click on the         |
| 1112in" |     **Search** button and THEN click **Save Search.**      |
| he      |                                                            |
| ight="0 |                                                            |
| .919444 |                                                            |
| 4444444 |                                                            |
| 444in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

-   PubMed will open a separate window in your browser to start the
    saving process. (If you are not already signed into My NCBI, you
    will be prompted to do so.)

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *You    | ![](media/image101.png){width="5.309722222222222in"        |
| can     | height="1.7208333333333334in"}                             |
| edit    |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| name of |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| s       |                                                            |
| earch.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *This   |                                                            |
| name    |                                                            |
| will be |                                                            |
| part of |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| Subject |                                                            |
| line of |                                                            |
| au      |                                                            |
| tomatic |                                                            |
| e-mail  |                                                            |
| up      |                                                            |
| dates.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

-   Edit the **Name of the Search** to something easy to remember

-   Click the **Save** button

-   My NCBI saved the search and opens the Saved Search Settings window
    (see next page).

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="0.8194444444444444in"   The address for PubMed's **Send to E-mail** feature *can*
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         be changed for individual e-mails on the Send to E-mail
                                                         page without affecting the e-mail address used for the My
                                                         NCBI account.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486858
.anchor}![](media/image102.wmf){width="4.225in"
height="5.51875in"}**Setting Automatic Updating**

-   *The name of the Search may be changed on this screen*

-   If the e-mail address was not entered or has not been verified, that
    information will included here

-   *Indicate whether or not you want to have search updates
    automatically e-mailed -- and both **how often** and on what **day**
    they are wanted. This can be changed at a later date*

-   Indicate the desired e-mail **Format** -- HTML includes links to the
    general PubMed

-   *Select the maximum number of items to be sent in each update.
    Change the frequency of the emails or the number of items if too few
    or too many items are regularly received*

-   Confirm the search is being run by checking **Send even when there
    aren\'t any new results**

-   *The additional text box displays on each e-mail update as "Sender's
    message" and can be changed. Note: the search strategy is also
    displayed in the e-mail message.*

-   Click **Save** when complete

**Important Facts about the E-mail for My NCBI Account**

-   Each My NCBI account can have **only one** e-mail address that will
    be used for all automatic e-mail updates saved in that account

-   If, at a later time, you change the e-mail address for your account,
    the new e-mail address will be used for **all** automatic updates
    following confirmation

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   To change the e-mail address on an account, go to **Preferences** on
    the My NCBI sidebar

-   The first time an automatic e-mail update is created for an account,
    or if the e-mail is changed in User Preferences, a confirmation
    e-mail will be sent to that address

-   No automatic updates will be sent to an address until it has been
    confirmed by clicking or following the link provided in the
    confirmation e-mail

+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| **Partial e-mail  | ![]                                              |
| update results -- | (media/image103.png){width="4.346527777777778in" |
| in html format**  | height="2.9166666666666665in"}                   |
|                   |                                                  |
| *For this         |                                                  |
| example, ten (10) |                                                  |
| results were      |                                                  |
| identified, but   |                                                  |
| the "maximum      |                                                  |
| number of items   |                                                  |
| to send" was set  |                                                  |
| at five(5).*      |                                                  |
|                   |                                                  |
| *.*               |                                                  |
|                   |                                                  |
| *Click on the     |                                                  |
| word "**here**"   |                                                  |
| to go to PubMed   |                                                  |
| and view the      |                                                  |
| complete          |                                                  |
| results.*         |                                                  |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

![](media/image104.png){width="3.9375in"
height="2.5479166666666666in"}**Manually Updating Searches**

-   To manually update a search, go to My **Saved Data**, then Saved
    Searches and click on **Manage**

-   Check the box to the left of the search desired and click the **Show
    What's New** button at the bottom of the page

-   ![](media/image105.png){width="3.9375in"
    height="1.8868055555555556in"}My NCBIwill indicate if there are any
    new citations retrieved by the strategy since your last update:

-   If you link to the results, i.e., complete the update, your saved
    search list will reflect the date and time of the update.

**About the Updates**

-   The update strategies used for My NCBI are detailed in PubMed's Help

-   New or modified searches can be generated no sooner than the next
    day. For example, this morning, you changed the frequency for an
    update from Monthly to Daily. The first update will be sent
    tomorrow.

**Additional Functions available from the Saved Searches page**

-   ![](media/image105.png){width="3.9375in"
    height="1.886111111111111in"}Searches may be sorted by **Name**,
    **Last Searched** and **Schedule**

-   Saved searches can be run to retrieve total results, i.e., not
    limited to new citations. Click on the name of the search. (This
    will not affect future updates.)

