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Glossary

+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Acquired      | []{.mark}                                          |
| i               |                                                    |
| mmunodeficiency | **A: A**cquired, (not inherited) to differentiate  |
| syndrome        | from a genetic or inherited condition that causes  |
| (AIDS)**        | immune dysfunction                                 |
|                 |                                                    |
|                 | **I: I**mmuno-, because it attacks the immune      |
|                 | system and increases susceptibility to infection   |
|                 |                                                    |
|                 | **D: D**eficiency of certain white blood cells in  |
|                 | the immune system                                  |
|                 |                                                    |
|                 | **S: S**yndrome, meaning a group of symptoms or    |
|                 | illnesses as a result of the HIV infection         |
|                 |                                                    |
|                 | AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection.  |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Acute         | An illness, such as pneumonia, that begins         |
| illness**       | suddenly and usually is of short duration. Many    |
|                 | acute illnesses can be cured by medical treatment. |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **AIDS**        | See Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.            |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Anaemia**     | A condition in which there is a low blood level of |
|                 | red blood cells, haemoglobin, or in total volume.  |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **ANC**         | See Antenatal Care.                                |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Antenatal     | Care of a pregnant woman and her unborn child or   |
| care (ANC)**    | foetus before delivery.                            |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Antibiotic**  | A medicine that kills infection-causing organisms. |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Antibody**    | A specialised serum protein produced by B          |
|                 | lymphocytes in response to an exposure to foreign  |
|                 | protein (antigen).                                 |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Antigen**     | A substance that can trigger an immune response    |
|                 | causing the production of antibodies as part of    |
|                 | the body\'s defense against infection and disease. |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **ARV**         | See Antiretroviral Drugs, Antiretroviral           |
|                 | Prophylaxis, Antiretroviral Treatment.             |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | Short-term use of antiretroviral drugs to reduce   |
| *Antiretroviral | HIV transmission from mother to infant.            |
| prophylaxis**   |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | Long-term use of antiretroviral drugs to treat     |
| *Antiretroviral | maternal HIV/AIDS and prevent PMTCT.               |
| treatment**     |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | Without symptoms of illness or disease.            |
| *Asymptomatic** |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Bacterium**   | A type of germ that causes infection.              |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Bloodborne    | Microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, that  |
| pathogen**      | are carried in blood and can cause disease.        |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Breastmilk    | Any food being marketed or otherwise represented   |
| substitute**    | as a partial or total replacement for breastmilk,  |
|                 | whether or not suitable for that purpose. A        |
|                 | breastmilk substitute can be commercial infant     |
|                 | formula or home-modified animal milk.              |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **CD4 cells**   | T-lymphocyte cells in the immune system involved   |
|                 | in protection against infections. When HIV         |
|                 | actively multiplies, it infects and kills CD4      |
|                 | cells.                                             |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **CD4 count**   | A test that measures the number of CD4 cells in    |
|                 | the blood, thus reflecting the state of the immune |
|                 | system. A normal count in a healthy adult is       |
|                 | 600--1200 cells/mm^3^. When the CD4 count of an    |
|                 | adult falls below 200 cells/mm^3^, there is a high |
|                 | risk of opportunistic infection.                   |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Cell**        | The basic unit of living matter.                   |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Cessation of  | Completely stopping breastfeeding, including       |
| breastfeeding** | suckling.                                          |
|                 |                                                    |
|                 | []{.mark}                                          |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Cho           | Inflammation of the membranes covering the foetus. |
| rioamnionitis** |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Chronic       | Any persistent medical condition that can be       |
| illness**       | managed but not cured with treatment.              |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **CMV**         | See Cytomegalovirus.                               |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Codex         | Created in 1963 by Food & Agricultural             |
| Alimentarius    | Organization (FAO) and WHO to develop food         |
| Commission**    | standards, guidelines and other information        |
|                 | including practice guidelines under the Joint      |
|                 | FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. The main         |
|                 | purposes of this Programme are protecting          |
|                 | consumers health and ensuring fair trade practices |
|                 | in the food trade, and promoting coordination of   |
|                 | all food standards work undertaken by              |
|                 | international governmental and non-governmental    |
|                 | organisations.                                     |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+

  --------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  **Combination ARV     Use of three or more antiretroviral medications to
  therapy**             more effectively combat HIV disease and suppress
                        viral load.

  **Commercial infant   Breastmilk substitute formulated industrially in
  formula**             accordance with applicable Codex Alimentarius
                        standards to satisfy the nutritional requirements of
                        infants during the first months of life up to the
                        introduction of complementary foods.

  **Complementary       Any food, whether manufactured or locally prepared,
  food**                used as a complement to breastmilk or to a
                        breast-milk substitute. In general, complementary
                        foods should not start before the age of 6 months.

  **Counselling**       The confidential dialogue between individuals and
                        their care providers. The term *counselling* can
                        refer to discussions between healthcare workers and
                        clients/patients specific to HIV testing to help
                        clients examine their risk of acquiring or
                        transmitting HIV infection.

  ***Cryptococcus***    A fungal organism that infects the central nervous
                        system (brain and spinal cord) causing cryptococcal
                        meningitis. Some of the symptoms include fever,
                        headache, vomiting, and loss of appetite. A serious
                        opportunistic infection in persons living with
                        HIV/AIDS.

  **Cryptosporidium**   An organism that infects the intestines (gut). Some
                        of the symptoms include diarrhoea, pain, and weight
                        loss.

  **Cup feeding**       Being feed from or drinking from an open cup
                        irrespective of its contents.

  **Cytomegalovirus     A virus that infects systems of the body. Some of
  (CMV)**               the signs and symptoms include pneumonia, retinitis,
                        diarrhoea, and other problems.

  **DNA PCR**           HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a
                        laboratory test to detect the presence of the virus
                        in the blood. It is used for diagnosis of the infant
                        less than 18 months.

  **Dehydration**       Loss of fluid from body tissues.

  **Diarrhoea**         Frequent loose and watery bowel movements often
                        caused by bacteria, parasites, and drug use. People
                        with HIV commonly develop diarrhoea , which can lead
                        to wasting.

