**Number range CHAPTERCALIFORNIA WINE GRAPES**

[]{.mark}

The following parameters are valid for characterizing the Northern
Coastal wine grape producing regions of California, USDA grape crush
districts 1 through 4. While a greater majority of California wine grape
production takes place within the San Joaquin valley, the demand for
Sonoma, Napa, Lake, and Mendocino County grapes, shown by the weighted
average per ton delivered, places the Northern Coastal area grape
production five to fifteen times higher by price (USDA, 2006a). The
Northern Coastal development regions are driven by this demand to
utilize a wide variety of farming conditions to maximize production.

[]{.mark}

Grapes are a perennial crop with persistent vines growing on trellises
constructed in rows. Surface soil around the vine row is usually sealed,
but some plants can grow between vine rows. The soil between rows is
usually disked. Foliage coverage at maturity is 100% under the trellis
and approximately 30% per acre due to spacing between rows (R. Smith,
personal communication). Grapes need at least 3 ft of well drained soil
with a rooting depth of 2-4 ft and are typically grown on sandy or sandy
loam soils. Vine rows are usually kept weed free, but there is some
growth in the winter. Vineyards are typically irrigated using drip
irrigation. Decisions to irrigate are site specific and are based on
soil moisture and crop rooting depth (R. Smith, personal communication)

[]{.mark}

Metfile W23234 was selected for this scenario since it is the closest
metfile to the wine grape producing counties of interest (Sonoma, Napa,
Lake, and Mendocino). Its data were collected in San Francisco, CA. The
station is located approximately 2 meters above mean seal level (AMSL).
San Francisco receives approximately 20 inches (51 cm) of rainfall
annually with nearly 60% of the annual precipitation occurring in
January, February, and March (NOAA, 2006). This station is the closest
available weather station that includes data required for PRZM. The
Sacramento Met station W23232 located at 38º 31' N, 121º 30' W and 6
meters above sea level is also near this area, but receives
approximately 2 inches less rainfall per year (approximately 18 inches)
(NOAA, 2006).

[]{.mark}

There are approximately thirty different wine grape bearing soils in
Napa, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties (USDA, 2006b). Approximately 65% of
wine grape bearing soils are in drainage groups C and D. Representative
wine grape bearing soils include Diablo, Goldridge, Haire, and Yolo
series (R. Smtih, personal communication). Of these, the Haire series is
the most common wine grape producing soil of Napa, Sonoma, and Mondocino
Counties, and the seventh most common wine grape bearing soil overall in
these counties (Table 5). The Haire series accounts for approximately 5%
of wine grape bearing soil acreage (USDA, 2006b). Haire soils are fine,
mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Haploxerults located on nearly level
to moderately steep hills at elevations of 20 to 2,400 feet (USDA,
2003). They are among the top soils for expected irrigated yields (Table
5). Location and metfile selections are often the most important
developments affecting scenario vulnerability and protectiveness.
Because this scenario is intended to represent wine grape production
along the northern coastal area of California, the metfile closest to
the center of the major wine producing counties in the region was
chosen. The Haire soil series was selected for this scenario because it
is both representative of wine grape bearing soils, is predominant in
the main production areas of both Napa and Sonoma Counties, represents
the majority (45%) of soils in drainage, 90% for erodibility, and is
among the steeper sloped wine grape bearing soils (Table 5).

[]{.mark}

Haire is a Hydrologic Group C soil, which represents the majority (45%)
these soils in drainage. Haire soils have a USLE K factor of ranging
from 0.32-0.43; approximately 87% of wine grape bearing soils have a
USLE K factor between 0.32 and 0.43 (Table 5). Less than 1% of wine
grape bearing soils have a pH lower than Haire soils (5.6 - 6.7),
although soil pH is not currently a PRZM input parameter and is not
expected to often affect chemical fate in the acidic range. Haire soils
have an A horizon from 0 to 24 inches (0-61 cm) deep, a B horizon from
24 to 36 inches (61-91 cm) deep, and a C horizon from 36 to 60 inches
(91-152 cm) deep. Only two benchmark soils were identified as bearing
wine grapes in drainage groups C or D (Clear Lake and Dibble), however
Clear Lake was not suggested as a representative soil by local experts
and Dibble is of only minor extent with respect to wine grape bearing
soils (Table 5). Therefore, a benchmark soil of California was not
selected for this scenario. Haire clay loam 15-30 percent slopes was
used to parameterize this scenario (USDA 2006b).

