\<@37\>Chenneby Series

\<@32\>The Chenneby series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly
drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy and silty
sediments on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils
are fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Chenneby silt loam in a forested area in
Talladega County, Alabama; 2 miles west of McElderry and 75 feet north
of Farm Market Road; NW1/4SE1/4 sec. 3, T. 18 S., R. 6 E.

\<@23\>A1---0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak
fine granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly
acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick)

\<@33\>A2---3 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine
granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; few fine faint
light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron accumulation; strongly
acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 14 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bw1---16 to 24 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; friable;
common fine roots; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of
iron accumulation and common medium distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y
6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (4 to 14
inches thick)

\<@33\>Bw2---24 to 36 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam;
weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few
fine quartz pebbles; common medium distinct gray (5Y 5/1) iron
depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 24 inches
thick)

\<@33\>Bw3---36 to 55 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam;
weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few
fine quartz pebbles; common medium distinct dark gray (5Y 4/1) iron
depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 24 inches
thick)

\<@33\>Cg---55 to 72 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay loam; massive;
firm; few fine roots; few quartz pebbles; common fine distinct olive (5Y
5/3) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid.

\<@8\>The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 70 inches. Depth to
rock is more than 6 feet. The quantity of mica flakes ranges from none
to common in the solum. Chenneby soils do not have iron depletions in
shades of gray directly below the A1 horizon. Reaction is strongly acid
or moderately acid in the A horizon, except where lime has been applied,
and ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid in the B and C
horizons.

\<@32\>The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and
chroma of 2 to 4. Where the A horizon has value of 3 and chroma of 2, it
is 6 inches or less in thickness. The quantity of iron accumulations in
shades of brown ranges from none to common. The texture is silt loam,
loam, or silty clay loam.

\<@32\>The Bw1 horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and
chroma of 3 or 4. It has common or many masses of iron accumulation in
shades of brown and iron depletions in shades of brown and gray.

\<@32\>The Bw2 horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and
chroma of 2 to 6; or it is mottled in shades of these colors. It has
iron depletions that have chroma of 2 or less within a depth of 24
inches. It has common or many masses of iron accumulation in shades of
brown and iron depletions in shades of brown and gray. It is dominantly
silt loam or silty clay loam. In some pedons, however, it is loam or
clay loam.

\<@32\>The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma
of 2; or it is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 6. The quantity of
iron accumulations in shades of brown and olive ranges from none to
many. The texture ranges from silty clay loam to sandy loam.

\<@32\>The 2C horizon, where present, is stratified sand, silt, and
gravel and is below a depth of about 60 inches.

\<@37\>Colbert Series

\<@32\>The Colbert series consists of deep, moderately well drained,
very slowly permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from
argillaceous limestone or shaly limestone. These soils are on uplands in
limestone valleys. The rate at which water runs off the surface ranges
from slow to rapid. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. These soils are
fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludalfs.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Colbert silt loam on a gently sloping upland
under mixed hardwoods at an evaluation of about 565 feet in Colbert
County, Alabama; 2.7 miles south of the intersection of U.S. Highway 72
and Woodmont Avenue in Tuscumbia, Alabama; along County Road 55; and 75
feet north of the road; SE1/4NW1/4 sec. 28, T. 4 S., R. 11 W.

\<@23\>A1---0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak
medium granular structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; very
strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

\<@33\>A2---3 to 8 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam; weak medium
granular structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; very strongly
acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (The combined thickness of the A horizons
ranges from 3 to 10 inches.)

\<@33\>Bt1---8 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam;
strong medium angular and subangular blocky structure; firm; thin
continuous clay films on faces of most peds; few medium roots; few old
cracks filled with brown silt loam; very strong acid; clear smooth
boundary.

\<@33\>Bt2---15 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay; few
fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) and few medium distinct yellowish
red (5YR 5/6) mottles; strong coarse angular and subangular blocky
structure; very firm, plastic; thin continuous clay films on faces of
most peds; few medium roots; few pressure faces; very strongly acid;
gradual smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt3---26 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; common
medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) and many medium distinct yellowish
red (5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate coarse angular and subangular blocky
structure; very firm, plastic; thin continuous clay films on faces of
peds; few fine roots; few pressure faces; very strongly acid; gradual
smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt4---36 to 44 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), light
gray (10YR 7/2), and yellowish red (5YR 5/6) silty clay; weak coarse
subangular blocky structure; very firm, sticky and very plastic; thin
continuous clay films on faces of peds; few fine roots; common pressure
faces; few nonintersecting slickensides; very strongly acid; gradual
smooth boundary. (The combined thickness of the Bt horizons ranges from
30 to more than 50 inches.)

\<@33\>C---44 to 55 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay; many
medium distinct gray (N 5/0) and common medium distinct yellowish brown
(10YR 5/3) mottles; massive; very firm, sticky and very plastic; about 2
percent, by volume, manganese concretions; about 2 percent, by volume,
limestone fragments 2 to 20 millimeters in size; common pressure faces;
few nonintersecting and intersecting slickensides; neutral. (0 to 20
inches thick)

\<@33\>R---55 inches; limestone bedrock.

\<@8\>The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Depth to
limestone bedrock ranges from 40 to more than 72 inches. Reaction ranges
from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A and Bt horizons and
from slightly acid to mildly alkaline in the BC, CB, and C horizons,
where present.

\<@32\>The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and
chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam, silty loam, or silty clay loam. Most
pedons that have an A horizon of silty clay loam are eroded.

\<@32\>The E horizon, where present, is less than 5 inches thick and has
hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is silt loam.

\<@32\>The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value
of 5 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is silty clay loam, silty clay, or
clay. The lower part of the Bt horizon has the same range in hue, value,
and chroma as the upper part of the Bt horizon and has few to many
mottles in shades of red, gray, and brown; or it is mottled in shades of
yellow, red, gray, and brown. It is silty clay or clay.

\<@32\>The C horizon, and the CB and BC horizons where present, have hue
of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. They are silty
clay or clay. They have 0 to 5 percent, by volume, nodules of calcium
carbonate, manganese concretions, and limestone fragments ranging from 2
to 30 millimeters in size.

\<@32\>The Cr horizon, where present, is thin and shaly.

\<@32\>The R layer is hard limestone bedrock.

\<@37\>Decatur Series

\<@32\>The Decatur series consists of very deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum derived from
limestone. These soils are on level to strongly sloping uplands in
valleys. Slopes are dominantly 1 to 10 percent but range from 1 to 25
percent. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is 62
degrees F and the mean annual precipitation is more than 49 inches.
These soils are fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Decatur silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, in a
cultivated area in Limestone County, Alabama; 0.5 mile west of the
crossroads at Greenbrier and 200 feet north of the paved county road;
SW1/4SW1/4 sec. 21, T. 4 S., R. 3 W.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 7 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) silt loam, dark
reddish gray (5YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable;
few red-coated spherical fragments of chert; few fine roots; moderately
acid; gradual wavy boundary. (3 to 9 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt1---7 to 12 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) silty clay
loam, dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) dry; moderate medium and fine
subangular blocky structure parting to very fine blocky; friable; thin
patchy clay films on faces of most medium-sized peds; few soft dark
concretions; few fine weathered fragments of chert; moderately acid;
gradual wavy boundary.