  **Disclosure**        Sharing of HIV status with others. Most people
                        believe that disclosure of HIV infection should be
                        encouraged. Yet many people infected with HIV avoid
                        disclosing their HIV status for fear that doing so
                        will subject them to unfair treatment and stigma.
                        Benefits of disclosure include: encouraging
                        partner(s) to be HIV tested; preventing the spread
                        of HIV to partner(s); and receiving support from
                        partner(s), family, and/or friend(s).
  --------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **D             | An act or behaviour based on prejudice.            |
| iscrimination** | Discrimination is a way of expressing, either on   |
|                 | purpose or inadvertently, stigmatising thoughts.   |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | Elimination of most or all microorganisms other    |
| *Disinfection** | than bacterial spores, accomplished by the         |
|                 | application of liquid chemicals or by wet          |
|                 | pasteurisation (75°C for 30 minutes after          |
|                 | detergent cleaning).                               |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ELISA           | See Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay.             |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **E             | Degeneration (failing) of the brain that causes    |
| ncephalopathy** | decreased functioning in activities of daily       |
|                 | living and progresses over weeks or months.        |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Enzyme**      | A protein that helps promote biochemical reactions |
|                 | but that is not affected by them.                  |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Enzyme Linked   | A laboratory assay (test) to identify the presence |
| Immunosorbent   | of HIV antibodies in body fluids. A positive ELISA |
| Assay (ELISA)   | test result is usually confirmed by another test   |
|                 | such as a second ELISA or a test called the        |
|                 | Western blot.                                      |
|                 |                                                    |
|                 | []{.mark}                                          |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Epidemic**    | A disease affecting or tending to affect a         |
|                 | disproportionately large number of individuals     |
|                 | within a population, community, or region at the   |
|                 | same time.                                         |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Evaluation**  | A measurement of the changes in a situation        |
|                 | resulting from an intervention. A *formal          |
|                 | evaluation* of a PMTCT programme will demonstrate  |
|                 | how much it contributed to changes in the          |
|                 | indicators.                                        |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Exclusive     | Providing breastmilk only (including expressed     |
| breastfeeding** | breastmilk), and no other food or drink, including |
|                 | water. The only exceptions are drops or syrups     |
|                 | consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements, or    |
|                 | medicines.                                         |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Failure to**  | Weight loss or gradual but steady deterioration in |
|                 | weight gain from the expected growth, as indicated |
| **Thrive        | in a child\'s growth card.                         |
| (FTT)**         |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Fungus**      | A germ that can cause infection, including a yeast |
|                 | infection such as thrush. Fungal infection occurs  |
|                 | commonly in those with weakened immune systems,    |
|                 | including AIDS.                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Germs**       | Organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, |
|                 | that can cause infection.                          |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Haematocrit** | The percentage of red blood cells in the blood.    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | Relating to blood.                                 |
| *Haematologic** |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Haemoglobin** | A protein found in red blood cells that carries    |
|                 | oxygen.                                            |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Healthcare    | A doctor, nurse, midwife, programme manager, or    |
| provider**      | others whose activities include working directly   |
|                 | with patients or clients in a healthcare setting.  |
|                 | Also referred to as healthcare worker.             |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Helminth      | Intestinal disease caused by wormlike parasites.   |
| infection**     |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Hepatic**     | Relating to the liver.                             |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Hepatitis**   | Inflammation of the liver that may be caused by    |
|                 | bacterial or viral infection, parasitic            |
|                 | infestation, alcohol, drugs, toxins, or            |
|                 | transfusion of incompatible blood.                 |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | Swollen or enlarged liver.                         |
| *Hepatomegaly** |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Herpes**      | A virus that causes sores in the mouth, on the     |
|                 | genitals, or elsewhere on the body.                |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ####            | Stands for the use of at least three ARV drugs in  |
|  Highly Active  | combination to suppress viral replication and      |
| Antiretroviral  | progression of HIV disease by reducing the viral   |
| Therapy (HAART) | load to undetectable levels.                       |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **HIV rapid     | A simple test for detecting HIV antibodies in      |
| test**          | blood or other body fluids that produces results   |
|                 | in less than 30 minutes.                           |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Home care**   | The provision of treatment and care in the home of |
|                 | the person living with HIV/AIDS.                   |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Home-prepared | Replacement food (or breastmilk substitute)        |
| formula**       | prepared at home from fresh or processed animal    |
|                 | milk, suitably diluted with water and amended with |
|                 | sugar and micronutrients.                          |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Human         | Stands for human immunodeficiency virus, the virus |
| im              | that causes AIDS. HIV breaks down the body's       |
| muno-deficiency | defence against infection and disease---the body's |
| virus (HIV)**   | immune system---by infecting specific white blood  |
|                 | cells, leading to a weakened immune system. It is  |
|                 | transmitted through blood, blood products, semen,  |
|                 | vaginal fluids, and breastmilk.                    |
|                 |                                                    |
|                 | []{.mark}                                          |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Immune        | A collection of cells and proteins that works to   |
| system**        | protect the body from potentially harmful,         |
|                 | infectious microorganisms, such as bacteria,       |
|                 | viruses and fungi.                                 |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | Vaccination to protect against a specific          |
| *Immunisation** | infection by injecting a weakened or killed form   |
|                 | of a disease-causing organism into the body to     |
|                 | activate the body's immune response without        |
|                 | causing the full-blown disease. Currently there is |
|                 | no vaccine or immunisation to protect against HIV. |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Immun         | Having a weak or damaged immune system as measured |
| o-compromised** | by a low CD4 count. Also, see Immunosuppressed.    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Immu          | When the body's immune function is damaged and     |
| no-suppressed** | incapable of performing its normal functions.      |
|                 | Immunosuppression may occur due to certain drugs   |
|                 | (e.g., in chemotherapy) or because of certain      |
|                 | diseases such as HIV infection.                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **I             | The specific steps taken when attempting to reach  |
| mplementation** | a specific goal, is known as \"implementation.\"   |
|                 | The implementation phase occurs after goals have   |
|                 | been set and a strategy has been agreed upon.      |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **In utero**    | Refers to events that occur in the uterus (womb)   |
|                 | during pregnancy.                                  |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Indicators**  | Summary measures used to describe a situation.     |
|                 | They provide information on the status of          |
|                 | activities related to each step of the PMTCT       |
|                 | programme cycle.                                   |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Infant who is | Infant born to a mother infected with HIV and      |
| HIV-exposed**   | exposed to HIV through pregnancy, in childbirth,   |
|                 | or during breastfeeding.                           |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Infection**   | Invasion and growth of germs in the body.          |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Integrated    | An approach to management of child health,         |
| Management**    | developed by WHO and UNICEF, that focuses on the   |
|                 | well-being of the whole child. IMCI aims to reduce |
| **of Childhood  | death, illness, and disability, and to promote     |
| Illness         | improved growth and development among children     |
| (IMCI)**        | younger than 5 years.                              |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | An action or strategy to address a particular      |
| *Intervention** | problem or issue and to accomplish a specific      |
|                 | result.                                            |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Intrapartum** | Occurring during labour and delivery (childbirth). |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Ly            | A swelling of the lymph glands in the body. The    |
| mphadenopathy** | most common areas of swelling with HIV infection   |
|                 | are the neck, under the arms, and in the groin.    |
|                 | Also called swollen glands.                        |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Lymphocyte**  | A type of white blood cell produced in the         |
|                 | lymphoid organs that is primarily responsible for  |
|                 | immune responses. Present in the blood, lymph and  |
|                 | lymphoid tissues.                                  |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| # MAC           | See *Mycobacterium Avium Complex*.                 |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Malaria**     | An infectious disease characterized by cycles of   |
|                 | chills, fever, and sweating, caused by a parasite  |
|                 | transmitted by a host mosquito.                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Medication    | Taking medicine exactly as recommended by a        |
| adherence**     | healthcare provider without missing doses.         |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Monitoring**  | Routine tracking of information or indicators      |
|                 | about a programme and its intended outputs through |
|                 | record keeping and regular reporting. Also called  |
|                 | performance monitoring.                            |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ##### Mother    | Transmission of HIV from a woman infected with HIV |
| -to-child trans | to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, and     |
| mission (MTCT)  | breastfeeding. Also referred to as vertical        |
|                 | transmission or perinatal transmission.            |
| **of HIV**      |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **MTCT**        | See Mother-to-Child Transmission.                  |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | Organisms that invade the intestines (gut) and     |
| **Mycobacterium | other organs.                                      |
| Avium           |                                                    |
| Complex***      |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Neutrophil**  | A type of white blood cell that kills foreign      |
|                 | organisms such as bacteria and fungus.             |
|                 |                                                    |
|                 | []{.mark}                                          |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | Low neutrophil count in the blood that is          |
| *Neutropoenia** | associated with HIV infection.                     |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **OI**          | See Opportunistic Infection.                       |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | An infection or inflammation of the oesophagus.    |
| *Oesophagitis** |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Opportunistic | A disease caused by a microorganism that does not  |
| infection       | normally cause illness in a person with a healthy  |
| (OI)**          | immune system, but that may cause serious disease  |
|                 | when the immune system is weakened.                |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Oral thrush** | A fungal infection of the mouth that looks like    |
|                 | white patches or curdled milk.                     |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Output        | Evidence of programme results, such as the number  |
| indicators**    | of people trained.                                 |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Pandemic**    | A disease occurring over a wide geographic area    |
|                 | and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of  |
|                 | the population ie, malaria, HIV.                   |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **PCP**         | See *Pneumocystis Carinii* Pneumonia.              |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **PCR**         | See Polymerase Chain Reaction.                     |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **PEP**         | See Post-Exposure Prophylaxis.                     |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Perinatal     | See Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV; Also      |
| transmission**  | known as vertical transmission.                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Platelet**    | A type of blood cell (thrombocyte) that            |
|                 | facilitates blood clotting. Also see               |
|                 | Thrombocytopoenia.                                 |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **PMTCT**       | Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ***             | A severe, life-threatening lung infection that     |
| Pneumocystis*** | causes fever, dry cough, and difficulty breathing. |
|                 |                                                    |
| ***Carinii***   |                                                    |
|                 |                                                    |
| **Pneumonia     |                                                    |
| (PCP)**         |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Polymerase    | A viral assay (test) that detects the presence or  |
| Chain Reaction  | the amount of a virus in the blood. For HIV, the   |
| (PCR)**         | DNA-PCR indicates the presence of the virus. The   |
|                 | HIV RNA-PCR measures the amount of virus, often    |
|                 | referred to as the viral load.                     |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Post-exposure | Short-term use of ARV drugs following occupational |
| prophylaxis     | HIV exposure such as a percutaneous injury (eg, a  |
| (PEP)**         | needlestick or cut with a sharp object) or contact |
|                 | of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (eg, exposed  |
|                 | skin that is chapped, abraded, or afflicted with   |
|                 | dermatitis) with blood, tissue, or other body      |
|                 | fluids containing visible blood to reduce the      |
|                 | likelihood of infection.                           |
|                 |                                                    |
|                 | PEP is a key part of a comprehensive Universal     |
|                 | Precautions strategy for reducing exposure to      |
|                 | infectious agents in the workplace.                |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Postnatal     | Care for a mother and infant in the 6 weeks        |
| care**          | following birth. Postnatal care is vital for       |
|                 | ensuring that mother and child remain healthy and  |
|                 | should include prevention, early detection, and    |
|                 | treatment of complications and disease. Guidance   |
|                 | and support of infant feeding and maternal         |
|                 | nutrition, family planning, childhood              |
|                 | immunisations and referrals to needed services     |
|                 | provide continuity of care.                        |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Prenatal      | See Antenatal Care.                                |
| care**          |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Prevalence**  | The percentage of a population that is affected    |
|                 | with a particular disease at a given time.         |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Programme     | Process of assessing a situation and then          |
| cycle**         | planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating  |
|                 | a responsive public health programme.              |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Prophylaxis** | Treatment to prevent the onset of a particular     |
|                 | disease (primary prophylaxis) or recurrence of     |
|                 | symptoms in an existing infection that has been    |
|                 | brought under control (secondary prophylaxis).     |
|                 |                                                    |
|                 | PMTCT prophylaxis refers to using antiretroviral   |
|                 | drugs to reduce HIV transmission from mother to    |
|                 | infant.                                            |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Replacement   | The process of feeding infants who are receiving   |
| feeding**       | no breastmilk with a diet that provides the        |
|                 | nutrients infants need until the age at which they |
|                 | can be fully fed on family foods. During the first |
|                 | six months, this should be with a suitable         |
|                 | breastmilk substitute such as commercial formula,  |
|                 | or home-prepared formula with micronutrient        |
|                 | supplements. After six months, the suitable        |
|                 | breastmilk substitute should be complemented with  |
|                 | other foods.                                       |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Replicate**   | To duplicate or make more copies of something.     |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **RNA PCR**     | HIV RNA polymerase chain reaction, also called     |
|                 | viral load testing, detects and measures the       |
|                 | amount of virus in blood.                          |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Safer sex**   | Ways to have sex that reduce the risk of acquiring |
|                 | or transmitting HIV and other STDs such as use of  |
|                 | a latex condom or other barrier. See Unprotected   |
|                 | Sex.                                               |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | A blood test result that indicates infection. A    |
| *Seropositive** | test can indicate the presence of antibodies to an |
|                 | organism (antibody positive) or the presence of    |
|                 | the organism or its proteins (antigen positive).   |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Sexually      | Diseases that people get by having intimate sexual |
| Transmitted     | contact, including having sex (vaginal, oral, or   |
| Diseases/**     | anal intercourse) with someone who already has the |
|                 | disease. There are many different kinds of STDs    |
| **Infections    | including herpes, HIV, and syphilis. All STDs are  |
| (STD/STI)**     | preventable.                                       |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Side effect** | Unintended action or effect of a medication or     |
|                 | treatment.                                         |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Specificity** | The ability of a test to correctly exclude         |
|                 | individuals who do not have a given disease or     |
|                 | disorder. For example, a certain HIV test may have |
|                 | proven to be 90% specific. If 100 healthy          |
|                 | individuals are tested with that method, only 90   |
|                 | of those 100 healthy people will be found          |
|                 | "negative" or disease-free by the test. The other  |
|                 | 10 people also do not have the disease, but their  |
|                 | test results seem to indicate they do. For that    |
|                 | 10%, their "positive" findings are a misleading    |
|                 | false-positive result. When it is necessary to     |
|                 | confirm a diagnosis that requires therapy, a       |
|                 | test's specificity is one of the important         |
|                 | indicators. The more specific a test is the fewer  |
|                 | "false-positive" results it produces.              |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *               | Inflamed or enlarged spleen.                       |
| *Splenomegaly** |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **STDs/STIs**   | See Sexually Transmitted Diseases/Infections.      |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **              | Completely eliminating or killing all              |
| Sterilisation** | microorganisms by application of steam under       |
|                 | pressure, dry heat, or ethylene oxide and other    |
|                 | gases, or by soaking in other liquid chemicals for |
|                 | prolonged periods.                                 |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+

  ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
  **Stigma**               Refers to all unfavourable attitudes and beliefs
                           directed toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA)
                           or those perceived to be infected, as well as their
                           significant others and loved ones, close associates,
                           social groups, and communities.

  **Symptomatic**          Showing signs of illness or disease.

  **TB**                   See Tuberculosis.

  **Thrombo-cytopoenia**   An abnormally low number of platelets (thrombocytes)
                           due to disease, reaction to a drug or toxic reaction
                           to chemotherapy treatments. If the platelets are too
                           few, bleeding could occur.

  **Tuberculosis (TB)**    A contagious bacterial infection that damages the
                           lungs and other parts of the body. TB is a
                           respiratory illness and is mainly transmitted
                           through coughing. The most common and serious
                           co-infection and OI related to HIV/AIDS.

  **Universal              A simple set of effective practices designed to
  precautions**            protect health workers and patients from infection
                           with a range of pathogens including blood borne
                           viruses. These practices are used when caring for
                           all patients regardless of diagnosis.

  **Unprotected sex**      The exchange of blood, semen and/or vaginal fluids
                           that occurs during sexual activity when condoms and
                           other barrier methods such as latex or polyurethane
                           are not in use.

  **Vertical               See Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV.
  transmission**           

  **Viral load**           The amount of HIV in the blood as measured by HIV
                           RNA PCR.

  **Viral resistance**     Changes in the genetic makeup of HIV that decrease
                           the effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. Usually
                           occurs in response to drug treatment especially when
                           there is incomplete treatment or poor adherence to
                           appropriate treatment.

  **Virus**                A type of germ that causes infection.

  **Wasting (syndrome)**   Condition characterised by loss of more than 10% of
                           body weight and either unexplained chronic diarrhoea
                           (lasting more than 1 month) or chronic weakness and
                           unexplained, prolonged fever (lasting more than 1
                           month).

  **Western blot**         A laboratory test for specific antibodies to confirm
                           repeatedly reactive results on the HIV ELISA test.
                           Western blot is the validation test used often for
                           confirmation of other test results.
  ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------

  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
  **Wet-nursing**    Breastfeeding of an infant by someone other than the
                     infant\'s mother.

  **Window period**  The period of time between the onset of infection
                     with HIV and the appearance of detectable antibodies
                     to the virus. The window period lasts for 4 to 6
                     weeks but occasionally up to 3 months after HIV
                     exposure.
  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------

![](media/image1.png){width="1.0291666666666666in" height="1.58125in"}

Resources

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Key General Resources on PMTCT**                                    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Brocklehurst P and J Volmink. 2002. Antiretrovirals for reducing the  |
| risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection (Cochrane       |
| Review), in *The Cochrane Library,* Issue 3. Update Software: Oxford, |
| England.                                                              |
|                                                                       |
| Center for HIV Information. 2004. *Women, children, and HIV:          |
| resources for prevention and treatment. 3^rd^ ed*. Retrieved 19       |
| August 2004, from www.womenchildrenhiv.org                            |
|                                                                       |
| DeCock KM et al. 2000. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission |
| in resource-poor countries: Translating research into policy and      |
| practice. *JAMA* 283(9): 1175--1182.                                  |
|                                                                       |
| Rutenberg N et al. 2003b. HIV voluntary counseling and testing: An    |
| essential component in preventing mother-to-child transmission of     |
| HIV. Horizons Research Summary. Population Council: Washington, DC.   |
| Retrieved 30 July 2004, from                                          |
| http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/pmtctvct.pdf                  |
|                                                                       |
| WHO. 2004. *Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and      |
| preventing HIV infection in infants. Guidelines on care, treatment    |
| and support for women living with HIV/AIDS and their children in      |
| resource-constrained settings*.WHO: Geneva. Retrieved 19 August 2004, |
| from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/guidelines/en/                   |
|                                                                       |
| WHO. 2004. *Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited     |
| settings: Treatment guidelines for a public health approach*. WHO:    |
| Geneva. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from                                  |
| http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/en/arvdrugsguidelines.pdf             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

AIDS Education and Training Centers National Resource Center. 2003. U.S.
public health service perinatal guidelines: Recommendations for the use
of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1 infected women for maternal
health and to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States.
Includes 49 slides, 6 case studies, and speaker notes. Retrieved 30 July
2004, from http://aidsetc.org/ppt/nrc_perinatal_guidelines_11-03.ppt

Bulterys M et al. 2002. Advances in the prevention of mother-to-child
HIV-1 transmission: Current issues, future challenges. *AIDScience*
2(4). Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://aidscience.org/Articles/aidscience017.asp

Dabis F (ed). PMTCT Intelligence Report. Bordeaux Working Group.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/rtis/MTCT/monthly_publications/ir-12-2001pdf

Granich R and J Mermin. 2001. *HIV, Health, and Your Community: A Guide
for Action.* Hesperian Foundation: Berkeley, CA.

John Snow, Inc./DELIVER. 2003. Guide for Quantifying HIV Test Kits. John
Snow, Inc./DELIVER, for the US Agency for International Development:
Arlington, VA. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.deliver.jsi.com/pdf/g&h/guide_quantifying.pdf

Kriebs J. 2002. The global reach of HIV: Preventing mother-to-child
transmission. *J Perinat Neonatal Nurs* 16(3): 1--10.

Luzuriaga K and J Sullivan. 2002. Pediatric HIV-1 infection: Advances
and remaining challenges. *AIDS Rev* 4(1): 21--26.

Marshall M and K Adjei-Sakyi. August 2003. Female condom and dual
protection: training for community-based distributors and peer
educators. Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA):
Washington, DC. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.cedpa.org/publications/dualprotection/dualprotection.html

Rutenberg N et al. 2003a. Family planning and PMTCT services: Examining
interrelationships, strengthening linkages. Horizons Research Summary.
Population Council: Washington, DC. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/pmtctfp.pdf

Rutenberg N et al. 2003c. *Infant feeding counseling within Kenyan and
Zambian PMTCT services: How well does it promote good feeding
practices?* Horizons Research Summary. Population Council: Washington,
DC. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/pmtctif.pdf

US Health & Human Services (HHS) and Centers for Disease Control &
Prevention (CDC) Global AIDS Program (GAP) Training Team. 2004 January.
Developing a strategy for effective training: Guiding principles and key
approaches. Draft.