-   You can also run searches from the **May Saved Data** page

-   Click on **Edit** to go to the **Saved Search Settings** page to
    make changes (e.g., to frequency or format of e-mail updates)

-   Hold your cursor over the data in the **Last Searched** column to
    show the date the last e-mail update was sent or manually updated.

**Modifying a Strategy: Save a New One and Delete the Old**

-   Saved search strategies cannot be edited. To modify a strategy,
    re-save it with your changes

-   To delete a search, select the search using the check box and click
    on the **Delete PubMed Searches** button at the bottom of the page

## My Bibliography

-   My Bibliography is designed to make it easier for authors to search
    and collect citations for their publications

-   There will be links between My Bibliography and the NIH Manuscript
    Submission program

-   One "My Bibliography" and one "Other Citation" may be created with
    up to 1500 citations each. To create a bibliography, click on the
    link preferred

    -   Enter one or more authors names and appropriate filters

    -   Click **Go**

    -   Select desired citation and click the **Add to My Bibliography**
        button

-   Existing citations may be deleted, additional citations added and
    the bibliography sorted

## Collections

###  {#section-6 .PubMed-H3}

-   Use Collections to save search results within My NCBI.

> ![](media/image106.wmf){width="4.638888888888889in"
> height="3.43125in"}**Create a Collection**

-   Select search result items you wish to save by checking the box next
    to them

-   Choose **Send to Collections** from the drop-down menu.

-   If you are not already signed into My NCBI, you will be prompted to
    do so

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| > ![](med | > If you do not select items, all items (up toa maximum  |
| ia/image5 | > of 500) will be saved to the collection. Only 500      |
| 9.jpeg){w | > citations may be saved at one time.                    |
| idth="0.7 |                                                          |
| 743055555 |                                                          |
| 555556in" |                                                          |
| > hei     |                                                          |
| ght="0.77 |                                                          |
| 430555555 |                                                          |
| 55556in"} |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

![](media/image107.wmf){width="2.795138888888889in"
height="1.886111111111111in"}

-   **Create a new collection**

    -   Choose **Create a new Collection**

    -   Rename the collection

    -   Click **Save**

-   **Append to an existing collection**

    -   Choose **Append to an existing collection** from the Save
        Collection pop-up window.

    -   Choose the collection to which you want to add items and click
        **OK**.

+---------+------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| > ![]   | > You can  |                                               |
| (media/ | > add up   |                                               |
| image17 | > to a     |                                               |
| .jpeg){ | > maximum  |                                               |
| width=" | > of 5000  |                                               |
| 0.59722 | > items to |                                               |
| 2222222 | > a        |                                               |
| 2222in" | > c        |                                               |
| > he    | ollection. |                                               |
| ight="0 |            |                                               |
| .55in"} |            |                                               |
+---------+------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| >       |            |                                               |
|  **Edit |            |                                               |
| > a     |            |                                               |
| > colle |            |                                               |
| ction** |            |                                               |
+---------+------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| > From  |            | > ![](me                                      |
| > the   |            | dia/image108.png){width="4.416666666666667in" |
| > My    |            | > height="2.8645833333333335in"}              |
| > NCBI  |            |                                               |
| > Coll  |            |                                               |
| ections |            |                                               |
| > page  |            |                                               |
| > you   |            |                                               |
| > may:  |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
| -       |            |                                               |
|    Sort |            |                                               |
|     by  |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|  column |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|   using |            |                                               |
|     the |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|  column |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|    name |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
| -       |            |                                               |
|    View |            |                                               |
|     the |            |                                               |
|     col |            |                                               |
| lection |            |                                               |
|     in  |            |                                               |
|     a   |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|  PubMed |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
| results |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|  screen |            |                                               |
|     to  |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|  print, |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|    save |            |                                               |
|     or  |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|  e-mail |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
| -       |            |                                               |
|    Edit |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|    coll |            |                                               |
| ections |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
| -       |            |                                               |
|   Merge |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|    coll |            |                                               |
| ections |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
| -       |            |                                               |
|  Delete |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|    coll |            |                                               |
| ections |            |                                               |
+---------+------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| > From  |            | > ![](media/image109.png){width="4.40625in"   |
| > the   |            | > height="1.625in"}                           |
| > Edit  |            |                                               |
| > Col   |            |                                               |
| lection |            |                                               |
| > page  |            |                                               |
| > you   |            |                                               |
| > may:  |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
| -       |            |                                               |
|    Sort |            |                                               |
|     by  |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|    publ |            |                                               |
| ication |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|   date, |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|   first |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|  author |            |                                               |
|     or  |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
| article |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|   title |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
| -       |            |                                               |
|  Delete |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|   items |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
|    from |            |                                               |
|     the |            |                                               |
|     col |            |                                               |
| lection |            |                                               |
|         |            |                                               |
| -       |            |                                               |
|  Rename |            |                                               |
|     the |            |                                               |
|     col |            |                                               |
| lection |            |                                               |
+---------+------------+-----------------------------------------------+

**[N]{.underline} [O]{.underline} [T]{.underline} [E]{.underline}
[S]{.underline}**

###  

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc215486861 .anchor}**Practice Exercises**

1.  Find references about shingles and facial paralysis. Display the
    records in the format that shows the abstract and the MeSH headings.
    How does PubMed map the term, shingles?