\<@33\>Bt2---12 to 20 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) silty clay
loam, dark red (2.5YR 3/6) when crushed, less than 1/2 unit of value
higher when dry; moderate very coarse subangular blocky structure
parting to strong very fine blocky; firm; thin continuous dusky red (10R
3/3) clay films on faces of most peds; common fine pores lined with
clay; few small soft dark concretions; few fine fragments of chert; very
strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.

\<@33\>Bt3---20 to 45 inches; dusky red (10R 3/4) clay, dark red (10R
3/6) when crushed, less than 1/2 unit of value higher when dry; moderate
very coarse subangular blocky structure parting to strong very fine
blocky; firm, sticky and plastic; thin continuous dusky red (10R 3/3)
clay films on faces of most peds; few small dark concretions; few fine
fragments of chert; very strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.

\<@33\>Bt4---45 to 72 inches; dusky red (10R 3/4) clay, dark red (10R
3/6) when crushed, less than 1/2 unit of value higher when dry; moderate
very coarse subangular blocky structure parting to strong very fine
blocky; firm, sticky and plastic; thin continuous dusky red (10R 3/3)
clay films on faces of most peds; common small dark concretions; few
fine fragments of chert; very strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.

\<@33\>Bt5---72 to 120 inches; dusky red (10R 3/4) clay, dark red (10R
3/6) when crushed, less than 1/2 unit of value higher when dry; moderate
very fine blocky structure; firm, sticky and plastic; thin patchy dusky
red (10R 3/3) clay films on faces of most peds; few small manganese
concretions; few fragments of chert; very strongly acid. (The combined
thickness of the Bt horizons is more than 60 inches.)

\<@8\>The solum is more than 72 inches thick. The upper 50 inches of the
soil contains less than 10 percent weatherable minerals in the 20- to
200-micron size. The solum ranges from moderately acid to very strongly
acid. Any horizon may contain up to 10 percent fragments of chert and
quartzite pebbles 2 millimeters to 3 inches in size and up to 3 percent
fragments over 3 inches. Each horizon has few to many dark brown to
black concretions. In some pedons, cherty limestone bedrock is at a
depth of more than 6 feet.

\<@32\>The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and
chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam. In severely
eroded areas, it is silty clay or clay.

\<@32\>The BA or AB horizon, where present, is less than 6 inches thick
and has the same range in hue, value, chroma, and texture as the A
horizon.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 10R, value of 3, and chroma of
4 to 6. The color value of the dry soil is less than 1 unit higher than
that of the moist soil. The texture in the upper 20 inches of the
horizon is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay that contains 35 to 60
percent clay and less than 20 percent sand. The lower part of the Bt
horizon commonly contains 45 to 60 percent clay; however, the range
includes clay loam below a depth of 60 inches. Structure is usually
moderate but ranges from weak to strong and from subangular blocky to
blocky.

\<@37\>Egam Series

\<@32\>The Egam series consists of very deep, well drained or moderately
well drained soils that formed in clayey alluvium on flood plains and in
depressions. Slopes are dominantly less than 2 percent but range from 0
to 5 percent. These soils are fine, mixed, active, thermic Cumulic
Hapludolls.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Egam silty clay loam in a pasture in Davidson
County, Tennessee; at the northwest corner of the Tennessee State
University farm; 200 feet south of the Cumberland River and 150 feet
west of a rock fence.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay loam;
moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; moderately
acid; clear smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick)

\<@33\>A---7 to 22 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay
loam; dominantly strong medium angular blocky structure, some medium
prismatic structure parting to angular blocky; firm; many fine roots;
moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (6 to 30 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bw1---22 to 39 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty
clay; few fine faint grayish brown mottles; weak medium prismatic
structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; very firm; common
fine roots, largely between peds, and few fine roots within peds;
pressure faces on some peds; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0
to 30 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bw2---39 to 56 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay; strong
medium angular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; pressure faces
on some peds; common fine and medium faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
redoximorphic depletions; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bw3---56 to 75 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; moderate
medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common medium and
fine faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) redoximorphic depletions;
slightly acid. (The combined thickness of the Bw horizons below the
mollic epipedon ranges from 20 to 55 inches.)

\<@8\>Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Thickness of the mollic
epipedon ranges from 24 to 55 inches. Reaction is neutral to moderately
acid in the A and B horizon. Below a depth of about 50 inches, reaction
ranges from moderately alkaline to moderately acid.

\<@32\>The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 2
or 3. In some pedons, it has a few faint gray and brown mottles in the
lower part. The texture is dominantly silty clay loam or silt loam but
is loam or silty clay in a few pedons.

\<@32\>The upper part of the Bw horizon is part of the mollic epipedon.
In some pedons, it has the same colors as the A horizon. Below this, the
Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to
6. The Bw horizon has few or common redoximorphic features in shades of
brown or gray and none to common redoximorphic features that have chroma
of 1 or 2.

\<@32\>Below a depth of about 50 inches, the Bw horizon, or the C
horizon where present, has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, chroma
of 1 to 6, and redoximorphic features in shades of brown and gray; or it
is mottled and does not have a dominant matrix color. The texture is
dominantly silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. In some pedons,
however, it ranges to coarser than clay loam.

\<@37\>Emory Series

\<@32\>The Emory series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately
permeable soils. These soils formed in local alluvium and the underlying
buried soil. They are in narrow strips along intermittent drainageways,
on toeslopes, and at the bottom of upland depressions. Slopes range from
0 to 4 percent. These soils are fine-silty, siliceous, active, thermic
Fluventic Humic Dystrudepts.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Emory silt loam in a cultivated area in White
County, Tennessee; 1 mile northeast of Hickory Valley School; 300 feet
west of the junction of Hickory Valley Creek and a paved road.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt loam;
moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots;
moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (7 to 10 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bw---8 to 32 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silt loam; weak
medium and fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots;
5 percent angular fragments of chert up to 1/2 inch in diameter;
moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (10 to 35 inches thick)

\<@33\>Ab---32 to 42 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silt loam;
weak medium granular structure; friable; few fine roots; moderately
acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick)

\<@33\>Btb---42 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay loam;
few dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) streaks and coatings; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; few distinct clay films on faces of peds;
few fragments of chert up to 1 inch in diameter; strongly acid. (10 to
25 inches thick)

\<@8\>The thickness of the local alluvium over the buried solum ranges
from about 20 to 45 inches. Reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid
in all horizons, except where lime has been applied. The content of
pebbles and cobbles ranges from 0 to 10 percent in the Ap, Bw, and Ab
horizons and from 0 to 20 percent in the Btb horizon.

