# ![](media/image1.png){width="1.1944444444444444in" height="1.1944444444444444in"}  {#section .unnumbered}

Report to the President and Congress

On the Implementation of the

Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program

Under the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act

![](media/image2.png)

# 

# Executive Summary

This report, submitted pursuant to section 724(i) of the McKinney-Vento
Homeless Assistance Act as amended (McKinney-Vento), provides
information on programs supported under McKinney-Vento and describes
activities that the U.S. Department of Education (ED) has undertaken to
address the educational needs of homeless children and youth.

Since McKinney-Vento was last reauthorized in 2001, States and local
educational agencies (LEAs) have generally made significant progress in
reducing the barriers that homeless children and youth face in
enrolling, attending, and succeeding in school. The legislation has
prompted States and LEAs to focus more on the needs of homeless students
and has helped facilitate the expansion of local support networks to
meet those needs. Most recently, McKinney-Vento has been an invaluable
tool for assisting students who were left homeless by Hurricanes Katrina
and Rita. Although the appropriation levels for this program are
relatively small, the impact of the program has been very widespread.

Progress under McKinney-Vento is attributable in part to the following:

-   The reauthorized legislation requires every district to designate a
    local liaison to assist homeless children and youth with enrollment,
    raise awareness of issues related to homelessness and homeless
    education, and oversee the implementation of the law.

-   The reauthorized legislation clarifies the definition of "homeless,"
    facilitating determinations of eligibility and the provision of
    services.

-   The requirements for immediate school enrollment of homeless
    children and youth and for allowing them to remain in and receive
    transportation to and from their school of origin have greatly
    increased school stability and educational continuity.

-   There has been a 58 percent increase in the number of subgrants
    States have awarded since 2002, enabling a greater number of school
    districts to provide supplemental services to more homeless children
    and youth.

-   The number of students (preK-12) served by the subgrants increased
    by 53 percent since 2002 (not due to an increase in the number of
    students).

Though States and LEAs have made significant progress in serving
homeless children and youth, several challenges remain:

-   Local liaisons often have other professional duties that compete
    with their efforts to serve homeless children and youth.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Many LEAs incur costs in transporting homeless children and youth to
    and from their schools of origin.

-   Meeting the educational needs of homeless children and youth
    requires LEA coordination with other agencies. However, local
    service agencies sometimes have policies that are not aligned with
    LEA policies.

-   Identifying homeless children for services is difficult in some
    situations, especially for children who live doubled up with
    relatives or friends and are eligible for services under
    McKinney-Vento.

-   Nine smaller States currently receive an amount of McKinney-Vento
    funding that marginally exceeds the minimal funding threshold and
    have experienced a significant reduction in use of funds for
    state-level support. As a result, these States now provide a level
    of support disproportionately lower than that provided by larger
    States.

ED supports State Coordinators for homeless education and school
districts in implementing the McKinney-Vento Act in several ways. It
provides technical assistance; develops guidance publications;
disseminates awareness materials; collaborates with federal, state, and
local agencies; collects data; and awards funds to States.

Data provided in this report are based on actual counts and records of
homeless students enrolled in school. Unlike data in the prior report on
this population (fiscal year 2000) that were based on estimates, this
report represents an effort on the part of ED to require States to
submit data that are verifiable and school-based. Data collection for
homeless students has greatly improved, and more homeless students are
being included in local and state accountability systems. Because the
stricter Federal data collection requirements for homeless students are
new, LEAs have had to adapt their data systems. LEAs are still
transitioning to meet these data collection requirements; therefore, not
all LEAs are represented in the data provided in the report.
Nevertheless, the data and information in this report provide a more
accurate and broad picture of the state of homeless education than has
been previously available.

Table of Contents

[Introduction 1](#introduction)

[**Overview of Changes in the 2001 Reauthorization of the McKinney-Vento
Act**
3](#overview-of-changes-in-the-2001-reauthorization-of-the-mckinney-vento-act)

[**Status of Homeless Children and Youth**
5](#status-of-homeless-children-and-youth)

[**Activities and Accomplishments of ED with Regard to Increasing
Educational Opportunities and Success for Homeless Children and Youth**
7](#activities-and-accomplishments-of-ed-with-regard-to-increasing-educational-opportunities-and-success-for-homeless-children-and-youth)

[**State and Local Homeless Education Program Status and Successes**
12](#state-and-local-homeless-education-program-status-and-successes)

Tables

[**Table 1 - Homeless Children and Youth Enrolled in School During the
2003-04 School Year**
5](#table-1---homeless-children-and-youth-enrolled-in-school-during-the-2003-04-school-year)

[**Table 2 - Number of Homeless Preschool-aged, Unaccompanied Youth, and
Migrant Children Served in Schools in LEAs with Subgrants During the
2003-04 School Year**
5](#table-2---number-of-homeless-preschool-aged-unaccompanied-youth-and-migrant-children-served-in-schools-in-leas-with-subgrants-during-the-2003-04-school-year)

[**Table 3 - Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program Funding
History, 2001-05**
10](#table-3---education-for-homeless-children-and-youth-program-funding-history-2001-05)

[**Table 4 - Comparison of Number of LEAs with Subgrants and Number of
Homeless Students Enrolled in LEAs Receiving Subgrants Reported by
States in 2001-02 and 2003-04**
11](#table-4---comparison-of-number-of-leas-with-subgrants-and-number-of-homeless-students-enrolled-in-leas-receiving-subgrants-reported-by-states-in-2001-02-and-2003-2004)

[**Table 5 - Number of LEAs and Homeless Students Enrolled in LEAs with
and Without McKinney-Vento Subgrants Reported by States in 2003-04**
11](#table-5---number-of-leas-and-homeless-students-enrolled-in-leas-with-and-without-mckinney-vento-subgrants-reported-by-states-in-2003-04)

[**Table 6 - Percentage of Subgrantees Providing Specific Services and
Activities in 2003-04**
11](#table-6---percentage-of-subgrantees-providing-specific-services-and-activities-in-2003-04)

[Table 7 - Academic Progress of Homeless Students in School Districts
with McKinney-Vento Subgrants Reported by States in 2003-04
12](#table-7---academic-progress-of-homeless-students-in-school-districts-with-mckinney-vento-subgrants-reported-by-states-in-2003-04)

Charts

[Chart 1 - Primary Nighttime Residence of Homeless Children and Youth,
2003-04 6](#__RefHeading___Toc122317563)

Appendices

[**Appendix 1. Number of Homeless Children and Youth Enrolled in Public
Schools During the 2003-04 School Year as Reported by States**
19](#__RefHeading___Toc122317547)

[**Appendix 2. Primary Nightime Residence of Homeless Children and Youth
During School Year 2003-04 as Reported by States**
21](#__RefHeading___Toc122317548)

[**Appendix 3. Number of Homeless Children and Youth Served in Public
Schools During School Year 2003-04 in LEAs with McKinney-Vento Subgrants
as Reported by States** 23](#__RefHeading___Toc122317549)

[**Appendix 4. Number of Homeless Children and Youth by Category in LEAs
with McKinney-Vento Subgrants Reported by States in 2003-04**
24](#__RefHeading___Toc122317550)

[**Appendix 5. Academic Progress of Homeless Students in LEAs with
Subgrants Reported by States in 2003-04\***
25](#__RefHeading___Toc122317551)

[Appendix 6. Survey Responses of State Coordinators for Homeless
Education Regarding ED Homeless Education Program Services
25](#__RefHeading___Toc122317552)

**References**

**EDUCATION FOR HOMELESS CHILDREN AND YOUTH**

**McKINNEY-VENTO HOMELESS EDUCATION ASSISTANCE IMPROVEMENTS ACT OF
2001**

## 

## Introduction

This report to the President, the House Committee on Education and the
Workforce, and the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and
Pensions, submitted pursuant to Section 724(i) of Title VII-B of the
McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act as amended (McKinney-Vento),
provides the following:

(1) An overview of the new requirements in McKinney-Vento, as
    reauthorized by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001;

(2) Data on the status of homeless children and youth;

(3) A summary of activities and accomplishments of the U.S. Department
    of Education (ED) with regard to increasing educational
    opportunities and success for homeless children and youth; and

(4) Information on programs funded under McKinney-Vento.