[]{.mark}

+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Table 1. PRZM |          |                                         |
| 3.12 Climate    |          |                                         |
| and Time        |          |                                         |
| Parameters      |          |                                         |
| for** **Sonoma, |          |                                         |
| California --   |          |                                         |
| Wine.**         |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Parameter**   | *        | **Source/Comments**                     |
|                 | *Value** |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Starting Date   | Jan. 1,  | Meteorological File from San Francisco, |
|                 | 1961     | CA (W23234)                             |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Ending Date     | Dec. 31, | Meteorological File from San Francisco, |
|                 | 1990     | CA (W23234)                             |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Pan Evaporation | 0.75     | PRZM Manual Figure 5.1. Value           |
| Factor (PFAC)   |          | represents North Coast region of        |
|                 |          | California.                             |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Snowmelt Factor | 0        | The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc.   |
| (SFAC)          |          | (TWCII, 2006)                           |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Minimum Depth   | 17.5 cm  | PRZM Guidance                           |
| of              |          |                                         |
|                 |          |                                         |
| Evaporation     |          |                                         |
| (ANETD)         |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+

[]{.mark}

+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Table 2. PRZM |          |                                         |
| 3.12 Erosion    |          |                                         |
| and Landscape   |          |                                         |
| Parameters for  |          |                                         |
| Sonoma,         |          |                                         |
| California --   |          |                                         |
| Wine.**         |          |                                         |
+=================+==========+=========================================+
| **Parameter**   | *        | **Source/Comments**                     |
|                 | *Value** |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Method to       | 4 (MUSS) | PRZM Manual (EPA, 1998)                 |
| Calculate       |          |                                         |
| Erosion         |          |                                         |
| (ERFLAG)        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| USLE K Factor   | 0.37     | USDA NRCS Soil Data Mart                |
| (USLEK)         | tons     | (http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)    |
|                 | EI^-1\*^ |                                         |
|                 |          | Value listed for the soil series Haire. |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| USLE LS Factor  | 5.18     | PRZM Manual (EPA, 1998)                 |
| (USLELS)        |          |                                         |
|                 |          | Value listed for 15% slope at 400 feet  |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| USLE P Factor   | 1.0      | R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor / UC      |
| (USLEP)         |          | Cooperative Extension Sonoma County.    |
|                 |          | Default for orchards with no contour    |
|                 |          | practices                               |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Field Area      | 172 ha   | Area of Shipman Reservoir watershed     |
| (AFIELD)        |          | (EPA, 1999)                             |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| NRCS Hyetograph | 2        | PRZM Manual Figure 5.12 (EPA, 1998)     |
| (IREG)          |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Slope (SLP)     | 15%      | Set to the midpoint of the reported     |
|                 |          | range. R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor /  |
|                 |          | UC Cooperative Extension Sonoma County. |
|                 |          | Maximum utilized and allowed slope by   |
|                 |          | Sonoma County ordinance. (Sonoma County |
|                 |          | Agricultural Commissioner, 1999)        |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Hydraulic       | 600 m    | Shipman Reservoir (EPA, 1999)           |
| Length (HL)     |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Irrigation Flag | 2        | PRZM Guidance (EPA, 1998). Consistent   |
| (IRFLAG)        | (        | with other grape scenarios. R. Smith,   |
|                 | cropping | UC Cooperative Extension Sonoma County; |
|                 | period   | and Irrigation Guidance for developing  |
|                 | only)    | PRZM Scenarios, Table 3; (EPA 2005).    |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Number range    | 4 (drip) | Grapes are irrigated using drip         |
| CH              |          | irrigation. R. Smith, UC Cooperative    |
| APTERIrrigation |          | Extension Sonoma County; and Irrigation |
| Type (IRTYP)    |          | Guidance for developing PRZM Scenarios, |
|                 |          | Table 3; (EPA 2005).                    |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Leaching Factor | 0.0      | Irrigation Guidance for developing PRZM |
| (FLEACH)        |          | Scenarios, Table 3; (June 15, 2005).    |
|                 |          | Default value for drip irrigation.      |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Fraction of     | 0.60     | Irrigation Guidance for developing PRZM |
| Water Capacity  |          | Scenario, Table 3; (EPA 2005).          |
| when Irrigation |          | Irrigation varies by site, but grapes   |
| is Applied      |          | are generally irrigated between 60-80%  |
| (PCDEPL)        |          | available water capacities. R. Smith,   |
|                 |          | UC Cooperative Extension Sonoma County; |
|                 |          | and Irrigation Guidance for developing  |
|                 |          | PRZM Scenarios, Table 3; (EPA 2005).    |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum Rate at | 0.056 cm | Irrigation Guidance for developing PRZM |
| which           | hr^-1^   | Scenarios, Table 1; (June 15, 2005).    |
| Irrigation is   |          | For CN = 79 and f = 0                   |
| Applied         |          |                                         |
| (RATEAP)        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| \* EI = 100     |          |                                         |
| ft-tons \* in/  |          |                                         |
| acre\*hr        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| []{.mark}       |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+