2.  Using only the query box, find some information about using a living
    donor for a liver transplantation. Using Advanced Search limits,
    further restrict the search to the publication type, Clinical Trial.
    Display the results so you can see the MeSH Headings and the entire
    retrieval is on one page.

3.  Find references about the relationships between circadian rhythms
    and either cortisol or melatonin in humans. Next, find references
    about heart surgery. Using History in Advanced Search, combine this
    search with the previous search to find references about heart
    surgery, circadian rhythms and cortisol or melatonin in humans.

4.  Find references about injuries from backpacks or backpacking. Save
    this search strategy so the search can be run again at a later date.

5.  Find English-language review articles published in the last ten
    years on using light therapy to treat seasonal depression. Show all
    results in Citation format on one page. Select three or four
    citations and save them in a Collection.

**Suggested Answers**

1.  Find references about shingles and facial paralysis. Display the
    records in the format that shows the abstract and the MeSH headings.
    How does PubMed map the term, shingles?

Enter shingles facial paralysis in the query box, click **Go**. Click on
**Advanced Search**, then **Details** to see that the term shingles maps
to the MeSH heading **Herpes Zoster**.

![](media/image110.png){width="6.530555555555556in"
height="5.238888888888889in"}

Use the **Citation** display format to display both the abstract and
MeSH headings.

![](media/image111.png){width="5.761805555555555in"
height="8.376388888888888in"}

2.  Using only the query box, find some information about using a living
    donor for a liver transplantation. Using the Advanced Search limits,
    further restrict the search to the publication type, Clinical Trial.
    Display the results so you can see the MeSH Headings and the entire
    retrieval is on one page.

![](media/image112.png){width="6.436805555555556in"
height="3.6034722222222224in"}

Then Display the results so you see the MeSH headings and the entire
retrieval is on one page.

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| *Use the    | ![](media/image113.png){width="5.220833333333333in"    |
| **          | height="1.4319444444444445in"}                         |
| Citation*** |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| *format to  |                                                        |
| see the     |                                                        |
| MeSH        |                                                        |
| terms.*     |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| *Use the    |                                                        |
| **Show***   |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| *pull-down  |                                                        |
| menu to     |                                                        |
| display all |                                                        |
| the items   |                                                        |
| on the same |                                                        |
| Web page.*  |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

3.  Find references about the relationships between circadian rhythms
    and either cortisol or melatonin in humans. Next, find references
    about heart surgery. Using History in Advanced Search, combine this
    search with the previous search to find references about heart
    surgery, circadian rhythms and cortisol or melatonin in humans.

> circadian rhythms AND (cortisol OR melatonin) AND humans
>
> \[You may also use the Humans checkbox on the Advanced Search Limits
> screen. These terms can be in any order but the OR phrase must be in
> parentheses.\]
>
> Next:
>
> ![](media/image114.wmf){width="5.965972222222222in"
> height="3.1041666666666665in"}
>
> After running a search for heart surgery, go to History, click on the
> search number link for your circadian rhythm search and select AND.
> Click **Go**.
>
> OR
>
> Combine the two searches by typing in the search box:
>
> #1 AND #2
>
> (substituting the numbers of the appropriate searches).

4.  Find references about injuries from backpacks or backpacking.
    Bookmark this search strategy so the search can be run again at a
    later date.

Click on the Details tab.

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| *If you  | ![](media/image115.png){width="5.222916666666666in"       |
| truncate | height="4.269444444444445in"}                             |
| ba       |                                                           |
| ckpack\* |                                                           |
| you pick |                                                           |
| up:*     |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *B       |                                                           |
| ackpack* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *Bac     |                                                           |
| kpacker* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *Back    |                                                           |
| packers* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *Back    |                                                           |
| packing* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *ba      |                                                           |
| ckpacks* |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

Use PubMed MyNCBI to save your strategy. Optional: send yourself email
updates of the search. Delete when finished if desired. (See pages 63
and following for more information.)

5.  Find English-language review articles published in the last ten
    years on using light therapy to treat seasonal depression. Show all
    results in Citation format on one page. Select three or four
    citations and save them in a Collection.

> ![](media/image116.png){width="6.254861111111111in" height="2.8875in"}