\<@32\>The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 3, and chroma of
2 to 4. It is silt loam or, rarely, silty clay loam.

\<@32\>The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and
chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt loam or silty clay loam.

\<@32\>The Ab horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and
chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam or silty clay loam.

\<@32\>The Btb horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 3 to 6. In some pedons, it has mottles in shades of brown,
yellow, and red. It is silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

\<@32\>The Emory soils in the survey area are a taxadjunct to the series
because the thickness of the local alluvium is slightly thinner than is
defined as the range of the series. This difference does not
significantly affect use and management.

\<@37\>Etowah Series

\<@32\>The Etowah series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately
permeable soils on high stream terraces, alluvial fans, and footslopes.
These soils formed in alluvium or colluvium that is commonly underlain
by limestone residuum below a depth of 40 inches. Slopes range from 0 to
35 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic
Typic Paleudults.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Etowah silt loam in a cultivated area in Meigs
County, Tennessee; 300 yards west of Flag Pond Bridge across Sugar Creek
on River Road.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam; moderate
fine granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; moderately
acid; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 12 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt1---7 to 13 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty clay loam;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots
and pores; few thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;
gradual smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt2---13 to 24 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty clay loam;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots and
pores; many thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; few fine fragments
of chert; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt3---24 to 38 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty clay loam;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many thin patchy
clay films on faces of peds; few fragments of chert; strongly acid;
gradual smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt4---38 to 54 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam;
common fine and medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) mottles; moderate fine
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots and pores; many thin
patchy clay films on faces of peds; few fragments of chert; strongly
acid; gradual wavy boundary.

\<@33\>Bt5---54 to 70 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam;
common fine distinct red and few fine distinct light yellowish brown
mottles; strong fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots
and pores; thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; few fine and medium
fragments of chert; strongly acid. (The combined thickness of the Bt
horizons ranges from 50 to more than 60 inches.)

\<@8\>The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Depth to bedrock, commonly
limestone, ranges from 6 feet to more than 15 feet. The content of
coarse fragments is commonly less than 5 percent but ranges from 0 to 15
percent in each horizon, except in the A or Ap horizon, where it ranges
from 0 to 20 percent. Some pedons contain fine flakes of mica. Reaction
is strongly acid or very strongly acid, except the surface layer where
lime has been recently applied.

\<@32\>The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4,
and chroma of 2 to 4. The fine-earth texture is dominantly silt loam. In
places, however, it is loam or silty clay loam.

\<@32\>Some pedons have a transitional horizon between the A or Ap
horizon and the Bt horizon. The transitional horizon has textures and
colors similar to those of the master horizons.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 6 to 8. In the lower part, it has few or common mottles in
shades of red, yellow, and brown. The texture is silty clay loam or clay
loam.

\<@32\>The 2Bt horizon, where present, has the same range in colors as
the Bt horizon. The 2Bt horizon is silty clay or clay.

\<@37\>Fullerton Series

\<@32\>The Fullerton series consists of very deep, well drained, cherty
soils that dominantly formed in residuum weathered from cherty limestone
or dolomite. These soils are on gently sloping to very steep uplands. On
moderately steep to very steep backslopes, the upper portion of the soil
may have formed in a layer of colluvium or have been affected by soil
creep. Near the type location, the average annual precipitation is 45 to
55 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 60 degrees F.
Slopes range from 2 to 70 percent. These soils are fine, kaolinitic,
thermic Typic Paleudults.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Fullerton gravelly silt loam in a forested area
in Meigs County, Tennessee; 4 miles north of Decatur on River Road, 1.3
miles north of Eaves Ferry Road, on a west-facing, wooded slope, 150
feet east of a two-pronged chestnut oak that is 40 feet west of River
Road.

\<@23\>A---0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly silt
loam; moderate fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and
medium roots; 15 percent chert gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. (0 to 9 inches thick)

\<@33\>E---2 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly silt loam; moderate
medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; 15
percent chert gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to
10 inches thick)

\<@33\>BE---11 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly silt
loam; few fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) variegations; moderate
medium granular and moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable;
many fine and medium roots; 20 percent chert gravel; very strongly acid;
clear smooth boundary. (0 to 7 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt1---15 to 19 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly silty
clay loam; few seams and pockets of strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly
silt loam extending down from the BE horizon; moderate fine subangular
blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; few faint clay
films on faces of peds; 20 percent chert gravel; very strongly acid;
clear smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt2---19 to 30 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) gravelly clay; moderate
medium and fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots;
common faint clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent chert gravel; very
strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt3---30 to 50 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) gravelly clay; strong
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct
clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent chert gravel; very
strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt4---50 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) gravelly clay; few medium
prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; strong medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; many distinct clay films on faces of peds and in
pores; 30 percent chert gravel; very strongly acid; gradual smooth
boundary.

\<@33\>Bt5---60 to 90 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) gravelly clay; common
medium and coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; strong
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct clay films on
faces of peds; very strongly acid. (The combined thickness of the Bt
horizons ranges from 50 to more than 75 inches.)

\<@8\>The thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are more than 60
inches. Rock fragments are mostly pebbles and cobbles of chert.
Typically, the content of rock fragments ranges from 10 to 45 percent in
individual horizons and the particle-size control section averages
between 15 and 35 percent. In some pedons, however the content of rock
fragments is more than 45 percent below a depth of 40 inches. Reaction
is strongly acid or very strongly acid, except where lime has been
applied.

\<@32\>The A or Ap horizon dominantly has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of
3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. In some severely eroded areas, however,
the Ap horizon has hue of 5YR. The texture of the fine-earth fraction is
dominantly silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. In some moderately
eroded and severely eroded areas, however, it is silty clay loam or clay
loam.

\<@32\>The E horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of
5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of the fine-earth fraction is
silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam.

\<@32\>The BE horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of
4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth fraction is
silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon dominantly has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or
5, and chroma of 4 to 8. In some pedons, however, the upper part has hue
of 7.5YR. Mottles in the Bt horizon are in shades of brown, yellow, or
red. The texture of the fine-earth fraction is silty clay or clay,
except in the upper part where it ranges to silty clay loam or clay
loam.

\<@37\>Gladdice Series

\<@32\>The Gladdice series consists of moderately deep, well drained
soils on uplands. These soils formed in residuum weathered from
limestone. Slopes range from 2 to 70 percent. These soils are fine,
mixed, active, thermic Vertic Hapludalfs.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Gladdice silty clay loam in Jackson County,
Tennessee; 0.8 mile east of the intersection of State Highways 85 and
262 at Highland, 400 feet south of State Highway 85, in a pasture.

\<@23\>A---0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; weak fine
and medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots;
less than 5 percent limestone channers up to 2 inches in diameter;
moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (1 to 7 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt1---6 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay
loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few distinct
clay films on faces of peds; many fine roots; less than 5 percent
limestone channers up to 2 inches in diameter; slightly acid; gradual
smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt2---13 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay;
strong medium subangular and angular blocky structure; firm; few fine
roots; many distinct clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; clear
abrupt boundary.