US Public Health Service Task Force. 2004. Recommendations for use of
antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal
health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the
United States. Retrieved 15 August 2004, from
www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/perinatal/PER_062304.html

WHO and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 2000.
Fact Sheet 10: Women and HIV and mother-to-child transmission (Fact
sheets on HIV/AIDS for nurses and midwives). Unpublished. Retrieved 30
July 2004, from

> http://www3.who.int/whosis/factsheets_hiv_nurses/fact-sheet-10/index.html

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Key Online Resources on PMTCT in Resource-Constrained Settings**    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/gap                                      |
|                                                                       |
| CDC's Global AIDS Program (GAP) exists to help prevent HIV infection, |
| improve care and support, and build capacity to address the global    |
| HIV/AIDS pandemic. GAP provides financial and technical assistance    |
| through partnerships with communities, governments, and national and  |
| international entities working in resource-constrained countries.     |
|                                                                       |
| http://www.jhpiego.org                                                |
|                                                                       |
| Through advocacy, education and performance improvement, JHPIEGO      |
| helps host-country policymakers, educators and trainers increase      |
| access and reduce barriers to quality health services in low-resource |
| settings throughout Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.   |
|                                                                       |
| http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/NUTRITION/HIV_infant.htm   |
|                                                                       |
| The WHO Child and Adolescent Health and Development website provides  |
| information about infant and young child nutrition as well as listing |
| key resources in this field.                                          |
|                                                                       |
| http://www.who.int/3by5/en                                            |
|                                                                       |
| The WHO drive to provide HIV/AIDS treatment to three million people   |
| by the end of 2005.                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| http://www.WomenChildrenHIV.org                                       |
|                                                                       |
| http://WomenChildrenHIV.org.za                                        |
|                                                                       |
| This website, and its mirror site, disseminates state-of-the-art      |
| clinical information and training resources on mother-to-child        |
| transmission of HIV (MTCT) and related topics. It communicates the    |
| best practices in PMTCT and caring for infected women, children and   |
| families in resource-constrained settings.                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) site for information on
HIV/AIDS in the United States.

http://www.fhi.org

Family Health International (FHI) works to address the needs of
communities and countries ravaged by HIV/AIDS. FHI's publications
present comprehensive, state-of-the-art information on every aspect of
HIV/AIDS prevention and care, treatment, and mitigation by sharing
lessons learned from many years of experience with HIV/AIDS in the
developing world.

http://www.fightglobalaids.org

The Student Global AIDS Campaign (SGAC) is a national, student-based
organization that uses advocacy, lobbying and the media to help end the
global AIDS pandemic. The SGAC also raises money for student AIDS
organizations abroad to support their work fighting AIDS on the ground.

http://www.globalhealth.org/view_top.php3?id=227

Global Health Council works to ensure that all who strive for
improvement and equity in global health have the information and
resources they need to succeed. To achieve this goal, the Council serves
as the voice for action on global health issues and the voice for
progress in the global health field.

http://www.popcouncil.org/hivaids/index.html

The Population Council's activities include efforts to alleviate the
epidemic's effects; elucidate the basic science of infection and the
determinants of the epidemic; work toward prevention; promote policy
development; reduce stigma and discrimination; and promote the
treatment, care, and support of people with HIV.

http://www.reproline.jhu.edu/video/hiv/tutorials/English/index.htm

ReproLearn Multimedia tutorials provide doctors, faculty, and healthcare
trainers with technical information they need to provide high-quality
healthcare and to train other healthcare providers about the needs of
women with HIV/AIDS.

http://www.safemotherhood.org

The Safe Motherhood Initiative is a worldwide effort that aims to reduce
the number of deaths and illnesses associated with pregnancy and
childbirth.

http://www.synergyaids.com

The Synergy Project provides technical assistance and services to the
USAID to design, evaluate, and coordinate HIV/AIDS programmes and
identify and disseminate lessons learned.

http://www.unaids.org

UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) provides information
on epidemiology, treatment, and programme development.

http://www.usaid.gov/pop_health/aids

USAID (United States Agency for International Development) is an
independent agency of the US federal government that develops
community-based advocacy and support programs for people living with
HIV/AIDS, and provides support for orphans and vulnerable children whose
families have been affected by HIV/AIDS. USAID also supports voluntary
testing and counselling centers.

http://www.who.int/hiv/en

WHO (World Health Organization) offers information on epidemiology,
treatment, and programme development for HIV/AIDS.

http://www.worldbank.org/hiv_aids/globalprogram.asp

The World Bank is working with all regions in the developing world that
are affected by HIV/AIDS. The AIDS programme offers global learning and
knowledge sharing on approaches and best practices for addressing
HIV/AIDS.

MODULE 1---Introduction to HIV/AIDS

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Key Resources**                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CDC. 1992. 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and   |
| expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and  |
| adults. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep* 41(RR-17).                        |
|                                                                       |
| DeCock K et al. 2000. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission  |
| in resource-poor countries: Translating research into policy and      |
| practice. JAMA 283(9): 1175--1182.                                    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Bradley-Springer L et al. (eds). 2002. *Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Infection: 2002 Sourcebook for the Healthcare Clinician.* Unpublished.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.aidsetc.org/pdf/tools/sourcebook_2002_mpaetc.pdf

Bradley-Springer L. 1999. *HIV/AIDS Nursing Care Plans, 2nd Edition.*
Skidmore-Roth Publishing: El Paso, TX.

Lawn J et al. 2003. Part One: The unheard cry for newborn health, in
*The Healthy Newborn: A Reference Manual for Program Managers*.
Unpublished. pp. 1.1--1.64. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.careusa.org/careswork/whatwedo/health/downloads/

> healthy_newborn_manual/part1.pdf
>
> For complete manual, go to
>
> http://www.care-package.org/careswork/whatwedo/health/hpub.asp

CDC. 1998. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2. Retrieved 30 July 2004,
from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/hiv2.htm

CDC. 1994. 1994 Revised classification system for human immunodeficiency
virus infection in children less than 13 years of age. *MMWR Morb Mortal
Wkly Rep* 43(RR-12): 1--10.

Kirton C (ed). 2003. *ANAC's Core Curriculum for HIV/AIDS Nursing*, 2nd
ed. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.

Kitahata M. 2002. Comprehensive health care for people infected with HIV
in developing countries. *BMJ* 325: 954--957.

Lyall E (ed). 2001. British HIV Association. Guidelines for the
management of HIV infection in pregnant women and the prevention of
mother-to-child transmission. *HIV Med* 2: 314--334.

Marais H et al. 2002. Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. UNAIDS:
Geneva. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/global-reports/barcelona/brglobal_aids_report_en_pdf.pdf

McCoy D et al. 2002. *Interim Findings on the National PMTCT Pilot
Sites: Lessons and Recommendations*. Health Systems Trust: Durban, South
Africa. Retrieved 30 July 2004,
http://www.doh.gov.za/aids/docs/2002/pmct/PMTCT_Interim1.pdf

Mofenson L and P Munderi. 2002. Safety of antiretroviral prophylaxis of
perinatal transmission for HIV-infected pregnant women and their
infants. *J Acquir Immune Def Syndr* 30: 200--215.

Pantaleo, G, C Graziosi and A S Fauci. 1993. The immunopathogenesis of
human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 328(5): 327--335.

Tuomala R et al. 2002. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and the
risk of an adverse outcome. *N Engl J Med* 364: 1863--1870.

UNAIDS. 2003. *AIDS Epidemic Update 2003.* UNAIDS: Geneva. Retrieved 30
July 2004, from
http://www.unaids.org/Unaids/EN/Resources/Publications/corporate+publications/

> aids+epidemic+update+-+december+2003.asp

UNAIDS. 2003. Regional HIV/AIDS statistics and features, end of 2003.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/topics/epidemiology/slides02/

> slide02_epicore2003_en_ppt.ppt

University of British Columbia. *The Therapeutic Guidelines for the
Treatment of HIV/AIDS and Related Conditions* \[electronic version\].
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://cfeweb.hivnet.ubc.ca/guide/page/secta/consa.html

WHO. 2004. *Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited
settings: Treatment guidelines for a public health approach*. \[2003
Revision\]. WHO: Geneva. Annex E: WHO staging system for HIV infection
and disease in adults and adolescents, p. 61, Retrieved 30 July 2004,
from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/en/arvrevision2003en.pdf

WHO and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 2000.
Fact Sheet 10: Women and HIV and mother-to-child transmission (Fact
sheets on HIV/AIDS for nurses and midwives). Unpublished. Retrieved 30
July 2004, from

> http://www3.who.int/whosis/factsheets_hiv_nurses/fact-sheet-10/index.html

**MODULE 2---Overview of Prevention of HIV Infection in Infants and
Young Children**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Key Resources**                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Preble EA and EG Piwoz. 2001. *Prevention of Mother-to-Child          |
| Transmission of HIV in Africa: Practical Guidance for Programs.*      |
| Support for Analysis and Research in Africa (SARA) Project/Academy    |
| for Educational Development: Washington, DC. Retrieved 30 July 2004,  |
| from                                                                  |
| http://www.aed.org/publications/healthpublications/mtctjuly17.pdf     |
|                                                                       |
| Rutenberg N et al. 2002. *Integrating HIV prevention and care into    |
| maternal and child health care settings: Lessons learned from Horizon |
| studies.* The Population Council: New York.                           |
|                                                                       |
| WHO. 2001. *New Data on the Prevention of Mother-to-Child             |
| Transmission of HIV and Their Policy Implications: Conclusions and    |
| Recommendations.* WHO Technical Consultation on Behalf of the         |
| UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on Mother-to-Child     |
| Transmission of HIV. WHO: Geneva.                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Askew I and M Berer. 2003. The contribution of sexual and reproductive
health services to the fight against HIV/AIDS: A review. \[electronic
version\]*.* *Reproductive Health Matters* 11 (22): 51--73. Retrieved 30
July 2004, from
http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/frontiers/journals/AskewBerer.pdf

Baggaley R et al. *Men Make a Difference: Involving Fathers in the
Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission*. Unpublished. Retrieved
30 July 2004, from
http://topics.developmentgateway.org/pmtct/rc/filedownload.do?itemId=249493

Callahan K and L Cucuzza. *Family Planning Plus: HIV/AIDS Basics for
NGOs and Family Planning Program Managers. Integrating Reproductive
Health and HIV/AIDS for NGOs, FBOs & CBOs, Vol. 1.* Centre for
Development and Population Activities (CEDPA): Washington, DC. Retrieved
30 July 2004, from
http://www.cedpa.org/publications/familyplanningplus/familyplanningplus.html

CDC. 1998. *Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2*. Retrieved 30 July
2004, from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/hiv2.htm

DeCock KM et al. 2000. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in
resource-poor countries: Translating research into policy and practice.
*JAMA* 283(9): 1175--1182.

DeZoysa I. 2002*.* Strategic approaches for preventing HIV infections in
infants: Balancing priorities in different settings. Presented at the
XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 7--12 July.

Epstein H et al. 2002. *HIV/AIDS Prevention Guidance for Reproductive
Health Professionals in Developing-Country Settings.* The Population
Council and UNFPA: New York. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/hivaidsguidance.pdf

Gaillard P et al. 2002. Reduction of HIV in infants: WHO strategic
approaches. Presented at the XIV International AIDS Conference,
Barcelona, Spain, 7--12 July.

Hankins C. 2002. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in
developing countries: Recent developments and ethical considerations.
*Reprod Health Matters* 8(15): 87--92.

Howard-Grabman L and G Snetro. 2002. *How to Mobilize Communities for
Health and Social Change.* Save the Children and Johns Hopkins
University Center for Communication Programs/Population Communication
Services: Baltimore, MD.

Lawn J et al. 2003. Part One: The unheard cry for newborn health, in
*The Healthy Newborn: A Reference Manual for Program Managers*.
Unpublished. pp. 1.1--1.64. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.careusa.org/careswork/whatwedo/health/downloads/

healthy_newborn_manual/part1.pdf

Moore M. 2003. *A Behavior Change Perspective on Integrating PMTCT and
Safe Motherhood Programs: A Discussion Paper*. The CHANGE Project AED:
Washington, DC. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.changeproject.org/pubs/PMTCT-SafeMotherhood.pdf

Preble EA and EG Piwoz. 2002. *Prevention of Mother-to-Child
Transmission of HIV in Asia: Practical Guidance for Programs*. Linkages
Project/Academy for Educational Development: Washington, DC. Retrieved
30 July 2004, from http://www.aed.org/publications/AsiaPMTCT.pdf

Rutenberg N et al. 2003a. *Family planning and PMTCT services: Examining
interrelationships, strengthening linkages*. *Horizons Research
Summary*. Population Council: Washington, DC. Retrieved 30 July 2004,
from http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/pmtctfp.pdf

Rutenberg N et al. 2003b. *HIV voluntary counseling and testing: an
essential component in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Horizons Research Summary.* Population Council: Washington, DC.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/pmtctvct.pdf

Rutenberg N et al. 2003c. *Infant feeding counseling within Kenyan and
Zambian PMTCT services: How well does it promote good feeding practices?
Horizons Research Summary.* Population Council: Washington, DC.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/pmtctif.pdf

White V et al. 2003. *Men and Reproductive Health Programs: Influencing
Gender Norms*. The Synergy Project: Washington, DC. Retrieved 30 July
2004, from
http://www.synergyaids.com/SynergyPublications/Gender_Norms.pdf

Wilson, P. 1999. *Our Whole Lives; Sexuality Education for Grades 7-9*.
Unitarian Universalist Association: Boston. www.uua.org/bookstore.

MODULE 3---Specific Interventions to Prevent MTCT

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Key Resources**                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Anderson JR. 2002. Care of Women with HIV Living in Limited Resource  |
| Settings: HIV and Pregnancy. Johns Hopkins HIV Women's Health         |
| Program: Baltimore, MD. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from                  |
| http://www.reproline.jhu.edu/video/hiv/tutorials/English/index.htm    |
|                                                                       |
| Dabis F and V Leroy. 2000. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of |
| HIV: Practical strategies for developing countries. AIDS Read 10(4):  |
| 241--244.                                                             |
|                                                                       |
| Perinatal HIV Guidelines Working Group, US Public Health Service Task |
| Force. 2004. Public health service task force recommendations for use |
| of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal |
| health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in    |
| the United States. Retrieved 19 September 2004, from                  |
| http://AIDSinfo.nih.gov                                               |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Anderson JR (ed). 2001. *A Guide to the Clinical Care of Women with
HIV*. US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and
Services Administration: Rockville, MD.

Besser M et al. 2002. *Changing Obstetric Practices in the Context of
HIV: An Evaluation of Service Provision in the National PMTCT Learning
Sites.* Health Systems Trust: Durban, South Africa. Retrieved 30 July
2004, from ftp://ftp.hst.org.za/pubs/pmtct/pmtctobs.pdf

Bhana N et al. 2002. Zidovudine: A review of its use in the management
of vertically-acquired pediatric HIV infection. *Paediatr Drugs* 4(8):
515--553.

Brocklehurst P and J Volmink. 2002. Antiretrovirals for reducing the
risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection \[Abstract\].
Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD003510. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from

> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids
>
> =12076484&dopt=Abstract

Bulterys M et al. 2002. Role of traditional birth attendants in
preventing perinatal transmission of HIV. *BMJ* 324: 222--225.

CDC. 2002. *The Science of HIV Prevention: A Review of Proven Approaches
and Future Directions.* CDC: Atlanta, GA.

Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital Perinatal HIV Research Unit. 2004. South
African Patient Brochures on HIV Infection, Testing, Treatment, and
Management during Pregnancy. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.womenchildrenhiv.org/wchiv?page=pi-13-00

Connor EM and RS Sperling et al. 1994. Reduction of maternal-infant
transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine
treatment for the pediatric aids clinical trials group protocol 076
study group. *NEJM* 331: 1173--1180. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/331/18/1173

Cunningham C et al. 2002. Development of resistance mutations in women
receiving standard antiretroviral therapy who received intrapartum
nevirapine to prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1
transmission: A substudy of pediatric AIDS clinical trials group
protocol 316. *J Infect Dis* 186(2): 181--188.

Dabis F and DK Ekouevi et al. 2003. Effectiveness of a short course of
zidovudine + lamivudine and peripartum nevirapine to prevent HIV-1
mother-to-child transmission. The ANRS 1201 ditrame-plus trial, Abidjan,
Cote d'Ivoire. *IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2003 Jul 13--16;2nd: Abstract
No. 219 Antiviral Therapy* 8(Suppl. 1):S236. Retrieved 30 July 2004,
from http://www.aegis.com/conferences/2ndiashivpt/219.html

DeCock KM et al. 2000. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in
resource-poor countries: Translating research into policy and practice.
*JAMA* 283(9): 1175--1182.

Gielen AC et al. 2001. Quality of life among women living with HIV: The
importance of violence, social support and self-care behaviors. *Soc Sci
Med* 52(2): 315--322.

Hirschhorn L et al. 2003. *Tool to Assess Site Program Readiness for
Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)*. John Snow (for the US Agency
for International Development): Boston, MA.

International Perinatal HIV Group. 1999. The mode of delivery and the
risk of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: A
meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies. *N Engl J Med* 340(13):
977--987.

Ioannidis et al. 2001. Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 by pregnant women with RNA virus loads \<1000 copies/ml. *J
Infect Dis* 183: 539--545.