[]{.mark}

+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Table 3. PRZM |          |                                         |
| 3.12 Crop       |          |                                         |
| Parameters for  |          |                                         |
| Sonoma,         |          |                                         |
| California --   |          |                                         |
| Wine.**         |          |                                         |
+=================+==========+=========================================+
| **Parameter**   | *        | **Source/Comments**                     |
|                 | *Value** |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Initial Crop    | 1        | Set to one for all crops (EPA, 2004).   |
| (INICRP)        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Initial Surface | 3        | R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor / UC      |
| Condition       |          | Cooperative Extension Sonoma County.    |
|                 |          | Consistent with perennial orchard       |
| (ISCOND)        |          | crops.                                  |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Number of       | 1        | Set to number of crops in simulation.   |
| Different Crops |          |                                         |
| (NDC)           |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Number of       | 30       | Set to weather data in meteorological   |
| Cropping        |          | file: San Francisco, CA (W23234)        |
| Periods (NCPDS) |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum         | 0.25     | Recommended value for orchards (EPA,    |
| rainfall        |          | 2004).                                  |
| interception    |          |                                         |
| storage of crop |          |                                         |
| (CINTCP)        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum Active  | 122 cm   | R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor / UC      |
| Root Depth      |          | Cooperative Extension Sonoma County.    |
| (AMXDR)         |          | Value varies based on soil density      |
|                 |          | between 24" -- 48".                     |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum Canopy  | 30       | R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor / UC      |
| Coverage        |          | Cooperative Extension Sonoma County.    |
| (COVMAX)        |          | Value represents wide gaps between      |
|                 |          | trellis rows. Coverage over individual  |
|                 |          | rows will be 100%.                      |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Soil Surface    | 3        | R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor / UC      |
| Condition After |          | Cooperative Extension Sonoma County.    |
| Harvest (ICNAH) |          | Consistent with perennial orchard       |
|                 |          | crops.                                  |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Date of Crop    | 03/01    | R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor / UC      |
| Emergence       |          | Cooperative Extension Sonoma County.    |
|                 |          | Emergence between late Feb. to early    |
| (EMD, EMM,      |          | Apr.                                    |
| IYREM)          |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Date of Crop    | 08/01    | R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor / UC      |
| Maturity        |          | Cooperative Extension Sonoma County.    |
|                 |          |                                         |
| (MAD, MAM,      |          |                                         |
| IYRMAT)         |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Date of Crop    | 08/01    | R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor / UC      |
| Harvest (HAD,   |          | Cooperative Extension Sonoma County.    |
| HAM, IYRHAR)    |          | Harvest begins at crop maturity. Leaves |
|                 |          | drop in late Nov.                       |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum Dry     | 0.0      | Not used in scenario                    |
| Weight (WFMAX)  |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum Height  | 7'       | R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor / UC      |
| (HFMAX)         |          | Cooperative Extension Sonoma County.    |
|                 |          | Controlled by trellis height.           |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| SCS Curve       | 84, 79,  | Gleams Manual Table H-4, for Meadows,   |
| Number (CN)     | 82       | no fallow conditions, Hydrologic Group  |
|                 |          | C (USDA, 1990)                          |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Manning's N     | 0.023    | RUSLE Project; variable with date;      |
| Value (MNGN)    |          | C21GFGFN for Sacramento grapes with no  |
|                 |          | tilling (USDA, 2000).                   |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| USLE C Factor   | 0.0      | RUSLE Project; variable with date;      |
| (USLEC)         | 29-0.109 | C21GFGFN for Sacramento grapes with no  |
|                 |          | tilling (USDA, 2000).                   |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| **Table 4.    |                   |                                 |
| PRZM 3.12     |                   |                                 |
| Haire clay    |                   |                                 |
| loam 15-30    |                   |                                 |
| percent       |                   |                                 |
| slopes, Soil  |                   |                                 |
| Parameters    |                   |                                 |
| for Sonoma,   |                   |                                 |
| California -- |                   |                                 |
| Wine.**       |                   |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| **Parameter** | **Value**         | **Source/Comments**             |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Total Soil    | 152 cm            | NRCS Official Soil Series       |
