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Balcomb, R. 1986. Songbird Carcasses Disappear Rapidly from
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Beyer, W. N. & Audet, D. 2002: Moving the Individual to the Population
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Beyer, W. N. & Heinz G. H. 2000. Implications of Regulating
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Bishop, C.A., Ng. P, Mineau, P. Quinn, J.S., and Struger, J. 2000.
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Blus, L. J., C. S. Staley, C. J. Henny, G. W. Pendleton, T. H. Craig, E.
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Goldstein, M.I., Woodbridge, B, Zaccagnini, M.E., and Canavelli, S.B.
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Grue, C. E., Gilbert, P. L., & Seeley, M. E. 1997. Neurophysiological
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Grue, C.E., Powell, G. V. N. & McChesney, M. J. (1982). Care of
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Grue, C.E. and B.K. Shipley. 1984. Sensitivity of nestling and adult
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Hart, J. D. Milson, T. P., Fisher, G., Wilkins, V., Moreby, S. J.,
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Henny, C.J., Kolbe, E.J., Hill, E.F., and Blus, L.J. 1987. Case
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Henny, C. J., Ward, F. P., Riddle, K. E. & Prouty, R. M. 1982. Migratory
Peregrine Falcons *Falco peregrinus* Accumulate Pesticides in Latin
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Hickey, J. J. & Anderson, D. W. 1968. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in
Eggshell Changes in Raptorial and Fish-Eating Birds. Science 162:
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Hill, E.F. 2003. Wildlife toxicology of organophosphorus and carbamate
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Burton, Jr., and J.\
Cairns, Jr., eds. Lewis Publishers, Washington, D.C. pp.281-312.

Hill EF, Fleming WJ (1982) Anticholinesterase poisoning of birds: field\
monitoring and diagnosis of acute poisoning. Environ Toxicol Chem 1:27-3

Hoffman, D.J. 1994. Measurements of toxicity and critical stages of\
development. In Wildlife toxicology and population modeling: integrated\
studies of agroecosystems. R.J. Kendal and T.E. Lacher, Jr., Eds.,
Lewis\
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Hoffman, D.J., Rattner, B.A., Hall, R.J. (1990) Widlife toxicology.\
Environmental Science and Technology. 24(3): 276-283.

Hudson, R.H., R.K. Tucker and M.A. Haegele. 1972. Effect of age on\
sensitivity: acute oral toxicity of 14 pesticides to mallard ducks of\
several ages. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 22: 556-561.

Hunt, K. A., D. M. Bird, P. Mineau, and L. Shutt. 1992. Selective\
predation of organophosphorus-exposed prey by American kestrels. Anim.\
Behav. 43:971-976.

Johnston, G., Walker, C.H., and Dawson, A. 1994. Interactive effects of
prochloraz and malathion in pigeon, starling, and hybrid red-legged
partridge. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 13:115-120

Martin, P.A., Johnson, D.L., Forsyth, D.J., and Hill, B.D. 2000. Effects
of two grasshopper control insecticides on food resources and
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Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 19:2987-2996.

Millikin, R. L. (1990). Effects of fenitrothion on the arthropod food
of\
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Mineau, P., and Peakall, D.B. 1987. An evaluation of avian impact
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Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 6:781-791.

Mineau, P., Jobin, B., and A. Baril 1994. A critique of the avian 5-day
dietary test (LC50) as the basis of avian risk assessment. Technical
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Mineau, P. 2002. Estimating the probability of bird mortality from
pesticide sprays on the basis of the field study record. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 21:1497--1506.

Moreby, S.J. and Southway, S.E. 1999. Influence of autumn applied
herbicides on summer and autumn food available to birds in winter wheat
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Norton, M.L., Bendell, J.F., Bendell Young, L.I., Le Blanc, C.W. 2001.
Secondary effects of pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki on chicks
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Rattner, B.A., Becker, J.M. and T. Nakatsugaway. 1987. Enhancement of
parathion toxicity to quail by heat and cold exposure. Pesticide
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&\
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\
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Anticholinesterase exposure of white-winged doves breeding in lower Rio\
Grande Valley, Texas. J. Wildl. Manage. 58:213-217.

Thompson, H.M.. 1996. Interactions between pesticides; a review of
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affects migratory orientation of the white-throated sparrow
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Wang, G., Edge, W.D. and Wolff, J.O. 2001. Response of bobwhite quail
and gray-tailed voles to granular and flowable diazinon applications.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20:406-411.

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incubation behavior of laughing gulls. Bulletin of Environmental\
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25:981-.

**Attachments on CD:**

Wildlife Toxicology of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides - Hill,
E. F.

Avian toxicology of anticholinesterases - Hill, E. F.

Field studies on pesticides and birds: unexpected and unique relations -
Blus and Henny.

**References for Biomarkers and Residues**

[[http://entweb.clemson.edu/pesticid/document/cide2ndx.htm#index]{.underline}](http://entweb.clemson.edu/pesticid/document/cide2ndx.htm#index)

http://www.ento.vt.edu/\~mullins/pestus2001/notes/lecture/Lec27.html

The Game Bird Conservancy Trust: Sussex Study.
http://www.gct.org.uk/text03.asp?PageId=182

Fleming W. J. (1981) Recovery of brain and plasma cholinesterase\
activities in ducklings exposed to organophosphorus pesticides. Arch.\
Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 10, 215-229.\
\
Fleming W. J. and Bradbury S. P. (1981) Recovery of cholinesterase\
activity in mallard ducklings administered organophosphorus pesticides.
J.\
Toxicol. Environ. Health. 8, 885-897.\
\
Fleming W. J. and Grue C. E. (1981) Recovery of cholinesterase activity
in\
five avian species exposed to dicrotophos, and organophosphorus
pesticide.\
Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 16, 129-135.

Fowle, C.D.: 1972, 'Effects of phosphamidon on forest birds in New
Brunswick', Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 16, 1-23.

Gard, N. W. and M. J. Hooper. 1993. Age-dependent changes in plasma and
brain cholinesterase activities of Eastern bluebirds and European
starlings. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29:1-7.

Greig-Smith P. W. (1991) Use of cholinesterase measurements in\
surveillance of wildlife poisoning in farmland. In\
Cholinesterase-inhibiting Insecticides, Their Impact on Wildlife and
the\
Environment (Edited by Mineau P.), pp. 128-151. Elsevier, New York.

Greig-Smith P. W., Walker C. H. and Thompson H. M. (1992)
Ecotoxicological\
consequences of interactions between avian esterases and
organophosphorus\
compounds. In Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphate
and\
Carbamates (Edited by Ballantyne B. and Marrs T. C.), pp. 295-303.\
Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., Oxford.\
\
Grue C. E., Hart A. D. M. and Mineau P. (1991) Biological consequences
of\
depresses brain cholinesterase activity in wildlife. In
Cholinesterase-inhibiting Insecticides, Their Impact on Wildlife and the
Environment (Edited by Mineau P.), pp. 152-209. Elsevier, New York.

Henderson, J.D., Yamamoto, J.T., Fry, D.M., Seiber, J.N. and B.W.
Wilson. 1994. Oral and dermal toxicity of organophosphate pesticides in
the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 52: 633-640.

Hill, E.F., and Fleming, W.J. 1982. Anticholinesterase poisoning of
birds: field monitoring and diagnosis of acute poisoning. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 1, 27-38.

Hill, E.F. 1988. Brain cholinesterase activity of apparently normal wild
birds. J. Wildl. Dis. 24(1):51-61.

Hill, E.F. 1992. Avian toxicology of anticholinesterases. In Clinical
and\
Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates (Edited by\
Ballantyne B. and Marrs T. C.), pp. 272-294. Butterworth-Heinemann
Ltd.,\
Oxford.

Hill, E.F. 2003. Wildlife toxicology of organophosphorus and carbamate
pesticides. In Handbook\
of ecotoxicology. Second edition. D.J. Hoffman, B.A. Rattner, G.A.
Burton, Jr., and J.\
Cairns, Jr., eds. Lewis Publishers, Washington, D.C. pp.281-312.

Hoffman, D.J. and W.C. Eastin Jr. 1981. Effects of malathion, diazinon,
and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity.
Environmental Research 26:472-485.

Hoffman, D.J., Sileo, L., and H.C. Murray. 1984.
Subchronic organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity in
mallards. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 75:128-136.

Hooper, M.J., Detrich P.J., Weisskopf C.P., and Wilson B.W.: 1989,
'Organophosphorus insecticide exposure in hawks inhabiting orchards
during winter dormant-spraying', Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42,
651-659.

Ludke J. L., Hill E. F. and Dieter M. P. (1975) Cholinesterase (ChE)\
response and related mortality among birds fed ChE inhibitors. Arch.\
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 83, 1-21.

Newton, I., Wyllie, I., Dale, L. Mortality Causes in British Barn Owls
(*Tyto alba*), Based on 1,101 Carcasses Examined During 1963-1996.
http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/epubs/owl/newton.pdf

Parsons, K.C., Matz, A.C., Hooper, M.J., and Pokras, M.A. 2000.
Monitoring wading bird exposure to agricultural chemicals using serum
cholinesterase activity. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1317-1323.

Vyas, N.B., J.W. Spann, C.S. Hulse, J.J. Butterbrodt, J. Mengelkoch, K.
MacDougall, B. Williams, and P. Pendergrass. 2003*b*. Insecticide
residues on weathered passerine carcass feet. Environmental Forensics
4:199-203.

Vyas, N.B., J.W. Spann, C.S. Hulse, W. Bauer and S. Olson. 2005.
Carbofuran detected on weathered raptor carcass feet. Wildlife Society
Bulletin 33:1178-1182.

Wang, G., Edge, W.D. and Wolff, J.O. 2001. Response of bobwhite quail
and gray-tailed voles to granular and flowable diazinon applications.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20:406-411.

**Attachments on CD:**

Brain cholinesterase activity of apparently normal wild birds -- Hill,
E.F.

Decomposed gosling feet provide evidence of insecticide exposure -- Vyas
et al.

Chemical and biochemical evaluation of Swainson's hawk mortalities in
Argentina

-- Scollon et al.

Improving detection of pesticide poisoning in birds parts I and II -
Mineau and Tucker

References for **Ecological Incidents and Sampling Bias**

Stroud, R.K. and Adrian, W.J. 1996. Forensic investigational techniques
for wildlife law enforcement investigations. In *Noninfectious Diseases
of Wildlife*, 2^nd^ edition, pp.3-18. (Fairbrother, A., Locke, L.N., and
Hoff, G.L., Eds). Ames, Iowa State Univ. Press.

**Attachments on CD**

Vyas, N.B. Factors influencing estimation of pesticide-related wildlife
mortality.

Vyas et al. Pesticide-laced predator baits: considerations for
prosecution and sentencing.

References for **Goose/Diazinon Case Study**

Matz, A.C., Bennett, R.S., and W.G. Landis. 1998. Effects of
azinphos-methyl on Northern bobwhite: a comparison of laboratory and
field results. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:1364-1370.

Tiebout, H.M. III and K.E. Brugger. 1995. Ecological risk assessment of
pesticides for terrestrial vertebrates: Evaluation and application of
the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's quotient model. Conservation
Biology 9:1605-1618.

Vyas, N.B., Spann J.W., Hulse, C.S, Borges, S.L., Bennett, R.S. Torrez,
M., Williams, B.I., and Leffel, R. 2006. Field evaluation of an avian
risk assessment model. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
25:1762-1771.