Israel E and M Kroeger. 2003. Integrating prevention of mother-to-child
HIV transmission into existing maternal, child, and reproductive health
programs. *Pathfinder International Technical Guidance Series,* No. 3.
Pathfinder International: Watertown, MA. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.pathfind.org/site/DocServer/

> Technical_Guidance_Series_3_PMTCTweb_01.pdf?docID=242

Jackson JB et al. 2003. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine
compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission
of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012
randomised trial. Lancet 2003.362(9387): 859--868.

Kourtis A et al. 2001. Understanding the timing of HIV transmission from
mother to infant. *JAMA* 285(6): 709--712.

Kroeger M. 2002. *ARV Prophylaxis for Prevention of MTCT of HIV in a
Resource Poor Setting.* Linkages Project, Academy for Educational
Development: Washington, DC.

Lindgren S, C Ottenbald and A Bohlin. 1998. Pregnancy in HIV-infected
women. counseling and care---12 years' experiences and results. *Acta
Obstet Gynecol Scand* 77: 532--541.

Malonza I et al. 2003. The effect of rapid HIV testing on uptake of
perinatal HIV-1 interventions: A randomized clinical trial. *AIDS* 17:
113--118.

McIntyre J and G Gray. 2002. What can we do to reduce mother to child
transmission of HIV? *BMJ* 324: 218--221.

Mofenson LM. 2003. Advances in the prevention of vertical transmission
of human immunodeficiency virus. *Sem Pediatr Infect Dis* 14: 295--308.

Mofenson L and P Munderi. 2002. Safety of antiretroviral prophylaxis of
perinatal transmission for HIV-infected pregnant women and their
infants. *J Acq Immune Defic Syndr* 30(2): 200--215.

Moodley D et al. 2003. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of
nevirapine versus a combination of zidovudine and lamivudine to reduce
intrapartum and early postpartum mother-to-child transmission of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1. *J Infect Dis* 187: 725--735.

Peiperl L. 2002. *Antiretroviral treatments to reduce mother-to-child
transmission of HIV*. Unpublished. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.hivinsite.com/InSite.jsp?page=kbr-07-02-03&doc=3098.0098

Petra Study Team. 2002. Efficacy of three short-course regimens of
zidovudine and lamivudine in preventing early and late transmission of
HIV-1 from mother-to-child in Tanzania, South Africa and Uganda (Petra
Study): A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. *Lancet*
359: 1178--1186.

Preble EA, D Huber, and E Piwoz. 2003. *Family Planning and the
Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV: Technical and
Programmatic Issues*. Advance Africa: Washington DC.

Shaffer N and R Chuachoowong et al. 1999. Short-course zidovudine for
perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomised
controlled trial. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study
Group. *Lancet* 353: 773--780.

UNAIDS. 2003. *A conceptual framework and basis for action: HIV/AIDS
stigma and discrimination.* World AIDS Campaign 2002--2003, UNAIDS Best
Practice Collection. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS: Geneva.

UNICEF. 2002. *Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: A UNICEF FACT
Sheet*. UNICEF: New York.

USAID/Synergy. 2004. *Women\'s Experiences with HIV Serodisclosure in
Africa: Implications for VCT and PMTCT*. Meeting Report. Washington, DC,
2 April 2003. USAID: Washington, DC. March Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.synergyaids.com/documents/VCTDisclosureReport.pdf

Wiktor SZ and E Ekpini et al. 1999. Short-course oral zidovudine for
prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte
d\'Ivoire: a randomised trial \[electronic version\]. *Lancet*
353(9155): 781--5.

WHO. 2004. *Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited
settings: Treatment guidelines for a public health approach*. \[2003
Revision\]. WHO: Geneva. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/en/arvrevision2003en.pdf

WHO and UNAIDS. Provisional WHO/UNAIDS secretariat recommendations on
the use of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in adults and children living with
HIV/AIDS in Africa. UNAIDS and WHO Press Release 7/00. Retrieved 30 July
2004, from

> http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=md-01-01&doc=3098.0061

MODULE 4---Infant Feeding in the Context of HIV Infection

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Key Resources**                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nduati R et al. 2000. Effect of breast feeding and formula feeding on |
| transmission of HIV-1: A randomized clinical trial. *JAMA* 283:       |
| 1167--1174.                                                           |
|                                                                       |
| WHO and UNAIDS. 2004. *HIV and infant feeding counselling tools.*     |
| Currently in print, to be available in late 2004 from                 |
| http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/NUTRITION/HIV_infant.htm   |
|                                                                       |
| WHO. 2000. New Data on the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission |
| of HIV and Their Policy Implications. *WHO Technical consultation on  |
| behalf of the UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on       |
| Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV.11--13 October 2000, Geneva.*     |
| WHO: Geneva. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from                             |
| http                                                                  |
| ://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/CHILD_HEALTH/ |
| MTCT_Consultation.htm                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| WHO 2000. *HIV and Infant Feeding Counselling: A Training Course.*    |
| *Participant's Manual.* WHO: Geneva. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from     |
| http://www.who.int/child- adolescent-health/New_Publications/         |
| NUTRITION/HIV_Inf_Feeding/Participants_Manual.pdf                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Black R and C Victora. 2002. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding
in low income countries. *BMJ* 325: 1252--1253.

Coutsoudis A and N Rollins. 2003. Breast-feeding and HIV transmission:
The jury is still out. *J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr* 36(4): 434--442.

Coutsoudis A et al. 2001. Method of feeding and transmission of HIV-1
from mothers to children by 15 months of age: Prospective cohort study
from Durban, South Africa. *AIDS* 15: 379--387.

Coutsoudis A et al. 1999. Influence of infant-feeding patterns on early
mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Durban, South Africa: A
prospective cohort study. South African Vitamin A Study Group. *Lancet*
354: 471--476.

Ezzati M et al. and the Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group.
2002. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of
disease. *Lancet* 360: 1347--1360.

Fawzi W et al. 2002. Transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding among
women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. *J Acq Immune Defic Syndr* 31:
331--338.

Fowler M and M Newell. 2002. Breast-feeding and HIV-1 transmission in
resource-limited settings. *J Acq Immune Defic Syndr* 30(2): 230--239.

Mbori-Ngacha D et al. 2001. Morbidity and mortality in breastfed and
formula-fed infants of HIV-1 infected women: A randomized clinical
trial. *JAMA* 286(19): 2413--2420.

Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care (RCQHC) and the USAID. 2003.
*Counselling Mothers on Infant Feeding for the Prevention of Mother to
Child Transmission of HIV: A Job-Aid for Primary Health Care Workers*.
RCQHC: Kampala, Uganda.

Rousseau CM et al. 2003. Longitudinal analysis of human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 RNA in breast milk and of its relationship to infant
infection and maternal disease. *J Infect Dis 187* (5): 741--747.

Shapiro, RL et al. 2003. Low adherence to recommended infant feeding
strategies among HIV-infected women: results from the pilot phase of a
randomized trial to prevent mother-to-child transmission in Botswana.
*AIDS Education and Prevention 15* (3): 221--230. The Guilford Press.

Taha TE et al. 2003. Short postexposure prophylaxis in newborn babies to
reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: NVAZ randomized trial.
*Lancet* 362: 1171--1177.

WHO Secretariat, Fifty-Fifth World Health Assembly. 2002. *Infant and
Young Child Nutrition: Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child
Feeding*. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA55/ea5515.pdf

WHO. 2001. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. *Report of
an Expert Consultation, 28--30 March 2001, Geneva, Switzerland.* WHO
Department of Nutrition for Health Development/Department of Child and
Adolescent Health and Development: Geneva. Retrieved 26 September 2003,
from
http://www.who.int/nut/documents/optimal_duration_of_exc_bfeeding_report_eng.pdf

WHO. 2000. *HIV and Infant Feeding Counselling: A Training Course.*
*Trainer's Guide*. WHO: Geneva. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/NUTRITION/
HIV_Inf_Feeding/Trainers%20_Guide.pdf

WHO and UNAIDS. 2003. *HIV and infant feeding: Guidelines for
decision-makers,* Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/NUTRITION/HIV_IF_DM.pdf

WHO and UNAIDS. 2003. *HIV and infant feeding: Guidelines for health
care managers and supervisors*. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/NUTRITION/HIV_IF_MS.pdf

WHO, CDD Programme, and UNICEF 2002. *Breastfeeding Counselling: A
Training Course. Director's Guide.* Unpublished. Retrieved 30 July 2004,
from http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/

> NUTRITION/ Breastfeeding/Directors_Guide.pdf

WHO, CDD Programme, and UNICEF 2002. *Breastfeeding* *Counselling: A
Training Course. Trainer's Guide.* Parts 1--4. Unpublished. Retrieved 30
July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/publications/NUTRITION/BFC.htm

WHO, CDD Programme, and UNICEF. 2002. *Breastfeeding Counselling: A
Training Course. Participant's Manual*. Parts 1--4. Unpublished.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/publications/NUTRITION/BFC.htm

WHO 2001. *Breastfeeding and Replacement Feeding Practices in the
Context of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV: An Assessment Tool for
Research.* Unpublished. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/NUTRITION/
Tool-breast_feeding.htm

MODULE 5---Stigma and Discrimination Related to MTCT

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Key Resources**                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CDC. 2000. *HIV-related knowledge and stigma*. Retrieved 30 July      |
| 2004, from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4947a2.htm      |
|                                                                       |
| Mukasa S et al. 2001. Uganda: HIV and AIDS-related discrimination,    |
| stigmatization and denial, in UNAIDS Best Practice Collection.        |
| Retrieved 30 July 2004, from                                          |
| http://www.unaids.org/en/other/functionalities/                       |
| ViewDocument.asp?href=http%3a%2f%2fgva-doc-owl%2fWEBcontent%2fDocum   |
| ents%2fpub%2fPublications%2fIRC-pub02%2fJC590-Uganda_en%26%2346%3bpdf |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Aggleton P. 2001. Comparative analysis: Research studies from India and
Uganda. HIV and AIDS-related discrimination, stigmatization and denial,
in UNAIDS Best Practice Collection. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.unaids.org/en/other/functionalities/

> ViewDocument.asp?href=http%3a%2f%2fgva-doc-owl%2fWEBcontent%2fDocuments%2fpub%2fPublications%2fIRC-pub02%2fJC650-CompAnal_en%26%2346%3bpdf

Bharat S. 2001. India: HIV and AIDS-related discrimination,
stigmatization and denial, in *UNAIDS Best Practice Collection*.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.unaids.org/en/other/functionalities/

> ViewDocument.asp?href=http%3a%2f%2fgva-doc-owl%2fWEBcontent%2fDocuments%2fpub%2fPublications%2fIRC-pub02%2fJC587-India_en%26%2346%3bpdf

Busza J. 1999. Literature review: Challenging HIV-related stigma and
discrimination in Southeast Asia: Past successes and future priorities,
in *Horizons Global Operations Research on HIV/AIDS/STI Prevention and
Care*. The Population Council: New York.

Gilbert L and L Walker. 2002. Treading the path of least resistance:
HIV/AIDS and social inequalities. A South African case study. *Soc Sci
Med* 54: 1093--1110.

Gilmore N and M Somerville. 1994. Stigmatisation, scapegoating and
discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: Overcoming 'them' and
'us.' *Soc Sci Med* 39(9): 1339--1358.

Health Resources and Services Administration, US Department of Health
and Human Services, 2003. *Stigma and HIV/AIDS: A review of the
literature---introduction*: Rockville, MD. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://hab.hrsa.gov:80/publications/stigma/introduction.htm

International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). 2002. *Addressing
HIV-related stigma and resulting discrimination in Africa: a
three-country study in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia* \[Information
Bulletin\]. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.icrw.org/docs/Stigma_Africa_InfoBulletin_302.pdf

International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). 2002. *Understanding
HIV-related stigma and resulting discrimination in sub-Saharan Africa.
Emerging themes from early data collection in Ethiopia, Tanzania and
Zambia* \[Research Update\]. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from

> http://www.icrw.org/docs/Stigma_ResearchUpdate_062502.pdf

Kidd R. 2003. *Anti-Stigma toolkit: A research-based adult education
curriculum to address stigma and discrimination against PLWHAs*. The
CHANGE Project, Academy for Educational Development/The Manoff Group:
Washington, DC.

Malcolm A et al. 1998. HIV and AIDS-related stigmatisation and
discrimination: Its form and contexts. *Critical Public Health* 8(4):
347--370.

Moore M. 2003. *A behavior* *change perspective on integrating PMTCT and
safe motherhood programs: A discussion paper.* The CHANGE Project:
Washington, DC.

Panos Institute. 2001. Stigma, HIV/AIDS and prevention of
mother-to-child transmission: Women, children, and HIV. Resources for
prevention and treatment CD ROM, in *HIV InSite and Global Strategies
for HIV Prevention*, 2nd ed. Panos Institute: Washington, DC.

Parker R and P Aggleton. 2003. HIV and AIDS-related stigma and
discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. *Soc
Sci Med* 57(1): 13--24.

Parker R and P Aggleton with K Attawell, J Pulerwitz, and L Brown. 2002.
*HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and
an agenda for action.* Horizons Program, The Population Council, Inc.:
New York.

Rutenberg N, ML Field-Nguer, and L Nyblade. 2001. *Community involvement
in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: Insights and
recommendations.* The Population Council, ICRW, Glaxo: New York.

Seaton R (ed). 2003. HIV/AIDS stigma in *HRSA care action*. US
Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources & Services
Administration, HIV/AIDS Bureau: Rockville, MD.

UNAIDS. An overview of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination \[Fact
Sheet\]. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/Publications/Fact-Sheets02/FSstigma_en_doc.htm

UNAIDS/IPU. 1999. *Handbook for legislators on HIV/AIDS, law and human
rights: Action to combat HIV/AIDS in view of its devastating human,
economic and social impact.* UNAIDS/IPU: Geneva. Retrieved 30 July 2004,
from
http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/publications/irc-pub01/jc259-ipu_en_pdf.pdf

UNAIDS, OHCHR. 2002. HIV/AIDS and human rights, international
guidelines: Third international consultation on HIV/AIDS and human
rights \[Guideline 6\]. Geneva, 25--26 July, 2002. Retrieved 30 July
2004, from
http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/Publications/IRC-pub02/JC905-Guideline6_en_pdf.pdf

UNAIDS. 1993. *Stigma and discrimination*. Fact sheet. Retrieved 30 July
2004, from
http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/publications/fact-sheets03/fs_stigma_discrimination_en_pdf.pdf

UNAIDS and WHO*. Fighting HIV-related intolerance: Exposing the links
between racism, stigma and discrimination*. (Prepared in consultation
with the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights). Retrieved 30
July 2004, from
http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/Publications/IRC-pub03/BPracism_en_doc.htm

Valdiserri R. 2002. HIV/AIDS stigma: An impediment to public health. *Am
J Public Health* 92: 341--342.

Weiss MG and J Ramakrishna. 2001. Interventions: Research on reducing
stigma. Presented at Stigma and Global Health: Developing a Research
Agenda. Bethesda, MD. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.stigmaconference.nih.gov/WeissPaper.htm

World Bank. 2000. *Confronting AIDS*. Oxford University Press: New York.

WHO. HIV/AIDS World AIDS Campaign 2002--2003, Live and Let Live.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/hiv/events/wad2003/dec1/en/

MODULE 6---HIV Testing and Counselling for PMTCT

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Key Resources**                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| WHO and CDC. 2004. *Rapid HIV Tests: Guidelines for Use in HIV        |
| Testing and Counselling Services in Resource-Constrained Settings*.   |
| Retrieved 30 July 2004, from                                          |
| http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/en/rapidhivtestsen.pdf                 |
|                                                                       |
| WHO. 2003. *The right to know. New approaches to HIV testing and      |
| counselling.* WHO: Geneva. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from               |
| http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/pub34/en/print.html                    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

CDC. 2001. Revised guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral
and revised recommendations for HIV screening pregnant women. *MMWR Morb
Mortal Wkly Rep* 50(RR-19).

Commonwealth Regional Health Community Secretariat (CRHCS). 2002.
*HIV/AIDS voluntary counselling and testing: review of policies,
programmes and guidance in East, Central and Southern Africa.* CRHCS:
Arusha, Tanzania.

Family Health International. 2004. *Preparedness of voluntary counseling
and testing centers in Kenya to provide family planning*. Retrieved 30
July 2004, from http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/Briefs/KenyaVCT.htm

Family Health International. 2003. *HIV voluntary counseling and
testing: A reference guide for counselors and trainers.* Family Health
International: Research Triangle Park, NC.

Family Health International. 2003. *Models of HIV voluntary counselling
and testing (VCT) service delivery*. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.fhi.org/en/HIVAIDS/Publications/FactSheets/vctmodels.htm

Kankasa C et al. 2002. *Why do women accept VCT during antenatal care?
The experience from the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of
HIV program in Zambia.* Horizons Project, The Population Council:
Washington, DC.

Pronyk PM et al. 2002. The introduction of voluntary counselling and
rapid testing for HIV in rural South Africa: From theory to practice.
*AIDS Care* 14(6): 859--865.

UNAIDS. 2001. *Counselling and voluntary HIV testing for pregnant women
in high HIV prevalence countries: Elements and issues*. UNAIDS: Geneva.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from

> http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/publications/irc-pub01/jc245-couns&test_en_pdf.pdf

## 

## 

## MODULE 7---Linkages to Treatment, Care, and Support for Mothers and Families with HIV Infection

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Key Resources**                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and WHO.  |
| 2002. *Living well with HIV/AIDS: a manual on nutritional care and    |
| support for people living with HIV/AIDS.* Available online at:        |
| http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y4168E/Y4168E00.HTM                     |
|                                                                       |
| Rutenberg N, ML Field-Nguer, and L Nyblade. Undated. *Community       |
| involvement in initiatives to prevent mother-to-child transmission of |
| HIV*. The Population Council and the International Center for         |
| Research on Women. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from                       |
| http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/mtct.pdf                               |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Demarco R, M Lynch, and R Board. 2002. Mothers who silence themselves: A
concept with clinical implications for women living with HIV/AIDS and
their children. *J Pediatr Nurs* 17(2): 89--95.

Kitahata M et al. 2002. Comprehensive health care for people infected
with HIV in developing countries. *BMJ* 325: 954--957.

Mbori-Ngacha D and O Ogutu. 2002. *Integrating the prevention of
mother-to-child transmission of HIV into existing maternal and child
health services in PMTCT training curriculum.* Horizons, Kenya PMTCT
Project.

Moss WJ, CJ Clements, and N Halsey. 2003. Immunization of children at
risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. *Bulletin of the
World Health Organization* 81:61--70. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/2003/bul-1-E-2003/81(1)61-70.pdf

Woods, MN: 1999. Dietary recommendations for the HIV/AIDS patient. In:
*Nutritional Aspects of HIV Infection*, ed. T. Miller and SL. Gorbach,
Arnold Press, London. pp 191--203

Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of
HIV-Infected Children. 2004. *Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral
agents in pediatric HIV infection*. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/pediatric/PED_012004.pdf

WHO. 2004. *Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited
settings: Recommendations for initiating antiretroviral therapy in
adults and adolescents with*

> *documented HIV infection*. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
> http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/en/arvrevision2003en.pdf

WHO. July 2003. *A reference guide on HIV-related care, treatment and
support of HIV infected women and their children in resource-constrained
settings* \[Draft\]. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
www.ahfgi.org/global_pdf/refguide_toc.doc

WHO. 2003. Emergency scale up of antiretroviral therapy in resource
limited settings: Technical and operational recommendations to achieve 3
by 5. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from http://www.who.int/3by5/publications/
documents/en/zambia_doc_final.pdf

WHO and Child and Adolescent Health and Development. 2002. *Integrated
management of childhood illness* \[IMCI\] guidelines. Retrieved 30 July
2004, from http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/integr.htm

WHO, Department of Vaccines and Biologicals. 2001. Introduction of
hepatitis B vaccine into childhood immunization services. Management
guidelines, including information for health workers and parents.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from

> www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF01/www613.pdf

WHO, Regional Office for Africa, IMCI Unit, Division for Prevention.
2001. *Report on the workshop on adaptation of IMCI guidelines to
include HIV/AIDS, Harare, 18 to 23 June 2001*: *Draft.* Retrieved 30
July 2004,

> from http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/
>
> HIV/report_HIV_Harare.htm

WHO, Department of Vaccines and Biologicals. 2000. *Introduction of
haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine into immunization programmes:
Management guidelines, including information for health workers and
parents.* Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF99/www9940.pdf

WHO, UNAIDS. 2000. *Provisional WHO/UNAIDS secretariat recommendations
on the use of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in adults and children living
with HIV/AIDS in* *Africa*. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/publications/irc-pub04/recommendation_en_pdf.pdf

## MODULE 8---Safety and Supportive Care in the Work Environment

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Key Resources**                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CDC. 2001. Updated US public health service guidelines for the        |
| management of occupational exposure to HBV, HCV and HIV and           |
| recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly  |
| Rep* 50(No. RR-11): 1--42. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from               |
| http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5011.pdf                             |
|                                                                       |
| WHO. 2004. Post-exposure prophylaxis. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from    |
| http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/prophylaxis/en/index.html               |
|                                                                       |
| WHO. 2003. His life and her trust are in your hands. \[electronic     |
| version\]. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from                               |
| http://www.injectionsafety.org                                        |
|                                                                       |
| WHO. 2003. Secretariat of the Safe Injection Global Network. Health   |
| care worker safety. Aide-memoire*.* Retrieved 30 July 2004, from      |
|                                                                       |
| > http://www.who.int/injection_safety/toolbox/en/AM_HCW_Safety_EN.pdf |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

CDC. 1996. *Exposure to blood---what health-care workers need to know.*
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/blood/exp_blood.htm

CDC. 1989. Guidelines for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus
and hepatitis B virus to health care and public-safety workers. *MMWR
Morb Mortal Wkly Rep* 38(S-6).

Israel E and M Kroeger. 2003. *Integrating prevention of mother-to-child
transmission into existing maternal, child, and reproductive health
programs*. Pathfinder International: Watertown, MA, pp 9--11. Retrieved
30 July 2004, from http://www.pathfind.org

Mountain Plains AIDS Education & Training Center in Consultation with
the National Clinicians' Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Hotline. 2002.
*PEP steps: A quick guide to postexposure prophylaxis in the health care
setting.* Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.uchsc.edu/mpaetc/images/PEP%20web.pdf

Tietjen L, D Bossemeyer, and N McIntosh. 2003. Prevention: Guidelines
for Healthcare Facilities with Limited Resources. \[electronic
version\]. JHPIEGO Corporation, Baltimore. MD. Retrieved 30 July 2004,
from
http://www.reproline.jhu.edu/english/4morerh/4ip/IP_manual/ipmanual.htm

UCSF Center for AIDS Prevention Studies. *Fact sheet: What is
post-exposure prevention (PEP)?* \[electronic version\] Retrieved 30
July 2004, from http://www.caps.ucsf.edu/PEP.html

WHO. 2003. *Post exposure prophylaxis*. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/prophylaxis/en/print.html

WHO. 2001. Best infection control practices for skin-piercing
intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular needle injections.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/injection_safety/toolbox/en/LeafletBestPracticesPrinter.pdf

## MODULE 9---PMTCT Programme Monitoring

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # Key Resources                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Family Health International and The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS   |
| Foundation. 2003. Baseline assessment tools for preventing            |
| mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Retrieved 30 July 2004,  |
| from http://www.fhi.org/NR/rdonlyres/                                 |
|                                                                       |
| > e                                                                   |
| jkelmgqgkbumgmsmuzbeaiys3rjpgbnzed5jtygb26iny2vhlk4naexoprcwoy6u6e5vn |
| >                                                                     |
| > sfcd4yga/PMTCTreportcorrectedFINAL.pdf                              |
|                                                                       |
| Preble EA and EG Piwoz. 2001. Prevention of mother-to-child           |
| transmission of HIV in Africa: Practical guidance for programs.       |
| Support for Analysis and Research in Africa (SARA) Project, Academy   |
| for Educational Development: Washington, DC. Retrieved 30 July 2004,  |
| from                                                                  |
| http://www.aed.org/publications/healthpublications/mtctjuly17.pdf     |
|                                                                       |
| UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO and Children\'s Fund Organisation. September      |
| 2001. Local monitoring and evaluation of the integrated prevention of |
| mother to child transmission in low-income countries. \[electronic    |
| version\] Draft. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from                         |
| ht                                                                    |
| tp://www.unaids.org/html/pub/Publications/IRC-pub03/ME2001_en_doc.htm |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Health Communication Partnership. 2003. *The new p-process, steps in
strategic communication.* Retrieved 30 July 2004, from

> http://www.hcpartnership.org/Publications/P-Process.pdf

Kanshana S and R Simonds. 2002. National program for preventing
mother-child HIV transmission in Thailand: Successful implementation and
lessons learned. *AIDS* 16(7):953--959.

McCoy D et al. 2002. Interim findings on the national PMTCT pilot sites:
Lessons and recommendations. Health Systems Trust, Department of Health:
South Africa.

Preble EA and EG Piwoz. 2002. *Prevention of mother-to-child
transmission of HIV in Asia: Practical guidance for programs.* Linkages
Project. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.aed.org/publications/AsiaPMTCT.pdf

Rutenberg N, S Kalibala, C Baek and J Rosen. 2003. *Programme
Recommendations for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of
HIV: A Guide for Managers.* UNICEF. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/ pmtctunicefevalprogmgr.pdf

Rutenberg N, S Kalibala, and C Mwai. 2002. *Integrating HIV Prevention
and Care into Maternal and Child Health Care Settings: Lessons Learned
from Horizon Studies*. The Population Council: New York.

Stringer EM et al. 2003. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of
HIV in Africa: Successes and challenges in scaling-up a nevirapine based
program in Lusaka, Zambia. *AIDS* 17(9): 1377--1382.

Synergy Project. 2003. *APDIME toolkit resources for HIV/AIDS program
managers* \[CD-ROM\]. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.synergyaids.com/

USAID. 2003. Meeting discusses effective programs for preventing
mother-to-child HIV transmission. \[electronic version\] Washington, DC,
16 December 2003. The Population Council: Washington, DC USA. Retrieved
30 July 2004, from http://www.popcouncil.org/horizons/mtgs/dcmtct03.html

Wilson D. 2001. *HIV/AIDS rapid assessment guide.* \[electronic
version\]. Family Health International: Research Triangle Park, NC.
Retrieved 30 July 2004, from http://www.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACP112.pdf

UNAIDS and World Health Organization. 2004. *National Guide to
Monitoring and Evaluating Programmes for the Prevention of HIV in
Infants and Young Children*. Retrieved 30 July 2004, from
http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/en/nationalguideyoungchildren.pdf

**For further information, please contact:**

**World Health Organization**\
Department of HIV/AIDS\
20, Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland\
E-mail: <hiv-aids@who.int>\
<http://www.who.int/hiv/en>

ISBN 92 4 159204 4

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