*­State and Local Funding under McKinney-Vento*

State educational agencies (SEAs) in the 50 States, the District of
Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands are authorized to receive
funds under this program. The Department of the Interior also receives
funds for programs served by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The District
of Columbia (DC) is not included in this report because DC has declined
Federal funds under this program since 1995.[^1]

States receive formula grants for program administration to support the
responsibilities of the State Coordinator for homeless education and to
award competitive subgrants to local educational agencies (LEAs) on the
basis of need.

*Reporting*

States receiving McKinney-Vento funds are required to submit data to ED
annually. The Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana
Islands are not required to submit data, because they receive funds
through a consolidated grant that allows them to commingle
McKinney-Vento and other funds.

In 2003-04, 50 States and Puerto Rico submitted data on homeless
children and youth. The data included information on homeless children
and youth enrolled in school and on the primary nighttime residences of
these students. In addition, data from school districts with
McKinney-Vento subgrants included information on the numbers of homeless
preschool-aged children, unaccompanied youth, and homeless migrant
students; services received; barriers experienced; numbers of homeless
students included in state assessment systems; and numbers achieving at
their State's proficiency level.

For the first time, data on homeless children and youth submitted in
2003-04 are based on actual counts and records, which reflects marked
progress in the data collection process initiated by the ED Homeless
Education program. Whereas the *2000 Report to Congress* cautioned that
readers should regard the data included "as estimates rather than
precise numbers," the *2006 Report* data are more reliable because they
are based on records of homeless students enrolled in schools during the
2003-04 school year submitted to ED by SEAs.

However, because the data are derived only from school or school
district records, they do not represent the total number of homeless
children and youth in those communities, which would include both those
who were enrolled in school at some time during the year and those who
were not. The rationale behind the decision to require states and school
districts to collect data only on children and youth enrolled in school
is to ensure that data are collected consistently and accurately across
the nation, i.e., one record for every homeless student who enrolls
during a school year. Local school districts are accountable for data
related to the students they serve. However, other agencies may use
multiple sources for estimates on homeless children and youth that may
include those not enrolled in school.

Unfortunately, at this time, there is no national estimate or consistent
reporting from localities on the total number of homeless children and
youth, both enrolled and not enrolled, to provide insight on the
percentage of homeless children and youth who were *not* enrolled in
school.

Although ED's data collection on homeless children and youth has
improved over the past five years, a number of States were unable to
provide data in 2003-04 from all of their LEAs or all the data required,
especially student achievement data.[^2] In the past four years, many
States have transformed their student accountability systems to
electronic formats. For 2003-04, a number of LEAs were unable to extract
data specifically on homeless children and youth, but they are working
to revise their systems to accommodate the Federal data reporting
requirements.

## Overview of Changes in the 2001 Reauthorization of the McKinney-Vento Act

The Education for Homeless Children and Youth program addresses the
problems that homeless children and youth face in enrolling, attending,
and succeeding in school. Under this program, SEAs must ensure that each
homeless child and youth has equal access to the same free, appropriate
public education, including a public preschool education, as other
children and youth. Homeless children and youth must have access to the
educational and other services that they need to enable them to meet the
same challenging state student academic achievement standards to which
all students are held. States and districts are required to review and
undertake steps to revise laws, regulations, practices, or policies that
may act as a barrier to the enrollment, attendance, or success in school
of homeless children and youth.

The principal changes in the current McKinney-Vento program from the
prior authorization include the following:

-   *Definition of homeless \--* The legislation provides a more
    descriptive definition of "homeless", expressly including, for
    example, children and youth who are living in doubled-up
    accommodations, migratory children, and children waiting foster care
    placement.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   *Local liaison in all school districts* -- Every LEA, whether or not
    it receives a McKinney-Vento subgrant, must designate a local
    liaison for homeless children and youth. The duties of local
    liaisons include ensuring that homeless children and youth are
    identified, enroll in, and have a full opportunity to succeed in
    schools in the LEA, and receive educational services for which they
    are eligible. Local liaisons must ensure that public notice of the
    educational rights of homeless children and youth is posted
    throughout the LEA and community and that parents and guardians are
    informed of their children's educational rights. Local liaisons are
    also required to coordinate and collaborate with community and
    school personnel for the provision of education and related services
    to homeless children and youth.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   *Changes in "best interest" determination --* LEAs must make school
    placement determinations on the basis of the "best interest" of the
    child or youth. In determining what is a child or youth's best
    interest, an LEA must, to the extent feasible, keep a homeless child
    or youth in the school of origin, unless doing so is contrary to the
    wishes of the child or youth's parent or guardian. Remaining in the
    school of origin ensures school stability and educational continuity
    for homeless children and youth. The school of origin is the school
    a child attended when permanently housed or the school in which a
    homeless child was last enrolled.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   *Requirement for transportation to and from school of origin* -- The
    state and its LEAs must adopt policies and practices to ensure that
    transportation is provided, at the request of the parent or guardian
    (or in the case of the unaccompanied youth, the local homeless
    education liaison) to and from the school of origin. There are
    specific provisions regarding the responsibility and costs for
    transportation. Although the requirement to provide transportation
    to the school of origin has presented challenges for districts
    without subgrants, it has proven to be essential to enabling
    homeless children to maintain continuity of their education in one
    school throughout the school year.

-   *Immediate school enrollment requirement* -- Homeless children and
    youth can enroll in school immediately, even if regularly required
    documentation, such as birth certificates or medical records, is
    missing. Schools cannot require proof of residency that might
    prevent or delay school enrollment. If a dispute arises over school
    selection or placement, an LEA must admit a homeless child or youth
    to the school in which enrollment is sought by the parent or
    guardian, pending resolution of the dispute.

-   *Express prohibition against segregating homeless students* -- The
    statute expressly prohibits a school or State from segregating a
    homeless child or youth in a separate school, or in a separate
    program within a school, based on the child or youth's status as
    homeless.

-   *New subgrant requirements* -- A state that receives an allocation
    greater than the State minimum allotment must subgrant competitively
    to LEAs at least 75 percent of its allocation. A State that receives
    the minimum state allotment must subgrant competitively to LEAs at
    least 50 percent of its allocation. At the time of this report, no
    State receives minimum funding. Nine States that originally received
    minimal funding are no longer allowed to utilize the greater
    percentage for state-level support and have had to reduce the level
    of their state-level support below that which higher-funded states
    are able to provide. The reduction of state-level support in these
    States affects local districts, particularly those without
    subgrants.

## Status of Homeless Children and Youth

Based on the information included in state reports of data to ED, the
numbers of homeless children and youth enrolled in school during the
2003-04 school year were as follows:

##### Table 1 - Homeless Children and Youth Enrolled in School During the 2003-04 School Year

+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| > **Grades**                      | > **Number Enrolled**            |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| > K-5                             | > 338,982                        |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| > 6-8                             | > 153,500                        |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| > 9-12                            | > 110,086                        |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| > **Total all Grades**            | > **602,568**                    |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

Data from *The Report to Congress Fiscal Year 2000* indicate that the
total number of children enrolled in grades K-12 in 2000 was 580,499.
This number is consistent with the 2003-04 data, given the variations
between the two reports in data collection methodologies (estimates vs.
actual enrollment) and LEAs not reporting. The 2003-04 data show
significantly more homeless children enrolled in elementary school than
in middle school and high school grades.

ED requested LEAs with subgrants (approximately six percent of LEAs as
reported in the 2003-04 federal data) to provide data on the numbers of
preschool-aged homeless children, unaccompanied youth, and homeless
migrant children and youth served. That information is as follows:

##### 

##### Table 2 - Number of Homeless Preschool-aged, Unaccompanied Youth, and Migrant Children Served in Schools in LEAs with Subgrants During the 2003-04 School Year

+--------------------+------------------------------+------------------+
| > **Homeless       | > **Homeless Unaccompanied   | > **Homeless     |
| > Preschool-**     | > Youth Served**             | > Migrant        |
| >                  |                              | > Children and   |
| > **aged Served**  |                              | > Youth Served** |
+--------------------+------------------------------+------------------+
| > 19,343           | > 18,873                     | > 17,479         |
+--------------------+------------------------------+------------------+

The number of homeless children enrolled in preschool has historically
been low. Data from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Head Start 2004 Program Information Report indicate that, of 1,072,014
children served during 2004, only 23,926 were identified as homeless.
However, HHS believes that this figure significantly underreports the
number of homeless preschool-aged children because no system-wide effort
exists specifically to track children who are homeless in the Head Start
system and no standard definition of homeless is used by the agency.