| Depth (CORED) |                   | Descriptions (OSD)              |
|               |                   | (h                              |
|               |                   | ttp://soils.usda.gov/technical/ |
|               |                   | classification/osd/index.html/) |
|               |                   | (USDA, 2006b)                   |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Number of     | 4                 | NRCS OSD; soil consists of      |
| Horizons      |                   | three horizons: A, B, and C.    |
| (NHORIZ)      |                   | The A horizon spans scenario    |
|               |                   | horizons 1 and 2 in order to    |
|               |                   | conform to PRZM input           |
|               |                   | requirements.                   |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Horizon       | 10 cm (HORIZN =   | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| Thickness     | 1)                | (htt                            |
| (THKNS)       |                   | p://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov) |
|               | 26 cm (HORIZN =   |                                 |
|               | 2)                |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 33 cm (HORIZN =   |                                 |
|               | 3)                |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 83 cm (HORIZN =   |                                 |
|               | 4)                |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Bulk Density  | 1.4 g/cm^3^       | NRCS Soil Characterization      |
| (BD)          | (HORIZN = 1)      | Database (SCD)                  |
|               |                   | (                               |
|               | 1.4 g/cm^3^       | http://ssldata.nrcs.usda.gov/); |
|               | (HORIZN = 2)      | values are mean 1/3-bar moist   |
|               |                   | bulk densities.                 |
|               | 1.4 g/cm^3^       |                                 |
|               | (HORIZN = 3)      |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 1.45 g/cm^3^      |                                 |
|               | (HORIZN = 4)      |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Initial Water | 0.312 cm^3^/cm^3^ | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| Content       | (HORIZN =1)       | (http                           |
| (THETO)       |                   | ://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov); |
|               | 0.312 cm^3^/cm^3^ | values are mean 1/3-bar water   |
|               | (HORIZN =2)       | contents.                       |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 0.333 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                                 |
|               | (HORIZN =3)       |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 0.152 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                                 |
|               | (HORIZN =4)       |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Compartment   | 0.1 cm (HORIZN =  | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| Thickness     | 1)                | (htt                            |
| (DPN)         |                   | p://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov) |
|               | 2.0 cm (HORIZN =  |                                 |
|               | 2)                |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 3.0 cm (HORIZN =  |                                 |
|               | 3)                |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 1.0 cm (HORIZN =  |                                 |
|               | 4)                |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Field         | 0.312 cm^3^/cm^3^ | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| Capacity      | (HORIZN =1)       | (http                           |
| (THEFC)       |                   | ://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov); |
|               | 0.312 cm^3^/cm^3^ | values are mean 1/3-bar water   |
|               | (HORIZN =2)       | contents.                       |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 0.333 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                                 |
|               | (HORIZN =3)       |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 0.152 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                                 |
|               | (HORIZN =4)       |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Wilting Point | 0.197 cm^3^/cm^3^ | NRCS SCD and SDM; values are    |
| (THEWP)       | (HORIZN =1)       | mean 15-bar water contents.     |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 0.197 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                                 |
|               | (HORIZN =2)       |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 0.275 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                                 |
|               | (HORIZN =3)       |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 0.097 cm^3^/cm^3^ |                                 |
|               | (HORIZN =4)       |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Organic       | 1.16% (HORIZN =   | NRCS SDM; values for horizons 1 |
| Carbon        | 1)                | to 4 = mean %OM / 1.724.        |
| Content (OC)  |                   |                                 |
|               | 1.16% (HORIZN =   |                                 |
|               | 2)                |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 0.15% (HORIZN =   |                                 |
|               | 3)                |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 0.15% (HORIZN =   |                                 |
|               | 4)                |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

***Sensitive Parameter Uncertainties***

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

[Slope]{.underline}

Wine grapes grown in and around Sonoma County are typically produced on
slopes around 10-30%, with 50% being the maximum slope allowed by the
Vineyard Erosion & Sediment Control (VESCO) ordinance (Sonoma Country
Agricultural Commissioner, 1999).