\<@33\>Bt3---18 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; many fine
distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8 and 5/4) mottles; strong coarse and
very coarse subangular and angular blocky structure; few prominent
nonintersecting slickensides and pressure faces; very firm; few fine
roots; many distinct clay films on faces of peds; many fine dark brown
and black concretions and nodules; slightly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. (The combined thickness of the Bt horizons ranges from 14 to
29 inches.)

\<@33\>C---27 to 30 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay; many fine
prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and
distinct olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) mottles; massive; very firm; many fine
dark brown and black concretions and nodules; slightly alkaline; abrupt
smooth boundary. (2 to 8 inches thick)

\<@33\>R---30 inches; hard limestone.

\<@8\>The thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock range from 20 to
about 30 inches. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly
alkaline. Cracks as large as 1/2 inch in width extend to a depth of
about 15 inches during long dry periods. The content of rock fragments,
channers, and flagstones of limestone and chert ranges from 0 to 35
percent in all horizons, except the surface layer, which may have up to
60 percent.

\<@32\>The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and
chroma of 2 to 4. Where the A horizon has value of less than 4, it is
less than 6 inches thick. The A horizon is silty clay loam or silt loam,
except in eroded or severely eroded areas, where it is silty clay or
clay.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and
chroma of 3 to 6. In the lower part of some pedons, it has mottles in
shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray. The texture is dominantly silty
clay or clay. The upper few inches, however, are silty clay loam in most
pedons.

\<@32\>The BC and C horizons, where present, have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,
value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. They have mottles in shades of
gray, yellow, brown, or olive. The texture is clay or silty clay.

\<@32\>The Gladdice soils in the survey area are a taxadjunct to the
series because the content of clay in the subsoil is slightly higher
than is defined as the range of the series. This difference does not
affect use and management.

\<@37\>Hartsells Series

\<@32\>The Hartsells series consists of moderately deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy materials derived from
acid sandstone containing thin strata of shale or siltstone. These soils
are on nearly level to moderately steep ridges and upper slopes of hills
and mountains. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic
Typic Hapludults.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Hartsells fine sandy loam in a pasture in
Marshall County, Alabama; Land Mountain NW corner of NW1/4SE1/4 sec. 24,
T. 8 S., R. 3 E.; very near the center of the section.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy
loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; 10
percent, by volume, angular fragments of sandstone 1/4 to 1 inch in
size; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (4 to 8 inches thick)

\<@33\>E---5 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; weak fine
granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; 10 percent, by
volume, angular fragments of sandstone 1/4 to 3 inches in size; strongly
acid; clear smooth boundary. (4 to 8 inches thick)

\<@33\>BE---9 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak fine
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few fine
fragments of sandstone; most sand grains coated with clay; very strongly
acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt1---13 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy clay
loam; weak and moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
common fine roots; few fine fragments of sandstone; thin continuous clay
films on faces of most peds; very strongly acid; gradual smooth
boundary. (4 to 8 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt2---20 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sandy clay
loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine
roots; thin patchy clay films on faces of most peds; 10 percent, by
volume, angular fragments of sandstone 1/2 to 2 inches in size; very
strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches thick)

\<@33\>BC---30 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam;
texture coarsens with increasing depth; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; very friable; 30 percent, by volume, angular fragments of
sandstone 1/2 to 2 inches in size; sand grains coated with clay; very
strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick)

\<@33\>R---36 inches; acid sandstone.

\<@8\>The depth to bedrock and the thickness of the solum range from 20
to 40 inches. The content of coarse fragments, chiefly sandstone, ranges
from 0 to 15 percent in any horizon, except in the BC and C horizons,
where it ranges from 0 to 35 percent. The soil is extremely acid to
strongly acid throughout, except where lime has been applied.

\<@32\>The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 2 to 8.

The A1 horizon, where present, is 1 to 4 inches in thickness. It has hue
of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

\<@32\>The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3
to 8. It is fine sandy loam or loam.

\<@32\>The BE horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 7.5Y, value of
4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam or loam.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 4 to 8. The lower part commonly is mottled in shades of red,
brown, or yellow. The Bt horizon is sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam,
or clay loam. The average content of clay in the upper 20 inches of the
Bt horizon or to bedrock commonly is 18 to 24 percent but ranges from 18
to 35 percent.

\<@32\>Most pedons have a BC horizon. It has colors and fine-earth
textures that are similar to those of the Bt horizon.

\<@37\>Hector Series

\<@32\>The Hector series consists of shallow, well drained, moderately
rapidly permeable soils that formed in residuum derived from sandstone
bedrock. These soils are on nearly level to moderately steep ridgetops
and steep and very steep mountainsides. Slopes range from 2 to 60
percent. These soils are loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Lithic
Dystrudepts.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Hector gravelly fine sandy loam in a forested
area in Washington County, Arkansas; SE1/4SE1/4NE1/4 sec. 1, T. 15 N.,
R. 33 W.

\<@23\>A1---0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly fine sandy
loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium granular structure; very
friable; many roots; about 25 percent, by volume, fragments of sandstone
less than 3 inches in diameter; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0
to 3 inches thick)

\<@33\>A2---2 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam, pale brown
(10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; many
roots; about 30 percent, by volume, fragments of sandstone less than 3
inches in diameter; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (3 to 8
inches thick)

\<@33\>Bw---6 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine sandy loam,
reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) dry; very weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common roots; about 14 percent, by volume, fragments
of sandstone dominantly less than 3 inches in diameter but including few
up to 10 inches; strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. (4 to 10
inches thick)

\<@33\>R---15 inches; hard, massive sandstone bedrock.

\<@8\>The thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock range from 14 to
20 inches. The content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 50 percent in
the A horizon and from 0 to 35 percent in the B horizon. Some pedons
have stony, cobbly, very cobbly, gravelly, or very gravelly phases.

\<@32\>The A1 horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and
chroma of 2 to 4. The A2 horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 2 to 4. The fine-earth fraction of the master A horizon is
sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. Reaction ranges from slightly acid
to strongly acid.

\<@32\>The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 3 to 6. The fine-earth fraction is sandy loam, fine sandy
loam, or loam. Reaction is strongly acid or very strongly acid.