Unaccompanied homeless youth are youth that are not in the physical
custody of a parent or guardian. They include children who are runaways
or throwaways (children who have been forced to leave their home and are
not welcomed to return), as well as children leaving foster care to live
on their own.

Children in homeless migrant families were specifically included in the
definition of homeless children and youth in the 2001 reauthorization of
the McKinney-Vento Act, an acknowledgement that, although migrant
families are by nature transient, some families experience circumstances
that could qualify them as homeless.

Of the total number of homeless children and youth enrolled in school in
2003-04, the following primary nighttime residences were identified:

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc122317563 .anchor}Chart 1 - Primary Nighttime
Residence of Homeless Children and Youth, 2003-04

> ![](media/image3.wmf)

States reported that in 2003-04, 50.33 percent of their homeless
children and youth lived doubled up with relatives and friends, compared
with 35 percent estimated in the 2000 report to Congress. The large
percentage of homeless children and youth living doubled up compared
with the percentage of those living in shelters (25.33 percent) may be
attributable in part to the overall increase in the number of homeless
families and in part to the lack of availability of shelters. The U.S.
Conference of Mayors reported that, in 2004, an average of 32 percent of
shelter requests by homeless families were estimated to have gone unmet.
The lack of shelters is a particular problem in rural areas.

"Other" types of residence reported included emergency foster care,
substandard housing, abandoned buildings, and vehicles.

Homeless families and children who do not live in shelters are the most
difficult to identify, resulting in underreporting of numbers and great
challenges to link them to services. Services provided only through
shelters miss homeless families living in other situations.

## Activities and Accomplishments of ED with Regard to Increasing Educational Opportunities and Success for Homeless Children and Youth

The ED Student Achievement and School Accountability (SASA) programs
office within the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education carries
out service coordination and compliance oversight for the McKinney-Vento
Education for Homeless Children and Youth program. Following are ongoing
activities conducted by the Education for Homeless Children and Youth
program, along with major accomplishments over the past five years:

*Activity -- Providing Guidance in Response to Natural Disasters*

ED responds to crises and natural disasters that require guidance,
networking, and coordination to ensure enrollment and services for
children and youth experiencing homelessness.

[Fall 2005:]{.underline}

-   Convened conference calls for State Coordinators from
    hurricane-affected districts and State Coordinators with districts
    receiving displaced families to discuss coordination of records,
    enrollment, and services.

-   Provided assistance for schools serving students displaced by
    Hurricanes Katrina and Rita through information provided on ED's
    website that highlighted the McKinney-Vento Act.

-   Supported the establishment of a web page on the National Center for
    Homeless Education (NCHE) website that regularly posts and updates
    memos issued by ED and other agencies, such as the U.S. Departments
    of Agriculture and Health and Human Services (HHS), on serving
    displaced children, procedures for obtaining electronic school and
    health records for displaced students, and information on resources.

-   Participated with other Federal agencies in weekly updates to the
    field through cross-agency information sharing.

-   Supported the work of NCHE in responding to requests for information
    from school districts related to enrolling and serving students in
    families displaced by the hurricanes.

-   Supported the work of NCHE to collect information on effective
    strategies from State educational agencies (SEAs) and LEAs for
    enrolling and serving students in displaced families and to
    disseminate this information through the development of
    publications, training, and a listserv.

-   Supported the work of NCHE to facilitate greater coordination
    between LEAs and relief agencies and other organizations to meet the
    education needs of children in families displaced by Katrina and
    Rita.

-   Supported the work of NCHE to develop publications to assist SEAs
    and LEAs in planning for disasters.

-   Supported the work of NCHE by conducting periodic conference calls
    and surveys to identify issues emerging over time related to
    enrolling and serving children in families displaced by Hurricanes
    Katrina and Rita.

*Activity -- Guidance and Technical Assistance; Support for National
Technical Assistance Center*

ED provides guidance and technical assistance to State Coordinators for
homeless education, local homeless liaisons, and other education
stakeholders. Additionally, ED contracts for the services of a national
technical assistance center for homeless education, NCHE, at the SERVE
Center at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. NCHE develops
and disseminates information to parents, service providers, local
schools, advocacy groups, and State and local education providers;
operates a helpline; hosts a listserv; maintains a website to
disseminate information about federal, state, and local resources; and
provides onsite technical assistance and training, as well as web-based
training on serving the needs of homeless students.

> [2001-2005:]{.underline}

-   Developed the *Non-Regulatory Guidance for the Education for
    Homeless Children and Youth Program* (revised in 2004).

-   Within 60 days of the reauthorization, published guidance in the
    *Federal Register* on school enrollment with respect to homeless
    children and youth.

-   Within one year of the reauthorization, mailed over 300 notices to
    Federal and State agencies on the rights of homeless children and
    youth guaranteed by McKinney-Vento.

-   Within two years of the reauthorization, submitted a report to the
    President, the House Committee on Education and the Workforce, and
    the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions on the
    statutorily-exempted separate schools for homeless students in
    certain counties in California and Arizona. The report discussed
    local compliance with requirements for operating separate schools,
    barriers homeless students in the exempt districts face in enrolling
    and attending public schools, and the progress these districts are
    making in mainstreaming homeless children and youth.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Facilitated the development and peer review of State plans on the
    implementation of McKinney-Vento.

-   Supported NCHE in developing and disseminating a State Coordinator's
    handbook and an LEA homeless education liaison toolkit (revised
    in 2005) to provide resources to improve program activities to meet
    the educational needs of homeless students.

-   Supported NCHE in the design and dissemination of over 120,000
    posters on the educational rights of homeless children and youth.
    The posters, printed in English and Spanish, targeted parents and
    homeless youth and were disseminated to local schools, neighborhood
    homeless associations, local service agencies, and shelters for
    homeless families.

-   Supported NCHE in the development of numerous issue briefs and
    additional publications on such topics as migratory homeless
    children and families, the impact of domestic violence on the
    education of homeless students, the inclusion of homeless students
    in state and local school district accountability systems, best
    practices in homeless education, teaching highly mobile children,
    and improving the reading skills of highly mobile children.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Supported NCHE in planning and conducting annual meetings of State
    Coordinators for the purposes of providing program updates,
    discussing implementation issues, and creating a network of peer
    support.

####### Activity -- Collaboration with Local, State, and Federal Agencies

ED collaborates with local, State, and Federal agencies and
organizations that serve homeless families and youth to increase
awareness of homeless education in other programs, to identify and
remove barriers that impede the delivery of educational services to
homeless children and youth, and to coordinate policies affecting
homeless children and youth.

[2001-2005:]{.underline}

-   Initiated discussions with the U.S. Department of Agriculture that
    facilitated a revision of its food and nutrition guidelines so that
    homeless children can receive free meals at their schools upon
    identification by the local homeless education liaison, shelter
    staff, or other appropriate contact.

-   Collaborated with the ED Migrant Education Program to develop
    guidance for LEA staff in identifying and serving migrant children
    who are eligible for services through McKinney-Vento.

-   Collaborated with staff from the HHS Runaway and Homeless Youth Act
    program to develop a memo encouraging stronger collaboration between
    youth shelters and local school districts.

-   Helped to support, plan, and facilitate an Interagency Family Policy
    Academy to ensure that State teams that develop policies on issues
    of homelessness included the State Coordinator for homeless
    education and addressed the educational needs of homeless children.

-   Participated in a national meeting sponsored by the U.S. Department
    of Housing and Urban Development convened for the purpose of
    revising its Homeless Management Information System to capture data
    on homeless families and children.

-   Participated on the White House Interagency Council on Homelessness.

###### Activity -- Collection and Dissemination of Data

ED collects and disseminates data and information regarding the number
and location of homeless children and youth, the education and related
services such children and youth receive, and the extent to which the
needs of homeless children and youth are being met.

[2001-2005:]{.underline}

-   Developed the Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program Data
    Collection Form, piloted it in 2002-03, and revised and utilized it
    for required State and local data collection for the 2003-04 school
    year.

-   Supported the development and piloting of an evaluation design
    measuring the student and program performance indicators of success
    for homeless students in local schools.

###### Activity -- Awarding Grants to SEAs; SEA Subgrants to LEAs 

ED awards grants to SEAs under the McKinney-Vento Education for Homeless
Children and Youth program. The amount that an SEA receives in a given
year is based on its proportionate share of funds under Part A of Title
I of the ESEA, as amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
(NCLB).

[2001-2005:]{.underline}

-   Overall funding for this program under the NCLB increased by 79
    percent from 2001 to 2005.

##### Table 3 - Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program Funding History, 2001-05

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > Fiscal Year                     | > Appropriation                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > 2001                            | > \$35,000,000                    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > 2002                            | > \$50,000,000                    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > 2003                            | > \$54,642,500                    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > 2004                            | > \$59,646,800                    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > 2005                            | > \$62,496,000                    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

[www.ed.gov/programs/homeless/funding.html](http://www.ed.gov/programs/homeless/funding.html)

*Subgrants.* LEAs may apply for subgrants through a state competitive
award process. SEAs award the subgrants on the basis of need and quality
of the application.

Increased funding for the McKinney-Vento program since reauthorization
has enabled more LEAs to receive subgrants and more homeless students to
be served. The number of school districts with subgrants in 2003-04 was
973, a 58 percent increase over the number of subgrants awarded in
2001-02. Subgrants in 2003-04 served approximately 108,330 more students
(PreK-12) than in 2001-02, showing a 53 percent increase in the number
of homeless students served by subgrants.

##### Table 4 - Comparison of Number of LEAs with Subgrants and Number of Homeless Students Enrolled in LEAs Receiving Subgrants Reported by States in 2001-02 and 2003-2004

+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+----------+
|                                         | > 2    | > 2    | > \%     |
|                                         | 001-02 | 003-04 | >        |
|                                         |        |        | Increase |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+----------+
| > No. of LEAs with Subgrants            | > 617  | > 973  | > 58%    |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+----------+
| > No. of Students (PreK-12) Served by   | > 2    | > 3    | > 53%    |
| > Subgrants                             | 00,748 | 09,078 |          |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+----------+

Of all the LEAs reporting in the 2003-04 data collection, only six
percent have subgrants. Yet subgrants serve 48 percent of homeless
children and youth enrolled in schools, indicating that subgrants were
awarded to school districts with the largest numbers of homeless
children and youth.

##### Table 5 - Number of LEAs and Homeless Students Enrolled in LEAs with and without McKinney-Vento Subgrants Reported by States in 2003-04

##### 

+-------------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
|                               | > Number of LEAs | > Number of       |
|                               |                  | > Homeless        |
|                               |                  | > Students        |
|                               |                  | > Enrolled        |
|                               |                  | >                 |
|                               |                  | > K-12            |
+-------------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
| > LEAs with Subgrants         | > 973            | > 287,965         |
+-------------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
| > LEAs Without Subgrants      | > 14,770         | > 314,603         |
+-------------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
| > **Total**                   | > 15,743         | > 602,568         |
+-------------------------------+------------------+-------------------+

Subgrantees provide a wide range of activities, as illustrated in Table
6.

##### Table 6 - Percentage of Subgrantees Providing Specific Services and Activities in 2003-04

> (973 subgrants reporting)

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > Tutoring or other instructional | > Parent education related to     |
| > support 63%                     | > rights and resources for        |
|                                   | > children 58%                    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > Expedited evaluations 38%       | > Coordination between schools    |
|                                   | > and agencies 63%                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > Staff professional development  | > Counseling 50%                  |
| > and awareness 61%               |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > Referrals for medical, dental,  | > Addressing needs related to     |
| > or other health services 57%    | > domestic violence 47%           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > Transportation 60%              | > Clothing to meet a school       |
|                                   | > requirement 54%                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > Early childhood programs 37%    | > School supplies 64%             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > Assistance with participation   | > Referral to other programs and  |
| > in school programs              | > services 61%                    |
| >                                 |                                   |
| > 58%                             |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > Before/after-school, mentoring, | > Emergency assistance related to |
| > summer programs                 | > school attendance               |
| >                                 | >                                 |
| > 58%                             | > 51%                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| > Obtaining or transferring       |                                   |
| > records necessary for           |                                   |
| > enrollment 56%                  |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

*Academic Progress of Homeless Children and Youth in LEAs with
Subgrants.* In the 2002-03 and 2003-04 Federal data collections,
McKinney-Vento subgrant programs were asked for the first time to
provide academic achievement data based on State assessments for
homeless students enrolled in their programs during the school year. As
this was a new data requirement, many of these school districts had
difficulty in providing achievement data specifically on homeless
children and youth. Although not all States were not able to provide
these data (see footnote 2 on Page 2), the following table provides some
information on the degree to which homeless children and youth are
achieving to State standards.

##### Table 7 - Academic Progress of Homeless Students in School Districts with McKinney-Vento Subgrants Reported by States in 2003-04

+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
|             | > Number of | > Number of | > Number of | > Number of |
|             | > Homeless  | > Homeless  | > Homeless  | > Homeless  |
|             | > Students  | > Students  | > Stu       | > Students  |
|             | > Taking    | > Meeting   | dentsTaking | > Meeting   |
|             | > Reading   | > or        | >           | > or        |
|             | >           | > Exceeding | Mathematics | > Exceeding |
|             |  Assessment | > State     | >           | > State     |
|             | > Test      | >           |  Assessment | >           |
|             |             | Proficiency |             | Proficiency |
|             |             | > in        |             | > in        |
|             |             | > Reading   |             | >           |
|             |             |             |             | Mathematics |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > Grade 3   | > 11,857    | > 4,642 39% | > 11,138    | > 4,790 43% |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > Grade 4   | > 11,414    | > 4,902 43% | > 10,830    | > 4,423 41% |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > Grade 5   | > 11,277    | > 4,356 39% | > 10,982    | > 3,909 36% |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > Grade 6   | > 7,663     | > 2,622 34% | > 7,448     | > 2,477 33% |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > Grade 7   | > 7,363     | > 2,447 33% | > 6,706     | > 1,978 29% |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > Grade 8   | > 10,050    | > 3,356 33% | > 9,863     | > 3,105 31% |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > High      | > 11,353    | > 3,222 28% | > 10,091    | > 2,497 25% |
| > School    |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

The requirement to collect assessment data is too new to suggest any
trends in academic achievement. Still, the requirement for these data
and for the inclusion of homeless students in state accountability
systems focuses greater attention on the academic needs of these
students.

S*tate Coordinator for homeless education perception of ED Homeless
Education Program services.* In a 2005 survey of the State Coordinators
for homeless education, most of the 45 respondents reported that they
felt the ED Homeless Education program was very effective in the
services it provided. (See Appendix 6 for a table that shows responses
related to specific activities.)

## State and Local Homeless Education Program Status and Successes

*State Coordinators for homeless education.* The McKinney-Vento Act
defines the functions of the State Coordinator as (1) gathering
information on the nature and extent of the problems homeless children
and youth face in gaining access to education and of the State's
progress in addressing these problems; (2) developing and carrying out a
State plan; (3) collecting and submitting data to ED; (4) facilitating
coordination between the SEA, State social service agency, and other
agencies that provide services to homeless children, youth, and their
families; (5) coordinating and collaborating with educators and service
providers of homeless children, youth, and families; and (6) providing
technical assistance to LEAs in coordination with local homeless
education liaisons.

In the 2005 survey of State Coordinators for homeless education, 31 of
45 respondents reported that their positions were full time for homeless
education. Almost all State Coordinators reported that they provided
increased levels of technical assistance and support for local liaisons.
Thirty-four reported that they have state homeless education websites,
and 28 said they conduct State homeless education conferences (or
partner to conduct such conferences).

Almost all survey respondents reported increased efforts in the
following activities since reauthorization:

-   Training of local liaisons and school district staff

-   Technical assistance to LEAs

-   McKinney-Vento subgrant competitions

-   Dissemination of resources from other agencies such as ED and
    national organizations

-   Creation and dissemination of state homeless education publications

-   Monitoring and enforcement activities

*Local Homeless Education Liaisons.* The reauthorized law requires every
LEA to appoint a homeless education liaison, and states have made
significant strides in ensuring that the liaisons are in place. In the
2005 survey of State Coordinators, 36 of the 45 respondents reported
that they have local liaisons in all of their districts. Seven
respondents reported having local liaisons in 90-98 percent of their
districts.

State Coordinators reported the following benefits of having a local
liaison in every school district:

-   Increased identification of homeless children and youth;

-   Increased service provision for homeless children and youth;

-   Better coordination among school district programs, especially for
    transportation;

-   Increased awareness of homeless children and youth among school and
    school district staff;

-   Increased awareness of issues related to homeless education in the
    community;

-   Better coordination between the school district and local agencies;
    and

-   More effective communication between the SEA and LEA with regard to
    homeless issues.

State Coordinators are required to oversee the work of the local
liaisons and provide training and technical assistance. Although the
designation of local liaisons in school districts has resulted in
greater identification of and service provision for homeless children
and youth, State Coordinators report several challenges for ensuring
that local liaisons are appointed in every district and are carrying out
their designated responsibilities. The biggest challenge is very high
turnover among local liaisons. Many State Coordinators have difficulty
keeping an updated list of contacts and in providing training for the
new liaisons who are continually assuming the role. Also, many local
liaisons have responsibilities for several programs and are unable to
devote sufficient time to the educational needs of homeless children and
youth. Some State Coordinators in large states or states with many LEAs
report that they have difficulty arranging site visits and keeping up
with program oversight.

*Barriers.* State Coordinators reported progress in the elimination of
barriers identified prior to the McKinney-Vento reauthorization under
NCLB. These barriers include those related to:

-   Identification and eligibility determination for McKinney-Vento
    services;

-   Delayed school enrollment (K-12);

-   School stability;

-   Transportation to the school of origin;

-   Access to school programs;

-   LEA coordination with local agencies;

-   Preschool enrollment; and

-   Unaccompanied youth enrollment.

Following are descriptions of progress in eliminating barriers and
continued challenges.

*Identification and eligibility determination for McKinney-Vento
services.* Identifying children and youth who meet the McKinney-Vento
definition of homeless is a persistent barrier. Identification requires
extensive outreach in the community, especially to find children and
youth in families and unaccompanied youth who are not living in
shelters. Identifying homeless children and youth is especially
challenging in rural areas where shelter facilities are limited or
nonexistent. State Coordinators report that many local liaisons have
difficulty with outreach activities due to their many professional
responsibilities, of which homeless education is only a part. A lack of
awareness of homelessness on the part of the community is also a barrier
to identification.

The definition of homeless children and youth included in the law
specifies many circumstances in which a child or youth may be determined
eligible for services. The specificity of the definition in most cases
has assisted LEAs with determining eligibility, but some feel that a
lack of clarity exists over terms in the definition such as "adequate
nighttime residence," "substandard housing," "doubled up," and "awaiting
foster care."

State Coordinators report that identification has increased with the
designation of a local liaison in every school district. Greater
awareness exists in communities and among school personnel related to
the needs and educational rights of homeless children and youth. In
addition, a greater understanding of the law among school personnel
results in more efficient determination of eligibility for
McKinney-Vento services.

*School stability.* Changing schools greatly impedes a student's
academic and social growth. Generally, a child who changes schools takes
from four to six months to recover academically. Therefore, the
McKinney-Vento Act promotes school stability by providing that homeless
children and youth have the right to remain in their school of origin.
Furthermore, the legislation states that in determining the best
interest of the homeless child or youth, the LEA must, to the extent
feasible, keep the child or youth in the school of origin, unless doing
so is contrary to the wishes of the parent or guardian.

A lack of awareness of the law among school staff sometimes results in
children not being allowed to remain in their school of origin. Also, a
lack of awareness on the part of parents of the importance of keeping
their children in the same school or a lack of awareness of their right
to do so frequently results in school mobility. Further, homeless
families may move or be placed by agencies too far from the school of
origin for the children to be transported there.

State Coordinators agree that LEAs are making progress in keeping
children and youth in their schools of origin. The reauthorized law
reinforces that in most instances school stability is in the best
interest of the child or youth. Also, increased efforts to create an
understanding of the law at the local level through training of the
local liaisons and by posting information in schools and the community
have greatly increased school stability for homeless children and youth.

*Transportation to the school of origin.* Transportation is the key to
enabling homeless children and youth to remain in their school of
origin. The reauthorized law requires school districts to provide
transportation for homeless children and youth once the determination
has been made that remaining in the school of origin is in the child's
best interest.

Local liaisons work with pupil transportation directors and other
administrators, community agencies, municipal transportation systems, or
private transportation providers to coordinate efforts and pool
resources to arrange transportation to the school of origin for homeless
children and youth. LEAs have successfully implemented the
transportation provision through several strategies: establishing strong
collaborative relationships across programs and in their communities,
extending and adjusting bus routes, developing systems for communication
and coordination across districts, and establishing policies that
reinforce the federal legislation. State and local pupil transportation
directors are key partners for implementing the transportation
requirement.

However, the NCLB requirement to provide transportation to and from the
school of origin has created several challenges for LEAs. Many LEAs
struggle to implement this requirement when a child needs to be
transported across district or State lines. Often significant staff time
in both LEAs must be devoted to coordinating schedules and policies.

*School enrollment (K-12).* The reauthorized law expects that homeless
children and youth will be able to enroll in school and attend classes
immediately. As LEAs, school staff, and parents become more
knowledgeable about the law, there appear to be fewer instances in which
the lack of required documentation, school records, birth certificates,
proofs of guardianship, or proofs of residency poses barriers to
enrollment. However, enrollment delays and disputes still occur when
school administrators or enrollment staff are not aware of the federal
requirement and insist on enforcing local policy. Lack of proof of
residency and guardianship and lack of immunization records are
particular areas that continue to pose barriers.

Overall, State Coordinators report great improvement in immediate
enrollment of homeless children and youth. Progress is primarily due to
the stronger Federal law and greater awareness of the law. Ongoing
efforts to train local liaisons, who in turn train school and district
staff, result in greater success in implementing immediate enrollment.
Increased awareness is attributable to widespread posting of the
educational rights of homeless children and youth in schools and
communities.

*Access to school programs and services.* Ensuring that children and
youth who are homeless or highly mobile access school programs or
services for which they are eligible can be a challenge. The local
liaison plays a critical role in identifying a homeless child's or
youth's needs and assisting him or her in accessing programs and
services.

Many homeless children and youth with disabilities have experienced
difficulty in accessing special education services. Transferring from
one school to another may interrupt the evaluation process, and services
are frequently not continuous in new schools for children with
individualized education programs (IEPs) at former schools.
Additionally, unaccompanied youth face particular challenges in
receiving special education services when their parents or guardians are
unavailable. Most State Coordinators note that access to special
education has improved only moderately since the McKinney-Vento
reauthorization. However, the December 2004 reauthorization of the
Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) addresses each of these
situations for homeless children.

NCLB also requires greater collaboration between Title I and homeless
education programs and requires each LEA that receives funds under Part
A of Title I to set aside funds each year to serve homeless children and
youth. Though some State Coordinators report that LEAs have difficulties
in collaborating with Title I to arrange services or set aside funds for
homeless children and youth, most report much progress in accessing
Title I resources.

In 2002 the U.S. Department of Agriculture issued a policy that enabled
children and youth to receive free school meals simply by being
identified as homeless by the local liaison, shelter provider, or
another authorized person. The policy became law in 2004. Most State
Coordinators report that LEAs have made much progress in enabling
homeless children and youth to receive free school meals.

Homeless children and youth may require particular support in accessing
school activities and programs, such as extracurricular activities,
gifted and talented programs, vocational education, and programs for
limited English proficient students. State Coordinators report moderate
progress in homeless children and youth participating in these
activities and programs.

Overall, State Coordinators agree that increased training and greater
understanding of the law, along with increased coordination with other
departments and programs, both at the State and local levels continue to
eliminate barriers to accessing services.

*LEA coordination with local agencies.* A broad array of programs and
services must be coordinated to address the myriad and complex needs of
a homeless child or youth. To best address the educational needs of
homeless children and youth, LEAs must coordinate services with local
agencies, including shelters, housing agencies, social service agencies,
child welfare agencies, and health providers. Benefits to the LEAs of
working with local agencies include comprehensive and coordinated
service provision, increased identification of homeless children and
youth, increased understanding of local agencies of the educational
needs of homeless children and youth, access to more resources,
placement of families close to schools of origin, and consistent
policies across agencies.

Communities that coordinate services most effectively have established
cross-agency collaborations. Local housing coalitions and Housing and
Urban Development Continuum of Care programs are two of the most common
types of local cross-agency collaborations. LEA representation in these
collaborations helps to ensure greater consideration of the educational
needs and rights of homeless children and youth and more resources
directed toward them.

State Coordinators report that LEA coordination with local agencies has
increased since reauthorization largely due to the designation of a
local liaison in each school district. However, because of the time
necessary to develop collaborative relationships and the large number of
responsibilities placed upon local liaisons, many LEAs have limited
participation in coordination and collaboration activities.

*Preschool enrollment.* Over 40 percent of children living in homeless
shelters are under the age of five, yet homeless preschool-aged children
are greatly underrepresented in preschool programs.

The reauthorized McKinney-Vento law requires that homeless children who
are of pre-school age have equal access to the same public preschool
programs as non-homeless children.

Homeless children face unique barriers to enrolling and participating in
preschool programs, including Head Start programs. Children in homeless
families may be denied enrollment for lack of records, birth
certificates, or other documentation normally required for enrollment.
High mobility frequently prevents families with young children from
rising to the top of enrollment waiting lists before they move. Homeless
families often need transportation for their young children to attend
preschool programs. In addition to these barriers, many Head Start
programs have programmatic and policy barriers that limit homeless
children's access to and participation in these programs.

Most State Coordinators report little to moderate progress in ensuring
that preschool-aged homeless children are enrolled in preschool. In LEAs
where more preschool-aged homeless children are able to enroll in
programs, local liaisons are key to identifying homeless families with
preschool-aged children. The liaisons also provide training and
informational materials to providers and develop collaborative
relationships to coordinate services.

*Unaccompanied youth.* Unaccompanied youth are one of the most
vulnerable and most difficult to reach groups of homeless children. Once
on their own, they are frequently exposed to dangers that equal or
exceed home situations they sought to escape. School can be a safety net
and a link to necessary services. Local liaisons are critical advocates
for these children to ensure their enrollment and success in school.

Identification of unaccompanied youth requires extensive outreach to
find where they are staying. Many youth avoid contact with schools or
other agencies for fear they may be returned to their homes.

School enrollment for unaccompanied youth poses many challenges for
schools. Many schools are reluctant to enroll unaccompanied youth
because of unclear policies with regard to guardianship issues. Schools
oftentimes feel torn between policies of the child welfare system and
McKinney-Vento with regard to reporting unaccompanied youth or
contacting their parents. In addition, some officials harbor prejudices
that unaccompanied youth are likely to be disruptive or have criminal
backgrounds.

Highly mobile youth often have difficulty with credit accrual and may
experience disciplinary actions due to strict policies that do not take
into account the effects of homelessness on such issues as attendance or
homework completion.

State Coordinators report moderate progress in LEAs enrolling and
serving unaccompanied youth. Extensive training and informational
materials have been made available to the school districts encouraging
the much needed support and coordination of efforts to keep students in
school. The role of the local liaison to facilitate better coordination
among service providers and provide increased knowledge of the law
results in more unaccompanied youth being identified and enrolled.
Coordination between the LEA and child welfare or social service
agencies results in consistent policies with regard to runaway and
throwaway youth.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc122317547 .anchor}Appendix 1. Number of Homeless
Children and Youth Enrolled in Public Schools During the 2003-04 School
Year as Reported by States

+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
|              | > \# K-5    | > \# 6-8    | > \# 9-12   | > Total All |
|              | > Enrolled  | > Enrolled  | > Enrolled  | > Grades    |
+==============+=============+=============+=============+=============+
| > Nationwide | >           | >           | >           | >           |
|              | **338,982** | **153,500** | **110,086** | **602,568** |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Alabama**  | 6,093       | 2,544       | 1,918       | 10,555      |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Alaska**   | 1,602       | 505         | 1,709       | 3,816       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Arizona**  | 8,179       | 3,117       | 3,301       | 14,597      |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Arkansas** | 2,532       | 1,161       | 1,080       | 4,773       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **           | 82,916      | 36,953      | 22,685      | 142,554     |
| California** |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Colorado** | 4,662       | 1,928       | 1,521       | 8,111       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **C          | 1,293       | 353         | 402         | 2,048       |
| onnecticut** |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Delaware** | 526         | 238         | 124         | 888         |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Florida**  | 9,208       | 3,885       | 2,976       | 16,069      |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Georgia**  | 6,709       | 2,794       | 2,305       | 11,808      |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Hawaii**   | 511         | 226         | 198         | 935         |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Idaho**    | 794         | 325         | 434         | 1,553       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Illinois** | 6,201       | 2,414       | 2,104       | 10,719      |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Indiana**  | 3,566       | 1,145       | 919         | 5,630       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Iowa**     | 2,682       | 2,194       | 1,706       | 6,582       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Kansas**   | 1,232       | 622         | 740         | 2,594       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Kentucky** | 7,922       | 2,844       | 2,874       | 13,640      |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| *            | 10,339      | 4,115       | 2,625       | 17,079      |
| *Louisiana** |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Maine**    | 178         | 179         | 350         | 707         |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Maryland** | 3,092       | 1,342       | 970         | 5,404       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Mas        | 1,179       | 527         | 506         | 2,212       |
| sachusetts** |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Michigan** | 4,414       | 2,543       | 2,247       | 9,204       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| *            | 2,520       | 1,448       | 1,394       | 5,362       |
| *Minnesota** |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **M          | 3,579       | 4,486       | 2,861       | 10,926      |
| ississippi** |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Missouri** | 6,442       | 2,580       | 3,961       | 12,983      |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Montana**  | 1,319       | 610         | 391         | 2,320       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Nebraska** | 2,311       | 2,311       | 2,311       | 6,933       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Nevada**   | 2,923       | 920         | 627         | 4,470       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **New        | 507         | 191         | 235         | 933         |
| Hampshire**  |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **New        | \-          | \-          | \-          | \-          |
| Jersey**     |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **New        | 1,954       | 849         | 878         | 3,681       |
| Mexico**     |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **New York** | 10,666      | 6,612       | 5,189       | 22,467      |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **North      | 4,418       | 1,547       | 1,047       | 7,012       |
| Carolina**   |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **North      | 82          | 19          | 15          | 116         |
| Dakota**     |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Ohio**     | 6,334       | 3,542       | 2,606       | 12,482      |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Oklahoma** | 449         | 220         | 126         | 795         |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Oregon**   | 5,727       | 2,482       | 3,649       | 11,858      |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Pe         | 12,124      | 4,666       | 2,841       | 19,631      |
| nnsylvania** |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Puerto     | 6,260       | 2,066       | 1,039       | 9,365       |
| Rico**       |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Rhode      | 416         | 148         | 107         | 671         |
| Island**     |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **South      | 2,938       | 1,400       | 1,467       | 5,805       |
| Carolina**   |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **South      | \-          | \-          | \-          | \-          |
| Dakota**     |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| *            | 3,330       | 1,369       | 1,132       | 5,831       |
| *Tennessee** |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Texas**    | 82,764      | 37,670      | 17,424      | 137,858     |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Utah**     | 4,804       | 1,754       | 1,324       | 7,882       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Vermont**  | 155         | 94          | 183         | 432         |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Virginia** | 4,191       | 1,591       | 1,791       | 7,573       |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **           | 4,005       | 1,835       | 2,301       | 8,141       |
| Washington** |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **West       | 213         | 110         | 121         | 444         |
| Virginia**   |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| *            | 2,721       | 1,026       | 1,372       | 5,119       |
| *Wisconsin** |             |             |             |             |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Wyoming**  | \-          | \-          | \-          | \-          |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

**-** Data not available[]{#__RefHeading___Toc122317548 .anchor}

Appendix 2. Primary Nightime Residence of Homeless Children and Youth
During School Year 2003-04 as Reported by States

+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
|             | **    | **   | **Uns | **H     | **Unk      | **T    |
|             | Shelt | Doub | helte | otels/M | nown/Other | otal** |
|             | ers** | led- | red** | otels** | Residence  |        |
|             |       | Up** |       |         | Types**    |        |
+=============+=======+======+=======+=========+============+========+
| **Nati      | 15    | 312  | 1     | 61,959  | 72,956     | 6      |
| onwideTotal | 7,181 | ,247 | 6,101 |         |            | 20,444 |
| of All      |       |      |       | 9.99%   | 11.75%     |        |
| Submitting  | 2     | 50   | 2.60% |         |            |        |
| States**    | 5.33% | .33% |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **State**   |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Alabama** | 605   | 5    | 65    | 237     | 1,422      | 8,043  |
|             |       | ,714 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Alaska**  | 1,414 | 1    | 94    | 263     | 1,043      | 3,870  |
|             |       | ,056 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Arizona** | 1,259 | 9    | 623   | 903     | 2,294      | 14,590 |
|             |       | ,511 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | 676   | 2    | 88    | 248     | 904        | 4,773  |
| *Arkansas** |       | ,857 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **C         | 1     | 68   | 8,598 | 14,887  | 29,632     | 1      |
| alifornia** | 8,178 | ,794 |       |         |            | 40,089 |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | 1,008 | 4    | 244   | 533     | 995        | 7,319  |
| *Colorado** |       | ,539 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Co        | 706   | 945  | 21    | 277     | 99         | 2,048  |
| nnecticut** |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | 147   | 155  | 0     | 54      | 28         | 384    |
| *Delaware** |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Florida** | 6,179 | 7    | 421   | 1,468   | 2,256      | 18,154 |
|             |       | ,830 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Georgia** | 6,967 | 2    | 118   | 1,771   | 0          | 11,808 |
|             |       | ,952 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Hawaii**  | 549   | 0    | 386   | 0       | 189        | 1,124  |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Idaho**   | 273   | 1    | 68    | 131     | 119        | 1,674  |
|             |       | ,083 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | 2,971 | 7    | 69    | 180     | 419        | 10,679 |
| *Illinois** |       | ,040 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Indiana** | 349   | 2    | 31    | 72      | 148        | 2,912  |
|             |       | ,312 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Iowa**    | 3,291 | 2    | 132   | 263     | 197        | 6,582  |
|             |       | ,699 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Kansas**  | 816   | 1    | 27    | 133     | 119        | 2,597  |
|             |       | ,502 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | 2,386 | 7    | 688   | 522     | 1,356      | 12,156 |
| *Kentucky** |       | ,204 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **          | 3,869 | 13   | 142   | 308     | 112        | 17,709 |
| Louisiana** |       | ,278 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Maine**   | 321   | 177  | 16    | 71      | 122        | 707    |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | 1,816 | 2    | 37    | 615     | 949        | 5,554  |
| *Maryland** |       | ,137 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Mass      | 667   | 617  | 85    | 455     | 258        | 2,082  |
| achusetts** |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | 4,200 | 2    | 900   | 1,100   | 404        | 9,204  |
| *Michigan** |       | ,600 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **          | 1,553 | 4    | 141   | 0       | 0          | 6,104  |
| Minnesota** |       | ,410 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Mi        | 2,185 | 8    | 109   | 437     | 0          | 10,926 |
| ssissippi** |       | ,195 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | 3,641 | 6    | 91    | 937     | 1,453      | 12,592 |
| *Missouri** |       | ,470 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Montana** | 901   | 923  | 206   | 230     | 60         | 2,320  |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | \-    | \-   | \-    | \-      | \-         | \-     |
| *Nebraska** |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Nevada**  | 433   | 1    | 5     | 1,046   | 1,447      | 4,470  |
|             |       | ,539 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **New       | 0     | 0    | 0     | 0       | 933        | 933    |
| Hampshire** |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **New       | \-    | \-   | \-    | \-      | \-         | \-     |
| Jersey**    |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **New       | 1,178 | 1    | 43    | 366     | 0          | 3,273  |
| Mexico**    |       | ,686 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **New       | 1     | 3    | 71    | 1,528   | 899        | 24,590 |
| York**      | 8,534 | ,558 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **North     | 1,536 | 3    | 125   | 531     | 1,087      | 6,820  |
| Carolina**  |       | ,541 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **North     | 8     | 48   | 0     | 8       | 7          | 71     |
| Dakota**    |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Ohio**    | 1     | 2    | 57    | 73      | 1,471      | 14,641 |
|             | 0,554 | ,486 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | 706   | 47   | 9     | 19      | 14         | 795    |
| *Oklahoma** |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Oregon**  | 2,187 | 4    | 636   | 601     | 3,798      | 11,860 |
|             |       | ,638 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Pen       | 8,947 | 3    | 0     | 1,388   | 5,870      | 19,631 |
| nsylvania** |       | ,426 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Puerto    | 1,052 | 7    | 583   | 15      | 85         | 9,516  |
| Rico**      |       | ,781 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Rhode     | 236   | 107  | 23    | 40      | 167        | 573    |
| Island**    |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **South     | 1,080 | 2    | 64    | 138     | 2,048      | 5,805  |
| Carolina**  |       | ,475 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **South     | 371   | 170  | 6     | 210     | 70         | 827    |
| Dakota**    |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **          | 2,763 | 2    | 59    | 472     | 37         | 5,600  |
| Tennessee** |       | ,269 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Texas**   | 3     | 100  | 0     | 27,596  | 5,443      | 1      |
|             | 2,967 | ,002 |       |         |            | 66,008 |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Utah**    | 679   | 6    | 75    | 320     | 652        | 7,882  |
|             |       | ,156 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Vermont** | 20    | 93   | 8     | 42      | 15         | 178    |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| *           | 4,186 | 1    | 89    | 722     | 890        | 7,573  |
| *Virginia** |       | ,686 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **W         | 1,223 | 3    | 483   | 639     | 1,974      | 7,431  |
| ashington** |       | ,112 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **West      | 113   | 183  | 14    | 24      | 110        | 444    |
| Virginia**  |       |      |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **          | 1,481 | 2    | 351   | 86      | 1,361      | 5,523  |
| Wisconsin** |       | ,244 |       |         |            |        |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+
| **Wyoming** | \-    | \-   | \-    | \-      | \-         | \-     |
+-------------+-------+------+-------+---------+------------+--------+

**-** Data not available[]{#__RefHeading___Toc122317549 .anchor}

**Appendix 3. Number of Homeless Children and Youth Served in Public
Schools During School Year 2003-04 in LEAs with McKinney-Vento Subgrants
as Reported by States**

  ------------------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------ -------------
                      **\# Pre-K** **\# K-5**    **\# 6-8**   **\# 9-12**  **Total All
                                                                           Grades**

  **Nationwide        **21,113**   **159,995**   **70,090**   **57,880**   **309,078**
  Total**                                                                  

  ***State***                                                              

  **Alabama**         1,295        1,260         744          3,018        6,317

  **Alaska**          591          766           204          897          2,458

  **Arizona**         65           3,330         1,248        1,329        5,972

  **Arkansas**        91           1,177         625          461          2,354

  **California**      3,959        45,207        19,433       11,002       79,601

  **Colorado**        507          4,147         1,704        1,306        7,664

  **Connecticut**     215          472           280          275          1,242

  **Delaware**        99           526           238          124          987

  **Florida**         349          9,113         3,881        2,972        16,315

  **Georgia**         418          5,699         2,426        1,974        10,517

  **Hawaii**          18           84            54           35           191

  **Idaho**           25           314           134          265          738

  **Illinois**        809          6,279         2,500        2,080        11,668

  **Indiana**         539          1,800         717          511          3,567

  **Iowa**            42           893           269          365          1,569

  **Kansas**          595          777           497          562          2,431

  **Kentucky**        544          4,612         1,921        1,456        8,533

  **Louisiana**       1,231        8,953         3,358        2,192        15,734

  **Maine**           \-           \-            \-           55           55

  **Maryland**        231          2,826         1,256        934          5,247

  **Massachusetts**   150          565           265          242          1,222

  **Michigan**        941          4,414         2,543        2,247        10,145

  **Minnesota**       1,258        2,520         1,448        1,394        6,620

  **Mississippi**     51           945           620          207          1,823

  **Missouri**        195          3,271         1,181        2,526        7,173

  **Montana**         62           344           199          109          714

  **Nebraska**        51           571           336          517          1,475

  **Nevada**          232          2,691         851          612          4,386

  **New Hampshire**   14           182           99           66           361

  **New Jersey**      136          1,276         571          377          2,360

  **New Mexico**      151          1,853         809          798          3,611

  **New York**        1,153        8,827         5,151        4,890        20,021

  **North Carolina**  159          2,756         903          648          4,466

  **North Dakota**    11           93            32           30           166

  **Ohio**            1,050        3,893         2,251        1,804        8,998

  **Oklahoma**        74           449           220          126          869

  **Oregon**          381          2,753         1,242        1,915        6,291

  **Pennsylvania**    1,192        7,391         2,803        1,758        13,144

  **Puerto Rico**     79           3,322         1,305        683          5,389

  **Rhode Island**    73           213           83           40           409

  **South Carolina**  174          1,107         490          399          2,170

  **South Dakota**    150          433           176          68           827

  **Tennessee**       1,073        2,815         1,146        960          5,994

  **Texas**           \--          \--           \--          \--          \--

  **Utah**            0            3,384         1,176        743          5,303

  **Vermont**         19           40            30           128          217

  **Virginia**        166          1,485         643          409          2,703

  **Washington**      229          1,096         666          828          2,819

  **West Virginia**   33           1,023         522          625          2,203

  **Wisconsin**       233          1,841         753          800          3,627

  **Wyoming**         0            207           87           118          412
  ------------------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------ -------------

> \- Maine does not serve grades 3-8 with subgrants
>
> \-- Data not available

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc122317550 .anchor}Appendix 4. Number of Homeless
Children and Youth by Category in\
LEAs with McKinney-Vento Subgrants Reported by States in 2003-04

  ------------------- -------------- ------------------ ------------------------
                      **\# Public    **\# Unaccompanied **\# Homeless Migrant
                      Preschool**    Youth**            Children/Youth**

  **Nationwide All**  **19,343**     **18,873**         **17,479**

  ***State***                                           

  **Alabama**         186            156                641

  **Alaska**          591            606                90

  **Arizona**         107            732                45

  **Arkansas**        91             177                305

  **California**      2,364          1,563              6,477

  **Colorado**        322            216                548

  **Connecticut**     45             426                28

  **Delaware**        7              12                 0

  **Florida**         971            1,816              504

  **Georgia**         474            243                129

  **Hawaii**          12             1                  17

  **Idaho**           25             67                 23

  **Illinois**        514            341                213

  **Indiana**         345            127                518

  **Iowa**            136            115                36

  **Kansas**          829            120                178

  **Kentucky**        544            70                 30

  **Louisiana**       2,555          120                603

  **Maine**           0              81                 3

  **Maryland**        345            352                5

  **Massachusetts**   78             49                 0

  **Michigan**        941            844                73

  **Minnesota**       1,258          782                0

  **Mississippi**     58             22                 80

  **Missouri**        195            708                19

  **Montana**         62             7                  5

  **Nebraska**        46             614                123

  **Nevada**          27             140                4,199

  **New Hampshire**   14             49                 11

  **New Jersey**      139            438                5

  **New Mexico**      160            126                256

  **New York**        1,819          3,081              481

  **North Carolina**  159            239                252

  **North Dakota**    8              16                 2

  **Ohio**            605            1,210              306

  **Oklahoma**        74             385                1

  **Oregon**          381            826                422

  **Pennsylvania**    476            275                0

  **Puerto Rico**     109            0                  262

  **Rhode Island**    47             61                 0

  **South Carolina**  275            49                 120

  **South Dakota**    15             2                  11

  **Tennessee**       1,073          535                92

  **Texas**           \-             \-                 \-

  **Utah**            213            118                210

  **Vermont**         11             108                0

  **Virginia**        262            139                20

  **Washington**      107            453                38

  **West Virginia**   35             177                78

  **Wisconsin**       233            79                 20

  **Wyoming**         \-             \-                 \-
  ------------------- -------------- ------------------ ------------------------

\- Data not available

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc122317551 .anchor}Appendix 5. Academic Progress of
Homeless Students in LEAs with Subgrants\
Reported by States in 2003-04\*

  ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- --------------- -------------
  **Total of   **\# Taking  **\#         **%          **\# Taking   **\# Proficient **%
  All          Reading      Proficient   Proficient   Mathematics   in              Proficient in
  Submitting   Assessment   in           in Reading   Assessment    Mathematics**   Mathematics
  States**     Test\*\***   Assessment   Test**       Test\*\***                    Test**
                            Test**                                                  

  Grade 3      11,857       4,642        39%          11,138        4,790           43%

  Grade 4      11,414       4,902        43%          10,830        4,423           41%

  Grade 5      11,277       4,356        39%          10,982        3,909           36%

  Grade 6      7,663        2,622        34%          7,448         2,477           33%

  Grade 7      7,363        2,447        33%          6,706         1,978           29%

  Grade 8      10,050       3,356        33%          9,863         3,105           31%

  High School  11,353       3,222        28%          10,091        2,497           25%
  ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- --------------- -------------

\*Alaska, Maine, North Dakota, and Texas did not provide data.

\*\*In 2003-04, many States did not conduct state assessments in all
grades 3-8.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc122317552 .anchor}Appendix 6. Survey Responses of
State Coordinators for Homeless Education Regarding\
ED Homeless Education Program Services

The following table shows the percentage of State Coordinators who rated
specific ED activities 4 or 5 on a scale from 5 (extremely effective) to
0 (not effective). (NCHE State Coordinators Survey, 2005).

(45 Respondents/ 90% Return)

  --------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------
  **Services Provided by the        **5-4 Rating of   **2-3 Rating of   **0-1 Rating of
  Department of Education**         Effectiveness**   Effectiveness**   Effectiveness
                                                                        or Unknown**

  Provision of information and      89%               11%               0%
  guidance                                                              

  Provision of awareness materials  91%               9%                0%

  Provision of training materials   87%               13%               0%

  Provision of technical assistance 89%               4%                7%

  Dissemination of strategies for   69%               29%               2%
  best practices                                                        

  Fostering networking among State  76%               24%               0%
  Coordinators                                                          

  Annual State Coordinators meeting 89%               9%                2%

  Monitoring and enforcement        67%               24%               9%
  activities\*                                                          
  --------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------

\*25 states had not yet been monitored at the time of the survey.

**References:**

*Data for homeless children and youth reported by selected
McKinney-Vento-funded school districts for school year 2002-03* \[Data
file\]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

*Education for homeless children and youth program data collection form
2003-04* (From OMB NO.:1810-0650) \[Data file\]. Washington, DC: U..S
Department of Education.

*Education for homeless children and youth program data collection form
2004-2005* (From OMB NO.:1810-0650) \[Data file\]. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Education.

Hammer, H., Finkelhor, D., Seklak, A. (2002). *National incidence
studies of missing, abducted, runaway and thrownaway children.*
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

*Head Start program information report for program year 2003-04* (From
OMB No. 0980-0017) \[Data File\]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families,
Head Start Bureau.

National Center for Homeless Education. (2005). *Survey of State
Coordinators for homeless education.* Unpublished raw data.

U.S. Conference of Mayors-Sodexho USA. (2004). *Hunger and homelessness
survey: A status report on hunger and homelessness in America's cities.*
Retrieved May 31, 2005 from
<http://www.usmayors.org/hungersurvey/2004/onlinereport/HungerAndHomelessnessReport2004.pdf>

U.S. Department of Education Office of Elementary and Secondary
Education. (n.d.). *Report to Congress fiscal year 2000.* Retrieved June
3, 2005 from http://www.ed.gov/programs/homeless/rpt2000.doc

[^1]: DC declined funds in 1995 and subsequent years as a result of a
    lawsuit filed for non-compliance with the McKinney-Vento Act.

[^2]: Alaska, Maine, North Dakota, and Texas did not submit achievement
    data.