[]{.mark}

[Soil Data]{.underline}

R. Smith, Viticulture Advisor for the UC Cooperative Extension of Sonoma
County suggested that the highest potential for runoff to adjacent
surface water bodies is from soils located in the valleys which would be
represented by lower slope values.

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- -------- -------------- ----------------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------------- ------------------
  **Table 5. Wine Grape Bearing Soils of Napa, Sonoma, and Mendocino                                                                                                                                                   
  Counties (California) Ranked by Area.**                                                                                                                                                                              

  **Soil**                                                                 **Total     **%      **Drainage**   **Erodibility**   **Slopes   **pH**    **OM (%)** **% Sand**  **% Silt**  **% Clay**  **Wine            **Wine
                                                                           Acreage**   Area**                                    (%)**                                                               grapes-IrrYield   grapes-NIrrYield
                                                                                                                                                                                                     (tons)**          (tons)**

  [BRESSA](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/B/BRESSA.html)           68,329      14.15%   C              0.37              15-50      6.7       1.75       26.5        53.5        20          2                 \-

  [HUGO](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/H/HUGO.html)               36,431      7.54%    B              0.37              30-50      6.5       4          39.2        37.3        23.5        1.5               \-

  [COLE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/COLE.html)               31,688      6.56%    C              0.32-0.37         0-5        6.5-6.7   2.5        22.4-39.8   33.6-55.1   22.5-31     3.5-7             2.6-5

  [CLEAR_LAKE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CLEAR_LAKE.html)   27,185      5.63%    D              0.24-0.32         0-5        6.5-7     1.5-2.5    22.1-63.1   19.4-31     17.5-50     4                 3

  [SUTHER](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/S/SUTHER.html)           26,927      5.58%    C              0.37              15-50      5.8       1.5        39.2        37.3        23.5        1.5               \-

  [YORKVILLE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/Y/YORKVILLE.html)     26,703      5.53%    D              0.32              15-50      6.5-6.7   1.5        33.6        36.9        29.5        1.5               \-

  [HAIRE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/H/HAIRE.html)             25,422      5.26%    C              0.32-0.43         0-30       5.6-6.7   0.75-2     34.2-68.8   16.2-37.3   15-33.5     4-8               2

  [BOOMER](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/B/BOOMER.html)           24,972      5.17%    B              0.37              30-50      6.1-6.3   2          39.8        37.7        22.5        2                 \-

  [JOSEPHINE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/J/JOSEPHINE.html)     24,811      5.14%    B              0.37              30-50      5.8       3.5        41.6        37.4        21          4                 \-

  [SOBRANTE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/S/SOBRANTE.html)       22,096      4.58%    C/B            0.32-0.49         30-50      6.1-6.3   2          43          39.5        17.5        1.5               \-

  [KIDD](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/K/KIDD.html)               21,555      4.46%    D              0.24-0.37         2-75       6.1       2          38-43.6     43.3-43.9   12.5-18.5   1.5-2             \-

  [LAUGHLIN](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/L/LAUGHLIN.html)       20,849      4.32%    C              0.37              30-50      5.8       3.5        41.4        37.1        21.5        1.5               \-

  [BALE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/B/BALE.html)               16,005      3.31%    C              0.32-0.37         0-5        6.1       2          35.4-41.4   33.6-37.1   21.5-31     \-                5-6

  [YOLO](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/Y/YOLO.html)               15,816      3.27%    B              0.28-0.43         0-5        6.7       2          6.7-65.9    19.1-67.7   15-31       \-                6

  [GOULDING](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/G/GOULDING.html)       14,688      3.04%    D              0.37              30-50      6.1       1.5        34.2        37.3        28.5        1.5               \-

  [WRIGHT](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/W/WRIGHT.html)           13,615      2.82%    C              0.37              0-9        5.8       2.5        43          39.5        17.5        \-                2-3