\<@37\>Hollywood Series

\<@32\>The Hollywood series consists of deep, moderately well drained,
very slowly permeable soils that formed in clayey colluvial sediments
over limestone. These soils are on narrow, lower footslopes and in
depressional upland areas. Water runs slowly off the surface. Slopes are
dominantly less than 3 percent but range up to 8 percent. These soils
are fine, smectitic, thermic Oxyaquic Hapluderts.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Hollywood clay loam in an idle field in Lawrence
County, Alabama; 0.2 mile east of Young Brothers Store, 150 feet south
of Alabama Highway 24; NW1/4SE1/4 sec. 5, T. 7 S., R. 10 W.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 4 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay loam; moderate
medium granular structure; friable; common fine black and brown
concretions; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 7 inches
thick)

\<@33\>A2---4 to 19 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay; moderate coarse
blocky structure parting to strong medium granular; friable; pressure
faces on surfaces of some coarse peds; common fine brown and black
concretions; neutral; diffuse wavy boundary. (10 to 24 inches thick)

\<@33\>A3---19 to 27 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay; few
fine faint dark gray and dark brown mottles; moderate coarse blocky
structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; firm; common
intersecting slickensides that form parallelepipeds; pressure faces on
surfaces of some coarse peds; common black and brown concretions; mildly
alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. (7 to 20 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bss---27 to 48 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty clay;
common medium distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) and dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)
mottles; moderate coarse blocky structure parting to moderate medium
subangular blocky; very firm; common slickensides that form
parallelepipeds; pressure faces on surfaces of most peds; common black
and brown concretions; common soft bodies of calcium carbonate; few
fragments of limestone; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (12
to 24 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bkss---48 to 72 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty clay;
many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)
mottles; common intersecting slickensides form parallelepipeds that part
to weak medium blocky structure; very firm; pressure faces on surfaces
of most peds; common black and brown concretions; few fragments of
limestone; common calcium carbonate concretions; common soft bodies of
calcium carbonate; moderately alkaline. (0 to 30 inches thick)

\<@33\>R---72 inches; limestone bedrock.

\<@8\>Depth to slickensides ranges from 12 to 30 inches. Depth to the
Bss horizon ranges from 18 to 40 inches. Depth to a secondary calcium
carbonate accumulation ranges from 25 to 50 inches. Depth to limestone
bedrock ranges from 4 to 8 feet. In untilled areas, the soil has gilgai
microrelief. The cycles of microknolls and microbasins are repeated at
linear intervals of 4 to 12 feet. The microknolls are 3 to 10 inches
higher than the microbasins. The amplitude between the A and Bss
horizons ranges from about 3 to 24 inches. The Ap horizon is slightly
acid to moderately alkaline, and the remaining horizons are neutral,
mildly alkaline, or moderately alkaline.

\<@32\>The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1.
The A2 or Ap is clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay. The lower A
horizons are silty clay or clay.

\<@32\>The Bss horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 4 or hue of 5Y, value of 4, and chroma of 2. It is silty clay
or clay. It has gray, brown, and yellow mottles. Soft, powdery bodies of
calcium carbonate make up 2 to 20 percent, by volume, of the Bss
horizon. The Bss horizon has few or common fragments of limestone.

\<@37\>Ketona Series

\<@32\>The Ketona series consists of deep, poorly drained, slowly
permeable soils that formed in alluvium and residuum derived from
limestone. These soils are on flood plains and in depressional areas in
limestone valleys. They are saturated with water in late winter and
early spring and are subject to flooding or ponding. Slopes are
dominantly 0 to 2 percent but range from 0 to 4 percent. These soils are
fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Vertic Epiaqualfs.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Ketona silty clay loam; on a concave, 1-percent
slope in a pasture at an elevation of 500 feet in Jefferson County,
Alabama; about 1 mile northeast of McCalla, 1,600 feet south of the NE
corner of sec. 36, T. 19 S., R. 5 W.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay
loam; strong medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium
roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (3 to 7 inches thick)

\<@33\>Btg---6 to 30 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; common coarse
distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)
mottles; moderate coarse angular blocky and weak medium subangular
blocky structure; firm, plastic; common fine and medium roots; few fine
root pores; thin continuous clay films or pressure faces on faces of
peds; few small rounded limestone fragments; dark gray silty clay loam
surface material filling old cracks; mildly alkaline; diffuse wavy
boundary.

\<@33\>Btgss---30 to 50 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay; many coarse
distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; moderate coarse angular
blocky and weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm, plastic; few
fine and medium roots; thin continuous clay films or pressure faces on
faces of peds; few intersecting slickensides; few small rounded
limestone fragments; moderately alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary.
(The combined thickness of the Btg and Btgss horizons is 37 to 65
inches.)

\<@33\>R---50 inches; hard limestone bedrock.

\<@8\>The thickness of the solum and depth to limestone bedrock range
from 40 to more than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to
moderately alkaline throughout. Some pedons have recent alluvial
sediments deposited over the Ap horizon. All of the horizons, except the
recent alluvial layers, crack when dry. Many pedons contain small,
round, brown or black concretions and limestone fragments.

\<@32\>The A1 or Ap horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, value of 2
to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is silty clay, silty clay loam, or silt
loam.

\<@32\>The BA horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of
4 to 6, and chroma of 2 or less; or it is neutral in hue. It is silt
loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam.

\<@32\>The Btg and Btgss horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3
to 6, and chroma of 2 or less; or they are neutral in hue; or they are
mottled in shades of brown, gray, and yellow. The texture is clay or
silty clay. In some pedons, the number of mottles increases with depth.

\<@37\>Locust Series

\<@32\>The Locust series consists of deep, moderately well drained,
slowly permeable soils that formed in colluvium and alluvium derived
from sandstone, shale, quartzite, and chert. These soils are on uplands
in the Appalachian Plateau and Limestone Valleys. Slopes are 0 to 10
percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Glossic
Fragiudults.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Locust silt loam in an idle area in Talladega
County, Alabama; 7 miles west of Talladega and 1 mile south of Jonesview
School, 100 feet north of a gravel road; SW1/4SE1/4 sec. 28, T. 12 S.,
R. 4 E.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine
granular structure; friable; many fine roots; few wormcasts; few pebbles
of quartzite; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches
thick)

\<@33\>Bt---8 to 24 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6), crushed and
uncrushed, clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
common fine roots; very thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; few
soft strong brown bodies; common pebbles of quartzite; old root channels
filled with material from the Ap horizon; very strongly acid; clear wavy
boundary. (12 to 26 inches thick)

\<@33\>Btx/E---24 to 28 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) clay loam; many
medium faint light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) and common medium distinct
gray (5Y 6/1) mottles; weak thick platy structure parting to moderate
medium subangular blocky; firm, slightly compact and brittle in place;
common thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; few fine roots; few
vesicular pores lined with clay; very strongly acid; gradual irregular
boundary. (1 to 6 inches thick)

\<@33\>Btx1---28 to 39 inches; distinctly mottled light olive gray (5Y
6/2), light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4), olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6), and
gray (6Y 6/1) clay loam; weak coarse polyhedrons parting to moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, compact and brittle;
many thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; common vesicles lined with
clay; few black concretions; grayer areas are polygonal cracks
surrounding the more yellow and brown prisms; roots concentrated in gray
cracks; few small pebbles; strongly acid; gradual irregular boundary.
(10 to 20 inches thick)

\<@33\>Btx2---39 to 51 inches; distinctly mottled light yellowish brown
(2.5Y 6/4), olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6), and gray (5Y 6/1) loam; weak coarse
polyhedrons parting to moderate medium blocky structure; hard, firm,
very compact and brittle; many thin patchy clay films on faces of peds;
common vesicles lined with clay; few black concretions; few small
pebbles; very strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. (10 to 20 inches
thick)

\<@33\>Btx3---51 to 64 inches; coarsely mottled light olive gray (5Y
6/2), light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4), and brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)
gravelly sandy loam; moderate medium blocky structure; firm, compact in
place, brittle; few thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; many fine
black concretions; few fragments of sandstone and shale; common pebbles
of quartzite and chert; very strongly acid; clear irregular boundary.
(10 to 20 inches thick)

\<@33\>C---64 to 70 inches; coarsely mottled light yellowish brown (10YR
6/4) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) cherty sandy loam; massive; many
fragments and pebbles of sandstone, shale, chert, and quartzite;
extremely difficult to dig with hand tools; few black concretions; very
strongly acid.

\<@8\>The solum is more than 4 feet thick. Depth to bedrock is more than
5 feet. Depth to a fragipan ranges from 16 to 30 inches. Pebbles or
fragments of sandstone, shale, quartzite, and chert are present in some
pedons. The content of pebbles and fragments is less than 15 percent in
individual horizons, except for in the C horizon, where it can be up to
60 percent. The content of small, soft, brown and black bodies ranges
from few to many throughout the pedon. Reaction is strongly acid or very
strongly acid, except for the Ap horizon where lime has been applied.

\<@32\>The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and
chroma of 1 to 4. It is loam, fine sandy loam, or silt loam or the
gravelly analogs of those textures.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and
chroma of 4 to 8. It loam, sandy clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam. It
has more than 20 percent silt and from 18 to 35 percent clay. Clay films
are not consistently visible on either vertical or horizontal ped faces.

\<@32\>The Btx horizon is distinctly or prominently mottled with shades
of gray, yellow, brown, or red. In some pedons, the hue of the matrix is
10YR or yellower. The texture is clay loam, loam, or sandy loam. The
content of clay ranges from 18 to 35 percent. The upper 6 inches of the
fragipan contains a discontinuous E horizon comprised mostly of clean,
light gray or gray sand grains.

\<@32\>The C horizon is mottled in shades of gray, brown, yellow, and
red. In the fine-earth fraction, it is clay loam, sandy loam, or loam.

\<@37\>Minvale Series

\<@32\>The Minvale series consists of very deep, well drained soils that
formed in colluvium and the underlying residuum derived from cherty
limestone. These soils are in coves and on footslopes, benches, fans,
and the colluvial portions of side slopes. Permeability is moderate.
Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent. These soils are fine-loamy,
siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Minvale cherty silt loam in a pasture in Meigs
County, Tennessee; from the courthouse in Decatur, 4.3 miles north on
State Highway 58 to a gravel road that is 0.2 mile beyond Fairview
School, 1.8 miles on the gravel road to an abandoned house, then 100
yards north of the house.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly silt loam; moderate
medium granular structure; friable; many roots; 15 percent, by volume,
fragments of chert up to 2 inches in size; strongly acid; clear smooth
boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick)

\<@33\>BE---8 to 13 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly silt loam;
moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common
roots; 15 percent, by volume, fragments of chert up to 2 inches in size;
strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt1---13 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly silty
clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; few fine roots; 15 percent,
by volume, fragments of chert up to 3 inches in size; strongly acid;
gradual smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt2---30 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly silty
clay loam; few fine pale brown mottles in the lower 15 inches; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; friable; thin continuous clay films
on faces of peds; 18 percent, by volume, fragments of chert up to 3
inches in size; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt3---60 to 72 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly silty
clay loam; many fine to coarse distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6),
light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles;
moderate medium and coarse subangular and angular blocky structure;
friable discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 35 percent, by
volume, fragments of chert up to 3 inches across; strongly acid. (The
combined thickness of the Bt horizons ranges from 45 to more than 60
inches.)

\<@8\>The thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are more than 60
inches. Reaction is strongly acid or very strongly acid in each horizon,
except the surface layer where lime has been applied. The content of
chert fragments in each horizon to a depth of 40 inches typically ranges
from 15 to 35 percent. In the A horizon, however, it is as low as 10
percent in some pedons. Below a depth of 40 inches, the content of chert
fragments ranges up to 50 percent.

\<@32\>The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 2 to 4 or hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4. The
texture of the fine-earth fraction is silt loam, loam, or, rarely, silty
clay loam.

\<@32\>The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6,
and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of the fine-earth fraction is loam or
silt loam.

\<@32\>Some pedons have a transitional horizon between the A or E
horizon and the Bt horizon. The transitional horizon has textures and
colors similar to those of the master horizons.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 5, and
chroma of 4 to 8. The fine-earth textures to a depth of 40 inches are
silty clay loam, silt loam, or, rarely, clay loam or loam. Below 40
inches, the range also includes silty clay or clay. In many pedons, the
lower part of horizon has mottles in shades of brown, yellow, gray, or
red. The content of fine and coarser sand in the Bt horizon is less than
20 percent, but this fraction plus coarse fragments exceeds 15 percent.

\<@37\>Staser Series

\<@32\>The Staser series consists of very deep, well drained soils.
Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. These soils formed in
mixed alluvium on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. These
soils are fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Cumulic Hapludolls.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Staser loam in a cultivated area in Monroe
County, Tennessee; in the Tellico River bottoms at the junction of the
Tellico River and Notchey Creek, north of a paved road, and 60 feet
south of the riverbank.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; moderate medium
granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; few fine flakes of
mica; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

\<@33\>A1---8 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak medium
subangular blocky and weak medium granular structure; friable; common
fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; few rounded fragments about 0.5
inch in diameter in the lower part; moderately acid; clear smooth
boundary.

\<@33\>A2---24 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak fine
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine flakes of
mica; very few rounded fragments about 0.5 inch in diameter; moderately
acid; gradual smooth boundary. (The combined thickness of the A horizons
ranges from 24 to 45 inches.)

\<@33\>Bw---35 to 52 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy
loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine
flakes of mica; moderately acid. (10 to 35 inches thick)

\<@8\>Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from about 24 to 45
inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 5 feet. Reaction ranges from
moderately acid to neutral throughout. The content of rock fragments
ranges from 0 to 10 percent in the upper 40 inches and from 0 to 40
percent below a depth of 40 inches.

\<@32\>The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and
chroma of 2 or 3. It is silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam.

\<@32\>The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or, rarely, 5YR, value of
3 to 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. The quantity of mottles in shades of
brown, gray, and yellow ranges from none to common in the lower part of
the horizon. The texture is silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. In the
particle-size control section, the content of clay averages between 18
and 27 percent, the content of sand averages between 20 and 60 percent,
and the content of silt is 20 percent or more.

\<@32\>Some pedons have a C horizon directly below either the A horizon
or the B horizon. The C horizon has properties similar to those of the B
horizon, except that the C horizon is massive.

\<@37\>Swafford Series

\<@32\>The Swafford series consists of very deep, moderately well
drained soils on low stream terraces, toeslopes, and footslopes. These
soils formed in loamy alluvial and colluvial sediments. They have a
fragic layer in the subsoil. Near the type location, the mean annual
temperature is about 60 degrees F and the mean annual precipitation is
53 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. These soils are
fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Fragiaquic Paleudults.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Swafford fine sandy loam, overwash, on a
2-percent slope in a pasture in Redstone Arsenal, Alabama; about 500
feet west of the airport; lat. 34 degrees 40 minutes 23.7 seconds N. and
long. 86 degrees 41 minutes 15.1 seconds W.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) fine sandy loam;
moderate medium granular structure; very friable; 2 percent fine round
black concretions; many very fine and fine roots throughout; many very
fine and fine dendritic tubular pores throughout; pH 5.6 using
bromcresol green; abrupt smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bw1---3 to 9 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam;
weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; 2 percent fine
round black concretions; many very fine roots throughout; many very fine
dendritic tubular pores throughout; pH 5.4 using bromcresol green; clear
smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bw2---9 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; very friable; 2 percent fine round black
concretions; many very fine roots throughout; many very fine dendritic
tubular pores throughout; pH 5.4 using bromcresol green; abrupt smooth
boundary.

\<@33\>Ab---15 to 23 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) and brown (10YR 4/3)
silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; 2
percent fine round black concretions; many very fine roots throughout;
many very fine dendritic tubular pores throughout; pH 5.2 using
bromcresol green; clear smooth boundary

\<@33\>Btb1---23 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam that
has a noticeable amount of clay; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; 2 percent fine round black concretions; few distinct
brown (10YR 4/3) clay films; common very fine roots; many very fine and
fine dendritic tubular pores throughout; pH 5.4 using bromcresol green;
gradual smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Btb2---32 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; common
medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; 5 percent fine round black concretions; few
distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films; common very fine
roots; many very fine and fine dendritic tubular pores throughout; pH
5.2 using bromcresol green; gradual smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Btb3---45 to 54 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam;
common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; many medium
distinct gray (N 5/0) iron depletions throughout; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; 5 percent fine round black
concretions; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films in
pores; common very fine roots; many very fine and fine dendritic tubular
pores throughout; pH 5.0 using bromcresol green; clear smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Btgxb---54 to 71 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; many medium
and coarse yellowish red (5YR 4/6) soft iron masses throughout; few
light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions throughout; moderate
medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm, brittle in 30
percent of peds; 5 percent fine round black concretions; few distinct
dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films in pores; common very fine
and fine dendritic tubular pores throughout, few being discontinuous; pH
5.0 using bromcresol green; clear irregular boundary.

\<@33\>Btxb---71 to 82 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam that has a
noticeable amount of clay; many medium grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron
depletions throughout; dominantly strong coarse angular blocky structure
with some platy structure along the upper boundary; firm, brittle in 80
percent of peds; 5 percent fine round black concretions; few distinct
dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films in pores; common very fine
and fine dendritic tubular discontinuous pores throughout; pH 5.0 using
bromcresol green.

\<@8\>The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Depth to a fragic layer
ranges from 18 to 36 inches, except where the soil is covered with
overwash. The overwash is fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam. It
has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma or 4. Where the
soil is covered with overwash, the fragic layer may be as deep as 56
inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Reaction is moderately
acid to very strongly acid, except the surface layer where lime has been
applied. The content of pebbles is typically 0 to 10 percent throughout
but ranges as high as 30 percent in individual subhorizons. The content
of silt is more than 20 percent in the particle-size control section.

\<@32\>The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and
chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam or silt loam.

\<@32\>The BA horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of
4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is loam or silt loam.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and
chroma of 4 to 8. It has mottles that have of chroma 2 or less within a
depth of 30 inches of the surface. The texture is dominantly loam or
clay loam but is silt loam in some pedons.

\<@32\>The Btx horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and
chroma of 4 to 8. It has few to many iron depletions that have chroma of
2 or less, iron concentrations, or soft masses. The texture is
dominantly loam or clay loam but is silt loam in some pedons. Some
pedons have evidence of a discontinuity at the contact between the Bt
and the Btx horizons.

\<@37\>Tupelo Series

\<@32\>The Tupelo series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained
soils on low stream terraces and on broad upland flats. The soils formed
in clayey alluvium or in a thin layer of silty alluvium and the
underlying clayey residuum. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. These
soils are fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludalfs.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Tupelo silt loam in a nearly level depression in
a cultivated area in Rutherford County, Tennessee; 1 mile north of
Christiana, 400 feet west of Christiana Cemetery, 100 feet north of the
road, and 50 feet east of a cross fence on a farm.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; few
fine and medium prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) mottles; weak
fine granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; common small
and medium black manganese concretions; moderately acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt1---8 to 15 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) silty clay
loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine
roots; few faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay films on faces of
peds; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine
prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; common fine and
medium black and dark brown manganese concretions; strongly acid; clear
wavy boundary.

\<@33\>Bt2---15 to 23 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty clay;
moderate medium subangular and angular blocky structure; firm; few fine
roots; many distinct olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay films on faces of peds;
many medium and coarse prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and strong
brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; common fine and medium dark brown
manganese concretions; common fine distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y
6/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

\<@33\>Bt3---23 to 32 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) silty clay; moderate
fine and medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many
distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; many
fine and medium prominent dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) and common fine
distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) iron concentrations; common small
and medium dark brown manganese concretions; common fine distinct light
brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual smooth
boundary. (The combined thickness of the Bt horizons ranges from 15 to
35 inches.)

\<@33\>Btg---32 to 54 inches; gray (N 6/0) clay; weak medium angular
blocky structure; firm; many distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)
clay films on faces of peds; many medium and coarse prominent yellowish
brown (10YR 5/6) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) iron
concentrations; common medium and large black manganese concretions and
stains on faces of peds; few rounded pebbles of chert 1/4 to 1 inch in
size; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 30 inches thick)

\<@33\>Cg---54 to 65 inches; gray (N 6/0) clay; massive; very firm; many
medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and light olive
brown (2.5Y 5/4) iron concentrations; many medium and coarse black
manganese concretions; few pebbles of chert 1/4 to 1 inch in size;
slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

\<@33\>R---65 inches; hard limestone bedrock.

\<@8\>The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches.
Depth to limestone bedrock is more than 60 inches. The quantity of iron
and manganese concretions ranges from none to many in each horizon.
Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the A and
Bt horizons and from strongly acid to moderately alkaline in the Btg and
Cg horizons. Rock fragments make up less than 5 percent of each horizon.

\<@32\>The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or clay loam.

\<@32\>The A horizon, where present, is less than 7 inches thick. It has
hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is silt loam,
silty clay loam, loam, or clay loam.

\<@32\>The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5
or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam or silty clay loam.

\<@32\>Some pedons have a thin BA horizon that is transitional in color
and texture between the Bt and A horizons.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma
of 3 to 6. It has few to many iron concentrations in shades of brown and
olive. It has iron depletions that have chroma of 2 or less within 30
inches of the surface. It is silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay.

\<@32\>The Btg and Cg horizons have hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7,
and chroma of 1 or 2; or they are neutral in hue and have value of 5 to
7. They have iron concentrations and iron depletions in shades of brown,
olive, and gray. The Btg and Cg horizons are silty clay or clay.

\<@37\>Waynesboro Series

\<@32\>The Waynesboro series consists of very deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils that formed in old alluvium or unconsolidated
material of sandstone, shale, and limestone origin. Slopes range from 2
to 30 percent. These soils are fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic
Paleudults.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Waynesboro loam in a forested area in Loudon
County, Tennessee; 2 miles northwest of Loudon; on the north side of the
Tennessee River, 200 feet east of a gravel road that ends at the north
bank of the river.

\<@23\>A---0 to 2 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam; moderate fine granular
structure; very friable; many roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. (0 to 3 inches thick)

\<@33\>E---2 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak medium granular
structure; very friable; many roots; strongly acid; clear smooth
boundary. (4 to 9 inches thick)

\<@33\>BA---6 to 10 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; weak fine and
medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common roots; strongly
acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt1---10 to 16 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay loam; weak
fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; few
faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth
boundary. (3 to 8 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt2---16 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; weak fine subangular
blocky structure; friable; common roots; common distinct clay films on
faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (6 to 14 inches
thick)

\<@33\>Bt3---22 to 47 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; moderate medium
and fine angular blocky structure; friable; few roots; many distinct
clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent pebbles; strongly acid; gradual
smooth boundary. (20 to 50 inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt4---47 to 60 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; common fine and
medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium angular
blocky structure; friable; 3 percent pebbles; common distinct clay films
on faces of peds; strongly acid.

\<@8\>The thickness of the solum and the depth to bedrock are more than
60 inches. The soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid, except the
surface layer where lime has been applied. Each horizon contains 0 to 15
percent chert or quartzite pebbles and sandstone cobbles, except the
surface layer, which contains up to 25 percent.

\<@32\>The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1
or 2. It is fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam.

\<@32\>The Ap horizon, where present, dominantly has hue of 10YR to 5YR,
value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 8 or hue of 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5,
and chroma of 4 to 6. In some pedons where hue is 7.5YR, however, value
is 4 or 5 and chroma is 4 to 6. The Ap horizon is dominantly fine sandy
loam, loam, or silt loam. In some severely eroded areas, however, it is
clay loam.

\<@32\>The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,
and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam.

\<@32\>Many pedons have a transitional horizon between the A or E
horizon and the Bt horizon. The transitional horizon has textures and
colors similar to those of the master horizons.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon dominantly has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 4 or
5, and chroma of 6 to 8. In some pedons, however, it has hue of 7.5YR in
the upper few inches and has hue of 2.5YR, value of 3, and chroma of 6
in the middle and lower parts. Mottles are in shades of brown, yellow
and red. The Bt horizon is dominantly clay loam or clay but ranges to
sandy clay loam in the upper few inches and to sandy clay throughout.
The content of clay in the Bt horizon ranges from 35 to 50 percent,
except in the upper few inches, where it ranges to about 28 percent in
some pedons. The content of sand ranges from 20 to 50 percent.

\<@37\>Wolftever Series

\<@32\>The Wolftever series consists of very deep, moderately well
drained soils that have moderately slow permeability. These soils formed
in alluvium on low stream terraces. Near the type location, the average
annual temperature is 59.5 F and average annual precipitation is 50
inches. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. These soils are fine, mixed,
semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults.

\<@32\>Typical pedon of Wolftever silty clay loam in a cultivated area
in Hardin County, Tennessee; on a low terrace of the Tennessee River, 4
miles southwest of Savannah on Diamond Island Road and 1/2 mile west of
Mud Creek, on a farm.

\<@23\>Ap---0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay
loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; common fine and
medium roots; few fine dark concretions; slightly acid; clear smooth
boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick)

\<@33\>BA---7 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay;
exteriors of some peds are dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4); moderate
fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few
fine dark concretions; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 10
inches thick)

\<@33\>Bt1---15 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay;
moderate fine and medium angular blocky structure; firm; common distinct
clay films on faces of peds; few fine dark concretions and black stains;
strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt2---22 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; few
medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and few fine faint brown
mottles; moderate medium angular and subangular blocky structure; firm;
common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine dark concretions;
common black stains; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

\<@33\>Bt3---31 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay
loam; common fine and medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and
strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium angular blocky
structure; firm; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; common
fine dark concretions and black stains; strongly acid; clear wavy
boundary. (The combined thickness of the Bt horizons ranges from 25 to
50 inches.)

\<@33\>BC---42 to 53 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam;
many fine and medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and strong
brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium angular blocky structure;
firm; few fine dark concretions; common black stains; few fine flakes of
mica; few pebbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches
thick)

\<@33\>C1---53 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay
loam; many medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and common
medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; massive; firm; common
fine dark concretions; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual
wavy boundary.

\<@33\>C2---65 to 89 inches; mottled dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4),
light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay
loam; massive; friable; common fine and medium dark concretions; common
fine flakes of mica; strongly acid. (The combined thickness of the C
horizons ranges from 5 to 40 inches.)

\<@8\>The thickness of solum ranges from about 40 to 60 inches. Depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of pebbles is less than 5
percent in the solum and ranges from 0 to 15 percent in the underlying
material. Reaction is strongly acid or very strongly acid, except the
surface layer where lime has been applied. The content of dark colored
concretions ranges from none to common in each horizon.

\<@32\>The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma
of 2 to 4. It is silt loam, silty clay loam, or, rarely, clay loam.

\<@32\>Some pedons have a transitional horizon between the A or E
horizon and the Bt horizon. The transitional horizon has textures and
colors similar to those of the master horizons.

\<@32\>The Bt horizon dominantly has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to
6, and chroma of 3 to 6. In some pedons, however, the lower part of the
horizon has chroma of 2. Mottles that have value of 4 or more and chroma
of 2 or less are within the upper 24 inches of the argillic horizon but
not within the upper 10 inches. The Bt horizon is silty clay loam, silty
clay, or clay.

\<@32\>Many pedons have a transitional horizon between the Bt and C
horizons. The transitional horizon has textures and colors similar to
those of the master horizons.

\<@32\>The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and
chroma of 1 to 6; or it does not have a dominant matrix color and is
mottled in shades of brown, yellow, or gray. The C horizon has texture
of loam, clay loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam and has subhorizons of
silty clay or clay.