  [PLEASANTON](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/PLEASANTON.html)   9,059       1.88%    B              0.37              0-9        5-6.1     1.5        34.2-43     37.3-38.5   18.5-28.5   \-                6

  [TALMAGE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/T/TALMAGE.html)         7,545       1.56%    B              0.24              0-2        6.1-6.5   2          45.4-65.7   22.8-41.6   11.5-13     3.5-3.7           \-

  [RED_HILL](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/R/RED_HILL.html)       7,113       1.47%    B              0.28              2-75       6.1       2          33.3-35.4   31.7-33.6   31-35       2.5-4             2-3

  [FELTA](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/F/FELTA.html)             6,735       1.39%    B              0.37              30-50      5.8       2          39.2        37.3        23.5        2                 \-

  [FELTON](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/F/FELTON.html)           5,340       1.11%    C              0.43              30-50      6.7       7.5        39.8        37.7        22.5        2                 \-

  [TEHAMA](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/T/TEHAMA.html)           5,265       1.09%    C              0.37              0-5        6.1       0.75       13.9        70.1        16          \-                4

  [FAGAN](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/F/FAGAN.html)             5,265       1.09%    C              0.32              30-50      6.1       2          35.4        33.6        31          4                 \-

  [COOMBS](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/COOMBS.html)           5,080       1.05%    B              0.37              0-5        5.6       0.75       39.2        37.3        23.5        \-                4

  [LOS_ROBLES](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/L/LOS_ROBLES.html)   2,940       0.61%    B              0.37              0-5        7         2          35.4        33.6        31          \-                15

  [REDVINE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/R/REDVINE.html)         2,538       0.53%    C              0.28              2-15       5.8       3.5        57          18          25          \-                7.5-10

  [MANZANITA](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/M/MANZANITA.html)     2,473       0.51%    B              0.37              0-9        5.8       0.75       26.3        52.7        21          4                 \-

  [DIBBLE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/D/DIBBLE.html)           2,370       0.49%    C              0.28-0.37         30-50      5.8-6.1   0.75       34.2-39.2   37.3        23.5-28.5   2                 \-

  [CORTINA](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CORTINA.html)         1,945       0.40%    A              0.24              0-5        7         0.75       44.3        40.7        15          3                 \-

  [DIABLO](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/D/DIABLO.html)           1,133       0.23%    D              0.24              30-50      7.3       1.25-2.5   22.1        27.9        50          4                 \-

  [CLOUGH](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CLOUGH.html)           1,045       0.22%    D              0.37              15-30      5.3       2.5        41.6        37.4        21          1.5               \-
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- -------- -------------- ----------------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------------- ------------------

[]{.mark}

***Contact***

**Rhonda Smith**

Viticulture Advisor / UC Cooperative Extension Sonoma County

133 Aviation Blvd. Suite 109

Santa Rosa, CA **95403**

Phone: (707) 565-2621

Email: <rhsmith@ucdavis.edu>

***Works Cited***

[]{.mark}

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A.S. Donigian, Jr. PRZM-3, A Model for Predicting Pesticide and Nitrogen
Fate in the Crop Root and Unsaturated Soil Zones: Users Manual for
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and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA.

EPA. 1999. Jones, R.D., J. Breithaupt, J. Carleton, L. Libelo, J. Lin,
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Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC.

EPA. 2004. Abel, S.A. Procedure for Conducting Quality Assurance and
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2005.

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[http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data](http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/).

Sonoma Country Agricultural Commissioner. 1999. Vineyard Erosion &
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http://www.sonoma-county.org/agcomm/vesco.htm

TWCII. 2006. Averages and Records for Sacramento, CA. The Weather
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ttp://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/outdoors/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USCA0967

USDA. 1990. Davis, F.M., R.A. Leonard, W.G. Knisel. GLEAMS User Manual,
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USDA. 2000. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) EPA Pesticide
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USDA. 2003. USDA Official Soil Series Description - HAIRE series. U.S.
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USDA. 2006a. Final Grape Crush Report 2005. California Department of
Agriculture, Sacramento CA.
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Grape_Crush/Final/2005/200507gcbtb00.pdf.

USDA. 2006b. Soil Survey Areas of Napa, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties,
California. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS), Soil Data Mart. March 1, 2006. Online at:
http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov.