**GUIDE TO EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND RELATED TERMS, DEFINITIONS,
CONCEPTS, ACRONYMS, ORGANIZATIONS, PROGRAMS, GUIDANCE & LEGISLATION**

A Tutorial on Emergency Management, Broadly Defined, Past, Present, and
Future

© 2007 B. Wayne Blanchard

B. Wayne Blanchard, Ph.D., CEM

**January 22, 2008**

(Date of Last Modification)

**NOTE**: This is not a comprehensive, definitive, exhaustive or
official treatment of "emergency management" and related terms,
definitions, acronyms, programs or legislation. It is simply a
collection of terms, definitions, acronyms, and program and legislative
descriptions and pulled together into a single document as time and
opportunity have allowed to be assembled.

The original "Emergency Management-Related Terms and Definitions Guide"
was developed as a student handout in an Introduction to Emergency
Management college course taught by the author in 1999 and has been
maintained as time allows for the authors own purposes, one of which is
to continue supporting collegiate emergency management courses. Another
is as an aid to quickly accessing hard-to-remember terms, definitions
and acronyms, etc., particularly when not used on a regular basis.

At the time of original development the primary purpose was to
demonstrate to the students the very wide range of definitions and
meanings given to such words as "hazards," disasters," "emergencies,"
"risk," "vulnerability," and "emergency management." In the classroom
productive time was spent trying to come to a group consensus on the
variables comprising a definition of each word.

The thought then and now was that words make a difference and that an
indicator of a profession and of professionalism is a shared
understanding of (better yet, general consensus on) key terms,
definitions, concepts and principles that are part of a body of
knowledge for a profession. A shared understanding of key terms,
definitions, concepts and principles is also a constituent element for
the development of the academic discipline of Emergency Management.

The reception by Emergency Management collegiate faculty and students
(as well as Emergency Management Professionals), over time, was such
that a decision was made to expand the scope of the handout into other,
mostly U.S. specific, emergency management and related terms and
definitions.

After the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, and FEMA's
incorporation into the DHS, the scope broadened again and also changed
to incorporate references to relevant legislation, programs and
organizations.

More recently, as discussion of the development of international
principles of disaster/emergency management seems to have gained
momentum, a modest effort has been extended to the incorporation of
international terms and definitions, particularly those originating from
hazards-related United Nations organizations and bodies.

Note: Obsolete and historical terms, definitions, etc. are included as
an aid to understating such terms when encountered.

Use of this material for educational and professional purposes is
unrestricted provided that proper attribution is provided.

**[Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, Programs, Concepts, Organizations,
Guidance, Legislation]{.underline}**

**[Alphabetically Organized -- Full References at the End]{.underline}**

**A Zone**: "A Zone is defined as the Special Flood Hazard Area shown on
a community's Flood Insurance Rate Map. The A Zone is the area subject
to inundation during a 100-year flood, which is the flood elevation that
has a 1-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded each year. There are
several categories of A Zones, including AO (shallow sheet flow or
ponding; average flood depths are shown); AH Zones (shallow flooding;
base flood elevations are shown); numbered A and AE Zones (base flood
elevations are shown); and unnumbered A Zones (no base flood elevations
are provided because detailed hydraulic analyses were not performed)."
(**FEMA**, *Reducing Damage from Localized Flooding* *-- A Guide for
Communities* (FEMA 511), 2005, vii)

**AAC:** Applicant Assistance Center. (**FEMA**, *FAAT List* (FEMA 524),
2005, p. 1)

**AAR:** After Action Report. (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 30)

**AAR:** After Action Review. (**Dept. of Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec. 2007, Glossary 1)

**ABCP:** Associate Business Continuity Planner, DRII.

**ABM:** Anti-Ballistic Missile.

**ABO:** Agents of Biological Origin. (**FEMA**, *FAAT List* (FEMA 524),
2005, p. 2)

**A-Bomb:** "An abbreviation for atomic bomb." (**Glasstone**, *Effects
of Nuclear Weapons*, 1977, Glossary, p. 629)

**ACADA:** Automatic Chemical Agent Detection and Alarm. (**FEMA**,
*FAAT List*, 2005, p. 2)

**ACAMS:** Automated Critical Asset Management System. (**DHS,** *NIPP*,
2006, p. 101)

**ACBIRC:** Advanced Chemical and Biological Integrated Response Course,
DOD.

**ACC:** Acute Care Center. (**CA EMSA**. *Hospital Incident Command
Sys. Guidebook*, 2006, 206)

**ACC:** Agency Command Center. (**FEMA**, *FAAT List* (FEMA 524), 2005,
p. 2)

**Acceleration:** "A change in velocity with time; in seismology and in
earthquake engineering, it is expressed as a fraction of gravity (g),
with reference to vibrations of the ground or of a structure." (**UN
DHA**, *Glossary, Disaster Management*, 1992, p. 16)

**Acceptable Risk:** That level of risk that is sufficiently low that
society is comfortable with it. Society does not generally consider
expenditure in further reducing such risks justifiable. (**Australian
National** 1994)

**Acceptable Risk:** Degree of humans and material loss that is
perceived as tolerable in actions to minimize disaster risk.
(**Nimpuno** 1998)

**Acceptable Risk:** Risk tolerance.

Given that the provision of absolute safety is impossible, there is
great sense in trying to determine the level of risk which is acceptable
for any activity or situation. Thus, when a hazard is being managed, the
financial and other resources allocated to the task should theoretically
match the degree of threat posed by the hazard, as indicated by the rank
of the risk....

One must always specify acceptable *to whom* and that implies a
conscious decision based on all the available information....

The 1993 floods in the upper Mississippi river basin had an estimated
return period of more than one in 200 years, yet some people who were
flooded asserted that this event should now be regarded as an
unacceptable risk. Such arguments ignore both the economic and social
benefits derived by those communities from their floodplain location
over the previous 100 years or so, when few flood losses occurred, and
the cost to the taxpayer implied in protecting floodplain basins against
a flood of the 1993 magnitude. (**Smith** 1996, 57)

**Acceptable Risk:** Degree of human and material loss that is perceived
by the community or relevant authorities as tolerable in actions to
minimize disaster risk. (**UN DHA**, *Internationally Agreed Glossary of
Basic Terms Related to Disaster* Management, 1992, p.16)

**Acceptable Risk:** "The level of loss a society or community considers
acceptable given existing social, economic, political, cultural,
technical and environmental conditions." (**UN ISDR**, *Terminology:
Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*, 2004, p. 1)

**Access Disaster Risk Assessment Model:** "A model that explores how an
individual or groups relative resilience to disasters is impacted by
differences in access to the economic or political resources needed to
secure a livelihood. The strengths of the model are that it provides a
broad view of vulnerability including root causes, it gives weight to
natural hazards, and it provides a framework for looking at livelihoods
and vulnerability. The limitation of the model, is that it is a tool for
explaining vulnerability, not for measuring it. The model cannot be
applied operationally without a great deal of data collection and
analysis." (**UN Disaster Assessment Portal**, *Techniques Used in
Disaster Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**Accident:** "The word 'accidental' carries with it the connotations of
both something that occurs by chance and something non-essential or
incidental.... The thesis that 'accidents will happen' and that
therefore nothing can be done to prevent their occurrence reaches its
logical fulfillment in the thesis of Charles Perrow that accidents are
so inevitable and therefore non-preventable that we are even justified
in calling them 'normal'" (**Allinson** 1993 15-16).

**Accident:** "Unintended damaging event, industrial mishap" (**D&E
Reference Center** 1998).

**Accident:** "An unexpected or undesirable event, especially one
causing injury to a small number of individuals and/or modest damage to
physical structures. Examples would be automotive accidents or damage
from lightning striking a house." (**Drabek** 1996, Session 2, p. 3)

**Accident:** "...situations in which an occasion can be handled
by...emergency organizations. The demands that are made on the community
are within the scope of domain responsibility of the usual emergency
organizations such as police, fire, medical and health personnel. Such
accidents create needs (and damage) which are limited to the accident
scene and so few other community facilities are damaged. Thus, the
emergency response is delimited in both location and to the range of
emergency activities. The primary burden of emergency response falls on
those organizations that incorporate clearly deferred emergency
responsibility into their domains. When the emergency tasks are
completed, there are few vestiges of the accident or lasting effects on
the community structure" (**Dynes** 1998, 117).

**Accident:** "An unexpected occurrence, failure or loss with the
potential for harming human life, property or the environment."
(**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Environmental Glossary)*

**Accident:** "The very language used to describe the \[TMI\] accident
revealed the very diverse perceptions that enter such interpretations.
Was it an accident or an incident? A catastrophe or a mishap? A disaster
or an event? A technical failure or a simple mechanical breakdown?"
(**Nelkin** 1981, 135).

**Accident:** An event which only requires the response of established
organizations -- expansion or actions such as going to extra shifts is
not called for. (**Quarantelli** 1987, 25)

**Accident:** "The evidence...suggests that accidents are not the
product of divine caprice, nor of a set of random chance events which
are not likely to recur, but that they are incidents, created by people,
which can be analyzed, and that the lessons learned from that analysis,
if implemented, will help to prevent similar events from taking place
again." (**Toft** 1992, 58)

**Accident, Technological:** "Technological accidents...are almost never
understood as the way the world of chance sorts itself out. They provoke
outrage rather than acceptance or resignation. They generate a feeling
that the thing ought not have happened, that someone is at fault, that
victims deserve not only compassion and compensation but something akin
to what lawyers call punitive damages." (**Erikson**, 1989, 143)

**Accountability: "**Everyone, including private individuals and
organizations and government agencies and officials, should be
accountable for their actions before, during and after an emergency."
(**ACLU**, *Pandemic Preparedness*, 2008, 7)

**ACE:** Army Corps of Engineers (correct acronym usage is USACE).

**ACECenter:** Assessment of Catastrophic Events Center, Defense Threat
Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. (**DTRA/DOD**, *ACECenter Public
Page*)

**ACEHR**: Advisory Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction.

**ACEP:** American College of Emergency Physicians.

**ACF:** Alternate Care Facility. (**FEMA**, *FAAT List* (FEMA 524),
2005, p. 2)

**ACFM:** Advanced Certified Floodplain Manager. (**FEMA**, *FAAT List*
(FEMA 524), 2005, 2)

**AC/IC:** Area Command/Incident Command. (**DHS**, *JFO Activation and
Operations*, 2006, 1)

**Acid Rain:** "Rain containing dissolved acidic compounds, resulting
from chemical pollution of the atmosphere by sulphur and nitrogen
compounds. When deposited these increase the acidity of the soil and
water causing agricultural and ecological damage." (**UNDHA**, *DM
Glossary*, 1992, 16)

**ACP:** Alternate Command Post. (**FEMA**, *FAAT List* (FEMA 524),
2005, p. 3)

**ACP:** Area Command Post. (**FEMA**, *FAAT List* (FEMA 524), 2005, p.
3)

**ACP:** Area Contingency Plan. (**FEMA**, *FAAT List* (FEMA 524), 2005,
p. 3)

**ACP:** Association of Contingency Planners.

**ACPSEM:** Advisory Council on Professional Standards for Emergency
Managers. (**FEMA**, *FAAT List* (FEMA 524), 2005, p. 3)

**ACS:** Alternative Care Sites. (**Trust for America's Health**, *Ready
or Not? 2007*, p. 64)

**ACT:** Area Command Team. (**Little Hoover Com**., *Safeguarding the
Golden Gate*, 2006, 22)

**ACTFAST:** Agent Characteristics and Toxicity -- First Aid and Special
Treatment. (**FEMA**, *Compendium of Federal Terrorism Training
Courses*, 2003, p. 6)

**ACTIC:** Arizona Counter-Terrorism InforCenter.

**Action Officer (AO):** "An individual assigned by a Federal agency to
manage a specific mission assignment issued to that Federal agency."
(**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007. p. 55)

**Action Request Form (ARF):** "The Action Request Form (ARF) is the
form that the State, Federal agencies, and FEMA managers use for
requesting Federal assistance that may result in a mission assignment,
the amendment of an existing mission assignment, or the issuance of a
mission assignment task order." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment
SOPs...Draft*, July 2007. p. 16)

**Action Tracker (AT): "**The AT is assigned to the Operations Section
(NRCC, RRCC and JFO) and is responsible for maintaining a log of all
Action Request Forms (ARFs) that are submitted to the Operations
Section." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July
2007, 6)

**Activation:** "The implementation of business continuity capabilities,
procedures, activities, and plans in response to an emergency or
disaster declaration; the execution of the recovery plan. Similar terms:
Declaration, Invocation." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*,
2006, p. 45)

**Activity Process Flow Map:** "An Activity Process Flow Map shows the
major activities that are performed with the capability and how the
capability links to other capabilities." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 8)

**Acts of God:** Natural disasters or freak accidents. (**Birkland**
1997, 2.)

"When society seems to have formed a consensus that the event was an
'act of God,' such as a natural disaster or freak accident, our
attention turns to what we can do to help the victims. But when the
disaster is the result of human failings -- poor design, operator error,
'corporate greed,' or 'government neglect' -- our attention turns to the
voluntary acceptance of responsibility for an event or to the more
coercive process of fixing blame. Boards of inquiry are formed,
legislatures hold hearings, and reports are issued, all in hopes of
'learning something from this incident' to ensure that something similar
does not happen again or in the case of 'unavoidable' disasters, in
hopes of improving our preparation for and response to disasters"
(**Birkland** 1997, 2).

**Acts of God:** A fatalistic "syndrome whereby individuals feel no
personal responsibility for hazard response and wish to avoid
expenditure on risk reduction" (**Smith** 1996, 70).

**Actual Event:** "A disaster (natural or man-made) that has warranted
action to protect life, property, environment, public health or safety.
Natural disasters include earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods,
etc.; man-made (either intentional or accidental) incidents can include
chemical spills, terrorist attacks, explosives, biological attacks,
etc." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference* (For
Fiscal Year 2007), October 23, 2006, p. 1)

**Actual Risk:** "Actual risk reflects the combination of...two
factors...(1) probability, the likelihood, quantitative or qualitative,
that an adverse event would occur; and (2) consequences, the damage
resulting from the event, should it occur." (**GAO**, *Protection of
Chemical and Water Infrastructure*, 2005, p. 24-25)

**Acute Exposure: "**A contact between an agent and a target occurring
over a short time, generally less than a day." (**European Environment
Agency**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*)

**Acutely Toxic Chemicals:** "Chemicals that can cause severe short- and
long-term health effects after a single, brief exposure (short
duration). These chemicals (when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through
the skin) can cause damage to living tissue, impairment of the central
nervous system, severe illness, or, in extreme cases, death." (**EPA**,
*Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis: Emergency Planning for
Extremely Hazardous Substances*, 1987, p. A-4)

**ADA:** Americans with Disabilities Act.

**ADAMS:** Automated Disaster Assistance Management System. (Defunct)

**Adaptive Planning:** ADAPTIVE PLANNING allows combatant commanders to
produce plans significantly faster and to a higher level of quality.
Rapid planning and greater efficiency are achieved through clear,
"up-front" strategic guidance; iterative dialogue among senior leaders;
parallel plan development and collaboration across multiple planning
levels; and a suite of net-centric and execution tools with real-time
access to relevant data. Participation by the Joint Planning and
Execution Community (JPEC) is still a requirement (**Figure 1-1)** so
development of the plan, in-progress reviews (IPRs), coordination among
supporting commanders, agencies, and Services, reviews by the Joint
Staff, and conferences of JPEC members can take as few as four months,
or the full two- year planning cycle." (**JFSC**, *Joint Transition
Course: Planning Primer*, 2005, p. 1-9)

**Adaptive Planning:** "*Adaptive Planning* is the joint capability to
create and revise plans rapidly and systematically, as circumstances
require. It occurs in a networked, collaborative environment, requires
the regular involvement of senior leaders, and results in plans
containing a

range of viable options that can be adapted to defeat or deter an
adversary to achieve national objectives. At full maturity, AP will form
the backbone of a joint adaptive system supporting the development and
execution of plans, preserving the best characteristics of present-day
contingency and crisis planning with a common process."

\[Background\] "On December 13, 2005, Secretary of Defense Donald
Rumsfeld approved the Adaptive Planning (AP) Roadmap and directed its
"expeditious implementation." This act represented a significant shift
in the way the Department of Defense (DOD) thinks about military

planning. The impetus for change was a recognition that the accelerating
pace and complexity of military operations require that the President,
Secretary of Defense, and combatant commanders have the ability to
respond quickly to new threats and challenges."\] (**Klein**, "Adaptive
Planning," 2007, p. 84)

**ADPC:** Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Bangkok, Thailand.

**ADRC:** Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Kobe Japan.

**Advance Readiness Activities (NRF):** "There are times when we are
able to anticipate impending or emergent events that will require a
national response, such as an upcom­ing hurricane season, a potential
pandemic, or a period of heightened terrorist threat. We must capitalize
on this critical window of opportunity to increase readiness activi­ties.
For example, we can pre-identify needs and fill gaps in our current
capabilities or resources that will be required to address the specific
nature of the forthcoming incident. We also will pre-position
commodities such as water, ice, emergency meals, tarps, and other
disaster supplies so they will be readily available for use. Additional
advance readi­ness activities include establishing contracts with the
private sector prior to an incident and developing pre-negotiated
agreements with Federal departments and agencies to ensure that
appropriate Federal resources are available during a

crisis." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*,
October 2007, p. 34)

**Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS):** "The mission of ANSS is to
provide accurate and timely data and information products for seismic
events, including their effects on buildings and structures, employing
modern monitoring methods and technologies. This mission serves a basic
function of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP),
and drives the four basic goals of the planned system:

-   Establish and maintain an advanced infrastructure for seismic
    monitoring throughout the United States that operates with high
    performance standards, gathers critical technical data, and
    effectively provides information products and services to meet the
    Nation\'s needs. An Advanced National Seismic System should consist
    of modern seismographs, communication networks, data processing
    centers, and well-trained personnel; such an integrated system would
    constantly record and analyze seismic data and provide timely and
    reliable information on earthquakes and other seismic disturbances.

-   Continuously monitor earthquakes and other seismic disturbances
    throughout the United States, including earthquakes that may cause a
    tsunami or precede a volcanic eruption, with special focus on
    regions of moderate to high hazard and risk.

-   Thoroughly measure strong earthquake shaking at ground sites and in
    buildings and critical structures. Focus should be in urban areas
    and near major active fault zones to gather greatly needed data and
    information for reducing earthquake impacts on buildings and
    structures.

-   Automatically broadcast information when a significant earthquake
    occurs, for immediate assessment of its impact. Where feasible, for
    sites at distance from the epicenter, broadcast an early warning
    seconds before strong shaking arrives. Provide similar capabilities
    for automated warning and alert for tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.

"To achieve these goals, ANSS will establish nationwide network of over
7000 earthquake sensor systems, serving all areas of the country subject
to earthquake hazards and providing dense coverage in 26 at-risk urban
areas (see map). Sensors will be located both in the ground and in
buildings and other structures. The system will provide real-time
earthquake information for emergency response personnel, provide
engineers with information about building and site response to strong
shaking, and provide scientists with high-quality data needed to
understand earthquake processes and structure and dynamics of the solid
earth." (**USGS**, *ANSS*, 2007)

**Adverse Selection, Insurance**: "...only the customers posing the
highest risks purchase the insurance." (*Financial Services Roundtable*,
*Nation Unprepared for Mega-CATS*, 2007, 45)

**Adverse Selection, Insurance:** "Adverse selection' occurs when
insurers cannot distinguish between less risky and more risky
properties, although homeowners can. When premiums do not reflect
differences in risk that are known to potential policyholders, those who
buy insurance are often at greatest risk for the hazards covered.
Adverse selection in the market for natural catastrophe suggests that
homeowners who are at the highest risk of experiencing a natural
catastrophe will buy available insurance." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters:
Public...*, Nov 2007, 3)

**ADVISE: A**nalysis, Dissemination, Visualization, Insight, and
Semantic Enhancement.

**Advisory Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction:** "This Committee
is charged with

assessing trends and developments in the science and engineering of
earthquake hazards reduction; the effectiveness of NEHRP; the need to
revise NEHRP; and the management, coordination, and implementation of
NEHRP." (**NEHRP**, *Annual Report*, 2007, p. 3)

**ADVON:** Advanced Element, National Guard WMD Civil Support Teams.
(**DA**, *WMD CST Operations*, 2007, p. 2-1)

**AEC:** Agency Emergency Coordinators. (**USACE**, *CDRP, Anchorage*,
2005, p. Y-1-3)

**AEM:** Associate Emergency Manager (IAEM managed credential).

**AFO:** Area Field Office. (DHS *Joint Field Office Activation and
Operations: Interagency Integrated Standard Operating Procedure,*
*Appendixes and Annexes Version 8.3*, April 2006, 1)

**AFR:** Analysis of Federal Requirements.

**AFRRI:** Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, DOD.

**After Action Reports:** "Reports that summarize and analyze
performance in both exercises and actual events. The reports for
exercises may also evaluate achievement of the selected exercise
objectives and demonstration of the overall capabilities being
exercised." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference* (For
Fiscal Year 2007), October 23, 2006, p. 1)

**After Action Reports:** "While after action reports can help emergency
responders and managers tune their strategies, experienced emergency
managers assert privately that these reports have become pro forma. Few
officials are willing to publicly highlight their mistakes. None are
authorized to question the wisdom of local or state policies that may
have increased threats, vulnerabilities and consequences." (**Little
Hoover**, *Safeguarding Golden*..., 2006, 58)

**Aftershock:** "Earthquakes that follow the largest shock of an
earthquake sequence. They are smaller than the "mainshock" and can occur
over a period of weeks, months, or years. In general, the larger the
mainshock, the larger and more numerous the aftershocks and the longer
they will continue." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots in Earthquake
Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**AGAUS:** Adjutants General Association of the United States.

**Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR):** "The
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry is a federal public
health agency. Its mission is to prevent exposure and adverse human
health effects and diminished quality of life associated with exposure
to hazardous substances from waste sites, unplanned releases, and other
sources of pollution present in the environment." (**CDC/ATSDR**,
*Principles of Community Engagement*, 1997, Contributors section)

**Agroterrorism:** "Agroterrorism is the deliberate introduction of a
chemical or a disease agent, either against livestock/crops or into the
food chain, for the purpose of undermining stability and/or generating
fear." (**Florida Office of Agricultural Emergency Preparedness**,
*About Us*, Accessed October 23, 2007; see, also, **CRS**,
*Agroterrorism: Threats and Preparedness*, 2004)

**AHA:** American Hospital Association.

**AHIMT:** All Hazard Incident Management Team. (**USFA**, *AHIMT
Technical Assistance Pgm*.)

**AHRQ:** Agency for Health Research and Quality.

**AI:** Area of Interest. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, p. 1-3)

**Air Burst:** "The explosion of a nuclear weapon at such a height that
the expanding fireball does not touch the earth\'s surface when the
luminosity is a maximum (in the second pulse)." (**Glasstone**, *The
Effects of Nuclear Weapons* (3^rd^ Edition), 1977, Glossary, p. 629)

**Alabama Insurance Underwriting Association (Alabama Beach Pool):**
"Alabama Insurance Underwriting Association (Alabama Beach Pool) is a
voluntary unincorporated nonprofit association established to provide
essential residential and commercial insurance coverage to the beach
area counties of Baldwin and Mobile. Twelve percent of Alabamans live on
the coast. Every licensed property insurer in the state is a member of
the Alabama Beach Pool. The Beach Pool offers two types of policies:
fire and extended coverage, and wind and hail. The Beach Pool offers
coverage limits on residential buildings up to a maximum of \$500,000,
combined dwelling and contents. A hurricane deductible of 5 percent
(\$1,000 minimum) is applicable in the event of a named storm. Policies
covering property located in certain areas may opt for a 2 percent
hurricane deductible for an additional premium. The standard deductible
for all other perils is \$500. Buildings must conform to the Southern
Standard Building Code..." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters, Public Policy
Options...*, Nov 2007, p. 69; see, also, p. 70)

**ALARA:** As low as reasonably achievable (relates to decontamination).
(**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007, p. B-3)

**Alarm:** "Signal giving warning of danger." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*,
1992, p. 17)

**ALE:** Annual Loss Exposure/Expectancy. (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR
BC Workshop*, 2006, 47)

**Alert:** "Notification that a potential disaster situation exists or
has occurred; direction for recipient to standby for possible activation
of disaster recovery plan. A formal notification that an incident has
occurred, which may develop into a disaster." (**DigitalCare**, *State
of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 46)

**Alert:** "The term 'alert' refers to any text, voice, video, or other
information provided by an authorized official to provide situational
awareness to the public and/or private sector about a potential or
ongoing emergency situation that may require actions to protect life,
health, and property. An alert does not necessarily require immediate
actions to protect life, health, and property and is typically issued in
connection with immediate danger." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, 421)

**Alert:** "Advisory that hazard is approaching but is less imminent
than implied by warning message. See also 'warning'." (**UNDHA,**
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 17)

**Alert America Convoy Program**: "...developed during the later months
of 1951. Operated by the Valley Foundation, Inc., in cooperation with
FCDA, they are intended to carry civil defense information directly to
the American people and to spearhead local civil defense education and
participation for recruitment. The exhibits offer highly dramatic
visualizations of the entire civil defense problem. Through photographs,
movies, three-dimensional mock-ups, and scientific action-dioramas they
depict the possible uses of atomic energy in both peace and war....
Three of these exhibits, each mounted on a 10-truck convoy, will visit
target cities in many States." (**FCDA**, *Annual Report 1951*, 1952, p.
27)

**All-Effects Survey:** "During the fiscal year \[1973\], an all-effects
survey was developed and tested. This all-effects survey, which includes
direct weapons effects and natural disaster protection, is being
implemented during the summer of 1973. Also during the year, contracts
were negotiated with several States to fund engineering personnel to
conduct State shelter surveys. This action was in keeping with the
adjusted national program designed to better meet State and local
needs." (**DCPA**, *Foresight, DCPA Annual Report FY 73*, 1974, pp.
15-16)

**All Disasters/Emergencies Are Local:** "Local officials -- more so
than their state or federal counterparts -- are familiar with the
culture and needs of their community, where vulnerable residents reside,
the resources and geography of the area and the threats and
vulnerabilities

facing their region.... The emergency plan recognizes that most
emergency events truly are

local and do not require more than the support of neighboring
jurisdictions." (**Little Hoover Commission**, *Safeguarding the Golden
State*..., 2007, 7)

**All Hands Network**: "All Hands is both an emergency management
community and consulting consortium. All Hands was developed to support
a network of emergency management, homeland security, and business
continuity professionals who join together to share information and
resources. The All Hands community includes public sector employees,
consultants, volunteers and other professionals involved in emergency
management, homeland security and business continuity." (**All Hands
Consulting -- All Hands Network**, *About All Hands*, 2006)

**All-Hazard: "**Any incident or event, natural or human caused, that
requires an organized response by a public, private, and/or governmental
entity in order to protect life, public health and safety, values to be
protected, and to minimize any disruption of governmental, social, and
economic services." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-1)

**All Hazard Civil Preparedness:** "In keeping with President Nixon's
desire to make the Federal Government more responsive to the needs of
State and local governments, the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency
(DCPA) program takes into account all of the hazards and dangers which
confront the Nation's population today." (**DCPA**, "All-Hazard Civil
Preparedness," *Foresight*, 1974, p. 1)**azardHH**

**All Hazard Incident Management Team (AHIMT):** "A
multi-agency/multi-jurisdiction team for extended incidents formed and
managed at the State, regional or metropolitan level. Deployed as a team
of 10-20 trained personnel to manage major and/or complex incidents
requiring a significant number of local, regional, and state resources,
and incidents that extend into multiple operational periods and require
a written IAP. May be utilized at incidents such as a tornado touchdown,
earthquake, flood, or multi-day hostage/standoff situation, or at
planned mass-gathering events. May initially manage larger, more complex
incidents prior to arrival of and transition to a Type 2 or Type 1 IMT."
(**USFA**, *About Incident Management Teams*, 2007)

**All Hazard Incident Management Team (AHIMT) Technical Assistance
Program:** "The goal is to support the development of one All-Hazard IMT
in each DHS Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) region, each State,
and other high-risk areas. DHS has identified the UASI regions as
high-threat areas, and generally are comprised of major metropolitan
areas. Those UASI regions setting up Multi-agency, multi-jurisdictional
IMTs can request the training, as can States setting up similar IMTs.
Funding, delivery support, and appropriate student cadre availability
are also considerations. In addition, any area falling under the
guidelines that have been addressed by DHS as having an immediate
potential threat or hosting a National Special Security Event will get
immediate consideration." (**USFA**, *AHIMT Technical Assistance
Program*, 2007)

**All Hazard Survey:** This "activity conducted on-site (at the
locality) consists of surveying local needs and making an 'all-hazard'
evaluation, i.e., determining what type of natural or other disaster the
locality has experienced or might experience in the future." (**DCPA**,
*On-Site Assistance* (MP 63), 1974, p. 10)

**All-Hazards:** "The spectrum of all types of hazards including
accidents, technological events, natural disasters, terrorist attacks,
warfare, and chemical, biological including pandemic influenza,
radiological, nuclear, or explosive events." (**DHS**, *Fed. Cont.
Direct. 1*, 2007, p. P-1)

**All-Hazards:** "Definition. Grouping classification encompassing all
conditions, environmental or manmade, that have the potential to cause
injury, or death; damage to or loss of equipment, infrastructure
services, or property; or alternately causing functional degradation to
societal, economic or environmental aspects. Annotation: All hazards
preparedness ensures that if disaster occurs, people are ready to get
through it safely, and respond to it effectively. FEMA began development
of an Integrated Emergency Management System with an all-hazards
approach that included 'direction, control and warning systems which are
common to the full range of emergencies from small isolated events to
the ultimate emergency -- war." (**DHS**, *Lexicon*, October 23, 2007,
p. 1)

**All-Hazards:** "An approach for prevention, protection, preparedness,
response, and recovery that addresses a full range of threats and
hazards, including domestic terrorist attacks, natural and manmade
disasters, accidental disruptions, and other emergencies." (**DHS,**
*NIPP*, 2006, p. 103)

**All Hazards:** "Any incident, natural or manmade, that warrants action
to protect life, property, environment, public health or safety, and
minimize disruptions of government, social, or economic activities."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 147; see as well.
National Response Framework Resource Center Glossary/Acronyms, September
2007 draft.)

**All Hazards:** "All-Hazards refers to preparedness for domestic
terrorist attacks, major natural or man-made disasters, and other
emergencies." (**NCR**, *National Capital Region Homeland Security
Strategic Plan 2007-2009 -- Overview*, August 2006, p. 4)

**All Hazards Approach:** Since 9/11, the...Administration has adopted
an all-hazards, one-size-fits-all approach to disaster planning. By
assuming that the same preparedness model can be applied to any kind of
disaster ---whether biological, chemical, explosive, natural or
nuclear---the all-hazards approach fails to take into account essential
specifics of the nature of the virus or bacteria, how it is transmitted,
and whether infection can be prevented or treated." (**ACLU**, *Pandemic
Preparedness*, 2008, 6)

"Unfortunately, this approach is virtually useless, if not
counterproductive. That is because each hazard has its own unique
features. Planning for levee protection in New Orleans will not help
prepare for an earthquake in San Francisco or a terrorist explosion in
New York or Washington, D.C., anymore than planning for a chemical or
nuclear attack will help prepare us for a bird flu pandemic or a
smallpox attack. Nor are generic all-hazards plans for a public health
emergency, including "model" laws to implement mass quarantines, of any
use in a storm, flood, fire, earthquake, chemical attack, or nuclear or
conventional arms attack. The effect of the one-size-fits-all approach
is to suggest that no matter what happens, be it flu or bioterrorism, a
law enforcement/national security approach is required.... In principle,
the idea that the country should be prepared for all types of potential
emergencies is sound. In practice, however, planning for "all hazards"
has failed to take into account the most important factor that drives
disasters---the particular hazard itself, whether biological, chemical,
explosive or nuclear." (**ACLU**, *Pandemic Prep*., 2008, 16)

**All Hazards Approach:** "The Civil Preparedness program of the
seventies will emphasize the total spectrum of activities that local
jurisdictions require and will place greater stress on the use and
development of resources applicable to peacetime as well as wartime
emergencies. The emphasis of the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency will
be to help local governments improve their readiness for any type of
emergency. This includes an all-hazards approach to emergency planning
with consideration of all contingencies that a disaster may generate,
including sudden or gradual onset of the disaster." (**DCPA**, *Local
Disaster Preparedness Course Syllabus*, June 1973, Preface)

**All-Hazards Approach:** "Emergency management must be able to respond
to natural and manmade hazards, homeland security-related incidents, and
other emergencies that may threaten the safety and well-being of
citizens and communities. An all-hazards approach to emergency
preparedness encourages effective and consistent response to any
disaster or emergency, regardless of the cause." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY2006
EMPG Program Guidance*, 2005, p. 6)

**All-Hazards Approach:** "The "all-hazards" approach to preparedness
means we need to weigh the likelihood and consequences of a broad array
of threats. These include, but are not limited to: extremes in weather,
industrial hazards, viral pathogens, and of course, terrorism that can
take

many forms." (**Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments**,
*National Capital Region*

*Homeland Security Strategic Plan 2007-2009*, August 2006)

**All-Hazards Approach:** "An integrated hazard management strategy that
incorporates planning for and consideration of all potential natural and
technological hazards." (**National Science and Technology Council**
2005, 17)

**All-Hazards Approach:** "ALL-HAZARDS APPROACH.---In carrying out the
responsibilities

under this section, the Administrator shall coordinate the
implementation of a risk-based, all-hazards strategy that builds those
common capabilities necessary to prepare for, protect against,

respond to, recover from, or mitigate against natural disasters, acts of
terrorism, and other man-made disasters, while also building the unique
capabilities necessary to prepare for, protect against, respond to,
recover from, or mitigate against the risks of specific types of
incidents that pose the greatest risk to the Nation." (**Post-Katrina
Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006**, Title VI, Sec. 503,
pp.1399-1400 of DHS Appropriations Act, 2007)

**All-Hazards Approach: "**The commonalities among all types of
technological and natural disasters suggest that many of the same
management strategies can apply to all such emergencies." (**Zymanek**,
*Comprehensive Emergency Management*, p. 4)

**All-Hazards Focus:** "*Employ an "all-hazards" focus.* Hospitals must
be prepared to respond to any type of emergency or disaster facing their
communities, not just bioterrorism. Therefore, the title of and
provisions in the law regarding how hospital readiness funding may be
used should reflect this "all-hazards" planning focus." (**American
Hospital Association**, *Protecting and Improving Care for Patients and
Communities: Emergency Readiness*, 2006, p. 1)

**All-Hazards Preparedness:** "The term 'all-hazards preparedness'
refers to preparedness for domestic terrorist attacks, major disasters,
and other emergencies." (**WH,** *HSPD-8*, p.1, Dec. 2003)

**All-Hazards Public Health System:** "An all-hazards public health
system is one that is able to respond to and protect citizens from the
full spectrum of possible public health emergencies, including
bioterrorism and naturally occurring health threats. An all-hazards
system recognizes that preparing for one threat can have benefits that
will help prepare public health departments for all potential threats.
Under an all-hazards approach, the public health system prepares for and
is able to respond to unique concerns posed by different threats."
(**Trust For America's Health**, *Ready or Not?* 2007, 11)

**All Perils Homeowners Insurance:** An "all-perils homeowners insurance
policy---would help create broad participation and could provide a
private sector solution. But this option could also require subsidies
for low-income residents and thus potentially create substantial costs
for the federal government that would have to be balanced against money
saved from reduced disaster relief." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters:
Public Policy Options*..., Nov 2007, 33)

**All Risks:** "...attack, man-made, and natural, in a
federal-state-local partnership." (**NGA**, *CEM: A Governor's Guide*,
1979, p. 11)

**All-WME**: All Weapons of Mass Effect. (**DHS/OIG**, *ADVISE Report*,
June 2007, Abbreviations)

**Alluvial Fan:** "An area at the base of a valley where the slope
flattens out, allowing the floodwater to decrease in speed and spread
out, dropping sediment over a fan-shaped area." (**ASFPM**, *National
Flood Programs and Polices in Review---2007*, 2007, p. 92)

**Alluvial Fan Flooding:** "Flooding occurring on the surface of an
alluvial fan or similar landform which originates at the apex and is
characterized by high-velocity flows; active processes of erosion,
sediment transport, and deposition; and unpredictable flowpaths.
Alluvial fan flooding is depicted on a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM)
as Zone AO, with a flood depth and velocity." (**FEMA**, *Alluvial Fan
Flooding*, 2007)

**Alpha Particle:** "A particle emitted spontaneously from the nuclei of
some radioactive elements. It is identical with a helium nucleus, having
a mass of four units and an electric charge of two positive units."
(**Glasstone**, *The Effects of Nuclear Weapons*, 3^rd^ Ed., 1977,
Glossary, p. 629)

**ALS:** Analytical Laboratory System. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec. 2007, Glossary 1)

**Alternate Facilities:** "Locations, other than the primary facility,
used to carry out essential functions, particularly in a continuity
situation. "Alternate facilities" refers to not only other locations,
but also nontraditional options such as working at home ("teleworking"),
telecommuting, and mobile-office concepts." (**DHS**, *Fed. Cont.
Direct. 1*, Nov 2007, p. P.1)

**Alternate Site:** "An alternate operating location to be used by
business functions when the primary facilities are inaccessible. 1)
Another location, computer center or work area designated for recovery.
2) Location, other than the main facility, that can be used to conduct
business functions. 3) A location, other than the normal facility, used
to process data and/or conduct critical business functions in the event
of a disaster. Related Terms: Cold Site, Hot Site, Interim Site,
Internal Hot site, Recovery Site, Warm Site." (**DigitalCare**, *State
of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 46)

**Alternate Work Area:** "Office recovery environment complete with
necessary office infrastructure (desk, telephone, workstation, and
associated hardware, communications, etc.); also referred to as Work
Space or Alternative work site." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC
Workshop*, 2006, p. 46)

**Alternative Care Sites:** "Alternative care sites generally are
defined as "locations, preexisting or created, that serve to expand the
capacity of a hospital or community to accommodate or care for patients
or to protect the general population from infected individuals during
mass casualty incidents." [^1]The Joint Commission on Accreditation of
Healthcare Organizations lists 3 types of alternative care sites:

■**Facilities of opportunity**, which are defined as non-medical
buildings which, because of

their size or proximity to a medical center, can be adapted into surge
hospitals;

■ **Mobile medical facilities**, which are mobile surge hospitals based
on tractor-trailer platforms with surgical and intensive care
capabilities; and

■ **Portable facilities**, which are mobile medical facilities that can
be set up quickly and are fully equipped, self-contained, turnkey
systems usually stored in a container system and based on military
medical contingency planning."[^2] (Trust for America's Health, Ready or
Not 2007, p. 64)

**AMAS:** Alabama Mutual Aid System.

**Amateur Radio Disaster Services (ARDS)**. Previously Amateur Radio
Emergency Services.

**American Homeland:** "'American homeland' or 'homeland' means the
United States, in a geographic sense." (**Homeland Security Act of
2002**, p. 3)

**American Red Cross:** "The American Red Cross serves as the primary
support agency

to DHS for coordinating mass care support with other non-government
organizations during

disaster relief and CM operations. Support may include shelter, feeding,
emergency first aid, disaster welfare information, bulk distribution,
supportive counseling, blood, and blood products." (**JCS/DoD**,
*Homeland Security* (JP 3-26)), 2005, p. II-21)

**American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):** ASTM
International is one of the largest voluntary standards development
organizations in the world....originally known as the American Society
for Testing and Materials (ASTM), was formed over a century ago\...
Today, ASTM continues to play a leadership role in addressing the
standardization needs of the global marketplace. Known for its best in
class practices for standards development and delivery, ASTM is at the
forefront in the use of innovative technology to help its members do
standards development work, while also increasing the accessibility of
ASTM International standards to the world." (**ASTM**, *About ASTM
International*, 2007)

**Amplitude:** "The difference between zero level and peak of any wave
such as a seismic wave." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*,
1992, p. 17)

**AMS:** Area Maritime Security.

**AMSC:** Area Maritime Security Committee. (**GAO**, *Maritime
Security*, December 2007, p. iv)

**AMSP:** Area Maritime Security Plan. (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*,
December 2007, p. 55)

**Analysis, Dissemination, Visualization, Insight, and Semantic
Enhancement (ADVISE) System:** The "(ADVISE) system enables intelligence
analysts to search rapidly and integrate information to identify and
understand potential threats to homeland security." (**DHS/OIG**,
*ADVISE Report*, June 2007. Preface)

**Anemometer:** "Instrument which measures wind speed or wind speed and
direction." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 17)

**ANGI:** Air National Guard Instruction. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec 2007, Glossary 1)

**Analytical Laboratory System (ALS):** "A C-130 air-transportable
system that uses commercial, off-the-shelf equipment to conduct analysis
of chemical warfare agents, toxic industrial materials, and biological
warfare agents at the incident site. It has the capability of
establishing communications to local, state, and federal laboratories
and other agencies for confirmatory analysis of the suspect agent."
(**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, 2007, Glossary-7)

**Annual Flood:** "Highest peak discharge in a year." (**UNDHA**, *DM
Glossary*, 1992, p. 18)

**Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE):** "The Annualized Loss Expectancy
(ALE) is the expected monetary loss that can be expected for an asset
due to a risk over a one year period. It is defined as: ALE = SLE \* ARO
\-- where SLE is the Single Loss Expectancy and ARO is the Annualized
Rate of Occurrence.

An important feature of the Annualized Loss Expectancy is that it can be
used directly in a cost-benefit analysis. If a threat or risk has an ALE
of \$5,000, then it may not be worth spending \$10,000 per year on a
security measure which will eliminate it.

One thing to remember when using the ALE value is that, when the
Annualized Rate of Occurrence is of the order of one loss per year,
there can be considerable variance in the actual loss. For example,
suppose the ARO is 0.5 and the SLE is \$10,000. The Annualized Loss
Expectancy is then \$5,000, a figure we may be comfortable with."
(**Risky Thinking** (Risk Management, Disaster Recovery, and Business),
*A Glossary of Risk Related Terms*, 2007)

**Annualized Loss Exposure/Expectancy (ALE):** "A risk management method
of calculating loss based on a value and level of frequency."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Wkshop*, 2006, 47)

**Annualized Rate of Occurrence:** "The probability that a risk will
occur in a particular year.

For example, if insurance data suggests that a serious fire is likely to
occur once in 25 years, then the annualized rate of occurrence is 1/25 =
0.04." (**Risky Thinking** (Risk Management, Disaster Recovery, and
Business), *A Glossary of Risk Related Terms*, 2007)

**Annex I to Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8, National
Planning**. "This Annex is intended to further enhance the preparedness
of the United States by formally establishing a standard and
comprehensive approach to national planning. It is meant to provide
guidance for conducting planning in accordance with the Homeland
Security Management System in the National Strategy for Homeland
Security of 2007. (**White House**, *Annex I to HSPD*-8, 2007)

**Anniversary Effect:** "\`As often happens immediately following a
major flood event, the number of flood insurance policies in force...
\[increase\]... But our experience...has shown many of those new
policies are not renewed after the first year or two if no new floods
occur... People tend to forget how bad it was or think that something
that bad couldn\'t possibly occur in the same place again. But they are
sadly mistaken. These big flood events will happen again'.\" \[Quote is
that of FEMA NFIP Deputy Administrator Howard Leikin in 2002\] "NFIP
studies have documented the drop-off in policy counts when these
policies reach their first or second anniversary of purchase, a
phenomenon that has been termed the \"anniversary effect.\" In many
cases, the policy count returns to its pre-disaster level or below...
flood insurance policies in force in the upper Midwest increased by an
astounding 60.7 percent within a few months after the Upper Midwest
Flood of April 1997, but a year later dropped dramatically to less than
the number of policies in force the month before the flood." (**FEM**A,
*FEMA Warns*..., 2002)

**ANSS:** Advanced National Seismic System. (**USGS**, *ANSS*, 2007)

**Antecedent Precipitation Index**: "Weighted summation of past daily
precipitation amounts, used as an index of soil moisture." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 18)

**Anticyclone:** "(area of high pressure, high): A region where
barometric pressure is high or relative to that in the surrounding
regions at the same level." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 17)

**Anti-Terrorism:** "AntiTerrorism - preventive in nature. I t entails
using \"passive and defensive

measures\... such as education, foreign liaison training, surveillance,
and countersurveillance, designed to deter terrorist activities.\" It is
an "integrated, comprehensive approach ... to counter the terrorist
threat The concept has two phases: proactive and reactive. The proactive
phase encompasses the planning, resourcing, preventive measures,
preparation, awareness education, and training that take place before a
terrorist incident. The reactive phase includes the crisis

management actions taken to resolve a terrorist incident."[^3] (**DHS**,
*The ODP Guidelines*..., 2003, Glossary, p. 1 (28))

**Antiterrorism:** "...generally used to describe passive or defensive
measures against terrorism..." (**Sauter & Carafano** 2005, 261) See,
also, Counterterrorism.

**Anti-Terrorism CPTED Target Hardening:**

-   Assess threat, risk, and vulnerability;

-   Balance CPTED strategies against the threat, risk, and

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   vulnerability;

-   Employ the appropriate CPTED \[Crime Prevention through
    Environmental Design\] measures, given the level of threat, risk,
    and vulnerability. Measures may include:

    -   Install adequate security lighting;

    -   Use planters and bollards as impediments or obstacles to prevent
        cars or trucks from driving into or parking close to potential
        targets;

    -   Use security cameras in key locations;

    -   Increase police presence at sensitive locations;

    -   Use random inspection of trucks/vans entering target-rich
        environments;

    -   Establish protocol for searches of people and their possessions
        when entering large gatherings;

    -   Adopt biometric technology, where applicable, to enhance access
        control and identification. (**DHS**, *The ODP Guidelines*...,
        2003, p. 15)

**AO:** Area of Operation. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, p. 1-3)

**AO:** Action Officer. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating
Draft*, July 2007, p. 17)

**AOR:** Area(s) of Responsibility.

**AP:** Adaptive Planning.

**APA:** American Planning Association.

**APHL:** Association of Public Health Laboratories.

**APHS/CT:** Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and
Counterterrorism (also serves as the National Continuity Coordinator).
(**White House,** *HSPD-20*, May 9, 2007)

**APIC:** Association for Professionals in Infection Control and
Epidemiology.

**APIO:** Advanced Public Information Officer Course. FEMA resident
course taught at the Emergency Management Institute, Emmitsburg, MD.

**APNSA:** Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs.
(**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, 13)

**APO:** Accountable Property Officer. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment
SOPs Draft*, July 2007, 6)

**Application Recovery:** "The component of Disaster Recovery that deals
specifically with the restoration of business system software and data
after the processing platform has been restored or replaced. Similar
terms: Business System Recovery." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC
Workshop*, 2006, p. 46)

**Applied Technology Council (ATC):** "...an organization which develops
engineering resources for use in mitigating the effects of natural and
other hazards on the built environment..." (**NEHRP**, *Annual Report*,
2007, p. 13; ATC, <http://www.atcouncil.org/> )

**ARC:** American (National) Red Cross.

**Architects and Engineers Professional Development Program:** "In
recognition of the greater need for preparedness to meet the full
spectrum of disasters -- natural as well as nuclear -- DCPA initiated a
broader program during fiscal year 1973. A new professional development
course titled Multi-Protection Design was developed and pilot-tested
during the year, with a total of more than 600 architects and engineers
in attendance. These courses emphasized slanting techniques to be used
during the design phase in new construction or in the remodeling of
existing structures at little or no additional cost to the building
owner. Application of these techniques could result in lifesaving
shelters to protect people from the effects of natural disasters such as
hurricanes, earthquakes, and tornadoes, as well as from the effects of
nuclear attack.... To provide architects, engineers, and others with
technical information on environmental hazards and natural disasters as
well as the effects of nuclear weapons, new technical reports were
developed and disseminated. New buildings providing protection against
such hazards as vandalism, noise or pollution, floods, tornadoes,
hurricanes, as well as fallout radiation, and electromagnetic pulse
(EMP) were illustrated and described in various technical publications
to show architects and their consulting engineers how protection against
these hazards can be accomplished at little cost." (**DCPA**,
*Foresight, Annual Report FY73*, 1974, 16)

**Ardent Sentry 2006:** US Northern Command Exercise based on Category
III hurricane in the eastern United States. (**DHS**, *Statement by
Peter Verga*, July 19, 2007, p. 13

**Ardent Sentry-Northern Edge 07 (AS-NE 07):** "...a Joint Chiefs of
Staff-directed, U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) sponsored homeland
defense and Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) exercise
that...\[took\] place 30 April -- 17 May 2007. The Homeland Security
Council has designated ARDENT SENTRY-NORTHERN EDGE (and associated
exercises VIGILANT GUARD, ALASKA SHIELD, INDIANA SENTRY, BLUE FLAG,
POSITIVE RESPONSE, and the 2007 National Hurricane Preparedness
Exercise) as a National Level Exercise for 2007. This exercise includes
Canada Command as a full partner, and is the largest (number of
personnel, length of exercise, number of venues, and cost) and most
complex exercise undertaken in the exercise series.

*Purpose:* To provide local, state, federal, Department of Defense
(DOD), and non-governmental organizations and agencies involved in
homeland security emergency management the opportunity to participate in
a full range of training scenarios that will better prepare participants
to respond to a national crisis. The participating organizations will
conduct a multi-layered, civilian-led response to a national crisis.

*Objectives:*

• Demonstrate multi-agency, multi-jurisdictional unity of effort in
support of a civilian-led response to a national crisis through
collaboration with local, state, and federal responders.

• State leaders are provided an opportunity to orchestrate and lead
response efforts within their state to include the use of state assets,
emergency management assistance compacts, and support from federal
resources, including active duty military forces.

• The National Guard is provided with an opportunity to exercise with
USNORTHCOM, other federal agencies, and representatives from local,
state, and non-governmental organizations involved in homeland security.

• USNORTHCOM is provided an opportunity to exercise support of civil
authorities in the execution of DOD Chemical, Biological, Radiological,
Nuclear, or High-yield Explosive (CBRNE) response plans and Joint Task
Force operations.

• North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) will exercise against
a variety of threats.

• Improve coordination with Canadian partners in cross-border events.

• Explore seams in homeland defense and DSCA processes with DOD, U.S.
Pacific Command, U.S. Strategic Command, and non-DOD government
agencies.

• Build on previous exercises and real-world lessons learned."
(**NORTHCOM**, *Fact Sheet*, 2007)

**Area Command (Unified Area Command):** An organization established (1)
to oversee the management of multiple incidents that are each being
handled by an ICS organization or (2) to oversee the management of large
or multiple incidents to which several Incident Management Teams have
been assigned. Area Command has the responsibility to set overall
strategy and priorities, allocate critical resources according to
priorities, ensure that incidents are properly managed, and ensure that
objectives are met and strategies followed. Area Command becomes Unified
Area Command when incidents are multijurisdictional. Area Command may be
established at an emergency operations center facility or at some
location other than an incident command post." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004,
p. 127)

**Area Command.** An element of the Incident Command System. "If
necessary, an Area Command may be established to oversee the management
of multiple incidents being handled by separate Incident Command Posts
or to oversee management of a complex incident dispersed over a larger
area. The Area Command does not have operational responsibilities and is
activated only if necessary, depending on the complexity of the incident
and incident management span-of-control considerations. The Area Command
or Incident Command Post provides information to, and may request
assistance from, the local emergency operations center." (**DHS,**
*National Response Framework* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007**,**
p. 48)

**Area Command:** "An organization established to: (1) oversee the
management of multiple incidents that are each being handled by an ICS
Incident Management Teams (IMT) organization or (2) oversee the
management of large or multiple incidents to which several IMTs have
been assigned. Area Command has the responsibility to set overall
strategy and priorities, allocate critical resources according to
priorities, ensure that incidents are properly managed, and ensure that
objectives are met and strategies followed. (See also: Unified Area
Command). (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-2)

**Area Command Team (ACT):** "An Area Command Team is an organization
established to assist an Agency Administrator by: Overseeing the
management of multiple incidents that are each being handled by an
incident management team organization (IMT); Overseeing the management
of a very large incident that has multiple IMTs assigned to it;
Assisting an agency administrator due to the complexity of
incidents(s)/issues; and/or Reducing a span of control that has exceeded
the local agency administrator(s) ability or desire to manage while
still overseeing their unit." (Wild Fire Lessons Learned Center)

**Area Contingency Plan (ACP):** "Describes what needs to be protected
in the event of an emergency and how to protect it, what resources are
available to respond, and the desired outcomes from the spill response."
(**GAO**, *Maritime Security*, Dec 2007, p. 56)

**Area Joint Information Center (JIC):** "An area JIC supports
multiple-incident ICS structures that are spread over a wide geographic
area. It is typically located near the largest media market and can be
established on a local, State, or multi-state basis. Multiple States
experiencing... damage may participate in an area JIC." (**FEMA**,
*Basic Guidance for PIOs*, Nov 2007, 16)

**Areal Precipitation:** "The average amount of precipitation which has
fallen over a specific area." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossary*, 1992, p. 18)

**ARES:** Amateur Radio Disaster Services (previously Amateur Radio
Emergency Services)

**ARF:** Action Request Form. (Senate HSGA, *Hurricane Katrina: A Nation
Still Unprepared*, p. 631)

**Arid Zone:** "An area in which the water resources from ground water
and rainfall are insufficient to counterbalance the evaporation."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, p. 18)

**ARIO:** Advanced Radiation Incident Operations. (**FEMA**, *Compendium
of Federal Terrorism Training Courses*, 2003, p. 252)

**ARNG:** Army National Guard.

**A-ROC:** Alternate Regional Operations Center. (**FEMA**, *FAAT List*,
2002. p. 4)

**ARS**: Acute radiation syndrome. (See "Ionizing Radiation")

**As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA):** "A radiation safety
principle for minimizing radiation doses and releases of radioactive
materials by employing all reasonable methods." (DA, WMD-CST Operations,
2007, Glossary-8)

**ASCE:** American Society of Civil Engineers.

**Aseismic:** "Nonseismic; used to designate an area free from seismic
activity or a tectonic deformation process not accompanied by seismic
events. (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, p. 19)

**ASFPM:** Association of State Floodplain Managers.

**Ash Flow:** "Pyroclastic flow including a liquid phase and a solid
phase composed mainly of ashes." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossary*, 1992, p. 19)

**ASIS:** American Society for Industrial Security.

**ASIS International: "**ASIS International (ASIS) is...for security
professionals, with more than 35,000 members worldwide. Founded in 1955,
ASIS is dedicated to increasing the effectiveness and productivity of
security professionals by developing educational programs and materials
that address broad security interests, such as the ASIS Annual Seminar
and Exhibits, as well as specific security topics. ASIS also advocates
the role and value of the security management profession to business,
the media, governmental entities, and the public." (**ASIS**, *About
ASIS*, 2007)

**ASP:** Advanced Spectroscopic Portal. (**DHS**, *Remarks of DHS
Secretary Chertoff*, July 14, 2007)

**ASPR:** Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, HHS.

**Assembly Area:** "The designated area at which employees, visitors,
and contractors assemble when evacuated from their building/site."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop* 2006, 46)

**Assessment:** Survey of a real or potential disaster to estimate the
actual or expected damages and to make recommendations for preparedness,
mitigation and relief action. (**Ref. Center** 1998)

**Assessment:** "Survey of a real or potential disaster to estimate the
actual or expected damages and to make recommendations for prevention,
preparedness and response." (**UNDHA,** *DM Glossary*, 1992, p. 19)

**Assessment:** "The evaluation and interpretation of measurements and
other information to provide a basis for decision-making." (**USG**,
*USG Interagency Domestic Terrorism CONPLAN*, Jan. 2001, Appendix B:
Definitions, p. 1); see also **DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 127; **FEMA,**
*NIMS* (Draft), August 2007, p. 147)

**Asset:** "An item of property and/or component of a business
activity/process owned by an organization. There are three types of
assets: physical assets (e.g. buildings and equipment), financial assets
(e.g. currency, bank deposits and shares) and non-tangible assets (e.g.
goodwill, reputation)." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*
2006, 46)

**Asset:** "Property (tangible or intangible) which is owned by an
organization. Assets are generally divided into three classes: Physical
Assets (buildings, equipment, inventory);

Financial Assets (cash, bank deposits, accounts receivable); Intangible
Assets (reputation, brand names, etc.)." (**Risky Thinking**, *A
Glossary of Risk Related Terms*, 2007)

**Asset (Infrastructure):** "A distinguishable network entity that
provides a service or capability. Assets are people, physical entities,
or information located either within or outside the United States and
owned or operated by domestic, foreign, public, or private sector
organizations." (**DoD**, *DCIP*, 2005, p. 11)

**Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program:** "The purpose of these
grants is to enhance the safety of the public and firefighters with
respect to fire and fire-related hazards. The primary goal of the AFG
Program's Fire Prevention and Safety Grant is to reach high-risk target
groups in order to mitigate the high incidences of death and injuries.
Additionally, the authorization remains that includes funding for
Firefighter Safety Research and Development." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY 2006
EMPG Program Guidance*, November 2005, p. 11)

**Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense:** "The Office of
ASD(HD) is within the office of the Under Secretary of Defense for
Policy \[USD(P)\]. ASD(HD) is responsible for the overall supervision of
all DOD HD related activities. Within CS, ASD(HD) has been delegated the
duties and authorities associated with principal staff assistant for
MSCA and MACDIS. ASD(HD) ensures internal coordination of DOD policy
direction, assists SecDef in providing guidance, through the Joint
Staff, to combatant commanders for MSCLEA and conducts coordination with
DHS.....The principal duty of ASD(HD) is to provide overall supervision
of the HD and CS mission areas within DOD. In that role, ASD(HD) serves
as the principal staff assistant and advisor to the USD(P) and Secretary
and Deputy Secretary of Defense on HD and

CS on matters including, but not limited to:

\(a\) Preparedness to execute the national security missions of DOD
pertaining to the defense of US sovereignty, territory, domestic
population, and defense critical infrastructure against direct threats
and aggression.

\(b\) Military support to civil authorities.

\(c\) Defense Critical Infrastructure Program.

\(d\) DOD domestic antiterrorism and force protections in accordance
with DOD Directive 2000.12.

\(e\) DOD installation preparedness.

\(f\) DOD domestic counterterrorism activities, less those involving
special operations forces.

\(g\) DOD continuity-related activities, to include COOP, COG, and
Enduring Constitutional Government managed under the Defense Continuity
Program.

\(h\) Domestic crisis management including planning and response to
man-made and natural disasters including the consequences of incidents
involving weapons of mass destruction.

\(i\) Policy guidance on homeland defense-related education, training,
and professional

development programs." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26),
2005, p. II-5)

**Assistant Secretary Level Domestic Readiness Group (A/S DRG, DHS):**
"The A/S DRG develops and coordinates implementation of preparedness and
response policy and in anticipation of or during crises such as natural
disasters and domestic terrorist attacks to address issues that cannot
be resolved at lower levels and provide strategic policy direction for
the Federal response." (**DHS**, *National Planning and Execution
System*, 2007 Draft, p. 3-5)

**Associate Business Continuity Planner (ABCP):** "The Associate
Business Continuity Planner (ABCP) or Associate level \[offered by
DRII\], is for individuals with at least a specified minimum level of
knowledge in business continuity/disaster recovery planning, but who
have not yet attained the two years of experience required for CBCP.
Individuals can also qualify if they work in positions related to\--but
not actually in\--business continuity/disaster recovery planning."
(**ISSA**, *Certifications*, 2007)

**Association of Contingency Planners**. ACP is a "non-profit trade
association dedicated to the advancement of business continuity
professionals. ACP provides...peer-to-peer networking and learning
environment for its members through chapters across the country." **ACP
Website**: http://www.acp-international.com/

**Association of State Floodplain Managers (ASFPM):** "The Association
of State Floodplain Managers is an organization of professionals
involved in floodplain management, flood hazard mitigation, the National
Flood Insurance Program, and flood preparedness, warning and recovery.
ASFPM has become a respected voice in floodplain management practice and
policy in the United States because it represents the flood hazard
specialists of local, state and federal government, the research
community, the insurance industry, and the fields of engineering,
hydrologic forecasting, emergency response, water resources, and
others." (**ASFPM**, 2007)

**ASTHO:** Association of State and Territorial Health Officials.

**ASTM:** American Society for Testing and Measurement.

**Asynchronous Replication:** "Data replication or mirror in which the
application is allowed to continue while the data is mirrored to another
site. In this case, the application data can represent a prior state of
the application. It is critical to use ordered asynchronous mirroring
for real-time applications. This means that each write is applied in the
same order at the second or backup site as it was written in the primary
site, even if the network has re-ordered the arrival of the data.
Associated term: synchronous replication." (**DigitalCare**, *State of
OR Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, 46)

**AT:** Action Tracker. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating
Draft*, July 2007, p. 6)

**At-Risk Individuals:** "...the term \`at-risk individuals\' means
children, pregnant women, senior citizens and other individuals who have
special needs in the event of a public health emergency, as determined
by the Secretary \[HHS\]." (***Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness
Act**,* January 3, 2006, Sec. 2802, (b) (4).)

**At Risk Populations:** "At-risk populations include groups whose needs
are not fully addressed by traditional service providers or those who
feel they cannot comfortably or safely use the standard resources
offered in disaster preparedness, relief, and recovery. They include
those who are physically or mentally disabled (blind, deaf,
hard-of-hearing, cognitive disorders, or with mobility limitations),
people with limited English language skills, geographically or
culturally

isolated people, homeless people, elderly individuals, and children.

"Following a widespread emergency, people may find themselves stranded,
displaced, destitute, homeless, or sick; or they may experience
challenges from the emergency that leave them newly vulnerable or
suddenly outside of mainstream communications in ways they did not
experience before the emergency. These factors can create *new* at-risk
populations during an emergency." (**CDC/HHS**, *Locating and Reaching
At-Risk Populations in an Emergency*, 2007, p. 3)

This report identifies "five broad, descriptive groupings for
characteristics that put people at risk:

> • Economic Disadvantage
>
> • Limited Language Proficiency
>
> • Disability (physical, mental, cognitive, or sensory)
>
> • Isolation (cultural, geographic, or social)
>
> • Age

The key to this approach is that it allows you to examine the nature of
the vulnerability that might put someone at higher risk in an emergency.
You avoid defining an individual or group based upon their
vulnerabilities or using terminology to describe people as being
vulnerable - a label that no one wants to have." (Ibid)

**ATD:** Advanced Technology Demonstration. (**DHS**, *Statement of Vayl
Oxford*, 8Mar07, p. 5)

**Atmospheric Pollution:** "Contamination of the atmosphere by large
quantities of gases, solids and radiation produced by the burning of
natural and artificial fuels, chemicals and other industrial processes
and nuclear explosions. (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Mgmt Glossary*, 1992, p.
19)

**ATSDR:** Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

**Audit:** "The process by which procedures and/or documentation are
measured against pre-agreed standards." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR
Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, 46)

**Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).** "The phrase "authority having
jurisdiction," or its acronym AHJ, is used in NFPA documents in a broad
manner, since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their
responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having
jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional
department or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a
fire prevention bureau, labor department, or health department; building
official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory authority.
For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating
bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the authority
having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his or
her designated agent assumes the role of the authority having
jurisdiction; at

government installations, the commanding officer or departmental
official may be the authority having jurisdiction." (**NFPA 1600**,
2007. p. 11)

**Avalanche:** "The rapid and sudden sliding and flowage of masses of
usually incoherent and unsorted mixtures of snow/ice/rock material.
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, p. 20; cites OFDA)

**Avalanche:** Mass of snow and ice falling suddenly down a mountain
slope and often taking with it earth, rocks and rubble of every
description. (**WMO** 1992, 66)

**Awareness:** "The continual process of collecting, analyzing, and
disseminating intelligence, information, and knowledge to allow
organizations and individuals to anticipate requirements and to react
effectively." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), 25Feb04, p.
73 (Glossary)

**B Zone, NFIP:** "B Zone is defined as an area of moderate flood
hazard, usually depicted on Flood Insurance Rate Maps as between the
limits of the base flood and 500-year flood of the primary source of
flooding. B Zones may have local, shallow flooding problems. B Zones are
also used to designate areas protected by levees and base floodplains of
little hazard, such as those with average flood depths of less than 1
foot." (**FEMA**, *Reducing Damage from Localized Flooding* *-- A Guide
for Communities*, 2005, vii)

**Backup (Data):** "A process by which data, electronic or paper based,
is copied in some form so as to be available and used if the original
data from which it originated is lost, destroyed or corrupted."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p.
47)

**Backwater:** "A rise of water level in a stream caused by a natural or
artificial obstruction." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, p. 20)

**BARDA:** Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority.

**Barometer:** "Instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Gloss.*, 1992, 20)

**Barometric Pressure:** "The pressure exerted by the atmosphere as a
consequence of the force of gravity." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossary*, 1992, p. 20)

**Barrage:** "Barrier across a stream provided with a series of gates or
other control mechanisms to control the water-surface level upstream, to
regulate the flow or to divert water supplies into a canal." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 20; cites OFDA)

**Base: "**The location at which primary Logistics functions for an
incident are coordinated and administered. There is only one Base per
incident. (Incident name or other designator will be added to the term
Base.) The Incident Command Post may be co-located with the Base."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), 2007, p. 148)

**Base Flood:** A term used in the National Flood Insurance Program to
indicate the minimum size flood to be used by a community as a basis for
its floodplain management regulations; presently required by regulation
to be "that flood which has a one-percent chance of being equaled or
exceeded in any given year." Also known as a 100-year flood or
one-percent chance flood.

**Base Flood:** "The flood having a one percent chance of being equaled
or exceeded in any given year. This is the regulatory standard also
referred to as the \"100-year flood.\" The base flood is the national
standard used by the NFIP and all Federal agencies for the purposes of
requiring the purchase of flood insurance and regulating new
development. Base Flood Elevations (BFEs) are typically shown on Flood
Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs)." (**FEMA**, *Base Flood*, 2007)

**Base Flood Elevation (BFE):** "...the elevation of the crest of the
base or 100-year flood, which is the level of flood that has a 1% chance
of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Also

referred to as BFE." (**ASFPM,** *National Flood Programs and Polices in
Review---2007*, p. 92)

**Base Flood Elevation (BFE):** "The computed elevation to which
floodwater is anticipated to rise during the base flood. Base Flood
Elevations (BFEs) are shown on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) and on
the flood profiles. The BFE is the regulatory requirement for the
elevation or floodproofing of structures. The relationship between the
BFE and a structure\'s elevation determines the flood insurance
premium." (**FEMA**, *Base Flood Elevation*, 2007)

**Basic Public Information Officers Course** The FEMA Emergency
Management Institute *Basic Public Information Officers Course* "is
aimed at the new or less experienced PIO including those individuals who
have function as a secondary responsibility. Course topics include an
overview of the job of the PIO, understanding the media, interview
techniques, writing a news release and conducting public awareness
campaigns. This course is conducted by the States. Contact your State
Emergency Management Agency to find out when and where the course will
be offered." (FEMA,
<http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/EMICourses/E388.asp>, January 18, 2007
update)

**BC:** Business Continuity. (**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon BC
Workshop*, 2006, p. 8)

**BCCP:** Business Continuity Certified Planner.

**BCEGS:** Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule.

**BCM:** Business Continuity Management.

**BCP:** Business Continuity Planning/Plans. (Digital Care, Inc., State
of OR BC Trng., 2006)

**BCPR:** Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, United Nations
Development Programme.

**Beaufort Scale:** Numerical scale from 0 to 12, indicating wind force.

0-calm

1-light air

2-light breeze

3-gentle breeze

4-moderate breeze

5-fresh breeze

6-strong breeze

7-strong wind

8-gale

9-strong gale

10-storm

11-violent storm

12-hurricane (**Gunn** 1990, 376; **Reference Center** 1998)

**BENS:** Business Executives for National Security.

**BEOP:** Basic Emergency Operations Plan.

**BERM:** Bioterrorism and Epidemic Outbreak Response Model. (AHRQ,
*Computer Staffing Model for Bioterrorism Response*, September 2005)

**BFE:** Base Flood Elevation. (**FEMA**, *Base Flood*, 2007)

**BIA:** Business Impact Analysis. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. D-4)

**Biodefense for the 21^st^ Century (HSPD-10):** "...we conducted a
comprehensive evaluation of our biological defense capabilities to
identify future priorities and actions to support them. The results of
that study provide a blueprint for our future biodefense program,
Biodefense for the 21st Century, that fully integrates the sustained
efforts of the national and homeland security, medical, public health,
intelligence, diplomatic, and law enforcement communities....

The United States will continue to use all means necessary to prevent,
protect against, and mitigate biological weapons attacks perpetrated
against our homeland and our global interests. Defending against
biological weapons attacks requires us to further sharpen our policy,
coordination, and planning to integrate the biodefense capabilities that
reside at the Federal, state, local, and private sector levels. We must
further strengthen the strong international dimension to our efforts,
which seeks close international cooperation and coordination with
friends and allies to maximize our capabilities for mutual defense
against biological weapons threats.

While the public health philosophy of the 20th Century .- emphasizing
prevention .- is ideal for addressing natural disease outbreaks, it is
not sufficient to confront 21st Century threats where adversaries may
use biological weapons agents as part of a long-term campaign of
aggression and terror. Health care providers and public health officers
are among our first lines of defense. Therefore, we are building on the
progress of the past three years to further improve the preparedness of
our public health and medical systems to address current and future BW
threats and to respond with greater speed and flexibility to multiple or
repetitive attacks.

Private, local, and state capabilities are being augmented by and
coordinated with Federal assets, to provide layered defenses against
biological weapons attacks. These improvements will complement and
enhance our defense against emerging or reemerging natural infectious
diseases.

The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water
.- focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease
\-- also is being greatly strengthened by focused efforts to address
current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be
deliberate, multiple, and repetitive.

Finally, we are continuing to adapt United States military forces to
meet the biological weapons challenge. We have long recognized that
adversaries may seek biological weapons to overcome our conventional
strength and to deter us from responding to aggression. A demonstrated
military capability to defend against biological weapons and other WMD
strengthens our forward military presence in regions vital to United
States security, promotes deterrence, and provides reassurance to
critical friends and allies. The Department of Defense will continue to
ensure that United States military forces can operate effectively in the
face of biological weapons attacks, and that our troops and our critical
domestic and overseas installations are effectively protected against
such threats." (**White House**, HSPD-10, April 28, 2004.)

Biodefense for the 21^st^ Century Pillars: "The essential pillars of our
national biodefense program are: Threat Awareness, Prevention and
Protection, Surveillance and Detection, and Response and Recovery."
(**White House**, HSPD-10, April 28, 2004.)

**Biodefense Knowledge Center (BKC),** DHS (at Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory). "The Laboratory is home to the Biodefense
Knowledge Center (BKC) for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
This national resource provides rapid-turnaround and in-depth analyses
of biodefense issues. BKC assessments and knowledge-discovery tools help
the homeland security community understand scientific trends that may be
exploited by adversaries to develop biological weapons. Assessments also
assist in the development of an integrated

national effort to respond to emerging threats and help guide the
prioritization of national investments in biodefense-related R&D,
planning, and preparedness." (**LLNL**, *Global Threats and Security*,
2007, p. 19 (5))

**Biological Agent(s):** "(1) Biological agents are microorganisms that
cause disease in personnel, plants, or animals or cause the
deterioration of material. Biological agents are divided into two broad
categories; pathogens and toxins.

\(a\) Pathogens are infectious organisms that cause disease or illness
in their host and include bacteria, viruses, rickettsias, protists,
fungi, or prions.

\(b\) Toxins are biologically derived poisonous substances produced as
by-products of microorganisms, plants, or animals. They can be naturally
or synthetically produced.

"(2) Examples of biological agents and their associated diseases are
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), AIV H5N1 (avian influenza), Clostridium
botulinum (botulism), Shigella species (food borne illness), Hantavirus
(pulmonary syndrome), Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaire's disease),
Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis), Yersinia pestis (bubonic and
pneumonic plague), Variola virus (smallpox), Francisella tularensis
(tularemia), and Ebola virus (viral hemorrhagic fever).

"(3) Infectious biological organisms represent one of the greatest
potential threats due to their reproductive ability and the time delay
from infection to symptom. An infectious biological

attack may remain undetected for several days to weeks after release due
to the incubation

periods that biological agents may have. Diagnosis may be slow as many
infectious agents have

a slow onset and present with nonspecific symptoms that rapidly escalate
in severity. Another

compounding problem is that patients may simultaneously present in
geographically separated

areas. Depending on the pathogen, preventive measures and treatment will
be difficult to

implement due to factors such as large number of casualties, restriction
of movement, and quarantine. Finally, first responders may be among the
first casualties, rapidly overwhelming local and state support systems."
(**JCS/DoD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP 3-41), 2006, p. I-6)

**Biological Agent (s):** "Biological agents are organisms or toxins
that can kill or incapacitate people, livestock and crops. The three
basic groups of biological agents that would likely be used as weapons
are bacteria, viruses and toxins. Most biological agents are difficult
to grow and maintain. Many break down quickly when exposed to sunlight
and other environmental factors, while others, such as anthrax spores,
are very long lived. Biological agents can be dispersed

by spraying them into the air, by infecting animals that carry the
disease to humans and by contaminating food and water." (**FEMA**:
*Biological Fact Sheet*, June 2007, p. 1)

**Biological Hazard:** "Processes of organic origin or those conveyed by
biological vectors, including exposure to pathogenic micro-organisms,
toxins and bioactive substances, which may cause the loss of life or
injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental
degradation." (UN/ISDR, *Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk
Reduction*, 2004, p. 1)

**Biological Warfare Agents, Categories of:** There are four basic
categories of biological warfare agents\... They are---

-   *Pathogens.* Pathogens are disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and
    rickettsiae. These agents could be used to target food supplies,
    port facilities, or population centers. Of particular concern is the
    threat of contagious diseases such as smallpox. Agents that have a
    long incubation period can infect a large number of people in a
    short period of time without immediate symptoms or warning signs.

-   *Toxins.* Toxins are poisons formed as specific secreting products
    by vegetable or animal organisms such as plants, snakes, spiders,
    and sea creatures. Toxins act faster and are more stable than live
    pathogens. Many toxins can be easily produced.

-   *Bioregulators.* Bioregulators are chemical compounds that are
    essential for normal psychological and physiological functions. A
    wide variety of bioregulators is normally present in the human body
    in extremely minute concentrations. However, these compounds can
    produce a wide range of harmful effects if they are introduced into
    the body at higher than normal concentrations or if they are
    altered. Psychological effects could include exaggerated fear and
    pain; physiological effects could include rapid unconsciousness
    and---depending on factors such as dose and route of
    exposure---could even be lethal. Unlike pathogens that take hours or
    days to act, bioregulators can produce reactions in minutes.

-   *Prions.* Prions are composed entirely of microscopic proteins
    similar to viruses, but without nucleic acid. They are believed to
    be the infectious agents responsible for degenerative diseases of
    the nervous system. They infect and propagate by abnormally
    refolding into a structure which is able to convert normal molecular
    proteins into abnormally structured forms. Mad cow disease is an
    example of the effect of prions." (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
    Operations*, December 2007, pp. 3-5, 3-6)

**Biological Warfare Defense: S**ection in the 1951 FCDA Annual Report:
"An Epidemic Intelligence Service has been set up by the Public Health
Service for the prompt detection of biological warfare attacks...The
public has been warned of the possibility of such attacks in an
information booklet entitled 'What You Should Know About Biological
Warfare'....By recommendation of the National Advisory Council of the
Public Health Service, 12 civilian laboratories will be set up
throughout the United States to coordinate laboratory diagnosis and
research facilities for defense against biological warfare." (**FCDA**,
*Annual Report 1951*, 1952, pp. 54-55)

**Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA):** "The
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), within
the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response in
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, provides an
integrated, systematic and approach to the development and purchase of
the necessary vaccines, drugs, therapies, and diagnostic tools for
public health medical emergencies.  BARDA manages Project BioShield,
which includes the procurement and advanced development of medical
countermeasures for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
agents, as well as the advanced development and procurement of medical
countermeasures for pandemic influenza and other emerging infectious
diseases that fall outside the auspices of Project BioShield.  In
addition, BARDA manages the Public Health Emergency Countermeasures
Enterprise (PHEMCE)." (**HHS**, *Biomedical Advanced Research and
Development Authority*, November 2, 2007)

**Bio Restoration Demonstration Project:** "In January 2006, a two-day
demonstration held at the San Francisco International Airport (SFO) laid
out the response and restoration protocols that would be undertaken if a
biological attack occurred. This demonstration was the culmination

of the three-year, \$10 million DHS Bio Restoration Demonstration
Project. In this project, researchers from Lawrence Livermore and Sandia
national laboratories developed restoration plans that integrated
technologies and procedures so that airports hit by a biological
terrorist

attack could be quickly decontaminated and reopened. As part of this
effort, scientists developed a test for determining within a few hours
the viability of the biological agent (e.g., anthrax spores)."
(**LLNL**, *Global Threats and Security*, 2006, p. 19) "Included in the
airport restoration templates are: protocols for characterizing an area
through sampling and analysis after an attack; decontamination options;
approaches for allowing public re-use of facilities and the possible
application of longer-term monitoring." (**Sandia National
Laboratories**, *Bio-Restoration Demonstration*, 2006)

**BioShield:** See "Project BioShield."

**Biosurveillance:** "The term "biosurveillance" means the process of
active data-gathering with appropriate analysis and interpretation of
biosphere data that might relate to disease activity and threats to
human or animal health -- whether infectious, toxic, metabolic, or
otherwise, and regardless of intentional or natural origin -- in order
to achieve early warning of health threats, early detection of health
events, and overall situational awareness of disease activity." (**White
House**, *HSPD 21*, October 18, 2007)

**Bioterrorism:** "A bioterrorism attack is the deliberate release of
viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or
death in people, animals, or plants. These agents are typically found in
nature, but it is possible that they could be changed to increase their
ability to cause disease, make them resistant to current medicines, or
to increase their ability to be spread into the environment. Biological
agents can be spread through the air, through water, or in food.
Terrorists may use biological agents because they can be extremely
difficult to detect and do not cause illness for several hours to
several days. Some bioterrorism agents, like the smallpox virus, can be
spread from person to person and some, like anthrax, can not." (**CDC**,
*Bioterrorism Overview*. February 12, 2007 update)

**Bioterrorism Act:** See Public Health Security and Bioterrorism
Preparedness and Response Act of 2002.

**Bioterrorism and Epidemic Outbreak Response Model (BERM), AHRQ, HHS:**
"This computer model predicts the number and type of staff needed to
respond to a major disease outbreak or bioterrorism attack on a given
population.... BERM allows planners to formulate realistic mass
antibiotic dispensing and vaccination contingency plans for their target
populations. Such a model provides numerical estimates and forces
critical examination of assumptions about prophylaxis clinic design and
about the availability of human and materiel resources." (**AHRQ**,
*Computer Staffing Model for Bioterrorism Response*, 2005)

**Bioterrorism Training and Curriculum Development Program (BTCDP),
HRSA/HHS:** "The Bioterrorism Training and Curriculum Development
Program (BTCDP) provides

support to health professions schools, health care systems, and other
educational entities to

equip a workforce of health care professionals to address emergency
preparedness and

response issues. The program consists of two discrete foci: (1)
provision of continuing

education for practicing health care providers; and (2) curriculum
development and

enhancement and training in health professions schools." (**DHS/ODP**,
*FY06 EMPG*, p. 11)

**BioThrax:** An anthrax vaccine.

**BioWatch:** "DHS, through the Science and Technology (S&T)
Directorate, provides management oversight to the BioWatch program
(BioWatch), an early warning system designed to detect the release of
biological agents in the air through a comprehensive protocol of
monitoring and laboratory analysis." (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' Management of
BioWatch*, 2007, p. 1)

"BioWatch was rolled out in just under 80 days from late January 2003 to
mid-April 2003." (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' Management of BioWatch*, 2007, p.
4)

**BioWatch Exercise and Evaluation Program (BWEEP):** "Under...BWEEP,
all jurisdictions undergo a yearly assessment of operational
proficiency." (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' Management of BioWatch*, 2007, p. 12)

**BioWatch Goals:** "The goals of BioWatch are to:

-   Provide early warning of a biological attack by expeditiously
    identifying the bio-agent, thereby minimizing casualties in an
    affected area;

-   Assist in establishing forensic evidence on the source, nature, and
    extent of biological attack to aid law enforcement agents in
    identifying the perpetrators; and

-   Determining a preliminary spatial distribution of biological
    contamination, including what populations may have been exposed."
    (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' Management of BioWatch*, 2007, p. 2)

**BKC:** Biodefense Knowledge Center**,** DHS (at Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory).

**Blast Wave:** (See Shock Wave). "A shock wave in the air is generally
referred to as a 'blast wave' because it resembles and is accompanied by
a very strong wind." (**Glasstone**, *The Effects of Nuclear Weapons*
(3^rd^ Ed.), 1977, p. 1, Chapter I)

**BLEVEs:** "Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVEs) are
among the most feared events when tanks of hazardous materials are
exposed to fire or physical damage or other events that cause excessive
pressures within the tank. A BLEVE could occur when flames impinge upon
the vapor space (unwetted internal surface) of the tank where there is
no liquid to absorb heat. As the vapor space is heated, the pressure
inside the tank (even after the relief valve opens) becomes so great
that it eventually vents itself through the weakest area of the tank. As
the pressure inside is increasing, the flames weaken the structural
integrity of the tank, thus creating the conditions for venting. This
sudden venting of pressure and vaporization of product involves the
violent rupture of the container, with rocketing fragments. If the
container stored a flammable

liquid or gas, a large rising fireball will form, the size of which will
vary with the amount of hazardous material present." (**EPA**,
*Technical Guidance for Hazards* Analysis, 1987. p. F-1)

**Blister Agents (Vesicants):** "Substances that cause blistering of the
skin. Exposure is through

liquid or vapor contact with any exposed tissue (eyes, skin, lungs).
Mustard (H), Distilled Mustard (HD), Nitrogen Mustard (HN) and Lewisite
(L) are blister agents. Symptoms: Red eyes, skin irritation, burning of
skin, blisters, upper respiratory damage, cough, hoarseness." (**DOT**,
*Emergency Response Guidebook*, 2004, p. 358)

**Blizzard:** Violent winter storm, lasting at least 3 hours, which
combines below freezing temperatures and very strong wind laden with
blowing snow that reduces visibility to less than 1 km. (**WMO** 1992,
86)

**Blood Agents:** "Substances that injure a person by interfering with
cell respiration (the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
blood and tissues). Hydrogen cyanide (AC) and Cyanogen chloride (CK) are
blood agents. Symptoms**:** Respiratory distress, headache,
unresponsiveness, seizures, coma." (**DOT**, *Emergency Response
Guidebook*, 2004, p. 358)

**BOCA**: Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc.

**BOS:** Basic Operating Situations. (**DCPA**, *Attack Environment
Manual*, 1973, Panel 20)

**BPA:** Blanket Purchase Agreement. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Draft*, 2007, p. 55)

**BPA:** Business Process Analysis. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. 16)

**BPAT:** Building Performance Assessment Team, FEMA.

**Branch (ICS/NIMS):** "The organizational level having functional or
geographical responsibility for major aspects of incident operations. A
branch is organizationally situated between the section and the division
or group in the Operations Section, and between the section and units in
the Logistics Section. Branches are identified by the use of Roman
numerals or by functional area." (DHS, NIMS, 2004, pp. 127-128)

**BRP:** Business Resumption Planning. (**Paul Rosenthal**, *BRP*)

**BSIR:** Bi-annual Strategy Implementation Report.

**BSL:** Biosafety Level.

**BSSC:** Building Seismic Safety Council.

**BTCDP:** Bioterrorism Training and Curriculum Development Program.

**Buffer Zone Protection Program (BZPP):** A Department of Homeland
Security program which provides "funding to protect and secure areas
surrounding critical infrastructure and key resource sites such as
chemical facilities, dams, and nuclear plants across the country. The
Buffer Zone Protection Program (BZPP) provides targeted funding through
states to local jurisdictions to purchase equipment that will extend the
zone of protection beyond the gates of these critical facilities."
(**DHS**, *Department of Homeland Security Announces \$91.3 Million in
Buffer Zone Protection Program Grants*, March 2, 2005.)

**Buffer Zone Protection Program (BZPP):** The BZPP assists responsible
jurisdictions in building effective prevention and protection
capabilities that will make it more difficult for terrorists to conduct
site surveillance or launch attacks within the immediate vicinity of
selected CI/KR assets. These capabilities are enumerated in Buffer Zone
Plans (BZPs) that:

• Identify significant assets at the site(s) that may be targeted by
terrorists for attack.

• Identify specific threats and vulnerabilities associated with the
site(s) and its significant assets.

• Develop an appropriate buffer zone extending outward from the facility
in which preventive and protective measures can be employed to make it
more difficult for terrorists to conduct site surveillance or launch
attacks.

• Identify all applicable law enforcement jurisdictions and other
Federal, State, and local agencies having a role in the prevention of,
protection against, and response to terrorist threats or attacks
specific to the CI/KR site(s) and appropriate points of contact within
these organizations.

• Evaluate the capabilities of the responsible jurisdictions with
respect to terrorism prevention and response.

• Identify specific planning, equipment, training, and/or exercise
requirements to better enable responsible jurisdictions to mitigate
threats and vulnerabilities of the site(s) and its buffer zone.
(**DHS**, *Fiscal Year 2007 Infrastructure Protection Program: Buffer
Zone Protection Program -- Program Guidance and Application Kit*,
January 2007, pp. 2-3)

**Buffer Zone Protection Program (BZPP):** "Described as a surgical
approach to protecting CI/KR, the goal of the BZPP is to provide funding
for the purchase of equipment that will:

• Devalue a target by making it less attractive or too costly to attack;

• Deter an event from happening;

• Detect an aggressor planning or committing an attack, or the presence
of a hazardous device or weapon; and

• Defend against attack by delaying or preventing an aggressor's
movement toward the asset, or the use of weapons and explosives."
(**DHS/OIG**, *Review of the BZPP*, July 2007, p. 3)

**Building Code**: "Codes that architects, builders, and developers use
that are in compliance with agreed upon safety standards in a specific
area. A building code is a regulation that determines the design,
construction, and materials used in building." (**MortgageLoan.com**,
2007)

**Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule (BCEGS):** "The Building
Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule (BCEGS) assesses the building codes
in effect in a particular community and how the community enforces its
building codes, with special emphasis on mitigation of losses from
natural hazards. The concept is simple: municipalities with
well-enforced, up-to-date codes should demonstrate better loss
experience, and insurance rates can reflect that. The prospect of
lessening catastrophe-related damage and ultimately lowering insurance
costs provides an incentive for communities to enforce their building
codes rigorously --- especially as they relate to windstorm and
earthquake damage. The anticipated upshot: safer buildings, less damage,
and lower insured losses from catastrophes. The BCEGS program assigns
each municipality a BCEGS grade of 1 (exemplary commitment to
building-code enforcement) to 10. ISO develops advisory rating credits
that apply to ranges of BCEGS classifications (1-3, 4-7, 8-9, 10). ISO
gives insurers BCEGS classifications, BCEGS advisory credits, and
related underwriting information. ISO began implementing the program in
states with high exposure to wind (hurricane) hazards, then moved to
states with high seismic exposure, and then continued through the rest
of the country." (**ISO**, *ISO's BCEGS*, 2008)

**Building Performance Assessment Teams (BPAT) and Process:** "In
response to hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, and other disasters, the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

often deploys Building Performance Assessment Teams (BPATs) to conduct
field investigations at disaster sites. The members of a BPAT include
representatives of public and private sector entities who are experts in
specific technical fields such as structural and civil engineering,
building design and construction, and building code development and
enforcement. BPATs inspect disaster induced damages incurred by
residential and commercial buildings and other manmade structures;
evaluate local design practices, construction methods and materials,
building codes, and building inspection and code enforcement processes;
and make recommendations regarding design, construction, and code
issues. With the goal of reducing the damage caused by future disasters,
the BPAT process is an important part of FEMA's hazard

mitigation activities." (**FEMA**, B*uilding Performance Assessment
Report: Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico*, March 1999, p. 2)

**Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC):** "The BSSC was established in
1979 as a Council of the National Institute of Building Sciences.
Developed as an entirely new type of instrument, the BSSC deals with the
complex regulatory, technical, social, and economic issues involved in
developing and promulgating building earthquake risk mitigation
regulatory provisions that are national in scope. By bringing together
all of the needed expertise and relevant public and private interests,
it was believed that issues related to the seismic safety of the built
environment could be resolved and jurisdictional problems overcome
through authoritative guidance and assistance backed by a broad
consensus." (**BSSC**, *About BSSC*,
<http://www.bssconline.org/ab/index.html>)

**Business Continuity:** "The ability of an organization to continue to
function before, during, and after a disaster." (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006,
p. 103)

**Business Continuity:** "The ability of an organization to ensure
continuity of service and support for its customers and to maintain its
viability before after and during an event. (DRII and OR-DAS \[Oregon
Depart. Of Admin Services\] definitions are identical)."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business Cont*. *Workshop*, 2006, 47)

**Business Continuity:** Business continuity -- emphasis on "continuity"
-- is the ability of a

business to continue operations in the face of a disaster condition....
Business continuity means:

> • identifying critical business functions\
> • identifying risks to critical functions\
> • identifying ways to avoid or mitigate the risks\
> • having a plan to continue business in the event of a disaster
> condition\
> • having a plan to quickly restore operations to 'business as usual'.

Disaster recovery is an integral part of business continuity. Business
continuity does not replace insurance. It is a form of insurance, and
should include insurance for life, health, facilities, product and
business interruption." (**Glenn**, *What Is BC Planning?* 2002)

**Business Continuity:** "An ongoing process supported by senior
management and funded to ensure that the necessary steps are taken to
identify the impact of potential losses, maintain

viable recovery strategies, recovery plans, and continuity of services."
(**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p.7)

"In the public sector, this phrase is also known as *continuity of
operations* or *continuity of government*. Mission, vision, and
strategic goals and objectives are used to focus the program. (**NFPA
1600**, 2007, p.11)

**Business Continuity:** "...the term business continuity encompasses
the gamut of mechanisms that maintain continuity in business, including
all forms of problem resolution and preventive mechanisms like quality
assurance and security." (**Wainschel** 2006, 54)

**Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery & Contingency Planning
Differences:** "A person builds a house on an ocean beach. A storm
washes away the beach. The house collapses.

Business continuity would suggest building a barrier reef or moving the
house farther inland.

Disaster recovery rebuilds the house in time for the next storm.

Contingency planning takes the same scenario and says: 'A storm will
come ashore and damage the house; make sure there is someplace to live
while the house is rebuilt'." (**Glenn**, *What Is BC Planning?* 2006,
p. 18)

**Business Continuity Certified Planner (BCCP):** "The BCCP recognizes
practitioners who are involved in developing, implementing and
maintaining BC procedures and processes for their business sub-units; as
well as for senior and middle management involved in BCM." (**ISSA,**
*Certifications*, 2007)

**Business Continuity Coordinator:** "Designated individual responsible
for preparing and coordinating the business continuity process. Similar
term: disaster recovery coordinator, business recovery coordinator."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 47)

**Business Continuity Management (BCM):** "Business Continuity
Management is an holistic management process that identifies potential
impacts that threaten an organisation and provides a

framework for building resilience and the capability for an effective
response that safeguards the

interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, brand and value creating
activities." (**BCI,** *Good Practice Guidelines*, 2007)

**Business Continuity Management (BCM):** "Business Continuity
Management (BCM) planning focuses on assuring continuous business
processes and is a major factor in an organization\'s survival during
and after a disruption. BCM is a key component of Comprehensive
Emergency Management. Companies that don\'t have good business
continuity plans often fail to survive a business disruption.  Good
continuity planning can make the difference \-- and in the long run make
you more profitable." (**Davis Logic**, *BCM*, 2005)

**Business Continuity Management (BCM):** "A holistic management process
that identifies potential impacts that threaten an Organization and
provides a framework for building resilience with the capability for an
effective response that safeguards the interests of its key
stakeholders, reputation, brand and value creating activities. The
management of recovery or continuity in the event of a disaster. Also
the management of the overall program through training, rehearsals, and
reviews, to ensure the plan stays current and up to date."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 47)

**Business Continuity Management (BCM) Process:** "The Business
Continuity Institute's BCM process (also known as the BC Life Cycle)
combines 6 key elements: 1) Understanding Your Business 2) Continuity
Strategies 3) Developing a BCM Response 4) Establishing a Continuity
Culture 5) Exercising, Rehearsal & Testing 6) The BCM Management
Process." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 47)

**Business Continuity Management (BCM Program:** "An ongoing management
and governance process supported by senior management and resourced to
ensure that the necessary steps are taken to identify the impact of
potential losses, maintain viable recovery strategies and plans, and
ensure continuity of products/services through exercising, rehearsal,
testing, training, maintenance and assurance." (**DigitalCare**, *State
of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, pp. 47-48)

**Business Continuity Plan:** "The Business Continuity Plan pulls
together the response of the whole organisation to a disruptive
incident. Those using the plan should be able to analyze information
from the response team concerning the impact of the incident, select and
deploy appropriate strategies from those available in the plan and
direct the resumption of business units

according to agreed priorities. The components and content of a Business
Continuity Plan will vary from organisation to organisation and will
have a different level of detail based on the culture of the
organisation and the technical complexity of the solutions." (**BCI**,
*Good Practice Guide* 2007)

**Business Continuity Plan (BCP):** "Advance arrangements and procedures
that enable an organization to respond to an event in such a manner that
critical business functions continue with planned levels of interruption
or essential change. SIMILAR TERMS: Contingency Planning, Planning,
Business Resumption Planning, Continuity Planning, Continuity of
Operation Plans (COOP)." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*,
2006, p. 48)

**Business Continuity Plan Administrator:** "The designated individual
responsible for plan documentation, maintenance, and distribution."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Wkshop*, 2006, 47)

**Business Continuity Planning (BCP):** "Business continuity planning
involves ensuring that a business is sustainable through a period of
significant business interruption caused by a disaster or any other
unforeseen disruptive event. It is essential for all types of scenarios
ranging from system or component failure caused by a software upgrade to
a man-made or natural disaster that broadly impacts a firm's physical
assets, buildings and/or people." (**AT&T**, *Business Continuity
Preparedness Handbook*, April 2007, p. 2)

**Business Continuity Planning (BCP):** "Process of developing advance
arrangements and procedures that enable an organization to respond to an
event in such a manner that critical business functions continue with
planned levels of interruption or essential change. SIMILAR TERMS:
Contingency Planning, Disaster Recovery Planning, Business Resumption
Planning, Continuity Planning." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business
Continuity Workshop*, 2006, 48)

**Business Continuity Planning (BCP):** "Assessment of risk to an
organization's processes, and the creation of policies, plans, and
procedures to minimize the impact of those risks." (**Risky Thinking**,
*A Glossary of Risk Related Terms*, 2007)

**Business Continuity Planning Options:** "Once critical functions and
risks to those functions are identified, planners have three options:

> • Avoid a risk, typically through redundancy.\
> • Mitigate a risk by implementation of 'work-arounds'.\
> • Absorb the risk.

The decision to avoid, mitigate, or absorb is a management decision. The
planner makes recommendations based on cost vs. effectiveness and
efficiency." (**Glenn**, *What is BC Planning*, 2002)

**Business Continuity Planning Phases:**

-   Project Initiation

-   Business Analysis

-   Design and Development (Designing the Plan

-   Implementation (Creating the Plan)

-   Testing

-   Maintenance (Updating the Plan) (**DigitalCare,** *State of OR BC
    Workshop*, 2006, p. 20)

**Business Continuity Practice Subject Areas and DRII Professional
Practices:**

> 1\. Project Initiation and Management
>
> 2\. Risk Evaluation and Control
>
> 3\. Business Impact Analysis
>
> 4\. Developing Business Continuity Strategies
>
> 5\. Emergency Response and Operations
>
> 6\. Developing and Implementing Business Continuity Plans
>
> 7\. Awareness and Training Programs
>
> 8\. Maintaining and Exercising Business Continuity Plans
>
> 9\. Public Relations and Crisis Coordination
>
> 10\. Coordination with Public Authorities.
>
> (**DRJ & DRII**, *GAP for BC Practitioners*, 2007, p. 3)

**Business Continuity Program:** "An on-going program to ensure business
continuity and recovery requirements are addressed, resources are
allocated, and processes and procedures are completed and rehearsed.
Most effective with management sponsorship and through regular
rehearsals." (**DigitalCare,** *State of OR Business Continuity
Workshop*, 2006, p. 48)

**Business Continuity Steering Committee:** "A committee of decision
makers, business owners, technology experts and continuity
professionals, tasked with making strategic recovery and continuity
planning decisions for the organization." (**DigitalCare,** *State of OR
BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 48)

**Business Continuity Strategy:** "An approach by an organization that
will ensure its recovery and continuity in the face of a disaster or
other major outage. Plans and methodologies are determined by the
organizations strategy. There may be more than one solution to fulfill
an organization's strategy. Examples: Internal or external hot-site, or
cold-site, Alternate Work Area reciprocal agreement, Mobile Recovery,
Quick Ship / Drop Ship, Consortium-based solutions, etc." ."
(**DigitalCare,** *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 48)

**Business Executives for National Security (BENS):** "Business
Executives for National Security, a nationwide, non-partisan
organization, is the primary channel through which senior business
executives can help enhance the nation\'s security. BENS members use
their business experience to drive our agenda, deliver our message to
decision makers and make certain that the changes we propose are put
into practice. BENS has only one special interest: to help make America
safe and secure." (**BENS**, *Mission Statement*, 2006)

**Business Impact Analysis (BIA):** "The Business Impact Analysis is the
foundation on which the whole BCM \[Business Continuity Management\]
process is built. It identifies, quantifies and qualifies the business
impacts of a loss, interruption or disruption of business processes so
that management can determine at what point in time these become
intolerable (after an interruption).

This is called the 'Maximum Tolerable Period of Disruption' (MTPD). It
therefore provides the data from which appropriate continuity strategies
can be determined." (**BCI**, *Good Practice Guide* 2007)

**Business Impact Analysis (BIA):** "The BIA:\
• identifies business functions critical to the business' survival\
• identifies risks to those functions\
• rates (prioritizes) risks by probability of occurrence and impact on
the business\
• identifies ways to avoid or mitigate identified risks\
• prioritizes recommended avoidance and mitigation options." (**Glenn**,
*What is BC Planning*, 2002)

**Business Impact Analysis (BIA):** "A method of identifying the effects
of failing to perform a function or requirement." (**HSC**, *National
Continuity Policy Implementation Plan,* 2007, 60)

**Business Impact Analysis (BIA):** "Business impact analysis, a
component of the business continuity program, assesses the potential
impact on business operations resulting from damage to, interruption of,
or failure of processes, systems, utilities, or equipment from a natural
or manmade hazard." (**NFPA**, *Implementing NFPA 1600*, 2007, p. 6)

**Business Impact Analysis (BIA): "**Analysis which identifies the
resources critical to an organization\'s continued existence, identifies
threats posed to those resources, assesses the likelihood of those
threats occurring, and the impact of each of those threats on the
organization.

One output of a business impact analysis is a prioritized list of the
risks which should be addressed." (**Risky Thinking**, *A Glossary of
Risk Related Terms*, 2007)

**Business Impact Analysis (BIA) Risk Assessment:** "The Business Impact
Analysis/ Risk Assessment is a process designed to identify critical
business functions and workflow determine the qualitative and
quantitative impacts of a disruption, and to prioritize and establish
recovery time objectives. SIMILAR TERMS: Business Exposure Assessment,
Risk Analysis." (**DigitalCare,** *State of OR Business Continuity
Workshop*, 2006, pp. 47-48)

**Business Interruption:** "Any event, whether anticipated (i.e., public
service strike) or unanticipated (i.e., blackout) which disrupts the
normal course of business operations at an organization's location.
Similar terms: outage, service interruption. Associated terms: business
interruption costs, business interruption insurance." (**DigitalCare,**
*State of OR Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p. 48)

**Business Process Analysis (BPA):** "A method of examining,
identifying, and mapping the functional processes, workflows,
activities, personnel expertise, systems, data, and facilities inherent
to the execution of a function or requirement." (**HSC**, *National
Continuity Policy Implementation Plan*, August, 2007, p. 60)

**Business Process Mapping (BPM):** A business process map is a visual
representation of a process -- sequentially illustrating each step in
the process, who completes each step, and the time taken to complete
each step... The basic steps to process mapping are:

-   Establish the scope or your project

-   Map the current business process

-   Identify opportunities to improve

-   Redesign the business process

-   Identify assumptions and tools required for success (these will be
    the starting point for implementation planning. (**Government of
    British Columbia**, *Regulatory Reform Initiative*, no date)

**Business Resumption Planning (BRP):** "The BRP is a plan activated
during or immediately after an emergency and is aimed at permitting the
rapid and cost effective resumption of an organization\'s essential
operations in order to maintain continuity of service to its clients.
(**Manitoba Emergency Measures Organization**, *Business Resumption
Planning*, 1996, p. 9)

**Business Resumption Planning (BRP):** "Modern organizations have a
large variety of operational and managerial functions whose continuous
operations are critical to the organizations continuing viability.
Business Resumption Planning (BRP) involves arranging for emergency
operations of these critical business functions and for resource
recovery planning of these functions following a natural or man-made
disaster. Business Resumption Plans are needed for all such
organizational units, including data centers, information systems (IS)
supported functions, and those organizational functions which are
performed manually.... Business resumption planning should be an
integrated portion of a total security program. The security program
should cover physical security of facilities and equipment, data
security of automated files and manual records, protection of all levels
of personnel, and business resumption planning." (**Paul Rosenthal**,
*BRP*)

**BWEEP:** BioWatch Exercise and Evaluation Program. (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS'
Management of BioWatch*, 2007, p. 12)

**BW IRP:** Biological Weapons Improved Response Program. (**Skidmore**,
*Acute Care*, 2003, v)

**BY:** Budget Year. (**DHS**, *DHS Exhibit 300 Public Release
BY08...JAC*, Feb 12, 2007)

**BZP:** Buffer Zone Plan. (**DHS**, *FY 2007 IPP: BZPP-Program
Guidance...,* 2007, p. 2)

**BZPP:** Buffer Zone Protection Program. (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p.
101)

**C2:** Command and Control. (**JCS/DOD**; **DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec 2007, Glossary 1)

**C3:** Command, Control, and Communications. (Defense Science Board,
2007)

**C3I:** Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence. (**DSB**,
*Protecting the Homeland*, 2001, p. F-3)

**C4:** Command, Control, Communications, and Coordination. (**DHS**,
*TCL*, 2007, p. 447)

**C4:** Command, Control, Communications and Computers. (**DOD**, *BG
John Thomas Testimony*, 2004)

**C Zone, NFIP:** "C Zone is defined as an area of minimal flood hazard,
usually depicted on the Flood Insurance Rate Map as above the 500-year
flood level of the primary source of flooding. C Zones tend to have
local, shallow flooding problems. B and C Zones may have flooding that
does not meet the criteria to be mapped as a Special Flood Hazard Area,
especially ponding, localized drainage problems, and streams that drain
smaller watersheds." *(***FEMA,** *Reducing Damage from Localized
Flooding* *-- A Guide for Communities*, 2005, vii)

**CAAP:** Critical Asset Assurance Program (DoD Directive No. 5160.54,
January 20, 1998). ; \[Note: Replaced "DoD Key Asset Program (KAPP),"
June 26, 1989.\]

**CADRI:** Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative (**UNDP/BCPR**,
2007)

**CAEIAE:** Centers of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance
Education. (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p. 101)

**CAER:** Community Awareness and Emergency Response, Chemical
Manufacturers Association.

**CAG:** Continuity Advisory Group. **HSC**, *National Continuity Policy
IP*, 2007, p. 22)

**Calamity:** "A massive or extreme catastrophic disaster that extends
over time and space." Notes the Black Death of the 14^th^ century as an
example. (**Drabek** 1996, Session 2, p.4)

**California Catastrophic Earthquake Readiness Response Plan (CCERP),
FEMA:** "The planning for California Catastrophic Earthquake Readiness
Response Plan (CCERRP) started in July, 2007. This endeavor, which will
include the contribution and participation of Federal, State and local
government as well as other critical emergency management partners, will
create an overall operational plan for a response to a catastrophic
event in the State of California. The first phase will produce a Concept
of Operations (CONOP) that will clarify authorities between Federal and
State partners, integrate the doctrine and policy of the National
Incident Management System and California's State Emergency Management
System, and provide a statewide all hazards framework for responding to
a catastrophic event that exceeds California's considerable
capabilities. (**Maxwell**, *Report to NEMA*, October, 2007)

**California Earthquake Authority (CEA):** "The CEA is structured with
many different layers of capital:

• Initial layers from private insurers who were permitted not to offer
earthquake coverage in exchange for their voluntary participation in
capitalizing the CEA and covering the next limited layer of earthquake
losses

• Various layers of reinsurance

• A layer financed by state revenue bonds

• A top layer funded by post-event assessments on participating private
insurers. The coverage

provided by the CEA is capped, currently at approximately \$8.2 billion.
This means that in a

future earthquake, insured parties would bear any losses exceeding the
CAT limit (unless they

bought additional coverage on their own)."[^4] (**Financial Services
Roundtable**, *Nation*, 2007, 47)

**California Earthquake Authority (CEA):** "...the California Earthquake
Authority was formed in 1996 in response to a crisis in the residential
property insurance market following the Northridge earthquake in 1994.
According to the Insurance Information Institute, California insurers
had collected only \$3.4 billion in earthquake premiums in the 25-year
period prior to the Northridge earthquake but had paid out more than
\$15 billion on Northridge claims alone. Moreover, insurers representing
about 95 percent of the homeowners insurance market in California began
to limit their exposure to earthquakes by writing fewer or no new
homeowners insurance policies, triggering a crisis that threatened
California's housing market and stalled the state's recovery from
recession." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public Policy Options*..., Nov
2007, 18 see, also, pp. 57-59)

**Call Tree:** "A document that graphically depicts the calling
responsibilities and the calling order used to contact management,
employees, customers, vendors, and other key contacts in the event of an
emergency, disaster, or severe outage situation." (**DigitalCare,**
*State of OR Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p. 48)

**CAMEO (Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations):** "CAMEO ®
is a system of software applications used widely to plan for and respond
to chemical emergencies. It is one of the tools developed by EPA's
Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office (CEPPO) and the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Response and
Restoration (NOAA), to assist front-line chemical emergency planners and
responders. They can use CAMEO to access, store, and evaluate
information critical for developing emergency plans. In addition, CAMEO
supports regulatory compliance by helping users meet the chemical
inventory reporting requirements of the Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA, also known as SARA Title III). CAMEO also can
be used with a separate software application called LandView ® to
display EPA environmental databases and demographic/economic information
to support analysis of environmental justice issues.

The CAMEO system integrates a chemical database and a method to manage
the data, an air dispersion model, and a mapping capability. All modules
work interactively to share and display critical information in a timely
fashion. The CAMEO system is available in Macintosh and Windows
formats." (**EPA**, *What is CAMEO?*, February 12 2007 update)

**Camps (ICS):** "Camps are separate from the Incident Base and are
located in satellite fashion from the Incident Base where they can best
support incident operations. Camps provide certain essential auxiliary
forms of support, such as food, sleeping areas, and sanitation. Camps
may also provide minor maintenance and servicing of equipment. Camps may
be relocated to meet changing operational requirements." (**DHS**,
*NIMS*, 2004, ICS Annex, p. 94)

**Canada/United States Agreement on Emergency Planning (1987):** *The
Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the Government of United
States of America on Cooperation in Comprehensive Civil Emergency
Planning and Management,* 28 April 1986 is designed to strengthen
cooperation between Canada and the United States, encouraging a more
effective response to peacetime emergencies. The agreement sets out
principles of cooperation and establishes a joint consultative group to
foster comprehensive emergency planning and management. The Treaty can
be found at the following address:

<http://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/ViewTreaty.asp?Treaty_ID=103615>
(**Transport Canada**, *Cross-Border Emergency Response Guide* (3^rd^
Edition), 2007, p. 10)

**CANUS:** Canada-United States. (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006, p.
IV-16)

**CANUS Joint Radiological Emergency Response Plan (JRERP):** "After the
nuclear

accidents at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania in 1979 and at Chernobyl,
Ukraine in 1986, Canada and the US recognized the need for cooperation
in development of a response plan for radiological events. Consequently,
the two countries developed a joint plan to deal effectively with a
potential or actual peacetime radiological event that could affect both
countries or be of a magnitude that would require assistance from the
neighboring country. The CANUS JRERP is currently being rewritten to
incorporate the Department of Homeland Security and Public Safety and
Emergency Preparedness Canada. The CANUS JRERP, is designed to do the
following:

\(a\) Alert the appropriate federal authorities within each country of
the existence of a threat from a potential or actual radiological event.

\(b\) Establish a framework of cooperative measures to reduce, to the
extent possible, the threat posed to public health, safety, property,
and the environment.

\(c\) Facilitate coordination between the federal government in each
country in providing support to provinces and states affected by a
potential or actual radiological event." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE
Consequence Management* (JP 3-41), 2006, p. IV-16)

**CAP:** Capabilities Assessment Pilot(s). DHS, 2006.

**CAP:** Civil Air Patrol.

**CAP**: Community Assistance Program. (**FEMA**, *Community Assistance
Visit*, 2007)

**National Level Exercises (NLEs):** (**FEMA**, *Statement of D.
Schrader*, Oct. 3, 2007, 4)

**CAP:** Crisis Action Planning. (**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military
and Related Terms*, 2007)

**CAP-SSSE:** Community Assistance Program -- State Support Services
Element**.** (**FEMA**)

**Capabilities:** "Capabilities are defined as providing: *...the means
to accomplish a mission or function and achieve desired outcomes by
performing critical tasks, under specified conditions, to target levels
of performance*." (**DHS**, *NPG, Appendix B, Capabilities-Based
Preparedness Overview*, 2007, p. 30)

**Capabilities-Based Planning Process:**

1.  Convene Working Group

2.  Determine Capability Requirements

3.  Assess Current Capabilities Levels

4.  Identify Needs and Methods to Fill Gaps

    a.  Develop Options

    b.  Analyze Options

    c.  Choose Options

5.  Update Strategies/Submit Investment Justifications

6.  Review Justifications/Allocate Funds

7.  Update and Execute Program Plans

    a.  Plan

    b.  Equip

    c.  Train

    d.  Exercise

8.  Assess and Report

    a.  Capability

    b.  Compliance

    c.  Performance (**DHS**, *Development of the Capabilities
        Assessment Pilots*, 2006)

**Capabilities-Based Planning Process:** A process "..."that integrates
strategic planning with activities such as threat and vulnerability
assessment, mission analysis, risk assessment, investment strategy
development, resource allocation, program planning performance-based
assessment, and system requirements analysis." (**HSI,** *HS Strategic
Planning*, March 2007, 3)

**Capabilities-Based Preparedness:** "The *Guidelines* establish a
capabilities-based approach to preparedness. Simply put, a capability
provides the means to accomplish a mission. The *Guidelines* address
preparedness for all homeland security mission areas: prevention,
protection, response, and recovery." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness
Guidelines*, September 13, 2007, p. 4)

**Capabilities-Based Preparedness:** "Capabilities-Based Preparedness
encourages flexibility and requires collaboration. More importantly, it
helps to ensure that operations planners and program managers across the
Nation can use common tools and processes when making planning,
training, equipment, and other investments, and can produce measurable
results." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*, September 13,
2007, p. 10)

**Capabilities-Based Preparedness:** "Capabilities-Based Preparedness is
a form of all-hazards planning.... Capabilities-Based Preparedness is
defined as:

> ...*preparing, under uncertainty, to provide capabilities suitable for
> a wide range of challenges while working within an economic framework
> that necessitates prioritization and choice.*

Capabilities-Based Preparedness is a way to make informed choices about
how to manage the risk and reduce the impact posed by potential threats.
It focuses decision making on building and maintaining *capabilities* to
prevent and protect against challenges (e.g., intelligence analysis,
critical infrastructure protection, etc.) and to respond and recover
when events occur (e.g., onsite incident management, medical surge,
emergency public information, and economic recovery). The process rests
on a foundation of multi-disciplinary, cross-governmental, and regional
collaboration to determine measurable capability targets, to assess
current levels of capabilities, and to find ways to close the gaps. As
entities make choices in preparedness programs and activities, they will
be able to improve their own preparedness, focus available assistance on
areas of greatest need, and collaborate with others using a common
reference framework." (**DHS**, *NPG, Appendix B, Capabilities-Based
Preparedness Overview*, 2007, p. 30)

**Capabilities-Based Preparedness Process:** "The Capabilities-Based
Preparedness process...involves homeland security partners in a
systematic and prioritized effort to accomplish the following:

-   Convene working groups;

-   Determine capability requirements;

-   Assess current capability levels;

-   Identify, analyze, and choose options;

-   Update plans and strategies;

-   Allocate funds;

-   Update and execute program plans; and

-   Assess and report.

The process emphasizes collaboration to identify, achieve, and sustain
target levels of capability that will contribute to enhancing overall
national levels of preparedness.... The core of the Capabilities-Based
Preparedness approach is the comparison of current capabilities with
risk-based target capability levels." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness
Guidelines, Appendix B*, 2007, pp. 32-34)

**Capabilities-Based Preparedness Working Groups:** "The preparedness
process should begin with formation of a chartered, representative
working group. It is strongly encouraged that, wherever possible,
previously established working groups be used for this process. The
working group should be multi-disciplinary, multi-agency, and
multi-jurisdictional. Where appropriate, working groups should include
the private sector and nongovernmental partners. The intent is to bring
together regional practitioners from across disciplines so that they can
be effective advisors to the senior decision-makers who formulate
strategies, set priorities, and allocate funds." (**DHS**, *National
Preparedness Guidelines, Appendix B*, 2007, p. 34)

**Capability:** "...a capability provides the means to accomplish a
mission." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*, September 13,
2007, p. 4) "A capability consists of the combination of elements
required to deliver the desired outcome. (**DHS**, *National
Preparedness Guidelines*, September 13, 2007, p. 5) "A capability
provides the means to accomplish a mission or function resulting from
the performance of one or more critical tasks, under specified
conditions, to target levels of performance. A capability may be
delivered with *any* combination of properly planned, organized,
equipped, trained, and exercised personnel that achieves the desired
outcome." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*, September 13,
2007, p. 40)

**Capability:** "A capability is provided with proper planning,
organization, training, equipment, and exercises." (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 8)

**Capability:** "A capability provides the means to accomplish one or
more tasks under specific

conditions and to specific performance standards. A capability may be
delivered with any

combination of properly planned, organized, equipped, trained, and
exercised personnel that

achieves the intended outcome." (**DHS**, *Universal Task List, 2.1*,
2005, p. B-1 (142))

**Capability and Hazard Identification Program (CHIP), FEMA:**
"Instituted in 1989 to replace IEMS \[Integrated Emergency Management
System\], FEMA established a national database of information on the
status of emergency preparedness and the impact of FEMA funds on State
and local government operations. Emergency management data were
collected for 3,300 communities and maintained in a comprehensive and
easily accessible database. However, a drawback of the 'self-assessment'
was the lack of consistent criteria for reporting, which resulted in
incomplete and inaccurate information. Through regular updates of the
CHIP database, local government officials provided information on
natural hazards in their areas, including the likelihood and frequency
of events and the impacts on local population and property. They also
provide information on local emergency management expenditures,
including totals expended and the sources of funding. By answering
questions separated into five topic areas, local governments provided
information to allow assessment of their capability to deal with
disast4rs. The five topic areas are: planning, logistics, training and
education, operations, and administration. On the Federal level, the
information from CHIP was used to prepare reports to the U.S. Congress
on the status of emergency management capabilities. It also was used to
evaluate the effectiveness of FEMA programs in delivery of financial and
technical assistance to State and local governments. At the local level
CHIP was used as a planning tool, guiding local jurisdictions through a
logical sequence: identify hazards; assess capabilities to address those
hazards; set priorities for improving those capabilities; and schedule
process activities to improve those capabilities." (**FEMA**, *Multi
Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment*, 1997, p. xxii)

**Capability Assessment:** After conducting a Hazards Analysis,
**"**\[t\]he next step for the jurisdiction is to assess its current
capability for dealing with the hazards that have been identified...
Current capability is determined against standards and criteria FEMA has
established as necessary to perform basic emergency management
functions, e.g., alerting and warning, evacuation, emergency
communications. The resulting information provides a summary of the
capabilities that exist and upon which current plans should be
prepared...and leads to the identification of the jurisdiction's
weaknesses." (**FEMA**, *IEMS Process Overview*, 1983, p. 7)

**Capability Assessment for Readiness (CAR):** "The Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Emergency Management
Association (NEMA) are working together aggressively to reduce losses
from disasters. As an important component of this effort, FEMA and NEMA
joined together in 1997 to develop the CAR, an assessment process and
tool that States, Territories, and Insular Areas can use to evaluate
their own operational readiness and capabilities in emergency
management. The CAR was implemented first in 1997 and has matured into a
sophisticated and accepted, automated, self-assessment tool that helps
the States, Territories, and Insular Areas establish sound mitigation,
preparedness, response, and recovery practices, establish priorities,
and analyze program performance.

"The CAR was revised after its initial implementation in 1997, and a
second self-assessment is underway this year. The CAR is available in
automated or manual versions and is divided into 13 Emergency Management
Functions (EMF) common to emergency management programs: 1) laws and
authorities; 2) hazard identification and risk assessment; 3)
mitigation; 4) resource management; 5) planning; 6) direction, control,
and coordination; 7) communications and warning; 8) operations and
procedures; 9) logistics and facilities; 10) training; 11) exercises,
evaluation, and corrective actions; 12) crisis communications, public
education, and information; and 13) finance and administration.

"Each EMF is divided into broad criteria called attributes, and the
attributes are subdivided further into more detailed criteria called
characteristics, to facilitate the self-assessment. Using the CAR, the
States will develop a self-profile of strengths and weaknesses in their
emergency management programs that then can be used for strategic
planning and budgeting. The FEMA uses the aggregate data from this
process to produce a national report. Work is underway to develop a CAR
process for local jurisdictions and Indian Tribal Governments to use in
assessing their emergency management programs." (**Hampton**, *CAR,
Prehospital Dis. Med., 15(3)*, 2000)

**Capability Assessments:** "Capability assessments measure the current
level of capability against the target levels of capability from the TCL
\[Target Capabilities List\] applicable to the respective level of
government." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*, 2007, p. 34)

**Capability Elements:** "...capability elements define the resources
needed to perform the critical tasks to the specified levels of
performance, with the recognition that there is rarely a single
combination of capability elements that must be used to achieve a
capability." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 8)

"The Capability Elements serve as a guide for identifying and
prioritizing investments when

working to establish a capability. Further, existing programs and
activities represented as

Capability Elements have been included for reference purposes only, and
are subject to change in

response to an evolving threat environment and competition for scarce
resources." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 9)

**Capability Elements (TCL):**

Planning

Organization and Leadership

Personnel

Equipment and Systems

Training

Exercises, Evaluations, and Corrective Actions. (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007,
p. 9)

**Capability Shortfall:** "The difference between current
capability...and the optimum capability..." (**FEMA**, *IEMS Process
Overview*, 1983, p. 8)

**Capacity:** "A combination of all the strengths and resources
available within a community, society or organization that can reduce
the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster. Capacity may include
physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled
personal or collective attributes such as leadership and management.
Capacity may also be described as capability. (**UN/ISDR**,
*Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*, 2004, p. 1)

**Capacity, Adaptive:** "...a combination of a society's ex ante
vulnerability to damages from natural hazards and its ex post resilience
or ability to cope with the damages that result." (**Dayton-Johnson**,
*Natural Disasters and Adaptive Capacity,* 2004)

**Capacity, Adaptive and Coping:** "While the concept of coping capacity
is more directly related to an extreme event (e.g. a flood or a winter
storm), the concept of adaptive capacity refers to a longer time frame
and implies that some learning either before or after an extreme event
is happening. The higher the coping capacity and adaptive capacity, the
lower the vulnerability of a system, region, community or household.
Enhancement of adaptive capacity is a necessary condition for reducing
vulnerability, particularly for the most vulnerable regions and
socioeconomic groups.\" (**Peltonen**, *Coping Capacity and Adaptive
Capacity*, 2006)

**Capacity, Coping:** "...a function of: perception (of risk and
potential avenues of action... the ability to cope is information
contingent); possibilities (options ranging from avoidance and
insurance, prevention, mitigation, coping); private action (degree to
which special capital can be invoked); and public action..." (**IPCC**,
*Climate Change 2001. Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups
I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change*, 2001)

**Capacity, Coping: "**The manner in which people and organisations use
existing resources to achieve various beneficial ends during unusual,
abnormal and adverse conditions of a disaster phenomenon or process."
(**UNDP**, *Reducing Disaster Risk...Global Report*, 2004)

**Capacity, Coping:** "The ability to cope with threats includes the
ability to absorb impacts by guarding against or adapting to them. It
also includes provisions made in advance to pay for potential damages,
for instance by mobilizing insurance repayments, savings or contingency
reserves. (**UNEP,** *Global Environment Outlook 3 Past, Present and
Future Perspectives*, 2002)

**Capacity, Coping:** "The coping capacity of human society is a
combination of all the natural and social characteristics and resources
available in a particular location that are used to reduce the impacts
of hazards (IATFDR 2001). These include factors such as wealth,
technology,

education, information, skills, infrastructure, access to resources and
management capabilities." (**UNEP**, *Global Environment Outlook
(GEO-3)*, Chapter 3, Human Vulnerability to Environmental Change, p.
303)

**Capacity, Coping:** "The means by which people or organizations use
available resources and abilities to face adverse consequences that
could lead to a disaster. In general, this involves managing resources,
both in normal times as well as during crises or adverse conditions. The
strengthening of coping capacities usually builds resilience to
withstand the effects of natural and human-induced hazards."
(**UN/ISDR**, *Living with Risk*\... 2004 version)

**Capacity Building: "**Improving and building the technical and
managerial skills and resources within an organisation." (**European
Environment Agency**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*, 2007)

**Capacity Building:** "Building capacities for prevention, preparation
and recovery means learning to assess vulnerabilities, reinforcing
expertise in relevant technical, social and scientific institutions, and
establishing partnerships of mutual learning that extend from
communities and districts to central authorities..." (**Fagen and
Martin** 2005, 12)

**Capacity Building:** "Efforts aimed to develop human skills or
societal infrastructures within a community or organization needed to
reduce the level of risk. *In extended understanding, capacity building
also includes development of institutional, financial, political and
other resources, such as technology at different levels and sectors of
the society.*" (**UN/ISDR**, *Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk
Reduction*, March 31, 2004, p. 1)

**Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative (CADRI):** "CADRI was
created in 2007 as a joint programme of the United Nations Development
Programme's Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (UNDP/BCPR), the
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN
OCHA), and the secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction (ISDR).... CADRI succeeds the UN Disaster Management Training
Programme (DMTP), a global learning initiative, which trained United
Nations, government and civil society professionals between 1991-2006.
DMTP is widely known for its pioneering work in developing high quality
resource materials on a wide range of disaster management and training
topics. More than twenty trainers' guides and modules were developed and
translated. CADRI's design builds upon the success and lessons learned
from the DMTP. While the importance of capacity is now widely
recognized, lessons of experience have demonstrated that the development
of capacity is far more complex than previously thought. Capacity
development goes beyond training or the transfer of technology,
requiring local ownership and political leadership.\
\
CADRI's design also reflect the significant growth in training and
related organizational learning throughout the world and it is these
resources that CADRI seeks to draw upon and expand, thereby making
effective use of the wealth of capacity development experience and
expertise that resides within the broader ISDR system and making use of
the advances in technology for networking and learning purposes. CADRI's
design also recognizes the critical role that the UN system plays at the
national level in supporting government's efforts to advance disaster
risk reduction. ...The three organizations that comprise CADRI provide
oversight for its strategic direction and management." (**Capacity for
Disaster Reduction Initiative**, *Who We Are*, 2007)

**CAPRA:** Critical Asset and Portfolio Risk Analysis. (**Ayyub**,
*CAPRA*, 2007, 789)

**CAR:** Capability Assessment for Readiness.

**Cargo Advanced Automated Radiography System (CAARS):** Provides
"Automatic detection of high density shielding that might be used to
avoid passive detection." (**DHS/DNDO**, *DNDO Overview*, April 20,
2006, slide 13)

**Cargo Advanced Automated Radiography System (CAARS) Goals:**

-   Develop and deploy a radiography system that automatically detects
    threat materials in mixed commerce without impeding the flow of
    commerce

-   Conduct radiographic inspection of 50% of all incoming cargo

-   Improved penetration capability. (**DHS/DNDO**, *DNDO Overview*,
    April 2007, slide 15)

**CARRS:** Cargo Advanced Automated Radiography System. (**DHS**,
*Opening Statement of Vayl Oxford*, March 2007, p. 3)

**Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup (CREW):** "The Cascadia Region
Earthquake Workgroup (CREW) is a coalition of private and public
representatives working together to improve the ability of Cascadia
Region communities to reduce the effects of earthquake events.... In
less than 50 years, a number of great Cascadia-like earthquakes have
occurred around the Pacific Rim, including Chile (1960), Alaska, (1964)
and Mexico (1985). A unique aspect of a great Cascadia earthquake is the
strong likelihood that the three greater metropolitan areas of Portland,
Seattle, and Vancouver will simultaneously feel the effects of strong
and sustained ground shaking. This wide-spread ground shaking combined
with accompanying elevation changes and the likely generation of a
tsunami along the Pacific coast, will cause loss of life, property
damage, and business interruption in vulnerable locations through out
southwestern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northwestern
California. The broad geographic distribution of damaging impacts will
generate special challenges and severely stress the response and
recovery resources of the three Pacific states and British Columbia.

of Pacific Rim trade involving Ports like Vancouver, Seattle, Tacoma,
and Portland.

*Goals*

-   *Promote* efforts to reduce the loss of life and property.

-   *Conduct* education efforts to motivate key decision makers to
    reduce risks associated with earthquakes.

-   *Foster* productive linkages between scientists, critical
    infrastructure providers, businesses and governmental agencies in
    order to improve the viability of communities after an earthquake
    event." (**CREW**, *About CREW*," accessed November 4, 2007)

**Catastrophe:** An event in which a society incurs, or is threatened to
incur, such losses to persons and/or property that the entire society is
affected and extraordinary resources and skills are required, some of
which must come from other nations.

**Catastrophe:** "A catastrophic disaster is one that so overwhelms
response agencies that local, state, and federal resources combined are
insufficient to meet the needs of the affected public." "**Bissell**,
Catastrophe Workshop, EM HiEd Conference, 2005)

**Catastrophe:** "In catastrophic disasters, tens-or-hundreds of
thousands of lives are immediately at risk, State and local resources
may well be exhausted from the onset, and government leaders unable to
determine or communicate their priority needs." (**Carafano** 2005, 2)

**Catastrophe:** "Mark Brandenburg, MD, FACEP, FAAEM, Associate
Professor, Director of Emergency Medicine Student Programs, University
of Oklahoma College of Medicine-Tulsa... noted a difference between
disasters (such as the Oklahoma City bombing) and complex
emergencies/catastrophes (such as Hurricane Katrina) which are events
that overwhelm resources.  Looking back on response performance, one
must put the hurricane catastrophe in context.  This catastrophe was
along the lines of Hiroshima and by mere definition as a catastrophe was
expected to overwhelm resources." (**Center for Community Research and
Development**, 2005)

**Catastrophe:** "You see, one of the lessons I think we have learned
from last year\'s hurricanes is, we\'ve got to look at the challenge of
the catastrophic event, not only at the point where the catastrophe
hits, but in all the areas around that point that are going to receive
the collateral or cascading effects of that catastrophe.

When we have a major event, whether it be a terrorism event or a natural
disaster, that causes a lot of people to move out of a particular area,
they\'re going to go someplace.  And a lot of them are going to go to
your cities or your towns, and you\'re going to have to be able to deal
with that challenge.  

# So one dramatic change we\'ve made in the wake last year\'s hurricanes and in anticipation of this hurricane season and whatever else is coming in the course of this coming year, is we\'re looking now at planning not only for managing the emergency in the location where the emergency occurs, but managing the emergency all over the country. (Chertoff, *Remarks by Secretary Michael Chertoff at the National League of Cities Congressional City Conference*, Washington, DC: League of Cities, March 2\\14, 2006) 

**Catastrophe:** "How is "catastrophic" different than all other major
disasters? There are fundamental differences in all respects between
disasters that impact a business, a group of businesses or even
businesses across a region, and a disaster that involves all businesses
to varying degrees across a nation and the world. As evidenced with
major natural disasters including, Hurricanes Andrew and Katrina, and
the tsunami in Southeast Asia in 2004, a natural disaster can quickly
evolve from a local or regional event into a national or international
tragedy in a matter of hours or minutes. These devastating major natural
disasters demand planning and response capabilities far beyond most
natural disasters. While these major disasters affected businesses well
beyond their impact zone, their impacts still pale to the potential
catastrophic effects from a major terrorist event with weapons of mass
destruction or a pandemic influenza. There is a fundamental difference
in the preparation, complexity, quality of effort, and scope of
catastrophic disaster as opposed to a major natural disaster. For a
catastrophic disaster, the CI/KR business not only must strive to
sustain itself, but as impacts worsen it may be called upon to adjust
and consolidate its typical essential processes so that it may survive
as an economic entity. Yet, through good planning and an agile response,
it will adapt and cope sufficiently to continue providing the most
essential goods and services necessary to sustain the community and the
nation." (**DHS**, *Pandemic Influenza CIKR Guide*, 2006, p. 30)

**Catastrophe:** An example would be the 1985 Earthquakes in Mexico City
and other Mexican cities. Thousands of people---estimates vary
markedly---died and tens of thousands were injured. At least 100,000
building units were damaged; reconstruction costs exceeded five billion
dollars (with some estimates running as high as \$10 billion). Over
sixty donor nations contributed to the recovery through programs
coordinated by the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies."
(**Drabek** 1996, Session 2, p. 4; citing Russell R. **Dynes**, E.L.
Quarantelli, and Dennis Wenger. 1990. *Individual and Organizational
Response to the 1985 Earthquake in Mexico City, Mexico. Newark,
Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware*)

**Catastrophe:** "...any disaster that overwhelms the ability of state,
local, and volunteer agencies to adequately provide victims with such
life-sustaining mass care services as food, shelter, and medical
assistance within the first 12 to 24 hours." (**GAO**, *Disaster
Management*, 1993, p. 1)

**Catastrophe:** "Catastrophic events are different in the severity of
the damage, number of persons affected, and the scale of preparation and
response required. They quickly overwhelm or incapacitate local and/or
state response capabilities, thus requiring coordinated assistance from
outside the affected area. Thus, the response and recovery capabilities
needed during a catastrophic event differ significantly from those
required to respond to and recover from a 'normal disaster'." (**GAO**,
*Emergency Preparedness and Response*, 2006, p. 15)

**Catastrophe:** "Hurricane Rita caused a major disaster, Hurricane
Katrina caused a catastrophe. The difference between the two was a
matter of the scale of the natural phenomena, the size and vulnerability
of the population at risk, the preparedness of the public and
government, and the effectiveness of decision-making prior to and during
the crisis stages of the event. Henry Quarantelli, the founder of the
University of Delaware, has pointed out that a catastrophe and disaster
are qualitatively different. A catastrophe such as Katrina damages the
physical infrastructure systems, government systems, and social systems
to the extent that local officials cannot function and mutual aid from
neighboring communities and states is impossible." (**Harrald**, 2005)

**Catastrophe:** "The term "catastrophe" in the property insurance
industry denotes a natural or man-made disaster that is unusually
severe. An event is designated a catastrophe by the industry when claims
are expected to reach a certain dollar threshold, currently set at \$25
million, and more than a certain number of policyholders and insurance
companies are affected." (III, *Catastrophes: Insurance Issues*
(Update), Jan 2008)

**Catastrophe:** "...an event that causes \$25 million or more in
insured property losses and affects a significant number of
property-casualty policyholders and insurers." (**Insurance Services
Office** 2000, 2)

**Catastrophe:** "One of the most important issues that Hurricane
Katrina revealed...the difference between catastrophe planning and
disaster planning. In catastrophes, there is a need for a more agile,
adaptable and creative emergency management. Following the "rule-book"
(bureaucratic pattern) will inevitably bring a slow response,
problematic communication, and finally great frustration to the people
for not meeting their needs and their expectations. Extreme events are
better managed when responding authorities are able to adjust promptly
their response efforts to the environment, fine tune their communication
channels (according to the severity of the event), and also modify the
decision making process for the immediate life saving interventions.
That does not imply that the NRP should be ignored in the event of a
catastrophe or that the ICS should be detoured. The challenging concepts
of improvisation, adaptability, creativity and agility do not encompass
anarchy or chaos (2). The structured control and command system will not
be affected negatively; it will be simplified for better response and
recovery. And these changes are indispensable for making clear that
emergency responders do not manage catastrophes just as being simply big
disasters.

In addition, success or failure of managing a catastrophe is based
largely on leadership. In the case of Katrina, the lack of presence of a
leader who was or seemed to be in control of the situation, who showed
interest in getting the best to people, following a code of
values-ethics and indicating unquestionably integrity was obvious; and
that stigmatized the gloomy picture of the devastated New Orleans. What
is needed is a leader who will have those qualities and competencies to
agonize the Scylla of overwhelming disasters and the Charybdis of media.
A leader who "recognizes the threats" in time, "prioritizes those
threats appropriately" and "mobilizes effectively" is not a leader who
will be blamed for failure (3). A leader who puts people first, builds
very good teams by getting the "right people on the bus" (4),
establishes good communication networks in multiple levels, promotes a
learning process from past events, evaluates and improves the system on
an ongoing basis, and is not reluctant when it comes to self criticism,
is the one who can guide and introduce the required changes that need to
be adopted for improving the emergency management system."
(**Kastrioti**, 2006

**Catastrophe:** "Despite no consensus on definitions for these terms,
experts report that emergencies, disasters and catastrophes differ on
more than just scale. Each requires unique response strategies as a
consequence of their impact on communities and how emergency responders
and resources must be mobilized. The most challenging of events are
catastrophes.

*Catastrophes stand apart**. ***During catastrophes, most or all
infrastructure is damaged and may be

inoperable. Residents in impacted communities -- including emergency
responders -- are unable to undertake normal roles. Large numbers of
residents and responders are victims. Most or all traditional functions
-- including government operations -- are completely or partially shut
down. Local mutual aid strategies are ineffective, because of the
distribution of impacts on neighboring jurisdictions and communities.
The loss of water and sewer services and local law enforcement and
interruptions in the supply of shelter, food and medical care create
additional victims even beyond those impacted by the original event.

*Catastrophes require different operating procedures.* The loss of
functional infrastructure halts the use of traditional communication,
transportation and power networks. Local responders familiar with
community needs and resources often are unavailable, necessitating
reliance on external responders with little knowledge of local
geography, cultures and possibly languages. Resource demands far
outstrip supplies, creating competition and political pressure for
scarce response capacity. Reliance on an expanding circle of mutual aid
networks results in far more complex management challenges to integrate
disparate areas of expertise, equipment, policies and procedures, and
response strategies. The scale of impacts and the number of responders
involved increases errors in assessments and conflicting information
regarding needs and resources.

*Catastrophes require regional, statewide or federal authority.* The
scale of impacts during catastrophes, the number of responders required,
the political jurisdictions affected and the range of organizations
called upon to respond, require a regional, statewide or national
authority to manage. Local officials generally cannot manage
catastrophic response because the authority needed to do so exceeds
their jurisdiction." (**Little Hoover Com**., *Safeguarding*..., 2007,
14)

**Catastrophe:** "Catastrophes, by definition, tend to occur in large
metropolitan regions due to the concentration of people and
infrastructure. For example, a category 5 hurricane striking an
undeveloped coast will generate less damage than a category 3 hurricane
hitting a major city. Recent catastrophes include the 1989 Loma Prieta
Earthquake (San Francisco), the 1994 Northridge Earthquake (Los
Angeles), Hurricane Hugo (1989), Hurricane Andrew (1992), Hurricanes
Katrina and Rita (2005), the Midwest Floods of 1993, and the September
11 attacks of 2001." (**Moss and Shalhamer**, *The Stafford Act:
Priorities for Reform...*, 6Sep2007, p. 14)

**Catastrophe:** "Unfortunately, one of the biggest shortcomings of the
Stafford Act is that it only recognizes two levels of disasters --
emergencies and major disasters. Emergencies are normally smaller,
limited scale events. The second category - major disasters -- is
intended for larger events, but this can run the gamut from a blizzard
in Buffalo to a major earthquake in California that impacts millions. A
third category should be created to differentiate catastrophes from
major disasters." (**Moss and Shalhamer**, *The Stafford Act: Priorities
for Reform...*, 6Sep2007, p. 15)

**Catastrophe:** An event of such impact upon a community that new
organizations must be created in order to deal with the situation.
(**Quarantelli** 1987, 25)

**Catastrophe:** "Even two decades ago some researchers were saying that
there were "disasters" and that there were "disasters that were beyond
typical disasters." The latter came to be called "catastrophes.".... The
distinction we draw between catastrophes and disasters is not just an
academic exercise... What is crucial is that catastrophes require some
different kinds of planning and managing than do even major disasters.
This is true whether the focus is on the planning for mitigation,
preparedness, response or recovery.... The differences that appear
between disasters and catastrophes can be especially seen at the
organizational, community and societal levels. For our purposes here,
let us illustrate at least six general ways in which disasters and
catastrophes differ. In a catastrophe compared to a disaster:

1\. Most or all of the community built structure is heavily impacted....
In addition, in catastrophes, the facilities and operational bases of
most emergency organizations are themselves usually hit.

2\. Local officials are unable to undertake their usual work role, and
this often extends into the recovery period. Related to the observation
just made, local personnel specializing in catastrophic situations are
often unable for some time, both right after impact and into the
recovery period, to carry out their formal and organizational work
roles. This is because some local workers either are dead or injured,
and/or unable to communicate with or be contacted by their usual clients
or customers and/or are unable to provide whatever information,
knowledge or skills, etc. they can usually provide....

3\. Help from nearby communities cannot be provided. In many
catastrophes not only are all or most of the residents in a particular
community affected, but often those in nearby localities are also
impacted.... In short, catastrophes tend to affect multiple communities,
and often have a regional character. This kind of crisis, for instance,
can and does affect the massive convergence that typically descends upon
any stricken community after a disaster. In a disaster there is usually
only one major target for the convergence after a disaster. In a
catastrophe many nearby communities not only cannot contribute to the
inflow, but they themselves can become competing sources for an eventual
unequal inflow of goods, personnel, supplies and communication....

4\. Most, if not all, of the everyday community functions are sharply
and concurrently interrupted.

In a catastrophe, most if not all places of work, recreation, worship
and education such as schools totally shut down and the lifeline
infrastructures are so badly disrupted that there will be stoppages or
extensive shortages of electricity, water, mail or phone services as
well as other means of communication and transportation.... In such
kinds of situations, the damage to residential areas tends to be
correlated with similar destruction of nonresidential areas. Among other
things, it means that there are far more "social" facilities and
activities that need to be restored to "normal" functioning after a
catastrophe than after a disaster. Even in major disasters, there is no
such massive-across the board disruption of community life even if
particular neighborhoods may be devastated....

5\. The mass media system especially in recent times socially constructs
catastrophes even more than they do disasters. All disasters evoke at
least local mass media coverage. Some major disasters can attract
attention from outside the community media, but usually only for a few
days.... In catastrophes compared to disasters, the mass media differ in
certain important aspects. There is much more and longer coverage by
national mass media. This is partly because local coverage is reduced if
not totally down or out. There is a shift from the command point of view
that prevails in disasters to an Ernie Pyle approach ("six feet around
the foxhole") in catastrophes, especially by the electronic media....

6\. Finally, because of the previous five processes, the political arena
becomes even more important. All disasters of course involve, at a
minimum, local political considerations. But it is a radically different
situation when the national government and the very top officials become
directly involved. Even in very major disasters, a symbolic presence is
often all that is necessary. In catastrophes, that symbolism is not
enough, particularly for the larger society. Part of this stems from the
fact that catastrophes as happened in Katrina force to the surface
racial, class and ethnic differences that are papered over during
routine times. It is easy to take partisan political advantage of such
uncoverings especially when they go against widely held cultural values
and norms in democratic societies. Another reason is that organizational
weaknesses of responding organizations come even more to the surface.
The structural weakness of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) as a result of its subordinate position in the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS), as some disaster researchers had predicted for
at least three years, became a major problem in the response. The
considerable expertise that still existed in the lower level
professional ranks in FEMA could not make up for the badly organized
FEMA-DHS interface.

"...the qualitatively different demands and needs that surface in
catastrophes compared to disasters means that innovative and creative
actions and measures will be required far more in the former than the
latter. Actually any kind of crisis requires imagination in responding.
But the most is required by a catastrophe because there will be more
contingencies and unusual aspects in such occasions." (**Quarantelli**,
*Catastrophes are Different from Disasters*, 2006)

**Catastrophe:** "The difference between a disaster and a catastrophe is
that while disaster is when

needs exceed resources, catastrophe is when needs exceed all ability to
respond." (**Ramirez** 2007)

**Catastrophe:** "The difference between a catastrophe and a disaster is
crucial: State and local officials can be counted on to assess their
needs and direct federal response to a disaster. A catastrophe, however,
over-whelms state and local governments and requires a federal response
that anticipates needs instead of waiting for requests from below."
(**Rood**, 2005)

**Catastrophe:** "...for a given society might be defined as an event
leading to 500 deaths or \$10 million in damages. These figures,
however, are arbitrary since levels of impact mean different things to
different people in different situations. Furthermore, we cannot ignore
the element of scale. It would be a catastrophe for a small community if
every building were totally destroyed by flooding (as occurred in 1993
in Valmeyer, Illinois), but at the global scale, it would be an
insignificant event if only 350 houses were involved...Similarly, \$10
million in damage to some communities would be devastating...,
especially in less wealthy societies, but others would be able to cope
relatively easily" (**Tobin and Montz** 1997, 7).

"...a catastrophe not only disrupts society, but may cause a total
breakdown in day-to-day functioning. One aspect of catastrophes, is that
most community functions disappear; there is no immediate leadership,
hospitals may be damaged or destroyed, and the damage may be so great
and so extensive that survivors have nowhere to turn for help
(Quarantelli, 1994).[^5] In disaster situations, it is not unusual for
survivors to seek help from friends and neighbors, but this cannot
happen in catastrophes. In a disaster, society continues to operate and
it is common to see scheduled events continue..." **Tobin and Montz**
1997, 31).

**Catastrophe, Routine:** "...tornadoes, most floods, forest fires, and
the like -- which inevitably adversely affect many Americans in every
part of the country throughout every year. (**FSR***,* *Nation
Unprepared*, 2007, 3)

**Catastrophe Bonds:** "Catastrophe bonds are risk-based securities that
pay relatively high interest rates and provide insurance companies with
a form of reinsurance to pay catastrophe losses, such as those caused by
a major hurricane. They allow insurance risk to be sold to institutional
investors in the form of bonds, thus spreading risk." (**GAO**, *Natural
Disasters: Public Policy Options*..., Nov 2007, 43)

**Catastrophe-Linked Bonds:** "...unsecured obligations that pay
substantially higher interest rates than government or high-grade
corporate bonds of equivalent maturity, but whose principal or interest
is cancelable upon certain events or "triggers": those based on
catastrophe claims paid

by the specific insurer (indemnity CAT bonds) and those based on some
general indicator of catastrophe losses (index CAT bonds). The
cancellation feature is what gives the insurer protection and can make
the bond the functional equivalent of capital or reserves. The issuer
puts the proceeds of the bond issue "in the bank", as it were, and
doesn't have to pay the money back if a catastrophe trips the trigger."
(**Financial Services Roundtable** *Nation Unprepared* 2007, 50)

**Catastrophic Disaster:** An event that results in large numbers of
deaths and injuries; causes extensive damage or destruction of
facilities that provide and sustain human needs; produces an
overwhelming demand on State and local response resources and
mechanisms; causes a severe long-term effect on general economic
activity; and severely affects State, local, and private-sector
capabilities to begin and sustain response activities. Note: the
Stafford Act provides no definition for this term. (**FEMA,** *FRP
Appendix B*, 1992)

**Catastrophic Disaster:** "A Catastrophic Disaster is defined by: a
sudden event which results in tens of thousands of casualties and tens
of thousands of evacuees; response capabilities and resources of the
State and local jurisdiction will be overwhelmed; characteristics of the
precipitating event will severely aggravate the response strategy and
further tax the capabilities and resources available to the area; and
life saving support from outside the area will be required, and time is
of the essence; and likely to have long-term impacts within the incident
area as well as, to a lesser extent, on the Nation." (**Maxwell**,
*Report to NEMA on Disaster Operations Catastrophic Disaster Planning*,
October 2007, 1)

**Catastrophic Disaster:** "...the term \`catastrophic incident' means
any natural disaster, act of terrorism, or other man-made disaster that
results in extraordinary levels of casualties or damage or disruption
severely affecting the population (including mass evacuations),
infrastructure, environment, economy, national morale, or government
functions in an area;..." (**Public Law 109-295** (120 Stat. 1394),
*Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007*, p. 40)

**Catastrophic Disaster Planning Initiative, FEMA:** "The Catastrophic
Disaster Planning initiative is focused solely on catastrophic disasters
and, in cooperation with affected state and local governments will
identify the highest risk areas and examine loss estimates, current
response capabilities, anticipated response shortfalls, and
comprehensive planning strategies for addressing the shortfalls, to
include new legislative and executive action if necessary....
Information technology and modeling are being leveraged as part of the
project to develop interactive tools, services, and products to assist
federal, state, and local officials in catastrophic planning and
operational response. Products will include incident-specific response
plans for pre-selected geographic regions, based upon loss estimating
models and capability inventories of affected local, state and federal
responders, as well as planning templates that can be used for planning
for catastrophic incidents in other areas." (**Maxwell**, *Report to
NEMA on Disaster Operations Catastrophic Disaster Planning*, October
2007, pp. 1-2) \[See CDRP Initiative\]

**Catastrophic Disaster Response Group (CDRG)**: "The Catastrophic
Disaster Response Group

(CDRG) --- represents all FRP signatory departments and agencies at the
senior headquarters policy level." (**FEMA**, *US&R Incident Support
Team Training* (Instructor Guide Module 1), p.7; see also, **USACE**,
*Response Planning Guide*, 1995, p. 1-4)

**Catastrophic Disaster Response Plan/Planning (CDRP):** "HQUSACE will:
**...**Establish policies and procedures in support of requirements for
Catastrophic Disaster Response Planning (CDRP) for scenario specific
events." (**USACE**, *Response Planning Guide*, 1995, p. 1-2)

**Catastrophic Disaster Response Planning Initiative:** The "FEMA
Catastrophic Disaster Response Planning Initiatives are currently
focused on four specific geographic areas: Southeast Louisiana, New
Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), the State of Florida, and the State of
California." (**FEMA**, "Catastrophic Disaster Planning." FEMA Disaster
Operations Directorate, May 10, 2007)

**Catastrophic Disaster Response Planning Initiative:** "Using funding
appropriated for catastrophic planning in Fiscal Year 2006 and 2007,
FEMA implemented a Catastrophic Disaster Response Planning Initiative
(Initiative) that is designed to ensure that FEMA and its Federal,
Tribal, State, and local partners plan and prepare to effect an
appropriate, timely, and efficient response to a catastrophic disaster.
This Initiative will significantly enhance Federal disaster response
planning activities by focusing on catastrophic disasters: those
disasters that by definition will immediately overwhelm the existing
disaster response capabilities of Tribal, local and State governments.
In cooperation with State and local governments, this initiative will
identify high risk areas, develop loss estimates for such incidents,
assess and inventory current disaster response capabilities, anticipate
response shortfalls, and develop comprehensive planning strategies for
addressing such shortfalls and enhancing capabilities. Products
developed by the Initiative will include incident-specific response
plans for pre-selected geographic regions, based upon loss estimating
models and capability inventories of affected Tribal, local, State, and
Federal responders." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*, December 3,
2007, p. 1)

**Catastrophic Earthquake National Policy, 1982:** "It is the policy of
the United States to develop systems and plans to reduce the loss of
life, destruction of property, economic instabilities, and the adverse
impact on our national defense capability that would result from a
catastrophic earthquake. The program can reduce the effects of a
catastrophic earthquake by improving earthquake prediction, hazard and
risk assessment, warning systems, public education and awareness,
response and recovery; by developing further and applying earthquake
resistant design and construction techniques, and land use planning. The
initial action will be focused on California, but attention will be
focused later on other regions in consideration of their relative risk
from an earthquake. The program will increase capabilities to:

-   Evaluate current earthquake prediction activities, foster the
    application of advanced scientific and engineering techniques for
    prediction and mitigation, increase and accelerate basic and applied
    research efforts;

-   Develop a coordination and integration mechanism between Federal and
    State governments;

-   Identify and allocate financial, medical, transportation, shelter,
    communications, and other resources necessary to assist recovery
    operations;

-   Reduce the negative effects on military installations and defense
    related industries;

-   Ensure more effective public awareness programs to equip all levels
    of the populace with specific information to help them survive;

-   Promote international cooperation to increase scientific and
    engineering knowledge in applying mitigation measures;

-   Provide for the preparation, implementation, and exercising of
    preparedness procedures; and

-   Ensure the adequacy of current Federal legislation and regulations
    to facilitate an effective response." (**White House**, *NSDD-47*,
    July 22, 1982, pp. 8-9)

**Catastrophic Emergency:** "Any incident, regardless of location, that
results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage, or
disruption severely affecting the U.S. population, infrastructure,
environment, economy, or government functions." (**HSC**, *National
Continuity Policy Implementation Plan*, August 2007, p. 60; **DHS**,
*FCD 1*, Nov 2007, p. P-1))

**Catastrophic Emergency:** "Catastrophic Emergency' means any incident,
regardless of location, that results in extraordinary levels of mass
casualties, damage, or disruption severely affecting the U.S.
population, infrastructure, environment, economy, or government
functions." (**White House,** *HSPD-20*, May 9, 2007)

**Catastrophic Event:** "For purposes of this plan \[NRP 2004\], a
catastrophic event is any natural or manmade incident, including
terrorism, which leaves extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage
and disruption severely affecting the population, infrastructure,
environment, and economy. A catastrophic event results in sustained
national impacts over a prolonged period of time; exceeds resources
normally available in the local, State, Federal, and private sectors;
and significantly interrupt governmental operations and emergency
services to such an extent that national security could be threatened.
In contrast to a Major Disaster or Emergency as defined in the Stafford
Act, a catastrophic event is characterized as an incident of low or
unknown probability but extremely high consequences." (**DHS**,
*National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 60)

### Catastrophic Event: "Any natural or man-made incident, including terrorism, which results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage, or disruption severely affecting the population, infrastructure, environment, economy, national morale, and/or government functions." (DoD, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Catastrophic Event:** "What is a Catastrophic Event?

-   Tens of thousands of casualties and tens of thousands evacuees

-   Over taxed response capabilities and resources of numerous State and
    local jurisdictions

-   Significant need for life saving support from outside the immediate
    area.

-   Long term recovery impacts within the incident area as well as on
    the nation." (**FEMA**, *Planning for the "Big One,"* November 28,
    2007, slide 4)

-   "Will have National Economic Impacts

-   A catastrophic event can not be address by pedaling faster...

-   Current Policies will inhibit a cohesive & unified response across
    all disciplines

-   A catastrophic event requires ALL stakeholders

    -   To change the way business in conducted

    -   To be better prepared for longer (citizens)

    -   To utilize solutions from unexpected sources." (**FEMA**,
        *Catastrophic Disaster Planning IAEM Presentation*, November 12,
        2007, slides 24-25)

**Catastrophic Health Event:** "The term "catastrophic health event"
means any natural or manmade incident, including terrorism, that results
in a number of ill or injured persons sufficient to overwhelm the
capabilities of immediate local and regional emergency response and
health care systems." (**White House**, *HSPD 21*, October 18, 2007)

**Catastrophic Incident:** "The NRP identifies catastrophic incidents as
high-impact, low-probability incidents, including natural disasters and
terrorist attacks that result in extraordinary levels of mass
casualties, damage, or disruption and severely affect the population,
infrastructure, environment, economy, national morale, and/or government
functions." (**DHS**, 2007)

**Catastrophic Incident:** "Any natural or manmade incident, including
terrorism, which results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties,
damage, or disruption severely affecting the population, infrastructure,
environment, economy, and national morale and/or government functions. A
catastrophic event could result in sustained national impacts over a
prolonged period of time; almost immediately exceeds resources normally
available to State, local, tribal, and private sector authorities; and
significantly interrupts governmental operations and emergency services
to such an extent that national security could be threatened. All
catastrophic incidents are considered Incidents of National
Significance." (**DHS** *National Response Plan*, 2004, x)

According to DHS National Response Plan:

"A catastrophic incident results in large numbers of casualties and/or
displaced persons;

The incident may cause significant disruption of the area's critical
infrastructure, including transportation, telecommunications, and public
health and medical systems;

Response activities may have to begin without the benefit of a detailed
or complete situation and needs assessment because a detailed, credible
operating picture may not be possible for 24 to 48 hours of longer after
the incident;

The federal government may have to mobilize and deploy assets before
local and state governments request them via normal protocols because
timely federal support may be necessary to save lives, prevent
suffering, and mitigate severe damage; and,

Large numbers of people may be left temporarily or permanently homeless
and require temporary or longer-term interim housing." (**DHS**
*National Response Plan* 2004, at CAT-3)

**Catastrophic Incident:** "An urban or metropolitan area, or more
expansive geographical area encompassing a large aggregate population,
suffers a sudden, catastrophic incident resulting (either immediately or
over time) in tens of thousands of casualties (dead, dying, and injured)
and producing tens of thousands of evacuees and/or affected-in-place.
The response capabilities and resources of the local jurisdiction (to
include mutual aid from surrounding jurisdictions and response support
from the State) will be profoundly insufficient and quickly, if not
immediately, overwhelmed. In addition, characteristics of the
precipitating event, such as severe damage to critical and public
infrastructure and contamination concerns or other public health
implications, will severely aggravate the response strategy and further
tax the capabilities and resources available to the venue. Life saving
support from outside the area will be required, and time

is of the essence. A catastrophic incident is also likely to have
long-term impacts within the incident area as well as, to a lesser
extent, on the Nation." (**DHS**, (NRP) *Catastrophic Incident
Supplement to the National Response Plan*, April 2005, p. 6)

**Catastrophic Incident:** "A Catastrophic Incident is defined by:

• A sudden event which results in tens of thousands of casualties and
tens of thousands of evacuees

• Response capabilities and resources of the state and local
jurisdictions will be overwhelmed

• Characteristics of the precipitating event will severely aggravate the
response strategy and further tax the capabilities and resources
available to the area

• Life saving support from outside the area will be required, and time
is of the essence

• Likely to have long-term impacts within the incident area as well as,
to a lesser extent, on the Nation." (**FEMA**, *New Madrid Seismic Zone
Catastrophic Planning: Project Overview*, 2007)

**Catastrophic Incident:** "A catastrophic incident is a sudden event
that results in tens of thousands of casualties and tens of thousands of
evacuees. Due to the magnitude of the event, State and local resources
will be automatically overwhelmed and the precipitating event will
severely aggravate the response strategy and further tax the
capabilities and resources available to the area. The event will likely
have long-term impacts within the incident as well as, to a lesser
extent, on the Nation." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, October 10, 2007
Draft, p. 1)

**Catastrophic Incident:** "...the term 'catastrophic incident' means
any natural disaster, act of terrorism, or other man-made disaster that
results in extraordinary levels of casualties or damage or disruption
severely affecting the population (including mass evacuations),
infrastructure, environment, economy, national morale, or government
functions in an area." (**Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act
of 2006**, Title VI, Sec. 602 October 4, 2006, p. 1394)

**Catastrophic Incident:** "State and local governments are the first
line of emergency response in disasters. State and local governments
have fire, police, emergency medical services (EMS) and emergency
management agencies dedicated to disaster response. The recent White
House report on the Federal response to Hurricane Katrina described the
situation when normal emergency response to a disaster becomes a
response to a catastrophic incident:

> "However, in some instances, the State and local governments will be
> overwhelmed beyond their ability to satisfy their traditional roles in
> this system. Indeed, in some instances, State and local governments
> and responders may become victims themselves, prohibiting their
> ability to identify, request, receive, or deliver assistance. This is
> the moment of catastrophic crisis---the moment when 911 calls are no
> longer answered; the moment when hurricane victims can no longer be
> timely evacuated or evacuees can no longer find shelter; the moment
> when police no longer patrol the streets, and the rule of law begins
> to break down." (**White House**, *The Federal Response to Hurricane
> Katrina -- Lessons Learned*. February 2006, p. 18)

(**DOT,** *Catastrophic Hurricane Evacuation Plan Evaluation: Report to
Congress*, 2006, p. 2-1)

**Catastrophic Incident Annex (NRP 2004),** **Federal Response Guiding
Principles:** "Guiding principles for a proactive Federal catastrophic
incident response include the following:

a.  The primary mission is to save lives, protect property and critical
    infrastructure, contain the event, and protect the national
    security;

b.  Standard procedures regarding requests for assistance may be
    expedited, or under extreme

> circumstances, suspended in the immediate aftermath of an event of
> catastrophic magnitude;

c.  Pre-identified Federal response resources deploy and begin necessary
    operations as required

> to commence life-safety activities; and

d.  Notification and full coordination with States will occur, but
    disruptions in the coordination

> process will not delay or impede the rapid deployment of critical
> resources." (**DHS**, *Catastrophic Incident Annex* July 7, 2004
> Draft, pp. 4-5)

Catastrophic Incident Annex (National Response Plan, July 2004),
Planning Assumptions:

"1. A catastrophic event will result in large quantities of casualties
and/or displaced persons, possibly in the tens of thousands.

2\. A catastrophic mass casualty/mass evacuation incident will trigger a
Presidential disaster declaration, immediately or otherwise.

3\. The Secretary of Homeland Security will immediately designate the
event and Incident of National Significance and direct implementation of
the NRP-CIA.

4\. The nature and scope of such an event may include chemical,
biological, radiological, nuclear or high-yield explosive (CBRNE)
attacks, disease epidemics, major earthquakes/major hurricanes in
densely populated areas, and/or other natural or manmade hazards.

5\. Multiple events may occur simultaneously or sequentially in
contiguous and/or noncontiguous areas. Some incidents, such as a
biological WMD attack, may be dispersed over a large geographic area,
and lack a defined incident site.

6\. A catastrophic incident may occur with little or no warning. Some
incidents, such as rapid disease outbreaks, may be well underway before
being detected.

7\. The event will cause significant disruption of the area's critical
infrastructure to power, transportation, utilities, and communications
systems.

8\. The response capabilities and resources of the local jurisdiction
(to include mutual aid from surrounding jurisdictions and response
support from the State) may be insufficient and quickly overwhelmed.
Many local emergency personnel who normally respond to incidents will be
among those affected and unable to perform their duties.

9\. A detailed and credible common operating picture may not be
achievable for 24- 38 to 48 hours (or longer) after the incident. As a
result, response activities must begin without the benefit of a detailed
or complete situation and critical needs assessment.

10\. Federal support must be provided in a timely manner to save lives,
prevent human suffering, and mitigate severe damage. This may require
deploying assets before they are requested via normal NRP protocol.

11\. Large-scale evacuations, organized or self-directed, may occur.
More people initially will flee and seek shelter for attacks involving
CBRN agents than for natural events. The health-related implications of
an incident will aggravate attempts to implement a coordinated
evacuation management strategy.

12\. Large numbers of people may be left temporarily or permanently
homeless and may require prolonged temporary housing.

13\. A catastrophic incident may produce environmental impacts (e.g.,
persistent chemical, biological, or radiological contamination) that
severely challenge the ability and capacity of governments and
communities to achieve a timely recovery.

14\. A catastrophic incident will have unique dimensions/characteristics
requiring that response plans/strategies be flexible enough to
effectively address emerging needs and requirements.

15\. A catastrophic incident may have international dimensions. These
include potential impacts on cross-border trade, transit, law
enforcement coordination and other areas.

16\. If the incident is the result of terrorism, the Homeland Security
Advisory System (HSAS) level will likely be raised regionally, and
perhaps nationally. Elevation of the HSAS level carries additional
local, State, and Federal security enhancements that may affect the
availability of certain response resources." (**DHS**, *Catastrophic
Incident Annex* July 7, 2004 Draft, pp. 3-4)

C**atastrophic Incident Annex (NRF, July 2007 Comment Draft), Planning
Assumptions:**

-   "A catastrophic incident may result in large numbers of casualties
    and/or displaced persons, possibly in the tens to hundreds of
    thousands. During an incident response, priority is given to human
    life-saving operations.

-   The nature and scope of a catastrophic incident may immediately
    overwhelm State, tribal, and local response capabilities and require
    immediate Federal support.

-   A detailed and credible common operating picture may not be
    achievable for 24 to 48 hours (or longer) after the incident. As a
    result, response activities must begin without the benefit of a
    detailed or complete situation and critical needs assessment.

-   A catastrophic incident will trigger a Presidential disaster
    declaration, immediately or otherwise. The Secretary of Homeland
    Security or a designee implements the NRF-CIA/CIS.

-   The nature and scope of the catastrophic incident may include
    chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosive
    attacks, disease epidemics, cyber attacks, and major natural or
    manmade hazards.

-   A catastrophic incident has unique dimensions/characteristics
    requiring that response plans/strategies be flexible enough to
    effectively address emerging needs and requirements.

-   A catastrophic incident may occur with little or no warning. Some
    incidents, such as rapid disease outbreaks, may be well underway
    before detection.

-   Multiple incidents may occur simultaneously or sequentially in
    contiguous and/or non-contiguous areas. Some incidents, such as a
    biological WMD attack, may be dispersed over a large geographic area
    and lack a defined incident site.

-   A catastrophic incident may produce environmental impacts (e.g.,
    persistent chemical, biological, or radiological contamination) that
    severely challenge the ability and capacity of governments and
    communities to achieve a timely recovery.

-   Federal support must be provided in a timely manner to save lives,
    prevent human suffering, and mitigate severe damage. This may
    require mobilizing and deploying resources before they are requested
    via normal NRF protocols.

-   Large-scale evacuations, organized or self-directed, may occur. More
    people initially are likely to flee and shelter outside of areas
    involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear agents than
    for natural events. The health related implications of these
    incidents may aggravate attempts to implement a coordinated
    evacuation management strategy.

-   Large numbers of people may be left temporarily or permanently
    homeless and may require prolonged temporary housing.

-   A catastrophic incident may have significant international
    dimensions. These include impacts on the health and welfare of
    border community populations, cross-border trade, transit, law
    enforcement coordination, and other areas." (**DHS**, *National
    Response Framework, Catastrophic Incident Annex*, July 2007 Draft,
    pp. 4-5)

**Catastrophic Incident Annex (National Response Plan, July 2004),
Purpose:** "The Catastrophic Incident Annex to the National Response
Plan (NRP-CIA) establishes the strategy for implementing and
coordinating an accelerated, proactive national response to a
catastrophic incident." (**DHS**, *Catastrophic Incident Annex*, July 7,
2004 Draft, p. 1)

**Catastrophic Incident Annex (National Response Plan, December 2004),
Purpose:** "The Catastrophic Incident Annex to the National Response
Plan (NRP-CIA) establishes the context and overarching strategy for
implementing and coordinating an accelerated, proactive national
response to a catastrophic incident." (**DHS**, *Catastrophic Incident
Annex*, Dec. 2004, p. 1)

**Catastrophic Incident Annex (National Response Framework 2007),
Purpose and Scope:** "Purpose: The Catastrophic Incident Annex to the
National Response Framework (NRF-CIA) establishes the context and
overarching strategy for implementing and coordinating an accelerated,
proactive national response to a catastrophic incident. A more detailed
and operationally specific National Response Framework Catastrophic
Incident Supplement (NRF-CIS) is published independently of the NRF and
annexes.

Scope.... Recognizing that Federal and/or national resources are
required to augment overwhelmed State, tribal, and local response
efforts, the NRF-CIA establishes protocols to preidentify and rapidly
deploy key essential resources (e.g., medical teams, urban search and
rescue teams, transportable shelters, medical and equipment caches,
etc.) that are expected to be urgently needed/required to save lives and
contain incidents. Accordingly, upon designation by the Secretary of
Homeland Security of a catastrophic incident, Federal resources,
organized into incident-specific "packages," deploy in accordance with
the NRF-CIS and in coordination with the affected State and incident
command structure.

Where State, tribal, or local authorities are unable to establish or
maintain an effective incident command structure due to catastrophic
conditions, the Federal Government, at the direction of the Secretary of
Homeland Security may establish a unified command structure to save
lives, protect property, secure critical infrastructure/key resources,
contain the event, and protect national security. The Federal Government
shall transition to its normal role supporting incident command through
State, tribal, or local authorities when their command is
reestablished." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework, Catastrophic
Incident Annex*, July 2007 Draft, p. 1)

**Catastrophic Incident Annex (National Response Framework July 2007
Draft), Scope:** "The Catastrophic Incident Annex is primarily designed
to address no-notice or short-notice incidents of catastrophic
magnitude, where the need for Federal assistance is obvious and
immediate, where anticipatory planning and resource pre-positioning were
precluded, and where the exact nature of needed resources and assets is
not known. Appropriately tailored assets and responses identified in the
NRF-CIS, as well as other select Federal resources and assets, also may
be deployed in support of a projected catastrophic event (e.g., a major
hurricane) with advance warning in support of the anticipated requests
of State, tribal, and local authorities." (**DHS**, *National Response
Framework, Catastrophic Incident Annex*, July 2007 Draft, p. 2)

**Catastrophic Incident Planning:** "...planning for major catastrophic
events sponsored by FEMA is underway \[Florida, New Madrid Seismic Zone,
California South, California North, Hawaii\]. Subject matter experts,
planners and operators are deployed at the Federal, Regional, and State
levels. Their mission is to identify capability assessments, identify
planning seams, and achieve solutions. FEMA is developing and will
continue to enhance scenario-driven catastrophic planning that combines
planning and exercises that are realistic and reasonable and that
simulate the conditions and demands responders would face following a
catastrophic disaster." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, October 10, 2007
Draft, p. 5)

**Catastrophic Incident Planning Strategy:** "Achieving a robust and
sustainable national capability to rapidly and successfully meet the
immense challenges posed by an incident of catastrophic magnitude will
require a unified strategy supported by aggressive leadership, joint
collaboration, innovative thinking, significant funding, and national
resolve. To that end, this Strategy for Catastrophic Incident Planning
(SCIP) establishes a comprehensive and ambitious set of unified goals
and objectives, and will provide a baseline against which to identify,
validate, align and prioritize necessary capability-building
initiatives." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, October 10. 2007 Draft, p. 4)

**Catastrophic Incident Planning Strategic Goals:** "The SCIP shall
accomplish the following goals:

-   Creation of an ongoing operational framework consisting of
    collaborative partnerships among all FEMA directorates, other NRF
    agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs and private sector
    entities at the National, Regional, State, metropolitan, local and
    tribal levels.

-   Development on a continuing basis of comprehensive catastrophic
    planning solutions for selected natural hazards by working with the
    other Federal agencies, regions, and other Federal partners and
    under the auspices of the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform
    Act of 2006. In addition to the current planning efforts already
    underway, review additional scenarios for catastrophic planning
    development including all 15 National Planning Scenarios.

-   Establishment of clear-cut legal authorities, roles and
    responsibilities, lines of communication and coordination at all
    levels of government.

-   Implementation of state-of-the-art technology providing information
    management and document control for the dissemination, exchange, and
    transfer of plans, lessons learned, best practices, workshop
    schedules and related products.

-   Creation of an integrated, scenario-driven catastrophic planning
    methodology that combines planning and exercise phases.

-   Implementation of standardized plan templates and a planning
    developmental methodology at the National, Regional, State,
    metropolitan, local, and tribal levels.

-   Development of a Joint Catastrophic Disaster Steering Group (JCDSG)
    of representatives from key directorates (Disaster, Operations,
    Disaster Assistance, Mitigation, National Preparedness) that
    develops and revises goals, policies, doctrines, funding, and
    long-range plans, and provides integration and coordination with new
    initiatives within FEMA and with other Federal agencies, as well as
    NGOs.

-   Creation of an annual national conference fro all stakeholders to
    provide a forum for the reporting of research results and planning
    efforts in order to support, inform, integrate and enhance
    catastrophic plans.

-   Creation of a five-year plan, developed by the JCDSG (in conjunction
    with other stakeholders). This plan will address the identified
    goals and objectives, funding, selected metropolitan areas,
    scenarios, and specific target dates for local jurisdictions to
    achieve self-sustaining programs." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*,
    October 10, 2007 Draft, pp. 6-7)

**Catastrophic Incident Planning Vision:** "By end of fiscal year 2013,
functional planning annexes will prepare the nation to respond to the
unique characteristics of all-hazard catastrophic events on a national
level and for 21 regional locales around the nation. These will
facilitate a coordinated national preparedness and response capability
which integrates operations and resources at all levels of government
and the private sector." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, October 10, 2007,
p.6)

**Catastrophic Task Force (CATF) Exercises:** "...in the months before
Hurricane Kat­rina, the HSC \[Homeland Security Council\] created some
confusion at the inter­agency level by launching the Catastrophic
Assessment Task Force (CATF) exercises, which competed with the NEP
\[National Exercise Program\] exercises. The CATF exer­cises were
Cabinet-level exercises aimed at chal­lenging the federal government\'s
ability to respond to a major event. The procedural problem with the
CATF exercises was that other departments and agencies, except for the
Defense Department with its massive planning staff, simply did not have
enough qualified personnel to participate fully in both the NEP and the
CATF exercises.

"The substantive problem with the CATF exer­cises was that they were so
complex and cata­strophic (and largely implausible) that the lessons
learned from them were either obvious without the exercise or too
expensive to the point that no Presi­dent would request the required
resources and no Congress would pay for them. For example, a CATF
scenario might indicate that the nation needed 20,000 surge hospital
beds for third-degree burn victims, the supplies to treat the 20,000
burn vic­tims, and the large numbers of medical personnel to treat the
victims. This would require billions of dol­lars, an enormous increase in
the number of college and medical school students specializing in burn
treatment, and other costly changes just for one ele­ment of the CATF
response.

"The CATF exercises simply demonstrated that the United States could not
deal with two nearly simultaneous nuclear detonations followed closely
by a Category Five hurricane on the East Coast and an earthquake on the
West Coast measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale. This is not a surprise.
One senior official referred to the CATF scenarios as the \"Book of
Revelations\" because of their apocalyptic nature.

'The CATF frustrated rather than accelerated the interagency planning
effort. Subsequently, the DHS was able to fold the CATF exercises into
the NEP schedule and to construct more realistic scenarios based on the
NPS so that Cabinet members could constructively explore strategic
policy issues that needed to be resolved." (**Mayer and Carafano**,
October 24, 2007)

**Categories of Hazardous Diseases/Agents:** "The Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention classifies potential dangers to public health and
safety by dividing them into three categories, based on their potential
for harm.

*Category A Diseases/Agents:*

The U.S. public health system and primary healthcare providers must be
prepared to address various biological agents, including pathogens that
are rarely seen in the United States. High-priority agents include
organisms that pose a risk to national security because they can be
easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person; result in high
mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact;
might cause public panic and social disruption; and

require special action for public health preparedness.

*Category B Diseases/Agents:*

Second highest priority agents include those that are moderately easy to
disseminate; result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates;
and require specific enhancements of CDC\'s diagnostic capacity and
enhanced disease surveillance.

*Category C Diseases/Agents:*

Third highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that could be
engineered for mass dissemination in the future because of availability;
ease of production and dissemination; and

potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health
impact." (**HHS**, *Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act Progress
Report*, November 2007, Appendix 3, p. 1)

**CATF:** Catastrophic Assessment Task Force exercises.

**CATS:** Consequence Assessment Tool Set, ACECenter/DTRA/DOD.
(**DTRA**, *CATS*)

**CAV:** Community Assistance Visit. (**FEMA**, *CAV*, 2007)

**CB:** Citizen's Band.

**CBCP.** Certified Business Continuity Professional. (**DigitalCare**,
*State of OR BC Workshop*)

**CBDRM:** Community Based Disaster Risk Management. (**ProVention
Consortium**, 2006)

**CBF:** Critical Business Functions. (DigitalCare, Inc., State of OR BC
Workshop 2002, 42)

**CBIRF:** Chemical/Biological Incident Response Force, USMCorps.
(**DoD**, *Verga*, 2007, p. 6)

**CBO:** Community Based Organization. (**CA OES**, *SEMS Guidelines*,
2006, Glossary, p. 5)

**CBP:** Customs and Border Protection, DHS.

**CBR:** Chemical, Biological, and Radiological. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*,
Dec 2007, Glossary-1)

**CBRA:** Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982. (**FEMA**, *CBRS
History*, 2006)

**CBRNE:** Chemical, Biological, Radiation, Nuclear and Explosive
Weapons. (**HSC**, *NCPIP*, 66)

**CBRNE Consequence Management:** "CBRNE CM encompasses CM actions taken
to address the consequences from all deliberate and inadvertent releases
of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear agents or substances, and
high-yield explosives with potential to cause mass casualties and large
levels of destruction. An exception is response to accidents or
incidents involving US nuclear weapons in DOD or Department of Energy
custody. CBRNE CM, is normally managed at the national level (US or HN
governments), with DOD providing support as directed. During combat
operations, DOD leads the operational response in reaction to an
incident involving US forces and allies.... CBRNE CM includes those
measures and methods of responding to CBRNE events to alleviate damage,
loss of life, hardship or suffering caused by the incident, protect
public health and safety, emergency restoration of essential government
services and infrastructure, and provide emergency relief to
governments, businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of
a CBRNE situation. The method of response will include use of standing
contingency plans and procedures to determine what forces and
capabilities are required and committed in support of requests for
assistance." (**JCS/DoD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP 3-41), 2006, p. vi; see, also,
p. I-2)

**CBRNE Consequence Management Chain of Command:** "**The joint force
chain of command and civilian oversight within DOD will be clear.** The
joint task force (JTF)-CBRNE CM commander reports directly to the
supported combatant commander (CCDR), who in turn reports to the SecDef
and the President. Within DOD, the Assistant Secretary of Defense
(Homeland Defense) (ASD\[HD\]) is the principal civilian advisor to the
SecDef on domestic CM activities for CBRNE incidents." (**JCS/DoD**,
*CBRNE CM* (JP 3-41), 2006, p. I-3) \[Bold emphasis in the original.\]

**CBRNE Consequence Management Command and Control:** "The joint force
conducting CBRNE CM will usually be in support of a Federal agency. The
SecDef always retains control of Federal (Title 10) military forces
providing CBRNE CM. The state governors, through the adjutants general,
control National Guard forces when those forces are performing active
duty in their state role and when performing active duty under Title 32,
United States Code (USC). The JFC remains within the normal chain of
command for military forces from the President, as

Commander in Chief, to the SecDef, to the CCDR. If the JFC is a National
Guardsman, the

individual can maintain dual Title 10/Title 32 authority over forces, if
agreed to by the President

and the state governor. National Guard soldiers and airmen may serve
either in a Federal status

like other reserve soldiers, or in a state status (state active duty or
Title 32 status) under the

command of the governor. When serving in their home state for disaster
relief, they typically

will serve in state status. National Guard soldiers and airmen serving
in state status are not

subject to the Posse Comitatus Act (PCA), (18 USC Section 1385), which
generally prohibits

Service members in Title 10/Federal status from engaging in civilian law
enforcement activities

(unless constitutional or statutory exceptions apply). Some state laws,
however, also restrict the

law enforcement activities that can be performed by National Guard
members even when in

state status. Statutory exceptions to the PCA include the Insurrection
Act and Federal laws that

allow the Attorney General to ask the SecDef to authorize the use of
active duty forces to assist

in law enforcement activities after a CBRN incident. The JFC normally
provides support when

civil authorities request DOD support, evaluated by DOD authorities and
approved by SecDef

or designated representative. The evaluation criteria used by DOD
authorities includes legality

(compliance with laws), lethality (potential use of lethal force by or
against DOD forces), risk

(safety of DOD forces), cost (who pays, impact on DOD budget),
appropriateness (whether the

requested mission is in the interest of DOD to conduct), and readiness
(impact on DOD's ability

to perform its primary mission). Planning an effective, proactive
response to mitigate a CBRNE

event includes considerations that contribute to saving lives,
preventing injuries, reducing human

suffering, providing temporary critical life support, and providing
shelter to the affected populace." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE Consequence
Management* (JP 3-41, 2006, p. II-1)

**CBRNE Consequence Management Response Force, DoD (CCMRF):** "personnel
organized in force packages to perform missions across the CBRNE
spectrum. CCMRF capabilities

include medical, decontamination, command and control, communications,
logistics,

transportation and public affairs assets." (FEMA, Statement of Glenn
Cannon, 2007, p. 11)

**CBRNE Detection Capability Definition:** "The preventative Chemical,
Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Detection
capability provides the ability to detect CBRNE materials at points of
manufacture, transportation, and use. It is important to note that the
activities and tasks described in this capability will be carried out
individually for each specific agent, rather than for all agents at the
same time. Therefore, when considering critical tasks and preparedness
measures, each task and measure should be applied separately to each
CBRNE agent. For example, in considering whether technical support (or
"reachback") is

available, rad/nuc "reachback" is considerably different from chemical,
biological, or explosive

"reachback". Preparedness in one or more of the CBRNE areas does not
equate to preparedness across the entire CBRNE detection spectrum.

"This capability includes the detection of CBRNE material through area
monitoring, but does not include detection by their effects (i.e., signs
or symptoms) on humans and animals. Such population level monitoring is
addressed, respectively, in the Epidemiological Surveillance and
Investigation and Animal Disease Emergency Support capabilities. The
CBRNE Detection capability includes the identification and communication
of CBRNE threats, but does not include actions taken to prevent an
incident or respond to the consequences of a CBRNE incident, which are
also addressed in other capabilities.

"The CBRNE Detection capability includes technology, as well as the
capacity to recognize potential CBRNE threats through equipment,
education, and effective protocols. Training, communication, close
coordination with key partners, including intelligence, law enforcement,
public safety, public health, and international partners, and public and
private sector awareness of CBRNE threats are all recognized as critical
enablers for this capability. However, only CBRNE detection-specific
tasks within these crosscutting elements have been identified in the
discussion of this capability." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 115)

**CBRNE Enhanced Response Force Package (CERFP):** "The CERFP is
composed of four elements staffed by personnel from already established
National Guard units. The elements are search and extraction,
decontamination, medical, and command and control. The CERFP command and
control team directs the overall activities of the CERFP and coordinates
with the Joint Task Force - State and the Incident Commander. The CERFP
search and extraction element mission is assigned to an Army National
Guard Engineering Battalion, the decontamination element mission is
assigned to an Army National Guard Chemical Battalion, and the medical
element mission is assigned to an Air National Guard Medical Group. The
security duties are performed by the state National Guard Quick Response
Force. The initial establishment of CERFPs placed at least one in each
FEMA Region. There are currently 12 validated CERFPs. An additional five
CERFPs have been authorized and funded by Congress, to include full-time
manning and equipment. When an incident occurs within a team\'s response
area, they are alerted through their State Headquarters and mobilized on
State Active Duty. If the incident is located within their state, they
would proceed to the incident when directed by their JFHQ. If the
incident is located outside of their state, their State Headquarters
would coordinate with the receiving state under the terms agreed to in
the Emergency Mutual Aid Compact or EMAC.

After arriving at the incident site, the command and control team and
element commanders coordinate with the incident commander and JTF
Commander to determine how to most effectively employ the CERFP."
(**NGB**, *CERFP Fact Sheet*, 2007; see, also **DoD**, *Statement of
Verga*, July 19, 2007, p. 5, and **Blum**, July 19, 2007, p. 5)

**CBRNE Incidents. "**During a CBRNE incident, CBRNE CM \[Consequence
Management\] efforts must make the preservation of life a priority. This
is a significant shift in mindset for JFCs \[Joint Force Commands\],
staff personnel, and CBRNE CM planners." (**JCS/DoD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP
3-41), 2006, p. I-4) "Regardless of the nature of the toxic chemical,
CBRNE CM operations will focus on life saving and prevention of further
injury tasks to include: responding immediately to treat identified
casualties; securing and decontaminating the area to prevent spreading
of the chemical; decontaminating people possibly exposed; and providing
support to a displaced populace. In many instances, chemical warfare
individual protective equipment does not provide protection from toxic
materials nor is it certified for use in support of civilian authorities
outside of a battlefield environment." (**JCS/DoD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP
3-41), 2006, p. I-6)

**CBRS:** Coastal Barrier Resource System. (**FEMA**, *CBRS*, 2007)

**CbT:** Combating Terrorism. (*DOD Dictionary of Military and Related
Terms*, 2007)

**CBZP:** Chemical Buffer Zone Protection Program, DHS.

**CCA:** Comprehensive Cooperative Agreements.

**CCA:** Continuity Communications Architecture. (**HSC**, *NCPIP*,
August 2007, p. 60)

**CCAB:** Continuity Communications Architecture Board. (**DHS**, *FCD
1*, Nov. 2007, p. 18)

**CCDR**: Combatant Commander. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec 2007,
Glossary-1)

**CCERP:** California Catastrophic Earthquake Readiness Response Plan.
(**Maxwell**, *Report to NEMA*, 2007)

**CCIR:** Commander's Critical Information Requirement. (**DA**,
*WMD-CST Ops*, 2007, Gloss-1)

**CCMRF:** CBRNE Consequence Management Response Force, DoD.

**CCP:** Citizen Corps Program.

**CD V-715:** Radiological Survey Meter (0-500 r/hr). (**USACE**, *ERS
Annex B*, 1985, p. B-7)

**CD C-700:** Radiological Survey Meter (0-150 mr/hr) (**USACE**, *ERS
Annex B*, 1985, p. B-7)

**CD V-750:** Dosimeter Charger. (**USACE**, *ERS Annex B*, 1985, p.
B-7)

**CD-V-717**: Remote Survey Meter, (0-500 r/hr). (**USACE**, *ERS Annex
B*, 1985, p. B-7)

**CD-V-742:** Dosimeter (**USACE**, *ERS Annex B*, 1985, p. B-7)

**CDBG:** Community Development Block Grant, Depart. of Housing and
Urban Development.

**CDC:** Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HHS.

**CDC:** Certain Dangerous Cargo. (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*,
December 2007, p. iv)

**CDMHA:** Center for Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance,
USF.

**CDP:** Center for Domestic Preparedness.

**CDRARNORTH:** Commander, US Army North.

**CDRP**: Catastrophic Disaster Response Plan. (**DOA/USCOE**,
*Anchorage Earthquake CDRP*, January 11, 2005)

**CDRUSJFCOM:** Commander, US Joint Forces Command.

**CDRUSNORTHCOM**: Commander U.S. Northern Command (NORTHCOM).

**CDRUSPACOM:** Commander, US Pacific Command.

**CDRUSSOCOM:** Commander, US Special Operations Command.

**CDRUSSOUTHCOM:** Commander, US Southern Command.

**CDRUSSTRATCOM:** Commander, US Strategic Command.

**CDRUSTRANSCOM:** Commander, US Transportation Command.

**CDS:** Civil Defense System (s).

**CDUEP:** Civil Defense University Extension Program, DCPA. Defunct.

**CEA:** California Earthquake Authority.

**CEM:** Certified Emergency Manager (IAEM managed credential).

**CEM:** Comprehensive Emergency Management.

**CEMP:** Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan. (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 23)

**Certain Dangerous Cargo (CDC):** A US Coast Guard designation. "CDCs
are defined in 33 C.F.R. § 160.204, a section of Coast Guard regulations
that addresses ports and waterways safety. The list primarily includes
nonenergy products that are flammable, toxic, or explosive, such as
chlorine and sulfur dioxide." LNG and LPG are also on the USCG's CDC
list. (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*, December 2007, p. 43)

**Center of Gravity Analysis:** Joint Publication (JP) 5-0 (Draft 2),
*Doctrine for Joint Planning Operations*: "The most important task
confronting campaign planners in this process is being able to identify
friendly and adversary strategic centers of gravity; that is, the
sources of

strength, power, and resistance." (**JCS/DOD**, *DJPA*, December 2002,
p. IV-12)

**Center for Domestic Preparedness (Anniston, Alabama.):** "The Center
for Domestic Preparedness (CDP) provides a unique environment and
opportunity to offer specialized advanced training to state and local
emergency responders in the management and remediation of incidents of
domestic terrorism, especially those involving chemical agents and other
toxic substances.... The Center was created by a Congressional directive
to:

*Establish a National, State, and Local Public Training Center for First
Responders to domestic terrorist acts at Fort McClellan. The Center will
serve as a training facility for all relevant federally supported
training efforts that target state and local law enforcement,
firefighters, emergency medical personnel, and other key agencies such
as public works and state and local emergency management agencies. The
focus of the training is to prepare relevant state and local officials
to deal with chemical, biological, or nuclear terrorist acts and handle
incidents dealing with hazardous materials.*" (**DOJ**, *ODP Fact
Sheet*)

**CERFP:** CBRNE Enhanced Response Force Package.

**Certified Business Continuity Professional** (**CBCP):** "DRII\'s CBCP
certification is reserved for individuals who have demonstrated their
knowledge and experience in the business continuity / disaster recovery
industry. The CBCP level is designed for an individual with a minimum of
two years of experience as a business continuity/disaster recovery
planner." (**ISSA**, 2007)

**Central HAZUS Users Group (CHUG):** The CHUG (Central HAZUS Users
Group) provides a means of collaboration between HAZUS-MH users within
FEMA Region 5. This group looks at software challenges, HAZUS-MH
projects, and the overall general use of HAZUS-MH software. The main
goal of the CHUG is to maximize the potential of HAZUS-MH within the
region. Sharing the successes and challenges between users helps bring
the entire region together in planning for natural disasters."
(**FEMA**, "HAZUS User Groups Success Story: CHUG, Expanding HAZUS Use
in FEMA Region 5," October 22, 2007)

**Central Training School (Civil Defense), Stillwater, OK:** Opened July
30, 1951 to serve 20 States. (**FCDA**, *Annual Report 1951*, 1952, p.
23). Closed on August 15, 1952 due to reduced Congressional funding.
(**FCDA**, *Annual Report for 1952*, p. 169)

**Central United States Earthquake Consortium:** "The Central U.S.
Earthquake Consortium is a partnership of the federal government and the
eight states most affected by earthquakes in the central United States. 
Those states are: Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,
Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee. Established in 1983 with funding
support from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, CUSEC\'s primary
mission is, '\... the reduction of deaths, injuries, property damage and
economic losses resulting from earthquakes in the Central United
States.' CUSEC serves as a 'coordinating hub' for the region, performing
the critical role of coordinating the multi-state efforts of the central
region. Its coordinating role is largely facilitative and not as the
primary implementer of emergency management functions which is the
responsibility of each individual state." (**CUSEC**, *CUSEC Mission and
Goals*, webpage)

**CEPIN:** Community Emergency Preparedness Information Network.
<http://www.cepintdi.org/>

**CEPP**: Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program. (**EPA**, *Technical
Guidance for Hazards Analysis: Emergency Planning for Extremely
Hazardous Substances*, 1987, p. 1-5)

**CERC:** Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication. (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 309)

**CERCLA:** Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act of 1980.

**CERFP:** CBRNE Enhanced Response Force Packages, National Guard.
(**DoD**, *Statement of Verga*, July 19, 2007)

**CERT:** Citizen Emergency Response Team.

**CERT:** Computer Emergency Response Team. (**DSB**, *Protecting the
Homeland*, 2001, p. F-3)

**CEU:** Continuing Education Unit.

**CFC:** Chlorofluorocarbons. (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossar*y, 1992, 21)

**CFDA:** Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.

**CFI:** Critical Facility Inventory. (**FL DEM**, *CFI-RSFI, SOG*,
2003)

**CFR:** Code of Federal Regulations.

**CG:** Commanding General. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, 2007, Glossary-1)

**Chain of Command:** "A series of command, control, executive, or
management positions in hierarchical order of authority." (**DHS**,
*NIMS*, 2004, p. 128)

**Chain of Command: "**The orderly line of authority within the ranks of
the incident management organization." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA
501/Draft), August 2007, p. 148)

**Chain of Command and Unity of Command, Incidence Management:** "Chain
of command refers to the orderly line of authority within the ranks of
the incident management organization. Unity of command means that every
individual has a designated supervisor to whom they report at the scene
of the incident. These principles clarify reporting relationships and
eliminate the confusion caused by multiple, conflicting directives.
Incident managers at all levels must be able to control the actions of
all personnel under their supervision." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 11)

**Checklist Exercise:** "A method used to exercise a completed disaster
recovery plan. This type of exercise is used to determine if the
information such as phone numbers, manuals, equipment, etc. in the plan
is accurate and current." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*,
2006, p. 50)

**Chemical Accident:** "Accidental release occurring during the
production, transportation or handling of hazardous chemical
substances." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Mgmt. Glossary*, 1992, 21)

**Chemical Agents:** "(1) Chemical agents include any chemical substance
which, is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously
injure, or incapacitate through its physiological effects. In contrast,
TICs \[Toxic Industrial Chemicals\] include any chemical substances in
solid, liquid, aerosolized, or gaseous form that may be used, or stored
for use, for industrial, commercial, medical, military, or domestic
purposes that produce toxic impact to personnel, materials, and
infrastructure.

"(2) When distinguished by their effects on human physiology, chemical
agents fall into five categories: blood (cyanide compounds), blister
(vesicants), choking (pulmonary agents),

incapacitating, and nerve. Chemical agents may also be categorized by
their persistency. Agents

are described as persistent when, after release, they may remain in the
environment for hours to

days and nonpersistent when they remain for 10 to 15 minutes. Persistent
agents are primarily

contact hazards while nonpersistent agents are primarily inhalation
hazards.

\(3\) The greatest risk with TICs lies in exposure to inhaled chemicals,
but emergency

responders may receive lethal or incapacitating dosage through ingestion
or absorption through

the eyes or skin. A variety of industries use and produce chemicals that
pose hazards to individuals if exposed to sufficient quantities or
concentrations. In many instances, chemical warfare individual
protective equipment does not provide protection from TICs (e.g.,
chlorine gas, sulfuric acid)." (**JCS/DoD**, *CBNHE CM* (JP 3-41), 2006,
p. I-5)

**Chemical Agents:** "Chemical agents are poisonous vapors, aerosols,
liquids, and solids that have toxic effects on people, animals, or
plants. They can be released by bombs or sprayed from aircraft, boats,
and vehicles. They can be used as a liquid to create a hazard to people
and the environment. Some chemical agents may be odorless and tasteless.
They can have an immediate effect (a few seconds to a few minutes) or a
delayed effect (2 to 48 hours). While potentially lethal, chemical
agents are difficult to deliver in lethal concentrations. Outdoors, the
agents often dissipate rapidly. Chemical agents also are difficult to
produce." (**FEMA**, *Chemical Threats*, March 21, 2006)

**Chemical Agents:** "According to CDC, there are over 80 chemical
agents that can kill or seriously injure a person.[^6] Of these, 60 or
so are toxic substances that could be used as chemical weapons by
terrorists. Many of these are common commercial and industrial chemicals
that can be easily weaponized." (**Trust for America's Health**, *Ready
or Not? 2007*, p. 29)

**Chemical Attack: "**A chemical attack could come without warning.
Signs of a chemical release include people having difficulty breathing;
experiencing eye irritation; losing coordination; becoming nauseated; or
having a burning sensation in the nose, throat, and lungs. Also, the
presence of many dead insects or birds may indicate a chemical agent
release." (**FEMA**, *Chemical Threats*, March 21, 2006)

**Chemical/Biological Incident Response Force, U.S. Marines:** "In the
event of a chemical or biological incident, the Emergency Services
Sector (ESS) can obtain support from the Chemical/Biological Incident
Response Force (CBIRF), an element of II Marine Expeditionary Force (II
MEF), U.S. Marine Forces Command (MARFORCOM). Located in Indian Head,
MD, CBIRF forward-deploys and/or responds by land, sea, or air worldwide
to credible threats of chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear
(CBRNE) events on short notice. Once on scene, CBIRF activities include
reconnaissance (detecting and identifying threats), rescue and
extraction (confined space rescue, trench rescue, vehicle and advanced
rope rescue, and collapsed structure stabilization and rescue), medical
care in "hot zones," decontamination, explosive ordnance disposal
(render Improvised Explosive Devices safe), command and control
(critical network communications), and logistics (self-contained,
self-sufficient task-organized unit). To receive the Force's assistance
at the local level, the senior elected official (e.g., mayor) must
contact the governor, who formally requests CBIRF.... CBIRF personnel
also have performed hundreds of evaluations of commercial off-the-shelf
items that enhance personal protection equipment, detection, and
decontamination of agents. CBIRF interacts with all standards-writing
organizations, and works on an ongoing basis to improve research,
development and acquisition of new equipment." (**EMR-ISAC**, INFOGRAM
42-07, October 25, 2007; see, also, **DoD**, *Statement of Verga*, July
17, 2007, p. 6))

**Chemical/Biological Incident Response Force (CBIRF) Background:** "In
1995, then Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Krulak provided
planning guidance that stated the need for a strategic organization to
respond to the growing chemical/biological threat. The Commandant\'s
Warfighting Laboratory developed the concept for the establishment of
CBIRF in 1996. As a result of this concept development, CBIRF was formed
during the spring of 1996. CBIRF is currently located 26 miles from the
District of Columbia." (**CBIRF**, "The Background of CBIRF," 2007)

**Chemical/Biological Incident Response Force (CBIRF) Mission:** "When
direct, forward- deploy and/or respond to a credible threat of a
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, or High Yield explosive
(CBRNE) incident in order to assist local, state, or federal agencies
and Unified Combat Commanders in the conduct of consequence management
operations. CBIRF accomplishes this mission be providing capabilities
for agent detection and identification; casualty search, rescue, and
personnel decontamination; and emergency medical care and stabilization
of contaminated personnel." (**CBIRF,** *CBIRF Mission*, 2007)

**Chemical, Biological, Radiation, Nuclear, Explosive Weapons**
(**CBRNE).** (**HSC**, *NCPIP*, 66)

**Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-yield Explosives
Consequence Management:** "The consequence management activities for all
deliberate and inadvertent

releases of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield
explosives that are undertaken when directed or authorized by the
President. Also called CBRNE CM." (**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military
and Related Terms*, 2007)

### Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-yield Explosive Hazards: "Those chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive elements that pose or could pose a hazard to individuals. Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive hazards include those created from accidental releases, toxic industrial materials (especially air and water poisons), biological pathogens, radioactive matter, and high-yield explosives. Also included are any hazards resulting from the deliberate employment of weapons of mass destruction during military operations. Also called CBRNE hazards." (*DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-yield Explosives
Incident:** "An emergency resulting from the deliberate or unintentional
release of nuclear, biological, radiological, or toxic or poisonous
chemical materials, or the detonation of a high-yield explosive. Also
called CBRNE incident." (*DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*,
2007)

**Chemical Facility:** "Any establishment that possesses or plans to
possess, at any relevant point in time, a quantity of a chemical
substance determined by the Secretary \[DHS\] to be potentially
dangerous or that meets other risk-related criteria identified by the
Department." (**DHS,** *Chemical-Terrorism Vulnerability Information*,
November 2007, Glossary, p. 1)

**Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS):** "Responsibility
for chemical security is shared among federal, state, and local
governments, as well as the private sector. The Department of Homeland
Security has issued Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards for any
facility that manufactures, uses, stores, or distributes certain
chemicals above a specified quantity." (**DHS**, "Critical
Infrastructure: Chemical Security." November 2, 2007.

**Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) Background:** "In
2005 and 2006, the Secretary of Homeland Security identified the need
for legislation authorizing DHS to develop and implement a framework to
regulate the security of high-risk chemical facilities in the United
States. In October 2006, Congress passed and the President signed the
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2007, which in
Section 550 authorizes DHS to require high-risk chemical facilities to
complete security vulnerability assessments, develop site security
plans, and implement risk-based measures designed to satisfy DHS-defined
risk-based performance standards. The Act also authorized DHS to enforce
compliance with the security regulations, including conducting audits
and inspections of high-risk facilities, imposing civil penalties of up
to \$25,000 per day, and shutting down facilities that fail to comply
with the regulations.... Under the rule, if a facility possesses a
chemical of interest at or above the screening threshold quantity, the
facility must complete and submit a consequence assessment known as a
Top-Screen. A facility must do so within 60 calendar days of the
publication of a final Appendix A or within 60 calendar days of coming
into possession of the listed chemicals at or above the listed STQs
\[Screening Threshold Quantities\]." (**DHS**, *Fact Sheet: CFATS:
Appendix A*, Nov. 2, 2007, p. 1)

"Appendix A \[CFATS\] lists approximately 300 chemicals of interest and
includes common industrial chemicals such as chlorine, propane and
anhydrous ammonia as well as specialty chemicals such as arsine and
phosphorus trichloride. Facilities that possess chemicals of interest at
or above the listed screening threshold quantities are required to
complete the Top-Screen within 60 calendar days of the publication of
Appendix A." (**DHS**, "DHS Publishes Chemicals of Interest List for
Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards," November 2, 2007)

**Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) Risk-Based Facility
Tiering:** "The Department has developed a risk-based tiering structure
that will allow it to focus resources on the high-risk chemical
facilities. To that end, the Department \[DHS\] will assign facilities
to one of four risk-based tiers ranging from high (Tier 1) to low (Tier
4) risk. Assignment of tiers is based on an assessment of the potential
consequences of a successful attack on assets associated with chemicals
of interest. \[DHS\] uses information submitted by facilities through
the Chemical Security Assessment Tool Top Screen and Security
Vulnerability Assessment processes to identify a facility's risk, which
is a function of the potential impacts of an attack (consequences), the
likelihood that an attack on the facility would be successful
(vulnerabilities), and the likelihood that such an attack would occur at
the facility (threat).  All facilities that were individually requested
by the Assistant Secretary or that meet the criteria in Appendix A must
complete the CSAT Top Screen.... The highest tier facilities, or Phase 1
facilities, are those specifically requested by the Assistant Security
to complete the Top Screen.... Preliminarily tier 1, 2, and 3 facilities
must subsequently submit a CSAT Security Vulnerability Assessment.  Tier
4 facilities may submit an Alternative Security Program (ASP) for
\[DHS\] to consider... Tier 3 and 4 facilities may choose to submit an
Alternative Security Plan for the Site Security Plan for consideration
by the Department...." (**DHS**, "Risk for CFATS." November 1, 2007, p.
1)

**Chemical Incidents:** "Chemical Incidents are characterized by the
rapid onset of medical symptoms (minutes to hours) and easily observed
signatures (colored residue, dead foliage, pungent odor, dead insects
and animals)." (**DOT**, *Emergency Response Guidebook*, 2004, 354)

**Chemical Sector Buffer Zone Protection Grant Program: "**The Chemical
Sector Buffer Zone Protection Grant Program is a targeted effort that
provides funds to build security and risk management capabilities at the
state and local level for chemical sector critical infrastructure

from acts of terror and other hazards. Chemical Sector Buffer Zone
funding is specifically

focused on enhancing the protection of facilities that, if attacked,
could cause Weapons of Mass

Destruction (WMD)-like effects." (**DHS**, "DHS Awards \$399 Million in
Grants to Secure the Nation's Critical Infrastructure" (Press Release),
September 25, 2006)

**Chemical Security Assessment Tool (CSAT):** "The Chemical Security
Assessment Tool (CSAT) is the \[DHS\] system for collecting and
analyzing key data from chemical facilities to

register for CSAT, identify facilities that present a high level of
risk, support the preliminary and final tiering decisions for individual
high-risk facilities, assess a facility's security vulnerabilities,
and evaluate a facility's security plan to address vulnerabilities and
meet risk-based performance standards. The Chemical Security Assessment
Tool comprises four secure, web-based tools:

Facility Registration Questionnaire

Consequence screening questionnaire (Top-Screen);

Security Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) tool

Site Security Plan (SSP) template.

After registering for CSAT, facilities are provided access to the Top
Screen, which enables the Department to determine if they are a high
risk chemical facility covered by the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism
Standards Interim Final Rule (CFATS).  For facilities that are
determined to be high risk, other tools, specifically the SVA and SPP,
are made available to satisfy additional CFATS requirements." (**DHS**,
"CSAT," November 1, 2007, p. 1)

**Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP):** "The
Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) is a unique
partnership between FEMA and the U.S. Army, given FEMA\'s long-standing
experience in preparing for and dealing with all types of emergencies
and the U.S. Army\'s role as custodian of the U.S. chemical stockpile.
Since 1988, FEMA and the U.S. Army have assisted communities surrounding
the eight chemical stockpile sites to enhance their abilities to respond
to the unlikely event of a chemical agent emergency." (**FEMA**,
*Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP)*, May 2, 2006
update.)

**Chemical-Terrorism Vulnerability Information (CVI):** "Information
used to determine chemical facility readiness to deter, mitigate, or
respond to a terrorist attack. CVI includes vulnerability assessments,
site security plans, inspection findings, self-audits, sensitive
portions of enforcement-related documents, and correspondence between
chemical facilities and the Federal government." (**DHS**, *CVI
Glossary*, November 2007, p. 1)

**Chemical Warfare:** "All aspects of military operations involving the
employment of lethal and incapacitating munitions/agents and the warning
and protective measures associated with such offensive operations. Since
riot control agents and herbicides are not considered to be chemical
warfare agents, those two items will be referred to separately or under
the broader term "chemical," which will be used to include all types of
chemical munitions/agents collectively. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
2007, Glossary-9)

**Chemical Agent:** "Together or separately, (a) a toxic chemical and
its precursors, except when intended for a purpose not prohibited under
the Chemical Weapons Convention; (b) a munition or device specifically
designed to cause death or other harm through toxic properties of those
chemicals specified in (a) above, which would be released as a result of
the employment of such munition or device; (c) any equipment
specifically designed for use directly in connection with the employment
of munitions or devices specified in (b) above." (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Glossary-9)

**CHEMPACK:** "The CHEMPACK program is an ongoing initiative of the DSNS
\[Division for the Strategic National Stockpile, CDC\], begun in 2003,
that provides antidotes (three countermeasures used concomitantly) to
volatile nerve agents for pre-positioning by State, local, and/or tribal
officials throughout the U.S." (**HHS**, *PHEMCE Implementation Plan*,
2007, p. 18)

**CHEMTREC:** The Chemical Transportation Emergency Center, 24-hour
contact number 1-800-424-9300 in CONUS, 202-483-7616 outside the
continental United States. A service, sponsored by the chemical
industry, which provides two stages of assistance to responders dealing
with potentially hazardous materials. First, on receipt of a call
providing the name of a chemical judged by the responder to be a
potentially hazardous material, CHEMTREC provides immediate advice on
the nature of the chemical product and the steps to be taken in handling
it. Second, CHEMTREC promptly contacts the shipper of the material
involved for more detailed information and on-scene assistance when
feasible. (**DOT** 1993)

**CHER-CAP:** *Community Hazards Emergency Response-Capability Assurance
Process*. (**FEMA**, *Community Hazards Emergency Response-Capability
Assurance Process*, 8May2007)

**Chief: "**The ICS title for individuals responsible for management of
functional Sections: Operations, Planning, Logistics,
Finance/Administration, and Intelligence/Investigations (if established
as a separate Section)." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August
2007, p. 148)

**CHIP:** Capability and Hazard Identification Program (FEMA CPG 1-35,
1985).

**CHIP:** Critical Homeland Infrastructure Protection. (**DSB**, *Report
of DSB TF on CHIP*, 2007)

**Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC):** "A group of chemical compounds used in
industry and in the household, of which the excessive and universal use
is believed to be one of the causes of ozone depletion, with resulting
environmental damage." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossar*y, 1992, 21)

**Choking Agents:** "Substances that cause physical injury to the lungs.
Exposure is through inhalation. In extreme cases, membranes swell and
lungs become filled with liquid (pulmonary edema). Death results from
lack of oxygen; hence, the victim is "choked". Phosgene (CG) is

a choking agent. Symptoms: irritation to eyes/nose/throat, respiratory
distress, nausea and vomiting, burning of exposed skin." (**DOT**,
*Emergency Response Guidebook*, 2004. p. 358)

**CHOP:** Change of Operational Control. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, Dec
2007, Glossary-1)

**Chronic Radiation Dose:** "A dose of ionizing radiation received
either continuously or intermittently over a prolonged period of time. A
chronic radiation dose may be high enough to cause radiation sickness
and death but, if received at a low dose rate, a significant portion of
the acute cellular damage may be repaired." (*DOD Dictionary of Military
and Related Terms*, 2007)

**CHUG:** Central HAZUS Users Group.

**CHUG:** Collaborative Healthcare Urgency Group, Chicago.

**CHW:** Community Health Worker. (**CDC**, *Locating and Reaching
At-Risk Populations* 2007, 13)

**CIA:** Catastrophic Incident Annex (to the National Response Plan,
2004)

**CIAO**: Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office, DOD. (**DBS**,
Protecting the Homeland, 2001, F-3)

**CII:** Critical Infrastructure Information. (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p.
101)

**CI/KR:** Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources. (**DHS,** *NIPP*,
2006, Preface)

**CIP:** Critical Infrastructure Protection.

**CIPAC:** Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council.
(**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p. 101)

**CIP-DSS:** Critical Infrastructure Protection -- Decision Support
System. (**DHS**, *PBO FY 2008,* 29)

**CIP-MAA:** Critical Infrastructure Program -- Mission Assurance
Assessments. (**Blum**, 19Jul07, 5)

**CIR:** Critical Information Requirements. (**FEMA**, *Federal Interim
CONPLAN: NMSZ*, Dec. 2007, C-4)

**CIS:** Critical Incident Supplement (Federal Response Plan, 2005)

**CISM:** Critical Incident Stress Management.

**Cities Readiness Initiative (CRI):** "The Cities Readiness Initiative
(CRI) is a federally funded effort to prepare major US cities and
metropolitan areas to effectively respond to a large scale bioterrorist
event by dispensing antibiotics to their entire identified population
within 48 hours of the decision to do so...\[The CRI\]: Aids state and
local officials in developing plans that support mass dispensing drugs
to 100% of the identified population within 48 hours of a decision to do
so; provides funding to states, whose CRI jurisdictions cover 500
counties. This means that 56% of the US population lives within a CRI
jurisdiction.... The CRI project started in 2004 and has grown each year
thereafter:

2004: CRI stared with 21 cities

2005: CDC funded 15 additional cities...

2006: CDC funded an additional 36 cities, for a total of 72
participating cities....

In addition, the United States Postal Service (USPS) is working with
select CRI cities to develop Postal Plans, in which mail carriers will
deliver antibiotics to the homes in selected zip codes. This option is
only available to jurisdictions with an approved USPS Dispensing Plan."
(**CDC**, *Key Facts about the Cities Readiness* Initiative July 3,
2007)

**Citizen Corps:** "Citizen Corps, administered by DHS, is a
community-level program that brings government and private sector groups
together and coordinates the emergency preparedness and response
activities of community members. Through its network of community,
tribal and State councils, Citizen Corps increases community
preparedness and response capabilities through public education,
outreach, training and volunteer service." (**DHS,** *National Response
Framework* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 17)

**Citizen Emergency Response Team (CERT):** "Community Emergency
Response Team (CERT) training is one way for citizens to prepare for an
emergency. CERT training is designed to prepare people to help
themselves, their families and their neighbors in the event of a
catastrophic disaster. Because emergency services personnel may not be
able to help everyone immediately, residents can make a difference by
using the training obtained in the CERT course to save lives and protect
property." (**DHS,** *National Response Framework* (Comment Draft). DHS,
September 10, 2007, p. 18)

**Civil Air Patrol (CAP):** "The CAP, the official auxiliary of the
United States Air Force, is mandated by Congress to fulfill three
missions around aerospace education, youth programs, and emergency
services." (Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management Div., "Civil
Air Patrol Assists During Emergencies," *Secure & Prepared*, Vol. 3,
Issue 21, December 4, 2007, 3)

**Civil Authorities**: "Those elected and appointed officers and
employees who constitute the

government of the United States, the governments of the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, United States
possessions and territories, and political subdivisions thereof."
(**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007, p. I-2)

**Civil Damage Assessment:** "An appraisal of damage to a nation\'s
population, industry, utilities, communications, transportation, food,
water, and medical resources to support planning for national recovery.
See also damage assessment." (**DOD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and
Related Terms*, 2007)

**Civil Defense (CD):** "Like many terms, civil defense has several
different connotations and communication is often impossible when
different meanings are used without some agreement on usage. In its most
inclusive meaning, civil defense connotes a function. Thus, civil
defense is a description of any and all activities carried out by
governmental or quasi-governmental agencies in preparation for and
during actual emergencies. This most inclusive meaning is often
associated with wartime and potential nuclear attack situations....
According to this meaning, civil defense is \"civil government in
emergency.\" The analysis which follows does not use such an inclusive
meaning. The referent here is the activities and functions which are
performed by the social units called civil defense within the local
community. We have found that in the vocabularies of most American
communities, civil defense is most commonly used not as a function, but
to refer to the particular identity and activities of the \"civil
defense office.\" In American society, the local civil defense office is
not exclusively concerned with problems relating to potential nuclear
attack but also becomes involved in other types of community

emergencies, especially disasters. To the other community organizations
which become involved in these disaster operations, the civil defense
office is seen as only one part of the total emergency picture."
(**Anderson**, *Local Civil Defense in Natural Disaster...*, 1969, p. 4)

**Civil Defense:** "All those activities and measures designed or
undertaken to: (a) minimize the effects upon the civilian population
caused or which would be caused by an enemy attack on the United States;
(b) deal with the immediate emergency conditions that would be created
by any such attack; and (c) effectuate emergency repairs to, or the
emergency restoration of, vital utilities and facilities destroyed or
damaged by any such attack." (**Dept. of Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec. 2007, Glossary-9)

**Civil Defense:** "Civil defense operations are the activities and
measures undertaken in event of attack...They will be undertaken in a
wartime environment by the civil defense operating system.... Many of
the civil defense operations needed to save lives and property in event
of attack are also needed in peacetime emergencies. Therefore civil
defense operational readiness can serve both wartime and peacetime
purposes. However, preparedness for peacetime contingencies does not
automatically ensure readiness for attack preparedness." (**DCPA,**
*DCPA Attack Environment Manual, Chapter 1: Introduction to Nuclear
Emergency Operations*, 1973, Panel 1)

**Civil Defense (CD):** "All those activities and measures designed or
undertaken to: a. minimize the effects upon the civilian population
caused or which would be caused by an enemy attack on the United States;
b. deal with the immediate emergency conditions that would be created by
any such attack; and c. effectuate emergency repairs to, or the
emergency restoration of, vital utilities and facilities destroyed or
damaged by any such attack." (**DOD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and
Related Terms*, 2007)

**Civil Defense:** "...a systematic, efficient way of dealing with
attack on the home front. A strong civil defense can save fifty percent
of the lives that might otherwise be lost. It can ease human suffering.
It can reduce the destruction of property. It can maintain the flow of
food and munitions needed by our Armed Forces. Civil defense can sustain
the people and augment the will to survive against any attack by any
aggressor. Civil defense is an insurance policy that will ease the
effect of attack if and when it comes. Importantly, a strong civil
defense, like strong armed forces, will proclaim that we are ready for
anything an enemy can hurl against us and that no matter what hits us we
can successfully fight back. Such readiness may actually help deter
attack by making the results too small to warrant the cost, and thus
serve the cause of peace in the world." (**FCDA**, *Annual Report for
1951*, 1952, pp. ix-x)

**Civil Defense (CD):** "All activities and measures designed or
undertaken for the following reasons: (a) to minimize the effects upon
the civilian population caused by, or which would be caused by, an
attach upon the United States or by a natural disaster; (b) to deal with
the immediate emergency conditions which would be created by any such
attack or natural disaster; and (c) to effectuate emergency repairs to,
or the emergency restoration of, vital utilities and facilities
destroyed or damaged by any such attack or natural disaster." (**FEMA**,
*Definitions of Terms*, April 4, 1990.)

**Civil Defense (CD):** "The system of measures, usually run by a
governmental agency, to protect the civilian population in wartime, to
respond to disasters, and to prevent and mitigate the consequences of
major emergencies in peacetime. The term "civil defense" is now used
increasingly. (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p.22)

**Civil Defense Act of 1950** (Public Law 81-875).

**Civil Defense Alternatives (President Eisenhower, 1956):** "The threat
we face affords us only three basic alternatives. One extreme would be
to hold our people subject to a rigid discipline, on the premise that a
regimented citizenry would be better able to survive a nuclear attack.
But this approach, continued, would destroy the America we are
determined to preserve. The opposite extreme would be to accept the
ultimate annihilation of all person in urban target areas as unavoidable
or too costly to prevent, and by this unwarranted decision remove the
burdens and cares of a peacetime civil defense program. Of course we
reject both extremes. There is another way we must follow. We must
continue to avoid Federal preemption of all civil defense programs which
are so dependent upon widespread citizen participation. But it is now
evident that the exigencies of the present threat require vesting in the
Federal Government a larger responsibility in our national plan of civil
defense.... The Federal civil defense law was written before the advent
of the hydrogen bomb and the recent striking advances in methods of
delivering modern weapons. This law must be realistically revised. Plans
to meet post-attack situations are, of course, essential, but the
Federal Civil Defense Administration needs authority to carry out
necessary pre-attack preparations as well. It must be enable to assure
adequate participation in the civil defense program. It must be
empowered to work out logical plans for possible target areas which
overlap state and municipal boundaries...." (Quoted in **Nehnevajsa**,
*Civil Defense and Society*, 1964, p. 554)

**Civil Defense Board:** Established on November 25, 1946 by Secretary
of War Patterson in the War Department to study federal civil defense.
Major General Harold R. Bull was named Director. (**Gessert**, *Federal
Civil Defense Organization*, 1965, p. 62)

**Civil Defense Education (CDE) Program:** "The mission of the Civil
Defense Education Program is to establish civil preparedness instruction
as a integral part of the existing school program in each State.
Instruction materials developed and activities sponsored under the CDE
Program are designed to get disaster preparedness and survival
information before pupils in school curricula. An equally important
facet of the program is to assist school districts in preparing a
hazard-safe school environment augmented by a disaster plan that covers
hazards common to their districts." (**DCPA** *Foresight, DCPA Annual
Report FY73*, 1974, p. 21)

**Civil Defense University Extension Program (CDUEP):** "The extension
divisions of land-grant colleges and universities, because of their
experience in local communities and by reason of their facilities have a
unique capability for civil preparedness training and education. Under
contracts with DCPA, the extension divisions of the colleges and
universities conduct conferences for government officials, train
instructors, and give professional training courses in local
communities." (**DCPA**, *Foresight, DCPA Annual Report FY73*, 1974, p.
21)

**Civil Defense, Historical Federal Organization for Civilian Civil
Defense (1950-1979):**

-   Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA, Executive Office of
    President, 1950-1951)

-   Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA, 1951-1958)

-   Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization (ODCM (EOP) 1958)

-   Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (OCDM, EOP, 1958-1961)

-   Office of Civil Defense (OCD, Department of Defense, 1961-1964

-   OCD (Department of the Army, DoD, 1964-1972)

-   Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (DCPA, DoD (1972-1979)

-   Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, 1979-1994[^7])

(**National Archives**, *Guide to Federal Records*, Records of FEMA,
Record Group 311, p. 2)

**Civil Disturbance:** "Group acts of violence and disorder prejudicial
to public law and order." (*DOD Dictionary of Military and Related
Terms*, 2007)

**Civil Disturbance Readiness Conditions:** "Required conditions of
preparedness to be attained by military forces in preparation for
deployment to an objective area in response to an actual or threatened
civil disturbance." (*DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*,
2007)

**Civil Disturbances: "**Group acts of violence and disorders
prejudicial to public law and order within the 50 States, District of
Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, U.S. possessions and territories,
or any political subdivision thereof. As more specifically defined in
DoD Directive 3025.12 (Military Support to Civil Authorities), "civil
disturbance" includes all domestic conditions requiring the use of
Federal Armed Forces." (**DoD,** *MACDIS***,** 1994, p. 17; **Title 32
CFR 185**)

**Civil Disturbance Operations. "**The President has the authority to
deploy troops within

the United States to enforce the laws. The Enforcement of the Laws to
Restore Public Order, Chapter 15 of Title 10 USC (formerly Insurrection
Act) authorizes the President to employ the Armed Forces of the US,
including the NG, within the United States to restore order or enforce
federal law after a major public emergency (e.g., natural disaster,
serious public health emergency, or terrorist attack) when requested by
the state governor or when the President determines that the authorities
of the state are incapable of maintaining public order. The President
normally executes his authority by ordering the dispersal of those
obstructing the enforcement of the laws. The President may act
unilaterally to suppress an insurrection or domestic violation without
the request or authority of the state/governor and to exercise his
"major public emergencies" authority to direct the SecDef to provide
supplies, services, and equipment necessary for the immediate
preservation of life and property. Such supplies, services, and
equipment may be provided: only to the extent that the constituted
authorities of the state or possession are unable to provide them; only
until such authorities and other departments and agencies of the United
States charged with such responsibilities are able to provide them; and
only to the extent that their provision, in the judgment of the SecDef,
will not interfere with the preparedness of ongoing military operations
or functions. Responsibility for the coordination of the federal
response for civil disturbances rests with the Attorney General. Any DOD
forces employed in civil disturbance operations shall remain under
military authority at all times. Forces deployed to assist federal and
local authorities during times of civil disturbance follow the
use-of-force policy found in CJCS Instruction (CJCSI) 3121.01B,
*Standing Rules of Engagement/Standing Rules for the Use of Force for US
Forces*." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007, pp. III-4-5)

**Civil Emergency:** "Any occasion or instance for which, in the
determination of the President, federal assistance is needed to
supplement state and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and to
protect property and public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the
threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States." (**DOD**,
*DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Civil Emergency: "**Any natural or manmade disaster or emergency that
causes or could cause substantial harm to the population or
infrastructure. This term can include a "major disaster" or "emergency"
as those terms are defined in the Stafford Act, as amended, as well as
consequences of an attack or a national security emergency. Under 42
U.S.C. 5121, the terms "major disaster" and "emergency" are defined
substantially by action of the President in declaring that extant
circumstances and risks justify his implementation of the legal powers
provided by those statutes." (**Title 32 CFR 185; DoD,** *MACDIS***,**
1994, p. 17)

**Civil Emergency: "**An emergency relating to other than the military
security of the

United States." (**USACE**, *Planning and Operations Guidelines, Annex
V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p. V-3)

**Civil Emergency Preparedness**: "The nonmilitary actions taken by
Federal Agencies, the private sector, and individual citizens to meet
essential human needs, to support the military effort, to ensure
continuity of Federal authority at national and regional levels, and to
ensure survival as a free and independent nation under all emergency
conditions, including a national emergency caused by threatened or
actual attack on the United States." (**DoD**, *MACDIS*, 1994, p. 18)

**Civil-Military Operations:** "The activities of a commander that
establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between military
forces, governmental and nongovernmental civilian organizations and
authorities, and the civilian populace in a friendly, neutral, or
hostile operational area in order to facilitate military operations, to
consolidate and achieve operational US objectives. Civil-military
operations may include performance by military forces of activities and
functions normally the responsibility of the local, regional, or
national government. These activities may occur prior to, during, or
subsequent to other military actions. They may also occur, if directed,
in the absence of other military operations. Civil-military operations
may be performed by designated civil affairs, by other military forces,
or by a combination of civil affairs and other forces. Also called CMO."
(**DOD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Civil Preparedness:** "\`Civil preparedness' means all those
activities and measures designed or undertaken (A) to minimize or
control the effects upon the civilian population of major disaster, (B)
to minimize the effects upon the civilian population caused or which
would be caused by an attack upon the United States, (C) to deal with
the immediate emergency conditions which would be created by any such
attack, major disaster or emergency, and (D) to effectuate emergency
repairs to, or the emergency restoration of, vital utilities and
facilities destroyed or damaged by any such attack, major disaster or
emergency. Such term shall include, but shall not be limited to, (i)
measures to be taken in preparation for anticipated attack, major
disaster or emergency, including the establishment of appropriate
organizations, operational plans and supporting agreements; the
recruitment and training of personnel; the conduct of research; the
procurement and stockpiling of necessary materials and supplies; the
provision of suitable warning systems; the construction and preparation
of shelters, shelter areas and control centers; and, when appropriate,
the nonmilitary evacuation of the civilian population; (ii) measures to
be taken during attack, major disaster or emergency, including the
enforcement of passive defense regulations prescribed by duly
established military or civil authorities; the evacuation of personnel
to shelter areas; the control of traffic and panic; and the control and
use of lighting and civil communication; and (iii) measures to be taken
following attack, major disaster or emergency, including activities for
fire fighting; rescue, emergency medical, health and sanitation
services; monitoring for specific hazards of special weapons; unexploded
bomb reconnaissance; essential debris clearance; emergency welfare
measures; and immediately essential emergency repair or restoration of
damaged vital facilities." (**CT General Assembly**, P.A. 73-544),
Chapter 517, *Civil Preparedness. Department of Emergency Management and
HS*)

**Civil Preparedness:** "...civil preparedness...must be useful every
day, and not just a standby program, to be used in the event of an enemy
attack. The way toward readiness for any eventuality is to prepare every
U.S. community as fully as possible to meet the dangers of peacetime
disasters. This also lays the solid foundation for emergency operations
in event on an enemy attack. In time, 'civil preparedness' is expected
to become a household term -- replacing 'civil defense' in the American
consciousness as a more meaningful and tangible expression of the
responsibility of Federal, State, and local government for the safety
and protection of the public." (**DCPA**, *Civil Preparedness -- A New
Dual Mission*, 1972, p. 1)

**Civil Preparedness:** Civil Preparedness "is not a separate function
set apart from the normal responsibilities of government, or a special
unit or group of people standing by to save the day in case of a major
disaster...the forces responsible for civil preparedness emergency
operations are the normal forces of government, together with any
trained auxiliaries needed -- plus non-governmental personnel or groups,
doctors, and hospital and news media staffs... emergency operations
require coordinated action by all forces with lifesaving capabilities,
under the leadership and direction of key local executives." (**DCPA**,
*Standards for Local Civil Preparedness*, 1978, p. 2)

**Civil Preparedness Directors/Coordinators:** "The term 'civil
preparedness Director/Coordinator is used in recognition of the
variation in both the official title and duties of the position, is
States and localities throughout the Nation." (**DCPA,** *Standards for
Local Civil Preparedness* (CPG 1-5), 1978, p. 1)

**Civil Preparedness Directors/Coordinators Responsibilities:** "The
essence of the Director/Coordinator's job in non-emergency periods is to
act on behalf of the chief executive to build readiness for coordinated
operations in both peacetime and attack-caused emergencies. This
requires working with the operating departments of local government,
with non-governmental groups, and with the public. These are primarily
staff, not 'command,' functions.... During emergencies, the
Director/Coordinator acts as principal advisor or aide to the chief
executive on local government emergency operations. His major
responsibility is to assure coordination among the operating departments
of government (and with higher and adjacent governments), primarily by
seeing that the Emergency Operating Center functions effectively. He
also assists the chief executive in assuring execution of operations,
plans, and procedures required by the emergency." (**DCPA/DOD**,
*Standards for Local Civil Preparedness* (CPG 1-5) April 1978, pp. 9-10)

**Civil Preparedness Directors/Coordinators, Local Emergency Operations
Readiness Duties:** "The duties outlined below are typical of those
performed by the local civil preparedness Director/Coordinator in
non-emergency periods, to develop readiness for operations in
emergencies:

1.  Develop an Emergency Operating Center (EOC) facility, a protected
    site from which key local officials control operations

2.  Develop EOC staffing and internal procedures to permit key local
    officials to conduct coordinated operations in emergencies.

3.  Conduct tests and exercises to give key local officials practice in
    directing coordinated operations under simulated emergency
    conditions.

4.  Provide expert knowledge and advice to operating departments on the
    special conditions and operating requirements that would be imposed
    by peacetime or attack disasters.

5.  Develop local government emergency operations plans, outlining which
    local forces and supporting groups would do what, in both peacetime
    and attack disasters, and specifying local organization for major
    emergencies.

6.  Establish system to warn the public of peacetime or attack
    disasters.

7.  Establish system to alert key local officials.

8.  Organize radiological monitoring and analysis system, including
    procurement of instruments and training and exercising of personnel.

9.  Coordinate and lead emergency communications planning, secure
    necessary equipment, and exercise emergency communications

10. Coordinate with doctors, hospitals, and public and private sector
    medical personnel to develop emergency medical plans and
    capabilities, as part of local emergency plans.

11. Establish and maintain a shelter system.

12. Establish and exercise an emergency public information system and
    train personnel to utilize it.

13. Coordinate with welfare offices, and the Red Cross and other
    voluntary groups, to develop emergency welfare capabilities to care
    for people needing mass care as a result of peacetime or attack
    disaster.

14. Coordinate and maintain relationships with industry to develop
    industrial emergency plans and capabilities in support of local
    government emergency plans.

15. Assist local operating departments (e.g., fire, police, public
    works) with radiological defense and other training needs.

16. Coordinate and participate in training programs for the public on
    disaster preparedness.

17. Assist in the establishment of mutual aid agreements to provide
    needed services, equipment or other resources in an emergency.

18. Prepare, submit, and justify the annual civil preparedness budget.

19. Secure matching funds and other assistance available through the
    civil preparedness program, and through other Federal programs
    (includes preparing annual program papers and other documents
    required for Federal assistance programs)." (**DCPA**, *Standards
    for Local Civil Preparedness*, 1978, pp. 1-2)

**Civil Preparedness Directors/Coordinators, Professional and Personal
Skill Set:** "Since the bulk of the Director/Coordinator's
responsibilities will involve contacts with the heads of local
government departments, as well as officials from other government
levels, applicants should show leadership qualities, and an ability to
manage and coordinate the civil preparedness program. In addition,
applicants should have the ability to meet and deal with the public
effectively, and be reliable and trustworthy. According to field
studies, personal traits considered important for the civil preparedness
Director/Coordinator, by chief executives and other local officials,
included enthusiasm for the job, ability to work with others, integrity,
friendliness, cooperativeness, ability to coordinate and expedite,
administrative ability, and reputation and stature within the community.
Probably the most important single personal trait is dedication to the
civil preparedness program. In evaluating candidates, interview boards
and chief executives should keep in mind the duties of the local
Director/Coordinator in emergency periods, They should ask themselves,
'Would I place confidence in the recommendations and advice of this
applicant, in making decisions that could affect the preservations of
life and property, in an emergency affecting this jurisdiction."
(**DCPA/DOD**, *Standards For Local Civil Preparedness* (CPG 1-5), April
1979, p. 11)

**Civil Protection:** "The phrase 'civil protection' has gradually come
into use around the world as a term that describes activities which
protect civil populations against incidents and disasters (Mauro,
1996)....Civil protection has gradually and rather haltingly emerged
from the preceding philosophy of civil defense." (**Alexander**, 2002,
4)

**Civil Resources:** "Resources that normally are not controlled by the
Government, including workforce, food and water, health resources,
industrial production, housing and construction, telecommunications,
energy, transportation, minerals, materials, supplies, and other
essential resources and services. Such resources cannot be ordered to
support needs of the public except by competent civil government
authority." (**DoD**, *MACDIS*, 1994, p. 18)

**Civil Search and Rescue (Civil SAR):** "Search operations, rescue
operations, and associated civilian services provided to assist persons
and property in potential or actual distress in a non-hostile
environment." (National Search and Rescue Committee, *National Search
and Rescue Plan of the United States*, 2007, p. 1)

**Civil Support**: "The Secretary of Defense shall provide military
support to civil authorities for

domestic incidents as directed by the President or when consistent with
military readiness and appropriate under the circumstances and the law.
The Secretary of Defense shall retain command of military forces
providing civil support. The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary \[of
Homeland Security\] shall establish appropriate relationships and
mechanisms for cooperation and coordination between their two
departments." (**Homeland Security Presidential Directive-5**, 28
February 2003)

**Civil Support (CS):** "CS is the overarching term for DOD's support to
civilian authorities. DOD's role in the CS mission consists of support
to US civil authorities (Department of

Homeland Security \[DHS\] or other agency) for domestic emergencies and
for designated law enforcement and other activities. HD \[Homeland
Defense\]and CS operations may occur in parallel and require extensive
integration and synchronization." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, vii)

**Civil Support, Requests for Military Assistance:** "Federal agencies
or state governors request DOD capabilities to support their emergency
response efforts by using a formal RFA \[Requests for Assistance\]
process. How DOD handles RFAs depends on various factors, such as:
Stafford or non-Stafford Act situation, urgency of the incident,
establishment of a JFO, if a DCO or JTF has been appointed, and
originator of the request (incident command, state, regional, or
national). It is important to note that not all CS is provided via the
RFA process. Other processes for obtaining and/or providing support are
covered in more detail in Chapter III, "Operations."

\(1\) Civil authorities may request other CS activities in writing
through various means established

by the appropriate DOD policy documents. For example, support for
military fly-overs may be requested using DD Form 2535 as described in
DODD 5410.18, *Public Affairs Community Relations Policy*.

\(2\) In general...The FCO at the incident site receives RFAs from civil
authorities and submits them to the Office of the Executive Secretary of
the Department of Defense, who forwards them to the ASD(HD&ASA) and to
the JDOMS for validation and order processing, respectively. When a DCO
is at the incident site, RFAs are submitted directly to ASD(HD&ASA).
Once the SecDef approves the request, an order is issued to combatant
commands, Services, and/or agencies to accomplish the mission. The
decision process differs significantly for approving Stafford and
non-Stafford RFAs (see Figure II-2). Requests are validated at all
levels within the chain of command. JDOMS prepares an order and
coordinates with necessary force providers,

legal counsel, and ASD(HD&ASA) to ensure asset deconfliction and
recommendation concurrence. DOD evaluates all requests by US civil
authorities for military assistance against six established criteria,
including:

\(a\) Legality. Is the support in compliance with laws, Presidential
directives?

\(b\) Lethality. Is use of lethal force by or against DOD personnel
likely or expected?

\(c\) Risk. Safety of DOD forces. Can the request be met safely, or can
concerns be mitigated by equipment or training?

\(d\) Cost. Who pays, and what is the impact on DOD budget?

\(e\) Appropriateness. Is the requested mission in the interest of DOD
to conduct? Who normally performs and is best suited to fill the
request?

\(f\) Readiness. What is the impact on DOD's ability to perform its
primary mission?" (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007, pp. II-3-4)

**Civilian Mobilization Office:** Created on March 1, 1950 within the
National Security Resources Board. Paul J. Larsen named Chairman.
(**Gessert**, *Federal Civil Defense Organization*, 1965, 64)

**CJIS:** Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, DOD. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Ops*, 2007, Glossary-1)

**CJCSI:** Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (DOD) Instruction.
(**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, 2007, Glossary-1)

**CJCSI 3110.16:** *Military Capabilities, Assets, and Units for
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-Yield Explosives
Consequence Management Operations*.

**CJCSI 3121.01B:** *Standing Rules of Engagement/Rules for the Use of
Force for US Forces.*

**CJCSI 3125.01B:** *Defense Support of Civil Authorities to Domestic
Consequence Management Operations in Response to a Chemical, Biological,
Radiological, Nuclear, or High-Yield Explosives Incidents***.**

**CJCSIM:** Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (DOD) Manual. (**DA**,
*WMD-CST Ops*, 2007, Glossary-1)

**CJTF-CS:** Commander, Joint Task Force-Civil Support. (**JCS/DOD**,
*CBRNE CM*, 2006, II-10)

**CLAS:** Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services. (**CDC**,
*Reaching At Risk Populations*, 2007, p. 22)

**CLE:** Cabinet-Level Exercise (formerly Catastrophic Assessment Task
Force Exercises). (**DoD**, *Statement of Verga*, 2007, p. 13)

**CLF:** Congregate Lodging Facility. (**FEMA**, *Capability Assessment
and Standards for State and Local Government (Interim Guidance)*,
November, 1983, p.21)

**Climate Change:** "The climate of a place or region is changed if over
an extended period (typically decades or longer) there is a
statistically significant change in measurements of either the mean
state or variability of the climate for that place or region. Changes in
climate may be due to natural processes or to persistent anthropogenic
changes in atmosphere or in land use. Note that the definition of
climate change used in the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change is more restricted, as it includes only those changes
which are attributable directly or indirectly to human activity."
(**UN/ISDR,** *Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*,
March 31, 2004)

**CLOSEREP:** Closure Report. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, December 2007, G-11)

**CM:** Consequence Management. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-2)

**CM R&A:** Consequence Management Response and Assessment.
(**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, III-6)

**CMA:** Chemical Manufacturers Association.

**CMA:** Comprehensive Maritime Awareness. (**USNORTHCOM**, General
Renuart, Oct. 3, 2007)

**CMC:** Community Mitigation Classification, BCEGS. (ISO, *ISO Building
Code Classifications*)

**CMC:** Crisis Management Center, Department of Transportation.

**CMO:** Civil-Military Operations. (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006, p.
III-6)

**CMP:** Civil Monetary Penalties. (**FEMA**, *Call for Issues Status
Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**CMP:** Crisis Management Plan/Planning.

**CMSA:** Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area.

**CMT:** Crisis Management Team. (**USACE**, *Response Planning Guide*,
1995, p. 1-3)

**CNRAF:** Comprehensive Review of Commercial Nuclear Reactors.
(**USCG**, *PSA Program*)

**COA:** Course of Action. (**DHS**, *National Planning and Execution
System*, 2007 Draft; **DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007, p.
1-3))

**Coastal Barrier Improvement Act of 1990:** The CBIA tripled the size
of the system established by the Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982.
The CBIA also mandated an end to the issuance of new Federal flood
insurance within "otherwise protected areas," generally used for
activities such as fish and wildlife research and refuges, on buildings
constructed after November 16, 1991 unless the building was to be used
in a manner related to the reason the area was established as an OPA.
(**FEMA**, *CBRS History*, 2006)

**Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CoBRA) of 1982:** "CoBRA is Federal
legislation identifying particular areas that are environmentally
sensitive and are subject to rules prohibiting certain Federal
expenditures within them." (**FEMA**, *Rebuilding for... Sustainable
Future*, 2000, A-2)

**Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS):** "The Coastal Barrier
Resources Act (COBRA) of 1982 and later amendments, removed the Federal
government from financial involvement associated with building and
development in undeveloped portions of designated coastal barriers
(including the Great Lakes). These areas were mapped and designated as
Coastal Barrier Resources System units or \"otherwise\" protected areas.
They are colloquially called COBRA zones. COBRA banned the sale of NFIP
flood insurance for structures built or substantially improved on or
after a specified date. For the initial COBRA designation, this date is
October 1, 1983. For all subsequent designations, this date is the date
the COBRA zone was identified. COBRA zones and their identification
dates are shown on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs). Communities may
permit development in these areas even though no Federal assistance is
available, provided that the development meets NFIP requirements."
(**FEMA**, *CBRS*, 2007)

**Coastal High Hazard Area:** "An area of special flood hazard extending
from offshore to the inland limit of a primary frontal dune along an
open coast and any other area subject to high velocity wave action from
storms or seismic sources. The coastal high hazard area is identified as
Zone V on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs). Special floodplain
management requirements apply in V Zones including the requirement that
all buildings be elevated on piles or columns." (**FEMA**, *Coastal High
Hazard Area*, 2007)

**Coastal Zone:** "The coastal zone is defined as the area along the
shore where the ocean meets the land as the surface of the land rises
above the ocean. This land/water interface includes barrier islands,
estuaries, beaches, coastal wetlands, and land areas having direct
drainage to the ocean." (**FEMA**, *Rebuilding for a More Sustainable
Future*, 2000, p. A-2)

**Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA):** "In recognition of the
increasing pressures of over-development upon the nation's coastal
resources, Congress enacted the CZMA in 1972. The CZMA encourages states
to preserve, protect, develop, and, where possible, restore or enhance
valuable natural coastal resources such as wetlands, floodplains,
estuaries, beaches, dunes, barrier islands, and coral reefs, as well as
the fish and wildlife using those habitats. A unique feature of the CZMA
is that participation by states is voluntary. To encourage states to
participate, the Act makes Federal financial assistance available to any
coastal state or territory, including those on the Great Lakes, that is
willing to develop and implement a comprehensive coastal management
program." (**FEMA**, *Rebuilding for a More Sustainable Future*, 2000,
A-2)

**COBRA:** Coastal Barrier Resources Act (of 1982). (**FEMA/NFIP**,
*Call for Issues*, 2004, 24)

**COE:** Corps of Engineers, United States Army. (**OCD**,
*Abbreviations and Definitions*, 1971)

**COG:** Continuity of Government. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. O-1)

**COGCON:** Continuity of Government Condition. (**DOE**, *DOE Order
100.1D, Subject: Secretarial Succession, Threat Level Notification, and
Successor Tracking*, April 20, 2007.

**COGCON:** Continuity of Government Readiness Conditions. (**White
House,** *HSPD-20*)

**COI:** Community of Interest. (**DHS**, *National Planning and
Execution System*, 2007 Draft, I-1)

**COIN:** Community Outreach Information Network.

**Cold Site:** "An alternate facility that already has in place the
environmental infrastructure required to recover critical business
functions or information systems, but does not have any pre-installed
computer hardware, telecommunications equipment, communication lines,
etc. These must be provisioned at time of disaster. Related Terms:
Alternate Site, Hot Site, Interim Site, Internal Hot Site, Recovery
Site, And Warm Site." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006,
p. 50)

**Cold Zone:** "Area where the command post and support functions that
are necessary to control the incident are located. This is also referred
to as the clean zone, green zone or support zone in other documents.
(EPA Standard Operating Safety Guidelines, OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120, NFPA
472)." (**DOT**, *Emergency Response Guidebook...Hazardous Materials
Incident*, 2004, p. 358)

**Collaboration:** "At the core, success depends upon robust and
adaptive collaboration---between the public and private sector, among
different levels of government, among multiple jurisdictions, and among
departments and agencies within a single jurisdiction. Collaboration

encompasses a wide range of activities (e.g., joint planning, training,
operations) aimed at

coordinating the capabilities and resources of various entities
(agencies, organizations, and individuals from many tiers of public and
private sectors) for the common purpose of preventing, protecting
against, responding to, and recovering from intentional as well as
natural threats to people or property. As such a critical element,
collaboration can thus be viewed as the foundation upon which success in
all four mission areas \[prevent, protect, respond, recover\] depends."
(**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Homeland Security Strategy: Guidance on
Aligning Strategies with the NPG*, 2005, p. 4)

"Achieving full integration and interconnectedness between the public
and private sector, among different levels of government, among multiple
jurisdictions, and among departments and agencies within a single
jurisdiction requires robust collaboration." (Ibid, p. 6)

**Collaborative (Core Principle of Emergency Management):**
"Collaborative: emergency managers create and sustain broad and sincere
relationships among individuals and organizations to encourage trust,
advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus, and facilitate
communication." (**EM Roundtable**, 2007, p. 4)

**Collaborative Emergency Management:** "The public sector alone cannot
bear the cost of emergency preparedness. The State's emergency
management leader must leverage federal, local, private sector and
community resources to improve preparedness and outcomes. Specifically,
the State must explore innovative market strategies to promote
prevention and mitigation, preparation, response and recovery. And while
emergency management currently is largely the domain for first
responders, success will require new partnerships with community

organizations, research institutions, the insurance and finance
industries and others to expand strategies to support preparedness."
(**Little Hoover Com**., *Safeguarding Golden State*, 2007, 39)

**Collaborative Healthcare Urgency Group (CHUG):** Metropolitan
Chicago-area organization which works to coordinate evacuation planning
for the area's vulnerable and disabled populations in coordination with
healthcare organizations, community, state and federal plans. (**CHUG**,
2008)

**Color-coded Threat Level System:** "...used to communicate with public
safety officials and the public at-large through a threat-based,
color-coded system so that protective measures can be implemented to
reduce the likelihood or impact of an attack.  Raising the threat
condition has economic, physical, and psychological effects on the
nation; so, the Homeland Security Advisory System can place specific
geographic regions or industry sectors on a higher alert status than
other regions or industries, based on specific threat information."
(**DHS,** *Homeland Security Advisory System*, December 31, 2007 Update)

**Combating Terrorism:** "Actions, including antiterrorism (defensive
measures taken to reduce vulnerability to terrorist acts) and
counterterrorism (offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and
respond to terrorism), taken to oppose terrorism throughout the entire
threat spectrum. Also called CbT." (**DOD***, Dictionary of Military and
Related Terms*, 2007)

**Combating Terrorism:** "The full range of Federal programs and
activities applied against terrorism, domestically and abroad,
regardless of the source or motive." (**USG**, *USG Interagency Domestic
Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001, Appendix B: Definitions, p. 1)

**Command:** "The act of directing, ordering, or controlling by virtue
of explicit statutory, regulatory, or delegated authority." (**FEMA**,
*NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 148)

**Command and Control:** "The exercise of authority and direction by a
properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the
accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are
performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment,
communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in
planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations
in the accomplishment of the mission." (**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of
Military and Related* Terms, 2007; **USCG** *Pub 1*, 2002, p. 60)

**Command and Management (1^st^ of Six NIMS Major Components, 2004):**
"NIMS standard incident command structures are based on three key
organizational systems:

1.  The ICS.

> The ICS defines the operating characteristics, interactive management
> components, and structure of incident management and emergency
> response organizations engaged throughout the life cycle of an
> incident;

2.  Multiagency Coordination Systems.

> These define the operating characteristics, interactive management
> components, and organizational structure supporting incident
> management entities engaged at the Federal, State, local, tribal, and
> regional levels through mutual-aid agreements and other assistance
> arrangements; and

3.  Public Information Systems.

> These refer to processes, procedures, and systems for communicating
> timely and accurate information to the public during crisis or
> emergency situations." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 3; at p. 7 Command
> and Management is described by reference to ICS, Multiagency
> Coordination Systems and *the Joint Information System* (JIS) emphasis
> added.)

**Command, ICS:** "Command comprises the IC \[Incident Commander\] and
the Command Staff. Command staff positions are established to assign
responsibility for key activities not specifically identified in the
General Staff functional elements. These positions may include the
Public Information Officer (PIO), Safety Officer (SO), and Liaison
Officer (LNO), in addition to various others, as required and assigned
by the IC." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 13)

**Command Center:** "A physical or virtual facility located outside of
the affected area used to gather, assess, and disseminate information
and to make decisions to effect recovery. (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR
BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 50)

**Command Function, ICS:** "The command function may be conducted in two
general ways:

-   **Single Command IC.**

> When an incident occurs within a single jurisdiction and there is no
> jurisdictional or functional agency overlay, a single IC should be
> designated with overall incident management responsibility by the
> appropriate jurisdictional authority. (In some cases in which incident
> management crosses jurisdictional and/or functional agency boundaries,
> a single IC may be designated if all parties agree to such an option,)
> Jurisdictions should consider predesignating IC's in their
> preparedness plans. The designated IC will develop the incident
> objectives on which subsequent incident action planning will be based.
> The IC will approve the Incident Action Plan (IAP) and all requests
> pertaining to the ordering and releasing of incident resources.

-   **Unified Command** (See "Unified Command")

**Command Post Exercise:** "An exercise in which the forces are
simulated, involving the commander, the staff, and communications within
and between headquarters. Also called CPX." (**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of
Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Command Staff:** "Command Staff is responsible for overall management
of the incident. This includes Command Staff assignments required to
support the command function." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 13)

**Command Staff:** Under the Incident Management System, "The Command
Staff consists of a Public Information Officer, Safety Officer, Liaison
Officer and other positions as required, who report directly to the
Incident Commander." (**DHS,** *National Response Framework* (Comment
Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 48) \[Note: DHS, NIMS, 2004 lists these
three positions under "Command."\]

**Commander's Critical Information Requirement (CCIR):** "An information
requirement identified by the commander as being critical to
facilitating timely decision making. The two key subcomponents are
critical friendly force information and priority intelligence
requirements." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, 2007, Glossary-9)

**Commander's Intent:** "(Army) A clear, concise statement of what the
force must do and the conditions the force must establish with respect
to the enemy, terrain, and civil considerations that represent the
operation's desired end state." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, 2007,
Glossary-9)

**Common Communication Plan (CCP):** "A plan designed to be utilized
across multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional incident management
operations. It applies standards called for under the ICS. The IC
manages communications at an incident, using a CCP and an incident-based
communications center established solely for use by the command,
tactical, and support resources assigned to the incident. All entities
involved in managing the incident will utilize common terminology,
prescribed by the NIMS, for communications." (FEMA, *NIMS Compliance
Metrics Terms of Reference* (For Fiscal Year 2007), October 23, 2006, p.
1)

**Common Operating Picture: "**Activated in May 2006, the Common
Operating Picture (COP) is a display of relevant information that is
derived from a Common Operating Database (COD) and shared by several
agencies and organizations. The COP/COD system is a situational
awareness tool that can be modified for the strategic, operational and
tactical levels and is active in the National Operations Center (NOC).
As part of an incrementally phased development effort, the DHS COP/COD
system has focused on the 2006 hurricane season and has been implemented
in selected DHS offices and component and inter-agency operation
centers. Subsequently, the COP/COD system will be implemented nationwide
for all Homeland Security partners, for all hazards, and for all
threats." (**DHS**, *Fact Sheet*: "Protecting the Homeland Post
September 11," Sep. 8, 2006.

**Common Operating Picture:** "Collating and gathering
information---such as traffic, weather, actual damage, resource
availability---of any type (voice, data, etc.) from
agencies/organizations in order to make decisions during an incident....
A common operating picture is established and maintained by the
gathering, collating, synthesizing, and disseminating of incident
information to all appropriate parties involved in an incident.
Achieving a common operating picture allows on-scene and off-scene
personnel (e.g., those at the Incident Command Post, an Emergency
Operations Center, and within a multi-agency coordination group) to have
the same information about the incident, including the availability and
location of resources, personnel, and the status of requests for
assistance. Additionally, a common operating picture offers an overview
of an incident thereby providing incident information which enables the
Incident Commander (IC), Unified Command (UC), and supporting agencies
and organizations to make effective, consistent, and timely decisions.
In order to maintain situational awareness, communications and incident
information must be updated continually. Having a common operating
picture during an incident helps to ensure consistency for all emergency
management/response personnel engaged in an incident." (**FEMA**,
*National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, pp.
23-24)

Common Operating Picture: "Offers an overview of an incident thereby
providing incident information enabling the IC/UC and any supporting
agencies and organizations to make effective, consistent, and timely
decisions." (FEMA, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 149)

**Common Operating Picture: "**Is a broad view of the overall situation
as reflected by situation reports, aerial photography and other
information and intelligence." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary
25-4)

**Common Operational Picture:** "(Army) A single identical display of
relevant information within a commander's area of interest tailored to
the user's requirements, based on common data and information shared by
more than one command." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, 2007, Glossary-10)

**Common Terminology (IM):** "Normally used words and phrases---avoids
the use of different words/phrases for same concepts, consistency, to
allow diverse incident management and support organizations to work
together across a wide variety of incident management functions and
hazard scenarios." (**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System*
(FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 149)

**Communications: "**Communications is the transmission of thoughts,
messages, or information." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 38)

**Communications and Information Management:** "Identify the
requirements for a standardized framework for communications,
information management, and information-sharing support at all levels of
incident management.

• Incident management organizations must ensure that effective,
interoperable communications processes, procedures, and systems exist
across all agencies and jurisdictions.

• Information management systems help ensure that information flows
efficiently through a

commonly accepted architecture. Effective information management
enhances incident

management and response by helping to ensure that decision making is
better informed." (**DHS**, *UTL 2.1*, 2005, p. 15)

**Communications Capability Definition, Target Capability List, DHS:**
"Communications is the fundamental capability within disciplines and
jurisdictions that practitioners need to perform the most routine and
basic elements of their job functions. Agencies must be operable,
meaning they must have sufficient wireless communications to meet their
everyday internal and emergency communication requirements before they
place value on being interoperable, i.e., able to work with other
agencies. Communications interoperability is the ability of public
safety agencies (police, fire, EMS) and service agencies (public works,
transportation, hospitals, etc.) to talk within and across agencies and
jurisdictions via radio and associated communications systems,
exchanging voice, data and/or video with one another on demand, in real
time, when needed, and when authorized. It is essential that public
safety has the intra-agency operability it needs, and that it builds its
systems toward interoperability." (**DHS**, *TCL*, Sep. 2007, p. 29)

**Communications Interoperability:** "Communications interoperability is
the ability of multiple entities to intermingle meaningful transmission
of thoughts, messages, or information while using similar or dissimilar
communications systems." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007 p. 39)

**Communications Interoperability:** "Communications interoperability
allows emergency management/response personnel and their affiliated
organizations to communicate within and across agencies and
jurisdictions via voice, data, or video on demand, in real time, when
needed, and when authorized. It is essential that these communications
systems be capable of interoperability, as successful emergency
management and incident response operations require the continuous flow
of critical information among jurisdictions, disciplines, organizations,
and agencies." (**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System* (FEMA
501/Draft), Aug. 2007, 24)

**Communications Interoperability:** "Communications interoperability
refers to "the ability of emergency responders to talk across
disciplines and jurisdictions via communications systems and to exchange
voice and/or data with one another on demand, in real time, when needed,
and as authorized." (**NSTAC**, *Report to the President*, 2007, p. 1,
citing DHS, SAFECOM Program)

**Community:** "A social group of any size whose members reside in a
specific locality, share

government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage."
(*Webster's Unabridged Dictionary*, 2005)

**Community, Functional: "**A *functional* community can be defined as
the associations that are required by groups of people living together
within a specific geographical area." (The Joint Commission, Standing
Together, 2005, p. 7, citing: Dwyer D.M. "Strengthening Community in
Education \-- A handbook for change." *The Progressive Educator,*
January 1998.)

**Community Assistance Program:** "FEMA created the Community Assistance
Program (CAP) to provide outreach and technical support to communities
participating in the NFIP. The CAP is an integral part of the
administration of the NFIP at the regional, state, and local level.
Under the CAP, both Community Assistance Visits (CAVs) and Community
Assistance Calls (CACs) are used to obtain input and share information.
A CAV is a visit by FEMA regional staff or the State NFIP Coordinator to
a community to assess whether the community's floodplain management
program meets NFIP participation requirements." (**FEMA**, *Map
Modernization: Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping
Partners, Vol. 1*, 2002, p. 1-12)

**Community Assistance Program -- State Support Services Element
(CAP-SSSE, FEMA):** "The Community Assistance Program --State Support
Services Element (CAP-SSSE) program derives its authority from the
National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, as amended, the Flood Disaster
Protection Act of 1973, and from 44 CFR Parts 59 and 60. This program
provides funding to States to provide technical assistance to
communities in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and to
evaluate community performance in implementing NFIP floodplain
management activities. In this way, CAP-SSSE helps to:

-   Ensure that the flood loss reduction goals of the NFIP are met,

-   Build State and community floodplain management expertise and
    capability, and

-   Leverage State knowledge and expertise in working with their
    communities.

The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 prohibits the Director from
providing flood insurance in a community unless that community adopts
and enforces floodplain management measures that meet or exceed minimum
criteria in 44 CFR Part 60.3. These floodplain management measures can
take the form of floodplain management ordinances, building codes, or
zoning provisions. FEMA Regional Offices and the designated State agency
negotiate a CAP-SSSE Agreement (Agreement) that specifies activities and
products to be completed by a State in return for CAP-SSSE funds. In
addition, since Federal Fiscal Year (FY) 2005, each State is required to
develop a Five-Year Floodplain Management Plan (Five-Year Plan)
describing the activities to be completed using CAP-SSSE funding as well
as how the required performance metrics will be met. Performance
standards that address quality of service are to be developed and
measured. There is a 25 percent non-federal match for all States
receiving CAP-SSSE funds." (**FEMA**, *CAP-SSSE*, 2007)

**Community Assistance Visit (CAV):** "The Community Assistance Visit
(CAV) is a major component of the NFIP\'s Community Assistance Program
(CAP). The CAV is a visit to a community by a FEMA staff member or staff
of a State agency on behalf of FEMA that serves the dual purpose of
providing technical assistance to the community and assuring that the
community is adequately enforcing its floodplain management regulations.
Generally, a CAV consists of a tour of the floodplain, an inspection of
community permit files, and meetings with local appointed and elected
officials. If any administrative problems or potential violations are
identified during a CAV the community will be notified and given the
opportunity to correct those administrative procedures and remedy the
violations to the maximum extent possible within established deadlines.
FEMA or the State will work with the community to help them bring their
program into compliance with NFIP requirements. In extreme cases where
the community does not take action to bring itself into compliance, FEMA
may initiate and enforcement action against the community." (**FEMA**,
*CAV*, 2007)

**Community Awareness and Emergency Response (CAER):** "A program
developed by the Chemical Manufacturers Association providing guidance
for chemical plant managers to assist them in taking the initiative in
cooperating with local communities to develop integrated
(community/industry) hazardous materials emergency plans." (**FEMA**,
*Definitions of Terms*, 1990)

**Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM):** "Once a community
has assessed the risks it faces and an action plan has been developed,
disaster risk reduction measures need to be taken. These measures might
include practical disaster mitigation measures, such as building dams or
dykes, forming emergency response committees, developing community based
early warning systems and practicing response and evacuation, advocating
at the local or national government level for policy change in favour of
preventive action, or even measures to reinforce the livelihoods of the
poorest in the community, hence their resources for self-protection."
(ProVention Consortium, *Community Risk Assessment Toolkit*,
International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,
May 2006)

**Community Based Organizations (CBOs):** "A local organization (which
may or may not be an affiliate of a national organization) with a
primary mission to provide services to specific groups of people. This
could include services to people who are developmentally disabled,
homeless, low-income elderly, non-English speaking, or others. CBOs are
usually nonprofit organizations. Most have a 501 (c) (3) tax-exempt
status from the Internal Revenue Service. Some may have the nonprofit
status from the Franchise Tax Board. In size, they range from
all-volunteer organizations that get by on virtually no budget, to
multi-million dollar operations. Examples include Food Banks, Centers
for Independent Living, Immigration Assistance Programs, Easter Seals,
Neighborhood Clinics, and Family Centers." (**CA OES**, *SEMS
Guidelines*, 2006, Glossary, p. 5)

**Community Compliance Program (FEMA): "**The National Flood Insurance
Act of 1968 prohibits FEMA from providing flood insurance in a community
unless that community adopts and enforces floodplain management
regulations that meet minimum NFIP criteria. When administrative
problems or potential violations are identified in a community, FEMA is
committed to working with that community and providing technical
assistance to help them bring their floodplain management programs into
compliance with NFIP requirements. In those cases where the community
does not take action to become compliant, FEMA implements its Community
Compliance Program. The Community Compliance Program builds on the basic
probation and suspension procedures in Section 59.24 (b) and (c) and
provides an orderly sequence of enforcement options of varying severity.
If all attempts at obtaining community compliance are to no avail,
communities will become subject to suspension from the NFIP. The
availability of two separate sets of enforcement options \-- one for
communities and one for individuals and structures \-- helps FEMA ensure
that NFIP enforcement actions are targeted to the responsible party."
(**FEMA**, *Community Compliance Program*, 2007)

**Community Conditions in a Disaster Environment:** "...disasters not
only create new tasks but actually task subsystems, and these subsystems
must be coordinated with one another if the response is to be effective.
This requires the mobilization of resources \-- particularly manpower,
economic and loyalties. When this mobilization has occurred a new
community structure has come into being. However, all this occurs under
conditions characterized by the following:

-   uncertainty,

-   urgency,

-   the development of an emergency consensus,

-   expansion of the citizenship role,

-   convergence, and

-   the deemphasis of contractual and impersonal relationships."
    (**Dynes, Quarantelli, and Kreps,** *A Perspective on Disaster
    Planning*, 1981 (3^rd^ Ed.), pp. 66-67)

**Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), HUD:** "HUD \[US Department
of Housing and Urban Development\]...provides disaster recovery
assistance through several programs. After the 2005 hurricanes, Congress
appropriated \$16.7 billion to the Community Development Block Grant
(CDBG) program for disaster recovery. The CDBG program generally
provides funding to metropolitan cities and urban counties that have
been designated as entitlement communities and to states for
distribution to other communities. Grant recipients must give maximum
feasible priority to activities, including emergency-related activities,
that (1) benefit low- and moderate-income families or aid in the
prevention or elimination of slums or blight, or (2) meet urgent
community development needs. However, HUD can waive regulatory and
statutory program requirements to increase the flexibility of the CDBG
funds for disaster recovery. These grants afford states and local
governments a great deal of discretion to help them recover from
presidentially declared disasters." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public
Policy*..., Nov 2007, 16-17)

**Community Emergency Response Team(s) (CERT):** "CERTs are funded by
Congress through Citizen Corps program grants, which are made available
to local communities. A key component of Citizen Corps, the CERT program
trains citizens to be better prepared to respond to emergency situations
in their communities. When emergencies occur, CERT members can give
critical support to first responders, provide immediate assistance to
victims, and organize volunteers at a disaster site. The CERT program is
a 20-hour course, typically delivered over a seven-week period by a
local government agency, such as the emergency management agency or fire
or police department. Training sessions cover disaster preparedness,
disaster fire suppression, basic disaster medical operations, light
search and rescue, and team operations.

The training also includes a disaster simulation in which participants
practice skills that they learned throughout the course." (**The Joint
Commission**, *Standing Together*, 2005, p. v)

**Community Hazards Emergency Response-Capability Assurance Process
(CHER-CAP):** "The Community Hazards Emergency Response-Capability 
Assurance Process (CHER-CAP) is offered by Regional Offices of the
Department of Homeland Security\'s Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) to assist local communities and tribal l governments  in
obtaining a greater understanding of community hazard risks, identifying
planning deficiencies, updating plans, training first responders, and
stimulating and testing the system for strengths and needed
improvements. CHER-CAP is offered as an additional tool for state and
local governments to use as they develop and enhance preparedness and
response capabilities that will address any hazards that communities 
will face throughout our Nation." (FEMA, *Community Hazards Emergency
Response-Capability Assurance Process (CHER-CAP) Fact Sheet*, May 8,
2007 update.

**Community Preparedness:** "Preparedness is everyone\'s job. Not just
government agencies but all sectors of society \-- service providers,
businesses, civic and volunteer groups, industry associations and
neighborhood associations, as well as every individual citizen \--
should plan ahead for disaster. During the first few hours or days
following a disaster, essential services may not be available. People
must be ready to act on their own." (**FEMA**, *About FEMA: Community
and Family Preparedness Program*, April 5, 2006 update)

**Community Preparedness and Participation:** "There is a structure and
a process for ongoing collaboration between government and
nongovernmental organizations at all levels; volunteers and
nongovernmental resources are incorporated in plans and exercises; the
public is educated, trained, and aware; citizens participate in
volunteer programs and provide surge capacity support; nongovernmental
resources are managed effectively in disasters; and there is a process
to evaluate progress." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*,
September 13, 2007, p. 6)

**Community Preparedness and Participation, Capability Definition:
"**The Community Preparedness and Participation capability provides that
everyone in America is fully aware, trained, and practiced on how to
prevent, protect/mitigate, prepare for, and respond to all threats

and hazards. This requires a role for citizens in personal preparedness,
exercises, ongoing volunteer programs, and surge capacity response.
Specific capabilities for UNIVERSAL preparedness, including knowledge of
all-hazards (technological, natural, and terrorist incidents) and
related protective measures, skills, and supplies, will be determined
through a collaborative process with emergency responders." (**DHS,**
*TCL*, 2007, p. 55)

**Community Rating System (CRS): "**The National Flood Insurance
Program\'s (NFIP) Community Rating System (CRS) is a voluntary incentive
program that recognizes and encourages community floodplain management
activities that exceed the minimum NFIP requirements. As a result, flood
insurance premium rates are discounted to reflect the reduced flood risk
resulting from the community actions meeting the three goals of the CRS:
(1) reduce flood losses; (2) facilitate accurate insurance rating; and
(3) promote the awareness of flood insurance. For CRS participating
communities, flood insurance premium rates are discounted in increments
of 5%; i.e., a Class 1 community would receive a 45% premium discount,
while a Class 9 community would receive a 5% discount (a Class 10 is not
participating in the CRS and receives no discount). The CRS classes for
local communities are based on 18 creditable activities, organized under
four categories: (i) Public Information, (ii) Mapping and Regulations,
(iii) Flood Damage Reduction, and (iv) Flood Preparedness." (**FEMA**,
*Community Rating System*. Website:
<http://www.fema.gov/business/nfip/crs.shtm> )

**Community Readiness Survey:** "The survey, as used in OSA (On-Site
Assistance Program), is an assessment \["profile"\] of the actual
condition of the existing local emergency operational readiness
capability.... A thorough understanding of the real situation is
desirable before determining the course of action....The most important
aspects of the survey are that it is done at the site, and requires
direct local participation and involvement. The OSA team should base
their recommendations on first-hand information and observations,
including information gained in the give-and-take of discussion. The
DCPA Standards should serve as a reference point. It should be
emphasized that the objective of the survey is to determine the course
of future preparedness actions and the manner in which local, State, and
Federal resources can contribute most effectively to this course of
action, rather than evaluate past actions or present performance. In
other words, what can be done to help this civil preparedness director
increase his community's emergency operating capability." (**DCPA**,
*On-Site Assistance* (MP 63), 1974, p. 21)

**Community Relations (Stafford Act Declaration):** "Community Relations
personnel work closely with disaster victims and community leaders to
establish confidence in the emergency management system. They establish
an early presence at the disaster site to assess and communicate
critical needs. They are highly skilled in explaining the disaster
relief process and programs, and set realistic expectations to limit
misunderstandings about the disaster assistance process and to ensure
that disaster assistance is being delivered as soon as possible.
Community relations also employ a culturally diverse staff to ensure
they are able to communicate, in different languages, the disaster
process and to promote efficient and equitable disaster assistance for
all communities and applicants." (**FEMA**, *IS 250*, *Emergency Support
Function 15 (ESF15) External Affairs*, 2007, p. 40, Module 4)

**Community Risk Assessment:** "Community Risk Assessment (CRA) uses
participatory action research methods to place communities in the lead
role for the assessment, active planning, design, implementation and
evaluation of activities aimed at reducing the community's risk to
disaster. Whether they are rural, urban or semi-urban neighborhoods, it
is crucial that communities exposed to hazards can contribute to the
risk assessment and planning process. CRA focuses on identifying the
most vulnerable groups in a community, and explores what local
capacities can be used to enhance the resilience of the community
members. The risks facing a community can include natural hazards, such
as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes and droughts, as well as other
threats such as environmental health risks, epidemics or conflict."
(**ProVention Consortium**, *Community Risk Assessment Toolkit*,
International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,
May 2006)

**Community Shelter Plans (CSP):** "In developing a Community Shelter
Plan (CSP) for a given community, people are matched with specific
shelters in the best possible combination, considering time and movement
constraints. Development of a CSP for a large metropolitan area is a
complex task, appropriate for use of computer techniques. A
computer-allocation procedure has been developed and field tested in
several communities.... At the end of fiscal year 1973, a cumulative
total of 2,737 communities, with a population of approximately 176
million had CSP's completed or underway." (**DCPA**, *Foresight, DCPA
Annual Report FY73*, 1974, p. 18)

**Community Shelter Planning (CSP): ** A component of the Nuclear Civil
Protection program, Defense Civil Preparedness Agency.  Community
Shelter Planning was designed to provide fallout shelter, peacetime
shelters for disasters, and in some cases blast shelter where that
capability already existed, against nuclear attack in a quickly
developing crisis.  In this context, quickly developing was described as
being within hours or a day or more.  (See, **DCPA**, *Standards for
Local Preparedness Capability*, 1978)

**Community Shelter Planning Officers (CSPOS):** "DCPA makes funds
available for States to obtain the services of planners designated as
Community Shelter Planning Officers (CSPOS). The CSPOS give technical
assistance to city and county governments in the development of their
Community Shelter Plans (CSP's) and for developing plans for dealing
with peacetime disasters including natural disasters, environmental
hazards and civil disorders, as well as the effects of nuclear attack"
(**DCPA**, *Foresight, DCPA Annual Report FY73*, 1974, p. 18)

**CoMNET:** Consequence Management, News, Equipment and Training (DHS)

**Competency: "**Observable, measurable skill, knowledge, ability,
behavior, and other characteristics that an individual needs to perform
work roles or occupational functions successfully." (**DHS**, *DHS
Training Glossary*, November 2006, p. 15)

**Complex Incidents:** "Events where the victims have unusual medical
needs or require medical care that is not readily available. These
medical needs may be very difficult to adequately define or address
without specialized expertise, even with only a few casualties." (HHS,
*Medical Surge Capacity and Capability Handbook*, August 2004, p. D-3)

**Comprehensive** **(Core Principle of Emergency Management):**
"Comprehensive: emergency managers consider and take into account all
hazards, all phases, all stakeholders and all impacts relevant to
disasters." (**EM Roundtable**, 2007, p. 4)

**Comprehensive Cooperative Agreement (CCA):** Successor (circa
1981-1983 timeframe) to the Personnel and Administrative Expenses
program, Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (and previous Federal Civil
Defense Programs) which provided funding to State civil
defense/emergency management organizations on at a rate not to exceed 50
percent of personnel and administrative expenses on a matching fund
basis. States were required to pass the majority of the funding to local
civil defense/emergency management offices within each State. CCA's were
negotiated annually between FEMA Regional Offices and State CD/EM
Offices based upon national program priorities. The Emergency Management
Performance Grants (EMPG) replaced the CCA during the Clinton
Administration. (Blanchard)

**Comprehensive Cooperative Agreement (CCA):** "...the contractual
management instrument for State and local emergency preparedness
projects receiving Federal financial assistance from FEMA." (**FEMA**,
*IEMS MYDP*, 1984, p. III-1)

**Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM):** An integrated approach to
the management of emergency programs and activities for all four
emergency phases (mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery), for
all types of emergencies and disasters and for all levels of government
and the private sector.

**Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM):** "Comprehensive Emergency
Management Programs provide a complete approach for dealing with
disruptions in both the public and the private sector. While the term is
not widely understood, it represents the umbrella which covers emergency
management, business continuity, and disaster recovery." (**Davis
Logic**, *CEM*, 2005)

**Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM):** \"Comprehensive Emergency
Management means integrating all actors, in all phases of emergency
activity, for all types of disasters.\" (**NGA,** 1978, 111)

**Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM):** \"CEM refers to a state\'s
responsibility and unique capability to manage all types of disasters by
coordinating wide-ranging actions of numerous agencies. The
\'comprehensive\' aspect of CEM includes all four phases of disaster
activity: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery for all risks
\-- attack, man-made, and natural \-- in a federal-state-local operating
partnership.\" (**NGA** 1978, 203)

Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM): "CEM fosters a
*federal-state-local operating* *partnership.*" (NGA, *Comprehensive
Emergency Management*, 1979, p. 15)

"CEM should be distinguished from *comprehensive emergency
preparedness,* a term now generally in use, which emphasizes, in
practice if not legislative intent, the preparedness and response phases
of emergency management almost exclusively." (NGA, *CEM*, 1979, p. 50)

"In keeping with the concept of a full federal-state-local partnership
in the consolidation of all-risk emergency management, state and local
governments should adopt consistent nomenclature, using the words
*emergency management*." (NGA, *CEM*, 1979, p. 53)

**Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM) Public Commitment
Component:** "To ensure public support and commitment for emergency
preparedness, the emergency management leader must lead a statewide
effort to tap the skills, knowledge and abilities of the public to

bolster the preparedness of households and businesses, as well as
support public and private sector emergency response." (**Little Hoover
Com**., *Safeguarding the Golden State*, 2006, 39)

**Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
(CERCLA), 1980:** (Public Law 96-510.) "The Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as
Superfund, was enacted by Congress on December 11, 1980. This law
created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided
broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened
releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the
environment....CERCLA:

-   established prohibitions and requirements concerning closed and
    abandoned hazardous waste sites;

-   provided for liability of persons responsible for releases of
    hazardous waste at these sites; and

-   established a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible
    party could be identified.

The law authorizes two kinds of response actions:

-   Short-term removals, where actions may be taken to address releases
    or threatened releases requiring prompt response.

-   Long-term remedial response actions, that permanently and
    significantly reduce the dangers associated with releases or threats
    of releases of hazardous substances that are serious, but not
    immediately life threatening. These actions can be conducted only at
    sites listed on EPA\'s National Priorities List (NPL).

CERCLA also enabled the revision of the National Contingency Plan (NCP).
The NCP provided the guidelines and procedures needed to respond to
releases and threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or
contaminants. The NCP also established the NPL. CERCLA was amended by
the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) on October 17,
1986." (**EPA**, *CERCLA* Overview, July 17, 2007 Update)

**Comprehensive Maritime Awareness:** "Improves maritime security by
acquiring, integrating and exchanging relevant maritime activity
information on regional threats and focuses limited interdiction and
inspection assets on the most probable threats." (**DOD**, *FY 2006
Advanced Concept Technology*..., March 16, 2006)

**Comprehensive Resource Management** (See "Resource Management")

**Computer-Assisted Natural Disaster Operations:** "Under a contractual
arrangement with the University of Tennessee, a prototype computer
system to assist local planners in natural disaster operations was
developed and tested during the fiscal year \[1973\]. The system, using
existing computer programs and available data, produces outputs useful
in local natural disaster planning. Outputs include numbers of people
and resources in an area; estimates of requirements to deal with all
types of natural disasters; allocations of populations affected to
temporary shelter. Additional capabilities will be developed during
fiscal year 1974, including a complete computer package for use in large
metropolitan areas." (**DCPA**, *Foresight, Annual Report FY73*, 1974,
11)

**COMSEC:** Communications Security. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Ops*, 2007, 4-9)

**CoMSUPCEN:** Consequence Management Support Center. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Ops*, 2007, 4-2)

**Concept of Operations:** "A verbal or graphic statement that clearly
and concisely expresses what the joint force commander intends to
accomplish and how it will be done using available resources. The
concept is designed to give an overall picture of the operation."
(**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Concept of Operations (For an EOP):** "The audience for the Basic Plan
needs to picture the sequence and scope of the planned emergency
response. The concept of operations section explains the jurisdiction\'s
overall approach to an emergency situation, i.e., what should happen,
when, and at whose direction. Topics should include: division of local,
State, Federal, and any intermediate interjurisdictional
responsibilities; activation of the EOP; \"action levels\" and their
implications...; general sequence of actions before, during, and after
the emergency situation; who requests aid and under what conditions (the
necessary forms being contained in tabs); and, for States, who appoints
a State Coordinating Officer (SCO) and how the SCO and the State
response organization will coordinate and work with Federal response
personnel in accordance with the FRP... The concept of operations will
touch on direction and control, alert and warning, or continuity of
operations matters that may be dealt with more fully in annexes."
(**FEMA**. *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning* (SLG
101), 1996, 4-3)

**Concept of Operations:** "A verbal or graphic statement, in broad
outline, of a commander's assumptions or intent in regard to an
operation or series of operations. The concept of operations frequently
is embodied in campaign plans and operation plans; in the latter case,
particularly when the plans cover a series of connected operations to be
carried out simultaneously or in succession. The concept is designed to
give an overall picture of the operation. It is included primarily for
additional clarity of purpose. Also called commander's concept. (Joint
Pub 1-02)" (**JCS**, *JOPES,* 1995, p. GL-3)

**Concept Plan (CONPLAN):** "The term 'concept plan' or 'CONPLAN' refers
to a plan that briefly describes the concept of operations for
integrating and synchronizing existing Federal capabilities to
accomplish the mission essential tasks, and describes how Federal
capabilities will be integrated into and support regional, State, local,
and tribal plans." (**White House**, *Annex I "National Planning" to
HSPD-8*, December 2007, p. 2)

**Condition ALFA:** "The USACE posture resulting from a surprise nuclear
attack on the CONUS which may destroy the entire or portion of the seat
of government and the key

personnel of HQUSACE. Planning for this condition is based on employment
of an alternate command element and/or predesignated AH to provide
continuity of operations. (**USACE**, *Planning and Operations
Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p. V-1)

**Condition BRAVO:** 'The USACE posture resulting from either actual or
suspected nuclear attack on CONUS or allied countries which was preceded
by sufficient warning to permit selected USACE personnel to relocate
prior to the attack. Continuity planning for this condition is based on
the concept of selected personnel moving to and operation from
predesignated ERS\'s." (**USACE**, *Planning and Operations Guidelines,
Annex V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p. V-1)

**Conditions (UTL):** "Conditions are variables of the environment that
affect the performance of a task. Some conditions describe the
environment in which a response occurs (e.g., weather or austere
conditions). Others describe the scope of the response (e.g., the number
of casualties or describe the type of agent). When linked to specific
tasks, conditions help frame the differences or similarities between
assigned missions." (**DHS**, *UTL 2.1*, 2005, p. 5)

**Conflict Hazards:** War, acts of terrorism, civil unrest, riots, and
revolutions.

**Congregate Care Management:** "Manage conventional and nonconventional
mass shelter facilities in support of State, tribal, 3 and local
government and host States when traditional mass care systems are
overwhelmed. Coordinate Federal resources and provide technical support
to State, tribal, and local 7 governments for shelter-in-place
activities. Nonconventional sheltering may include:

Hotels, motels, and other single-room facilities.

> Temporary facilities such as tents, prefab module facilities, trains,
> and ships.
>
> Specialized shelters and functional and medical support shelters.

Support for other specialized congregate care areas that may include
respite centers, rescue areas, and decontamination processing centers.
(**DHS**, *National Response Framework Emergency Support Function #6 --*
*Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing, and Human Services* *Annex*
(Comment Draft). September 10, 2007, p. 6)

**Congregate Household Pet Shelters: "**Any private or public facility
that provides refuge to rescued household pets and the household pets of
shelterees in response to a declared major disaster or emergency."
(**FEMA**, *Eligible Costs Related to Pet Evacuations, Sheltering*,
2007)

**Congregate Shelters:** "*Congregate Shelters* are facilities used for
sheltering large groups of people, but that normally serve other
purposes (e.g., schools, stadiums, churches, or church-sponsored
facilities)." (**FEMA**, *FEMA Recovery Strategy*, August 3, 2006)

**CONOPS/CONOPs:** Concept of Operations.

CONPLAN (NRF): Concept Plan. (DHS, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 10,
2007, p. 61)

CONPLAN: Contingency Plan. (Dept. of the Army, *WMD-CST Ops*, Dec 2007,
Glossary-2)

**Consequence:** "The result of a terrorist attack or other hazard that
reflects the level, duration, and nature of the loss resulting from the
incident. For the purposes of the NIPP, consequences are divided into
four main categories: public health and safety, economic, psychological,
and governance." (**DHS**, NIPP, 2006, p. 103)

**Consequence:** "The Consequence of a terrorist attack is a product of
the *criticality* of the target and the *impact* that an attack would
have on that *criticality*.

-   Consequence = (Criticality) X (Impact)." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p.
    51)

**Consequence:** "Outcome of an event." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security*..., 2007, p. 2)

**Consequence:** The outcome of an event or situation expressed
qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage or
gain. (**Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand**, 1995)

**Consequence Analysis:** The estimation of the effect of potential
hazardous events. (**New South Wales** 1989).

**Consequence Assessment Tool Set (CATS):** "CATS is a consequence
management tool package that integrates hazard prediction, consequence
assessment and emergency management tools (including HPAC) with critical
population and infrastructure data, all within a commercial Geographical
Information System (GIS). CATS uses its constituent tools and data to
predict the hazard areas caused by chemical, biological, radiological,
nuclear and explosive incidents, as well as earthquakes and hurricanes.
CATS helps to estimate collateral damage to military, civil and
industrial installations, assesses associated casualties and damage to
facilities, resources, and infrastructure and creates mitigation
strategies for responders." (**DTRA/DOD**, *CATS*)

**Consequence Management: "**Comprises those essential services and
activities required to manage and mitigate problems resulting from
disasters and catastrophes. Such services and activities may include
transportation, communications, public works and engineering, fire
fighting, information planning, mass care, resources support, health and
medical services, urban search and rescue, hazardous materials, food,
and energy." (**DoD**, *MACA*, 1997, p. 15

**Consequence Management:** "Per the National Strategy for Homeland
Security, July

2002, the NRP will consolidate existing federal government emergency
response plans into one genuinely all-discipline, all-hazard plan and
thereby eliminate the "crisis management" and "consequence management"
distinction. Traditionally, consequence management has been
predominantly an emergency management function and included measures to
protect public health and safety, restore essential government services,
and provide emergency relief to governments, businesses, and individuals
affected by the consequences of terrorism. The requirements of
consequence management and crisis management are combined in the NRP.
See also crisis management." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft
#1), February 25, 2004, p. 73 (Glossary)

**Consequences Management: "**Those planning actions and preparations
taken to identify, organize, equip, and train emergency response forces
and to develop the executable plans implemented in response to an
accident; and, the actions taken following an accident to mitigate and
recover from the effects of an accident. (**DoD**, *DoD Response to
Radiological Accidents* (DoD Directive 3150.8), 1996, p. 9)

**Consequence Management (C^O^M):** Involves measures to alleviate the
damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused by emergencies. It includes
measures to restore essential government services, protect public health
and safety, and provide emergency relief to affected governments,
businesses, and individuals. (**FEMA**, *Weapons of Mass
Destruction-Nuclear Scenario,* 1999*)*

**Consequence Management:** "Relative to terrorism incident operations,
measures to protect public health and safety, restore essential
government services, and provide emergency relief to governments,
businesses and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism."
(**FEMA** *Disaster Dictionary* 2001, 22; cites Federal Response Plan,
"Terrorism Incident Annex.")

**Consequence Management**: "CM includes those actions required to
manage and mitigate problems resulting from disasters and
catastrophes**.** It may include COOP/COG measures to restore essential
government services, protect public health and safety, and provide
emergency

relief to affected governments, businesses, and individuals. Responses
occur under the primary jurisdiction of the affected state and local
government, and the Federal government provides assistance when
required. When situations are beyond the capability of the state, the
governor requests federal assistance through the President. The
President may also direct the Federal government to provide supplemental
assistance to state and local governments to alleviate the suffering and
damage resulting from disasters or emergencies. DHS/FEMA has the primary
responsibility for coordination of federal CM assistance to state and
local governments." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005,
pp. IV 8 & 9)

**Consequence Management:** "Traditionally, consequence management has
been predominantly an emergency management function and included
measures to protect public health and safety, restore essential
government services, and provide emergency relief to governments,
businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism.
The requirements of consequence management and crisis management are
combined in the NRP." (**US Army TRADOC**, 2007, p. 147)

**Consequence Management:** "Consequence management is predominantly an
emergency management function and includes measures to protect public
health and safety, restore essential government services, and provide
emergency relief to governments, businesses, and individuals affected by
the consequences of terrorism. In an actual or potential terrorist
incident, a consequence management response will be managed by FEMA
using structures and resources of the Federal Response Plan (FRP). These
efforts will include support missions as described in other Federal
operations plans, such as predictive modeling, protective action
recommendations, and mass decontamination.

The laws of the United States assign primary authority to the State and
local governments to respond to the consequences of terrorism; the
Federal government provides assistance, as required." (**USG**,
*Interagency Domestic Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001, p. 10)

**Consequence Management Support Center:** "A Department of Defense hub
for integrated logistics support that serves as a supply support
activity for military and commercial equipment, kitting and shipping
agent, and logistics operations center for both deployed and
home-station units. It supports and sustains the weapons of mass
destruction civil support teams through a central organization
consisting of a supply support activity, an emergency resupply activity,
and a support coordination center." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, 2007,
Glossary-10)

**Consequences:** "Consequences mean the damages (full or partial),
injuries, and losses of life, property, environment, and business that
can be quantified by some unit of measure, often in economic or
financial terms." (**FEMA**, *Multi Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment*, 1997, p. xxv)

**Constitution and Homeland Security:** "The Preamble states that two of
the purposes of the Constitution are to insure domestic tranquility and
provide for the common defense. Furthermore, Congress has the power to
declare war, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a Navy, and
provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union,
suppress insurrections and repel invasions. The President is the
Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. The Constitution provides the
fundamental justification for HS through the guarantee of domestic
tranquility and provision for the common defense of the nation."
(**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. A-1)

**Consumable Commodities:** "Food, ice, water and other items not
requiring installation, such as small plastic tarps and small
generators." (**FEMA**, *100% Funding for Direct Federal Assistance and
Grant Assistance*, June 9, 2006)

**Contamination (Nuclear Weapon):** "The deposit of radioactive material
on the surfaces of structures, areas, objects, or personnel, following a
nuclear (or atomic) explosion. This material generally consists of
fallout in which fission products and other weapon debris have become
incorporated with particles of dirt, etc. Contamination can also arise
from the radioactivity induced in certain substances by the action of
neutrons from a nuclear explosion." (**Glasstone**, *The Effects of
Nuclear Weapons*, 3^rd^ Ed., 1977, Glossary, p. 631)

**Contingency:** "A situation requiring military operations in response
to natural disasters, terrorists, subversives, or as otherwise directed
by appropriate authority to protect US interests." (**DoD**, *DOD
Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Contingency:** "A contingency is an incident which would involve DHS
resources in response to natural or man made disasters, terrorists or
other situations as directed by the President or Secretary of Homeland
Security." (**DHS**, *National Planning and Execution System*, 2007,
5-1)

**Contingency and Crisis Action Planning:** "Ideally all potential
national domestic incidents would have a plan ready for execution at a
moments notice. This is unlikely so it is necessary to view planning in
two contexts. Planning in the Pre-incident phase aims to prepare plans
for the most dangerous potential incidents that could affect the nation;
this is called contingency planning. Planning that takes place during
the Incident Phase is called "crisis action planning" or CAP. Both use
the same procedure to develop courses of action. The essential
difference is that CAP takes place in a time-constrained and
high-visibility environment. These aspects make CAP the most critical
capability to develop. An effective CAP process relies on experienced
planners, whose primary experience comes from developing contingency
plans. Both contingency planning and CAP aim to produce plans that will
achieve a specific national objective for a given incident; that is they
are "execution" focused." (**DHS**, 2007)

**Contingency Plan:** "A plan used by an organization or business unit
to respond to a specific systems failure or disruption of operations. A
contingency plan may use any number of resources including workaround
procedures, an alternate work area, a reciprocal agreement, or
replacement resources." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*,
2006, pp. 50-51)

**Contingency Plan: "**A document to identify and catalog the elements
required to respond to an emergency, to define responsibilities and
specific tasks, and to serve as a response guide." (**EPA**, *Technical
Guidance for Hazards* Analysis, 1987, p. A-4)

**Contingency Plan: "**The portion of an IAP \[Incident Action Plan\] or
other plan that identifies possible but unlikely events and the
contingency resources needed to mitigate those events." (**USCG**, *IM
Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-5)

**Contingency Planning:** "Process of developing advance arrangements
and procedures that enable an organization to respond to an event that
could occur by chance or unforeseen circumstances." (**DigitalCare**,
*State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, pp. 50-51)

**Contingency Planning:** "The Joint Operation Planning and Execution
System planning activities that occur in noncrisis situations. The Joint
Planning and Execution Community uses contingency planning to develop
operation plans for a broad range of contingencies based on requirements
identified in the Contingency Planning Guidance, Joint Strategic
Capabilities Plan, or other planning directive. Contingency planning
underpins and facilitates the transition to crisis action planning."
(**DOD**, DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms, 2007)

**Contingency Planning:** "Contingency planning creates plans in
anticipation of future incidents based on the most current information
utilizing Department resources. A contingency is an incident which would
involve DHS resources in response to natural or man made disasters,
terrorists or other situations as directed by the President or Secretary
of Homeland Security. Contingency planning facilitates the transition to
CAP; during CAP any contingency plan will become a Crisis Action Plan.
Any plan for conducting national incident management operations will be
called a *Department Contingency Plan.* (**DHS**, 2007)

**Contingency Planning:** "Asking about all the 'what if's that might
occur in the activities of an organization and the dangers faced in the
external environment." (**Lerbinger** 1997, 267)

**Continuity:** "An uninterrupted ability to provide services and
support, while maintaining organizational viability, before, during, and
after an event." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, p. P-2)

**Continuity Advisory Group (CAG):** "The NCC \[National Continuity
Coordinator\] will establish a Continuity Advisory Group (CAG) as a
sub-PCC group focused on interagency implementation of continuity
programs. It will be comprised of Continuity Coordinators, or their
designees, from Category I, II, III, and IV (identified in
NSPD-51/HSPD-20 Annex A and in Appendix B of this *Plan*) executive
departments and agencies. Key State and local government representatives
from the National Capital Region (NCR), and representatives from the
legislative and judicial branches may be invited as appropriate. The CAG
shall represent the interests of departments and agencies from
Categories I-IV before the CPCC. The CAG will assist its member
departments and agencies in implementing directives within its scope by
performing the following functions: Providing the forum to address
issues ultimately requiring commitment of department and agency
resources; Facilitating the exchange of information, including lessons
learned, and a sensing of the member community's views; Facilitating the
overall coordination and decision process and the initial coordination
among departments and agencies of plans and procedures for shared
responsibilities; Identifying, prioritizing, and undertaking initiatives
to explore options and make recommendations; and Assisting in resolving
conflicts as required." (**HSC,** *NCPIP*, August 2007, p. 22)

**Continuity Capability:** "The ability of an organization to continue
performance of Essential Functions, utilizing Continuity of Operations
and Continuity of Government programs and integrated, day-to-day
operations with a primary goal of ensuring the preservation of our form
of government under the Constitution and the continuing performance of
National Essential Functions under all conditions. Built from the
foundation of continuity planning and continuity program management, the
key pillars of continuity capability are Leadership, Staff,
Communications, and Facilities." (**HSC**, *National Continuity Policy
Implementation Plan*, August, 2007, p. 60; **DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007,
p. P-2))

**Continuity Communications Architecture:** "An integrated,
comprehensive, interoperable information architecture, developed
utilizing the OMB-sanctioned Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework,
that describes the data, systems, applications, technical standards, and
underlying infrastructure required to ensure that Federal executive
branch departments and agencies can execute their Primary Mission
Essential Functions and Mission Essential Functions in support of
National Essential Functions and continuity requirements under all
circumstances." (**HSC**, *National Continuity Policy Implementation
Plan*, Aug, 2007, p. 60; **DHS**, *FCD* 1, 2007))

**Continuity Coordinators:** "Representatives of the executive branch
departments and agencies at the Assistant Secretary (or equivalent)
level." (**HSC**, *National Continuity Policy Implementation Plan*,
August, 2007, p. 60; **DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, p. P-2)

**Continuity Facilities:** "As part of their continuity planning, all
agencies must identify alternate facilities; alternate uses for existing
facilities; and as appropriate, virtual office options including
telework. Risk assessments will be conducted on these facilities to
provide reliable and comprehensive data to inform risk mitigation
decisions that will allow agencies to protect assets, systems, networks,
and functions while determining the likely causes and impacts of any
disruption. All agency personnel shall be briefed on agency continuity
plans that involve using, or relocating personnel to alternate
facilities, existing facilities, or virtual offices. Continuity
personnel must be provided supplemental training and guidance on
relocation procedures." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. 8)

**Continuity of Government (COG):** All measures that may be taken to
ensure the continuity of essential functions of governments in the event
of emergency conditions, including line-of-succession for key
decision-makers.

**Continuity of Government (COG):** "Continuity of Government means a
*coordinated* effort within each branch of Government (e.g., the Federal
Government\'s executive branch) to ensure that NEFs \[National Essential
Functions\] continue to be performed during a catastrophic emergency."
(**DHS/FEMA**, *FCD 1*, November 2007, p. 2)

**Continuity of Government (COG):** "The principle of establishing
defined procedures that allow a government to continue its essential
operations in case of a nuclear war or other catastrophic event."
(**FEMA**, *Department/Agency HQ Devolution of Operations Plan
Template*)

**Continuity of Government (COG):** "Activities that address the
continuance of constitutional governance. COG planning aims to preserve
and/or reconstitute the institution of government and ensure that a
department or agency's constitutional, legislative, and/or
administrative responsibilities are maintained. This is accomplished
through succession of leadership, the predelegation of emergency
authority, and active command and control during response and recovery
operations." (**FEMA,** *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 149;
see as well, *National Response Framework* Resource Center
Glossary/Acronyms, September 2007 draft)

**Continuity of Government (COG):** "The preservation, maintenance, or
reconstitution of civil government's ability to carryout the executive,
legislative and judicial processes under the threat or occurrence of any
emergency condition that could disrupt such process and services."
(**Homeland Defense Journal** 2004, 26)

**Continuity of Government (COG)** (Support to the Nation): "Actions
taken to assure that essential functions of the government are continued
during an enemy attack upon CONUS." (**USACE**, *Planning and Operations
Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p. V-1)

**Continuity of Government (COG):** "'Continuity of Government,' or
'COG', means a coordinated effort within the Federal Government\'s
executive branch to ensure that National Essential Functions continue to
be performed during a Catastrophic Emergency." (**White House**,
*HSPD-20*, 9 May 2007)

**Continuity of Government Condition (COGCON):** There are four levels
with level 4 as the lowest threat level and level 1 as the highest.
(**DOE**, *DOE Order 100.1D, Subject: Secretarial Succession, Threat
Level Notification, and Successor Tracking*, April 20, 2007.

**Continuity of Government Readiness Conditions (COGCON):** "In order to
provide a coordinated response to escalating threat levels or actual
emergencies, the Continuity of Government Readiness Conditions (COGCON)
system establishes executive branch continuity program readiness levels,
focusing on possible threats to the National Capital Region. The
President will determine and issue the COGCON Level. Executive
departments and agencies shall comply with the requirements and assigned
responsibilities under the COGCON program. During COOP activation,
executive departments and agencies shall report their readiness status
to the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Secretary\'s designee."
(**White House,** *HSPD-20*)

**Continuity of Government Readiness Conditions (COGCON) Matrix:**

-   **COGCON 4:** Continuity Plan fully operational within 12 hours.

-   **COGCON 3:** Continuity Plan fully operational within 8 hours.

-   **COGCON 2:** Continuity Plan fully operational within 4 hours.

-   **COGCON 1:** Continuity Plan fully operational immediately.
    (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, 2007, N-2)

**Continuity of Government Spectrum Strategy.** (**DHS**,
*Budget-in-Brief FY 2008*, 2007, p. 80)

**Continuity of Operations (COOP):** "Efforts to ensure a viable
capability exists to continue essential functions across a wide range of
potential emergencies through plans and procedures that delineate
essential functions; specify succession to office and the emergency
delegation of authority; provide for the safekeeping of vital records
and databases; identify alternate operating facilities; provide for
interoperable communications; and validate the capability through tests,
training, and exercises." (**FEMA**, *Department/Agency HQ Devolution of
Operations Plan Template*)

**Continuity of Operations (COOP):** "The ability to recover and provide
services sufficient to meet the minimal needs of users of the
system/agency. This ability to continue essential agency functions
across a wide spectrum of emergencies will not necessarily limit COG
functions." (**Homeland Defense Journal** 2004, 26)

**Continuity of Operations (COOP)** (Support to DA, DOD and other
Federal agencies): "Actions taken to assure that essential military
missions are continued during an enemy

attack upon CONUS or the national defense strategy." (**USACE**,
*Planning and Operations Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions and Common*
Terms, 1985, p. V-1)

**Continuity of Operations (COOP):** "\`Continuity of Operations,' or
'COOP,' means an effort within individual executive departments and
agencies to ensure that Primary Mission-Essential Functions continue to
be performed during a wide range of emergencies, including localized
acts of nature, accidents, and technological or attack-related
emergencies." (**White House,** *HSPD-20*, May 9, 2007)

**Continuity of Operations (COOP) and Continuity of Government (COG)
(Public Sector):** "An ongoing process supported by senior management
and funded to ensure that the necessary steps are taken to identify the
impact of potential losses, maintain viable recovery strategies,
recovery plans, and continuity of services." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p.7
and 11)

**Continuity of Operations Implementation Plan Phases:**

-   Readiness and Preparedness

-   Activation and Relocation (0-12 Hours)

-   Continuity Operations

-   Reconstitution (**DHS**, *FCD* 1, Nov. 2007, p. N-1)

**Continuity of Operations Minimum Issues to Address in COOP Plan:**

-   Identifying and prioritizing mission-essential functions

-   Establishing how, when, and which authorities will be delegated

-   Creating orders of succession

-   Identifying and training appropriate staff to support essential
    functions

-   Acquiring and equipping an alternate facility for relocation

-   Defining availability and redundancy of interoperable communications
    and IT systems

-   Identifying, protecting, and sustaining availability of vital
    records and databases

-   Determining methods to transfer control to/from primary site
    during/after an emergency

-   Creating a viable schedule to update training, exercises, and plans.
    (**ICF Int**., *Continuity Planning Emphasizes Comprehensive,
    All-Hazards Approach*, Winter 2005, p. 1)

**Continuity of Operations Phases:**

a\. *Pre-attack*: That phase that includes all planning and testing of
existing facilities, plans and Emergency Action Procedures.

b\. *Trans-attack period.* From initial attack until civil defense
personnel determine that radiation levels permit leaving shelters.
Essential functions during this period would include at a minimum all
FOA generated Essential War Functions...

c*. Post-attack period*.

\(1\) Immediate phase. Emphasis on recovery, would include:

\(a\) Continuing survival activities and military operations.

\(b\) Mobilizing military and civilian resources.

\(c\) Restoring essential communications and transportation.

\(d\) Increasing procurement and production of essential items.

*Long-term phase.* Activities related to rehabilitation, rejuvenation
and restructuring from remaining resources." (**USACE**, *Planning and
Operations Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p.
V-1)

**Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP):** "A COOP provides guidance on
the system restoration for emergencies, disasters, mobilization, and for
maintaining a state of readiness to provide the necessary level of
information processing support commensurate with the mission
requirements/priorities identified by the respective functional
proponent. The Federal Government and its supporting agencies
traditionally use this term to describe activities otherwise known as
Disaster Recovery, Business Continuity, Business Resumption, or
Contingency Planning." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*,
2006, pp. 50-51)

**Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP):** "A plan that provides for the
continuity of essential functions of an organization in the event an
emergency prevents occupancy of its primary facility. The plan provides
the organization with an operational framework for continuing its
essential functions when normal operations are disrupted or otherwise
cannot be conducted from the primary facility." (**FEMA**,
*Department/Agency HQ Devolution of Operations Plan Template*)

**Continuity of Operations Plan-Essential (COP-E): "**COP-E planning
assumes a major disaster of national significance like a pandemic
cascades into a national and international catastrophe. It assumes
planning for degrees of "essential" operational requirements based upon
a dramatically worsening situation and the need to sustain not only the
business, but also the community and the nation. Thus, the scale and
scope of the impacts and possible outcomes demands a dedicated level of
effort, investment, and planning beyond typical business continuity
planning. COP-E expands initial business continuity plans to create an
agile, actionable plan for responding and recovering from a potential
catastrophic failure on a national or international scale." (**DHS**,
*Pandemic Influenza CIKR Guide*, 2006, p. 29)

**Continuity of Operations Plan-Essential (COP-E), Pandemic: "**Pandemic
preparedness must involve all types and sizes of businesses. Moreover,
it demands a shift in business continuity planning from one that
anticipates a short-term, near-normal condition, to one that prepares
for extreme long-term, catastrophic contingencies. In the event of a
pandemic, the private sector must cope to sustain the nation's essential
security, as well as its economic and social stability. To do this, the
private sector must maintain production of essential goods and services
while mitigating the pandemic impact on operations. COP-E planning
assumes pandemic-specific impacts and encourages business contingency
planners to identify truly essential functions, people, and materials
within and across critical sectors. COP-E also proposes alternative
methods tailored to each pandemic phase from preparation to recovery....
*Essential functions:* Functions that are absolutely necessary to keep a
business operating during an influenza pandemic, and critical to
survival and recovery." (**DHS**, *Pandemic Influenza CIKR Guide*, 2006,
p. 20; see also pp. 29-)

**Continuity of Operations Plans (COOP):** "Planning should be
instituted (including all levels of government) across the private
sector and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), as appropriate, to
ensure the continued performance of core capabilities and/or critical
government operations during any potential incident." (**FEMA**, *NIMS
Draft*, August 2007, p. 149)

**Continuity of Operations (COOP) Plans:** "Procedures to ensure the
continued performance

of core capabilities and/or critical government operations during any
potential incident. (**FEMA**, Strategic Plan, 2007, Appendix D:
Glossary, p. 51, citing **National Response Framework** (NRF) Resource
Center Glossary/Acronyms Draft September 10, 2007)

**Continuity Planning:** "Continuity planning is simply the good
business practice of ensuring the execution of essential functions
through all circumstances, and it is a fundamental responsibility of
public and private entities responsible to their stakeholders."
(**DHS**, *FCD* 1, Nov. 2007, p. 2)

**Continuity Planning:** "Continuity planning addresses any situation
that might disrupt normal operations and possibly prevent access to the
organization's primary place of business, ranging from a short-term
inconvenience (e.g., a water main break or other maintenance issue) to a
long-term interruption (e.g., a major terrorist incident or natural
disaster). Disruptions in communications and/or information technology
systems also can trigger activation of a continuity plan---physical
damage to the primary facility is not required." (**ICF**, *CP
Emphasizes Comprehensive, All-Hazards Approach*, Winter 2005)

**Continuity Planning:** "Specific areas to consider in continuity plans
include the following:

\(1\) Succession: To ensure that the leadership will continue to
function effectively under emergency conditions. When practical, there
is a designation of at least three successors for each position.
Provisions have been made to deal with vacancies and other contingencies
such as absence or inability to act.

\(2\) Pre-delegation of emergency authorities: To ensure that sufficient
enabling measures are in effect to continue operations under emergency
conditions. Emergency authorities have been enacted that specify the
essential duties to be performed by the leadership during the emergency
period and that enable the leadership to act if other associated
entities are disrupted, and to re-delegate with appropriate limitations.

\(3\) Emergency action steps: Actions that facilitate the ability of
personnel to respond quickly and efficiently to disasters/emergencies.
Checklists, action lists, and/or standard operating procedures (SOPs)
have been written that identify emergency assignments, responsibilities,
and emergency duty locations. Procedures should also exist for alerting,
notifying, locating, and recalling key members of the entity. The SOPs
and notification procedures should be integrated.

\(4\) Primary and alternate emergency operations centers: A facility or
capability from which direction and control is exercised in an
emergency. This type of center or capability is designated to ensure
that the capacity exists for the leadership to direct and control
operations from a centralized facility or capability in the event of an
emergency.

\(5\) Alternate operating or backup facilities: Provisions also exist
for alternate site(s) for departments or agencies having emergency
functions or continuing operations.

\(6\) Vital records: The measures that are taken by the entity to
protect the entity's vital records---for example, financial, data,
personnel records, and engineering drawings --- that the entity should
have to continue functioning during emergency conditions and to protect
the rights and interests of the entity. Procedures have been put in
place to ensure the selection, preservation, and availability of records
essential to the effective functioning of the entity under emergency
conditions and to maintain the continuity of operations. Protection of
records should comply with applicable laws \[Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) or other privacy laws\].

\(7\) Protection of resources, facilities, and personnel: The measures
that are taken to deploy resources and personnel in a manner that will
provide redundancy to ensure the entity can continue to function during
emergency conditions. Plans and procedures are in place to ensure the
protection of personnel, facilities, and resources so the entity can
operate effectively. The entity should have the ability to allocate
needed resources and restore functions during and after
disasters/emergencies. Plans should address deployment procedures to
relocate/replicate resources or facilities, increase protection of
facilities, and inform and train personnel in protective measures.
Preparedness should be increased based on the threat level." (**NFPA
1600**, 2007, p. 17)

**Continuity Policy Coordination Committee (CPCC):** "A committee led by
HSC established to comprehensively address national level continuity
program coordination, integration, oversight, and management. This forum
institutionalizes national security policy development, implementation,
and oversight for continuity programs. The Committee serves in a
continuity oversight and management role with membership at the
Assistant Secretary level from the following organizations: the Office
of the Vice President; the Homeland and National Security Councils; the
White House Military Office; the Office of Management and Budget; the
Office of Science and Technology Policy; the Departments of State,
Treasury, Defense, Justice, and Homeland Security; the Director of
National Intelligence; the Central Intelligence Agency; the Federal
Bureau of Investigation; the United States Secret Service; the Federal
Emergency Management Agency; and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Other
observers may be invited to attend." (**HSC**, *National Continuity
Policy Implementation Plan*, August, 2007, p. 61)

**Continuity Program Management Cycle:** "An ongoing, cyclical model of
planning, training, evaluating, and implementing corrective actions for
continuity capabilities." (**HSC**, *NCPIP,* August 2007, p. 61)

**Continuity Readiness Posture:** A system which establishes readiness
levels, such as the executive branch's Continuity of Government
Readiness Conditions (COGCON) for the National Capital Region or the DHS
Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS). (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007,
pp. 4-5)

**Continuous Improvement and Accountability Strategy (Recommendation for
CA);**

-   *The governor and Legislature should fortify internal efforts to
    improve progress and accountability. The governor and Legislature
    should:*

    -   *Require the department to develop performance measures and
        benchmarks for preparedness.* Modeled after standards and
        benchmarks used by the federal Office of Management and Budget,
        measures should reflect all aspects of preparedness, be
        understandable to the public and present reliable and valid
        information on effectiveness. Performance measures and
        benchmarks should be subject to review and approval by the
        Emergency Council.

    -   *Require the department to prepare & submit an annual emergency
        preparedness assessment***.** As part of the budget process, the
        Senate and Assembly budget committees should require the
        Governor's \[OES\] and \[OHS\] to submit annually an assessment
        of state and local progress toward preparedness goals.
        Assessments should be based on the benchmarks and standards
        developed by the department. The report should include
        strategies to be undertaken in the following budget year to
        achieve improvement. Annual reports should be reviewed by the
        Emergency Council.

    -   *Require local report cards on preparedness**. ***Based on the
        State's performance measures and benchmarks, each local agency
        should develop and publicly release a report card on
        preparedness. For those measures requiring confidentially, the
        State should develop strategies to assess and monitor
        performance without releasing sensitive information.

-   *The Legislature should direct the California Emergency Council to
    promote improvement and accountability*. *The council should be
    charged with the following responsibilities:*

    -   *Advise policy-makers and administrators on preparedness goals
        and progress in meeting them.* The council should advise the
        department on the formulation of preparedness goals and
        benchmarks and a strategic plan... The council also should
        provide ongoing advice to the Legislature on legislative
        proposals, the governor's budget and other proposals to bolster
        preparedness. The council should be authorized to issue reports
        on preparedness as needed.

    -   *Evaluate after action reports**. ***The council should assess
        after action reports issued by state and local agencies, report
        its findings to policy-makers and the public and recommend
        changes in policies and practice s based on lessons learned
        following emergency events. The council also should recommend
        strategies to improve the value of after action reports.

-   *Authorize the Joint Legislative Budget Committee to review and
    approve contingent emergency rules**... ***the \[OES\] should
    promulgate contingent emergency management rules and regulations to
    support catastrophic response, emergency response and recovery. To
    provide a reasonable check of the governor's unilateral authority,
    any order established in advance of an emergency that would suspend
    existing rules or regulations or represent new rules or regulations,
    as authorized by Government Code Section 8567, should be submitted
    to the Joint Committee, rather than the Emergency Council, for
    review and approval." (**Little Hoover Com.**,
    *Safeguarding...State...,* 2007, 61-62)

**Contributions in Kind**: **"**Non-cash assistance in materials or
services offered or provided in case of disaster." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster
Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 22)

**Control and Authority:** "Coordination is not possible without some
system of overall control and distribution of authority. There must be
people who have responsibilities, who are in charge, and whose authority
is legitimated... spheres of organized activity are relatively
independent during normal periods. This lack of overall control will
simply not suffice in disasters. A general

tendency in disaster situations is for new authority patterns, to
emerge. An individual's authority may be legitimated by his technical
competence, his preparation, or his degree of information

about the on-going situation. Likewise, organizations which are loci of
communication, have a disaster technology, or are especially prepared in
some way often exert considerable control and coordination. The
authority of these individuals and organizations is accepted for these
same reasons.... the traditional or pre-disaster community contains
coordination gaps which must be filled in disaster situations. In order
to fill these coordination gaps, there must be an associated

system of authority and control." (**Dynes**, et al, *A Perspective on
Disaster Planning*, 1981, p. 12)

**Control Center:** "The control center would be the place from which
operations are directed, and would be the source of information and of
instructions to the operating personnel." (**OCDP**, *Hopley Report*,
1948, p. 224)

**Control Zones:** "Designated areas at dangerous goods incidents, based
on safety and the degree of hazard. Many terms are used to describe
control zones; however, in this guidebook, these zones are defined as
the hot/exclusion/restricted zone, warm/contamination reduction/limited

access zone, and cold/support/clean zone. (EPA Standard Operating Safety
Guidelines, OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120, NFPA 472)." (**DOT**, *Emergency
Response Guidebook*, 2004, p. 360)

**Controller:** "Individuals who manage an exercise and influence player
actions by injecting preplanned events to stimulate play and to keep the
exercise from going off track." (**DHS**, *Cyber Storm Exercise Report*,
2006, p. 3, footnote 3)

**CONUS:** Continental United States. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec
2007, Glossary-2)

**COOP:** Continuity of Operations. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec
2007, Glossary-2)

**COOP Event:** "Any event that causes an Agency or Department to
relocate operations to an alternate site to assure continuance of its
essential functions." (**FEMA**, *Federal Preparedness Circular (FPC 65)
-- Subject: Federal Executive Branch Continuity of Operations (COOP)*,
June 15, 2004)

**Cooperating Agency (ICS/NIMS):** "An agency supplying assistance other
than direct operational or support functions or resources to the
incident management effort." (**DHS**, NIMS, 2004, p. 128)

**Cooperating Federal Agency:** "Each Support Annex of the NRP
identifies a coordinating Federal agency and cooperating agencies. When
the procedures within a Support Annex are needed to support elements of
an incident, the coordinating Federal agency will notify cooperating
agencies of the circumstances. Cooperating agencies are responsible for
conducting using their own authorities, subject-matter experts,
capabilities, or resources and participating in planning for short-term
and long-term incident management and recovery operations and the
development of supporting operational plans, standard operating
procedures, checklists, or other job aids, in concert with existing
first-responder standards." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Operating Draft*, 2007, p. 55)

**Cooperating Technical Partners (CTP) Program, FEMA NFIP:** "With over
20,000 communities in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), there
is a significant challenge keeping flood hazard maps current. The
Cooperating Technical Partners (CTP) Program is an innovative approach
to creating partnerships between FEMA and participating NFIP
communities, regional agencies, and State agencies that have the
interest and capability to become more active participants in the FEMA
flood hazard mapping program." (**FEMA**, *CTP Program*, November 29,
2007)

**Coordinate:** "To advance systematically an analysis and exchange of
information among principals who have or may have a need to know certain
information to carry out specific incident management responsibilities."
(**USG**, *USG Interagency Domestic Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001, Appendix
B. Definitions, p. 1; see also, **DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 128)

**Coordinate (Incidence Management):** "To advance systematically an
analysis and exchange of information among principals who have or may
have a need to know certain information to carry out specific incident
management responsibilities." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*, 2007, p. 149)

**Coordinated** (**Core Principle of Emergency Management):
"**Coordinated: emergency managers synchronize the activities of all
relevant stakeholders to achieve a common purpose." (**EM Roundtable**,
2007, p. 4)

**Coordinating Agencies:** "Coordinating agencies described in the NRP
annexes support the DHS incident management mission by providing the
leadership, expertise and authorities to implement critical and specific
aspects of the response." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating
Draft*, 2007, p. 48)

**Coordinating Agency:** "An agency that supports the incident
management mission by providing the leadership, expertise, and
authorities to implement critical and specific aspects of the response.
Responsible for orchestrating a coordinated response, provides staff for
operations

functions, notifies and tasks cooperating agencies, manages tasks with
cooperating agencies,

works with private-sector organizations, communicates ongoing activities
to organizational

elements, plans for short- and long-term incident management and
maintains trained personnel to execute their appropriate support
responsibilities." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007, p. Gl-7)

**Coordinating Office for Terrorism Preparedness and Emergency Response
(COTPER):** "The mission of the Coordinating Office for Terrorism
Preparedness and Emergency Response

(COTPER) is to protect health and enhance the potential for full,
satisfying and productive living

across the lifespan of all people in all communities related to
community preparedness and

response. To carry out its mission, COTPER (1) fosters collaborations,
partnerships, integration, and resource leveraging to increase the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) health impact and
achieve population health goals; (2) provides strategic direction to
support CDC's terrorism preparedness and emergency response efforts; (3)
manages CDC-wide preparedness and emergency response programs; (4)
maintains concerted emergency response operations---including the
Strategic National Stockpile and the Director's Emergency Operations
Center; (5) communicates terrorism preparedness and emergency response
activities to internal and external stakeholders." (**CDC**, *COTPER*,
2005)

**Coordination: "**The process of systematically analyzing a situation,
developing relevant information, and informing appropriate command
authority of viable alternatives for selection of the most effective
combination of available resources to meet specific objectives. The
coordination process (which can be either intra-or inter-agency) does
not involve dispatch actions. However, personnel responsible for
coordination may perform command or dispatch functions within the limits
established by specific agency delegations, procedures, legal authority,
etc." (**CA OES**, *SEMS Guidelines*, 2006, Glossary, p. 5)

**Coordinator of Civil Defense Planning:** Position created in the
National Security Resources Board by President Truman on March 3, 1949,
thereby transferring civil defense responsibility for the Office of
Civil Defense Planning in the National Military Establishment. William
A. Gill named Coordinator. (**Gessert**, *Federal Civil Defense
Organization*, 1965, p. 63)

**COP:** Common Operating Picture. (**DHS**, *Target Capabilities List*,
2007, p. 34)

**COP:** Common Operational Picture. (**DHS/IGO,** *Progress in
Developing the National Asset Database*, June 2006, Abbreviations)

**COP-E:** Continuity of Operations Plan-Essential. (**DHS**, *Pandemic
Influenza CIKR Guide*, 2006, p, 19)

**Coping Capacity:** "The means by which people or organizations use
available resources and abilities to face adverse consequences that
could lead to a disaster. In general, this involves managing resources,
both in normal times as well as during crises or adverse conditions. The
strengthening of coping capacities *usually builds resilience to
withstand the effects of natural and human-induced hazards*.
(**UN/ISDR**, *Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*,
March 31, 2004)

**CORE:** Cadre of on-Call Response Employee (FEMA).

**Corporate Security Review (CSR) Program: "**The CSR program has
gathered excellent

pipeline system data since its conception in 2003. The CSR program is an
on-site security

review process with pipeline companies that is used to help establish
working relationships with

key security representatives. CSRs give TSA an understanding of the
pipeline operator's

security plan and its implementation. The CSR process uses a standard
protocol to capture

data on pipeline systems, which can be evaluated both quantitatively and
qualitatively to further

prioritize critical pipeline systems. During the CSR process,
potentially critical assets are examined and catalogued based on their
importance to the pipeline systems. Assets are identified and a link
between the asset and the critical pipeline system will be documented."
(**DHS**, *Transportation Sector-Specific Plan, Pipeline Modal Annex,
Section 4, Risk-Based Approach to Pipeline Security*, May 21 2007, p.
16)

**Corporation for National and Community Service:** "The mission of the
Corporation for National and Community Service is to improve lives,
strengthen communities, and foster civic engagement through service and
volunteering. As we pursue our goals, we are guided by the following
principles:

-   Put the needs of local communities first.

-   Strengthen the public-private partnerships that underpin all of our
    programs.

-   Use our programs to build stronger, more efficient, and more
    sustainable community networks capable of mobilizing volunteers to
    address local needs, including disaster preparedness and response.

-   Measure and continually improve our programs\' benefits to service
    beneficiaries, participants, community organizations, and our
    national culture of service.

-   Build collaborations wherever possible across our programs and with
    other Federal programs.

-   Help rural and economically distressed communities obtain access to
    public and private resources.

-   Support diverse organizations, including faith-based and other
    community organizations, minority colleges, and disability
    organizations.

-   Use service-learning principles to put volunteer and service
    activities into an appropriate context that stimulates life-long
    civic engagement.

-   Support continued civic engagement, leadership, and public service
    careers for our programs\' participants and community volunteers.

-   Exhibit excellence in management and customer service."

(**Corporation for National and Community Service**. *Our Mission and
Guiding Principles*, 2007)

**Corporation for National and Community Service: "**Provides teams of
trained National Service Participants (including AmeriCorps members,
Learn and Serve America volunteers, and Retired and Senior Volunteer
Program volunteers) to carry out a wide range of response and recovery
support activities emphasizing disadvantaged communities and special
needs residents, including:

-   Canvassing, needs assessment, and information distribution.

-   Shelter and feeding support; and distribution of water, food, ice,
    and other emergency goods.

-   Debris clearance, temporary roof repair, and elimination of
    identified health/safety hazards.

-   Unaffiliated volunteer support and warehousing assistance.

-   Registration and call center support.

-   Case management assistance." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework
    Emergency Support Function #6 --* *Mass Care, Emergency Assistance,
    Housing, and Human Services* *Annex* (Comment Draft), September 10,
    2007, p. 15)

**Corrective Action Program (CAP):** "The CAP system is a web-based
application that allows Federal, State, territorial, tribal and local
emergency response and homeland security officials to track and analyze
improvements in their COOP plans." (**DHS**, *Fed. Cont. Direct. 1*,
2007, P-3)

**Corrective Action Program:** "There are eight components in the
Corrective Action Program...

\(1\) Develop a problem statement that states the problem and identifies
its impact

\(2\) Review the past history of corrective action issues from previous
evaluations and identify possible solutions to the problem

\(3\) Select a corrective action strategy and prioritize the actions to
be taken, as well as an associated schedule for completion

\(4\) Provide authority and resources to the individual assigned to
implementation so that the designated change can be accomplished

\(5\) Identify the resources required to implement the strategy

\(6\) Check on the progress of completing the corrective action

\(7\) Forward problems that need to be resolved by higher authorities to
the level of authority that can resolve the problem

\(8\) Test the solution through exercising once the problem is solved."
(**NFPA 1600**, 2007, pp. 18-19)

**Corrective Action Program (CAP) System:** "The Corrective Action
Program (CAP) System is a web-based application that allows Federal,
State, and local emergency response and homeland security officials to
track and analyze Improvement Plans. The Department of Homeland Security
is developing this system as part of a larger effort to systematically
translate Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP)
outputs---including findings, areas for improvement, recommendations,
lessons learned, and best practices---into meaningful inputs for
homeland security plans, programs, and budgets." (**HSC**, *NCPIP*,
August 2007, p. 61)

\[Note: The CAP System was made available to the DHS stakeholder
community in Nov. 2006,\]

**Corrective Actions:** "Implementing procedures that are based on
lessons learned from actual incidents or from training and exercises."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*, August 2007, p. 149)

**Cost-Benefit Analysis**: "A process used to select countermeasures, by
balancing the costs of implementing each option against the benefits
derived from it. In general, the cost of managing risks needs to be
equal to the benefits gained from putting the countermeasures in place.
The benefit of this technique is the attempt to ensure public investment
is directed toward those activities producing the greatest benefits for
the best value for money. The limitations of the technique include the
lack of data collection and methods that are required to capture
indirect and intangible costs and benefits, legal and social
responsibility requirements may override simple financial cost benefit
analysis, and the possibility that its application may disadvantage
certain measures or people." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in Disaster
Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**Cost-Efficiency:** "FEMA continually strives to improve performance
while reducing operating costs. Initiatives include re-engineering our
processes, streamlining Agency operations, reducing regulations,
leveraging state-of-the-art technology, and enhancing our ability to
measure success and redirect efforts to maximize effectiveness."
(**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan FY 1998...*, 1997, 33)

**Cost-Share Adjustments:** "For work performed by State and local
jurisdictions under the PA program, an upward adjustment to the 75/25
percent Federal/non-Federal ratio of sharing total eligible costs for
repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement of facilities.
Cost-share adjustments cannot exceed 90/10 percent for the
Federal/non-Federal cost-share ratio. The cost-share for the Individual
and Family Grant program or the Hazard Mitigation program may not be
adjusted." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, 2007,
p. 48)

**COTPER:** Coordinating Office for Terrorism Preparedness and Emergency
Response, CDC.

**COTS:** Commercial, Off-The Shelf. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec
2007, Glossary-2)

**Counter Measures:** "All measures taken to counter and reduce disaster
risk. They most commonly refer to engineering (structural) measures but
can also include non-structural measures and tools designed and employed
to avoid or limit the adverse impact of natural hazards and related
environmental and technological disasters." (**UN/ISDR**, *Terminology:
Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*, March 31, 2004)

**Counterterrorism (CT):** "Counterterrorism - is responsive or reactive
to terrorist threats or attacks. It entails using \"active measures\...
which incorporate the direct intervention of terrorists groups or the
targeting... of terrorist personnel.\"[^8] (**DHS**, *The ODP
Guidelines*..., 2003, Glossary, p. 1)

**Counterterrorism (CT):** "Operations that include the offensive
measures taken to prevent, deter, preempt, and respond to terrorism."
(**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Counterterrorism (CT):** "...usually describes proactive measures,
including targeting terrorist personnel and supporters" (as opposed to
Antiterrorism). (**Sauter & Carafano** 2005, 261)

**Counterterrorism (CT):** "The full range of activities directed
against terrorism, including preventive, deterrent, response and crisis
management efforts." (**USG**, *USG Interagency Domestic Terrorism
CONPLAN*, 2001, Appendix B: Definitions)

**Counterterrorism Security Group (CSG):** "The CSG is an interagency
body convened on a regular basis to develop terrorism prevention policy
and to coordinate threat response and law enforcement investigations
associated with terrorism. This staff-level group evaluates various
policy issues of interagency import regarding counterterrorism and makes
recommendations to Cabinet and agency deputies and principals for
decision. As appropriate, the chair of the National Security Council and
Cabinet principals will present such policy issues to the President for
decision. The CSG has *no role regarding operational management* during
an actual incident." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, pp.
51-52)

**Counterterrorism (CT) Support:** "Acting through the FBI, the Attorney
General, in cooperation with the heads of other Federal departments,
agencies, and military criminal

investigative organizations, coordinates domestic intelligence
collection and the activities of the

law enforcement community to detect, prevent, preempt, and disrupt
terrorist attacks, and to

identify the perpetrators and bring them to justice in the event of a
terrorist incident. DOD may

be requested to support the FBI or other LEAs during the CrM portion of
a response. If there is

a credible threat, DOD may also be requested to support LEAs in a
pre-positioning of forces.

Under this type of support, specific RUF must be established and
approved. In the absence of

preexisting RUF, such as are contained in DODD 5210.56, *Use of Deadly
Force and the Carrying of Firearms by DOD Personnel Engaged in Law
Enforcement and Security Duties*, requests for RUF \[rules for the use
of force\] for CS missions will be sent through the supported combatant
commander to DOD for development and approval. Supplemental RUF may be
required depending on the situation. *For more information on CT see JP
3-07.2,* Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Antiterrorism."
(**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security*, 2005, p. IV-6)

**Course of Action (COA) Analysis (DHS):** "COA Analysis, also known as
'WARGAMING,' identifies which COA accomplishes the mission with minimum
risk and best positions capabilities/resources to prevent, respond, to,
and/or recover from national domestic incidents. The war game is a
disciplined process, with rules and steps designed to attempt to
visualize the flow of an operation. It relies heavily on doctrinal
foundation, judgment, and experience." (**DHS**, 2007)

**Course of Action (COA) Comparison (DHS):** "COA Comparison displays
the information obtained during COA Analysis into a matrix format. Each
COA is rated based on weighted criteria in order to present a quantified
basis for leadership decision making. This phase ends at the completion
of the COA Decision Brief provided to senior leadership." (**DHS**,
2007)

**Course of Action (COA) Statement (DHS):** "The COA statement clearly
articulates how the organization will accomplish the mission and explain
the sequence of response to include:

-   Mission

-   End State

-   Who, how, where, and why (purpose)

-   Address risk and where it may occur for the organization." (**DHS**,
    *Interagency Planning Workshop*, November 29, 2007, slide 36)

**CP:** Command Post. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, p. 5-6)

**CPCC:** Continuity Policy Coordination Committee. (**HSC**, *NCPIP*,
August 2007, p. 22)

**CPE:** Command Post Exercise. (**DHS**, *US DHS Announces Completion
of TOPOFF 4*, 6/22/06)

**CPG:** Civil Preparedness Guide.

**CPG:** Comprehensive Preparedness Guide.

**CPTED:** Crime Prevention through Environmental Design. (**DHS**, *The
ODP Guidelines*..., 2003, p. 15)

**CPX:** Command Post Exercise. (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V, 2005, p. 41;
*DOD Dictionary*, 2007)

**CRA:** Community Risk Assessment. (**ProVention Consortium**, 2006)

**Crate & Ship: "**A strategy for providing alternate processing
capability in a disaster, via contractual arrangements with an equipment
supplier, to ship replacement hardware within a specified time period.
SIMILAR TERMS: Guaranteed Replacement, Drop Ship, Quick Ship.**"**
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 51)

**CRCL:** Office of Civil Rights and Liberties, DHS.

**CRED:** Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.

**Credentialing:** "The credentialing process is an objective evaluation
and documentation of a person's current license or degree; training or
experience; competence or certification; and the ability to meet
nationally accepted minimum standards, to provide particular services
and/or functions or perform particular procedures during an incident."
**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft), August
2007, p. 39)

**Credentialing:** "Providing documentation that can authenticate and
verify the certification and identity of designated incident managers
and emergency responders." (**FEMA**, *National Incident Management
System* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p.149)

**CREST:** Community Response Emergency Simulation Training, DOD.

**CREW:** Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup.

**CRI:** Cities Readiness Initiative (CDC).

**Crisis:** "...a decisive or critical moment or turning point when
things can take a dramatic turn, normally for the worse..."
(**Allinson** 1993, 93; based upon *Webster's New International
Dictionary, Unabridged*, 2^nd^ ed.)

**Crisis:** "A critical event, which, if not handled in an appropriate
manner, may dramatically impact an organization's profitability,
reputation, or ability to operate. Or, an occurrence and/or perception
that threatens the operations, staff, shareholder value, stakeholders,
brand, reputation, trust and/or strategic/business goals of an
organization." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 51)

**Crisis:** "An incident or situation involving a threat to a nation,
its territories, citizens, military forces, possessions, or vital
interests that develops rapidly and creates a condition of such
diplomatic, economic, political, or military importance that commitment
of military forces and resources is contemplated to achieve national
objectives." (**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*,
2007)

**Crisis:** "Definition of a Crisis:

-   Normal operational procedures are severely impacted

-   Traumatic events or situations occur

-   The lives and the well-being of employees are directly impacted."
    (**DOJ**, *CMP*, 2002, p. 3)

**Crisis:** Short period of extreme danger, acute emergency. (**D&E**
Reference Center 1998)

**Crisis:** "Crises involve events and processes that carry severe
threat, uncertainty, an unknown outcome, and urgency...Most crises have
trigger points so critical as to leave historical marks on nations,
groups, and individual lives. Crises are historical points of reference,
distinguishing between the past and the present....Crises come in a
variety of forms, such as terrorism (New York World Trade Center and
Oklahoma bombings), natural disasters (Hurricanes Hugo and Andrew in
Florida, the Holland and Bangladesh flood disasters), nuclear plant
accidents (Three-Mile Island and Chernobyl), riots (Los Angeles riot and
the Paris riot of 1968, or periodic prison riots), business crises, and
organizational crises facing life-or-death situations in a time of rapid
environmental change....Crises consist of a 'short chain of events that
destroy or drastically weaken' a condition of equilibrium and the
effectiveness of a system or regime within a period of days, weeks, or
hours rather than years....Surprises characterize the dynamics of crisis
situations...Some crises are processes of events leading to a level of
criticality or degree of intensity generally out of control. Crises
often have past origins, and diagnosing their original sources can help
to understand and manage a particular crisis or lead it to alternative
state of condition" (**Farazmand** 2001, 3-4)

**Crisis:** "Any incident(s), human-caused or natural, that require(s)
urgent attention and action to protect life, property, or environment."
(**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, p. 2)

**Crisis:** "...an event and/or a situation which endangers the
established system, the health, life, and property of its members....the
term 'crisis' is treated as being separated from...other concepts based
on the intensity and scope of influence. The terms *disaster, hazard,
accident*, etc., refer to only one event and/or situation, while
*crisis* includes the concepts of natural disasters,
man-made/technological disasters, and social disasters." (**Kim and
Lee** 2001, 502)

**Crisis:** "A crisis is an incident, event, circumstance, or series of
incidents, events, or circumstances that has, or has the potential to,
significantly and negatively impact financial results, image,
reputation, or relationships with customers, investors, regulators,
employees, or the general public." (**NFPA**, *Implementing NFPA 1600*,
2007, p. 6)

**Crisis:** "Crises act as *focusing events*, demanding public attention
to a policy failure or problem...A great war, a major depression, or an
epidemic may set into motion a number of important changes in public
policies." (**Nice and Grosse** 2001, 55)

**Crisis:** "...a hard and complicated situation...or a turning
point---a decisive crucial time/event, or a time of great danger or
trouble with the possibilities of both good and bad outcomes"
(**Porfiriev** 1995, 291-292).

**Crisis:** "A collective crisis can be conceptualized as having three
interrelated features: (1) a threat of some kind, involving something
that the group values; (2) when the occasion occurs it is relatively
unexpected, being abrupt, at least in social time; and (3) the need to
collectively react for otherwise the effects are seen as likely to be
even more negative if nothing is done sooner or later\..."
(**Quarantelli** 1998, 257).

**Crisis:** "...a situation that, left unaddressed, will jeopardize the
organization's ability to do business." (**Ziaukas** 2001, 246; citing
other sources)

**Crisis Action Planning:** "One of the two types of joint operation
planning. The Joint Operation Planning and Execution System process
involving the time-sensitive development of joint operation plans and
operation orders for the deployment, employment, and sustainment of
assigned and allocated forces and resources in response to an imminent
crisis. Crisis action planning is based on the actual circumstances that
exist at the time planning occurs. Also called CAP." (**DoD**, *DOD
Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Crisis Action Planning:** "When time is not a critical factor planners
use a process called peacetime or deliberate planning. When the time
available for planning is short and the near-term result is expected to
be an actual deployment and/or employment of military forces, the
planner uses crisis action planning (CAP) procedures.... Regardless of
which process is used, the basic procedures are the same for both
adaptive, deliberate and crisis action planning:

> • receive and analyze the task to be accomplished
>
> • review the enemy situation and begin to collect necessary
> intelligence
>
> • develop and compare courses of action
>
> • select a course of action (COA)
>
> • develop and get approval for the selected COA
>
> • prepare a plan
>
> • then document the plan." (**JFSC**, *Joint Transition Course:
> Planning Primer*, 2005, 1-7)

**Crisis Action Planning:** "Crisis action planning is a third key
principle in our approach to incident management. This planning process
takes existing contingency plans and procedures and rapidly adapts them
to address the requirements of the current crisis or event of concern in
a compressed timeframe." (**White House**, *National Strategy for
Homeland Security*, Oct 2007, 47)

**Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC):** "Crisis and
emergency risk communication is the attempt by science- or public health
professionals to provide information that allows an individual,
stakeholders, or an entire community to make the best possible decisions
during a crisis emergency about their well being, and communicate those
decisions,

within nearly impossible time constraints, and ultimately, to accept the
imperfect nature of choices as the situation evolves." (**CDC**, *CERC
Course*, 2002, Course Purpose Statement.)

"Crisis and emergency risk communication encompasses the urgency of
disaster communication with the need to communicate risks and benefits
to stakeholders and the public. Crisis and emergency risk communication
differs from crisis communication in that the communicator

is not perceived as a participant in the crisis or disaster, except as
an agent to resolve the crisis or emergency. Crisis and emergency risk
communication is the effort by experts to provide information to allow
an individual, stakeholder, or an entire community to make the best
possible decisions about their well-being within nearly impossible time
constraints and help people ultimately to accept the imperfect nature of
choices during the crisis. This is the communication that goes on in
emergency rooms, not doctors' offices. Crisis and emergency risk
communication also differs from risk communication in that a decision
must be made within a narrow time constraint, the decision may be
irreversible, the outcome of the decision may be uncertain, and

the decision may need to be made with imperfect or incomplete
information. Crisis and emergency risk communication represents an
expert opinion provided in the hope that it benefits its receivers and
advances a behavior or an action that allows for rapid and efficient
recovery from the event." (**CDC**, *CERC Course*, 2002, p. 10)

"Crises, emergencies, and disasters happen. One of the reasons disaster
response is difficult to coordinate is that *disasters are different
from routine daily emergencies.* The difference is more than just one of
magnitude. Disasters generally cannot be adequately managed merely by
mobilizing more personnel and material. During crisis situations,
decision-makers are often unable to collect and process information in a
timely manner and, thus, rely on established routines for situations
that are, by definition, novel. Communication during a crisis cannot be
managed solely by mobilizing more people and material---the
communication itself must change because crises are inherently
low-probability but high-impact events in which established frames

of reference for understanding may breakdown. In major disasters, the
incident is so shattering that both the sense of what is occurring and
the means to rebuild that sense collapse simultaneously. Crisis and
emergency risk communication is a vital component to help people

cope and begin to rebuild a sense of order and understanding in their
lives. Crisis and emergency risk communication can work to counter some
of the harmful human behaviors that are

known to arise during a crisis. These potentially harmful individual,
group, or community behaviors include:

> ■ Demands for unneeded treatment
>
> ■ Disorganized group behavior (stealing/looting)
>
> ■ Bribery and fraud
>
> ■ Reliance on special relationships
>
> ■ Increased alcohol and tobacco use
>
> ■ Increased multiple unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS)
>
> ■ Unreasonable trade and travel restrictions.

"Add bad communication practices to a crisis situation and the odds of a
negative public response increase." (**CDC**, *CERC*, 2002, p. 11)

**Crisis Communication: "**Crisis communication can be defined in two
ways and, therefore, can cause some confusion for a practitioner looking
for expert training and counsel. Today, the term is most often used to
describe an organization facing a crisis and the need to communicate
about that crisis to stakeholders and the public. Typically, a crisis is
an event that occurs unexpectedly, may not be in the organization's
control, and may cause harm to the organization's good reputation or
viability. An example of an organization facing a crisis is the
occurrence of a mass shooting of employees by a disgruntled employee. In
most instances, the organization is facing some legal or moral
culpability for the crisis (unlike a disaster in which a tornado wipes
out the production plant), and stakeholders and the public are judging
the organization's response to the crisis.

"A simple definition of crisis communication separates the judgment or
reputation factors in the

communication and deals primarily with factual communication by an
involved organization to its stakeholders and the public. Crisis
communication could simply be the effort by community leaders to inform
the public that, by law, they must evacuate in advance of a hurricane.
In this definition, the organization is not being overtly judged as a
possible participant in the creation of the disaster, and the
information is empirically sound, so the individual can judge its
veracity without the help of an expert.

'The underlying thread in crisis communication is that the communicating
organization is experiencing an unexpected crisis and must respond.
Crisis also implies lack of control by the involved organization in the
timing of the crisis event." (**CDC**, *CERC*, 2002, p. 5)

**Crisis Communication:** "Effective communication is a "resource
multiplier" during a crisis, disaster, or emergency. Many of the
expected harmful individual and community behaviors can be mitigated
with effective crisis and emergency risk communication. Each crisis will
carry its own psychological baggage. The practitioner must anticipate
what mental stresses the population will be experiencing and apply
appropriate risk communication strategies to attempt to manage these
stresses in the population. Risk communication is a fully legitimate
tool of response and recovery just like any other resource applied to
the disaster. It is not an attempt at mass mental therapy. It is a
reasoned and mature communication approach to the selection of message,

messenger, and method of delivery." (**CDC**, *CERC*, 2002, p. 13)

**Crisis Communication Lifecycle:** "Understanding the pattern of a
crisis can help communicators anticipate problems and respond
effectively. For communicators, it's vital to know that every emergency,
disaster, or crisis evolves in phases and that the communication must
evolve in tandem. By dividing the crisis into the following phases, the
communicator

can anticipate the information needs of the media, stakeholders, and the
general public. Each phase has its unique informational requirements."
(**CDC**, *CERC*, 2002, p. 7)

\[Figure 1 includes "Precrisis, Initial, Maintenance, Resolution,
Evaluation."\]

**Crisis Communication STARCC Principle:**

> **Simple**---Frightened people do not want to hear big words.
>
> **Timely**---Frightened people want information now.
>
> **Accurate**---Frightened people will not get nuances, so give it
> straight.
>
> **Relevant**---Answer their questions and give action steps.
>
> **Credible**---Empathy and openness are your keys to credibility.
>
> **Consistent**---The slightest change in the message is upsetting.
> (**DHS**, *Pandemic Influenza CIKR Guide*, 2006, p. 78)

**Crisis and Emergency Communication Practices, Unadvisable:** "Some of
the bad communication practices that contribute to a poor public
response that can be overcome with planning, coordination, research, and
training include:

> ■ Mixed messages from multiple experts
>
> ■ Information released so late that events make the issue moot
>
> ■ Messages that are over-reassuring
>
> ■ Recommendations to the public without a reality check
>
> ■ Leaving myths, rumors, and doomsayers unchallenged or corrected
>
> ■ Spokespersons who engage in improper behavior, exhibit a lack of
> affect, or use inappropriate humor
>
> ■ Public power struggles and confusion." (**CDC**, *CERC*, 2002, pp.
> 11-12)

**Crisis Management:** In the literature that exists so far, the term
"crisis management" has been widely employed. But this terminology is
ambiguous. "Crisis management" can be taken to refer either to managing
a crisis after it has arisen---that is, intervening in a crisis
situation---or managing in such a way that a crisis does not arise in
the first place. The blanket term "crisis management" is thus a
conceptual blanket that covers a multitude of sins. It is best to avoid
the usage of such a label, since the inclusion of the word "management"
in such a label implies that the process so labeled is envisioned as a
*solution* to the problem of crises in general. This, however, is not
really the case. At best, so-called crisis management addresses only
crises that have already arisen and usually only when such crises have
become either imminent or already actualized disasters. (**Allinson**,
1993, 92)

Since "crisis management" is used in the literature to refer for the
most part to either how one responds to an existent crisis or how one
might anticipate crises and therefore be able to respond to them, crisis
management most often connotes crisis intervention management whether
after the onset of the disaster or in anticipation of a disaster. In
either of these two modes, it is nevertheless a "band-aid" approach
since it either comes into effect after the wound or primarily addresses
itself to having a band-aid ready to cover the wound immediately so that
the wound does not bleed overly much. (**Allinson** 1993, 93)

**Crisis Management:** Coordination of actions during acute emergency.
(**D&E Ref Center** 1998)

**Crisis Management:** "The overall coordination of an organization\'s
response to a crisis, in an effective, timely manner, with the goal of
avoiding or minimizing damage to the organization\'s profitability,
reputation, or ability to operate." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC
Wkshop*, 2006, 51)

**Crisis Management:** "Per the National Strategy for Homeland Security,
July 2002, the NRP will consolidate existing federal government
emergency response plans into one genuinely all-discipline, all-hazard
plan and thereby eliminate the "crisis management" and "consequence
management" distinction. Traditionally, crisis management was
predominantly a law enforcement function and included measures to
identify, acquire, and plan the use of resources needed to anticipate,
prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism. The requirements
of consequence management and crisis management are combined in the NRP.
See also consequence management." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan*
(Draft #1). Washington, DC: DHS, February 25, 2004, pp. 73-74 (Glossary)

**Crisis Management:** "Measures to identify, acquire, and plan the use
of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or
an act of terrorism. It is predominantly a law enforcement response,
normally executed under federal law. Also called CrM." (**DoD**, *DOD
Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Crisis Management:** "Key to crisis management is an accurate and
timely diagnosis of the criticality of the problems and the dynamics of
events that ensue. This requires knowledge, skills, courageous
leadership full of risk-taking ability; and vigilance. Successful crisis
management also requires motivation, a sense of urgency, commitment, and
creative thinking with a long-term strategic vision. In managing crises,
established organizational norms, culture, rules and procedures become
major obstacles: administrators and bureaucrats tend to protect
themselves by playing a bureaucratic game and hiding behind
organizational and legal shelters. A sense of urgency gives way to
inertia and organizational sheltering and self-protection by managers
and staff alike....Successful crisis management requires: (1) sensing
the urgency of the matter; (2) thinking creatively and strategically to
solving the crisis; (3) taking bold actions and acting courageously and
sincerely; (4) breaking away from the self-protective organizational
culture by taking risks and actions that may produce optimum solutions
in which there would be no significant losers; and (5) maintaining a
continuous presence in the rapidly changing situation with unfolding
dramatic events. (**Farazmand** 2001, 4)

**Crisis Management (C^R^M):** Involves measures to resolve the hostile
situation, investigate, and prepare a criminal case for prosecution
under federal law. (**FEMA**, *WMD IG*, 1998)

**Crisis Management:** "Measures to identify, acquire, and plan the use
of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or
act of terrorism." (**FEMA** *Disaster Dictionary*, 2001, 26; citing
FEMA FRP, "Terrorism Incident Annex")

**Crisis Management (CrM):** "Crisis management is predominantly a law
enforcement response and involves measures to identify, acquire, plan,
and employ the use of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or
resolve a threat or act of terrorism." (**JCS/DoD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006,
v)

**Crisis Management:** "The HSPD-5 and the NRP adopt the concept of
incident management as including both consequence management (CM) and
crisis management (CrM), while DOD continues to categorize CS \[Civil
Support\] operations using these two terms. The application of CrM and
CM is unique and separate in the context of planning and conducting
military operations.... CrM is predominantly a law enforcement response,
normally executed under federal law. DHS is responsible for preventing
terrorist attacks, reducing the vulnerability of the United States to
terrorism, minimizing the damage, and assisting in the recovery, from
terrorist attacks.... Historically, much of DOD's CS mission set has
involved CM operations. This is due to legal restrictions which
generally preclude DOD from participating in CrM law enforcement
investigations and operations." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007, p.
I-9)

**Crisis Management: "**CrM refers to measures to identify, acquire, and
plan the use of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve
a threat or an act of terrorism. PDD-39, *US Policy on
Counterterrorism,* designates DOJ, specifically the FBI, as the LFA for
CrM. The Federal government exercises primary authority to prevent,
preempt, and terminate threats or acts of terrorism and to apprehend and
prosecute the perpetrators, and state and local governments provide
assistance as required. CrM is predominantly a law enforcement response
and in such cases involves measures to identify, acquire, and plan the
use of resources needed

to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism
under federal law." (**JCD/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005,
p. IV-8)

**Crisis Management**: "Crisis management is a program similar in
structure to emergency management and business continuity. It includes a
process to identify potential causes of crises and includes activities
to prepare the organization for response to, and recovery from, a
crisis. Crisis management is a strategic and overarching program
designed to protect the organization itself." (**NFPA**, *Implementing
NFPA 1600*, 2007, p. 6)

**Crisis Management**: "Traditionally, crisis management was
predominantly a law enforcement function and included measures to
identify, acquire, and plan the use of resources needed to anticipate,
prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism. The requirements
of consequence management and crisis management are combined in the
NRP." (**US Army TRADOC**, 2007, p. 147)

**Crisis Management:** "Crisis management is predominantly a law
enforcement function and includes measures to identify, acquire, and
plan the use of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve
a threat or act of terrorism. In a terrorist incident, a crisis
management response may include traditional law enforcement missions,
such as intelligence, surveillance, tactical operations, negotiations,
forensics, and investigations, as well as technical support missions,
such as agent identification, search, render safe procedures, transfer
and disposal, and limited decontamination. In addition to the
traditional law enforcement missions, crisis management also includes
assurance of public health and safety.

The laws of the United States assign primary authority to the Federal
government to prevent and respond to acts of terrorism or potential acts
of terrorism. Based on the situation, a Federal crisis management
response may be supported by technical operations, and by consequence
management activities, which should operate concurrently." (**USG,**
*Interagency Domestic Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001. pp. 9-10)

**Crisis Management \-- versus Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Approaches:**

*Crisis Management:*

> 1\. Primary focus on hazards and disaster events
>
> 2\. Single, event-based scenarios
>
> 3\. Basic responsibility to respond to an event.
>
> 4\. Often fixed, location-specific conditions
>
> 5\. Responsibility in single authority or agency
>
> 6\. Command and control, directed operations
>
> 7\. Established hierarchical relationships
>
> 8\. Often focused on hardware and equipment
>
> 9\. Dependent on specialized expertise
>
> 10\. Urgent, immediate and short time frames in outlook, planning,
> attention, returns
>
> 11\. Rapidly changing, dynamic information usage, often conflicting or
> sensitive
>
> 12\. Primary, authorized or singular information sources, need for
> definitive facts
>
> 13\. Directed, \'need to know\' basis of information dissemination,
> availability
>
> 14\. Operational, or public information based on use of communications
>
> 15\. In-out or vertical flows of information
>
> 16\. Relates to matters of public security, safety

*Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies:*

> 1\. Primary focus on vulnerability and risk issues
>
> 2\. Dynamic, multiple risk issues and development scenarios
>
> 3\. Fundamental need to assess, monitor and update exposure to
> changing conditions
>
> 4\. Extended, changing, shared or regional, local variations
>
> 5\. Involves multiple authorities, interests, actors
>
> 6\. Situation-specific functions, free association
>
> 7\. Shifting, fluid and tangential relationships
>
> 8\. Dependent on related practices, abilities, and knowledge base
>
> 9\. Specialized expertise, squared with public views, priorities
>
> 10\. Comparative, moderate and long time frames in outlook, planning,
> values, returns
>
> 11\. Accumulated, historical, layered, updated, or comparative use of
> information
>
> 12\. Open or public information, multiple, diverse or changing
> sources, differing perspectives, points of view.
>
> 13\. Multiple use, shared exchange, inter-sectoral use of information
>
> 14\. Matrix, nodal communication
>
> 15\. Dispersed, lateral flows of information
>
> 16\. Matters of public interest, investment and safety."
>
> (**UN ISDR**, *Living With Risk*, Chapter 1, 2002, p. 13)[^9]

**Crisis Management Plan (CMP):** "This Crisis Management Plan (CMP) is
a detailed guide outlining the policies and procedures to be
followed...in case there is an emergency situation that impacts normal
workplace operations. The CMP provides guidance to Personnel Staff, the
Crisis Management Team (CMT) and the Evacuation Team. This plan
incorporates emergency procedures found in the Department of Justice
Occupant Emergency Plan developed for National Place Building. Both the
Crisis Management Team and the Evacuation Team for JMD Personnel Staff
will work with the Command Center Team (CCT) for the National Place
Building when necessary, as outlined in this plan. The Crisis Management
Plan Goals are to:

-   Provide guidance to managers regarding appropriate procedures and
    resources

-   Protect the safety and well-being of all employees

-   Provide for the care of employees and their families through
    personnel services and EAP

-   Minimize post-traumatic stress reaction among employees

-   Ensure that accurate and appropriate information about the incident
    is conveyed to appropriate audiences both inside and outside the PS.

-   Plan the orderly return of the workplace to a normal mode of
    operation

-   Outline preventative measures which should be taken in advance."
    (**USDOJ**, *CMP*, 2002, p. 1)

**Crisis Relocation:** "It is DCPA's judgment, based on extensive
research and developmental work, that crisis relocation could be highly
effective -- given the requisite planning and development of supporting
systems and capabilities, and given about a week for moving and
protecting the bulk of our population at risk. For example, while no one
can issue a guarantee that the response of the population would be
predominately cooperative and constructive, experience in peacetime
disasters and wartime situations requiring evacuation is that most
people will comply with official instructions, provided these are
understandable and appear to make sense in terms of improving chances
for survival. Also, planning includes provision for temporary lodging
and feeding for evacuees, and for developing fallout protection in host
areas. It is important to note that relocation has great lifesaving
potential even if it works not perfectly but quite well.

It is significant that on September 1-3, 1939 the British moved some 1.5
million women and children from London and a few other large cities in
what was a crisis evacuation, for Britain did not declare war until
September 3. (Also of interest are the facts that some 2 million
additional persons spontaneously evacuated at their own initiative, and
that this was unsuspected at the time by the British government.) It is
also worthy of note that in Hurricane Carla, in 1961, between half and
three-quarters of a million people were evacuated from Gulf Coast cities
without a single fatality or a major reported accident.[^10]"
(**Chipman**, *CD for the 1980's*, July 13, 1979, 17)

**Crisis Relocation Planning:** Introduced by the DCPA circa 1973 in
consonance with its movement away from "hardware oriented" civil defense
programs of the 1950's and 1960's, toward a dual-use (peacetime and
wartime) "civil preparedness" program for the 1970's which was to be
more "people-oriented". Crisis relocation planning is noted in the FY
1973 DCPA Annual Report under the "major task" of "development of
guidance for local governments based on risk analysis, to include crisis
relocation planning guidance for areas at high-risk to the direct
effects of nuclear weapons and low-risk reception areas." (**DCPA**,
*Foresight*, 1974, pp. 2 & 6)

"Crisis Relocation Planning: During fiscal year 1973 worked on the
development of handbooks for use in guiding State and local governments
in preparing contingency plans for population relocation, should a
period of international crisis make this advisable. Such contingency
plans may also be needed when certain types of natural disasters
threaten, such as hurricanes or floods, which might require people to
evacuate low-lying areas....DCPA expects to make use of the guide during
fiscal year 1974." (**DCPA**, *Foresight*, 1974, p. 10)

"During fiscal year 1973, an in-house task force developed procedures
for conducting contingency planning for population relocation during
periods of increased threat for communities considered at high-risk to
direct weapons effects if the event of a nuclear attack. Results of this
work and DCPA research efforts are expected to be applied by DCPA and
the CSPOS \[Community Shelter Planning Officers\] on a pilot-project
basis during fiscal year 1974." (**DCPA**, *Foresight*, 1974, p. 18)

**Critical Activity:** "Any function or process that is essential for
the organization to deliver its products and/or services." (**ISO
22399**, *Societal Security...*, 2007, p. 2)

**Critical Asset:** "Any facility, equipment, service or resource
considered essential to DoD operations in peace, crisis and war and
warranting measures and precautions to ensure its continued efficient
operation, protection from disruption, degradation or destruction, and
timely restoration. Critical Assets may be DoD assets or other
government or private assets, (e.g.,

Industrial or Infrastructure Critical Assets), domestic or foreign,
whose disruption or loss would render DoD Critical Assets ineffective or
otherwise seriously disrupt DoD operations. Critical Assets include both
traditional \"physical\" facilities or equipment, non-physical assets
(such as software systems) or \"assets\" that are distributed in nature
(such as command and control networks, wide area networks or similar
computer-based networks)." (**DoD**, *CAAP*, 1998)

**Critical Asset and Portfolio Risk Analysis (CAPRA):** A quantitative
model which "Resembles the traditional security risk model where risk is
the product of consequence, vulnerability, and threat, though with clear
meanings assigned to each parameter.

**Critical Asset Assurance Program (CAAP)** **Policy** (Directive No.
5160.54, January 20, 1998)**:**

4\. POLICY. It is DoD policy to:

4.1. Identify and ensure the availability, integrity, survivability and
adequacy of those assets, (domestic and foreign) whose capabilities are
deemed critical to DoD Force Readiness and operations in peace, crisis,
and war by providing for their protection from all hazards; mitigating
the effect of their loss or disruption; and/or planning for timely
restoral or recovery. The level

of assurance appropriate for each asset is a risk management decision of
the owning or controlling DoD Component, made in coordination with those
dependent on the asset, and based on its criticality, the threat, and
resources available.

4.2. Recognize that critical DoD equipment, facilities, and services are
dependent upon non-DoD assets -- the international and national
infrastructures, other facilities and services of the private sector,
and those of other Government Departments and Agencies; and that non-DoD

assets essential to the functioning of DoD Critical Assets are also
Critical Assets of concern to the Department of Defense. Critical Assets
include information systems and computer-based systems and networks that
can be distributive in nature.

4.3. Recognize that in peacetime responsibility for protecting non-DoD
Critical Assets and designing their security rests primarily with the
civil sector owners and with local, State, and Federal law enforcement
authorities and that responsibility for protecting non-U.S. Critical

Assets rests with the appropriate national authority. However, the
Department of Defense must participate with the civil sector, emergency
preparedness and law enforcement authorities in planning for Critical
Asset assurance during an emergency, and must be prepared, in concert
with the appropriate authorities and within defense priorities, to
assist in their protection during

emergencies, including natural disaster, physical or technical attack,
and technological or other emergency that seriously degrades or
threatens DoD operations. (See DoD Directives 3025.1, 3025.12, and
3025.15, references (f) through (h).)

4.4. Provide an integrated asset and infrastructure vulnerability
assessment and assurance program for the protection and assurance of DoD
and non-DoD Critical Assets worldwide through the CAAP. The CAAP must
provide a comprehensive and integrated decision support environment to
represent the relationship between Critical Assets and force readiness
and operations in peace, crisis or war that can be used to assess the
dependencies, vulnerabilities and effects of the disruption or loss of
Critical Assets or supporting infrastructures on their plans and
operations. The CAAP must also provide the capability for Critical Asset
assurance analysis,

planning, prioritization, resource programming and response necessary to
mitigate the disruption or loss of Critical Assets. It must also ensure
that the collection, retention, and dissemination of CAAP information
are in compliance with applicable U.S. law, statutes, directives, and
policies as delineated by the established intelligence oversight
program. See DoD Directive 5240.1 and DoD 5240.l-R (references (i) and
(j))." (**DoD**, *CAAP*, January 20, 1998)

**Critical Business Functions (CBF):** "Business functions or
information that could not be interrupted or unavailable for one month
or less without [significantly]{.underline} jeopardizing the mission of
the agency, and...health, welfare or safety..." (**DigitalCare**, *State
of OR BC Wkshop*, 2006, 51)

**Critical Business Functions (CBF):** "Critical business functions are
functions a business must perform in order to stay in business....
Non-profits and governments need business continuity to assure that they
can perform their mandated functions." (**Glenn**, *What Is BC
Planning?*, 2002)

**Critical Functions:** "Business activities or information that could
not be interrupted or unavailable for several business days without
significantly jeopardizing operation of the organization."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p.
51)

**Critical Functions:** "Processes and activities which, if interrupted,
will cause a business or organization to sustain a severe economic loss,
or jeopardize the continued existence of the organization. Public
service organizations may define *critical functions* to include those
whose loss would cause adverse effects to their clients. For example, a
welfare office\'s existence may not be threatened by the temporary loss
of its facilities, but the well-being of the public it serves may be
severely impacted." (**Risky Thinking**, *A Glossary of Risk Related
Terms*, 2007)

**Critical Incident Stress Management:** "Critical Incident Stress
Management (CISM) provides an organized approach to the management of
stress responses for personnel having been exposed to a traumatic event
in the line of duty. The use of CISM may decrease post-traumatic stress
disorder, acute stress disorder, workman's compensation claims,
fatalities, injuries, and suicide. The use of CISM does not prevent an
employee from seeking individual consultation through the Employee
Assistance Program or a trained Peer Supporter." (**NIFC**, *Interagency
Standards for Fire and Aviation Operations 2007* (Appendix Q, CISM), p.
Q-1)

**Critical Incident Stress Management Team:** "Team is responsible for
the prevention and mitigation of disabling stress among emergency
responders in accordance with the standards of the International
Critical Incident Stress Foundation (ICISF). Team composition,
management, membership and governance varies, but can include
psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and licensed professional
counselors." (**FEMA**, *Typed Resource Definitions: Incident Management
Resources* (FEMA 508-2), 2005, p. 9)

**Critical Information Requirement (CIR):** "CIRs comprise information
requirements that need to be collected and processed in order to meet
operational requirements and are critical in facilitating timely
information management and the decision-making process that affects
successful operations." (DHS, *JFO Activation and Operations:
Interagency Integrated SOP Version 8.3*, April 2006, p. 46)

**Critical Infrastructure:** "Assets, systems, and networks, whether
physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity
or destruction of such assets, systems, or networks would have a
debilitating impact on security, national economic security, public
health or safety, or any combination of those matters." (**DHS**,
*National Infrastructure Protection Plan*, 2006, p. 103)

**Critical Infrastructure:** "Critical infrastructures include those
assets, systems, networks and functions -- physical or virtual -- so
vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction
would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic
security, public health or safety or any combination of those matters.
Key resources are publicly or privately controlled resources essential
to minimal operation of the economy and the government." (**DHS,**
*National Response Framework* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007, p.
15)

**Critical Infrastructure:** "Systems whose incapacity or destruction
would have a debilitating impact on the economic security of an
organization, community, nation, etc." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR
Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p. 51)

**Critical Infrastructure:** "Systems and assets, whether physical of
virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or
destruction of such systems and assets would be a debilitating impact on
security, national economic security, national public health or safety,
or any combination of those matters." (**Patriot Act**, Sec. 1016(e))

**Critical Infrastructure:** "Critical infrastructure includes systems,
facilities, and assets so vital that if destroyed or incapacitated would
disrupt the security, economy, health, safety, or welfare of the public.
Critical infrastructure may cross political boundaries and may be built
(such as structures, energy, water, transportation, and communications
systems); natural (such as surface or groundwater resources); or virtual
(such as cyber, electronic data, and information systems)."

"Criticality is often in the eyes of the beholder and is dependent upon
a given situation. The large and diverse number of critical assets
within a region, constrained state and local resources, and our need to
gain better understanding of infrastructure interdependencies require
the development of criteria for and a risk-based approach to identifying
critical assets." (**The Infrastructure Security Partnership**,
*Regional Disaster Resilience*, 2006, pp. 3-4)

**Critical Infrastructure:**

> Information Technology
>
> Telecommunications
>
> Chemicals
>
> Transportation Systems
>
> Emergency Services
>
> Postal and Shipping
>
> Agriculture and Food
>
> Public Health
>
> Water and Waste Water
>
> Energy
>
> Banking and Finance
>
> National Monuments and Icons
>
> Defense Industrial Base (**White House**, *HSPD 7*, 2003)

**Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CI/KR): "**An
interdependent network of vital physical and information facilities,
networks, and assets, including in the telecommunications, energy,
financial services, water, and transportation sectors, that private
business and the Government rely upon (including for the defense and
national security of the United States). Critical infrastructures are
those systems and assets so vital to the Nation that their incapacity or
destruction would have a debilitating impact on national security
(including national economic security) and/or national public health or
safety." (**DHS**, Fed. Cont. Direct. 1, Nov 2007, P-1)

**Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources Sectors:**

Agriculture and Food

Banking and Finance

Chemical

Commercial Facilities

Commercial Nuclear Reactors, Materials and Waste

Communications

Dams

Defense Industrial Base

Drinking Water and Water Treatment Systems

Emergency Services

Energy

Government Facilities

Information Technology

National Monuments and Icons

Postal and Shipping

Public Health and Healthcare

Transportation Systems (**DHS,** *National Infrastructure Protection
Plan Sector Overview*, 2007)

**Critical Infrastructure Government Coordinating Councils:** "The
Critical Infrastructure Government Coordinating Councils will serve as
government coordination mechanisms and will be comprised of
representatives from DHS, sector-specific agencies, appropriate
supporting Federal departments and agencies, and state and local
government representatives, as appropriate. These councils will work
with and support their counterpart Critical Infrastructure Sector
Coordinating Council to plan, implement, and execute sector-wide
security, planning, and information sharing." (**DHS**, *ODP Information
Bulletin*, No. 172, June 01, 2005)

**Critical Infrastructure Information:** "The term 'critical
infrastructure information' means information not customarily in the
public domain and related to the security of

critical infrastructure or protected systems---

\(A\) actual, potential, or threatened interference with, attack on,
compromise of, or incapacitation of critical infrastructure or protected
systems by either physical or computer-based attack or other similar
conduct (including the misuse of or unauthorized access to all types of
communications and data transmission systems) that violates Federal,
State, or local law, harms interstate commerce of the United States, or
threatens public health or safety;

\(B\) the ability of any critical infrastructure or protected system to
resist such interference, compromise, or incapacitation, including any
planned or past assessment, projection, or estimate of the vulnerability
of critical infrastructure or a protected system, including security
testing, risk evaluation thereto, risk management planning, or risk
audit; or

\(C\) any planned or past operational problem or solution regarding
critical infrastructure or protected systems, including repair,
recovery, reconstruction, insurance, or continuity, to the extent it is
related to such interference, compromise, or incapacitation."
(**Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002**)

**Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources (CI/KR): "**Critical
infrastructure includes those assets, systems, networks and
functions---physical or virtual---so vital to the United States that
their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating impact on
security, national economic security, public health or safety or any
combination of those matters. Key resources are publicly or privately
controlled resources essential to minimal operation of the economy and
the government." (**DHS**, *Private Sector and Nongovernmental
Organizations Response Partner Guide* (Draft), Sep.10, 2007, p. 2)

**Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council:** "CIPAC is a
partnership between government and private sector CI/KF \[critical
infrastructure and key resources\] owners and operators that facilitates
effective coordination of Federal CI/KR protection programs...DHS
published a Federal Register Notice on March 24, 2006, announcing the
establishment of CIPAC as a Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) exempt
body pursuant to section 871 of the Homeland Security Act..." **(DHS**,
*NIPP***,** 2006, p. 27)

**Critical Infrastructure Program -- Mission Assurance Assessments
(CIP-MAA):** "National Guard CIP-MAA teams execute the pre-planning
needed to educate the civilian agencies on basic force protection and
emergency response. Additionally, these teams are building relationships
with first responders, owners of critical infrastructure and National
Guard planners in the States and Territories. CIP-MAA teams deploy
traditional National Guard forces in a timely fashion to assist in
protection of the Nation's critical infrastructure, including vital
elements of the Defense Industrial Base." (**Blum**, July 19, 2007, pp.
5-6)

**Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP):** "Actions taken to prevent,
remediate, or mitigate

the risks resulting from vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure
assets. Depending on the risk,

these actions could include changes in tactics, techniques, or
procedures; adding redundancy;

selection of another asset; isolation or hardening; guarding, etc."
(**DoD**, *DCIP*, 2005, p. 11)

**Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP):** "CIP activities consist of
the identification,

prioritization, assessment, and security enhancement of infrastructure
network assets essential to mobilize, deploy, and sustain DOD military
operations. **DCI generally consists of physical (installations, power
projection platforms, etc.), and nonphysical (electronic information)
assets.** The increasing interconnectivity and interdependence among
commercial and defense infrastructures demand that DOD also take steps
to understand the vulnerabilities of, and threats to, the critical
infrastructures on which it depends for mission assurance. The DCIP is a
fully integrated program that provides a comprehensive process for
understanding and protecting selected infrastructure assets that are
critical to national security during peace, crisis, and war. It involves
identifying, prioritizing, assessing, protecting, monitoring, and
assuring the reliability and availability of mission-critical
infrastructures essential to the execution of the NMS. The program also
addresses the operational decision support necessary for combatant
commanders to achieve their mission objectives despite the degradation
or absence of these infrastructures." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security*
(JP 3-26), 2005, p. III-6)

**Critical Infrastructure Protection -- Decision Support System
(CIP-DSS):** "The CIP-DSS provides a unique, scientifically-informed
approach for prioritizing critical infrastructure protection strategies
and resource allocations. Using modeling, simulation, and analyses to
assess vulnerabilities, consequences, and risks, the system develops and
evaluates protection, mitigation, response, and recovery strategies and
technologies; and provides real-time support during crises and
emergencies to leadership within the Department and the rest of the
government. This measure demonstrates the availability of actionable
information to help protect U.S. critical infrastructure from acts of
terrorism, natural disasters, and other emergencies." (**DHS**,
*Performance Budget Overview, Fiscal Year 2008,* March 2007, p. 29)

**Critical Infrastructure Protection Program:** "The term 'critical
infrastructure protection program' means any component or bureau of a
covered Federal agency that has been designated by the President or any
agency head to receive critical infrastructure information." (**Critical
Infrastructure Information Act of 2002**)

**Critical Infrastructure Sector Coordinating Councils:** "The Critical
Infrastructure Sector Coordinating Councils will act as private sector
coordination mechanisms and will be comprised of private sector
infrastructure owners and operators, and supporting associations, as
appropriate. These councils will bring together sector-specific
infrastructure protection activities and issues and will provide a
primary point of entry for government to partner with the sector."
(**DHS**, *ODP Info. Bulletin*, No.172, 1 June 2005)

**Critical Infrastructures:** "Systems and assets, whether physical or
virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or
destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact
on security, national economic security, national public health or
safety, or any combination of those matters." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*,
2006, Glossary 25-6)

**Critical Records:** "Records or documents that, if damaged or
destroyed, would cause considerable inconvenience and/or require
replacement or recreation at considerable expense." (**DigitalCare**,
*State of OR Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p. 52)

**Critical Resource Logistics and Distribution Capability Definition:**
"Critical Resource Logistics and Distribution is the capability to
identify, inventory, dispatch, mobilize,

transport, recover, and demobilize and to accurately track and record
available human and material critical resources throughout all incident
management phases. Critical resources are those necessary to preserve
life, property, safety, and security." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 223)

**Critical Success Factors (CSF):** "Recognizing the variability of
capability requirements, the USCG has developed Critical Success Factors
(CSF) for spill response that drive a "Best Possible Response"---that
is, a set of general goals to achieve when conducting a comprehensive
and effective response. Six particular CSF are to be considered when
developing ACPs \[Area Contingency Plan\], including (1) no public or
responder injuries, illness or deaths; (2) sensitive areas protected;
(3) resource damage minimized; (4) infrastructure damage minimized; (5)
economic impact minimized; and (6) highly coordinated law enforcement
and emergency management operations." (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*,
December 2007, p. 67)

**Critical Task:** "A task that must be performed during a major event
to prevent occurrence, reduce loss of life or serious injuries, or
mitigate significant property damage. Critical tasks are essential to
the success of a homeland security mission and require coordination
among a combination of federal, state, local, and tribal entities."
(**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, 2007, Gloss-10)

**Critical Task:** "Critical tasks are defined as those prevention,
protection, response, and recovery tasks that require coordination among
an appropriate combination of Federal, State, local, tribal, private
sector, and non-governmental entities during a major event in order to
minimize the impact on lives, property, and the economy." (**DHS**, *UTL
2.1*, 2005, p. B-1)

**Critical Tasks (DHS Target Capabilities List):** "Critical tasks are
tasks that are essential to achieving the desired outcome and to the
success of a homeland security mission. The critical tasks are derived
from the tasks found in the Universal Task List." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007,
p. 6)

**Criticality:** "Criticality (i.e., how quickly a specific capability
is needed to prevent an incident, save lives, prevent suffering, or
reduce major damage) is an important consideration in

determining where a capability is needed." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 12)

**Criticality:** "*Criticality* is broadly defined as the particular
aspects or features of an asset that would make someone want to protect
the asset against an attack. Generally, *criticality* is defined using a
set of 'Critical Asset Factors'. These factors define the specific
features of an asset that could make it important to protect that asset
from attack. Examples of typical critical asset factors include:

-   Loss of Life

-   Economic losses

-   Disruption of Government Services

-   Degradation of Critical Infrastructures and Key assets." (**DHS**,
    *TCL*, 2007, p. 51)

**CrM:** Crisis Management. (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007, p. I-9)

**Crop Failure:** "Abnormal reduction in crop yield such that it is
insufficient to meet the nutritional or economic needs of the
community." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, p. 22)

**Crop Moisture Ratio:** "The ratio of precipitation to the potential
evapotranspiration. An index for assessment of agricultural drought."
(**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, 23)

**CRP:** Crisis Relocation Plan.

**CRR:** Continuity Readiness Reports. (**DHS,** *FCD 2*, November 2007,
p. B-1)

**CRS:** Community Rating System, National Flood Insurance Program.
(**FEMA**, *CRS*, 2007)

**CRS:** Congressional Research Service.

**CRT:** Critical Response Team (FEMA, *Compendium of Federal Terrorism
Training for State and Local Audiences*, November 10, 2003, p. 2)

**CS:** Tear Gas (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile). (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*,
Dec 2007, Glossary-2)

**CSAT:** Chemical Security Assessment Tool. (**DHS**, *Fact Sheet:
CFATS*, November 2, 2007)

**CSCD:** Chemical Security Compliance Division, DHS. (**DHS**,
*Procedural Manual...CVI*, 2007)

**CSEPP:** Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program.

**CSF:** Critical Skill Factor. (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*, December
2007, p. iv)

**CSG:** Counterterrorism Security Group.

**CSIA IWG:** Cyber Security and Information Assurance Interagency
Working Group. (**DHS**, *NIPP* 2006, p. 101)

**CSIRT:** Computer Security Incident Response Teams. (**DHS**, *NIPP*
2006, p. 101)

**CSP:** Community Shelter Plan/Planning. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance
Appendices*, 1974, B-20)

**CSPOS:** Community Shelter Planning Officers. (**DCPA**, *Foresight*,
1974, p. 18)

**CSR:** Corporate Security Review.

**CSR:** Critical Success Factors: (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*,
December 2007, p. 67)

**CST:** Civil Support Team. (**DA**, *WMD CST Operations*, December
2007, p. 1-3)

**CT:** Counterterrorism. (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26),
2005, p. IV-6)

**CTF:** Cooperating Technical Partners, FEMA.

**Cultural Competence:** "A set of values, behaviors, attitudes, and
practices that enables an organization or individual to work effectively
across cultures; the ability to honor and respect the beliefs, language,
interpersonal styles, and behaviors of individuals and families
receiving services as well as of staff who are providing such
services."\] (**HHS**, 2003, p. 60)

**Culture of Continuity:** "Pursuant to NSPD-51/HSPD-20 \[May 4, 2007\],
and in accordance with the National Continuity Policy Implementation
Plan, the President directs the executive branch to reorient itself and
to utilize an integrated, overlapping national continuity concept to
ensure the preservation of our Government and the continuing performance
of essential functions. Continuity responsibility and planning should
not be a separate and compartmentalized function performed by
independent cells of a few planners in each agency. It must be fully
integrated into all aspects of an organization's daily operations thus
creating a 'culture of continuity'." (**DHS/FEMA**, *Federal Continuity
Directive 1*, November 2007, p. 3)

**Culture of Preparedness:** "Though created as the federal agency that
leads and manages emergency management on behalf of the Nation, there
are many organizations engaged in all phases of emergency management at
the federal, state, and local levels. FEMA, in its leadership

role, must set the standard for emergency management across the Nation
and help build strong relationships among its partners. As a first step,
we will foster a culture of preparedness by building combined and
comprehensive national capabilities that better protect us all from the
extraordinary natural and man-made threats that face our Nation."
(**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, 2007, p. 5)

**Culture of Preparedness, Strategic Plan Objective 1.1: Build a culture
of preparedness across the Nation for all hazards:**

"FEMA will strengthen national preparedness by engaging and supporting
other federal agencies, states, territories, tribal nations, local
governments, and private sector and nongovernmental organizations in
building national capabilities to address all-hazard events.

Through grants that provide financial assistance, the provision of
technical expertise, or

through enhanced partnerships and cooperative agreements with the public
and private

sector, FEMA will work closely with its partners to build a nationwide
culture of preparedness that builds and sustains national capabilities.
This effort will include public education and outreach that strives to
instill broad awareness of the importance of personal and community
responsibility for the Nation's overall preparedness." (**FEMA**,
*Strategic Plan*, 2007, p. 12)

**Culture of Preparedness:** "Those who have had the most exposure to
disasters tend to be the most prepared, but they are in the minority. We
can create a broader culture of preparedness with relatively simple,
low-cost measures like involving the public in the planning process,
empowering them with information, and providing tools. In higher risk
areas, we can involve the public more directly by assigning specific
roles for disaster response and offering opportunities to interact with
first responders and care providers during drills and emergencies."
(**PricewaterhouseCoopers**, 2007, p. 4)

**Culture of Preparedness:** "Foresman \[George W. Foresman, DHS Under
Secretary, Preparedness Directorate\] told the symposium audience that,
previously, the nation has viewed preparedness in the context of the
last crisis event. In the new culture of preparedness, 'we need to look
forward, not back.'.... The culture of preparedness, he said, includes
continuing a national dialog to make sure the public knows its
responsibility: to begin individually." (**USNORTHCOM**, "DHS Official
Promotes New 'Culture of Preparedness'." October 4, 2006)

**Culture of Preparedness:** "CREATING A CULTURE OF PREPAREDNESS: The
second element of our continuing transformation for homeland security
perhaps will be the most profound and enduring---the creation of a
Culture of Preparedness. A new preparedness culture must emphasize that
the entire Nation---Federal, State, and local governments; the private
sector; communities; and individual citizens---shares common goals and
responsibilities for homeland security. In other words, our homeland
security is built upon a foundation of partnerships. And these
partnerships must include shared understanding of at least four
concepts:

-   The certainty of future catastrophes;

-   The importance of initiative;

-   The roles of citizens and other homeland security stakeholders in
    preparedness; and

-   The roles of each level of government and the private sector in
    creating a prepared Nation." (**White House**. *The Federal Response
    to Hurricane Katrina -- Lessons Learned*, Chapter 6 "Transforming
    National Preparedness," February **2006**.)

**Culture of Preparedness:** "This Culture rests on four principles.

-   The first principle of our Culture of Preparedness is a shared
    acknowledgement that creating a prepared Nation will be an enduring
    challenge....

-   The second principle is the importance of individual and collective
    initiative to counter fun­damental biases toward reactive responses
    and approaches....

-   The third principle is that individual citizens, communities, the
    private sector, and non-profit organizations each perform a central
    role in homeland security....

-   The fourth principle of our Culture of Preparedness is the
    responsibility of each level of govern­ment in fostering a prepared
    Nation." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland
    Security*, Homeland Security Council, October **2007**, pp. 41-42)

**Culture of Preparedness:** "In order for citizens to play an optimum
role in responding to a mass casualty event, it is important to develop
a "culture of preparedness". Spreading basic knowledge such as who to
inform when an incident occurs can speed up responses and result in
lives being saved. Similarly, increasing basic search and rescue and
first aid skills can avoid the onset of complications for those injured
in a mass casualty incident. In addition to knowledge, attitudes need to
be changed. The passive expectation that responding to emergencies is
someone else's responsibility (typically someone in authority) can be
changed to an active willingness to get involved in the activities
necessary to a planned response. While efforts to inculcate such a
culture can be sponsored (i.e. funded and conceived) at national level,
programming is likely to be most effective if delivered by local
government authorities and based in a planning process. Such activities
may include:

> • preparedness training to teach communities how to survive without
> outside help for a

given period (48 or 72 hours)

> • Basic search and rescue and first aid training for community members
> and for emergency services staff (publications such as *Capacity
> Building for Search & Rescue in Local Communities (Jeannet 1999)* and
> *International harmonization of First Aid: First recommendations on
> life-saving techniques* (IFRC 2004) provide useful advice on this)
>
> • presentations at public gatherings such as clubs, religious centres
> (e.g. those connected
>
> with churches, mosques and temples), and community service
> organizations
>
> • Advertising or public information through the press and electronic
> media, or using posters, leaflets and public displays in markets and
> shopping areas. The education system has an important role to play in
> preparedness. Schools can incorporate some elements of the community's
> emergency preparedness plans in curricula for children and teen-agers,
> in order to increase the awareness of what to do during a mass
> casualty incident." (**World Health Organization**, *Mass Casualty
> Management Systems*, April 2007, p. 23)

**Current Meter** (water): "Instrument for measuring the velocity of
water." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 23)

**CUSEC:** Central United States Earthquake Consortium.

**Customer Service:** "The stated ideologies of service companies that
have consistently performed extremely well have a strong focus on
flowing value to the customer. The customer service theme from these
companies resonates with lean thinking philosophy:

-   Service to the customer above all else. We exist to provide value to
    our customers\--to make their lives better via lower prices and
    greater selection; all else is secondary

-   People are number one--they are your only appreciating asset, treat
    them well, expect a lot, and the rest will follow

-   Partner with employees, include them in the process

-   Encourage individual initiative

-   Expect hard work and productivity, yet keep it fun

-   Work with passion, commitment, and enthusiasm

-   Continuous self-improvement; there\'s always something more to be
    improved

-   Excellence in reputation

-   Run lean by continuously identifying and eliminating waste

-   Never settle for less than what is possible." (**Buckentine**, "Lean
    for Service Businesses," *MA Insider* \[Manufacturers Alliance
    E-Newsletter\], May 2007)

**Customer Service:** "Customer service is a key element of FEMA's
strategic plan. FEMA's customer service initiatives include benchmarking
performance, setting standards, and surveying internal (FEMA employees)
and external (the public and emergency management partners) customers.
It also focuses on building skills and instituting programs that provide
high-quality service that exceeds the expectations of FEMA's customers.
The customer service program supplies valuable information that assists
to identify barriers to performance and measure progress towards
achieving the Agency's strategic goals. The customer service strategy
seeks to:

1.  Refine data collection, databases and performance measures for the
    Agency's strategic plan and establish baselines against which future
    performance can be measured.

2.  Create a highly productive, customer-driven workforce that provides
    services that meet or exceed customer expectations

3.  Institutionalize better and more cost-effective service-delivery
    systems." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan FY 1988 -- FY 1992*, 1997, p.
    30)

**Customer Service:** "In Oklahoma, I'm lucky to have a boss, Governor
Brad Henry, who realizes emergency management is a customer service
business. More importantly, he understands that the customers we serve
are at the local level, not in Washington. Following disaster events, he
expects me to brief him on what assistance is being provided to the
victims immediately and what assistance we're working to provide in the
future. The Governor does not expect me to provide anything which is not
available under the law, but he does expect me to extract the full
potential of the law to the victim's advantage. And, he expects the same
level of customer service to be provided by the federal government, in
the support of our state.

Unfortunately, our recent dealings with FEMA, in response to disasters
our state has experienced over the last 18 months, has done little to
ensure customer service is a concern, or that we are even considered a
customer. Since December 2005, Oklahoma has experienced wildfires, ice
storms, tornadoes and floods which have resulted in six major disaster
declarations, one emergency declaration, and 26 fire management
assistance grants.

One might say that this level of activity is proof that the "new" FEMA
is working diligently to make sure assistance is being provided as
quickly as possibly, but I would offer that each request has been viewed
from a federal perspective of, "what is the minimum we have to provide,
as opposed to, what is the need." Never before have I entered into so
many discussions regarding the interpretation of the law or the standard
of assessment. I've even had a FEMA attorney question the authority my
Lieutenant Governor has to make a request for the state, in the
Governor's absence. Through this all, the Governor has asked me some
very simple questions, like: "Is FEMA this unresponsive because they're
under DHS?; Why does it take two weeks to make a decision on my
request?; Why does the FEMA Region support our request and FEMA
Headquarters doesn't?; or even, Why won't they return my phone calls?".
Regretfully, I have but one answer to each of his questions, "I don't
know, sir. But, I do know this is not the way it's supposed to be."
(**Ashwood**, *Testimony\... on* "*FEMA Preparedness in 2007...,*" 2007,
3)

"In conclusion, I'd like to summarize the current philosophical
differences between my state and FEMA with a brief illustration. In my
operations center a sign, defining what is expected of each employee,
has hung on the wall for many years. It simply says, "If it's legal,
moral and ethical . . . Just do it!" And while I realize much of this
creed is subjective, by nature, it does stress the reason we are all
employed . . . to provide a service to our citizens during their time of
need. With this in mind, I wonder what a similar sign would say, if it
were currently hanging on the wall in FEMA headquarters. Perhaps it
would say something like, "If it's legally concise and limits our
agency's exposure and potential liability, we should consider doing it,
contingent of course on General Counsel's final opinion, in coordination
with the Office of Management and Budget, and subject to the final vote
of the tribunal convened to effectively disperse responsibility
throughout the federal government." Whether this philosophy is a product
of FEMA, DHS, the White House, Congress, or a combination of any or all
of the above, I simply don't know. I only know it is does not meet my
expectations, as either a state customer or private citizen."
(**Ashwood**, *Testimony\... on* "*FEMA Preparedness in 2007...,*" 2007,
4)

**CVI:** Chemical-terrorism Vulnerability Information. (**DHS**, *CVI
Glossary*, Nov. 2007, p. 1)

**CWG:** Continuity Working Group(s). (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p.
11)

**CX:** Phosgene Oxime. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec 2007, Glossary-2)

**Cyber Security:** "The prevention of damage to, unauthorized use of,
or exploitation of, and, if needed, the restoration of electronic
information and communications systems and the information contained
therein to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Includes
protection and restoration, when needed, of information networks and
wireline, wireless, satellite, public safety answering points, and 911
communications systems and control systems." (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006,
103)

**Cyber Storm:** A National Cyber Exercise (NCE): "**...**the first
government-led, full-scale cyber security exercise of its kind
\[February 6-10, 2006\].... Cyber Storm was designed to test
communications, policies and procedures in response to various cyber
attacks and to identify where further planning and process improvements
are needed. Activities included:

-   Exercising interagency coordination through the activation of the
    National Cyber Response Coordination Group (NCRCG) and the
    Interagency Incident Management Group (IIMG)

-   Exercising inter-governmental and intra-governmental coordination
    and incident response

-   Identifying policies and issues that either hinder or support cyber
    security requirements

-   Identifying public and private information sharing mechanisms to
    address communications challenges

-   Identifying the interdependence of cyber and physical
    infrastructures

-   Raising awareness of the economic and national security impacts
    associated with a significant cyber incident

-   Highlighting available tools and technologies for cyber incident
    response and recovery." (**DHS**, *Cyber Storm Exercise Fact Sheet*,
    September 13, 2006)

**Cyber-Terrorism:** "(FBI): A criminal act perpetrated by the use of
computers and telecommunications capabilities, resulting in violence,
destruction and/or disruption of services to create fear by causing
confusion and uncertainty within a given population, with the goal of
influencing a government or population to conform to a particular
political, social, or ideological agenda." (**US Army TRADOC**, 2007, p.
148)

**Cyclone:** "An atmospheric closed circulation rotating
counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the
Southern Hemisphere." (**NHC**, *Glossary of NHC Terms*, 2007)

**Cyclone:** "A large-scale closed circulation system in the atmosphere
with low barometric pressure and strong winds that rotate counter
clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern
hemisphere. The system is referred to as a cyclone in the Indian Ocean
and South Pacific, hurricane in the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific
and typhoon in the western Pacific." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossary*, 1992, 23)

**CZMA:** Coastal Zone Management Act.

**DA:** Department of the Army. (**Department of the Army** Website,
References (Glossary).)

**DA:** Diphenylchloroarsine. (**Dept. of Army**, *WMD-CST-Operations*,
Dec 2007, Glossary-2)

**DAC:** Disaster Application Center.

**DAE:** Disaster Assistance Employee, FEMA.

**Dam** (also barrage; barrier; weir): "Barrier constructed across a
valley for impounding water or creating a reservoir." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, 23)

**Damage Assessment:** The process utilized to determine the magnitude
of damage and the unmet needs of individuals, businesses, the public
sector, and the community caused by a disaster or emergency event.

**Damage Assessment:** "The process of assessing damage, following a
disaster, to computer hardware, vital records, office facilities, etc.
and determining what can be salvaged or restored and what must be
replaced." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business Cont. Workshop*,
2006, p. 52)

**Damage Assessment:** "The process used to appraise or determine the
number of injuries and deaths, damage to public and private property,
and the status of key facilities and services such as hospitals and
other health care facilities, fire and police stations, communications
networks, water and sanitation systems, utilities, and transportation
networks resulting from a man-made or natural disaster." (**FEMA**,
*Guide For All-Hazard Emer. Ops Planning* (SLG 101), 1996, GLO-1)

**Damage Assessment:** "An appraisal or determination of the effects of
the disaster on human, physical, economic, and natural resources."
(**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 7)

**Damage Classification:** "Evaluation and recording of damage to
structures, facilities, or objects according to three (or more)
categories:

1.  "Severe Damage" - which precludes further use of the structure,
    facility, or abject for its intended purpose.

2.  "Moderate Damage" - or the degree of damage to principal members,
    which precludes effective use of the structure, facility, or object
    for its intended purpose, unless major repairs are made short of
    complete reconstruction.

3.  "Light Damage" - such as broken windows, slight damage to roofing
    and siding, interior partitions blown down, and cracked walls; the
    damage is not severe enough to preclude use of the installation for
    the purpose for which it was intended." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*,
    1992, 24)

**Damping:** "Limitation of movement or dissipation of energy."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Gloss.*, 1992, 24)

**DAST:** Disaster Area Survey Team. (**Japan National Committee for
IDNDR**, *Multi-language Glossary on Natural Disasters,* March 1993)

**Data Backups: "**The back up of system, application, program and/or
production files to media that can be stored both on and/or offsite.
Data backups can be used to restore corrupted or lost data or to recover
entire systems and databases in the event of a disaster. Data backups
should be considered confidential and should be kept secure from
physical damage and theft." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business
Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p. 52)

**Data Center Recovery: "**The component of Disaster Recovery which
deals with the restoration, at an alternate location, of data center
services and computer processing capabilities. SIMILAR TERMS: Mainframe
Recovery, Technology Recovery." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business
Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p. 52)

**Data Collection Platform (DCP):** "Automatic measuring facility with a
radio transmitter to provide contact and transmission of data via
satellite." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 24)

**Data Mining:** "Data mining is the process of knowledge discovery and
predictive modeling and analytics, traditionally involving the
identification of patterns and relationships from databases.... In
government, data mining is increasingly used to help detect terrorist
threats

through the collection and analysis of both public and private sector
data." (**DHS/OIG**, *ADVISE Report*, June 2007, p. 6)

**DCIP:** Defense Critical Infrastructure Program. (**DOD**, *DCIP
Geospatial Data Strategy*, 2006)

**DCIP:** Defense Critical Infrastructure Protection. (**DSB**, *Report
of DSB TF on CHIP*, 2007, 2)

**DCE:** Defense Coordinating Element (DCO Staff). (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE
CM*, 2006, II-19)

**DCO:** Defense Coordinating Officer. (**Dept of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Ops*, 2007, Glossary-2)

**DCP:** Data Collection Platform. "Automatic measuring facility with a
radio transmitter to provide contact and transmission of data via
satellite." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 24)

**DCPA:** Defense Civil Preparedness Agency.

**DCT:** Data Collection Toolkit. (**OIG/DHS**, *IT Information
Management Letter, FY 2005*, p. 58)

**Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Notification System (DHNS): "**Provides
emergency information to the hearing impaired community; Uses American
Sign Language videos; Information is sent over Internet and other
communication devices." (**FEMA**, *IPAWS*, September 11, 2007)

**DEARE:** Delayed Effects of Acute Radiation Exposure. (**HHS**,
*PHEMCE IP*, 2007, p. 17)

**DEAS:** Digital Emergency Alert System. (**DHS**, *NCRC, First Annual
Report*, 2005, p. F-11 (51))

**Debris Clearance and Removal:** "Clearance, pick up, hauling,
processing and disposal of all manner of debris generated by the
declared event on public property. This includes woody debris, sand and
gravel, and components of buildings or other structures. This may also
include debris on private property, when FEMA has approved such
removal." (**FEMA**, *100% Funding for Direct Federal Assistance and
Grant Assistance*, June 9, 2006)

**Debris Flow:** "A high-density mud flow with abundant coarse-grained
materials such as rocks, tree trunks, etc." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster
Management Glossary*, 1992, 25)

**Decision Information Distribution System (DIDS):** "DIDS is a
low-frequency radio network which has been designed to improve and
expand nationwide warning. A...prototype facility is located at Edgewood
Arsenal, MD.... DIDs could form the basis for automatic indoor home
warning. Special low-frequency home warning receivers are under
development, along with devices which could be incorporated in regular
television or entertainment radios. The low-frequency transmission of
DIDS could turn on these units to alert the public and provide warning
information." (**DCPA**, *Civil Preparedness -- A New Dual Mission*,
1972, p. 8)

**Declaration:** The formal action by the President to make a State
eligible for major disaster or emergency assistance under the Robert T.
Stafford Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-288, as
amended. (**FEMA**, *Disaster Basics* (IS-292), 2007 update, p. A-2
(Glossary)

**Declaration of Disaster:** "Official issuance of a state of emergency
upon the occurrence of a large-scale calamity, in order to activate
measures aimed at the reduction of the disaster\'s impact." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, 25)

**Declaration Process:** "The request for a declaration \[disaster or
emergency\] must come from the Governor or Acting Governor. Before
sending a formal request letter to the President, the Governor will
request that FEMA conduct a joint Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA)
with the State to verify damage and estimate the amount of supplemental
assistance that will be needed. If the Governor believes that Federal
assistance is necessary after this assessment is complete, the Governor
sends a request letter to the President, directed through the Regional
Administrator (RA) of the appropriate FEMA region. The RA reviews the
request and forwards it with a recommendation to the Director of FEMA
who, in turn, makes a recommendation to the President. In the aftermath
of a significant event causing extensive damage and loss of life, the
declaration process may be expedited. The President makes the decision
whether to declare a major disaster or emergency. After the initial
declaration, the person designated by the Governor as the Governor\'s
Authorized Representative (GAR) may request additional areas to be
eligible for assistance or for additional types of assistance as deemed
necessary." (**FEMA**, *Public Assistance Guide* (FEMA 322), June 2007)

**Decontamination:** "The removal of dangerous goods from personnel and
equipment to the extent necessary to prevent potential adverse health
effects. Always avoid direct or indirect contact with dangerous goods;
however, if contact occurs, personnel should be decontaminated as soon
as possible. Since the methods used to decontaminate personnel and
equipment differ from one chemical to another, contact the chemical
manufacturer, through the agencies listed on the inside back cover, to
determine the appropriate procedure. Contaminated clothing and equipment
should be removed after use and stored in a controlled area
(warm/contamination reduction/limited access zone) until cleanup
procedures can be initiated. In some cases, protective clothing and
equipment cannot be decontaminated and must be disposed of in a proper
manner." (**DOT**, *Emergency Response Guidebook...Hazardous Materials
Incident*, 2004, 360)

**DEFCON:** Defense Readiness Condition. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 1)

**Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996:** Public Law
104-201, Title XIV**,** also known as the Nunn- Lugar-Domenici Domestic
Preparedness Act.

**Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act:** "The Defense
Against Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Act, 50 U.S.C. 2301*et seq*,
is intended to enhance the capability of the Federal government to
prevent and respond to terrorist incidents involving WMD. Congress has
directed that DOD provide certain expert advice to Federal, State, and
local agencies with regard to WMD, to include domestic terrorism rapid
response teams, training in emergency response to the use or threat of
use of WMD and a program of testing and improving the response of civil
agencies to biological and chemical emergencies." (**DHS**, *National
Response Plan* (Draft #1), Feb. 25, 2004, p. 70.)

**Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (DCPA):** "In further recognition of
the broader responsibility of the Federal Government in disaster
preparedness assistance at the State and local government level,
Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, on May 5, 1972, abolished the Office
of Civil Defense, which operated under the Secretary of the Army, and
established a new, separated Defense Agency within the Department of
Defense -- the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency." (**DCPA**, *Civil
Preparedness -- A New Dual Mission*, 1972, p. 1)

**Defense Coordination Element (DCE): "**On-scene staff element composed
of administrative staff and liaison personnel (including Emergency
Preparedness Liaison Officers). Normally, the DCE will co-locate with
the ERT Operations Section in the JFO." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment
SOPs Operating Draft*, 2007, p. 48)

**Defense Coordinating Element (DCE):** "The Defense Coordinating
Element is that structure within the DFO which supports and executes
missions under the authority of the Defense Coordinating Officer."
(**USACE**, *Response Planning Guide*, 1995, p. B-2)

**Defense Coordinating Officer (DCO):** **"**DOD has appointed 10 DCOs
and assigned one to each FEMA region. If requested and approved, the DCO
serves as DOD's single point of contact at the JFO. With few exceptions,
requests for Defense Support of Civil Authorities originating at the JFO
are coordinated with and processed through the DCO. The DCO may have a
Defense Coordinating Element consisting of a staff and military liaison
officers to facilitate coordination and support to activated ESFs.
Specific responsibilities of the DCO (subject to modification based on
the situation) include processing requirements for military support,
forwarding mission assignments to the appropriate military organizations
through DOD-designated channels and assigning military liaisons, as
appropriate, to activated ESFs." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework*
(Comment Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 66)

**Defense Coordination Officer (DCO): "**A military official
specifically designated to orchestrate DoD support activity. As the
designated DoD on-scene member of the ERT, the DCO is the single POC in
the field for coordinating and tasking the use of all DoD resources in
support of Federal relief efforts, excluding National Guard forces
operating under State control." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Operating Draft*, 2007, p. 48)

**Defense Coordinating Officer (DCO):** "The **DCO** is appointed by DOD
and serves as DOD's single point of contact at the JFO, with the
exception of US Special Operations Command and USACE assets. Generally,
requests for CS originating at the JFO will be coordinated with and
processed through the DCO. The DCO may have a DCE consisting of a staff
and military LNOs \[Liaison Officers\] in order to facilitate
coordination and support to activated ESFs. Specific responsibilities of
the DCO (subject to modification based on the situation) include
processing requirements for military support, forwarding RFAs to the
appropriate military organizations through DOD designated channels, and
assigning military liaisons, as appropriate, to activated

ESFs. Requests for CS originating at the JFO will be coordinated and
processed through the DCO with the exception of requests for USACE
support, NG forces operating under state active duty or Title 32 USC
(i.e., not in federal service), or, in some circumstances, DOD forces in
support of the FBI." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007, pp. D-21-22)

**Defense Critical Asset: "**An asset of such extraordinary importance
to DoD operations in

peace, crisis, and war that its incapacitation or destruction would have
a very serious, debilitating

effect on the ability of the Department of Defense to fulfill its
missions." (**DoD**, *DCIP*, 2005, 11)

**Defense Critical Infrastructure: "**DoD and non-DoD networked assets
essential to project, support, and sustain military forces and
operations worldwide." (**DoD**, *DCIP*, 2005, 2)

**Defense Critical Infrastructure Program (DCIP):** "...the mission of
the DCIP is to identify, prioritize, and coordinate protection of
critical assets that affect the warfighting capability of the U.S. armed
forces and, ultimately, our national defense and economic security; to
establish adaptive plans and procedures to mitigate risk and restore
capability in the event of an asset's loss or degradation; to support
Defense critical infrastructure crisis and consequence management; and
to protect critical infrastructure information." (**DoD**, *DCIP*, 2004)

**Defense Critical Infrastructure Program (DCIP):** "A DoD risk
management program that

seeks to ensure the availability of networked assets critical to DoD
missions. Activities include

the identification, assessment, and security enhancement of assets
essential for executing the

National Military Strategy." (**DoD**, *DCIP* (DODD 3020.40), August 19,
2005, p. 2)

**Defense Emergency Response Fund:** Established by Public Law 101-165
(1989). That law provides that, "The Fund shall be available for
providing reimbursement to currently applicable appropriations of the
Department of Defense for supplies and services provided in anticipation
of requests from other Federal departments and agencies and from State
and local governments for assistance on a reimbursable basis to respond
to natural or manmade disasters. The Fund may be used upon a
determination by the Secretary of Defense that immediate action is
necessary before a formal request for assistance on a reimbursable basis
is received." The Fund is applicable to military support to civil
authorities (MSCA) under DoD Directive 3025.1 and to foreign disaster
assistance under DoD Directive 5100.46. (**32 CFR 185**)

**Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA):** "The Defense Production Act of
1950 (DPA) as amended by P.L. 102-558, 106 Stat. 4201, 50 U.S.C. App.
2062, is the primary authority to ensure the timely availability of
resources for national defense and civil emergency preparedness and
response. Among other things, the DPA authorizes the President to demand
that companies accept and give priority to government contracts "which
he deems necessary or appropriate to promote the national defense." The
DPA defines "national defense" to include activities authorized by the
emergency preparedness sections of the Stafford Act. Consequently, DPA
authorities are available for activities and measures undertaken in
preparation for, during, or following a natural disaster or accidental
or man-caused event. The Department of Commerce has redelegated DPA
authority under Executive Order 12919, National Defense Industrial
Resource Preparedness, June 7, 1994, as amended, to the Secretary of
Homeland Security to place, and upon application, to authorize State and
local governments to place, priority rated contracts in support of
Federal, State, and local emergency preparedness activities." (**DHS**,
*National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, pp. 68-69)

**Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA):** "Defense support of
civil authorities, often referred to as civil support, is DoD support,
including Federal military forces, the Department's career civilian and
contractor personnel, and DoD agency and component assets, for domestic
emergencies and for designated law enforcement and other activities. The
Department of Defense provides defense support of civil authorities when
directed to do so by the President or Secretary of Defense." (**DOD**,
*Strategy for Homeland Defense/Civil Support*, June 2005, pp. 5-6)

**Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) \-- Immediate Response**:
"Imminently serious conditions resulting from any civil emergency may
require immediate action to save lives, prevent human suffering or
mitigate property damage. When such conditions exist, and time does not
permit approval from higher headquarters, local military commanders and
responsible officials from DOD components and agencies are authorized to
take necessary action to respond to requests from civil authorities.
This response must be consistent with the Posse Comitatus Act 18 U.S.C.
§ 1385), which generally prohibits Federal military personnel (and units
of the National Guard under Federal authority) from acting in a law
enforcement capacity (e.g., search, seizures, arrests) within the United
States, except where expressly authorized by the Constitution or
Congress." (**DHS**, *Overview: ESF...Support Annexes...In Support of
the NF*, Sep 2007, p. 6)

**Deforestation:** "The clearing or destruction of a previously forested
area." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, 25)

**Delegation of Authority:** "A delegation of authority identifies who
is authorized to act on behalf of the agency head or other officials for
specified purposes and ensures that designated individuals have the
legal authorities to carry out their duties. To the extent possible,
these authorities should be identified by title or position, and not by
the individual office holder's name." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p.
E-3)

**Delegation of Authority:** "Identification, by position, of the
authorities for making policy

determinations and decisions at headquarters, field levels, and all
other organizational locations.

Generally, pre-determined delegations of authority will take effect when
normal channels

of direction are disrupted and terminate when these channels have
resumed." (**HSC,** *NCPIP*, 2007, p. 61)

**Deliberate Planning:** Contingency Planning "(the creation of plans in
anticipation of future incidents based on the most current information
utilizing Department resources, also known as deliberate planning."
(**DHS**, *National Planning and Execution System*, 2007 Draft, p. 4-4)

**DEMHS**: Department of Emergency Management and Homeland Security,
Connecticut.

**Department of Defense (DOD) Process for Requests for Assistance,
Domestic Emergencies:** "JDOMS \[Joint Director pf Military Support\],
located within the Joint Staff Operations Directorate (J-3), produces
military orders as they pertain to domestic emergencies, forwards them
to the SecDef for approval, and then to the appropriate military
commander for execution. A six-step process is initiated when a request
for assistance (RFA) is received from a lead or other primary agency:

\(a\) Lead or other primary agency initiates the RFA.

\(b\) RFA is sent to the DOD Executive Secretary for
assessment/processing.

\(c\) RFA is processed and sent to ASD(HD) and JDOMS.

\(d\) JDOMS processes the order.

\(e\) SecDef approves the order.

\(f\) JDOMS issues the order to appropriate combatant commanders,
Services, and agencies." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE Consequence Management*
(JP 3-41), 2006, p. II-9)

**Department of Energy (DOE).** "DOE serves as a support agency to the
FBI for technical operations and a support agency to DHS/FEMA for CM
\[Consequence Management\]. DOE provides scientific and technical
personnel and equipment in support of the LFA during all aspects of WMD
incidents. DOE assistance can support both CrM \[Crisis Management\] and
CM activities with capabilities such as threat assessments, domestic
emergency support team (DEST) deployment, LFA advisory requirements,
technical advice, forecasted modeling predictions, and assistance in the
direct support of operations. Deployable DOE scientific technical
assistance and

support includes capabilities such as search operations; access
operations; diagnostic and device

assessment; radiological assessment and monitoring; identification of
material; development of federal protective action recommendations;
provision of information on the radiological response; render safe
operations; hazards assessment; containment, relocation and storage of
special nuclear material evidence; post-incident cleanup; and on-site
management and radiological assessment to the public, the White House,
and members of Congress and foreign governments. All DOE support to a
federal response will be coordinated through a senior DOE official."
(**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. II-20)

**Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS):** "DHHS assistance
supports threat

assessment, DEST deployment, epidemiological investigation, LFA advisory
requirements, and technical advice. Technical assistance to the FBI may
include identification of agents, sample collection and analysis,
on-site safety and protection activities, and medical management
planning. DHHS serves as a support agency to the FBI for technical
operations, and a support agency to DHS/FEMA for CM. DHHS provides
technical personnel and supporting equipment to the LFA during all
aspects of an incident. DHHS can also provide regulatory follow-up when
an incident involves a product regulated by the Food and Drug
Administration. Operational support to DHS/FEMA may include mass
immunization, mass prophylaxis, mass fatality management, pharmaceutical
support operations (Strategic National Stockpile), contingency medical
records, patient tracking, and patient evacuation and definitive medical
care provided through the National Disaster Medical System."
(**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security*, 2005, p. II-21)

**Department of Homeland Security:** "Legislation to create the largest
reorganization of the federal government in 50 years was signed into law
on November 25, 2002. Three months later, on March 1, 2003, the majority
of the 22 agencies and 180,000 employees were officially merged to form
the U.S. Department of Homeland Security." (**DHS**, Fact Sheet:
Leadership and Management Strategies for Homeland Security Merger,
February 11, 2004)

**Department of Homeland Security (June 2002):** "The Homeland Security
Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002) (codified
predominantly at 6 U.S.C. §§ 101-557), as amended with respect to the
organization and mission of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in
the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2007, Pub. L.
No. 109-295, 120 Stat. 1355 (2006), established a Department of Homeland
Security as an executive department of the United States. The Homeland
Security Act consolidated component agencies...into the Department. The
Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the Department and has
direction, authority, and control over it. All functions of all
officers, employees, and organizational units of the Department are
vested in the Secretary." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework List of
Authorities and References*. (Draft), Sep.10, 2007, p. 1)

**Department of Homeland Security Management Directive 9300.1:**
*Continuity of Operations Programs and Continuity of Government
Functions.*

**Department of Homeland Security, Goals:**

1\. Continue to Protect our Nation from Dangerous People

2\. Continue to Protect our Nation from Dangerous Goods

3\. Protect Critical Infrastructure

4\. Build a Nimble, Effective Emergency Response System and a Culture of
Preparedness

5\. Strengthen and Unify DHS Operations and Management. (**DHS**,
*Performance Budget Overview, Fiscal Year 2008 Congressional Budget
Justification*, March 2007, p. i)

Department of Homeland Security, Guiding Principles: "**The philosophy
that informs and shapes decision making and provides normative criteria
that governs the actions of policy makers and employees in performing
their work.**

-   *Protect Civil Rights and Civil Liberties*. We will defend America
    while protecting the freedoms that define America. Our strategies
    and actions will be consistent with the individual rights and
    liberties enshrined by our Constitution and the Rule of Law. While
    we seek to improve the way we collect and share information about
    terrorists, we will nevertheless be vigilant in respecting the
    confidentiality and protecting the privacy of our citizens. We are
    committed to securing our nation while protecting civil rights and
    civil liberties.

-   *Integrate Our Actions*. We will blend 22 previously disparate
    agencies, each with its employees, mission and culture, into a
    single, unified De­partment whose mission is to secure the homeland.
    The Department of Homeland Security will be a cohesive, capable and
    service-oriented organization whose cross-cutting functions will be
    optimized so that we may protect our nation against threats and
    effectively respond to disasters.

-   *Build Coalitions and Partnerships*. Building new bridges to one
    another are as important as building new barriers against terrorism.
    We will collaborate and coordinate across traditional boundaries,
    both horizontally (between agencies) and vertically (among different
    levels of government). We will engage partners and stakeholders from
    federal, state, local, tribal and international governments, as well
    as the private sector and academia. We will work together to
    identify needs, provide service, share information and promote best
    practices. We will foster inter-connected systems, rooted in the
    precepts of federalism that reinforce rather than duplicate
    individual efforts. Homeland security is a national effort, not
    solely a federal one.

-   *Develop Human Capital*. Our most valuable asset is not new
    equipment or technology, but rather our dedicated and patriotic
    employees. Their contributions will be recognized and valued by this
    Department. We will hire, train and place the very best people in
    jobs to which they are best suited. We are committed to personal and
    professional growth and will create new opportunities to train and
    to learn. We will create a model human resources management system
    that supports equally the mission of the Department and the people
    charged with achieving it.

-   *Innovate*. We will introduce and apply new concepts and creative
    approaches that will help us meet the challenges of the present and
    anticipate the needs of the future. We will support innovation and
    agility within the public and private sector, both by providing
    resources and removing red tape so that new solutions reach the
    Department and the marketplace as soon as possible. We will harness
    our nation's best minds in science, medicine and technology to
    develop applications for home­land security. Above all, we will look
    for ways to constantly improve---we will recognize complacency as an
    enemy.

-   *Be Accountable*. We will seek measurable progress as we identify
    vulnerabilities, detect evolving threats to the American homeland
    and prioritize our homeland security resources. We will assess our
    work, evaluate the results and incorporate lessons learned to
    enhance our performance. We will reward excellence and fix what we
    find to be broken. We will communicate our progress to the American
    people, operating as transparently as possible and routinely
    measuring the success of our progress. (**DHS**, *Securing Our
    Homeland: U.S. Department of Homeland Security Strategic Plan 2004*.
    February 24, 2004, p. 5)

**Department of Homeland Security, Incident Planning:**

-   Contingency Planning

-   Crisis Action Planning (**DHS**, *National Planning and Execution
    System*, 2007, p. 5-1)

**Department of Homeland Security, Mission:** "We will lead the unified
national effort to secure America. We will prevent and deter terrorist
attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the
nation. We will ensure safe and secure borders, welcome lawful
immigrants and visitors, and promote the free-flow of commerce."
(**DHS**, *Strategic Plan*, 2004)

**Department of Homeland Security, National Domestic Incident Response
Planning Components**: "The Department has four Components with
*[major]{.underline}* National domestic incident response planning
requirements. These Components include:

-   Directorate of Policy

-   Federal Emergency Management Agency

    -   National Preparedness Division (Executive Agent for the NIMS)

    -   Disaster Operations Division (Executive Agent for the NRP and
        ESFLG)

    -   National Security Coordination (Executive Agent for COOP)

-   National Protection and Programs Directorate

    -   Infrastructure Protection Division (Executive Agent for the
        NIPP)

-   Office of Operations Coordination

    -   National Operations Center (NOC) Planning Element (called the
        Incident Management Planning Team \[IMPT\]). (**DHS**, 2007)

**Department of Homeland Security, Office of Emergency Communications
(OEC):**

"The Office of Emergency Communications (OEC) supports the Secretary of
Homeland Security in developing, implementing, and coordinating
interoperable and operable communications for the emergency response
community at all levels of government. The mission of the Office of
Emergency Communications is to support and promote the ability of
emergency responders and government officials to continue to communicate
in the event of natural disasters, acts of terrorism, or other man-made
disasters, and work to ensure, accelerate, and attain interoperable and
operable emergency communications nationwide. On October 4, 2006,
President George W. Bush signed the Department of Homeland Security
Fiscal Year 2007 Appropriations Act, which established the OEC.  The
legislation assigned the OEC to the Department of Homeland Security's
Office of Cybersecurity and Communications within the National
Protection and Programs Directorate....  OEC became operational on April
1, 2007." (**DHS**, *OEC*, 2007)

**Department of Homeland Security, Office of Infrastructure
Protection:** "The **Office of Infrastructure Protection (OIP)** leads
the coordinated national effort to reduce risk to our critical
infrastructures and key resources (CI/KR) posed by acts of terrorism. In
doing so, the Department increases the nation\'s level of preparedness
and the ability to respond and quickly recover in the event of an
attack, natural disaster, or other emergency. The Office of
Infrastructure Protection facilitates the identification,
prioritization, coordination, and protection of CI/KR in support of
federal, state, local, territorial, and tribal governments, as well as
the private sector and international entities. By ensuring the sharing
of information with our security partners, the Office of Infrastructure
Protection communicates threats, vulnerabilities, incidents, potential
protective measures, and best practices that enhance protection,
response, mitigation, and restoration activities across the nation and
the international community. The Office of Infrastructure Protection
uses the National Infrastructure Protection Plan, and mechanisms for
enhancing CI/KR-related protective and response capabilities under the
National Response Plan, to provide operational support to government and
private entities in response to significant threats and incidents.
Through the Office of Infrastructure Protection\'s vulnerability
assessment process, the organization communicates standards to the
infrastructure owners/operators and key stakeholders and ensures the
maintenance of a CI/KR sector governance and information-sharing
framework." (**DHS**, *Office of Infrastructure Protection*, December 6,
2007 Update.

**Department of Homeland Security, Planning Communities of Interest
(COI**): "DHS has four major planning communities of interest (COI):

-   Key Department Components,

-   Intra-Departmental,

-   Interagency, and

-   Other." (**DHS**, *National Planning and Execution System*, 2007
    Draft, p. 2-1)

\[Note: At p. 2-4 "Other" is elaborated upon as: "State, local, and
tribal governments; Non-Governmental and Volunteer Organizations;
Private Sector; Other."\]

**Department of Homeland Security, Primary Mission:** "The primary
mission of the Department is to:

> \(A\) prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;
>
> \(B\) reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism; and
>
> \(C\) minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist
> attacks that do occur within the United States." (*Homeland Security
> Act of 2002*, November 25, 2002).

**Department of Homeland Security, Primary Missions:** "The primary
missions of the Department are to:

• Prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;

• Reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism;

• Minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist
attacks that do occur within the United States;

• Carry out all functions of entities transferred to the Department,
including by acting as a focal point regarding natural and manmade
crises and emergency planning;

• Ensure that the functions of the agencies and subdivisions within the
Department that are not related directly to securing the homeland are
not diminished or neglected except by specific explicit Act of Congress;

• Ensure that the overall economic security of the United States is not
diminished by efforts, activities, and programs aimed at securing the
homeland;

• Ensure that the civil rights and civil liberties of persons are not
diminished by efforts, activities, and programs aimed at securing the
homeland; and

• Monitor connections between illegal drug trafficking and terrorism,
coordinate efforts to sever such connections, and otherwise contribute
to the efforts to interdict illegal drug trafficking." (**DHS**,
*National Response Framework List of Authorities and References*
(Draft), Sep. 2007, p.1)

**Department of Homeland Security, Primary Responsibilities:** As
"described in this Act, the Department's primary responsibilities shall
include:

\(A\) information analysis and infrastructure protection;

\(B\) chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and related
countermeasures;

\(C\) border and transportation security;

\(D\) emergency preparedness and response; and

\(E\) coordination (including the provision of training and equipment)
with other executive agencies, with State and local government
personnel, agencies, and authorities, with the private sector, and with
other entities." (**Homeland Security Act**, 2002, Title 1,Sec. 101, p.
5)

**Department of Homeland Security, Secretary's Five Highest
Priorities:** "The Department continues to be disciplined in its use of
resources, and has structured its budget request to target the
Secretary's five highest priorities.

-   Protect Our Nation From Dangerous People

-   Protect Our Nation From Dangerous Goods

-   Protect Critical Infrastructure

-   Build a Nimble Effective Emergency Response System and Culture of
    Preparedness

-   Strengthen and Unify DHS Operations and Management." (**DHS**,
    *Budget-in-Brief, Fiscal Year 2008*, pp. 9-13)

**Department of Homeland Security, Strategic Goals:**

-   "**Awareness** \-- Identify and understand threats, assess
    vulnerabilities, determine potential impacts and disseminate timely
    information to our homeland security partners and the American
    public.

-   **Prevention** --- Detect, deter and mitigate threats to our
    homeland.

-   **Protection** --- Safeguard our people and their freedoms, critical
    infrastructure, property and the economy of our Nation from acts of
    terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.

-   **Response** --- Lead, manage and coordinate the national response
    to acts of terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.

-   **Recovery** --- Lead national, state, local and private sector
    efforts to restore services and rebuild communities after acts of
    terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.

-   **Service** --- Serve the public effectively by facilitating lawful
    trade, travel and immigration.

-   **Organizational Excellence** --- Value our most important resource,
    our people. Create a culture that promotes a common identity,
    innovation, mutual respect, accountability and teamwork to achieve
    efficiencies, effectiveness, and operational synergies." (**DHS**,
    *Strategic Plan*, 2004)

**Department of Homeland Security, Strategic Plan:** "In January 2003,
the Department of Homeland Security became the Nation's 15th and newest
Cabinet department, consolidating 22 previously disparate agencies under
one unified organization. One year ago, no single federal department had
homeland security as its primary objective. Now it is our mission. We
are integrating our resources to meet a common goal. Our most important
job is to protect the American people and our way of life from
terrorism. We have a single, clear line of authority to get the job
done. While we can never eliminate the potential for attack,
particularly in a society that's as open, as diverse, and as large as
ours, we will significantly reduce the Nation's vul­nerability to
terrorism and terrorist attack over time. Through partnerships with
state, local and tribal governments and the private sector, we are
working to ensure the highest level of protection and preparedness for
the country and the citizens we serve.

This plan outlines our approach to implement the National Strategy to
secure the United States from terrorist threats and attacks, and prepare
our country by building up capacity to respond if either occurs. It
provides the frame of reference in which we will set priorities and
focus our operations. We, in the Department of Homeland Security, are
working to protect our fellow citizens and our very way of life by
securing our borders, our airports, our waterways and our critical
infrastructure. We are increasing our nation's ability to respond to
emergencies. We are protecting the rights of American citizens and
enhancing public services. We understand our mission. The task before us
is dif­ficult, but not impossible. We undertake the challenges before us
with the understanding that Americans do not live in fear. We live in
freedom, and we will never let that freedom go." (**DHS**, *Securing Our
Homeland: Strategic Plan 2004*, 24Feb2004, 2)

**Department of Homeland Security, Vision:** "Preserving our freedoms,
protecting America \... we secure our homeland." (**DHS**, *Strategic
Plan*, March 8, 2007 update)

**Department of Justice (DOJ)/FBI: "**As the lead for crisis management
and counterterrorism, the Attorney General is responsible for ensuring
the development and implementation of policies directed at preventing
terrorist attacks domestically, and will undertake the criminal
prosecution of acts of terrorism. DOJ has charged the FBI with execution
of its LFA responsibilities for the management of a federal response to
threats or acts of terrorism that take place within US territory or
those occurring in international waters that do not involve flag vessels
of foreign countries. As LFA, the FBI will implement a federal CrM
response, and will designate a federal on-scene commander to ensure
appropriate coordination with federal, state and local authorities until
such time as the Attorney General finds it necessary to transfer the
overall LFA role to DHS/FEMA." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP
3-26), 2005, p. II-20)

**Department Operations Centers (DOCs):** "Department Operations Centers
(DOCs) normally focus on internal agency incident management and
response and are linked to and, in most cases, are physically
represented in a higher level EOC. ICPs \[Incident Command Posts\]
should also be linked to DOCs and EOCs to ensure efficient incident
management." (**DHS**, *NIMS,* 2004, 27)

**Depression** (low, low pressure area): "Region where the barometric
pressure is lower relative to that in the surrounding regions at the
same level." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Mgmt Glossary*, 1992, 25)

**Deputy (NIMS):** "A fully qualified individual who, in the absence of
a superior, can be delegated the authority to manage a functional
operation or perform a specific task. In some cases, a deputy can act as
relief for a superior and, therefore, must be fully qualified in the
position. Deputies can be assigned to the Incident Commander, General
Staff, and Branch Directors." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 128)

**Depth (total) of Run-Off:** "Run-off volume from a drainage basin,
divided by its area." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 25)

**DERG:** Devolution Emergency Response Group. (**FEMA**,
*Department/Agency HQ Devolution of Operations Plan Template*)

**Desertification:** "The processes by which an already arid area
becomes even more barren, less capable of retaining vegetation, and
progressing towards becoming a desert." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992,
26)

**Design Earthquake:** "Earthquake parameters selected for designing an
earthquake resistant structure according to code requirements."
(**UNDHA**, *Disaster Mgmt. Glossary*, 1992, 26)

**Design Flood:** "Flood hydrograph or peak discharge adopted for the
design of a hydraulic structure according to code requirements."
(**UNDHA**, *Disaster Mgmt. Glossary*, 1992, 26)

**Design Flood Elevation (DFE):** "...the specified level to which a
structure will be protected from floods when it is built or
retrofitted." (**FEMA**, *Reducing Damage...Flooding*, 2005, viii)

**Design Storm:** "Rainfall amount and time distribution adopted over a
given drainage area, used in determining the design flood." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Mgmt. Glossary*, 1992, 26)

**Designated Area:** "Any emergency or major disaster-affected portion
of a State which has been determined in the President's declaration
letter to be eligible for Federal assistance. Also referred to as the
affected area." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Draft*, 2007, p. 49)

**Designated Floodway**: "...refers to the channel of the stream and
that portion of the

adjoining floodplain reasonably required to provide for the passage of a
design flood; in

California, it is also the floodway between existing levees as adopted
by The Reclamation

Board or the state Legislature." (**Galloway**, *A California
Challenge*, 2007, 10)

**Designated Period (Direct Federal Assistance):**

-   ***For Direct Federal Assistance:*** The period from 12:01 a.m. of
    the date of the Presidential declaration to 11:59 p.m. of the third
    full day after the date of the declaration.

-   ***For Grant Assistance:*** The period selected by an applicant for
    eligibility for 100% Federal share assistance. The period will be 72
    hours within a window from 12:01 a.m. of the date of a Governor\'s
    or City or County official\'s declaration of emergency through 11:59
    p.m. of the seventh full day after the date of the Presidential
    declaration of a major disaster. The period may be different for
    Category A and Category B work. (**FEMA**, *100% Funding for Direct
    Federal Assistance and Grant Assistance*, June 9, 2006)

**DEST:** Domestic Emergency Support Team.

**Detection:**  "The Office \[Homeland Security\] shall identify
priorities and coordinate efforts for collection and analysis of
information within the United States regarding threats of terrorism
against the United States and activities of terrorists or terrorist
groups within the United States." (**White House**, *EO 13228*, October
8, 2001)

**Detention Reservoir** (also flood control reservoir): "Flood storage
reservoir with uncontrolled outlets." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossary*, 1992, 27)

**Determined Promise Exercise, 2004: "**U.S. Joint Forces Command will
support two major exercises, Determined Promise 04 (DP04) and Amalgam
Virgo 04 (AV04)...this week for the North American Aerospace Defense
Command (NORAD) and the U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) to test the
commands\' responses to terrorist attacks on national, state and local
levels. USJFCOM developed DP04\'s scenario that will test USNORTHCOM\'s
ability to assist civil and federal authorities in a coordinated
response to simulate chemical, radiological, and explosive hazards,
conducted in California and Virginia....

"The exercises will involve more than 4,000 Canadian and U.S. military
personnel in three U.S. states \[CA and VA\] and two Canadian
provinces.... The Southern California portion of DP-04 involves a
simulated massive explosion of a radiological dispersion device in the
Port of Los Angeles, resulting in casualties and thousands of resident
exposures to the unknown substance \"cloud,\" among several other
events. State and federal partners, including the FBI, Transportation
Security Administration, DoD, Department of Energy, the California
National Guard Civil Support Teams, and the Federal Emergency Management
Agency will participate in the full-scale exercise. In Virginia, the
exercise will involve federal, state and local teams as well as those in
the private sector. The exercise will test the abilities of Virginia\'s
emergency managers and first responders to handle more than 12,000
deaths and 62,000 serious injuries arising from simultaneous simulated
\"terrorist\" attacks including a cruise ship, a major auto race, a
bridge and two tunnels in Hampton Roads, a large suburban Richmond, Va.
shopping complex and a Richmond area elementary school." (**USJFCOM**,
*USJFCOM Supports Two Exercises*, 2004)

**Devolution:** "The capability to transfer statutory authority and
responsibility for essential functions from an agency's primary
operating staff and facilities to other agency employees and facilities,
and to sustain that operational capability for an extended period."
(**DHS**, *FCD 1*, 2007, P-3)

**Devolution Emergency Response Group (DERG) (COOP/COG):** "Regional,
interagency, and available... Headquarters staff that assume the
responsibility and execution of... headquarters essential functions
during a Devolution of Operations activation." (**FEMA**,
*Department/Agency HQ Devolution of Operations Plan Template*)

**Devolution Emergency Response Group (DERG) Director (COOP/COG):** "The
Successor who succeeds the Director...and serves as the Devolution
Response Group Director. According to the delegation of authority for
the Director...the Successor must be confirmed and not acting."
(**FEMA**, *Department/Agency HQ Devolution of Operations Plan
Template*)

**Devolution of Authority:** "The passing of an unexercised right,
devolution of authority is

an essential planning requirement for departments and agencies
manifested as a formal list

of personnel who are pre-delegated the authority and responsibility to
assume leadership of

organizational elements within a department or agency with the approval
of the department or

agency head." (**HSC**, *National Continuity Policy Implementation
Plan*, August 2007, p. 61)

**Devolution of Operations (COOP/COG):** "Addresses the full spectrum of
threats and all-hazard emergencies that may render an agency's
leadership and staff unavailable to, or incapable of, supporting the
execution of its essential functions from either its primary or
alternate locations." (**FEMA**, *Department/Agency HQ Devolution of
Operations Plan Template*)

**Devolution of Operations Activation Conditions (COOP/COG):**

-   **Active Measures:** "Active measures or "triggers" are those that
    initiate Devolution of Operations plan activation because of a
    deliberate decision by senior...HQ authorities. In this situation,
    the Director...or designated successor activates the Devolution of
    Operations Plan based on an identified threat to the NCR \[National
    Capital Region\]....

-   **Passive Measures:** Passive measures or "triggers" for activating
    the Devolution of Operations Plan occur when...HQ leadership is not
    available to initiate activation. For example, when the DERG
    Director cannot establish contact with the HQ senior leaders... and
    the Homeland Security Operations Center (HSOC) using all possible
    communications devices or media coverage portrays catastrophic
    events in and around the NCR, the DERG Director activates the...HQ
    Devolution of Operations Plan and Program and assumes the...HQ
    mission and essential functions." (**FEMA**, *Devolution of
    Operations Plan Template*)

**Devolution of Operations Plan (COOP/COG):** "A plan that provides for
the transfer and continuity of essential functions of an organization in
the event a catastrophic emergency prevents performance of these
functions by the primary personnel at the primary or alternate
locations." (**FEMA**, *Department/Agency HQ Devolution of Operations
Plan Template*)

**Devolution of Operations Phases (COOP/COG):** "The three levels of
operations implemented in response to a crisis, attack, or catastrophe
that render headquarters personnel unavailable to, or incapable of,
maintaining essential functions at the primary or alternate locations.
The phases are implemented sequentially and include: Activation and
Transfer of Authority, On-Site Operations, and Reconstitution."
(**FEMA**, *Devolution of Operations Plan Template*)

**Devolution of Operations Sites (COOP/COG):** "The...facilities where
the Devolution Response Group conducts the mission and essential
functions of...headquarters." (**FEMA**, *Department/Agency HQ
Devolution of Operations Plan Template*)

**Devolution Planning:** "Devolution planning supports overall
continuity of operations planning and addresses catastrophes and other
all-hazards emergencies that render an agency's leadership and key staff
unavailable to or incapable of performing its essential functions from
either the agency's primary or alternate facilities. Devolution planning
also addresses notice and no notice events. A continuity of operations
plan's devolution option should be developed so that it addresses how an
agency will identify and transfer its essential functions and/or
leadership authorities away from the primary facility or facilities, and
to a location that offers a safe and secure environment in which
essential functions can continue to be performed. The devolution option
may be used when the agency's alternate facility is not available or the
option can be activated as a continuity measure.

At a minimum a devolution plan will

1.  Include the following elements of a viable continuity of operations
    capability: program plans and procedures, budgeting and
    acquisitions, essential functions, orders of succession, delegations
    of authority, interoperable communications, vital-records
    management, staff, test, training, and exercise (TT&E), and
    reconstitution

2.  Identify prioritized essential functions for devolution, define
    tasks that support those essential functions, and determine the
    necessary resources to facilitate those functions' immediate and
    seamless transfer to the devolution site

3.  Include a roster that identifies fully equipped and trained
    personnel who will be stationed at the designated devolution site
    and who will have the authority to perform essential functions and
    activities when the devolution option of the continuity of
    operations plan is activated

4.  Identify what would likely activate or "trigger" the devolution
    option

5.  Specify how and when direction and control of agency operations will
    be transferred to and from the devolution site

6.  List the necessary resources (i.e., equipment and materials) to
    facilitate the performance of essential functions at the devolution
    site

7.  Establish and maintain reliable processes and procedures for
    acquiring the resources necessary to continue essential functions
    and to sustain those operations for extended periods

8.  Establish and maintain a capability to restore or reconstitute
    agency authorities to their pre-event status upon termination of
    devolution." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. L-1)

**Devolution Working Group (DWG)** (COOP): "The DWG is a standing
committee that will meet on an annual basis to address coordination
issues and support needs for the Devolution of Operations counterpart
organizations. The DWG is comprised of...HQ Offices and Divisions and
Regional and interagency planners who ensure that the resources and
authorities necessary to carry out the HQ essential functions are in
place at the Devolution of Operations sites. The DWG responsibilities
include the identification of corresponding organizations and
individuals for the...HQ Offices and Divisions, the furnishing of
critical equipment and materials necessary for the Devolution of
Operations, and the evaluation and reporting of the Devolution of
Operations counterparts to conduct the...HQ mission and essential
functions." (**FEMA**, *Devolution of Operations Plan Template*)

**DFA:** Direct Federal Assistance. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Operating Draft*, 2007, p. 2)

**DFC:** Disaster Finance Center, FEMA. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment
SOPs Draft*, July 2007, p. 4)

**DFE:** Design Flood Elevation. (**FEMA**, *Reducing
Damage...Flooding*, 2005, viii)

**DFIRM:** Digital Flood Insurance Map. (**FEMA**, *FAQs: Digital Flood
Data and Mapping*, 2007)

**DFO:** Disaster Field Office. (**FEMA/NFIP**, *Call for Issues Status
Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**DHA:** Department of Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations. (**UN
DHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992)

**DHNS:** Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Notification System. (**FEMA**,
*IPAWS*, September 11, 2007)

**DHS:** U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

**DHS DNDO:** Department of Homeland Security, Domestic Nuclear
Detection Office.

**DHS FEMA**: Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency
Management Agency.

**DHS IP:** Department of Homeland Security, Office of Infrastructure
Protection. (**DHS**, *Pandemic Influenza CIKR Guide*, 2006, p. 68)

**DHS S&T:** Department of Homeland, Science and Technology Directorate.

**DHS Situational Awareness Team (DSAT):** "DHS has established a DHS
Situational Awareness Team (DSAT) to provide timely and accurate
information to the Secretary and Departmental Leadership for potential
or actual Incidents of National Significance. The DSAT capability is
comprised of a Tier One national team consisting of six DHS/ICE special
agents with high-capability communications equipment such as satellite
and streaming video. These agents are supported by an additional 26
special agents, designated as Incident Response Coordinators, located in
DHS/ICE field offices across the Nation. A public affairs contingent is
incorporated within the DSAT and will deploy and operate with the
agents. Upon deployment, team personnel come under the tasking authority
of DHS Office of Operations and administrative control remains under the
authority of DHS/ICE. The DSAT is an early entry capability and will
report simultaneously to the NOC and PFO to ensure that the Secretary
and PFO have early situational awareness."

**DHS TSA:** Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security
Administration.

**Diablo Canyon Exercise, 2002:** "On October 23, 2002, NRC \[Nuclear
Regulatory Commission\] Headquarters and Region IV staff participated in
an emergency preparedness exercise with Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power
Plant in California. Multiple Federal agencies, including the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, Office of Homeland Security, DOE, and Federal
Emergency Management Agency participated. NRC activated its Headquarters
Operations Center, Region IV\'s Incident Response Center, and sent a
team to the site as part of the exercise. The exercise was unique in
that it was the first FEMA-evaluated licensee exercise that featured an
integrated response, including aspects of the Concept of Operations Plan
and the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan." (**NRC**,
*Information Report*, October 20, 2002)

**DIB:** Defense Industrial Base. (**DSB**, *Report of DSB TF* on CHIP,
2007, p. 2)

**Digital Emergency Alert System (DEAS): "**The Digital Emergency Alert
System-National Capital Region (DEAS-NCR) pilot has been designed to
demonstrate how the capabilities of America's public broadcasters can be
utilized to dramatically enhance the capabilities of the President to
address the American people in the event of a national emergency. FEMA's
Office of National Security Coordination serves as the federal
government's Executive Agent for the national level of the Emergency
Alert System (EAS)." (**DHS**, *National Capital Region Coordination,
First Annual Report*, 2005, p. F-11 (51))

**Digital Flood Insurance Map (DFIRM):** "A Digital Flood Insurance Rate
Map (DFIRM) includes all digital data required to create the hardcopy
Flood Insurance Rate Map to FEMA FIA-21 standards and specifications
(see the \"Standards for Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps\"). It
includes base map information, graphics, text, shading, and other
geographic and graphic data. DFIRM specifications are consistent with
those required for mapping at a scale of 1:24,000, or larger. DFIRMs
generally are produced in a countywide format. They include information
from the unincorporated areas of a county and all the incorporated
communities within that county. Hardcopy maps printed from the DFIRMs
are reviewed and approved by each community. They are the official basis
for implementing the regulations and requirements of the NFIP.
(**FEMA**, *FAQs: Digital Flood Data and Mapping*, 2007)

**Diligent Endeavor Exercise, 2004:** Defense Threat Reduction Agency
(DTRA) sponsored interagency nuclear weapons accident Field Training
Exercise (FTX) in preparation for Diligent Warrior Exercise 2004
(February 17-18, 2004, Washington, DC.

**DIM:** Domestic Incident Management.

**Dingo King**: National level domestic US nuclear weapons and special
operations exercise August 22-26, 2005.

**Direct Federal Assistance (DFA) (Object Class 2501):** "FEMA\'s
regulations at 44 CFR §206.208, Direct Federal Assistance, state, "When
the State and local government lack the capability to perform or
contract for eligible emergency work and/or debris removal under
sections 402(4), 403 or 407 of the Act, the Grantee may request that the
work be accomplished by a Federal agency." This assistance is subject to
the cost share provisions contained in the FEMA/State agreement and the
Stafford Act. In addition, 44 CFR §206.47(d) states, "If warranted by
the needs of the disaster, we recommend up to one hundred percent (100%)
Federal funding for emergency work under section 403 and section 407,
including direct Federal assistance, for a limited period in the initial
days of the disaster irrespective of the per capita impact." Generally,
a "limited period in the initial days of the disaster" means the period
of 100% funding will be limited the first 72 hours following the
disaster declaration, or an applicant\'s selected 72-hour period. This
period may be extended based on the gravity and scope of the disaster,
as determined by the President....

"FEMA will provide direct Federal assistance through a mission
assignment to another Federal agency - upon request of the State - when
the State and local government certify they lack the capability to
perform or contract for the requested work. The duration of mission
assignments for debris removal will be limited to 60 days from the
disaster declaration date. The Federal Coordinating Officer may approve
extensions for up to an additional 60 days, if a State or local
government demonstrates a continued lack of capability to assume
oversight of the debris removal mission. Additional extensions will
require approval by the Recovery Division Director at FEMA Headquarters.
If the President has also authorized 100% Federal funding for emergency
work and/or debris removal under sections 403 or 407 of the Stafford Act
for the disaster, the Federal share of work mission-assigned by FEMA
will be as follows:

-   **Debris Clearance and/or Removal:** When FEMA directs another
    Federal agency to accomplish debris clearance and/or removal, FEMA
    will provide at 100% Federal share the cost of actual debris
    clearance and/or removal work accomplished, *not mission assignment
    task orders initiated*, during the designated period. This work
    includes whatever clearance, pick up, hauling, processing and
    disposal activities FEMA authorizes but only during the designated
    period. After the designated period, if further direct Federal
    assistance for debris clearance or removal is necessary, it will be
    provided at the prevailing Federal cost share rate for the
    particular disaster. The State shall agree in advance to reimburse
    FEMA for the appropriate non-Federal share of the work including the
    overhead of the Federal agency assigned the task of debris removal.

-   **Food, Water, Ice and Other Consumable Commodities:** For a mission
    assignment task order approved during the designated period, such
    commodities and the work necessary to distribute them, but not
    including installation or set-up, shall be provided at 100% Federal
    share regardless of the work or project completion date. For task
    orders approved after the designated period, the commodities shall
    be provided at the prevailing Federal cost share rate for the
    particular disaster. The State shall agree in advance to reimburse
    FEMA for the appropriate non-Federal share of the work including the
    overhead of the Federal agency assigned the task.

-   **Other Emergency Protective Measures:** For a mission assignment
    task order approved during the designated period, FEMA will provide
    at 100% Federal share the cost of the work actually completed during
    the designated period. Examples of these measures include:
    installation of generators, installation of large plastic sheet
    roofing, and shoring or demolition of unsafe structures. After the
    designated period, the work or supplies shall be provided at the
    prevailing Federal cost share rate for the particular disaster. The
    State shall agree in advance to reimburse FEMA for the appropriate
    non-Federal share of the work including the overhead of the Federal
    agency assigned the task." (**FEMA**, *100% Funding for Direct
    Federal Assistance and Grant Assistance, Recovery Policy 9523.9*,
    June 9, 2006; see also, **FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs...
    Draft*, July 2007, p. 10)

**Direct Mail Shelter Development System (DMSDS):** "This program,
administered by DCPA, involves use of a systematic procedure for
contacting owners and architects of selected new buildings, to offer
technical assistance for incorporating protection from natural and
manmade hazards in the design of new projects. The DMSDS uses
direct-mail techniques, combined with personal contact by State or local
government authorities and Advisory Service Centers to assist the
project designers. Contacts are made early in the design phase while
there is still time to incorporate protection into the building at
little or no extra construction cost." (**DCPA**, *Foresight, Annual
Report FY73*, 1974, pp. 16-17)

**Directorate of Military Support (DOMS), DOD/DOA:** "The Army operates
DOMS as the executive agent for the Department of Defense. The agency\'s
mission is to plan for and commit DoD resources in response to requests
from civil authorities \-- often in the form of emergency requests for
assistance in responding to natural or manmade disasters or civil
disturbances. Other DOMS functions include special event support and
assisting in domestic preparedness implementation in response to weapons
of mass destruction. Its area of responsibility covers the United States
and its territories." (**DOD**, "National Guard to Staff Half of DOMS,"
1997) \[Now JDOMS\]

**Directorate of Military Support (DOMS): "**The organization which
represents the DoD executive agent (Secretary of the Army) for provision
of military assistance to civil authorities. DOMS exercises
national-level oversight of the DCO function. The DCO will coordinate
action and refer problems, through appropriate military channels to
DOMS, which will facilitate resolution of problematic or contentious
military support issues at the national level." (**FEMA**, *Mission
Assignment SOPs*, 2007) \[Note: Changed to JDOMS\]

**Direction and Control:** "This part of the plan \[D&C Annex, Emergency
Operations Plan\] covers operation of the EOC, to permit direction and
control of coordinated operations by key officials. It shall include
duties of each member of the EOC staff including the Radiological
Defense Officer (RDO), displays, internal EOC procedures, etc., and use
of locally available communications for operations directed from the
EOC. If the community has public shelters, the organization of shelters
(e.g., into shelter complexes, with headquarters reporting to the EOC)
shall be identified." (**DCPA**, *Standards for Local Civil
Preparedness* (CPG 1-5), 1978, p. 18)

**Direction and Control:** "Direction and control is a critical
emergency management function. During the applicable phases (pre-,
trans-, and post-) of the emergency response effort, it

allows the jurisdiction to: Analyze the emergency situation and decide
how to respond quickly,

appropriately, and effectively; Direct and coordinate the efforts of the
jurisdiction\'s various response forces; Coordinate with the response
efforts of other jurisdictions; Use available resources efficiently and
effectively." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations
Planning* (SLG 101), 1996, p. 5-A-1)

**Director of Operations Coordination (DHS):** "The DHS Director of
Operations Coordination is the Secretary's principal advisor for the
overall departmental level of integration of incident management
operations. Run by the Director, the DHS National Operations Center is
intended to provide a one-stop information source for incident
information sharing with the White House and other Federal departments
and agencies at the headquarters level." (**DHS,** *National Response
Framework* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 52)

**Dirty Bomb:** "A Radiological Dispersion Devise, or "dirty bomb\", is
a mix of explosives with radioactive powder or pellets. When it explodes
the blast scatters radioactive material.

-   A dirty bomb is not the same as an atomic bomb, which produces an
    atomic mushroom cloud.

-   A dirty bomb cannot create an atomic blast. It uses dynamite or
    other explosives to scatter radioactive materials which cause
    radioactive contamination....

The terrorists' purpose is to spread fear. The main danger from a dirty
bomb is the explosion, which can cause serious injuries and damage. The
radioactive materials in a dirty bomb would probably not lead to enough
radiation exposure to cause serious illness immediately, except to those
people who are very close to the blast site. However, the radioactive
dust and smoke that spreads could be dangerous to health if they are
inhaled." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- Dirty Bombs" (FEMA 573), NIMS
Integration Center, June 2007, p. 1)

**Dirty Bomb:** "A type of radiological dispersal device (RDD) that
combines a conventional

explosive with radioactive material." (**HSC**, *NCPIP*, August 2007, p.
61) \[See "Radiological Dispersion Device"\]

**Disability (individual with)**.  "A person who has a physical or
mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life
activities, a person who has a history or record of such an impairment,
or a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment."
(**FEMA**, *Accommodating Individuals With Disabilities In The Provision
Of Disaster Mass Care, Housing, And Human Services: Reference Guide*,
2007, Glossary)

**Disaster:** An event that requires resources beyond the capability of
a community and requires a multiple agency response.

**Disaster:** The result of a hazard impacting a community.

Disaster: Unless otherwise stated, a "disaster" includes any domestic
disaster or act or terrorism that:

-   Suddenly requires a much larger amount of blood than usual,
    [OR]{.underline}

-   Temporarily restricts or eliminates a blood collectors ability to
    collect, test, process and distribute blood, [OR]{.underline}

-   Temporarily restricts or prevents the local population from donating
    blood or restricts or prevents the use of the available inventory of
    blood products requiring immediate replacement or re-supply of the
    region's blood inventory from another region, [OR]{.underline}

-   Creates a sudden influx of donors requiring accelerated drawing of
    blood to meet an emergent need elsewhere." (**American Association
    of Blood Banks** (AABB) Task Force on Domestic Disasters and Acts of
    Terrorism, *Disaster Response*, July 25, 2007)

**Disaster:** "For insurance purposes a disaster is defined
internationally as an event that causes at least US \$5 million in
reimbursable losses." (**Alexander**, no date, 4)

**Disaster:** "The distinction between natural hazards or disasters and
their manmade (or technological) counterparts is often difficult to
sustain...we are dealing with a physical event which makes an impact on
human beings and their environment...a **natural disaster** can be
defined as some rapid, instantaneous or profound impact of the natural
environment upon the socio-economic system" (**Alexander** 1993, 4).

**Disaster:** "The label 'disaster' rather than 'accident' carries with
it not only the implication that...an event...was of extraordinary
misfortune...but also the implication that it could (unlike most
accidents) have been prevented...disasters are events which fall within
our scope of concern to prevent and in principle are events which may be
prevented, and that we have a consequent obligation to attempt to
prevent them" (**Allinson** 1993, 168-169).

**Disaster:** "...**Allen Barton** characterized disaster as a type of
collective stress situation in which 'many members of a social system
fail to receive expected conditions of life from the system' (1969: 38).
For Barton, what distinguishes disasters from other types of collective
stress, such as war, is that the sources of disasters are external
rather than internal." (Tierney, Lindell and Perry 2001, 9)

**Disaster:** "Disasters are fundamentally social phenomena; they
involve the intersection of the physical processes of a hazard agent
with the local characteristics of everyday life in a place and larger
social and economic forces that structure that realm" (**Bolin with
Stanford** 1998, 27).

> "Disasters are easily characterized as unfortunate things that happen
> from time to time to people and their cities. What is missing in this
> view is any understanding of the ways that political and economic
> forces create conditions that result in an earthquake having
> disastrous impacts for *some* people and communities...
>
> "The disruptions of a disaster can unmask social inequalities and the
> injustices that accompany them...Too often...disasters become the
> basis for rebuilding social inequalities and perhaps deepening them,
> thus setting the stage for the next disaster" (**Bolin with Stanford**
> 1998, 2).
>
> "Disasters, from a vulnerability perspective, are understood as bound
> up in the specific histories and socio-cultural practices of the
> affected people taken in the context of their political and economic
> systems" (**Bolin with Stanford** 1998, 8).
>
> "The value of a vulnerability approach \[to the study of hazards and
> disasters\] lies in its openness to cultural specificity, social
> variability, diversity, contingency, and local agency" (**Bolin with
> Stanford** 1998, 20).
>
> "A vulnerability approach \[to hazards and disasters\] directs
> attention back to people and the common everyday aspects of their
> lives that make them more or less likely to be caught up in a
> disaster" (**Bolin with Stanford** 1998, 20).
>
> "It is the local struggles and strategies that can provide lessons for
> dealing with disaster across a range of societal contexts....Too often
> disaster research proceeds with the 'view from above'" (**Bolin with
> Stanford** 1998, 20).

"Disasters and other environmental problems are too often treated, not
as symptoms of more basic political and economic processes, but rather
as accidents whose effects can be remedied by sufficient application of
technical skill and knowledge" (**Bolin with Stanford** 1998, 231).

**Disaster:** "A sudden calamitous emergency event bringing great damage
loss or destruction." (**CA OES**, *SEMS Guidelines*, 2006, Glossary, p.
7)

**Disaster:** "A disaster is...an event associated with the impact of a
natural hazard, which leads to increased mortality, illness and/or
injury, and destroys or disrupts livelihoods, affecting the people or an
area such that they (and/or outsiders) perceive it as being exceptional
and requiring external assistance for recovery" (**Cannon** 1994, 29,
fn.2).

"Many people now accept that human activity itself has created the
conditions for disaster events. This is partly because of growing
awareness that through negligence or inappropriate response, the
workings of social systems have made a disaster out of a situation which
otherwise might not have been so serious. There has also been a growth
in understanding that it is *hazards* that are natural, but that for a
hazard to become a disaster it has to affect vulnerable people"
(**Cannon** 1994, 16).

**Disaster:** "Not every windstorm, earth-tremor, or rush of water is a
catastrophe. A catastrophe is known by its works; that is to say, by the
occurrence of disaster. So long as the ship rides out the storm, so long
as the city resists the earth-shocks, so long as the levees hold, there
is no disaster. It is the collapse of the cultural protections that
constitutes the disaster proper" (**Carr** 1932, 211).

"Carr's conclusion signifies that disasters are the result of human
activities, not of natural or supranatural forces. Disasters are simply
the collapse of cultural protections; thus, they are principally
man-made. Deductively, mankind is responsible for the consequences of
his actions as well as of his omissions" (**Dombrowsky** 1998, 24-25).

**Disaster:** "A disaster is an emergency considered severe enough by
local government to warrant the response and dedication of resources
beyond the normal scope of a single jurisdiction or branch of local
government." (**Carroll** 2001, 467)

**Disaster:** "An event, natural or man-made, sudden or progressive,
which impacts with such severity that the affected community has to
respond by taking exceptional measures." (**Carter** 1991)

**Disaster:** "...a *disaster* is a singular event that results in
widespread losses to people, infrastructure, or the environment.
Disasters originate from many sources, just as hazards do (natural
systems, social systems, technology failures). (**Cutter** 2001, 3)

**Disaster:** Calamity beyond the coping capacity of the effected
population, triggered by natural or technological hazards or by human
action. (**D&E Reference Center** 1998)

**Disaster:** "Disasters do not cause effects. The effects are what we
call a disaster" (**Dombrowsky** 1998, 21).

**Disaster:** "An event in which a community undergoes severe danger and
incurs, or is threatened to incur, such losses to persons and/or
property that the resources available within the community are exceeded.
In disasters, resources from beyond the local jurisdiction, that is
State or Federal level, are required to meet the disaster demands."
(**Drabek** 1996, 2-4)

**Disaster:** "I argue that disaster is a social, rather than a
'natural,' happening. Thus, any effort at disaster reduction involves
planning and action by various social units." (**Dynes** 1993, 175) And,
"...disasters are qualitatively as well as quantitatively different from
accidents and everyday emergencies." (pp. 178-179)

**Disaster:** "A disaster is a normatively defined occasion in a
community when extraordinary efforts are taken to protect and benefit
some social resource whose existence is perceived as threatened"
(**Dynes** 1998, 113).

**Disaster:** "Differentiating a disaster from an accident "is the
extensiveness of the involvement of organizations and other segments
within the community...In a community disaster, the pattern of damage
may extend to several different places in the community rather than
being focalized as it is within a community accident. Also, a number of
community structures, perhaps including those that might house the
traditional emergency organizations, might be damaged or
destroyed....The increased involvement of other nonemergency
organizations then creates the need for coordination of activity and for
new patterns of communication among parts of the community that
previously had no reason to communicate" (**Dynes** 1998, 119).

**Disaster:** "What is a disaster anyway? In social science usage as
well as in everyday speech...it is a sharp and furious eruption of some
kind that splinters the silence for one terrible moment and then goes
away. A Disaster is an 'event' with a distinct beginning and a distinct
end, and it is by definition extraordinary -- a freak of nature, a
perversion of the natural processes of life...the two distinguishing
properties of a disaster are, first, that it does a good deal of harm,
and, second, that it is sudden, unexpected, acute." (**Erikson** 1976,
253)

> "...instead of classifying a condition as a *trauma* because it was
> induced by a disaster, we would classify an event as *disaster* if it
> had the property of bringing about traumatic reactions. According to
> the terms of this rule, any event or condition that could be shown to
> produce trauma on a large scale would have earned a place on the
> current roster of 'disasters'." (**Erikson** 1976, 254)

**Disaster/Emergency:** "An event that causes, or threatens to cause,
loss of life, human suffering, public and private property damage, and
economic and social disruption. Disasters and emergencies require
resources that are beyond the scope of local agencies in routine
responses to day-to-day emergencies and accidents, and may be of such
magnitude or unusual circumstances as to require response by several or
all levels of government -- Federal, State and local." (**FEMA**,
*Hazards Analysis for Emergency Management (Interim Guidance)*,
September 1983, p. 5)

**Disaster:** "An occurrence that has resulted in property damage,
deaths, and /or injuries to a community." (**FEMA**, *Definitions and*
Terms, Instruction 5000.2, **1990**)

**Disaster:** "An occurrence of a natural catastrophe, technological
accident, or human-caused

event that has resulted in severe property damage, deaths, and/or
multiple injuries. As used in this Guide, a "large-scale disaster" is
one that exceeds the response capability of the local jurisdiction and
requires State, and potentially Federal, involvement. As used in the
Stafford Act, a "major disaster" is "any natural catastrophe \[\...\]
or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion, in any part of
the United States, which in the determination of the President causes
damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster
assistance under \[the\] Act to supplement the efforts and available
resources or States, local governments, and disaster relief
organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering
caused thereby." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations
Planning* (SLG 101), **1996**, p. GLO-1)

**Disaster:** Any event "concentrated in time and space, in which a
society of a relatively self-sufficient subdivision of society,
undergoes severe danger and incurs such losses to its members and
physical appurtenances that the social structure is disrupted and the
fulfillment of all or some of the essential functions of the society is
prevented" (**Fritz** 1961, 655)

**Disaster:** "...a situation involving damage and/or loss of lives
beyond one million German marks and/or 1,000 person killed." (**German
insurance industry**. Dombrosky's words (1998, 20))

**Disaster:** "...such severe interference of the public order and
safety that in intervention of the centralized, coordinated disaster
protection units is necessary." (**German law**. Dombrowsky 1998, 20
citing Seeck 1980, 1)[^11]

**Disaster:** An "extraordinary situation in which the everyday lives of
people are suddenly interrupted and thus protection, nutrition,
clothing, housing, medical and social aid or other vital necessities are
requested." (**German Red Cross**. Dombrowsky 1998, 20, citing
Katastrophen-Vorschrift 1988, 2)[^12]

**Disaster:** The result of (1) the impact of external forces, (2)
social vulnerability, or (3) uncertainty. (**Gilbert**, 1991)[^13]

**Disaster:** "the loss of key standpoints in common sense, and
difficulty of understanding reality through ordinary mental frameworks"
(**Gilbert** 1995, 238).

**Disaster:** "The result of a vast ecological breakdown in the
relations between man and his environment, a serious and sudden event
(or slow, as in drought) on such a scale that the stricken community
needs extraordinary efforts to cope with it, often with outside help or
international aid." (**Gunn** 1990, 374)

**Disaster:** "Disasters are subjective phenomena. They arise from the
behavior of complex systems, are perceived and take place in a specific
socio-economic, historical, cultural and chronological context."
(**Horlick-Jones and Peters** 1991a, 147)

**Disaster:** "...disasters arise from the exposure of vulnerable
populations to hostile environments generated by the failure of complex
systems...such systems are made vulnerable to failure by the complex
interplay of factors including elements of the political economy
environment in which the system is embedded." (**Horlick-Jones and
Peters** 1991b, 41)

**Disaster:** Events that "...release repressed anxiety \[and constitute
a\] loss of control of social order" (**Horlick-Jones** 1995, 305).[^14]

**Disaster:** "Event that causes great damage or loss." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security*..., 2007, 2)

**Disaster:** A disaster is an *event* concentrated in time and space,
in which a society or one of its subdivisions undergoes physical harm
and social disruption, such that all or some essential functions of the
society or subdivision are impaired (**Kreps** 1995, 256).

**Disaster:** "Disasters are non-routine events in societies or their
larger subdivisions (e.g. regions, communities) that involve social
disruption **and** physical harm. Among the key defining properties of
such events are (1) length of forewarning, (2) magnitude of impact, (3)
scope of impact, and (4) duration of impact" (**Kreps** 1998, 34).

**Disaster:** "...disasters are conjunctions of historical happenings
and social definitions of physical harm and social disruption"
(**Kreps** 1998, 34).

**Disaster:** "...consensus-type social crisis occasions wherein demands
are exceeding resources and emergent responses may generate social
change....the idea of social change is introduced to correct what is
identified as a predisposition to focus on disasters as necessarily
dysfunctional" \[when there are "winners" as well\]. (Summary of "the
generic perspective" by **Kroll-Smith and Couch** 1991, 357.)

**Disaster:** "When viewed from an ecological-symbolic perspective, the
real issue is not the quality of the disaster agent per se, but whether
or not it significantly alters the relationship between a community, its
built, modified or biophysical environments, and how people interpret
and experience the changes in those environments" (**Kroll-Smith and
Couch** 1991, 361).

**Disaster:** "...disaster must not be seen like the meteorite that
falls out of the sky on an innocent world; the disaster, most often, is
anticipated, and on multiple occasions." (**Lagadec** 1982, 495)

**Disaster:** "An occurrence or threat of widespread or severe damage,
injury, or loss of property resulting from a natural or human-made
cause, including, but not limited to, fire, flood, snowstorm, ice storm,
tornado, windstorm, wave action, oil spill, water contamination, utility
failure, hazardous peacetime radiological incident, major transportation
accident, hazardous materials incident, epidemic, air contamination,
blight, drought, infestation, explosion, or hostile military action, or
paramilitary action, or similar occurrences resulting from terrorist
activities, riots, or civil disorders." (**Michigan EMD** 1998, 5)

**Disaster:** "Disasters, in contrast to risks and hazards, are singular
or interactive hazard events...that have a profound impact on local
people or places either in terms of injuries, property damages, loss of
life, or environmental impacts" (**Mitchell and Cutte**r 1997, 10).

**Disaster:** "Examples of disaster definitions used by entities include
the following:

\(1\) An occurrence or imminent threat to the entity of widespread or
severe damage, injury, or loss of life or property resulting from
natural or human causes

\(2\) An emergency that is beyond the normal response resources of the
entity and would require the response of outside resources and
assistance for recovery

\(3\) A suddenly occurring or unstoppable developing event that does the
following: (a) Claims loss of life, suffering, loss of valuables, or
damage to the environment (b) Overwhelms local resources or efforts (c)
Has a long-term impact on social or natural life that is always negative
in the beginning." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 11)

**Disaster:** "Disasters are the interface between an extreme physical
event and a vulnerable population." (**Okeefe** et al 1976, 566)

**Disaster:** "In graphic ways, disasters signal the failure of a
society to adapt successfully to certain features of its natural and
socially constructed environments in a sustainable fashion"
(**Oliver-Smith** 1996, 303).

**Disaster:** "...a process involving the combination of a potentially
destructive agent(s) from the natural, modified and/or constructed
environment and a population in a socially and economically produced
condition of vulnerability, resulting in a perceived disruption of the
customary relative satisfactions of individual and social needs for
physical survival, social order and meaning" (**Oliver-Smith** 1998,
186)

"A disaster is made inevitable by the historically produced pattern of
vulnerability, evidenced in the location, infrastructure, sociopolitical
structure, production patterns, and ideology, that characterize a
society. The society's pattern of vulnerability is an essential element
of a disaster. (**Oliver-Smith** 1998, 187).

"...a disaster is at some basic level a social construction, its essence
to be found in the organization of communities, rather than in an
environmental phenomenon with destructive or disruptive effects for a
society" (**Oliver-Smith** 1998, 181).

**Disaster:** "A major natural disaster, in the sociological sense, can
be thought of as a failure of the social systems constituting a
community to adapt to an environmental event...It should also be viewed
as the failure to develop and distribute, among other things, technology
in the form of housing and community infrastructure capable of
withstanding such an event" (**Peacock/Ragsdale** 1997, 24).

**Disaster:** The result of negative social and environmental impacts,
state (condition) of collective stress in a community, or a
contradiction between the capacity to cope with destructive agents and
their negative impacts. (C**. Pelanda**, 1982[^15] according to
Porfiriev 1995, 287-288.)

**Disaster:** "A disaster is a non-routine event that exceeds the
capacity of the affected area to respond to it in such a way as to save
lives; to preserve property; and to maintain the social, ecological,
economic, and political stability of the affected region." (**Pearce**
2000, Chapter 2, 5)

**Disaster:** "...a state/condition destabilizing the social system that
manifests itself in a malfunctioning or disruption of connections and
communications between its elements or social units (communities, social
groups and individuals); partial or total destruction/demolition;
physical and psychological overloads suffered by some of these elements;
thus making it necessary to take extraordinary or emergency
countermeasures to reestablish stability" (**Porfiriev** 1995, 291)

**Disaster:** "Disasters occur when the demands for action exceed the
capabilities for response in a crisis situation" (**Quarantelli** 1985,
50).

**Disaster:** An event in which emergency organizations need to expand
and extend themselves (such as going to extra shifts) in order to cope.
(**Quarantelli** 1987, 25)

**Disaster:** "Apparently the word etymologically entered the English
language from a work in French (desastre), which in turn was a
derivation from two Latin words (dis, astro), which combined meant,
roughly, formed on a star. So, in its early usage, the word disaster had
reference to unfavorable or negative effects, usually of a personal
nature, resulting from a star or a planet....In time, the word disaster
was applied more to major physical disturbances such as earthquakes and
floods, or what came to be traditionally known as Acts of God. With the
spread of more secular and non-religious ideologies, nature was
increasingly substituted for the supernatural and the tern natural
disaster came to the fore" (**Quarantelli** 1987, 8).

**Disaster:** "...earthquakes are quite harmless until you decide to put
millions of people and two trillion dollars in real estate atop scissile
fault zones" (**Riesner** 1993, 501).

**Disaster:** "A situation created by natural and or man-made events,
other than war or internal strife which demands total integration and
co-ordination, by those responsible for administration of the affected
region including: 1. all rescue, relief and life support systems
required to meet the needs of the victims, essential transportation and
communication systems. 2. repairs to the infrastructure. 3.
post-disaster rehabilitation and recovery." (**Ritchie**, et al. 2001,
2)

**Disaster:** "In the traditional view of disasters, two categories of
*conditions* appear to be dominant. Self-evidently, the scourge of God
together with social or political negligence have traditionally served
as the principle conditions of natural disasters. Gradually, negligence
has given way to more specific conditions such as deficiencies in
mitigatory policies and preparatory measures" (**Rosenthal** 1998, 148).

"...a great many official investigations as well as public opinion still
cling to technical failure or human error as the number one cause of
man-made disaster. In determining the conditions of disaster, technical
failures often take its place as an appropriate substitute for the act
of God, whereas human error reflects the inherent weaknesses of
mankind..." (**Rosenthal** 1998, 149).

"...mediazation...\[creates\] a new category of disasters and crises
which is characterized by extreme collective stress rather than fatal
casualties or significant physical damage" (**Rosenthal** 1998, 157).

**Disaster:** A Condition or situation of significant destruction,
disruption and/or distress to a community. (**Salter** 1997--98, 27)

**Disaster:** All events which cause at least 100 human deaths, 100
human injuries, or US \$1 million economic damages. (**Sheehan and
Hewitt** 1969, p. 20)

**Disaster:** The occurrence of a sudden or major misfortune which
disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of a society (or
community). An event or series of events which gives rise to casualties
and/or damage or loss of property, infrastructure, essential services or
means of livelihood on a scale which is beyond the normal capacity of
the affected communities to cope with unaided. Disaster is sometimes
also used to describe a catastrophic situation in which the normal
patterns of life (or eco-systems) have been disrupted and extraordinary,
emergency interventions are required to save and preserve human lives
and/or the environment. Disasters are frequently categorized according
to their perceived causes and speed of impact. A disaster occurs when a
disruption reaches such proportions that there are injuries, deaths, or
property damage, and when a disruption affects many or all of the
community's essential functions, such as water supply, electrical power,
roads, and hospitals. Also, people affected by a disaster may need
assistance to alleviate their suffering. (**Simeon Institute**)

**Disaster:** "...a disaster may be seen as 'the realization of hazard',
although there is no universally agreed definition of the scale on which
loss has to occur in order to qualify as a disaster" (**Smith** 1996,
5).

"Natural disasters...result from the conflict of geophysical processes
with people. This interpretation gives humans a central role. First,
through location, because it is only when people, their possessions and
what they value get in the way of natural processes that a risk of
disaster exists. Second, through perception, because humans place
subjective judgments on natural processes as part of a general
environmental appraisal whenever they settle and use land" (**Smith**
1996, 10).

"...a disaster generally results from the interaction, in time and
space, between the physical exposure to a hazardous process and a
vulnerable human population" (**Smith** 1996, 22).

**Disaster:** "...disasters are significant events...The disruption
associated with disaster is, by customary standards, non-trivial.
Disasters are neither confined to isolated subsystems (a single
household) nor are they of fleeting duration....Disasters involve the
disruption of important societal routines....If damage could be
prevented or reduced through human protective action, then
disaster---the physical consequence of the intersection of society and
natural forces---would not exist. Disaster is a function of
knowledge...When knowledge is adequate, no external force can produce
disaster; ships ride out storms, buildings shake but do not collapse in
earthquakes, flood levees hold, etc...When knowledge is inadequate,
disaster results" (**Stallings** 1998, 128-129).

"Disasters affect entire societies; they are neither trivial nor
confined to localized social units. Disasters involve the disruption of
everyday routines to the extent that stability is threatened without
remedial action. Increasingly significant is the loss of certainty and
the undermining of faith in orderliness. The state is a major
institution for supplying counter-measures when routines are disrupted"
(Stallings 1998, 131).

> "...in practice the definition \[of disaster\] will always have a
> physical component. The physical properties of events are triggers for
> disaster researchers..." (**Stallings** 1998, 132).

**Disaster:** "Disasters are the interface between an extreme physical
event and a vulnerable human population." (**Susman** et al, 1983)

**Disaster:** "catastrophic events that (a) interfere severely with
everyday life, disrupt communities, and often cause extensive loss of
life and property, (b) overtax local resources, and (c) create problems
that continue far longer than those that arise from the normal
vicissitudes of life" (**Taylor** 1989, 10).

**Disaster:** "Disasters originate in the fact that all societies
regularly face geophysical, climatological, and technological events
that reveal their physical and social vulnerabilities." (**Tierney,
Lindell and Perry** 2001, 4)

**Disaster:** "A *disaster* is usually defined as an event that has a
large impact on society" (**Tobin and Montz** 1997, 6).

**Disaster:** An event, concentrated in time and space which threatens a
society or a relatively self-sufficient subdivision of a society with
major unwanted consequences as a result of the collapse of precautions
which had hitherto been accepted as adequate. (**Turner**)

**Disaster:** "A serious disruption of the functioning of society,
causing widespread human, material, or environmental losses which exceed
the ability of affected society to cope using only its own resources."
(**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary* 1992, 27; **National Science
and Technology Council** 2005, 17; **EEA**, *EEA Environmental*
*Glossary*, 2007)

**Disaster:** "A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or
a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to
cope using its own resources. *A disaster is a function of the risk
process. It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of
vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the
potential negative consequences of risk*." (**UN/ISDR**, *Terminology:
Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*, March 31, 2004)

**Disaster:** A "sudden and extraordinary misfortune" to signify the
actual onset of a calamity (Allinson 1993, 93; referring to **Webster's
*New International Dictionary****, Unabridged*, 2^nd^ ed.).

**Disaster:** "...any happening that causes great harm or damage;
serious or sudden misfortune; calamity. Disaster implies great or sudden
misfortune that results in loss of life, property, etc. or that is
ruinous to an undertaking; calamity suggests a grave misfortune that
brings deep distress or sorrow to an individual or to the people at
large" (**Webster's *New World Dictionary of the American Language***).

**Disaster, Ecological:** Events "that are caused principally by human
beings and that initially affect, in a major way, the earth, its
atmosphere, and its flora and fauna." (**Drabek/Hoetmer** 1991, xxi)

**Disaster, Geological:** "Disasters caused by movements and deformation
of the earth\'s crust." (**European Environmental Agency**, *EEA
Environmental Glossary*, 2007)

**Disaster, Natural:** "A natural disaster is a serious disruption to a
community or region caused by the impact of a naturally occurring rapid
onset event that threatens or causes death, injury or damage to property
or the environment and which requires significant and coordinated
multi-agency and community response. Such serious disruption can be
caused by any one, or a combination, of the following natural hazards:
bushfire; earthquake; flood; storm; cyclone; storm surge; landslide;
tsunami; meteorite strike; or tornado." (**Australian Government** 2002,
1)

**Disaster, Natural:** "'Natural' disasters have more to do with the
social, political, and economic aspects of society than they do with the
environmental hazards that trigger them. Disasters occur at the
interface of vulnerable people and hazardous environments"
(**Bolin/Stanford** 1998, Preface).

**Disaster, Natural:** "Violent, sudden and destructive change in the
environment without cause from human activity, due to phenomena such as
floods, earthquakes, fire and hurricanes." (**European Environment
Agency**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*, 2007)

**Disaster, Natural:** "While human actions generally cannot cause an
earthquake in the sense of doing something to provoke fault movement,
they are often critically involved in the disaster that can follow a
seismic event. In that sense then, 'natural' is an inappropriate
adjective to describe such disasters (**Hewitt** 1997)[^16]" (Bolin with
Stanford 1998, 4).

**Disaster, Natural:** Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water,
wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption,
landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, drought, fire, or other catastrophe in
any part of the United States which causes, or which may cause,
substantial damage or injury to civilian property or persons. (**Robert
T. Stafford** **Act**, 602)

**Disaster, Natural:** "In a seeming inversion of what was 'obvious'
about natural disasters, a view has been developed by such geographers
as Hewitt that seeks explanations of disaster primarily in the
sociocultural and economic features of the societies that are variously
affected by natural forces. Their focus has been to develop an
understanding of the social structures and material practices that made
people more or less vulnerable to environmental hazards. In this
approach, the underlying causes of disaster are to be found not in
nature, but in the organization of human societies (**Varley**
1994[^17])" (Bolin with Stanford 1998, 5).

**Disaster, Technological:** "...technological disasters -- meaning
everything that can go wrong when systems fail, humans err, designs
prove faulty, engines misfire, and so on." (**Erikson**, 1989, 141)

**Disaster, Technological:** "Man-made disaster due to a sudden or slow
breakdown, technical fault, error, or involuntary or voluntary human act
that causes destruction, death, pollution, and environmental damage."
(**Gunn** 1990, 375)

**Disaster, Technological:** "**Miller and Fowlkes** (1984)[^18] have
argued that the term 'technological disaster' renders such events too
impersonal in origin. They believe that such 'accidents' are due mainly
to the excessive priority given to industrial profits and advocate the
term 'man-made disaster' to indicate corporate responsibility"
(**Smith** 1997, 14).

**Disaster Agent:** "A class or category of phenomena that cause
disasters, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, or explosions. Hurricane
Andrew is a specific disaster event which reflected one of the classes
of disaster agents, that is, hurricanes. Andrew is the disaster,
hurricane is the disaster agent." **(Drabek** 1996, Session 2, p.6)

**Disaster Agent Variability:** "Disaster agents may and do vary along
different dimensions. These dimensions and their variants can be
combined in multiple and almost endless ways. Thus, it is all but
impossible to develop a meaningful but simple typology of disaster
agents. Nevertheless, knowledge of how disaster agents may differ along
one dimension is still useful for emergency planning. Such knowledge
should sensitize the planner to possible variants that have to be taken
into account. Furthermore...some dimensions are more likely to be
operative and varying in certain localities than others."

-   Predictability

-   Frequency

-   Controllability

-   Speed of onset

-   Length of forewarning

-   Duration of impact

-   Scope of impact

-   Intensity of impact. (**Dynes,** et al., *A Perspective on Disaster
    Planning*, 1981, pp. 6-7)

**Disaster Area Survey Team (DAST):** "A group that is deployed in an
area after a disaster to ascertain the extent of damage to population
and property and to recommend appropriate responses." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, 27)

**Disaster Assistance Employee (DAE, FEMA):** "Disaster Assistance
Employee (DAE), also known as a Stafford Act employee or Reservist, is a
nonpermanent, excepted service employee appointed under the authority of
the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act,
P.L. 93-288, as amended. DAEs perform disaster response and recovery
activities, usually at temporary work sites located in disaster damaged
areas. Initial appointments are for periods of up to one year and may be
renewed in increments of one year.

DAEs are a critical staff resource to FEMA. They perform key program,
technical, and administrative functions during disasters. Without this
work, FEMA\'s ability to assist State and local governments in
recovering from the effects of disasters would be significantly less
effective. DAEs must be free to travel at a minimum of two to six weeks
at a time, and sometimes longer, usually with as little as a day or two
of notice. They need to be able to produce high quality work with
minimal supervision, under pressure and in a hectic work environment.
Their travel to and from a disaster scene is paid for, along with
day-to-day expenses for lodgings and an allotment for meals and
expenses. DAEs receive a salary which is based on the kinds of work they
perform." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Assistance Employees (Reservists)*.
October 11, 2007 update)

**Disaster Control:** "Measures taken before, during, or after hostile
action or natural or manmade disasters to reduce the probability of
damage, minimize its effects, and initiate recovery." (**DoD**, *DOD
Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Disaster Declaration:** Under the Stafford Act a "disaster
declaration" is made upon a state Governor's request, FEMA processing,
and Presidential Declaration when an event is seen to overwhelm State
and local governmental response capabilities.

"The forms of public assistance typically flow either from a disaster
declaration or an emergency declaration. A **major disaster** could
result from a hurricane, earthquake, flood, tornado or major fire which
the President determines warrants supplemental Federal aid. The event
must be clearly more than State or local governments can handle alone.
If declared, funding comes from the President\'s Disaster Relief Fund,
which is managed by FEMA, and disaster aid programs of other
participating Federal departments and agencies." (**DHS,** *NRF*
(Comment Draft), Sep, 2007, 39)

**Disaster/Emergency Management:** "An ongoing process to prevent,
mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from an incident that
threatens life, property, operations, or the environment." (**NFPA
1600**, 2007, p. 7)

**Disaster Epidemiology:** "The medical discipline that studies the
influence of such factors as the life style, biological constitution and
other personal or social determinants on the incidence and distribution
of disease as it concerns disasters." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Mgmt.
Glossary*, 1992, 27)

**Disaster Field Office (DFO):** "The office established in or near the
designated area of a Presidentially declared major disaster to support
Federal and State response and recovery operations. The DFO houses the
FCO and ERT, and where possible, the SCO and support staff." (**FEMA**,
*Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning* (SLG 101), 1996, p.
GLO-1)

**Disaster Finance Center (DFC):** "The DFC is a permanent facility that
provides financial services under the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF). The
DFC is responsible for coordinating the review, approval, and payment of
all bills submitted by departments and agencies for costs incurred in
performing mission assignments." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs*,
2007, p. 4; see also p. 49)

**Disaster Insurance:** "Government sponsored or private insurance
policies for protection against economic losses resulting from
disaster." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 28; cites PAHO)

**Disaster Insurance, Cross-Subsidization:** "In most property and
casualty insurance lines, state assessments are often passed through to
policyholders. As a result, homeowners living in less risky locations
also contribute to cover the shortfall---a scenario known as
cross-subsidization." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public Policy
Options*, Nov 2007, 22)

**Disaster Insurance, Government versus Private-Sector:** "Government
natural catastrophe insurance programs were created because certain
perils are difficult to insure privately and because, when private
insurance is available, it may not be affordable. To keep natural
catastrophe insurance available and affordable, government insurance
programs operate differently than private insurance companies. Private
insurance companies generally rely on premiums collected from those they
insure to cover operating costs and losses and set premium rates at
levels that are designed to reflect the risk that the company assumes in
providing the insurance. These companies may also accumulate reserves to
cover large losses. Federal and state government insurance programs also
collect up-front premiums, but their rates do not always reflect the
risks that the programs assume. Because premiums are inadequate to cover
operating costs and losses, the government programs generally have
limited resources and often face deficits after disasters. However,
unlike private insurers, federal insurers may obtain funds after a
catastrophic event through emergency appropriations. State programs may
also access postevent funding through various means, including
assessments on private insurers, bonds, and private reinsurance. State
programs may also be postfunded through state general revenue funds and
federal disaster relief payments. This structure has several
implications. First, it may encourage homeowners in catastrophe-prone
locations to seek coverage from government programs, crowding out the
private market and increasing the government's financial exposure.
Second, homeowners may not receive appropriate price signals about the
risk of living in catastrophe-prone locations. Third, taxpayers who live
in less risky locations may be subsidizing those living in
catastrophe-prone locations. Finally, the added burden of private
insurers' assessment obligations may provide another reason for them to
leave already stressed markets. Federal natural catastrophe insurance
programs fill gaps in private insurance markets and help limit disaster
relief payments. (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public Policy Options*,
Nov 2007, 17)

"Unlike private insurance companies, government natural catastrophe
insurance programs often do not employ accrual accounting and are not
always required to accumulate adequate resources to meet their
obligations." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public Policy Options*, Nov
2007, 22)

**Disaster Insurance "Overarching Principles," Financial Services
Roundtable:**

• Insurable events ought to be insured to the maximum extent possible by
the private market rather than by the government. Put another way, it is
not the government's role to assume risks that the private marketplace
is fully capable of handling, especially if the government's "insurance"
is provided after-the-fact through disaster relief, which is both
uncertain in amount and not priced to its potential recipients in
advance and, as discussed in Chapter 4, tends to impede before-the-event
mitigation efforts.

• There are risks, however, that are so large and/or so uncertain that
private insurers or the capital markets either are unwilling to insure
them, or that the required premiums are so high that many will not want
or cannot afford the insurance. In these cases, there is a role for the
federal government to "backstop" the private sector.

"We believe that the costs of some Mega-CATs are insurable, and
therefore, the main object of government policy as to these risks should
be to facilitate the provision of private insurance. We also believe,
however, that the costs of certain other Mega-CATs -- terrorism in
particular \-- are not insurable by the private market, and as to these
the federal government has an important backstop role to fill Some
Commission members believe that this federal backstop function should
also extend to largescale natural Mega-CATs.

"Overall, however, the main aim of policy should be to maximize the
purchase of catastrophe insurance:

• Insurance provides better financial protection for individuals and
firms than after-the-fact disaster relief.

• The broader the insurance coverage, the less disaster relief will be
necessary. With insurance, the costs of risk are borne by those exposed
to risk. In contrast, taxpayers (currently or in the future) who may or
may not directly bear risks of suffering catastrophe losses pay for
disaster relief. Comparing the two systems, insurance is more efficient
(because insurance premiums induce more loss avoidance and mitigation)
and fairer than disaster relief." (**FSR,** *Nation Unprepared*, 2007,
44)

**Disaster Insurance, Public Policy Goals:** "...four public policy
goals that we (GAO) identified for federal involvement in natural
catastrophe insurance programs:

\(1\) to have premium rates fully reflect actual risks,

\(2\) to encourage private markets to provide natural catastrophe
insurance,

\(3\) to encourage broad participation in natural catastrophe insurance
programs, and

\(4\) to limit costs to taxpayers before and after a disaster."
(**GAO**, *Natural Disasters*, Nov '07, 6)

**Disaster Insurance, Public Policy Options:**

-   All-Perils Homeowners Insurance

-   Federal Reinsurance for State Catastrophe Funds

-   Federal Lending to State Catastrophe Funds

-   Insurance Company Catastrophe Reserving

-   Homeowner Catastrophe Savings Accounts

-   Favorable Tax Treatment for Catastrophe Bonds

-   Property Tax Assessment for Private Insurance with Federal
    Deductible Payment (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public Policy
    Options...*, Nov 2007, 34)

**Disaster Insurance, Underinsured and Uninsured Problem Area:** "The
2005 hurricanes made clear that, even with the federal and state natural
catastrophe insurance programs, significant numbers of Americans lacked
adequate insurance against natural catastrophes for their homes. These
property owners were either uninsured or underinsured, for a variety of
reasons. Perhaps most significantly, buying natural catastrophe
insurance is in many cases voluntary, and homeowners may choose not to
buy it because they do not understand their risk exposure, do not
understand the protection catastrophe insurance offers, or cannot afford
it. In some cases, homeowners have insurance, but it covers less than
the full replacement value of their property or has other policy
limitations. Underinsurance can be exacerbated following a natural
catastrophe, when rebuilding costs can increase substantially. Uninsured
and underinsured homeowners may compound the challenge of providing
affordable natural catastrophe insurance by relying on the federal
government for postdisaster assistance to rebuild their homes. These
homeowners may seek federal disaster relief from several federal
agencies, including grants from FEMA and HUD, and real property loans
from SBA. As we found, a significant portion of post-Katrina payments to
Americans have gone to homeowners who were inadequately insured. We
estimated that a quarter to a third of all federal emergency
appropriations after the 2005 hurricanes, or around \$26 billion in
grants and loans, was obligated to homeowners and renters who lacked
adequate natural catastrophe insurance." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters:
Public Policy Options*, Nov, 2007, 6)

**Disaster Legislation:** "The body of laws and regulations that govern
and designate responsibility for disaster management concerning the
various phases of disaster." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 28)

**Disaster Loan Program (DLP) SBA:** "SBA's Disaster Loan Program (DLP)
is the primary federal program for funding long-range recovery for
private sector, nonfarm disaster victims. Eligible losses include under
or uninsured damages and can not duplicate benefits received from
another source (i.e. insurance recovery, FEMA, etc.). The Small Business
Act authorizes SBA to make available the following two types of disaster
loans: (1) physical disaster home loans to homeowners, renters, and
businesses of all sizes, and (2) economic injury disaster loans to small
businesses. Homeowners and renters can borrow up to \$40,000 for repair
or replacement of household and personal effects. Homeowners can also
borrow up to \$200,000 to repair or replace a primary residence.
Businesses of all sizes can borrow up to \$1.5 million to repair or
replace disaster damaged real estate, machinery and equipment,
inventory, etc. Small businesses can borrow up to \$1.5 million for
disaster related economic injury resulting from the declared disaster.
The combined loans to a business for physical loss and economic injury
cannot exceed \$1.5 million. Homeowners and businesses must provide
reasonable assurance that they can repay the loan out of personal or
business cash flow, and they must have satisfactory credit and
character." (**GAO**, *Natural Disaster: Public Policy Options*..., Nov
2007, 16)

**Disaster Losses:** "One catastrophe modeling company predicts that
catastrophe losses will double every decade or so due to growing
residential and commercial density and more expensive buildings."
(**Insurance Info. Institute,** *Catastrophes: Insurance Issues*, Jan
2008, 1)

**Disaster Management:** The entire process of planning and intervention
to reduce disasters as well as the response and recovery measures. It is
a neglected element of development planning. (**D&E Reference Center**
1998)

**Disaster Management:** "Disaster management is the process of forming
common objectives and common values in order to encourage participants
to plan for and deal with potential and actual disasters." (**Pearce**,
2000, Chapter 2, 11)

"A process that assists communities to respond, both pre- and
post-disaster, in such a way as to save lives, to preserve property; and
to maintain the ecological, economic, and political stability of the
impacted region." (**Pearce** 2000, Chapter 5, p. 6)

**Disaster Management:** "The body of policy and administrative
decisions and operational activities which pertain to the various stages
of a disaster at all levels." (**UNDHA**, *DM* *Glossary*, 1992, 28;
**EEA**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*, 2007))

**Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT):** "The basic deployable unit
of the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS). All urban search and
rescue medical teams are considered a "specialized DMAT" under NDMS."
(**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Draft*, 2007, p. 49)

**Disaster Medicine:** "The study and collaborative application of
various health disciplines to the prevention, preparedness, immediate
response and rehabilitation of the health problems arising from
disaster, in co-operation with other disciplines involved in
comprehensive disaster management." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management*
*Glossary*, 1992, 28)

**Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) of 2002** (Public Law106-390, October
30, 2000)**:** "The Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) of 2000 amended the
Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988.
The DMA authorizes the creation of a pre-disaster mitigation program to
make grants to State, local and tribal governments. It also includes a
provision that defines mitigation planning requirements for State, local
and tribal governments. This new section (Section 322) establishes a new
requirement for local and tribal mitigation plans; authorizes up to 7
percent of the HMGP funds available to a State to be used for
development of State, local and tribal mitigation plans; and provides
for States to receive an increased percentage of HMGP funds from 15
percent to 20 percent if, at the time of the disaster declaration, the
State has in effect a FEMA approved State Mitigation Plan that meets the
criteria established in regulations." (**FEMA**, *National Flood
Insurance Program Description*, August, 2002, pp. 35-36; DMA accessed
at: <http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1935> )

**Disaster Mitigation Act of 2002, Congressional Findings:** "FINDINGS -
Congress finds that---

\(1\) natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes,
hurricanes, flooding, and wildfires, pose great danger to human life and
to property throughout the United States;

\(2\) greater emphasis needs to be placed on---

> \(A\) identifying and assessing the risks to States and local
> governments (including Indian tribes) from natural disasters;
>
> \(B\) implementing adequate measures to reduce losses from natural
> disasters; and
>
> \(C\) ensuring that the critical services and facilities of
> communities will continue to function after a natural disaster;

\(3\) expenditures for postdisaster assistance are increasing without
commensurate reductions in the likelihood of future losses from natural
disasters;

\(4\) in the expenditure of Federal funds under the Robert T. Stafford
Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.),
high priority should be given to mitigation

of hazards at the local level; and

\(5\) with a unified effort of economic incentives, awareness and
education, technical assistance, and demonstrated Federal support,
States and local governments (including Indian tribes) will be able
to---

> \(A\) form effective community-based partnerships for hazard
> mitigation purposes;
>
> \(B\) implement effective hazard mitigation measures that reduce the
> potential damage from natural disasters;
>
> \(C\) ensure continued functionality of critical services;
>
> \(D\) leverage additional non-Federal resources in meeting natural
> disaster resistance goals; and
>
> \(E\) make commitments to long-term hazard mitigation efforts to be
> applied to new and existing structures." (**DMA**, Title 1, Sec. 101,
> 2000, pp. 2-3)

**Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 Purpose:** "The purpose of this title
is to establish a national

disaster hazard mitigation program--- (1) to reduce the loss of life and
property, human suffering,

economic disruption, and disaster assistance costs resulting from
natural disasters; and (2) to provide a source of predisaster hazard
mitigation funding that will assist States and local governments
(including Indian tribes) in implementing effective hazard mitigation
measures that are designed to ensure the continued functionality of
critical services and facilities after a natural disaster." (**DMA**,
Title 1, Sec. 101, 2000, pp. 3)

**Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORTs):** "(DMORTs) are
composed of private citizens, each with a particular expertise, who are
activated in the event of a disaster to deal with the myriad issues of
victim identification and mortuary services. During an emergency
response, DMORTs work under the guidance of local authorities, providing
technical assistance and personnel to recover, identify, and process
deceased victims**.**" (**AHRQ/HHS**, *Mass Medical Care...*, 2007, p.
114)

**Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT):** "...a Federal
Level Response team designed to provide mortuary assistance in the case
of a mass fatality incident or cemetery related incident. We work under
the local jurisdictional authorities such as Coroner/Medical Examiners,
Law Enforcement and Emergency Managers." (Disaster Mortuary Operational
Response Team. (*DMORT: A National Asset Available In Times Of Need*,
October 9, 2007)

**Disaster Plans, Historic Weaknesses:**

-   Domains \[areas of organization responsibilities\] not clearly
    defined

-   Domains \[areas of organization responsibilities\] not clearly
    assigned

-   Conceivable new emergency domains not, or inadequately, recognized

-   Methods of interorganizational coordination not clearly defined

-   Tasks not integrated

-   Existing resources inadequately mobilized and allocated \[to
    operationalize the planning\]

-   Insufficient new resources allocated \[to operationalize the
    planning\]

-   Tasks not effectively performed.

-   Planning for only most likely hazards

-   Missing or inadequate planning for transition from emergency period
    to recovery

-   Missing or inadequate planning for "the inevitable movement to
    normalcy" (restoration)

-   Disaster plans not or inadequately exercised

-   Disaster plans not updated and maintained

(**Dynes, Quarantelli and Kreps**, *A Perspective on Disaster Planning*
(3^rd^ Ed.), 1981, 74-76)

**Disaster Planning:** "Disaster Planning is about developing the
ability to respond to an interruption in services by restoring an
organization\'s critical business functions.  In essence, this is
business continuity planning.  Disaster recovery for computer systems
and services is only one component of an effective business continuity
plan... Disaster planning is meant to include the planning and
preparations which are necessary to minimize loss and ensure continuity
of the critical business functions of an organization in the event of
disaster." (**Davis Logic Inc**., *Disaster Planning*, 2005)

**Disaster Planning:** "...any kind of planning has to be realistic. It
has to be built upon real knowledge...not stem from theoretical
speculations but studies of actual disasters. Disaster

planning has to be realistic also in that it cannot presuppose an ideal
situation but the probable situation...good disaster plans are developed
so that they can be adjusted to people rather than attempting to force
people to conform to planning. Finally, disaster planning has to be
realistic in the sense that it is taken for granted that planning can be
undertaken. Persons with vivid imagination can always come up with
hypothetical possibilities so horrendous that they serve to immobilize
any effort at planning.... It is far more realistic to assume probable
situations because that is what is likely to occur and for which
community planning can be undertaken." (**Dynes**, et al., *A
Perspective on Disaster Planning*, 1981, p. iv)

**Disaster Planning Fundamental Requirements:**

-   Knowledge of disaster agents and impacts

-   Knowledge of \[hazard\] agent and response-generated demands

-   Knowledge of the disaster context

-   Knowledge of the basic elements of organized disaster response.

-   Necessity of someone or some organization to take on leadership
    responsibility for developing, coordinating, communicating,
    exercising, proselytizing, maintaining and operationalizing the
    plan. (**Dynes**, Quarantelli and Kreps, *A Perspective on Disaster
    Planning*, 1981, pp. 77-79)

**Disaster Planning Issues:**

-   Setting priorities for the use of organizations, people and
    resources.

-   Overlapping responsibilities -- plan for coordination and
    cooperation of organizations addressing the same problem.

-   The division of responsibilities into tasks.

-   Planning for the performance of tasks.

-   Interorganizational relationships.

-   Integration of various levels of disaster planning -- "Disaster
    plans can be and are developed at the organizational level \[local
    governmental and local non-governmental\] the community level, the
    regional level, the state level and the federal level." (**Dynes,
    Quarantelli and Kreps**, *A Perspective on Disaster Planning* (3^rd^
    Ed.), 1981, pp. 68-74)

**Disaster Planning Principles:**

1.  Planning is a continuous process.

2.  Planning involves attempting to reduce the unknowns in a
    problematical situation.

3.  Planning aims at evoking appropriate actions.

4.  Planning should be based on what is likely to happen.

5.  Planning must be based on knowledge.

6.  Planning should focus on principles.

7.  Planning is partly an educational activity.

8.  Planning always has to overcome resistance. (**Dynes**, *A
    Perspective on Planning* (3^rd^ Ed., 1981, pp.1-4)

**Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant Program (DPIG):** Authorized
under Section 201 of the Stafford Act. Annual matching awards are
provided to States to improve or update their disaster assistance plans
and capabilities.

**Disaster Recovery Center (DRC):** "Places established in the area of a
Presidentially declared major disaster, as soon as practicable, to
provide victims the opportunity to apply in person for

assistance and/or obtain information relating to that assistance. DRCs
are staffed by local, State, and Federal agency representatives, as well
as staff from volunteer organizations (e.g., the ARC)." (**FEMA**,
*Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning*, 1996, p. GLO-1;
See also, FEMA, Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft, July 2007, p.
49))

**Disaster Recovery Institute International** (**DRII):** "DRI
International was founded in 1988 as the Disaster Recovery Institute in
order to develop a base of knowledge in contingency planning and the
management of risk, a rapidly growing profession. Today DRI
International administers the industry\'s premier educational and
certification programs for those engaged in the practice of business
continuity planning and management. More than 3,500 individuals
throughout the world maintain professional certification through DRI
International. DRII\'s goals are to:

-   Promote a base of common knowledge for the business continuity
    planning/disaster recovery industry through education, assistance,
    and publication of the standard resource base;

-   Certify qualified individuals in the discipline;

-   Promote the credibility and professionalism of certified
    individuals." (**DRII**, *About DRII*, 2006)

**Disaster Recovery Manager:** "After a declaration is made, FEMA will
designate the area eligible for assistance and the types of assistance
available. With the declaration, the President appoints a Federal
Coordinating Officer (FCO). The FCO is responsible for coordinating all
Federal disaster assistance programs administered by FEMA, other Federal
departments and agencies, and voluntary organizations. At the same time,
the RA or one of his or her staff will be appointed as the Disaster
Recovery Manager (DRM). The DRM is responsible for managing the FEMA
assistance programs. The DRM authority often is delegated to the FCO."
(**FEMA**, *Public Assistance Guide* (FEMA 322), June 2007)

**Disaster Recovery Plan:** "The management-approved document that
defines the resources, actions, tasks and data required to manage the
recovery effort. Usually refers to the technology recovery effort. This
is a component of the BCM Program." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR
Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p. 52)

**Disaster Recovery Plan:** "The disaster recovery plan includes:\
• reporting hierarchy, including executive management\
• identifying primary and alternate disaster recovery team members;
these are the people responsible to sustain the business operations and
to restore or replace physical assets\
• detailed description of each team member's responsibilities during a
disaster condition\
• a list of internal and external vendors and contact information\
• a list of regulatory agencies and contact information\
• a list of public service agencies and contact information\
• appendix of control forms (report forms, expenses, etc.)\
• minimum resources required to sustain the business operation while
physical assets are restored or replaced." (**Glenn**, *What is Business
Continuity Planning?* 2002)

**Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP):** "Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP)
is not just about computer system availability.  While this was the
original concept, today, the definition of disaster recovery has been
broadened to mean: \"The ability to respond to an interruption in
services by implementing a disaster recovery plan to restore an
organization\'s critical business functions.\"   Business continuity
planning includes disaster recovery for computer systems and services as
one component while stressing continuous availability of all critical
services... Disaster recovery planning is the technological aspect of
business continuity planning. This is meant to include the plans and
preparations which are necessary to minimize loss and ensure continuity
of the critical business functions of an organization in the event of
disaster.  (**Davis Logic**, *Disaster Recovery Planning*, 30 Oct 2005)

**Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP):** "Planning of actions an
organization will take to resume normal operation if a disaster disrupts
normal activity." (**Risky Thinking**, *A Glossary of Risk Related
Terms*, 2007)

**Disaster Reduction:** "*Disaster reduction* is the sum of all the
actions, which can be undertaken to reduce the vulnerability of a
society to natural hazards. The solutions include proper land-use
planning, aided by vulnerability mapping, to locate people in safe
areas, the adoption of proper building codes in support of disaster
resilient engineering, based on local hazard risk assessments, as well
as ensuring the control and enforcement of such plans and codes based on
economic or other incentives. Sound information and political commitment
are the basis of successful disaster reduction measures. This is an
ongoing process which is not limited to a singular disaster event. It
motivates societies at risk to become engaged in conscious disaster
management, beyond traditional response to the impact of natural
phenomena. Disaster reduction is multi-sectoral and interdisciplinary in
nature and involves a wide variety of interrelated activities at the
local, national, regional and international level." (**UN/ISDR**,
*Targeting Vulnerability:* *Guidelines for Local Activities and Events*,
2001, p. 3)

**Disaster Reduction:** "The conceptual framework of elements considered
with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks
throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and
preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context
of sustainable development. *The disaster risk reduction framework is
composed of the following fields of action, as described in ISDR\'s
publication 2002 \"Living with Risk: a global review of disaster
reduction initiatives\", page 23:*

-   *Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysis and
    vulnerability/capacity analysis;*

-   *Knowledge development including education, training, research and
    information;*

-   *Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including
    organisational, policy, legislation and community action;*

-   *Application of measures including environmental management,
    land-use and urban planning, protection of critical facilities,
    application of science and technology, partnership and networking,
    and financial instruments;*

-   *Early warning systems including forecasting, dissemination of
    warnings, preparedness measures and reaction capacities*."
    (**UN/ISDR**, *Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*,
    March 31, 2004)

**Disaster Relief Act of 1950** (Pub. L. No. 81-875, 64 Stat. 1109):
Congress for the first time authorized a coordinated federal response to
major disasters. Formally passed as the Federal Disaster Relief Act of
1950). (**FEMA**, *Disaster Basics* (IS-292), May 24, 2007 update, p.
2-2)

"*Public Law 81-875* was significant for a number of reasons. Funding
was authorized for a disaster relief program rather than a
single-incident response. The responsibility for determining when
Federal disaster relief is required was transferred from Congress to the
President. The basic philosophy of Federal disaster relief was developed
establishing that Federal assistance is supplemental to State and local
resources. The basis for later legislation on cost-sharing between
Federal and State or local governments was put into place. Provisions
were made for emergency repairs to or temporary replacement of essential
public facilities. Aid was provided only to State and local
governments." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Basics* (IS-292), May 24, 2007
update, p. 2-5)

**Disaster Relief Act of 1969** (Public Law 91-79): "The Disaster Relief
Act of 1969...became law on October 1, expands the Federal disaster
assistance program. Permanent provisions of the Act include assistance
(matching funds) to States in planning for State and 1oca1 aid to
individuals suffering disaster losses and appointment of a Federal
coordination officer for each major disaster." (*Report on Federal
Disaster Assistance in 1969)*

**Disaster Relief Act of 1974** (Public Law 93-288)**:** A Federal
statute designed to supplement the efforts of the affected States and
local governments in expediting the rendering of assistance, emergency
services, and the reconstruction and rehabilitation of devastated areas
(PL 93-288), as amended. (**FEMA** *Instruction 5000.2*)

"In April 1974, there was a series of devastating tornadoes that hit six
Midwestern States. This confirmed the need to add individual and family
assistance to the disaster relief program. As a result, the *Disaster
Relief Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-288)* was established. Under this law:

-   The Individuals and Households Grant Program is available.

-   Federal and State disaster relief operations are conducted on a
    partnership basis, and a State Coordinating Officer (SCO) works
    jointly with an FCO.

-   Federal assistance supports local, Tribal, and State activities and
    resources.

-   Assistance is contingent upon a Presidential Declaration. (**FEMA**,
    *Disaster Basics* (IS-292), May 24, 2007 update, p. 2-6)

**Disaster Relief Act, 1980:** "...the Public Assistance (PA) Program,
which provided disaster assistance to State and local governments, was
in the form of a 100-percent Federal grant. The response to the eruption
of Mount St. Helens in May 1980 was the first administrative
implementation of a 75-percent Federal and 25-percent State and local
cost sharing of disaster expenses. This response was the first step
toward a cost-sharing, full-partnership concept of managing disaster
response and recovery." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Basics* (IS-292), May 24,
2007 update, p. 2-6)

Disaster Relief Act of 1988 (Stafford Act): (See, also, Robert T.
Stafford Act & Stafford Act):

**"**In November *1988, the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and
Emergency Assistance Act* was passed. This act provided a framework for
continued disaster relief and provided the authority for FEMA's role in
managing Federal disaster assistance. It also legislated a minimum
75-percent Federal/25-percent State and local cost sharing for the PA
Program. The Stafford Act refocused assistance for non-natural
disasters, unless caused by fire, flood, or explosion, to a more limited
scope. It also confirmed the importance of individual assistance and
added an emphasis on mitigation of future losses. Key features of the
act are:

-   State, Tribal, and local governments have the primary responsibility
    to respond to a disaster.

-   Federal assistance is designed to supplement the efforts and
    available resources of State, Tribal, and local governments, and
    voluntary relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss,
    hardship, or suffering resulting from a disaster.

-   FEMA may task any Federal agency, with or without reimbursement, to
    provide assistance to State, Tribal, and local disaster efforts in a
    declared disaster.

Disaster assistance programs included in the Stafford Act are:

1.  Individual Assistance (IA), in the form of individual and household
    grants and temporary housing.

-   PA, including grants for emergency work, repair and restoration, and
    debris removal.

Mitigation grants, to reduce long-term risk to life and property from
natural or technological disasters." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Basics*
(IS-292), May 24, 2007 update, pp. 2-7, 2-8)

**Disaster Relief Act, 1993:** "Congress amended the Stafford Act in
October 1993 to expand the scope of mitigation to include acquisition of
properties in floodplains." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Basics* (IS-292), May
24, 2007 update, p. 2-8)

**Disaster Relief Act, 1994:** "An October 1994 amendment incorporated
most of the former Civil Defense Act of 1950, 50 U.S.C. App., into the
Stafford Act. This amendment allows FEMA to implement an all-hazards
approach to preparedness." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Basics* (IS-292), May
24, 2007 update, p. 2-8)

**Disaster Relief Act, 2000:** "The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
further modified the Stafford Act to establish a national program for
pre-disaster mitigation, streamline administration of disaster relief,
and control Federal costs of disaster assistance." (**FEMA**, *Disaster
Basics* (IS-292), May 24, 2007 update, p. 2-8)

**Disaster Relief Fund (DRF):** "A fund appropriated by Congress to pay
for FEMA's disaster operations. This includes public assistance,
individual assistance, mitigation, emergency response and recovery, and
disaster management." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment Draft Operating
SOPs*, 2007, p. 50)

**Disaster Resilience:** "Disaster resilience refers to the capability
to prevent or protect against significant multihazard threats and
incidents, including terrorist attacks, and to expeditiously recover and
reconstitute critical services with minimum damage to public safety and
health, the economy, and national security." (**TISP**, *Regional
Disaster Resilience*, 2006, p. 2)

**Disaster Resistant Community:** "Becoming disaster resistant requires
a community-wide effort over a long period of time. Participation and
commitment are required of all sectors of the community: employers,
businesses, community associations, services, and local government.
Project Impact...provide guidance on how to accomplish this cooperative
effort. Under Project Impact guidelines, a community goes through a
number of steps in four phases, including:

Phase 1: Build the Partnership

-   Form a partnership team of local officials, representatives of
    industry and business, infrastructure, transportation, utilities,
    housing, volunteer organizations, health care, government, work
    force, education\--all community elements having a stake in reducing
    losses.

-   Designate a project impact coordinator to provide staff assistance
    for the partnership team and to assist with community education and
    outreach.

-   Establish subgroups to tackle identified issues.

-   Develop or reproduce Project Impact materials to explain objectives
    and how to get there.

Phase 2: Identify Hazards and Community Vulnerabilities

-   Determine which areas of your community can be affected by
    disasters, how likely it is that a disaster may occur, and how
    intense the disaster might be.

-   Identify the facilities that are at risk and to what degree they
    might be affected, as well as how their damage might affect the
    vulnerability of other structures.

-   Do a risk assessment to define the potential consequences of a
    disaster based on a combination of your hazard and vulnerability
    studies.

Phase 3: Prioritize and Take Hazard Risk-Reduction Actions

-   Plan for open space acquisition of high hazard potential areas.

-   Develop policies, incentives and legislation to encourage property
    owners to invest in projects that will reduce losses in disasters.

-   Adopt policies that require consideration and mitigation of
    identified hazards in subdividing or consolidating parcels, changing
    land uses, or redevelopment.

-   Support community efforts to improve or replace vulnerable utilities
    and transportation systems.

Phase 4: Communicate Successes

-   Develop and distribute promotional mitigation materials, organize a
    speakers bureau, and ask the news media to become partners or
    sponsors in communicating the value of reducing hazards and the
    progress toward making your community disaster resistant."
    (**FEMA**, *Becoming a Disaster-Resistant Community: How and Why*,
    Dec. 26, 1999)

**Disaster Resistant University FEMA Initiative: "**Five U.S.
universities have been chosen to participate in the pilot phase of a
unique undertaking by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to
help the nation\'s colleges and universities limit future property and
economic damage from natural disasters. The five universities will each
receive about \$100,000 from FEMA for the project and each university
will match equally the resources provided by FEMA. The five pilot
Disaster Resistant Universities are Tulane University, University of
Alaska/ Fairbanks, University of Miami, University of North
Carolina/Wilmington and the University of Washington at Seattle.

\"These five universities have already shown their commitment to making
their campuses more disaster resistant,\" said FEMA Director James Lee
Witt. \"When an institution takes action like these universities are
doing, their activities will improve the ability of their surrounding
community and regions to recover from a major disaster.\"

FEMA\'s Disaster Resistant Universities initiative uses the same
strategic approach as FEMA\'s Project Impact: Building Disaster
Resistant Communities. Through Project Impact communities are encouraged
to come together to assess their vulnerabilities to natural hazards and
implement strategies to limit damage before disasters occur. Project
Impact bases its work and planning on three simple principles: Risks
must be identified and preventive actions decided at the local level;
private-public partnerships are essential; and long-term efforts and
investments in prevention measures are necessary.

The first part of the project consisted of a University of California at
Berkeley study of the economic consequences of a disaster on a
university and its surrounding community and state. The study
substantiated the premise that a disaster in a community\'s predominant
business - the university - will have severe economic consequences
locally and even statewide. As part of the study, UC Berkeley also
developed a plan to limit future disaster losses and guidelines for
other universities to use in the pilot phase of the initiative.

\"It is clear that disasters do much more than destroy buildings,\" FEMA
Director James Lee Witt said. \"They impact a locality in many different
ways for a long time.\" The federal government alone invests nearly \$15
billion per year in university-based research, he added.

Witt said that he expects the Disaster Resistant University initiative
will be an important component of FEMA\'s efforts to change the way
America deals with disasters." (**FEMA**, *Five U.S. Universities
Selected to Participate in Pilot Phase of FEMA Initiative to Help
Universities Avoid Damage from Natural Disasters*, September 28, 2000)

**Disaster Response:** "A sum of decisions and actions taken during and
after disaster, including immediate relief, rehabilitation, and
reconstruction." (**UNDHA**, *DM* *Glossary*, 1992, 29; **EEA**, *EEA
Environmental Glossary*, 2007)

**Disaster Risk:** "The chance of a hazard event occurring and resulting
in a disaster." (**National Science and Technology Council** 2005, 17)

**Disaster Risk Indexing:** "A quantitative analysis technique that uses
statistical indicators to measure and compare risk variables. Benefits
of the technique are efficiency in measuring key elements of risk,
repetitive application of the indictor system may allow the monitoring
of disaster risk reduction progress, and because the system can be
applied rapidly and with little cost it is also a useful tool for the
national level to identify risk exposed communities. Limitations of the
technique include the use of indicators that may not reflect the complex
reality; local and sub-national databases are not currently using
uniform data collection and analysis frameworks; lack of availability of
data with a suitable coverage and accuracy; and while indexing allows a
comparison of relative risk between geographic areas, it cannot be used
to depict actual risk for any one area." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in
Disaster Risk Asmt.*, 2008)

**Disaster Risk Management:** "Disaster risk management and reduction
are about looking beyond hazards alone to considering prevailing
conditions of vulnerability. It is the social, cultural, economic, and
political setting in a country that makes people vulnerable to
unfortunate events. The basis of this understanding is simple: the
national character and chosen form of governance can be as much of a
determinant in understanding the risks in a given country, as are the
various social, economic and environmental determinants." (**UN/ISDR**,
*Internationally Agreed Glossary of Basic Terms Related to Disaster
Management*, 2002, p. 27)

**Disaster Risk Management:** "The systematic process of using
administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and
capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of
the society and communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and
related environmental and technological disasters. This comprises all
forms of activities, including structural and non-structural measures to
avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse
effects of hazards." (**UN/ISDR**, *Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster
Risk Reduction*, March 31, 2004)

**Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR):** "...the broad development and
application of policies, strategies and practices to minimize
vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society.1

DRR is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the
risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to
disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards
that trigger them.... The term 'disaster reduction' is often used to
mean much the same thing. 'Disaster risk management' is also sometimes
used in this way, although it is normally applied specifically to the
practical implementation of DRR initiatives." (Twigg, *Characteristics
of a Disaster-resilient Community A Guidance Note*, August 2007, p. 6)

**Disaster Risk Reduction:** "The systematic development and application
of policies, strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities and
disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit
(mitigation and preparedness) adverse impact of hazards, within the
broad context of sustainable development." (**UN/ISDR**,
*Internationally Agreed Glossary of Basic Terms Related to Disaster
Management*, 2002, p. 25)

**Disaster Risk Reduction:** "The conceptual framework of elements
considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and
disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit
(mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the
broad context of sustainable development. *The disaster risk reduction
framework is composed of the following fields of action, as described in
ISDR\'s publication 2002 \"Living with Risk: a global review of disaster
reduction initiatives\", page 23:*

-   *Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysis and
    vulnerability/capacity analysis;*

-   *Knowledge development including education, training, research and
    information;*

-   *Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including
    organisational, policy, legislation and community action;*

-   *Application of measures including environmental management,
    land-use and urban planning, protection of critical facilities,
    application of science and technology, partnership and networking,
    and financial instruments;*

-   *Early warning systems including forecasting, dissemination of
    warnings, preparedness measures and reaction capacities*."
    (**UN/ISDR**, *Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*,
    March 31, 2004)

**Disaster Situational Awareness Teams (DSATs):** "These teams deploy at
the discretion of the Secretary of DHS. Members report to the Principal
Federal Official---or Joint Field Office Coordination Group if the
Principal Federal Official is not on site---upon arrival in the affected
areas." (**FEMA**, *Federal Interim Contingency Plan\--Predecisional
Draft: NMSZ*, Dec. 2007, 20)

**Disaster Syndrome:** "A form of shock reaction, called a 'disaster
syndrome,' has sometimes been observed in the aftermath of relatively
sudden and extensive disasters. This reaction involves an apathetic
response and some disorientation in thinking, However, the 'disaster
syndrome' does not appear in great numbers of people; seems confined
only to the most sudden traumatic kinds of disasters; has been reported
only in certain cultural settings; and is generally of short duration,
hours only, if not minutes." (**Dynes**, *A Perspective on Disaster
Planning*, 1981, p. 20)

**Disaster Team:** "Multidisciplinary, multisectoral group of persons
qualified to evaluate a disaster and to bring the necessary relief."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 29)

**Disaster Time Phases:** "There are several discernible phases in the
history of any disaster. The

*pre-disaster phase* is the everyday situation in the community. A
*pre-impact phase* begins with the earliest sign of possible danger and
is the time between initial warning and actual impact. Warning may be
official as in the case of a weather bulletin, or spontaneous such as
the spotting of a gas leak by a passerby. The *impact phase* is that
period when the disaster actually strikes... this period may be of
limited or long duration, from a few minutes (tornado) to several weeks
or more (flooding). The *emergency phase* is the period of response to
the immediate demands presented by the agent. *Recovery* is the final
phase and includes attempts to mitigate any long-term effects of the
disaster agent and return the community to normal, everyday conditions."
(**Dynes**, et al, *A Perspective on Disaster Planning* (3^rd^ Ed.),
1981, p. 8)

**DISC:** Disaster Information Systems Clearinghouse. (**DHS**, *JFO
Activation*..., 2006, p. 2)

**Discharge** (synonym flux, rate of flow): "Volume of water flowing
through a river (or channel) cross-section in unit time." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 29)

**Disciplines, State and Urban Area Homeland Security Illustrative
Disciplines:**

-   Emergency Management

-   Law Enforcement

-   Fire

-   Public Health and Healthcare

-   Public Works

> (**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy:
> Guidelines on Aligning Strategies with the NPG*, 2005, p. 9)

**Disease Control:** "All policies, precautions and measures taken to
prevent the outbreak or spread of communicable diseases." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Mgmt. Glossary*, 1992, p. 30)

**Disk Mirroring:** "Disk mirroring is the duplication of data on
separate disks in real time to ensure its continuous availability,
currency and accuracy. Disk mirroring can function as a disaster
recovery solution by performing the mirroring remotely. True mirroring
will enable a zero recovery point objective. Depending on the
technologies used, mirroring can be performed synchronously,
asynchronously, semi-synchronously, or point-in-time. Similar terms:
data mirroring, data replication, file shadowing, and journaling."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p.
54)

**Displaced Person:** "Persons who, for different reasons or
circumstances, have been compelled to leave their homes. They may or may
not reside in their country of origin, but are not legally regarded as
refugees." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Mgmt. Glossary*, 1992, p. 30)

**Disruption:** "Incident, whether anticipated (e.g. hurricane) or
unanticipated (e.g. a blackout or earthquake) which disrupts the normal
course of operations at an organization location." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security*..., 2007, 2)

**Division (NIMS):** "The partition of an incident into geographical
areas of operation. Divisions are established when the number of
resources exceeds the manageable span of control of the Operations
Chief. A division is located within the ICS organization between the
branch and resources in the Operations Section." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004,
p. 128)

**DLA:** Defense Logistics Agency. (**Senate HSGA**, *Katrina: A Nation
Still Unprepared*, p. 631)

**DLP:** Disaster Loan Program, SBA. (**GAO**, *Natural Disaster: Public
Policy*..., Nov 2007, 16)

**DM:** Adamsite. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec
2007, Glossary-2)

**DM:** Disaster Management.

**DMA:** Disaster Mitigation Act of 2002. (**Public Law 106-390**,
October 30, 2000)

**DMAT:** Disaster Medical Assistance Team. (**FEMA**, *Mission
Assignment SOPs*, 2007, p. 49)

**DMORT:** Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team. (**Senate
HSGA**, *A Nation Still Unprepared*, p. 631)

**DMSDS:** Direct Mail Shelter Development System. (**DCPA**,
*Foresight, FY73*, 1974, p. 17)

**DND:** Domestic Nuclear Defense. (**DHS**, *Opening Statement of Vayl
Oxford*, 8Mar07, 9)

**DNDO:** Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, DHS. (**FEMA**, *Statement
of Cannon*, 2007, 10)

**DNI:** Director, National Intelligence. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007)

**DO:** Domestic Operations. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Ops*, Dec
2007, Glossary-2)

**Doctrine:** An "authoritative statement of one or more guiding
principles. Doctrine

encompasses the fundamental principles which guide an organization and
'shapes the

effort.' Policy includes the process implemented through plans and
procedures towards

realization of doctrine and 'guides the effort.' Strategy is the course
of action to achieve

policy goals and 'accomplishes the effort'. Example: DHS doctrine
describes the planning process for incidents of national significance."
(**DHS**, *DHS Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, October 2007, p. 9)

**Doctrine:** "Doctrine influences the way in which policy and plans are
developed, forces are organized and trained, and equipment is procured.
It promotes unity of purpose, guides professional judgment and enables
\[first responders\] to fulfill their responsibilities." (**DHS,**
*National Response Framework* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007 (p. 8)

\[Reference: *United States Coast Guard: America's Maritime Guardian*,
Coast Guard Publication 1 (Washington, DC: January 2002, second
printing), p. 3. The term "doctrine" has clear and rich meaning as a
guide to action within the military services. See also U.S. Department
of Defense's *Joint Operations Planning and Execution System*, an
overview of which is available at
<http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/other_pubs/jopes.pdf> \]

**Doctrine:** The NRF is grounded in "doctrine that demands a tested
inventory of common organizational structures and capabilities that are
scalable, flexible and adaptable for diverse operations. Its adoption
across all levels of government and with businesses and NGOs will
facilitate interoperability and improve operational coordination."
(**DHS,** *National Response Framework* (Comment Draft), September 10,
2007, p. 10)

**Doctrine:** "Fundamental principles by which the military forces or
elements thereof guide their

actions in support of national objectives. It is authoritative but
requires judgment in

application." (**DOD** *Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms*,
2007, p. 166)

**Doctrine:** "...doctrine; that is, fundamental principles that guide
our actions in support of the nation's objectives.... Doctrine
influences the way in which policy and plans are developed, forces are
organized and trained, and equipment is procured. It promotes unity of
purpose, guides professional judgment, and enables Coast Guard men and
women to best fulfill their responsibilities." (**USCG** *Pub 1*, 2002,
p. 3)

**Doctrine:** "Fundamental principles by which military forces or
elements thereof guide their actions in support of national objectives.
It is authoritative but requires judgment in application." (**USCG**
*Pub 1*, 2002, p. 60)

**DOA:** Department of the Army.

**DOCs:** Department Operations Centers. (**DHS**, *NIMS,* 2004, p. 27)

**DOD or DoD:** U.S. Department of Defense. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, Dec
2007, Glossary-2)

**DoD Immediate Response:** "...the majority of DOD support is
coordinated using the concept of DSCA. However, imminently serious
conditions resulting from any civil emergency may require immediate
action to save lives, prevent human suffering or mitigate property
damage. When such conditions exist, and time does not permit approval
from higher headquarters, local military commanders and responsible
officials from DOD components and agencies are authorized to take
necessary action to respond to requests from civil authorities. This
response must be consistent with the Posse Comitatus Act, which
generally prohibits Federal military personnel (and units of the
National Guard when they are acting under Federal authority) from acting
in a law enforcement capacity (e.g., search, seizures, arrests) within
the United States, except where expressly authorized by the Constitution
or Congress." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework \-- Federal Partner
Guide* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 20)

**DODD:** Department of Defense Directive. (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland
Security* (JP 3-26), 2005)

**DODD 2000.12:** *DOD Antiterrorism (AT) Program,* 18 August 2003.

**DODD 2000.15:** *Support to Special Events,* 21 November 1994*.*

**DODD 2060.2**: Department of Defense (DOD) Combating WMD Policy*.*

**DODD 3020:** Defense Critical Infrastructure Program (Draft, 15 June
2004).

**DODD 3020.26:** Defense Continuity Program, September8, 2004.

**DODD 3020.36:** Assignment of National Security Emergency Preparedness
(NSEP)

Responsibilities to DOD Components*,* November 2, 1988.

**DODD 3020.40:** Defense Critical Infrastructure Program (DCIP), August
19, 2005.

**DODD 3025.1:** Military Support to Civil Authorities*,* 15 January
1993.

**DODD 3025.12:** Military Assistance for Civil Disturbances*,* 4
February 1994.

**DODD 3025.15:** Military Assistance to Civil Authorities*,* 18
February 1997.

**DODD 3150.5:** DOD Response to Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)
Incidents*,* 24 March 1987.

**DODD 3150.8:** DOD Response to Radiological Accidents**.**

**DODD 5525.5:** DOD Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement
Officials.

**DODI:** Department of Defense Instruction.

**DODI 2000.18:** Department of Defense Installation Chemical,
Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-Yield Explosive Emergency
Response Guidelines.

**DODI 3020:** Implementation of the Critical Infrastructure Program.
(Draft)

**DOE:** U.S. Department of Energy.

**DOJ:** Department of Justice. (**Senate HSGA**, *Katrina: A Nation
Still Unprepared*, p. 631)

**DOM:** Devolution of Operations Plan. (**FEMA**, *Continuity of
Operations Programs*, 2007)

**Domain**. "A major grouping of activities related to the "life cycle"
of a domestic incident. The four domains are prevention, preparedness,
response, and recovery." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1),
February 25, 2004, p. 74)

**Domain Awareness:** "...obtaining effective knowledge of activities,
events, and persons in the dimensions of air, land, sea, and
cyber-space." (**Sauter & Carafano** 2005, 243)

**Dome:** "Lava which is too viscous to flow laterally and therefore
forms a dome above the erupting vent." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossary*, 1992, p. 30)

**Domestic Battlespace:** "...the placed formerly known as our
communities and homes..." (Tierney, *The 9/11 Commission and Disaster
Management,* 2005, p. 5)

**Domestic Battlespace:** "Homeland security should not be viewed as
exclusively or even primarily a military task. Securing the \"domestic
battlespace\"\--a highly complex environment\--requires Federal
departments and agencies, state and local governments, the private
sector, and individual citizens to perform many strategic, operational,
and tactical level tasks in an integrated fashion. These actions must be
synchronized with others that are being taken on the international front
to prosecute the war against global terrorism. The challenges and
demands associated with this undertaking are immense. Success will
depend largely upon the Nation\'s ability to achieve unity of effort at
all levels of government." (**Tomisek**, "Homeland Security..., Feb.
2002)

**Domestic Battlespace:** The US in a homeland security context.
(**USCG**, *Charting a Course for Homeland Security Strategic Studies*,
November 2004)

**Domestic Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, High-Yield
Explosives Crisis Management:** "Domestic CBRNE CM are those actions
taken to maintain or restore essential services and manage and mitigate
problems resulting from disasters and catastrophes, including natural,
manmade, or terrorist incidents." (**JCS/DoD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006, p. vi)

**Domestic Emergencies:** "Emergencies affecting the public welfare and
occurring within the

50 states, District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, US
possessions and territories, or any political subdivision thereof, as a
result of enemy attack, insurrection, civil disturbance, earthquake,
fire, flood, or other public disasters or equivalent emergencies that
endanger life and property or disrupt the usual process of government.
Domestic emergencies include civil defense emergencies, civil
disturbances, major disasters, and natural disasters. (This term and its
definition modify the existing term and its definition and are approved
for inclusion in JP 1-02.)" (**DOD**, *Homeland Defense*, 2007, p. GL-8
(177).

**Domestic Emergency:** "Any natural disaster or other emergency that
does not seriously endanger national security, but which is of such a
catastrophic nature that it cannot be managed effectively without
substantial Federal presence, or which arises within spheres of activity
in which there is an established Federal role." (**FEMA** *Disaster
Dictionary* 2001, 36; cites *Domestic Emergencies Handbook*, US Army
Forces Command, March 15, 1999).

**Domestic Emergency Support Team (DEST):** "Relative to terrorism
incident operations, an organization formed by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) to provide expert advice and assistance to the FBI
On-Scene Commander (OSC) related to the capabilities of the DEST
agencies and to coordinate follow-on response assets. When deployed, the
DEST merges into the existing Joint Operations Center (JOC) structure."
(**FEMA** *Disaster Dictionary* 2001, 36; cites FEMA FRP, "Terrorism
Incident Annex")

**Domestic Incident Management:** "(3) To prevent, prepare for, respond
to, and recover from terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other
emergencies, the United States Government shall establish a single,
comprehensive approach to domestic incident management. The objective of
the United States Government is to ensure that all levels of government
across the Nation have the capability to work efficiently and
effectively together, using a national approach to domestic incident
management. In these efforts, with regard to domestic incidents, the
United States Government treats crisis management and consequence
management as a single, integrated function, rather than as two separate
functions.

"(4) The Secretary of Homeland Security is the principal Federal
official for domestic incident management. Pursuant to the Homeland
Security Act of 2002, the Secretary is responsible for coordinating
Federal operations within the United States to prepare for, respond to,
and recover from terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other
emergencies. The Secretary shall coordinate the Federal Government\'s
resources utilized in response to or recovery from terrorist attacks,
major disasters, or other emergencies if and when any one of the
following four conditions applies: (1) a Federal department or agency
acting under its own authority has requested the assistance of the
Secretary; (2) the resources of State and local authorities are
overwhelmed and Federal assistance has been requested by the appropriate
State and local authorities; (3) more than one Federal department or
agency has become substantially involved in responding to the incident;
or (4) the Secretary has been directed to assume responsibility for
managing the domestic incident by the President.

"(5) Nothing in this directive alters, or impedes the ability to carry
out, the authorities of Federal departments and agencies to perform
their responsibilities under law. All Federal departments and agencies
shall cooperate with the Secretary in the Secretary\'s domestic incident
management role.

"(6) The Federal Government recognizes the roles and responsibilities of
State and local authorities in domestic incident management. Initial
responsibility for managing domestic incidents generally falls on State
and local authorities. The Federal Government will assist State and
local authorities when their resources are overwhelmed, or when Federal
interests are involved. The Secretary will coordinate with State and
local governments to ensure adequate planning, equipment, training, and
exercise activities. The Secretary will also provide assistance to State
and local governments to develop all-hazards plans and capabilities,
including those of greatest importance to the security of the United
States, and will ensure that State, local, and Federal plans are
compatible....

"(15) The Secretary shall develop, submit for review to the Homeland
Security Council, and administer a National Incident Management System
(NIMS). This system will provide a consistent nationwide approach for
Federal, State, and local governments to work effectively and
efficiently together to prepare for, respond to, and recover from
domestic incidents, regardless of cause, size, or complexity. To provide
for interoperability and compatibility among Federal, State, and local
capabilities, the NIMS will include a core set of concepts, principles,
terminology, and technologies covering the incident command system;
multi-agency coordination systems; unified command; training;
identification and management of resources (including systems for
classifying types of resources); qualifications and certification; and
the collection, tracking, and reporting of incident information and
incident resources.

"(16) The Secretary shall develop, submit for review to the Homeland
Security Council, and administer a National Response Plan (NRP). The
Secretary shall consult with appropriate Assistants to the President
(including the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy) and the
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and other such
Federal officials as may be appropriate, in developing and implementing
the NRP. This plan shall integrate Federal Government domestic
prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery plans into one
all-discipline, all-hazards plan. The NRP shall be unclassified. If
certain operational aspects require classification, they shall be
included in classified annexes to the NRP.

\(a\) The NRP, using the NIMS, shall, with regard to response to
domestic incidents, provide the structure and mechanisms for national
level policy and operational direction for Federal support to State and
local incident managers and for exercising direct Federal authorities
and responsibilities, as appropriate....

"(18) The heads of Federal departments and agencies shall adopt the NIMS
within their departments and agencies and shall provide support and
assistance to the Secretary in the development and maintenance of the
NIMS. All Federal departments and agencies will use the NIMS in their
domestic incident management and emergency prevention, preparedness,
response, recovery, and mitigation activities, as well as those actions
taken in support of State or local entities. The heads of Federal
departments and agencies shall participate in the NRP, shall assist and
support the Secretary in the development and maintenance of the NRP, and
shall participate in and use domestic incident reporting systems and
protocols established by the Secretary." (**White House**, *Homeland
Security Presidential Directive 5 (Management of Domestic Incidents*),
Feb 28, 2003)

**Domestic Nuclear Defense Policy Coordinating Committee:** "Created in
2004 by the Homeland Security Council and the National Security Council,
the committee is a joint policy coordination body that is made up of
representatives of all federal agencies with management responsibilities
for nuclear defense, detection, and interdiction. This committee has
been instrumental in providing guidance on developing DNDO's nuclear
detection response protocols. Policy Coordinating Committee meetings are
attended by an under or assistant secretary of each cabinet department."
(**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' DNDO Progress*..., Dec 2007, p. 16)

**Domestic Nuclear Defense Research and Development Working Group:**
Federal interagency entity. (**DHS/OIG**, *DNDO Progress*..., Dec 2007,
p. 35)

**Domestic Nuclear Defense Research and Development Working Group:**
"This interagency working group addresses the coordination of: R&D
strategies for domestic nuclear defense; the identification and filling
of critical technology gaps, enhance efforts to develop and sustain
critical capabilities through appropriate investments in the
foundational science and research, interagency funding for necessary
science and technology; and collaboration and exchange of vital R&D
information." (**DHS**, *Opening Statement of Vayl Oxford*, July 27,
2006, p. 3)

**Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO**): "The Domestic Nuclear
Detection Office (DNDO) is a jointly staffed office established April
15, 2005 to improve the Nation's capability to detect and report
unauthorized attempts to import, possess, store, develop, or transport
nuclear or radiological material for use against the Nation, and to
further enhance this capability over time.

Strategic Objectives

-   Develop the global nuclear detection and reporting architecture

-   Develop, acquire, and support the domestic nuclear detection and
    reporting system

-   Fully characterize detector system performance before deployment

-   Establish situational awareness through information sharing and
    analysis

-   Establish operation protocols to ensure detection leads to effective
    response

-   Conduct a transformational research and development program

-   Establish the National Technical Nuclear Forensics Center to provide
    planning, integration, and improvements to USG nuclear forensics
    capabilities."

(**DHS**, *DNDO*, Oct. 12, 2007 mod.)

\[Note: The DNDO was established as a statutory entity via Section 501
of the *SAFE Port Act of 2006*. (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' DNDO Progress*...,
Dec 2007, p. 3)

**Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO**) **Advisory Council**:
"Members of the Advisory Council include intra-agency senior officials
from CBP, TSA, the U.S. Coast Guard, and other DHS components as
appropriate. The Advisory Council provides guidance to DNDO, and is the
forum used to address intra-agency issues and activities related to DNDO
strategies and initiatives. It also plays a role in coordinating and
communicating across DHS components on nuclear detection requirements
and related security programs." (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' DNDO Progress*...,
Dec 2007, p. 17)

**Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO**) **Domestic State and Local
Integrated Product Team:** "DNDO's Domestic State and Local Integrated
Product Team manages all DNDO activities with states to ensure outreach
efforts are coordinated. The team is made up of DNDO staff from each
directorate. The team identifies state requirements for preventative
radiological and nuclear detection and ensures DNDO working groups,
exercises, training, and technical assistance for detector deployment
programs are coordinated to benefit state and local entities. The team
reviews fixed and portable detectors to identify personnel, equipment,
and network requirements, as well as training, exercise, and operational
procedure needs." (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' DNDO Progress*..., Dec 2007, p.
26)

**Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO**) **Exercise Program:** "The
U.S. Department of Homeland Security Domestic Nuclear Detection Office
(DNDO), Operations Support Directorate is responsible for establishing
and operating a real-time situational awareness and support capability.
In this capacity, the Exercise Program provides exercise support as a
validation instrument to test and evaluate the radiological/nuclear (RN)
detection, deterrence, prevention, reporting, vulnerability reduction,
and capabilities in a risk-free environment. The utilization of these
services assist in validating that the equipment is properly employed
and the alarm adjudication process is in accordance with federal, state,
and local alarm adjudication protocols and appropriate notifications are
escalated to the proper agencies at the national and international
level, as appropriate. The Exercise Program assists in the development
and implementation of improvement plans and protocols, as well as the
design, development, and conduct of radiological/nuclear prevention
exercises for state and local entities, in compliance with the Homeland
Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) methodology. DNDO
exercise support is available to states and designated Urban Area
Security Initiative (UASI) jurisdictions to help develop, test, and
improve their radiological/nuclear prevention and detection
capabilities." (**DHS**, *DNDO Exercises*, 2007)

**Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO**) **Interior Layer Detection
Program:** "*Mission:* Reduce risk to high-density urban areas by
developing, demonstrating, acquiring, and supporting the deployment of
integrated rad/nuc detection and reporting systems for the domestic
interior layer.

Strategic Objectives:

-   Develop urban and regional detector deployment strategies and CONOPs

-   Identify effective and operationally-feasible detector systems

-   Integrate detection reporting systems into regional and national
    command and control networks

-   Establish support infrastructure, including training, response
    protocols, and technical reachback

-   Identify alternatives for Federal support to State and local
    detection operations during periods of heightened risk

-   Engage State and local agencies to facilitate the development of
    informed grant applications in support of the domestic detection
    architecture." (**DHS/DNDO**, *DNDO Overview*, April 20, 2007, slide
    24)

**Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO**) **Red Team**: "DNDO is
working toward implementing a red team program to assess the
effectiveness of deployed detection systems. The term red team is used
to describe adversarial role-playing to test a system's security
vulnerabilities or readiness. Red teams provide DNDO the ability to
identify vulnerabilities or gaps within radiological and nuclear
detection and reporting systems before adversaries can exploit them."
(**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' DNDO Progress*..., Dec 2007, p. 18)

**Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO**) **Southeast Transportation
Corridor Pilot:** "In an effort to build upon existing state
collaboration on transportation initiatives, DNDO has engaged states in
the Southeast region through the Southeast Transportation Corridor
Pilot. With this pilot, DNDO has supported Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee,
Virginia, and the District of Columbia in deploying radiological and
nuclear detectors that target commercial traffic on highways and at
interstate weigh stations. Through the Southeast Transportation Corridor
Pilot, DNDO assists states with developing radiological and nuclear
threat detection capabilities." (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' DNDO Progress*...,
Dec 2007, pp. 27-28)

**Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO**) **State and Local Affairs
Office:** "DNDO's State and Local Affairs Office has engaged state
Homeland Security Advisors and other state officials and has informed
those officials of DNDO's mission and programs. DNDO uses its State and
Local Working Group as a forum to provide information to states, and for
states to exchange information on best practices. DNDO also uses the
working group as means to obtain information on states' detection
capabilities, requirements, and future plans. The State and Local
Affairs Office assists states with developing grant applications for
preventative radiological and nuclear equipment and projects. Also, DNDO
holds working group meetings to discuss ongoing or upcoming preventative
detection initiatives." (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' DNDO Progress*..., Dec 2007,
p. 25)

**Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO**) **State and Local
Stakeholder Working Group:** "The DNDO State and Local Stakeholder
Working Group works to improve concepts of operations development and to
identify environments where detection equipment may be used. The group
is made up of DNDO staff, and state and local officials. The group
considers various factors affecting the deployment and function of
detectors such as operational environments, detector capabilities, and
the potential for connecting newly acquired detection equipment with
existing radiological and nuclear detection systems. Through the State
and Local Stakeholder Working Group, DNDO incorporates stakeholder
concerns and feedback into exercise development and training
opportunities to assist detector users better." (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' DNDO
Progress*..., Dec 2007, p. 26)

**Domestic Readiness Group (DRG)**. "The DRG is an interagency body
convened on a regular basis to develop and coordinate preparedness,
response, and incident management policy. This staff-level group
evaluates various policy issues of interagency import regarding domestic
preparedness and incident management and makes recommendations to
Cabinet and agency deputies and principals for decision. As appropriate,
the chair of the HSC \[Homeland Security Council\] and Cabinet
principals will present such policy issues to the President for
decision. The DRG has *no role regarding operational management* during
an actual incident." (**DHS,** *National Response Framework* (Comment
Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 51)

**Domestic Readiness Group (DRG):** "The DRG is activated and directed
by the White House to provide strategic direction to the national
response to a major incident or catastrophic event. The DRG facilitates
interagency coordination, resolves policy issues and addresses
national-level resource allocation issues that cannot be resolved by the
NRCC." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007,
p. 4; see also, p. 50)

**Domestic Terrorist Incident:** "A form of civil disturbance, that is a
distinct criminal act that is committed or threatened to be committed by
a group or single individual to advance a political objective, and which
endangers safety of people, property, or a Federal function in the 50
States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and
the U.S. territories and possessions." (**DoD**, *MACDIS*, 1994, p. 18)

**DOMS:** Director of Military Support. (**DoD**, *MACA*, 1997, p. 3;
**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, 2007)

**DOMS:** Directorate of Military Support. (**DoD**, *MACDIS*, 1994, p.
11) Transferred from the Secretary of the Army to the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense, May 2003.

**DO:** Devolution of Operations, COOP/COG.

**DOP:** Devolution of Operations Plan/Planning, COOP/COG.

**DOR:** Disaster Operations and Recovery Section, Emergency Management
Institute, FEMA.

**DOT:** Department of Transportation. (**Senate HSGA**, *Katrina: A
Nation Still Unprepared*, 631)

**DP:** Diphosgene. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-2)

**DPA:** Defense Production Act of 1950.

**DPG:** Defense Planning Guidance. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-2)

**DPMU:** Disaster Portable Morgue Unit. (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 527)

**DPP:** Domestic Preparedness Program. (**Skidmore**, *Acute Care
Center...*, 2003, v)

**DR:** Disaster Recovery. (**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon BC
Workshop Desk Ref*., 2006, p. 8)

**Drainage Basin** (synonym catchment, river basin, watershed): "Area
having a common outlet for its run-off." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*,
1992, p. 30)

**DRBA:** Disaster Recovery Business Alliance.

**DRC:** Disaster Recovery Center.

**DRC:** Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

**DRF:** Disaster Relief Fund, FEMA

**DRG:** Domestic Readiness Group.

**DRII:** Disaster Recovery Institute International.

**Drill:** "A standardized technique or procedure that prepares students
to execute critical collective tasks in an instinctive and spontaneous
manner. The drill includes the methods by which it is trained."
(**DHS**, *DHS Training Glossary*, 2006, p. 22)

**Drill:** "A drill is a coordinated, supervised activity usually
employed to validate a specific operation or function in a single agency
or organization. Drills are commonly used to provide training on new
equipment, develop or test new policies or procedures, or practice and
maintain current skills. Drills are narrow in scope and typically focus
on a specific aspect of an operation.... Drills can be used to determine
if plans can be executed as designed, to assess whether more training is
required, or to reinforce best practices. In addition to being a
valuable stand-alone tool, a series of individual drills can also be
useful in preparation for a larger exercise." (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V,
2005, p. 40)

**Drill:** "A coordinated, supervised activity usually used to test a
single specific operation or function in a single agency. Drills are
commonly used to provide training on new equipment, develop or test new
policies or procedures, or practice and maintain current skills. Typical
attributes include the following: A narrow focus, measured against
established standards; Instant feedback; Performance in isolation;
Realistic environment." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of
Reference* (For FY 2007), Oct.23, 2006, p. 3) \[See "Exercise Types"\]

**Drive-Away Kit:** "A kit prepared by, and for, an individual who
expects to deploy to an alternate location during an emergency. The kit
contains items needed to minimally satisfy an individual's personal and
professional needs during deployment." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, 2007, P-3)

**DRM**: Disaster Recovery Manager.

**Drop Ship:** "A strategy for **a)** Delivering equipment, supplies,
and materials at the time of a business continuity event or exercise.
**b)** Providing replacement hardware within a specified time period via
prearranged contractual arrangements with an equipment supplier at the
time of a business continuity event. Similar term: quick ship."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p.
54)

**Drought:** (1) Prolonged absence or marked deficiency of
precipitation. (2) period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently
prolonged for the lack of precipitation to cause a serious hydrological
imbalance. (**WMO** 1992, 198)

**Drought Index:** "Computed value which is related to some of the
cumulative effects of a prolonged and abnormal moisture deficiency."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, p. 31)

**DRP:** Devolution Response Group, COOP.

**DRP:** Disaster Recovery Planning. (**Davis Logic**, *Disaster
Recovery Planning*, 30 Oct 2005)

**DRR:** Disaster Risk Reduction.

**Dry Spell:** "Period of abnormally dry weather. Use of the term should
be confined to conditions less severe than those of a drought."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, p. 31)

**DSA:** Disaster Support Account, FEMA Emergency Management Institute
funding account, 2008.

**DSAT:** DHS Situational Awareness Team, Department of Homeland
Security. (**DHS**, *Notice of Change to the National Response Plan*,
May 25, 2006, Version 5.0, p. 23)

**DSAT:** Disaster Situational Awareness Team, Department of Homeland
Security.

**DSB:** Defense Science Board.

**DSCA:** Defense Support of Civil Authorities. (**Senate HSGA**, *A
Nation Still Unprepared*, p. 631)

**DSN:** Defense Switched Network. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-2)

**DTE:** Disaster Temporary Employees. (**Senate HSGA**, *A Nation Still
Unprepared*, p. 631)

**DTG:** Date, Time Group. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec. 2007, Glossary-2)

**DTRA:** Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Department of Defense.

**Dual-Use:** From a 1972 "Presidential decision that the U.S. should
maintain the 'current overall level of effort in its civil defense
activities' and that there should be 'increased emphasis on dual-use
plans, procedures and preparedness \[for peacetime as well as attack
emergencies\] within the limitations of existing authority'."
(**Chipman**, *CD for the 1980's*, 1979, pp. 4-5)

"The views and judgments of those in DCPA familiar with dual-use issues
can be summarized as follows:

1.  In general, the Federal view has been that attack preparedness is
    the primary objective of the CD program, with improved State and
    local readiness for peacetime emergencies being a secondary but
    desirable objective....The State and local vies is in general the
    reverse -- attack preparedness tends to be seen as the secondary but
    desirable objective.

2.  State and local CD agencies are responsible for preparedness for
    peacetime emergencies, under their own legislation, whereas the
    Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 as amended, defines CD solely in
    terms of attack preparedness operations....

3.  The historical record for two decades is conclusive that if the
    Federal Government wishes to develop attack readiness, it must
    provide full funding for the programs required. Examples include the
    procurement as well as the maintenance of radiological defense
    instruments, the shelter survey (started in 1962), development of
    local plans for use of shelters, crisis relocation (evacuation)
    planning, and training.

4.  Local governments, including CD Directors, will however cooperate to
    the extent necessary to develop attack readiness in communities
    throughout the country, provided the Federal Government takes the
    lead and provides assistance on-site in attack-oriented planning,
    training, and related areas....

5.  The State and local view that attack preparedness is primarily
    (though not entirely) a Federal responsibility is clearly consistent
    with both the Constitution and the Federal Civil Defense Act.

6.  State and local concern for peacetime preparedness has increased
    progressively since the latter 1960's, influenced primarily by the
    ever-decreasing Federal budget and patent lack of commitment of CD
    attack preparedness, also by the climate of détente. Increased
    concentration on peacetime disaster has been seen as essential to
    their survival, by local and State CD agencies, as well as having
    merit in its own right and being their legal responsibility....

7.  State and local concern for peacetime preparedness has advantages
    for attack-oriented preparedness, such as motivating State and local
    officials to commit some funds and effort to general emergency
    preparedness, in addition to the obvious desirability on the merits
    of saving live and property in a tornado or other peacetime
    disaster. Also, planning and training for peacetime emergencies has
    considerable benefit for attack readiness -- as do local operations
    in an actual peacetime emergency....

8.  Assets provided under the civil defense program have been of great
    value in peacetime emergencies: Emergency Operating Centers have
    been used to good effect on many occasions... CD sirens are
    routinely used to warn the public of tornadoes....

9.  Reasonable attack readiness cannot be developed as a bonus or
    by-product of readiness for peacetime emergencies. The latter type
    of preparedness gets a community perhaps 20 or 30 percent of the way
    to a reasonable level of attack readiness -- which requires a large
    number of additional, special systems and capabilities.

10. Developing attack preparedness, however, cannot help but improve
    local and State readiness for peacetime emergencies...

11. The *modus vivendi* that has evolved over the past two decades is in
    general that the Federal Government provides full funding for
    uniquely attack-oriented systems and capabilities...while the
    capabilities supported by matching funds are for the most part
    'dual-use' in nature -- necessary for both peacetime and attack
    emergencies (e.g., support of local and State CD staffs, or local
    warning systems).

12. This *modus vivendi* works well in practice, notwithstanding the
    difference in Federal as contrasted to State and local priorities
    and concerns. However, it is essential that *balance* be maintained:
    Some local and State governments, if left to their own devices, will
    emphasize peacetime disaster readiness to the exclusion of attack
    preparedness. That is, their notion of 'dual' use is not in fact
    dual.

13. The rhetoric, and to a degree, policy, of the Federal agency has
    varied over the years: In the early 1960's, nearly total emphasis on
    attack preparedness, under the accelerated CD program of President
    Kennedy; mid- and latter 1960's some recognition of peacetime
    preparedness; early to mid-1970's, stronger emphasis on peacetime
    preparedness... FY 1977, attack-only (per OMB direction); FY
    1978-1979, significant emphasis again on peacetime preparedness but
    with attack preparedness being the primary objective....

14. ....

15. Opinion in Congress has been to the effect that attack preparedness
    is the primary mission, under the Federal Civil Defense Act, but
    that assistance provided under the Act can be used to prepare for
    peacetime disasters, provided this benefits both the attack and
    peacetime-preparedness missions.

16. ....

17. Many thus feel that FEMA would do well to stress attack preparedness
    while of course recognizing preparedness for peacetime disasters as
    a welcome bonus, and a significant and legitimate concern of States
    and localities. The latter can be relied on to add an ample tincture
    of emphasis on peacetime disaster readiness, so there is no
    compelling need for FEMA to stress peacetime preparedness at the
    expense (real or perceived) of attack readiness." (**Chipman**, *CD
    for the 1980's*, 1979, pp. 63-66)

**Dual-Use:** "Local government is the keystone of civil preparedness.
The Federal and State governments provide guidance and assistance to
municipal and county governments in this readiness effort. The objective
at all levels is to develop the capability to protect life and property
in any type of disaster. In furthering that objective, the 'dual-use'
concept long advocated by the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency is
applied wherever possible. This is the concept of developing emergency
systems useful both in the everyday routine of government as well as
during emergencies; and of being useful both during peacetime or in
event of war." (**DCPA**, *Foresight (FY 1973 DCPA Annual Report)*,
1974, p. 1)

"The main thrust of the National Civil Preparedness Program is to help
States and communities develop dual-use emergency systems to protect
people from both peacetime disasters or the effects of nuclear attack."
(**DCPA**, *Foresight*, 1974, p. 4)

**Dual-Use:** "A major objective of the DCPA public information program
during the fiscal year was to reorient the American public, both in the
public and private sector, about the new, dual-purpose nature of the
national civil preparedness program. For many years, the objective of
the national program was to prepare Americans solely to cope with the
effects of nuclear attack. Now it is two-fold: to protect people from
the emergencies and disasters of peacetime as well as from the effects
of nuclear attack." (**DCPA**, *Foresight*, 1974, p. 23)

**Dual-Use:** "There is...a growing awareness that communities prepared
to meet the effects of attack are better prepared to deal with peacetime
hazards and disasters. The nationwide civil defense system---involving
federal, state, and local governments---affords an ever-increasing
capability for protecting the citizen from environmental hazards and
from natural as well as man-made disasters.

"During fiscal year 1971, increased emphasis was placed on finding ways
and means to increase civil defense capabilities through the dual use of
people, equipment, and dollars to meet critical peacetime community
needs. Communications, education, and training for emergencies were
stressed, and exchange of information on lifesaving emergency operations
was encouraged.... Dual use is encouraged by OCD \[Office of Civil
Defense, DOA\]" (**DOA Center of Military History**, *Department of the
Army Historical Summary: FY 1971* (Chapter II, Operational Forces,
Section "Civil Defense"), 1973, pp. 19-21)

**Due Care:** "A concept involving either the performance of an
assessment of a business or person, or the performance of an act with a
certain standard of care. Although "due care" can connote a legal
obligation, it is commonly used when discussing voluntary assessments."
(**DHS**, *Federal Continuity Directive* 1, November 2007, P-3)

**DUNS:** Data Universal Numbering System.

**Dust Storm (Sand Storm):** "Dust (sand) energetically lifted to great
heights by strong and turbulent winds." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992,
p. 31)

**DWG:** Devolution Working Group (COOP). (**FEMA**, *Devolution of
Operations Plan Template*)

**Dynamic Testing:** "Analysis of the response of structures under
simulated loads of the type imposed by natural hazards." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 31)

**EAG:** EMAC Advisory Group.

**Early Warning:** "The provision of timely and effective information,
through identified institutions, that allows individuals exposed to a
hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their risk and prepare for
effective response. *Early warning systems include a chain of concerns,
namely: understanding and mapping the hazard; monitoring and forecasting
impending events; processing and disseminating understandable warnings
to political authorities and the population, and undertaking appropriate
and timely actions in response to the warnings*." (**UN**/**ISDR**,
*Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*, March 31, 2004)

**Earth Flow:** "A mass movement characterized by down slope translation
of loose material." (UNDHA, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 31-32)

**Earthquake:** "An earthquake is the sudden, sometimes violent movement
of the earth\'s surface from the release of energy in the earth\'s
crust. Earthquakes are one of the most costly natural hazards faced by
the Nation, posing a risk to 79 million Americans in 39 states. Although
there are no guarantees of safety during an earthquake, identifying
potential hazards ahead of time and advance planning can save lives and
significantly reduce injuries and property damage. The number one cause
of death in an earthquake is running out of a building and being struck
by falling debris! With the stringent construction standards in force in
the U.S. today, you are far safer staying **inside** a building when an
earthquake occurs." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- Earthquake" (FEMA 559),
January 2007. p. 1)

**Earthquake:** "Ground shaking caused by a sudden movement on a fault
or by volcanic disturbance." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots in
Earthquake Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, Public Law 95-124 (USC 7701
et. Seq.) as amended by Public Laws 101614, 105-47, 106-503, and
108-360.\]:** "SECTION 3. PURPOSE. It is the purpose of the Congress in
this Act to reduce the risks of life and property from future
earthquakes in the United States through the establishment and
maintenance of an effective earthquake hazards reduction program. The
objectives of such program shall include:

\(1\) the education of the public, including State and local officials,
as to earthquake phenomena, the identification of locations and
structures which are especially susceptible to earthquake damage, ways
to reduce the adverse consequences of an earthquake, and related
matters;

\(2\) the development of technologically and economically feasible
design and construction methods and procedures to make new and existing
structures, in areas of seismic risk, earthquake resistant, giving
priority to the development of such methods and procedures for power
generating plants, dams, hospitals, schools, public utilities and other
lifelines, public safety structures, high occupancy buildings, and other
structures which are especially needed in time of disaster;

\(3\) the implementation, to the greatest extent practicable, in all
areas of high or moderate seismic risk, of a system (including
personnel, technology, and procedures) for predicting damaging
earthquakes and for identifying, evaluating, and accurately
characterizing seismic hazards;

\(4\) the development, publication, and promotion, in conjunction with
State and local officials and professional organizations, of model
building codes and other means to encourage consideration of information
about seismic risk in making decisions about land-use policy and
construction activity;

\(5\) the development, in areas of seismic risk, of improved
understanding of, and capability with respect to, earthquake-related
issues, including methods of mitigating the risks from earthquakes,
planning to prevent such risks, disseminating warnings of earthquakes,
organizing emergency services, and planning for reconstruction and
redevelopment after an earthquake;

\(6\) the development of ways to increase the use of existing scientific
and engineering knowledge to mitigate earthquake hazards; and

\(7\) the development of ways to assure the availability of affordable
earthquake insurance."

**Earthquake Hypocenter** (focus): "The place inside the earth where the
faulting which is associated with the earthquake originated."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 32)

**Earthquake Preparedness Center of Expertise**: USACE, San Francisco.
Renamed as a Readiness Support Center in 1998.

**Earthquake Swarm:** "A series of minor earth tremors (none of which
may be identified as the main shock) that occurs within a limited area
and time." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 33)

**EAS:** Emergency Alert System.

**ECAPS:** Enterprise Coordination & Approval Processing System.
(**FEMA**, *FAAT List*, 2005)

**ECG:** Enduring Constitutional Government. (**White House**,
*HSPD-20*, May 9, 2007)

**Ecological Disaster:** See, "Disaster, Ecological"

**Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL, SBA):** "Small businesses and
small agricultural cooperatives that have suffered substantial economic
injury resulting from a physical disaster or an agricultural production
disaster designated by the Secretary of Agriculture may be eligible for
the SBA\'s Economic Injury Disaster Loan Program. Substantial economic
injury is the inability of a business to meet its obligations as they
mature and to pay its ordinary and necessary operating expenses. An EIDL
can help you meet necessary financial obligations that your business
could have met had the disaster not occurred. It provides relief from
economic injury caused directly by the disaster and permits you to
maintain a reasonable working capital position during the period
affected by the disaster. The SBA provides EIDL assistance only to those
businesses we determine are unable to obtain credit elsewhere. The SBA
can provide up to \$1.5 million in disaster assistance to a business.
This loan cap includes both economic injury and physical damage
assistance. Your loan amount will be based on your actual economic
injury and financial needs. The interest rate on EIDLs cannot exceed 4
percent per year. The term of these loans cannot exceed 30 years. Your
term will be determined by your ability to repay the loan. (See SBA
publication No. DA-2, Physical Disaster Business Loans.) (**SBA**,
*Economic Injury Loans*, 2007)

**Economy Act (Title 31 USC, Section 1535). "**The Economy Act permits
one federal agency to request the support of another provided that the
requested services cannot be obtained more cheaply or conveniently by
contract. Under this act, a federal agency with lead responsibility

may request the support of DOD without a Presidential declaration of an
emergency as required

by the Stafford Act." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007, p. F-2)

**Ecosystem:** "Basic ecological unit formed by the living environment
of the animal and vegetable organisms interacting as a single functional
entity." (**UNDHA**, *DM Gloss*., 1992, 33)

**Education:** "Programs or courses designed to increase cognition or
understanding of a subject as opposed to training which is provided to
increase proficiency of a stated task." (**DHS**, *DHS Training
Glossary*, 2006, p. 23)

**EEA:** European Environmental Agency.

**EEG:** Exercise Evaluation Guides. (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. IV, 2006,
p. 4)

**EEI:** Essential Elements of Information. (**USACE,** *Response
Planning Guide*, 1995, p. 3-2)

**EF:** Essential Function. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. O-1)

**Effective Dose:** "a measure of dose which takes into account both the
type of radiation involved

and the radiological sensitivities of the organs and tissues
irradiated..." (**Commonwealth of Australia, National Occupational
Health & Safety Commission**, *Recommendations for Limiting Exposure to
Ionizing Radiation*, 1995, Glossary, p. r-33)

**Effective Dose:** "The effective dose is a quantity developed by the
International Commission on

Radiological Protection (1991) for purposes of radiation protection. The
effective dose is assumed to be related to the risk of a
radiation-induced cancer or a severe hereditary effect. It takes into
account (1) the absorbed doses that will be delivered to the separate
organs or tissues of the body during the lifetime of an individual due
to intakes of radioactive materials, (2) the absorbed doses due to
irradiation by external sources, (3) the relative effectiveness of
different radiation types in inducing cancers or severe hereditary
effects, (4) the susceptibility of individual organs to develop a
radiation-related cancer or severe hereditary effect, (5) considerations
of the relative importance of fatal and nonfatal effects, and (6) the
average years of life lost from a fatal health effect." (**Health
Physics Society**, *Guidance for Protective Actions Following a
Radiological Terrorist Event*, 2004, p. 4)

**EHS:** Emergency Health Services. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance
Appendices*, 1974, p. B**-**36)

**EHS:** Extremely Hazardous Substance. (**EPA** *Technical Guidance for
Hazards Analysis* 1987, i)

**EIA:** Environmental Impact Assessment. (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used
in Dstr. Risk Asmt.*, 2008)

**EIDL:** Economic Injury Disaster Loan (Small Business Administration)

**Eight National Preparedness Priorities, 2007:**

1.  Expand Regional Collaboration

2.  Implement NIMS and National Response Plan

3.  Implement National Infrastructure Protection Plan

4.  Strengthen Information Sharing and Collaboration Capabilities

5.  Strengthen Interoperable and Operable Communications Capabilities

6.  Strengthen CBRNE Detection, Response, and Decontamination
    Capabilities

7.  Strengthen Medical Surge and Mass Prophylaxis Capabilities

8.  Strengthen Planning and Citizen Preparedness (DHS, *NPG*, 2007, p.
    11)

**Ejecta:** "Material ejected from a volcano, including large fragments
(bombs), cindery material (scoria), pebbles (lapilli) and fine particles
(ash)." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 33)

**El Niño:** "An anomalous warming of ocean water resulting from the
oscillation of a current in the South Pacific, usually accompanied by
heavy rain fall in the coastal region of Peru and Chile, and reduction
of rainfall in equatorial Africa and Australia." (**UNDHA**, *DM
Glossary*, 1992, 33)

**ELE:** Extinction Level Event. (**BBC**, *Extinction Level Events*,
1999)

**Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP):** "In addition to other effects, a
nuclear weapon detonated in or above the earth's atmosphere can create
an electromagnetic pulse (EMP), a high-density electrical field. An EMP
acts like a stroke of lightning but is stronger, faster, and shorter. An
EMP can seriously damage electronic devices connected to power sources
or antennas. This includes communication systems, computers, electrical
appliances, and automobile or aircraft ignition systems. The damage
could range from a minor interruption to actual burnout of components.
Most electronic equipment within 1,000 miles of a high-altitude nuclear
detonation could be affected. Battery-powered radios with short antennas
generally would not be affected. Although an EMP is unlikely to harm
most people, it could harm those with pacemakers or other implanted
electronic devices." (**FEMA,** *Are You Ready? Nuclear Blast*, March
23, 2006)

**Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP):** "EMP damage from a nuclear detonation
may cause national disruptions in the information and communications
infrastructures. EMP will be widespread, possibly across entire
continental areas if nuclear detonation occurs at high altitudes,
generally several tens to hundreds of miles above the ground. Nuclear
detonations at any height will generate EMP, but the intensity and
duration of the pulse and the affected area will vary with the height of
detonation. It is expected that at a minimum, local disruptions in
information and communications infrastructures will result from EMP.
Nuclear detonations may also affect radio transmissions for some hours
after the burst. It is important to understand that commercial
electromagnetic interference standards are not designed to protect
against EMP attacks. During such an event, there could be widespread
disruption of electronics. All electronics may not be affected; however,
because in order to do so, they would need to be connected to some
larger

"antenna." For example, a turned-off computer without any cables or
wires attached to it would likely avoid damage from an EMP, since the
physical size of the computer may be small enough that it may not
collect enough energy to be affected. But when it is plugged in, and/or
when other cables are attached, it becomes part of a much larger network
of wires, which form an antenna. Additionally, national concern
triggered by the incident will demand immediate, accurate information
flow both to the public and for emergency managers and leaders at all
levels of government to manage the response effectively and
efficiently." (**JCS**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006, I-9)

**Electronic Vaulting:** "Electronically forwarding backup data to an
offsite server or storage facility. Vaulting eliminates the need for
tape shipment and therefore significantly shortens the time required to
move the data offsite. Similar terms: vaulting, electronic backup.
Associated terms: electronic journaling." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR
Business Continuity Wkshop*, 2006, 54)

**Elements at Risk:** "The population, buildings and civil engineering
works, economic activities, public services and infrastructure, etc.
exposed to hazards." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 34)

**Elevations in the Threat Alert Level:** "The term 'elevations in the
threat alert level' means any designation (including those that are less
than national in scope) that raises the homeland security threat level
to either the highest second highest threat level under the Homeland
Security Advisory System." (U.S. Congress, *Implementing the 9/11
Commission Recommendations Act of 2007*, August 7, 2007, pp. 8-9)

**ELT:** Evacuation Liaison Team. (**NEMA**, *NEMA Committee Reports*,
2007 Annual Conf., p. 7)

**EM:** Emergency Management

**EMA:** Emergency Management Agency. (**DHS/ODP**, *FY 2006 EMPG
Program*, 2005, p. B1)

**EMAC:** Emergency Management Assistance Compact. (**Senate HSGA**, *A
Nation Still Unprepared*, p. 631)

**EMAC Advisory Group (EAG):** "The EAG, comprised of representatives
from national organizations whose membership are EMAC stakeholders,
facilitates the effective integration of multi-discipline emergency
response and recovery assets for nation-wide mutual aid through EMAC.
Many of these resources are local teams which need the ability to be
brought on as temporary state employees." (**NEMA**, *2007 EMAC
Operational Manual*, April 2007. p. V-2)

**EMAP:** Emergency Management Accreditation Program.

**Embedded Assessment:** "Embedded assessment is a process whereby a
faculty member consciously, explicitly and systematically monitors
whether or not students are meeting the core curriculum goals in a
specific core curriculum course. Assessment items are incorporated into
existing evaluative instruments (e.g., exams, quizzes, short papers)
already being administered in a course. The Purpose of Embedded
Assessment: Embedded assessment allows a faculty member teaching a core
curriculum course to determine whether or not students are fulfilling
the core curriculum goals relevant that faculty member's course. In many
cases, this knowledge will enable a faculty member to confirm that his
or her pedagogical approach is effective in giving students the
opportunity to meet core curriculum goals. When data indicate that
students are not meeting core curriculum goals, a faculty member may
want to reflect on how he or she might alter pedagogical approaches to
provide more opportunity for students to master core goals."
(**Raymond**, *Embedded Assessment Plan*, 2004, p. 1)

**Emergencies, Disasters, and Crises:** "What do emergencies, disasters,
and crises have in common? Simply, that something bad has happened or is
happening. When something bad and/or unexpected happens, it may be
called an emergency, a disaster, or a crisis depending on the magnitude
of the event and the current phase of the event." (**CDC,** *CERC*,
2002, p. 6)

**Emergencies Involving Chemical or Biological Weapons:** "Pursuant to
10 U.S.C. 382, in response to an emergency involving biological or
chemical WMD that is beyond the capabilities of civilian authorities to
handle, the Attorney General may request DOD assistance directly.
Assistance to be provided includes monitoring, containing, disabling,
and disposing of the weapon, as well as direct law enforcement
assistance that would otherwise violate the Posse Comitatus Act. Among
other factors, such assistance must be considered necessary for the
immediate protection of human life." (**DHS**, *NRP* (Draft #1),
February 25, 2004, 70)

**Emergencies Involving Nuclear Materials.** "18 U.S.C. 831(e)
authorizes the Attorney General to request DOD law enforcement
assistance -- including the authority to arrest and conduct searches --
notwithstanding the prohibitions of the Posse Comitatus Act \-- when
both the Attorney General and Secretary of Defense agree that an
"emergency situation" exists and the Secretary of Defense determines
that the requested assistance will not impede military readiness. An
emergency situations involving nuclear material is defined as a
circumstance that poses a serious threat to the United States in which
(1) enforcement of the law would be seriously impaired if the assistance
were not provided and (2) civilian law enforcement personnel are not
capable of enforcing the law. In addition, the statute authorizes DOD
personnel to engage in "such other activity as is incident to the
enforcement of this section, or to the protection of persons or property
from conduct that violates this section." (**DHS**, *NRP* (Draft #1),
Feb 25, 2004, pp. 70-71)

**Emergency:** "A condition of disaster or of extreme peril to the
safety of persons and property caused by such conditions as air
pollution, fire, flood, hazardous material incident, storm, epidemic,
riot, drought, sudden and severe energy shortage, plant or animal
infestations or disease, the Governor\'s warning of an earthquake or
volcanic prediction, or an earthquake or other conditions, other than
conditions resulting from a labor controversy." (**CA OES**, *SEMS
Guidelines*, Glossary, p. 7)

**Emergency/Exigent Circumstances:** "Circumstances that may include the
existence of a threat to public health or public safety, or other unique
circumstances that warrant immediate action." (**DHS**, *Procedural
Manual...CVI*, June 2007, p. 7)

**Emergency:** "An unexpected event which places life and/or property in
danger and requires an immediate response through the use of routine
community resources and procedures. Examples would be a multi-automobile
wreck, especially involving injury or death, and a fire caused by
lightning strike which spreads to other buildings." Emergencies can be
handled with local resources. (**Drabek** 1996, Session 2, p. 3)

**Emergency:** Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, highwater,
wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption,
landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, drought, fire, explosion, nuclear
accident, or other natural or manmade catastrophe in any part of the
United States. Any occasion or instance for which, in the determination
of the President, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and
local efforts and capabilities to save lives and to protect property and
public health and safety or to lessen the threat of a catastrophe in any
part of the United States. (**FEMA**, *Definitions of Terms*, **1990**)

**Emergency:** "Any occasion or instance\--such as a hurricane, tornado,
storm, flood, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption,
landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, fire, explosion, nuclear accident, or
any other natural or man-made catastrophe\--that warrants action to save
lives and to protect property, public health, and safety." (**FEMA**,
*Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning* (SLG 101),
**1996**, p. GLO-2)

**Emergency:** "Any occasion or instance for which, in the determination
of the President, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and
local efforts to save lives and to protect property and public health
and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any
part of the United States. The Governor of a State, or the Acting
Governor in his/her absence, may request that the President declare an
emergency when an incident occurs or threatens to occur in a State which
would not qualify under the definition of a major disaster. Assistance
authorized by an emergency declaration is limited to immediate and
short-term assistance, and may not exceed \$5 million, except when
authorized by the FEMA Associate Director for Response and Recovery
under certain conditions." (**FEMA** *Disaster Dictionary* **2001**, 39;
cites Robert T Stafford Act 102; 44 CFR 206.2, 206.35; 206.63, 206.66,
and 503)

**Emergency:** "Emergencies include acts of terrorism, hurricanes and
severe storms." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan* (Draft), October 10, 2007,
p. 1)

**Emergency:** "Sudden, urgent, usually unexpected occurrence or event
requiring immediate action." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*...,
2007, 2)

**Emergency:** "Any event requiring increased coordination or response
beyond the routine in order to save lives, protect property, protect the
public health and safety, or lessen or avert the threat of a disaster."
(**Michigan EMD** 1998, 6)

**Emergency:** "A sudden and unexpected event calling for immediate
action." (**NFPA 471**, 1997, p. 7)

**Emergency:** A more serious situation than an incident, but less
serious than a disaster. (**Oxford Canadian Dictionary**, 1998; noted by
Pearce 2000, Chapter 2, 2)

**Emergency:** "...an unexpected occurrence or sudden situation that
requires immediate action...It may involve communities (as a disaster
does) or individuals (which a disaster does not)..." (**Porfiriev**
1995, 291).

**Emergency:** An event in which established emergency organizations
(such as the American Red Cross or utilities) need to expand their
activities. (**Quarantelli** 1987, 25.)

**Emergency:** An extraordinary situation in which people are unable to
meet their basic survival needs, or there are serious and immediate
threats to human life and well being. An emergency situation may arise
as a result of a disaster, a cumulative process of neglect or
environmental degradation, or when a disaster threatens and emergency
measures have to be taken to prevent or at least limit the effects of
the eventual impact. (**Simeon Institute** 1998)

**Emergency:** "Any occasion or instance for which, in the determination
of the President, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and
local efforts to save lives and to protect property and public health
and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any
part of the United States." (**Stafford Act**, (FEMA 592), June 2007, p.
14)

**Emergency:** "...a sudden critical juncture demanding immediate
remedial action." (**Terry** 2001, 327)

**Emergency:** "A sudden and usually unforeseen event that calls for
immediate measures to minimize its adverse consequences." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, 34)

**Emergency, States of Emergency (California State Law):**[^19]

*Local emergency:* Conditions of disaster or extreme peril to the safety
of persons and property within a city or county, which require the
combined forces of other cities or counties to combat.

*State of emergency:* Conditions of disaster or of extreme peril to the
safety of persons and property that require the combined forces of one
or more of the state's six mutual aid regions to combat.

*State of war emergency:* When the state or nation is attacked by an
enemy of the United States, or upon receipt by the state of a warning
from the federal government indicating that such an enemy attack is
probable or imminent." (**Little Hoover**, *Safeguarding Golden State*,
2007, 7)

**Emergency Alert System:** A national communications network and public
warning system started in 1994 that replaced the Emergency Broadcast
System jointly administered by the

Federal Communications Commission, FEMA, and the National Weather
Service. The System requires broadcasters, cable television systems,
wireless cable systems, satellite digital audio radio service (SDARS)
providers and, effective in May 2007, direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
service providers to provide the communications capability to the
President to address the

American public during a national emergency. The system also may be used
by state and local authorities to deliver important emergency
information such as AMBER alerts and weather information targeted to a
specific area." **HSC**, *NCPIP*, August 2007, p. 61)

**Emergency Assessment/Diagnosis:** "The ability to achieve and maintain
a common operating picture, including the ability to detect an incident,
determine its impact, determine its likely evolution and course,
classify the incident, and make government notifications." (**Homeland
Security Council**, *National Planning Scenarios*, 2006, p. vi)

**Emergency Assistance:** "Assistance required by individuals, families,
and their communities to ensure that immediate needs beyond the scope of
the traditional "mass care" services provided at the local level are
addressed. These services include support to evacuations (including
registration and tracking of evacuees); reunification of families; pet
evacuation and sheltering; support to specialized shelters; support to
medical shelters; nonconventional shelter management; coordination of
donated goods and services; and coordination of voluntary agency
assistance." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework Emergency Support
Function #6 --* *Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing, and Human
Services* *Annex* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 2)

**Emergency Assistance Declaration Procedure, Stafford Act (Title V,
Sec. 501, 42 U.S.C. 5191):** "(a) Request and declaration - All requests
for a declaration by the President that an emergency exists shall be
made by the Governor of the affected State. Such a request shall be
based on a finding that the situation is of such severity and magnitude
that effective response is beyond the capabilities of the State and the
affected local governments and that Federal assistance is necessary. As
a part of such request, and as a prerequisite to emergency assistance
under this Act, the Governor shall take appropriate action under State
law and direct execution of the State\'s emergency plan. The Governor
shall furnish information describing the State and local efforts and
resources which have been or will be used to alleviate the emergency,
and will define the type and extent of Federal aid required. Based upon
such Governor\'s request, the President may declare that an emergency
exists.

\(b\) Certain emergencies involving Federal primary responsibility - The
President may exercise any authority vested in him by section 502 or
section 503 with respect to an emergency when he determines that an
emergency exists for which the primary responsibility for response rests
with the United States because the emergency involves a subject area for
which, under the Constitution or laws of the United States, the United
States exercises exclusive or preeminent responsibility and authority.
In determining whether or not such an emergency exists, the President
shall consult the Governor of any affected State, if practicable. The
President\'s determination may be made without regard to subsection
(a)." (**Stafford Act**, June 2007 (**FEMA 592**), p. 51)

**Emergency Coordinator:** "The key senior official appointed within an
organizational element or higher, who serves as the coordinator for all
National Response Framework (NRF) and National Incident Management
System (NIMS) continuity of operations related issues." (**DHS**,
*Federal Continuity Directive 1*, November 2007, P-3)

**Emergency Declaration:** Under the Stafford Act, "An **emergency
declaration** is more limited in scope and without the long-term Federal
recovery programs of a major disaster declaration." **(DHS**, *NRF
Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 39)

**Emergency/Disaster Management:** "An ongoing process to prevent,
mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from an incident that
threatens life, property, operations, or the environment." (**NFPA
1600**, 2007, p. 7)

**Emergency Health Services:** "**SEC. 1102 Definitions.** As used in
this part:

\(1\) \"Emergency health services\" means medical and dental care for
the civilian population in all of their specialties and adjunct
therapeutic fields, and the planning, provision, and operation of first
aid stations, hospitals, and clinics; preventive health services,
including detection, identification and control of communicable
diseases, their vectors, and other public health hazards, inspection and
control of purity and safety of food, drugs, and biologicals; vital
statistics services; rehabilitation and related services for disabled
survivors; preventive and curative care related to human exposure to
radiological, chemical, and biological warfare agents; sanitary aspects
of disposal of the dead; food and milk sanitation; community solid waste
disposal; emergency public water supply; and the determination of the
health significance of water pollution and the provision of other
services pertaining to health aspects of water use and water-borne
wastes as set forth in an agreement between the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare and the Secretary of the Interior, approved by
the President, pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1966, which plan
placed upon the Secretary of the Interior responsibilities for the
prevention and control of water pollution. It shall be understood that
health services for the purposes of this order, however, do not
encompass the following areas for which the Department of Agriculture
has responsibility: plant and animal diseases and pest prevention,
control, and eradication, wholesomeness of meat and meat products, and
poultry and poultry products in establishments under continuous
inspection service by the Department of Agriculture, veterinary
biologicals, agricultural commodities and products owned by the
Commodity Credit Corporation or the Secretary of Agriculture, livestock,
agricultural commodities stored or harvestable on farms and ranches,
agricultural lands and water, and registration of pesticides." (**White
House**, *Executive Order 11490, Assigning Emergency Preparedness
Functions to Federal Departments and Agencies*, October 28, 1969)
\[Note: Revoked and replaced by *Executive Order 12656*, *Assignment of
Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities* (**White House** (President
Ronald Reagan) November 18, 1988).\]

**Emergency Management:** "Definition: the coordination and integration
of all activities necessary to build, sustain and improve the
capabilities to prepare for, respond to, recover from, or mitigate
against threatened or actual disasters or emergencies, regardless of
cause. Extended Definition: emergency management activities in response
to an incident are a component of overall incident management and are
aligned with parallel response processes associated with prevention and
protection. Annotation: The body of knowledge with respect to
comprehensive emergency management includes the concept of emergency
management \"programs.\" These \"programs\" are comprised of functional
areas including operations and procedures, hazard and risk
identification, plans and procedures (strategic plans, operational
plans, recovery plans), hazard mitigation, public information and public
education, finance and administration, etc. etc." (**DHS**, *Lexicon*,
October 23, 2007, p. 9)

**Emergency Management:** The entire process of planning and
intervention for rescue and relief to reduce impact of emergencies as
well as the response and recovery measures, to mitigate the significant
social, economic and environmental consequences to communities and
ultimately to the country, usually through an emergency operation
center, EOC. (**Disaster and Emergency Reference Center** 1998)

**Emergency Management:** The process by which the uncertainties that
exist in potentially hazardous situations can be minimized and public
safety maximized. The goal is to limit the costs of emergencies or
disasters through the implementation of a series of strategies and
tactics reflecting the full life cycle of disaster, i.e., preparedness,
response, recovery, and mitigation. (**Drabek**1997)

**Emergency Management**: "Emergency management is the discipline and
profession of applying science, technology, planning, and management to
deal with extreme events that can injure or kill large numbers of
people, do extensive damage to property, and disrupt community life."
(**Drabek and Hoetmer** 1991, xvii).

**Emergency Management:** "Activities that include prevention,
preparedness, response, recovery, rehabilitation, advocacy, and
legislation, of emergencies irrespective of their type, size, and
location, and whose purpose is reduction in death, disability, damage,
and destruction." (**Dykstra** 2003, 3)

"...improving the livelihoods of individuals, communities and nations by
measures required to put a stop to unwarranted deaths, disability,
damage, and destruction." (**Dykstra** 2003, 4)

**Emergency Management:** "...the managerial function charged with
creating the framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to
hazards and cope with disasters." (**EM Roundtable**, 2007, p. 4)

**Emergency Management:** Organized analysis, planning, decision-making,
and assignment of available resources to mitigate (lessen the effect of
or prevent) prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of all
hazards. The goal of emergency management is to save lives, prevent
injuries, and protect property and the environment if an emergency
occurs. (**FEMA** 1995, I-6).

**Emergency Management:** "The process through which America prepares
for emergencies and disasters, responds to them, recovers from them,
rebuilds, and mitigates their future effects." (**FEMA**, *Disaster
Dictionary* 2001, 40, citing FEMA Strategic Plan)

**Emergency Management:** "The process through which the Nation prepares
for emergencies and disasters, mitigates their effects, and responds to
and recovers from them." (**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared -- FEMA Strategic
Plan -- Fiscal Years 2003-2008*, 2002, p. 57)

**Emergency Management:** "Emergency management is really about building
relationships, whether you are in the public or private sector. And in
building those relationships, it is important to remember not to *tell*,
but to *talk*." (**Gabriel**, Edward, Director of Crisis Management at
Walt Disney Corp., cited in **AHRQ**, Mass Medical Care, 2007, p. 44 in
Chapter 4, "Prehospital Care")

**Emergency Management:** "A simple definition is that emergency
management is the discipline dealing with risk and risk avoidance."
(**Haddow and Bullock** 2003, 1)

**Emergency Management:** "Describes the science of managing complex
systems and multidisciplinary personnel to address extreme events,
across all hazards, and through the phases of mitigation, preparedness,
response, and recovery." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity and
Capability Handbook*, August 2004, p. D-3, Glossary)

**Emergency Management: "...**'emergency management' means the
preparation for and the coordination of all emergency functions, other
than functions for which military forces or other federal agencies are
primarily responsible, to prevent, minimize, and repair injury and
damage resulting from disasters. The functions include the following:\
        (1) Firefighting services.\
        (2) Police services.\
        (3) Medical and health services.\
        (4) Rescue.\
        (5) Engineering.\
        (6) Warning services.\
        (7) Communications.\
        (8) Radiological, chemical, and other special weapons defense.\
        (9) Evacuation of persons from stricken areas.\
        (10) Emergency welfare services.\
        (11) Emergency transportation.\
        (12) Plant protection.\
        (13) Temporary restoration of public utility services.\
        (14) Other functions related to civilian protection.\
        (15) All other activities necessary or incidental to the
preparation for and coordination of

the functions described in subdivisions (1) through (14). (**Indiana
Code,** 2005)

**Emergency Management:** "Imagine that you were somehow able to watch,
from a distance, a major disaster unfold. You would see suffering and
devastation, but that would only be part of the story. You would also
see lots of people move into action -- people from government agencies,
private organizations, businesses, and volunteer groups. You would see
them **working as a team** to keep the essential services in operation,
provide first aid, food and water, clear debris, rebuild homes and
businesses, and prevent the disaster from happening again.

"Over time you would begin to see a pattern to this activity. You would
see how people work together when disasters occur. You would see how
"first responders" risk their lives to help others. You would see the
results of planning and coordination in the execution of an effective
response. And you would learn that communities and individuals could
lessen the damage that disasters cause, and sometimes avoid it
altogether.

"The pattern behind this activity is called emergency management. It is
the process through which America prepares for emergencies and
disasters, responds to them, recovers from them, rebuilds and mitigates
their future effects." (**Libby**, *Statement by*, July 19, 2007, pp.
2-3)

**Emergency Management:** "A Comprehensive system of policies,
practices, and procedures designed to protect people and property from
the effects of emergencies or disasters. It includes programs,
resources, and capabilities to mitigate against, prepare for, respond
to, and recover from effects of all hazards." (**Michigan DEM** 1998, 6)

**Emergency Management: "**An ongoing process to prevent, mitigate,
prepare for, respond to, and recover from an incident that threatens
life, property, operations, or the environment." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007,
p. 7)

"The emergency management and business continuity community comprises
many different entities including the government at distinct levels
(e.g., federal, state/provincial, territorial, tribal, indigenous, and
local levels); business and industry; nongovernmental organizations; and
individual citizens. Each of these entities has its own focus, unique
missions and responsibilities, varied resources and capabilities, and
operating principles and procedures. Each entity can have its own
definition of disaster. (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 11)

**Emergency Management:** \"\...the term \'emergency management\' means
the governmental function that coordinates and integrates all activities
to build, sustain, and improve the capability to prepare for, protect
against, respond to, recover from, or mitigate against threatened or
actual natural disasters, acts of terrorism or other man-made
disasters;\...\"  (**Public Law 109-295 (120 Stat. 1394)** October 4,
2006, *Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007* (also
referred to as **Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of
2006**), Title 6, p. 40).

**Emergency Management:** Emergency management refers to "the expert
systems that manage people and resources to deal with disasters."
(**Rubin** 2000, 1)

**Emergency Management:** A range of measures to manage risks to
communities and the environment. It involves the development and
maintenance of arrangements to prevent the effect of, prepare for,
respond to or recover from events causing significant community
disruption or environmental damage. (**Salter** 1997--98, 28)

**Emergency Management:** "The organization and management of resources
and responsibilities for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, in
particularly preparedness, response and rehabilitation. *Emergency
management involves plans, structures and arrangements established to
engage the normal endeavours of government, voluntary and private
agencies in a comprehensive and coordinated way to respond to the whole
spectrum of emergency needs. This is also known as disaster
management*." (**UN/ISDR**, *Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk
Reduction*, March 31, 2004)

**Emergency Management:** The organization and management of resources
for dealing with all aspects of emergencies. Emergency management
involves the plans, structures and arrangements which are established to
bring together the normal endeavors of government, voluntary and private
agencies in a comprehensive and coordinated way to deal with the whole
spectrum of emergency needs including prevention, response and recovery.
(**Victorian Department of Justice** 1997)

**Emergency Management:** "In simplest terms, emergency management is
the management of risk so that societies can live with environmental and
technical hazards and deal with the disasters that they cause."
(**Waugh** 2000, 3)

**Emergency Management (and/or Business** **Continuity Advisory
Committees**): "Members of the advisory committee should participate
with the clear understanding that the objective is to minimize turnover
of committee members to maintain an effective committee. Within the
private sector, representatives can include, but are not limited to,
information technology and communications, plant operations,
transportation, maintenance, engineering, personnel, public relations,
environment, legal, finance, risk management, health and safety,
security, stakeholders,

and fire fighting/rescue. Within the public sector, representatives can
include police, fire, emergency medical services, engineering, public
works, environmental protection, public health, finance, education,
emergency management, legal, transportation authorities, homeland
security, stakeholders, and the military (e.g., the National Guard).
When determining the representation on the committee, consideration
should be given to public sector representation on a private sector
committee and vice versa. This will help to establish a coordinated and
cooperative approach to the program." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 12)

**Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis
Center** (**EMR-ISC):** "About EMR-ISAC: The U.S. Fire Administration
established the Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing
and Analysis Center (EMR-ISAC) to:

• Collect, analyze and disseminate Critical Infrastructure Protection
(CIP) information in support of federal government initiatives, and

• Encourage the leaders, owners and operators of the ESS throughout the
nation to practice CIP \[Critical Infrastructure Protection\]."
(**EMR-ISC**, *MRISC Brochure*, March 2005)

**Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis
Center** (**EMR-ISC) Mission:** "The Mission of EMR-ISAC: The EMR-ISAC
promotes CIP by providing

timely and consequential information to the nation\'s ESS. It performs
the following major tasks to accomplish this mission:

• Facilitates CIP information sharing between DHS and ESS.

• Disseminates CIP For Official Use Only (FOUO) Notices.

• Conducts daily research for current CIP issues.

• Publishes weekly INFOGRAMs and periodic CIP Bulletins.

• Develops instructional materials for CIP implementation or training
needs.

• Provides no-cost technical CIP assistance to the ESS leadership.

• Encourages the reporting of CIP suspicious activities to the NICC."
(**EMR-ISC**, *Brochure*)

**Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC):** "The EMAC was
congressionally ratified in 1996 to provide a fast and flexible response
system through which States send requested personnel and equipment to
help disaster relief efforts in other States. All 50 States, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have
enacted legislation to become members of the EMAC." (**DHS**, *National
Preparedness Guidelines*, Sep. 2007, p. 12)

**Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC):** "Administered by the
National Emergency Management Association, EMAC is a congressionally
ratified organization that provides form and structure to the interstate
mutual aid and assistance process. Through EMAC, a State can request and
receive assistance from other member States." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment
Draft*, 2007, p. 38) For more detail about EMAC, see
[http://www.emacweb.org/]{.underline}.

**Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC):** "EMAP uses NFPA 1600
as the basis for guidelines that are used to accredit state, local, and
tribal emergency management programs. Accreditation involves review of
documentation, observations, and interviews with program officials
(e.g., officials with the emergency management agency and from partner
agencies, such as transportation, health, utilities, environmental, and
law enforcement). (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, 11)

**Emergency Management Coordinator:** "The individual within each
jurisdiction that is delegated the day-to-day responsibility for the
development and maintenance of all emergency management coordination
efforts." (**CA OES**, *SEMS Guidelines*, 2006, Glossary, pp. 7-8)

**Emergency Management Coordinator/Director Core Responsibilities:**

"*Building strong partnerships**. ***Partnering with other state
leaders, local government, academia, the private sector, the public and
the media is central to the role of the emergency services leader. These
partnerships will bolster preparedness by facilitating recruitment and
training, establishing credibility and enabling collaboration, creating
a reliable communication mechanism, and leveraging new knowledge to
assess risks and manage response. And the director will rely on these
partnerships when leading response to catastrophic events.

*Infusing preparedness throughout the executive branch.* The emergency
services leader must build upon the relationships established with
leaders of other agencies to integrate emergency preparedness as a
priority in the operations of all state departments.

*Using fiscal policy to meet goals**. ***The emergency services leader
must be aware of state and federal fiscal policies to enable the leader
to fully leverage available resources and to achieve outcomes.

*Empowering civil servants to work for outcomes**. ***The director must
inspire in emergency managers the confidence, innovation and passion
necessary to protect...\[a jurisdiction's residents\].

*Viewing residents as customers.* The best interest of victims of past
and future events must be at the core of every decision made by the
emergency services leader. Each stage of policy formation, resource
allocation and management decisions must focus on the needs of
\[residents\]. Soliciting feedback from victims and residents about the
department's prevention and mitigation, preparation, response, and
recovery efforts -- and improving service based on satisfaction levels
-- is essential." (**James Lee Witt**, March 16, 2006 communication with
Little Hoover Commission and included in *Safeguarding the Golden State:
Preparing for Catastrophic Events, 2006, 38)*

**Emergency Management Director (Emergency Services Director):** "The
individual within each political subdivision that has overall
responsibility for jurisdiction emergency management. For cities and
counties, this responsibility is commonly assigned by local ordinance."
(**CA OES**, *SEMS Guidelines*, 2006, Glossary, p. 8)

**Emergency Management Functional Areas (See Emergency Support
Functions):**

1.  Emergency Management Organization

2.  Emergency Operations Planning

3.  Resource Management

4.  Direction and Control

5.  Emergency Communication

6.  Alerting and Warning

7.  Emergency Public Information

8.  Continuity of Government

9.  Shelter Protection

10. Evacuation

11. Protective Measures

12. Emergency Support Services

13. Training and Education

14. Tests and Exercises (**FEMA**, *IEMS MYDP*, 1984, p. II-5 (FEMA Form
    76-20)

**Emergency Management Information Management System (EMIMS):** "As part
of the ongoing NRCC \[National Response Coordination Center (FEMA HQ)\]
capabilities upgrade, a new Emergency Management Information Management
System (EMIMS) is being installed. EMIMS is a web-based software system
that will provide greater support to the NRCC, RRCCs, and JFOs in
managing disaster response operations and information flow, maintaining
situational awareness, and coordinating information sharing. Our intent
is to incorporate the initial RDD list

already developed by the Office of Operations Coordination, expand it,
and incorporate it into

EMIMS as a secure resource module. Ultimately, with the capability
provided by EMIMS, vital

statistics on the location and content of RDD teams and resources can be
loaded into the system

by location and continuously updated by the responsible Federal
department or agency and used

on a real time basis by the interagency community to support responses.
Our longer term goal is

to use EMIMS to create a larger national asset database containing all
Federal response teams

and resources for all-hazards responses. This expanded database would
also be protected and

available to the interagency community for use to support disaster
response." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*, November 2007, p. 5)

**Emergency Management Mission:** "Emergency management protects
communities by coordinating and integrating all activities necessary to
build, sustain, and improve the capability to mitigate against, prepare
for, respond to, and recover from threatened or actual natural
disasters, acts of terrorism, or other man-made disasters." (**EM
Roundtable**, 2007, p. 4)

**Emergency Management Performance Grants:** "...to sustain and enhance
emergency management capabilities in support of the Goal \[National
Preparedness Goal\], the Emergency Management Performance Grants (EMPG)
program is designed to assist States and Urban Areas achieve the target
levels of capability to sustain and enhance the effectiveness of their
emergency management program." (**DHS/ODP**, *Fiscal Year 2006 Emergency
Management Performance Grants: Program Guidance and Applications Kit*,
November 2005, 40 pages, p. 4).

"A comprehensive state emergency management system must be inclusive of
local programs and

input. Local emergency management organizations should remain informed
and have the

opportunity to provide input to State planning processes. Although DHS
expects States to

include support for their local jurisdictions in the EMPG programs, each
State is responsible for

determining the appropriate amount of funding to be passed through to
support the development

or enhancement of local emergency management capabilities."
(**DHS/ODP**, *FY 06 EMPG*, p. 6)

"As a condition for receipt of funds, States must also comply with FY06
NIMS implementation

Requirements... States are not required to receive accreditation under
the EMAP Standard, but are required to use the EMAP Standard, the
NEMB-CAP process, the NRP, and NIMS as a baseline around which to design
their EMPG work plans." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY 06 EMPG*, p. 7)

"EMPG has a 50% Federal and 50% State cost-share cash or in-kind match
requirement. Unless

otherwise authorized by law, Federal funds can not be matched with other
Federal funds." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY 06 EMPG*, p. 11)

"EMPG allowable costs are divided into planning, organization,
equipment, training, and

exercises categories. In addition, management and administration (M&A)
costs are allowable." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY 06 EMPG*, p. 13)

"While the EMPG program is not intended to support construction
activities, DHS recognizes that an updated, functioning emergency
operations center (EOC), accessible to and usable by

individuals with disabilities, is a core component of an effective
emergency management system.

Therefore, limited construction and renovation activities for EOCs are
allowable under EMPG,

consistent with past EMPG practices. The State must match 50% of any
money used for

construction and must comply with the Davis-Bacon Act." (**DHS/ODP**,
*FY 06 EMPG*, p. 16)

Emergency Management Phases: "Emergency Management Phases:
Emergency-related activities are clustered into four phases that are
related by time and function to all types of disasters. The phases are
also related to each other, and each involves different types of
skills." \[Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery.\] (NGA, *CEM
Governors' Guide*, 1979, p. 12)

**Emergency Management Program:** "A program that implements the
mission, vision, and strategic goals and objectives as well as the
management framework of the program and organization." (**NFPA 1600**,
2007, p. 7)

**Emergency Management Program Coordinator:** "The program coordinator
should ensure the preparation, implementation, evaluation, and revision
of the program. It is not the intent of this standard to restrict the
users to program coordinator titles. It is recognized that different
entities use various forms and names for their program coordinator that
performs the functions identified in the standard. An example of a title
for the public sector is emergency manager, and an example of a title
for the private sector is business continuity manager. A written
position description should be provided." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 12)

**Emergency Management/Response:** "The ability to direct, control, and
coordinate a response; manage resources; and provide emergency public
information -- this outcome includes direction and control through the
Incident Command System (ICS), Multiagency Coordination Systems, and
Public Information Systems." (**Homeland Security Council**, *National
Planning Scenarios*, 2006, p. vi)

**Emergency Management/Response Personnel:** "Emergency
management/response personnel include Federal, State, territorial,
tribal, substate regional, and local governments, private sector
organizations, critical infrastructure owners and operators,
nongovernmental organizations, and all other organizations and
individuals who assume an emergency management role." (**FEMA**,
*National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p.
23)

**Emergency Management Responsibility -- Federal and State/Local "Joint"
Responsibility:**

"The purpose of this title is to provide a system of emergency
preparedness for the protection of life and property in the United
States from hazards and to vest responsibility for emergency
preparedness jointly in the Federal Government and the States and their
political subdivisions. The Congress recognizes that the organizational
structure established jointly by the Federal Government and the States
and their political subdivisions for emergency preparedness purposes can
be effectively utilized to provide relief and assistance to people in
areas of the United States struck by a hazard. The Federal Government
shall provide necessary direction, coordination, and guidance, and shall
provide necessary assistance, as authorized in this title so that a
comprehensive emergency preparedness system exists for all hazards.
(**Robert T. Stafford Act**, Title VI \-- Emergency Preparedness Sec.
601. Declaration of policy (42 U.S.C. 5195)

**Emergency Management Vision:** "Emergency management seeks to promote
safer, less vulnerable communities with the capacity to cope with
hazards and disasters." (**EM Roundtable**, 2007, p. 4)

**Emergency Manager:** The person who has the day-to-day responsibility
for emergency management programs and activities. The role is one of
coordinating all aspects of a jurisdiction's mitigation, preparedness,
response, and recovery capabilities.

(The local emergency management position is referred to with different
titles across the country, such as civil defense coordinator or
director, civil preparedness coordinator or director, disaster services
director, and emergency services director.)

**Emergency Manager:** "Emergency managers are professionals who
practice the discipline of emergency management by applying science,
technology, planning and management techniques to coordinate the
activities of a wide array of agencies and organizations dedicated to
preventing and responding to extreme events that threaten, disrupt, or
destroy lives or property." (**Drabek** 2002, Student Handout 1-2)

**Emergency Manager:** "The local emergency manager has the day-to-day
responsibility of overseeing emergency management programs and
activities. He or she works with chief elected and appointed officials
to ensure that there are unified objectives with regard to the
community's emergency response plans and activities. This role entails
coordinating all aspects of a jurisdiction's mitigation, preparedness,
response and recovery capabilities. The emergency manager coordinates
all components of the emergency management program for the community, to
include assessing the availability and readiness of local resources most
likely required during an incident and identifying any shortfalls. Other
duties of the local emergency manager might include the following:

> Coordinate the planning process and work cooperatively with other
> community agencies and private sector enterprises.

Oversee damage assessments during an incident.

> Advise and inform local officials about emergency management
> activities during an incident.

Develop and execute public awareness and education programs.

> Involve private sector businesses and relief organizations in
> planning, training and exercises." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*,
> September 2007, p. 14)

**Emergency Managers Weather Information Network (EMWIN):** "As an
integral part of its mission, the NWS recognizes the need to provide the
emergency management community with access to a set of NWS warnings,
watches, forecasts, and other products at no recurring cost. Toward that
end, the Emergency Managers Weather Information Network (EMWIN) system
was developed. In partnership with the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) and other public and private organizations, EMWIN is now
evolving into a fully operational and supported NWS service. EMWIN is a
suite of data access methods which make available a live stream of
weather and other critical emergency information. Each method has unique
advantages. EMWIN\'s present methods in use or under development for
disseminating the basic datastream include: Radio; Internet; Satellite."
(**NOAA**, *Emergency Mgrs. Weather Information Network*)

**Emergency Medical System (EMS):** "The aggregate of resources and
personnel required to deliver medical care to those with an unpredicted,
immediate health need outside established medical facilities."
(**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, 34)

**Emergency Medical Technician (EMT):** "A health-care specialist with
particular skills and knowledge in pre-hospital emergency medicine."
(**CA OES**, *SEMS Guidelines*, Glossary, p. 8)

**Emergency Medicine:** "The specialized institutional system and
resources required to meet immediate and unexpected medical needs."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 34)

**Emergency of Primary Federal Responsibility:** "An emergency for which
the primary responsibility for response rests with the United States
(rather than a State) because the emergency involves a subject area for
which, under the Constitution or laws of the United States, the Federal
government exercises exclusive or pre-eminent responsibility and
authority. In determining whether such an emergency exists, the
President consults the Governor of the affected State, if practicable."
(**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, 2007, p. 50)

**Emergency Operating Records:** "Records that support the execution of
an agency's essential functions." (**DHS**, *Federal Continuity
Directive 1*, December 2007, P-3)

**Emergency Operating Records (COOP):** "Vital records, regardless of
media, essential to the continued functioning or reconstitution of an
organization during and after an emergency. Included are emergency plans
and directives; orders of succession; delegations of authority; staffing
assignments; and related records of a policy or procedural nature that
provide agency staff with guidance and information resources necessary
for conducting operations during any emergency, and for resuming formal
operations at its conclusion." (**FEMA**, *Department/Agency HQ
Devolution of Operations Plan Template,* December 2007)

**Emergency Operations:** "Commitment and efficient use of *all*
community resources, as required, to minimize the effects of an
extraordinary emergency." (**DCPA**, *Local Disaster Preparedness Course
Syllabus*, 1973, p. 127)

**Emergency Operations Center (EOC):** "A location from which
centralized emergency management can be performed. EOC facilities are
established by an agency or jurisdiction to coordinate the overall
agency or jurisdictional response and support to an emergency." (**CA
OES,** *SEMS Guidelines*, 2006, Glossary, p. 8)

**Emergency Operations Center (EOC):** "Local EOCs are the physical
location where multi-agency coordination occurs. EOCs help form a
**common operating picture** of the incident, relieve on-scene command
of the burden of external coordination and secure additional resources.
The core functions of an EOC include coordination, communications,
resource dispatch and tracking and information collection, analysis and
dissemination. EOCs may be permanent organizations and facilities that
are staffed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, or they may be established to
meet short-term needs. Standing EOCs -- or those activated to support
larger, more complex incidents -- are typically established in a central
or permanently established facility. Such permanent facilities in larger
communities are typically directed by a full-time emergency manager.
EOCs may be organized by discipline (fire, law enforcement, medical
services, etc.), by jurisdiction (city, county, region, etc.), by
Emergency Support Function (communications, public works, engineering,
transportation, resource support, etc.) or, more likely, by some
combination thereof." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, pp. 48-49)

**Emergency Operations Center (EOC):** "The operating facility that
serves as the command and control point for emergency management
officials (State, local, and/or Federal) responding to, or preparing
for, the onset of an incident." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs*,
2007, p. 50)

**Emergency Operations Center (EOC):** Emergency operations centers
(EOCs) represent the physical location at which the coordination of
information and resources to support incident management activities
normally takes place." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 18)

**Emergency Operations Center (EOC):** "The pre-designated facility
established by an agency or jurisdiction to coordinate the overall
agency or jurisdictional response and support to an emergency. The EOC
coordinates information and resources to support domestic incident
management activities." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-6)

**Emergency Operations Center (EOC) Functions and Problems:**

"1. There is often both lack of clarity and consensus, even in
pre-planned local EOCs, on the major function of EOCs and the specific
tasks to be undertaken therein.

2\. Irrespective of prior planning or intent, at least six different
tasks are typically carried on at EOCs: coordination, policy making,
operational, information gathering, dispersal of public information, and
hosting of visitors.

3\. Coordination tasks (i.e., those directed at relating organizations
to one another effectively, and relating capabilities of organizations
to disaster demands are usually handled initially rather poorly because
of lack of adequate information inputs.

4\. Policy making (i.e., those tasks involving decision making vis-à-vis
the overall community response) often is given precedence over
coordination even to the point of organizational officials looking for
matters on which to make decisions.

5\. Operations (i.e., those tasks which directly meet disaster demands
rather than those directed at coordination or other response demands)
are particularly entered into if some slack or failure is seen in the
activities of operational emergency organizations.

6 Information gathering tasks (i.e., those directed at efforts to
determine the nature and extent of disaster conditions) are not just
always the initial focus of activities of EOCs, but at times are
continued to the extent that they degenerate into the seeking of
information for information\'s sake.

7\. Dispersal of public information (i.e., those tasks directed at
informing the news media and the general public) at times dominates and
in fact may interfere with other EOC tasks.

8\. Hosting of visitors (i.e., those tasks necessary to handle the
convergence of VIPs and others in EOCs) is frequently a major source of
conflict and stress, although often kept latent, between local community
officials and people, and all outsiders.

9\. The very concept of coordination is interpreted in a wide variety of
ways ranging from the formulizing of overall community priorities on
emergency problems, to the act of an organization announcing to others
what it has already done.

10\. The role of chief coordinator at EOC's is far from standardized
either as to who should take or how the role is to be played - although
generally it is taken by an official usually associated with civil
defense in some way, with the effort to exercise influence depending
more on pre-emergency social ties than on formal or planned official
relationships.

11\. There sometimes develops at EOCs a high degree of coordination
within clusters of organizations working on the same or similar disaster
problems, a coordination not extended to groups outside of the given
cluster.

12\. EOCs are more effective at gathering than at exchanging
information, and more effective at exchanging information than
distributing it between organizations.

13\. In general record keeping is rather poor at most EOCs.

14*.* More specific tasks in an EOC are emergent than is usually
recognized in pre-planning, especially with respect to the obtaining and
processing of information.

Overall, local EOCs tend to have multiple and far from integrated
functions and tasks, and particularly have a variety of problems both
with respect to coordination and information." (**Quarantelli**,
*Problems and Difficulties in the Use of Local EOC's in Natural
Disasters*, 1972, pp.2-3)

**Emergency Operations Center (EOC) Management, Capability Definition:**
"Emergency Operations Center (EOC) Management is the capability to
provide multi-agency coordination

(MAC) for incident management by activating and operating an EOC for a
pre-planned or no-notice event. EOC management includes EOC activation,
notification, staffing, and deactivation; management, direction,
control, and coordination of response and recovery activities;
coordination of efforts among neighboring governments at each level and
among local, regional, State, and Federal EOCs; coordination public
information and warning; and maintenance of the information and
communication necessary for coordinating response and recovery
activities. Similar entities may include the National (or Regional)
Response Coordination Center (NRCC or RRCC), Joint Field Offices (JFO),
National Operating Center (NOC), Joint Operations Center (JOC),
Multi-Agency Coordination Center (MACC), Initial Operating Facility
(IOF), etc." (**DHS**, *Target Capabilities List*,, 2007)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP):** An all-hazards document that
specifies actions to be taken in the event of an emergency or disaster
event; identifies authorities, relationships, and the actions to be
taken by whom, what, when, and where, based on predetermined
assumptions, objectives, and existing capabilities.

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP):** "The plan that each jurisdiction
has and maintains for responding to appropriate hazards." (**CA OES**,
*SEMS Guidelines*, 2006, Glossary, p. 8)

**Emergency Operations Plan:** "The "steady-state" plan maintained by
various jurisdictional levels for responding to a wide variety of
potential hazards." (**DHS,** *NIMS*, 2004, p. 129)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP):** "A plan should be developed with
functional annexes common to the hazards identified in Step 1 \[Hazard
Analysis\]. Those activities unique to specific hazards should be
described separately, perhaps in appendices to the appropriate
functional annexes. This approach is a departure from previous guidance
which stressed development of hazard-specific plans. Existing plans
should be reviewed and modified as necessary to ensure their
applicability to all hazards that pose a potential threat to the
jurisdiction. The exact format of the plan is less important than the
assurance that the planning process considers each function from a
multihazard perspective." (**FEMA**, *IEMS Process Overview*, **1983**,
p. 8)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP):** "A jurisdiction\'s emergency
operations plan is a document that:

-   Assigns responsibility to organizations and individuals for carrying
    out specific actions at projected times and places in an emergency
    that exceeds the capability or routine responsibility of any one
    agency, e.g., the fire department.

-   Sets forth lines of authority and organizational relationships, and
    shows how all actions will be coordinated.

-   Describes how people and property will be protected in emergencies
    and disasters.

-   Identifies personnel, equipment, facilities, supplies, and other
    resources available\--within the jurisdiction or by agreement with
    other jurisdictions\--for use during response and recovery
    operations.

-   Identifies steps to address mitigation concerns during response and
    recovery activities.

"As a public document, an EOP also cites its legal basis, states its
objectives, and acknowledges assumptions." ." (**FEMA**, *Guide For
All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning* (SLG 101), **1996**, p. 1-1)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP):** "A document that: describes how
people and property will be protected in disaster and disaster threat
situations; details who is responsible for carrying out specific
actions; identifies the personnel, equipment, facilities, supplies, and
other resources available for use in the disaster; and outlines how all
actions will be coordinated." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency
Operations Planning* (SLG 101), **1996**, p. GLO-4)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP):** "The 'response' plan that an entity
(facility, jurisdiction, State, etc.) maintains for reacting to any
hazard event. It provides action guidance for management and emergency
response personnel." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity and Capability
Handbook*, August 2004, p. D-4, Glossary)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) Annexes/Appendices (Recommended to
Localities by DCPA, 1978):**

-   Radiological Defense

-   Fire

-   Rescue

-   Police

-   Public Works Engineering

-   Emergency Health and Medical-Health

-   Emergency Welfare

-   Schools

-   Industry (**DCPA**, *Standards for Local Civil Preparedness* (CPG
    1-5, 1978, pp. 19-20)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) Annexes (Recommended to States by
FEMA, 1984):**

-   Warning

-   Communications

-   Shelter

-   RADEF

-   Crisis Relocation

-   Fire

-   Law Enforcement

-   Health, Medical

-   Emergency Public Information

-   Damage Assessment

-   Public Works, Engineering

-   Transportation

-   Resources Management

-   EOC

-   Evacuation

-   Hazard Mitigation

-   Hazardous Materials

-   Rescue

-   Crisis Counseling

-   Training

-   Legal Services (**FEMA**, *IEMS MYDP*, 1984, p. III-18)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) Components (Organization and
Content):** 'No standard format or organization is specified for a local
government's emergency plan.... While the organization of local plans is
not specified, there are a number of emergency functions that should be
covered in the plans of each local jurisdiction. First, it is essential
that the local plan outline the organizations, systems, and procedures
which add up to the jurisdictions *basic emergency operating
capability*. This refers to the jurisdiction's ability to handle any of
the types of major emergency identified in the hazard analysis. The
elements of this basic operating capability are usually reflected in the
jurisdiction's Basic Plan and in certain additional parts or annexes in
the overall local emergency plan. The Basis Plan is a relatively brief
'umbrella' for the balance of the emergency plan, and as such covers
organization, responsibilities, and operations in any type of emergency.

"The parts of the local plan which reflect the basic operating
capability are those of general *applicability*, outlining functions
needed in any emergency severe enough to call for coordinated emergency
operations. These supporting parts of the plan are often designated as
annexes to the Basis Plan, and should cover:

(1) Direction and Control, spelling out local emergency organization for
    centralized direction of coordinated operations by key officials.
    Emphasis is on EOC organization and functions.

(2) Warning, spelling out responsibilities and procedures for warning
    the population of impending threats.

(3) Emergency Communications.

(4) Emergency Public Information, spelling out responsibilities and
    procedures for getting official information and instructions to the
    public promptly, before, during, and as necessary after an
    emergency.

"Radiological Defense for both peacetime and attack emergencies is
sometimes also covered in an annex of general applicability. However, it
is preferable to cover radiological defense operations for attack
emergencies separately from those for peacetime emergencies (e.g., a
transportation accident involving radioactive material, or a severe
accident at a nuclear power plant). This is because different concepts
of operation, assessment methodologies, and protective actions are
involved in peacetime radiological emergencies.

"The balance of the local plan addresses operations which many be
required in specific types of emergencies." (**DCPA**, *Standards for
Local Emergency Preparedness* (CPG 1-5) 1978, p. 16)

"Certain additional nuclear-related contingencies should be covered in
local emergency plans, where applicable. These may include

(1) plans for peacetime radiological emergencies...

(2) plans for warning the population should warning ever be received of
    an accidental missile launch,, or any other unauthorized or
    unexplained incident involving a possible detonation of a nuclear
    device; and

(3) plans for a possible threat by terrorists or criminals, involving an
    alleged nuclear device or weapon." (**DCPA**, *Standards for Local
    Emergency Preparedness*, 1978, p. 17)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) Components (Organization and
Content):** "EOPs developed using the functional approach consist of a
Basic Plan, functional annexes, and hazard-specific appendices. These
are supplemented by the SOPs and checklists necessary for implementation
of the EOP." (**FEMA**, *SLG 101*, 1996, p. 37)

**Emergency Operations Plan Evaluation:** "The outcome of...emergency
operations...should be analyzed and assessed in terms of actual vs.
required capabilities and considered in subsequent updates.... Tests and
exercises should be undertaken for the purpose of evaluation, especially
where disasters occur infrequently." (**FEMA**, *IEMS Process Overview*,
1983, p. 8)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP), Need For and Utility:** "Conducting
coordinated operations in peacetime or attack-caused emergencies is
basically executing or carrying out local emergency plans. The payoff
from emergency operations is the lives that are saved and the property
that is preserved. This payoff results from the forces that have
emergency missions doing 'the right thing at the right time,' making
maximum effective use of *existing* resources and capabilities. Taking
prompt and effective action in emergencies is facilitated by planning.
Experience in peacetime disasters has shown repeatedly that when
emergency plans are known to the heads of local operating departments
and their forces, and operations are conducted in accordance with these
plans, reaction times are reduced and coordination improved. On the
other hand, *'paper plans' prepared by the civil preparedness
Director/Coordinator alone, with little participation by local operating
departments, are of little value -- because they are not used...*.the
*process of planning* that leads to the development of a written plan is
extremely valuable." (**DCPA/DOD**, *Standards for Local Civil
Preparedness* (CPG 1-5), 1978, p. 15)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) Planning Process:** "The local
government's emergency plan should...document and reflect a planning
process conducted by a local government planning team. This team should
include representatives from each department of local government with an
emergency mission, and from each non-governmental group to which such a
mission should be assigned (e.g., news media, county medical society,
Red Cross chapter). The chief executive himself should if possible
participate in the work of the planning team. The emergency planning
process should be led and coordinated by the local civil preparedness
Director/Coordinator, on behalf of the chief executive. As part of this
planning leadership, the Director/Coordinator is responsible to inform
the planners of local operating departments, as well as non-governmental
planners, of the special conditions arising out of nuclear attack or
peacetime disasters that would call for a modification of traditional
operating techniques.... In many jurisdictions, the local planning
agency can play an important role in emergency planning, working in
close cooperation with the civil preparedness Director/Coordinator and
planners of the operating departments." (**DCPA/DOD**, *Standards for
Local Civil Preparedness*, 1978, p. 15)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) Planning Process:** "Following are the
basics for development and continual refinement of an EOP. They may be
adapted to the needs of a jurisdiction."

-   Research

    -   Review jurisdictions planning process

    -   Analyze hazards faced by the jurisdiction

    -   Determine resource base

    -   Note characteristics of jurisdiction that could affect emergency
        operations

-   Review

    -   Review local and/or State laws, rules, regulations, executive
        orders

    -   Review Federal regulatory requirements

    -   Review guidance, existing plans for the jurisdiction,
        neighboring jurisdiction plans

    -   Review agreements with neighboring jurisdictions, military
        installations, private sector organizations, etc.

    -   Become familiar with plans of higher levels of government

-   Development

    -   Develop rough draft of basic plan, functional annexes, and
        hazard-specific appendices to serve as point of departure for
        the planning team

    -   Develop agenda and invitation lists for first cycle of planning
        meetings

    -   Brief the "CEO"

    -   Conduct a presentation meeting, establish committees for parts
        of the EOP, appoint committee chairs, schedule a follow-up
        meeting

    -   Work with committees on successive drafts

    -   Prepared graphics (e.g., maps, organizational charts)

    -   Produce a final draft and circulate to planning team for review
        and comment

    -   Hole meeting to incorporate final changes, discuss
        implementation strategy and distribution, obtain commitments to
        provide information that could necessitate revision

    -   Obtain concurrence from organizations with identified
        responsibilities for EOP implementation

    -   Present EOP to local elected officials and obtain official
        promulgation of the EOP (advise the local media in advance)

    -   Print and distribute, with a copy or press release to local
        media

-   Validation

    -   Consult next level of government about EOP review cycle

    -   Conduct "table top" exercise involving key representatives of
        each tasked organization

    -   Conduct functional and full scale emergency management exercises

-   Maintenance

    -   Establish a remedial action process to help planning team
        identify, illuminate, and correct problems

    -   Establish revision process

    -   Ensure that each tasked organization or individual develops
        necessary implementing documents, such as SOPs (**FEMA**, SLG
        101, 1997, pp. 2-1-12)

**Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) Standard Operating Procedures:
"**Standing Operating Procedures...shall be developed by operating
departments concerned, as necessary to supplement and detail annexes. An
SOP important to both peacetime and attack-emergency operations is an
inventory of publicly and privately owned operational equipment or
resources that would be available to the jurisdiction in emergencies
(e.g., earthmoving equipment). SOP\'s for attack emergencies shall
include provision for sheltering the dependents of emergency service
personnel (e.g., policemen, firefighters, auxiliaries). Other SOP\'s
that may be needed include warning system procedures, call-up or
alerting lists, RADEF system procedures, decontamination priorities and
procedures, and specific traffic control and shelter assignments of
police and other personnel. All governmental and auxiliary personnel
with emergency assignments should be issued an appropriate
identification card." (**DCPA**, *Standards for Local Civil
Preparedness*, 1978, p. 20)

**Emergency Operations Simulation (EOS):** An exercise meant "to inform
and train key officials and department heads in emergency
operations....EOS is an experience which motivates. Few local executives
undergo it without resolving that civil preparedness needs more of their
attention, or more funds, better planning, or additional equipment and
personnel. EOS also provides a test of existing facilities -- it can
demonstrate to top officials and budget-makers whether an EOC or
emergency plans are equal to the potential disasters for which they are
designed. In on on-site assistance project, an EOS may be used to
evaluate a community's resources, pinpoint its deficiencies, or show the
steps needed to remove them" (**DCPA**, *Foresight, DCPA Annual Report
FY73*, 1974, p. 13)

**Emergency Planning:** "Emergency planning is a cycle of planning,
training, exercising, and revision that continues throughout the five
phases of the emergency management cycle (preparedness, prevention,
response, recovery, and mitigation). One purpose of the planning process
is the development and maintenance of an up-to-date EOP....Emergency
planning is a team effort and requires collaboration with personnel from
other agencies and organizations. Building an effective team takes time
and effort as members go through several stages." (**FEMA**, *Emergency
Planning* IS-235, May 24, 2007 update, p. 2.16)

**Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know Act** (42 U.S.C. 11001 et
seq., 1986): "Also known as Title III of SARA, EPCRA was enacted by
Congress as the national legislation on community safety. This law was
designated to help local communities protect public health, safety, and
the environment from chemical hazards. To implement EPCRA, Congress
required each state to appoint a State Emergency Response Commission
(SERC). The SERC\'s were required to divide their states into Emergency
Planning Districts and to name a Local Emergency Planning Committee
(LEPC) for each district. Broad representation by fire fighters, health
officials, government and media representatives, community groups,
industrial facilities, and emergency managers ensures that all necessary
elements of the planning process are represented." (**EPA**, EPCRA)

**Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know Act, 1986 (Title III,
SARA):** "The objectives of Title Ill are to improve local chemical
emergency response capabilities (primarily

through improved emergency planning and notification) and to provide
citizens and local

governments access to information about chemicals in their localities.
Title Ill addresses planning by: (1) identifying the EHSs that trigger
the planning process: (2) requiring facilities to identify themselves if
they have quantities of EHSs exceeding the TPQs \[Threshold Planning
Quantities\]; (3) requiring the establishment of a State and local
planning structure and process (including specifics on committee
membership); (4) requiring facilities to make information available to
local planners: and (5) specifying the minimum contents of local
emergency plans." (**EPA**, *Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis*,
1987, 13)

**Emergency Planning Zones (EPZ):** "Areas around a facility for which
planning is needed to ensure prompt and effective actions are taken to
protect the health and safety of the public if an

accident occurs. The REP \[Radiological Emergency Preparedness\] Program
and CSEPP use the EPZ concept." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard
Emergency Operations Planning*, 1996, GLO-3)

**Emergency Preparedness:** "The discipline that ensures an organization
or community\'s readiness to respond to an emergency in a coordinated,
timely, and effective manner to prevent the loss of life and minimize
injury and property damage." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC
Workshop*, 2006, p. 54)

**Emergency Preparedness:** "The term 'emergency preparedness' means all
those activities and measures designed or undertaken to prepare for or
minimize the effects of a hazard upon the civilian population, to deal
with the immediate emergency conditions which would be created by the
hazard, and to effectuate emergency repairs to, or the emergency
restoration of, vital utilities and facilities destroyed or damaged by
the hazard. Such term includes the following:

\(A\) Measures to be undertaken in preparation for anticipated hazards
(including the establishment of appropriate organizations, operational
plans, and supporting agreements, the recruitment and training of
personnel, the conduct of research, the procurement and stockpiling of
necessary materials and supplies, the provision of suitable warning
systems, the construction or preparation of shelters, shelter areas, and
control centers, and, when appropriate, the nonmilitary evacuation of
the civilian population).

\(B\) Measures to be undertaken during a hazard (including the
enforcement of passive defense regulations prescribed by duly
established military or civil authorities, the evacuation of personnel
to shelter areas, the control of traffic and panic, and the control and
use of lighting and civil communications).

\(C\) Measures to be undertaken following a hazard (including activities
for fire fighting, rescue, emergency medical, health and sanitation
services, monitoring for specific dangers of special weapons, unexploded
bomb reconnaissance, essential debris clearance, emergency welfare
measures, and immediately essential emergency repair or restoration of
damaged vital facilities)." (**Stafford Act**, Title VI, Emergency
Preparedness, Sec. 602. Definitions (42 U.S.C. 5195a), June 2007 (FEMA
592), pp. 54-55)

**Emergency Preparedness Atlas:** The *Emergency Preparedness Atlas:
U.S. Nursing Home and Hospital Facilities* "is intended to help local
communities identify the health care facilities (hospitals and nursing
homes) that could be available and prepared to provide assistance under
emergency conditions in their communities. \[It\]...includes six case
studies in North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, southern California,
Washington, and Utah that each include a series of maps depicting the
locations and capacity of nursing homes and hospitals as well as their
geographic relationship to a variety of emergency management and
bioterrorism preparedness regions, such as HAZMAT response regions,
emergency management regions, and Red Cross chapters. The *Atlas*
includes maps for all 50 states with the location of hospitals and
nursing homes in each state, and it displays the locations relative to
the distribution of the elderly population in the case study states."
(**AHRQ**, "New AHRQ Resources..." July 19, 2007)

**Emergency Preparedness Liaison Officer (EPLO):** "A senior reserve
officer who represents their Service at the appropriate joint field
office conducting planning and coordination responsibilities in support
of civil authorities. Also called EPLO." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*,
2007, p. GL-8)

**Emergency Preparedness Resource Inventory (EPRI), AHRQ, HHS:** "The
Emergency Preparedness Resource Inventory (EPRI) is a tool allowing
local or regional planners to assemble an inventory of critical
resources that would be useful in responding to a bioterrorist attack.
In addition to a Web-based software tool, EPRI includes an
Implementation Report, a Technical Manual, and an Appendix."
(**Hassol**, *EPRI: A Tool for Local, Regional and State Planners*,
2005)

**Emergency Preparedness System and Responsibilities, Stafford Act
(Title VI, Sec. 601. Declaration of Policy (42 U.S.C. 5195)):**

"The purpose of this title is to provide a system of emergency
preparedness for the protection of life and property in the United
States from hazards and to vest responsibility for emergency
preparedness *jointly in the Federal Government and the States and their
political subdivisions*. The Congress recognizes that the organizational
structure established jointly by the Federal Government and the States
and their political subdivisions for emergency preparedness purposes can
be effectively utilized to provide relief and assistance to people in
areas of the United States struck by a hazard. The Federal Government
shall provide necessary direction, coordination, and guidance, and shall
provide necessary assistance, as authorized in this title so that a
comprehensive emergency preparedness system exists for all hazards."
(**Stafford Act**, 1994; see FEMA 592, p. 54)

**Emergency Procedures: "**A plan of action to commence immediately to
prevent the loss of life and minimize injury and property damage."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, 54)

**Emergency Program, NFIP, FEMA:** "The Emergency Program is the initial
phase of a community's participation in the NFIP if no flood hazard
information is available or the community has a Flood Hazard Boundary
Map (FHBM), but no Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM). A limited amount of
flood insurance coverage at less than actuarial rates is available for
all residents of the community. The community is required to adopt
minimum floodplain management standards to control future use of its
floodplains. Communities are converted to the Regular Program upon
completion of a Flood Insurance Study and issuance of a FIRM or a
determination that the community has no special flood areas (NSFHA).
Under the Regular Program, more comprehensive floodplain management
requirements are required of the community and higher amounts of flood
insurance coverage are provided." (**FEMA**, *Emergency Program*, 2007)

**Emergency Protective Measures:** "Actions (other than debris removal)
eligible as Category B measures, including installation of plastic
sheeting for temporary roofing, generators requiring installation, and
shoring or demolition of unsafe structures." (**FEMA**, *100% Funding
for Direct Federal Assistance and Grant Assistance*, June 9, 2006)

**Emergency Public Information (EPI):** "The EPI function gives the
public accurate, timely, and useful information and instructions
throughout the emergency period. The EPI organization initially focuses
on the dissemination of information and instructions to the people at
risk in the community. However, the EPI organization also must deal with
the wider public\'s interest and desire to help or seek information.
People may call to find out about loved ones. They may call to offer
help, or simply send donations. They may even urge Federal action. Good,
timely information can help prevent overloading a jurisdiction\'s
communications network, its transportation infrastructure, and its
staff." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning*
(State and Local Guide (SLG) 101), **1996**, p. 5-D-1)

**Emergency Public Information (EPI):** "Information that is
disseminated primarily in anticipation of, during, or after an emergency
that relates to the emergency and provides public safety or other
information for the general welfare of the public." (**FEMA**,
*Accommodating Individuals With Disabilities In The Provision Of
Disaster Mass Care, Housing, And Human Services: Reference Guide*,
**2007**, Glossary)

**Emergency Public Information (EPI):** Information which is
disseminated primarily in anticipation of an emergency or at the actual
time of an emergency and in addition to providing information as such,
frequently directs actions, instructs, and transmits direct orders.
(**Simeon Institute** 1998)

**Emergency Public Information (EPI) Causes of Credibility Gaps:**

-   Rumors

-   False Information

-   Inconsistent Information

-   Feel Information is being withheld

-   Multiple Sources of Information

-   Information given in bits so people add them up wrong.

-   Errors in translation/transmission. (**DCPA**, *Local Disaster
    Preparedness Course,* 1973, p. 69)

**Emergency Public Transportation:** "Temporary public transportation
assistance authorized by the FCO to meet emergency needs and to provide
transportation to governmental offices, supply centers, stores, post
offices, schools, major employment centers, and other places necessary
to enable the community to resume its normal pattern of life as soon as
possible." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July
2007, p. 50)

**Emergency Readiness:** "\`Emergency readiness' means that a community
is prepared to react promptly to save life and protect property if it is
threatened or hit by a disaster or major emergency of any type. This
requires that planning and preparatory actions be taken *before* there
is an emergency." (**DCPA**, *Disaster Operations* (CPG 1-6), 1972, p.
3)

**Emergency Readiness:** "Local emergency readiness is the ability
actually to conduct coordinated operations in extraordinary emergencies,
making maximum use both of existing governmental forces and resources
and of non-governmental groups (doctors, hospitals, news media), that
have emergency capabilities. Emphasis is on tying together, and making
operationally effective, local capabilities in the areas of facilities
and equipment and of trained manpower. This means the ability to execute
emergency plans. This Standard establishes criteria for evaluating the
ability of local governments to conduct such coordinated emergency
operations.... Local readiness for emergencies, to assure that all
forces with lifesaving capability would actually \"do the right things
at the right time,\" is built by a repetitive cycle of planning,
exercising, planning, and so on." (**DCPA**, *Standards for Local Civil
Preparedness* (CPG 1-5), 1978, p. 35)

**Emergency Relocation Group (ERG):** "Pre-designated staff who move to
a relocation site to continue essential functions in the event that
their normal work locations are threatened or have been incapacitated by
an incident. The ERG is composed of an advance team plus emergency
personnel." (**DHS**, *Federal Continuity Directive 1*, November 2007,
P-4)

**Emergency Relocation Group (ERG): "**Pre-designated... principals and
staff who will move to an emergency relocation site to continue...HQ
essential functions in the event the...HQ building is threatened or
otherwise unavailable." (**FEMA**, *Department/Agency HQ Devolution of
Operations Plan Template*)

**Emergency Relocation Group (ERG) Member:** "A person who has been
assigned responsibility to report to an alternate site, as required, to
perform agency essential functions or other tasks related to continuity
of operations." (**DHS**, *Fed. Cont. Direct. 1*, Nov 2007, P-4)

**Emergency Relocation Sites (ERS):** "By definition, an ERS is a site
located outside a prime

target area to which all or portions of a civilian or military
headquarters may be moved. The ERS location must provide adequate
protection from blast, heat, fire, and radiation. Although no area of
the United States is safe from fallout, prevailing winds and target
locations provide areas with a higher probability of reduced
radiological hazard in the event of a nuclear attack. In that the danger
zone for heat and fire are smaller than the danger zone for blast
over-pressures, the effects of nuclear blast over-pressures are used as
the primary consideration to identify safe distances from targets. The
hazard zone, of course, depends upon the size of the explosion. For
planning purposes, a location which limits the maximum over-pressure to
1.0 p.s.i. was used.

For a 1 MT surface burst, the less than 1.0 p.s.i. over-pressure zone
starts at approximately 7.0 miles from point of impact. For a 5 MT
surface burst the distance is approximately 13 miles and for a 25 MT
surface burst the distance is approximately 22 miles." (**USACE**,
*Planning and Operations Guidelines*, *Annex B: ERS*, 1985, pp. B-3,
B-4))

**Emergency Responder:** "As used in this plan \[FEMA Strategic Plan,
2002\] an individual who performs an operational role in responding to
an incident." (**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared -- FEMA Strategic Plan --
Fiscal Years 2003-2008*, 2002, p. 58 (Glossary))

**Emergency Responder:** "Anyone involved in the response to an
incident, and therefore contributing to the resolution of the problems
brought about by the incident. The same definition is applied to an
emergency response organization. Emergency Responders may therefore
include the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and/or the
public sector (community/municipal, ministry, provincial, federal)."
(**Emergency Management Ontario**, *Incident Management System*,
November 2007 Draft, p. 122)

**Emergency Response Agency:** "Any organization responding to an
emergency, or providing mutual aid support to such an organization,
whether in the field, at the scene of an incident, or to an operations
center." (**CA OES**, *SEMS Guidelines*, 2006, p. 8)

**Emergency Response Personnel:** "Personnel involved with an agency\'s
response to an emergency." (**CA OES**, *SEMS Guidelines*, 2006, p. 8)

**Emergency Response Provider:** "Includes Federal, State, local, and
tribal emergency public

safety, law enforcement, emergency response, emergency medical
(including hospital emergency

facilities), and related personnel, agencies, and authorities. (See
section 2(6), Homeland Security

Act of 2002, Public Law 17-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002).)" (**DHS**, *UTL
2.1*, 2005, p. B-1 (142))

**Emergency Response Team (ERT):** "(1) A team composed of Federal
program and support personnel, which FEMA activates and deploys into an
area affected by a major disaster or emergency. This team assists the
FCO in carrying out his/her responsibilities under the Stafford Act, the
declaration, applicable laws, regulations, and the FEMA-State agreement.
(2) The team is an interagency team, consisting of the lead
representative from each Federal department or agency assigned primary
responsibility for an Emergency support Function and key members of the
FCO\'s staff, formed to assist the FCO in carrying out his/her
responsibilities. The team provides a forum for coordinating the overall
Federal consequence management response requirements." (**USG**, *USG
Interagency Domestic Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001, Appendix B: Definitions)

**Emergency Response Teams (ERT):** "The ERT is the principal
interagency group that supports the PFO and/or the FCO in coordinating
the overall Federal incident operation. The ERT can be augmented by an
advanced element known as the ERT-A and/or a national headquarters-level
team, known as the ERT-N, deployed for large-scale high visibility
events. The ERT provides staffing for the JFO and ensures Federal
resources are available to meet incident management and State
requirements identified by the State Coordinating Officer. The size and
composition of the ERT is scalable and can range from a small
organization focusing on recovery operations to all ESF primary and
support agencies undertaking the full range of prevention, preparedness,
response and recovery activities." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan*
(Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 36)

\[Note: "to be replaced by the Federal Incident Response Sup­port Teams
(FIRST) and Incident Management Assistance Teams (IMAT)." (**White
House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, Homeland Security
Council, October 2007, p. 35)\]

**Emergency Response Team (ERT):** "A team composed of Federal program
and support personnel, which the FCO activates and deploys into an area
affected by a major disaster or emergency. This team assists the FCO in
carrying out his/her responsibilities under the Stafford Act, the
declaration, applicable laws, regulation, and the FEMA/State agreement.
Any Federal agency can be directed to detail personnel within the
Federal agency's administrative jurisdiction to temporary duty with the
FCO. The ERT provides a forum for coordinating the overall Federal
response, reporting on the conduct of specific operations, exchanging
information, and resolving issues related to ESFs and other response
requirements." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*,
July 2007, p. 50)

**Emergency Response Teams - Advanced Element (ERT-A):** "The ERT-A
responds during the early stages of an incident. It is headed by a team
leader from FEMA and is composed of program and support staff and
representatives from selected ESF primary agencies. A part of the ERT-A
deploys to the State EOC or to other locations to work directly with the
State to obtaining information on the impact of the event and to
identify specific State requests for Federal incident management
assistance. Other elements of the ERT-A (including Mobile Emergency
Response Support (MERS) personnel and equipment) deploy directly to or
near the affected area to establish field communications, locate and
establish field facilities, and set up operations. The ERT-A identifies
or validates the suitability of candidate sites for the location of
mobilization center(s) and the JFO." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan*
(Draft #1), 25Feb2004, 36)

\[Note: "to be replaced by the Federal Incident Response Sup­port Teams
(FIRST) and Incident Management Assistance Teams (IMAT)." (**White
House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, Homeland Security
Council, October 2007, p. 35)\]

**Emergency Response Team--Advanced Element (ERT-A): "**The ERT-A is a
small interagency "advance" team that deploys to the State Emergency
Operations Center (EOC). Normally the ERT-A does not issue mission
assignments but communicates with the RRCC to ensure that any
requirements identified by the State for Federal assistance are passed
to the RRCC for action." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating
Procedures*, 2007, p. 4; p.50)

**Emergency Response Teams -- Advanced Element (ERT-A):** "ERT-As are
located in each of FEMA's Regions and are deployed in the early phases
of an incident to work directly with the States to assess the disaster
impact, gain situational awareness, help coordinate the disaster
response, and supports specific State requests for assistance. ERT-As
are made up of approximately 25 individuals who establish an initial
presence in a State EOC. They can later staff the JFO to support the
disaster response. The ERT-As deploy with basic communications
capabilities including cell phones, wireless laptop computers, and a
limited number of satellite cell phones. A small component of an ERT-A,
the Rapid Needs Assessment Team, also provides the capability to collect
disaster information in the field needed to determine more specific
disaster response requirements." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*,
Nov.15, 2007, pp. 6-7)

**Emergency Response Teams -- National (ERT-N):** "An ERT-N is a
headquarters-level national team that deploys to large-scale, high
visibility incidents. An ERT-N may pre-deploy based on threat
conditions. The Secretary of Homeland Security determines the need for
ERT-N deployment, coordinating the plans with the affected region and
other Federal agencies. The ERT-N includes staff from FEMA Headquarters
and regional offices as well as other Federal agencies. (Three ERT-N
teams are structured with one team on call every third month. A fourth
standing team is on-call year-round exclusively to respond to incidents
in the National Capital Region (NCR)). (**DHS**, *National Response
Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 36)

\[Note: "to be replaced by the Federal Incident Response Sup­port Teams
(FIRST) and Incident Management Assistance Teams (IMAT)." (**White
House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, Homeland Security
Council, October 2007, p. 35)\]

**Emergency Response Team--National (ERT-N):** "The ERT-N is a
nationally organized ERT that is deployed by the FEMA Administrator for
high visibility or catastrophic disasters." (**FEMA,** *Mission
Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 4)

**Emergency Response Teams -- National (ERT-N):** "FEMA's ERT-Ns are
deployed by FEMA Headquarters in response to significant disaster
events... Their purpose is to coordinate disaster response activities,
coordinate and deploy key national response assets and resources,
provide situational awareness, and maintain connectivity with key DHS
operations centers and components. ERT-Ns are made up of approximately
32 individuals and are organized according to National Incident
Management System/Incident Command System (NIMS/ICS) standards to
provide a systematic, proactive, and coordinated response approach.
ERT-N members can provide the initial staffing for a JFO." (**FEMA**,
*Statement of Glenn Cannon*, November, 2007, 6)

**Emergency Risk Management:** "Emergency risk management is a
'systematic process that produces a range of measures that contribute to
the well-being of communities and the environment'. It includes: context
definition; risk identification; risk analysis; risk evaluation; risk
treatment; monitoring and reviewing; and, communicating and consulting."
(**Emergency Management Australia** 2000, 1)

**Emergency Services Sector (ESS):** "The emergency services sector
(ESS) is our first line of defense: local police, fire and rescue,
emergency medical services, public health departments, and public works
departments." (University Consortium for Infrastructure Protection,
Critical Infrastructure Protection in the National Capital Region,
September 2005, p. 4)

**Emergency Severity Index (ESI):** The ESI is a five-level ED triage
algorithm that provides clinically relevant stratification of patients
into five groups, from 1 (most urgent) to 5 (least urgent), on the basis
of acuity and resource needs. (**AHRQ/HHS**, Mass Casualty Care, 2007,
72)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF):** "A functional grouping of Federal
agencies providing the types of Federal response assistance that a State
is most likely to need. Each ESF is headed by a primary Federal agency
designated based on its authorities, resources, and capabilities in the
particular functional area. Other agencies have been designated as
support agencies for one or more ESFs based on their resources and
capabilities to support the functional areas." (**FEMA** Mission
Assignment SOPs Operating Draft, July 2007, p. 51)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF):** "From the National Response Plan
(NRP), a grouping of

government and certain private-sector capabilities into an
organizational structure to provide

support, resources, and services." (**HSC**, *NCPIP*, August 2007, p.
61; **DHS**, *FCD 1*, 2007, P-3)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF)**: "A functional area of response
activity established to facilitate coordinated Federal delivery of
assistance required during the response phase to save lives, protect
property and health, and maintain public safety. These functions
represent those types of Federal assistance which the State likely will
need most because of the overwhelming impact of a catastrophic event on
local and State resources." (**USG**, *USG Interagency Domestic
Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001, Appendix B: Definitions)

**Emergency Support Function Leaders Group (ESFLG):** "At Headquarters,
the principal body that addresses NRP planning and implementation at the
working level. It handles issue formulation and resolution, review of
after-action reports, significant changes to NRP planning and
implementation and NRP strategies, and other NRP-related operations
issues that cannot be resolved at the working level." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, 2007, 51)

**Emergency Support Functions (ESFs):** "ESFs provide the structure for
coordinating Federal interagency support for a Federal response to an
incident. ESFs may be selectively activated for both Stafford Act and
non-Stafford Act incidents where Federal departments or agencies request
DHS assistance or under other circumstances as defined in HSPD-5. Not
all national incidents result in the activation of ESFs. ESFs may be
activated to support headquarters, regional and/or field activities."
(**DHS**, *Overview: ESF and Support Annexes Coordinating Federal
Assistance In Support of the National Framework* (Draft), September 10,
2007, p. 9)

### Emergency Support Functions (ESFs): "A grouping of government and certain private-sector capabilities into an organizational structure to provide the support, resources, program implementation, and services that are most likely to be needed to save lives, protect property and the environment, restore essential services and critical infrastructure, and help victims and communities return to normal, when feasible, following domestic incidents. Also called ESFs." (DoD, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms*, 2007)

**Emergency Support Functions (ESFs): "**The Federal Government
organizes much of its resources and capabilities -- as well as those of
certain private sector and non-governmental organizations -- under 15
Emergency Support Functions. ESFs align categories of resources and
provide strategic objectives for their use. ESFs utilize standardized
resource management concepts such as typing, inventorying and tracking
to facilitate the dispatch, deployment and recovery of resources before,
during and after an incident. The *Framework* identifies primary ESF
agencies on the basis of authorities and resources. Support agencies are
assigned based on the availability of resources in a given functional
area. ESFs provide the greatest possible access to Federal department
and agency resources regardless of which organization has those
resources." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 28) The
ESFs are:

> ESF #1: Transportation (Coordinator: Department of Transportation)
>
> ESF #2: Communications (Coordinator: DHS, National Communications
> Systems)
>
> ESF #3: Public Works and Engineering (Coordinator: DOD, Army Corps of
> Engineers)
>
> ESF #4: Firefighting (Coordinator: USDA, U.S. Forest Service)
>
> ESF #5: Emergency Management (Coordinator: DHS: FEMA)
>
> ESF #6: Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing/Human Services (DHS,
> FEMA)
>
> ESF #7: Resource Support (Coordinator: General Services
> Administration)
>
> ESF #8: Public Health and Medical Services (Coordinator: HHS)
>
> ESF #9: Search & Rescue (Coordinator: DHS, FEMA)
>
> ESF #10: Oil and Hazardous Materials Response (Coordinator: EPA)
>
> ESF #11: Agriculture and Natural Resources (Coordinator: USDA)
>
> ESF #12: Energy (Coordinator: Department of Energy)
>
> ESF #13: Public Safety and Security (Coordinator: Department of
> Justice)
>
> ESF #14: Long Term Community Recovery (Coordinator: DHS, FEMA)
>
> ESF #15: External Affairs (Coordinator: DHS)
>
> (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Review*, September 2007, pp. 56-57; includes
> expanded list)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #1 -- Transportation:** Purpose:
"provides support to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) by
assisting Federal, State, tribal, and local governmental entities,
voluntary organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and the private
sector in the management of transportation systems and infrastructure
during domestic threats or in response to incidents. ESF #1 also
participates in prevention, preparedness, and recovery activities. ESF
#1 carries out the Department of Transportation (DOT)'s statutory
responsibilities, including regulation of transportation, management of
the Nation's airspace, and ensuring the safety and security of the
national transportation system." (**DHS**, *NRF* *Emergency Support
Function #1 -- Transportation Annex* (Comment Draft). September 10,
2007, p. 1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #2 -- Communications**: Purpose:
"supports the restoration of public communications infrastructure,
facilitates the recovery of systems and applications from cyber attacks,
and coordinates Federal communications support to response efforts
during incidents requiring a coordinated Federal response (hereafter
referred to as "Incidents"). This ESF implements the provisions of the
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) National Plan for
Telecommunications Support in Non-Wartime Emergencies (NPTS). ESF #2
also provides communications support to State, tribal and local first
responders when their systems have been impacted, and provides
communications and information technology support to the Joint Field
Office (JFO) and JFO field teams. With the rapid convergence of
communications, Internet, and information technology (IT), the National
Communications System (NCS) and the National Cyber Security Division
(NCSD) work closely to coordinate the ESF #2 response. This convergence
requires increased synchronization of effort and capabilities between
the communications and information technology sectors." (**DHS**, *NRF*
*Emergency Support Function #1 -- Communications Annex* (Comment Draft).
September 10, 2007, p. 1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #3 \-- Public Works and
Engineering:** "Scope: ESF #3 is structured to provide public works and
engineering-related support for the changing requirements of domestic
incident management to include preparedness, response, and recovery
actions. Activities within the scope of this function include conducting
preincident and postincident assessments of public works and
infrastructure; executing emergency contract support for life-saving and
life-sustaining services; providing technical assistance to include
engineering expertise, construction management, and contracting and real
estate services; providing emergency repair of damaged infrastructure
and critical facilities; and implementing and managing the DHS/Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Public Assistance Program and other
recovery programs." (DHS, *NRF Emergency Support Function #3 -- Public
Works and Engineering Annex* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #4 -- Firefighting:** "Purpose:
Emergency Support Function (ESF) #4 -- Firefighting provides Federal
support for the detection and suppression of wildland, rural, and urban
fires resulting from, or occurring coincidentally with, an incident
requiring a coordinated Federal response for assistance. Scope: ESF #4
manages and coordinates firefighting activities, including the detection
and suppression of fires on Federal lands, and provides personnel,
equipment, and supplies in support of State, tribal, and local agencies
involved in rural and urban firefighting operations." (**DHS**,
*National Response Framework Emergency Support Function #4 --
Firefighting Annex* (Comment Draft), Sep.10, 2007, p. 1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #5 -- Emergency Management:**
"Purpose: ESF #5 -- Emergency Management is responsible for supporting
overall activities of the Federal Government for domestic incident
management. ESF #5 provides the core management and administrative
functions in support of National Response Coordination Center (NRCC),
Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC), and Joint Field Office
(JFO) operations. Scope: ESF #5 serves as the coordination ESF for all
Federal departments and agencies across the spectrum of domestic
incident management from hazard mitigation and preparedness to response
and recovery. ESF #5 will identify resources for alert, activation, and
subsequent deployment for quick and effective response." (**DHS**, *NRF
Emergency Support Function #5 -- Emergency Management Annex* (Comment
Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #6 -- Mass Care, Emergency
Assistance, Housing, and Human Services Annex:** "Purpose: Emergency
Support Function (ESF) #6 -- Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing,
and Human Services supports and augments State, regional, tribal, local,
and nongovernmental organization (NGO) mass care, emergency assistance,
housing, and human services missions. The purpose of this ESF is to
ensure that the needs of disaster-impacted populations are addressed by
coordinating Federal assistance to impacted areas.... Scope: When
directed by the President, ESF #6 services and programs are implemented
to assist individuals and households impacted by potential or actual
disaster incidents. The Department of Homeland Security/Federal
Emergency Management Agency (DHS/FEMA) coordinates and leads Federal
resources as required to support State, tribal, and local governments
and NGOs in the performance of mass care, emergency assistance, housing,
and human services missions." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework
Emergency Support Function #6 --* *Mass Care, Emergency Assistance,
Housing, and Human Services* *Annex* (Comment Draft), September 10,
2007, p. 2)

**Emergency Support Function #7 -- Resource Support Annex:** "*Purpose*
**\--** Emergency Support Function (ESF) #7 -- Resource Support assists
the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), supporting Federal agencies
and State, tribal, and local governments requiring resource support
prior to, during, and/or after incidents requiring a coordinated Federal
response. *Scope* **\--** Resource support to Federal, State, tribal,
and local governments consists of emergency relief supplies, facility
space, office equipment, office supplies, telecommunications (in
accordance with the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
National Plan for Telecommunications Support in Non-Wartime
Emergencies), contracting services, transportation services (in
coordination with ESF #1 -- Transportation), and personnel required to
support immediate response activities. ESF #7 provides support for
requirements not specifically identified in other ESFs, including excess
and surplus property. Resource support may continue until the
disposition of excess and surplus property, if any, is completed."
(**DHS**, *NRF ESF #7 --Resource Support Annex* (Comment Draft),
September 10, 2007, p. 1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #8 -- Public Health and Medical
Services:** "...provides the mechanism for coordinated Federal
assistance to supplement State, tribal, and local resources in response
to a public health and medical disaster, potential or actual incidents
requiring a coordinated Federal response, and/or during a developing
potential health and medical emergency. Public Health and Medical
Services includes behavioral health needs consisting of both mental
health and substance abuse considerations for incident victims and
response workers and, as appropriate, at-risk population groups defined
in the Base Plan as individuals in need of additional medical response
assistance, and veterinary and/or animal health issues." (**DHS**, *NRF
ESF #8 --* *Public Health and Medical Services Annex* (Comment Draft),
September 10, 2007, p.1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #9 -- Search and Rescue (SAR)**:
'...rapidly deploys components of the Federal SAR Response System to
provide specialized lifesaving assistance to State, tribal, and local
authorities when activated for incidents or potential incidents
requiring a coordinated Federal response. The Federal SAR Response
System is composed of the primary agencies that provide specialized SAR
operations during incidents or potential incidents requiring a
coordinated Federal response.

-   Structure Collapse (Urban) Search and Rescue (US&R)

-   Waterborne Search and Rescue

-   Inland/Wilderness Search and Rescue

-   Aeronautical Search and Rescue

SAR services include the performance of distress monitoring,
communications, location of distressed personnel, coordination, and
execution of rescue operations including extrication or evacuation along
with the provisioning of medical assistance and civilian services
through the use of public and private resources to assist persons and
property in potential or actual distress." (**DHS**, *NRF ESF #9 --*
Search *and Rescue Annex* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007, p.1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #10 -- Oil and Hazardous Materials
Response:** "ESF #10 provides for a coordinated response to actual or
potential oil and hazardous materials incidents by placing the
hazard-specific response mechanisms of the NCP within the broader
National Response Framework coordination structure. ESF #10 includes the
appropriate response and recovery actions to prepare for, prevent,
minimize, or mitigate a threat to public health, welfare, or the
environment caused by actual or potential oil and hazardous materials
incidents. Hazardous materials addressed under the NCP include chemical,
biological, and radiological substances, whether accidentally or
intentionally released. These include certain chemical, biological, and
radiological substances considered weapons of mass destruction (WMD)."
(**DHS**, *National Response Framework Emergency Support Function #10
--* *Oil and Hazardous Materials Response Annex* (Comment Draft),
September 10, 2007, p. 1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #11 -- Agriculture and Natural
Resources:** "...supports State, tribal, and local authorities and other
Federal agency efforts to address: (1) provision of nutrition
assistance; (2) control and eradication of an outbreak of a highly
contagious or economically devastating animal/zoonotic disease, highly
infective exotic plant pest, or economically devastating plant pest
infestation; (3) assurance of the safety and security of the commercial
food supply (under Department of Agriculture (USDA) jurisdictions and
authorities); (4) protection of natural and cultural resources and
historic properties (NCH) resources when activated by the Secretary for
incidents requiring a coordinated Federal response; and (5) the safety
and well-being of household pets." (**DHS**, *National Response
Framework Emergency Support Function #11 -- Agriculture and Natural
Resources Annex* (Comment Draft), Sep. 10, 2007, p. 1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #12 -- Energy:** ESF12 "is intended
to facilitate the restoration of damaged energy systems and components
when activated by the Secretary for incidents requiring a coordinated
Federal response. Under Department of Energy (DOE) leadership, ESF #12
is an integral part of the larger DOE responsibility of maintaining
continuous and reliable energy supplies for the United States through
preventive measures and restoration and recovery actions. ESF #12
collects, evaluates, and shares information on energy system damage and
estimations on the impact of energy system outages within affected
areas. Additionally, ESF #12 provides information concerning the energy
restoration process such as projected schedules, percent completion of
restoration, geographic information on the restoration, and other
information as appropriate. ESF #12 facilitates the restoration of
energy systems through legal authorities and waivers. ESF #12 also
provides technical expertise to the utilities, conducts field
assessments, and assists government and private-sector stakeholders to
overcome challenges in restoring the energy system." (**DHS**, *NRF
Emergency Support Function #12 --Energy Annex* (Comment Draft).
September 10, 2007, p.1)

**Emergency Support Function (ESF) #13 -- Public Safety and Security:**
ESF 13 "integrates Federal public safety and security capabilities and
resources to support the full range of incident management activities
associated with potential or actual incidents requiring a coordinated
Federal response. ESF #13 provides a mechanism for coordinating and
providing Federal-to-Federal support; Federal support to State, tribal,
and local authorities; and/or support to other ESFs, consisting of
noninvestigative law enforcement, public safety, and security
capabilities and resources during potential or actual incidents
requiring a coordinated Federal response. ESF #13 capabilities support
incident management requirements including but not limited to, force and
critical infrastructure protection, security planning and technical
assistance, technology support, and general law enforcement assistance
in both pre-incident and pos-incident situations. ESF #13 is activated
in situations requiring extensive public safety and security and where
State and local government resources are overwhelmed or are inadequate,
or in pre-incident or post-incident situations that require protective
solutions or capabilities unique to the Federal Government." (**DHS**,
*National Response Framework Emergency Support Function #13 --Public
Safety and Security Annex* (Comment Draft), Sep.2007, 1)

**Emergency Support Functions Coordinator:** "The ESF coordinator is the
entity with management oversight for that particular ESF. The
coordinator has ongoing responsibilities throughout the preparedness,
response, and recovery phases of incident management." (**DHS**,
*Overview: ESF and Support Annexes Coordinating Federal Assistance In
Support of the National Framework* (Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 10)

**Emergency Support Functions Primary Agency(ies):** "An ESF primary
agency is a Federal agency with significant authorities, resources, or
capabilities for a particular function within an ESF. Some ESFs have
more than one primary function and, therefore, more than one primary
agency. ESFs with multiple primary agencies designate one of those
primary agencies to serve as the ESF coordinator for the purposes of
pre-incident planning and coordination." (**DHS**, *Overview: ESF and
Support Annexes Coordinating Federal Assistance In Support of the
National Framework* (Draft), Sep.10, 2007, p. 10)

**Emergency Support Functions Support Agencies:** "Support agencies are
those entities with specific capabilities or resources that support the
primary agency(ies) in executing the mission of the ESF." (**DHS**,
*Overview: ESF and Support Annexes Coordinating Federal Assistance In
Support of the National Framework* (Draft), Sep.10, 2007, p. 10)

**Emergency Support Function Teams (ESFTs**): "FEMA coordinates incident
response support from across the Federal Government by calling up, as
needed, one or more of the 15 ESF teams. The ESF teams are coordinated
by FEMA through its NRCC. During a response, ESFs are a critical
mechanism to coordinate functional capabilities and resources provided
by Federal departments and agencies, along with certain private sector
and nonprofit organizations. They represent an effective way to bundle
and funnel resources and capabilities to local, State and other
responders. These functions are coordinated by a single agency but may
rely on several agencies that provide resources for each functional
area. The mission of the ESF is to provide the greatest possible access
to capabilities of the Federal Government regardless of which agency has
those capabilities. The ESFs serve as the primary operational-level
mechanism to provide assistance in functional areas such as
transportation, communications, public works and engineering,
firefighting, mass care, housing, human services, public health and
medical services, search and rescue, agriculture and energy." (**DHS**,
*NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, p. 55)

**Emergency Support Services:** The departments of local government that
have the capability to respond to emergencies 24 hours a day. They
typically include law enforcement, fire, rescue, and public works. They
may also be referred to as emergency response personnel or emergency
operating forces.

**Emergency Support Team (Sec. 303, 42 U.S.C. 5144):** "The President
shall form emergency support teams of Federal personnel to be deployed
in an area affected by a major disaster or emergency. Such emergency
support teams shall assist the Federal coordinating officer in carrying
out his responsibilities pursuant to this Act. Upon request of the
President, the head of any Federal agency is directed to detail to
temporary duty with the emergency support teams on either a reimbursable
or nonreimbursable basis, as is determined necessary by the President,
such personnel within the administrative jurisdiction of the head of the
Federal agency as the President may need or believe to be useful for
carrying out the functions of the emergency support teams, each such
detail to be without loss of seniority, pay, or other employee status."
(**Stafford Act**, June 2007 (FEMA 592), p. 23)

**Emergency System for Advance Registration of Volunteer Health
Professionals (ESAR-VHP):** "The Emergency System for Advance
Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals (ESAR-VHP) program helps
states develop standardized programs for registering volunteer health
professionals in advance of emergencies. Each state program collects
verified information on the identity, licensure status, clinical
privileges, and professional credentials of volunteers. State ESAR-VHP
systems are intended to be the mechanism for recording the registration
and credential information of all potential health volunteers in a
state. They will provide a single, centralized volunteer information
database to facilitate intra-state, state-to-state, and state-to-federal
transfer of volunteers. These systems should include information about
volunteers involved in organized efforts at the local level (such as the
MRC units) and the state level. The system also will serve a critical
statewide role in recruiting, registering, verifying credentials, and
classifying health professionals willing to serve in emergencies but not
interested in being part of a trained, organized volunteer structure."
(**Trust for America's Health**, *Ready or Not? 2007*, p. 67)

Emergency Types: "Types of Emergencies: Emergencies take many forms.
They can involve any combination of consequences stemming from:

-   *Technological and man-made hazards:* nuclear waste disposal spills;
    radiological, toxic substance, or hazardous materials accidents;
    utilities failures; pollution; epidemics; crashes; explosions; urban
    fires.

-   *Natural disasters:* earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes,
    tsunami, sea surges, freezes, blizzards of snow and ice, extreme
    cold, forest fires, drought, and range infestation.

-   *Internal disturbances:* civil disorders such as riots,
    demonstrations run amok, large-scale prison breaks, strikes leading
    to violence, and acts of terrorism.

-   *Energy and material shortages:* from strikes, price wars, labor
    problems, and resource scarcity.

-   *Attack:* the ultimate emergency---nuclear, conventional, chemical,
    or biological warfare." (**NGA**, *CEM: A Governors' Guide*, 1979.
    p.12.

**Emergency Welfare Services:** "\`Emergency welfare services' means
feeding; clothing; lodging in private and congregate facilities;
registration; locating and reuniting families; care of unaccompanied
children, the aged, the handicapped, and other groups needing
specialized care or services; necessary financial or other assistance;
counseling and referral services to families and individuals; aid to
welfare institutions under national emergency or post-attack conditions;
and all other feasible welfare aid and services to people in need during
a civil defense emergency. Such measures include organization,
direction, and provision of services to be instituted before attack, in
the event of strategic or tactical evacuation, and after attack in the
event of evacuation or of refuge in shelters." (**White House**,
*Executive Order 11490, Assigning Emergency Preparedness Functions to
Federal Departments and Agencies*, October 28, 1969) \[Note: Revoked and
replaced by *Executive Order 12656*, *Assignment of Emergency
Preparedness Responsibilities* (**White House** (President Ronald
Reagan) November 18, 1988).\]

**Emergency Work:** "All activities eligible under section 403 of the
Stafford Act, including such activities when performed by a Federal
agency as direct Federal assistance." (**FEMA**, *100% Funding for
Direct Federal Assistance and Grant Assistance*, June 9, 2006)

**Emergency Work:** Relevant to public assistance, emergency work is
work which must be done immediately to save lives and to protect
improved property and public health and safety, or to avert or lessen
the threat of a major disaster. Under the Stafford Act section related
to essential assistance, emergency work is defined to include clearance
and removal of debris and wreckage, and temporary restoration of
essential public facilities and services. Under a Presidential
declaration, DFA costs for emergency work that is tasked during the
first 72 hours following a declaration may be authorized for
reimbursement at 100-percent Federal funding, if warranted." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 51)

**Emergent Risk:** "The term *Emergent Risk* is used to describe risks
that are poorly understood, but are expected to grow greatly in
significance. Unlike other risks, emergent risks do not have a track
record which can be used to estimate likely probabilities and expected
losses." (Risky Thinking, *A Glossary of Risk Related Terms*, 2007)

**Emerging Agents:** "As defined in the National Strategy for *Medical
Countermeasures against Weapons of Mass Destruction\...* Emerging Agents
are previously unrecognized pathogens that might be naturally occurring
and present a serious risk to human populations, such as the virus
responsible for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS); and Advanced
Agents are novel pathogens or other materials of biological nature that
have been artificially engineered in the laboratory to bypass
traditional countermeasures or produce a more severe or otherwise
enhanced spectrum of disease. (**HHS**, *Public Health Emergency Medical
Countermeasure Enterprise*, 2007, p. 8)

**EMG:** Emergency Management Group. (**FEMA**, *EM Guide for* *Business
& Industry*, 1993, 27)

**EMHSCC:** Emergency Management and Homeland Security Coordinating
Council, CT.

**EMI:** Emergency Management Institute, FEMA/DHS, Emmitsburg, MD.

**EMIMS:** Emergency Management Information Management System.
(**FEMA**, *Cannon* 2007, 5)

**EMIS:** Emergency Management Information System. (FEMA, Compendium of
Federal Terrorism Training Courses, 2003, p. 6)

**EMP:** Electromagnetic Pulse.

**EMPG:** Emergency Management Performance Grants.

**EMR-ISC:** Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and
Analysis Center.

**EMRS:** Emergency Management Reporting System. (**DHS**, *TCL*, p.
291)

**EMS:** Emergency Medical Services. (**Senate HSGA**, *A Nation Still
Unprepared*, p. 631)

**EMS:** Emergency Medical System**.** (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossary*, 1992, 34)

**EMT:** Emergency Medical Technician.

**EMWIN:** Emergency Managers Weather Information Network.

**Enabling Learning Objective (ELO):** "A statement in behavioral terms
of what is expected of the student in demonstrating mastery at the
knowledge and skill level necessary for achievement of a terminal
learning objective (TLO)." (**DHS**, *DHS Training Glossary*, 2006, p.
23)

**Enduring Constitutional Government (ECG):** "\`Enduring Constitutional
Government,' or 'ECG,' means a cooperative effort among the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal Government,
coordinated by the President, as a matter of comity with respect to the
legislative and judicial branches and with proper respect for the
constitutional separation of powers among the branches, to preserve the
constitutional framework under which the Nation is governed and the
capability of all three branches of government to execute constitutional
responsibilities and provide for orderly succession, appropriate
transition of leadership, and interoperability and support of the
National Essential Functions during a catastrophic emergency." (**White
House**, *HSPD-20*, May 9, 2007)

**Enhanced Agents:** "As defined in the National Strategy for *Medical
Countermeasures against Weapons of Mass Destruction:* Enhanced Agents
are traditional agents that have been modified or selected to enhance
their ability to harm human populations or circumvent current
countermeasures, such as a bacterium that has been modified to resist
antibiotic treatment." (**HHS**, *Public Health Emergency Medical
Countermeasure Enterprise*, 2007, p. 8)

**Enhancement Plan:** "A comprehensive, statewide management plan for
enhancing State homeland security programs and capabilities to align
with the National Preparedness Goal

and to achieve the goals and objectives from the State Homeland Security
Strategy." (DHS, *Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland Security Grant Program:
Investment Justification Reference Guide*, January 2007, p. 53, Appendix
A: Definitions)

**Enterprise Coordination Approvals Processing System (eCAPS):** "A
Web-based software program for generating and approving mission
assignment forms." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draf*t,
July 2007, p. 51)

**Enterprise Risk Management:** "The underlying premise of enterprise
risk management is that every entity exists to provide value for its
stakeholders. All entities face uncertainty, and the challenge for
management is to determine how much uncertainty to accept as it strives
to grow stakeholder value. Uncertainty presents both risk and
opportunity, with the potential to erode or enhance value. Enterprise
risk management enables management to effectively deal with uncertainty
and associated risk and opportunity, enhancing the capacity to build
value. Value is maximized when management sets strategy and objectives
to strike an optimal balance between growth and return goals and related
risks, and efficiently and effectively deploys resources in pursuit of
the entity's objectives. Enterprise risk management encompasses:

• *Aligning risk appetite and strategy* -- Management considers the
entity's risk appetite

in evaluating strategic alternatives, setting related objectives, and
developing

mechanisms to manage related risks.

• *Enhancing risk response decisions* -- Enterprise risk management
provides the rigor to

identify and select among alternative risk responses -- risk avoidance,
reduction,

sharing, and acceptance.

• *Reducing operational surprises and losses* -- Entities gain enhanced
capability to

identify potential events and establish responses, reducing surprises
and associated

costs or losses.

• *Identifying and managing multiple and cross-enterprise risks* --
Every enterprise faces

a myriad of risks affecting different parts of the organization, and
enterprise risk

management facilitates effective response to the interrelated impacts,
and integrated

responses to multiple risks.

• *Seizing opportunities* -- By considering a full range of potential
events, management is

positioned to identify and proactively realize opportunities.

• *Improving deployment of capital* -- Obtaining robust risk information
allows

management to effectively assess overall capital needs and enhance
capital allocation.

"These capabilities inherent in enterprise risk management help
management achieve the

entity's performance and profitability targets and prevent loss of
resources. Enterprise risk

management helps ensure effective reporting and compliance with laws and
regulations, and

helps avoid damage to the entity's reputation and associated
consequences. In sum, enterprise

risk management helps an entity get to where it wants to go and avoid
pitfalls and surprises

along the way." (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
*Enterprise Risk Management -- Integrated Framework: Executive Summary*,
2004, p. 1)

**Entity:** "A governmental agency or jurisdiction, private or public
company, partnership, nonprofit organization, or other organization that
has emergency management and continuity of operations responsibilities."
(**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 7)

**Environmental Degradation:** "Unfavourable modification of the
ecological state and environment through natural processes and/or human
activities." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 35)

**Environmental Hazard:** "A condition capable of posing an unreasonable
risk to air, water, or soil quality and to plants or wildlife." (**NFPA
471**, 1997, p. 8)

**Environmental Health Capability Definition:** "Environmental Health is
the capability to protect the public from environmental hazards and
manage the health effects of an environmental health emergency on the
public. The capability minimizes human exposures to environmental public
health hazards (e.g., contaminated food, air, water, solid waste/debris,
hazardous waste, vegetation, sediments, and vectors). The capability
provides the expertise to run fate and transport models; design,
implement, and interpret the results of environmental field surveys and

laboratory sample analyses; develop protective guidance where none
exists; and use available data and judgment to recommend appropriate
actions for protecting the public and environment. Environmental Health
identifies environmental hazards in the affected area through rapid
needs assessments and comprehensive environmental health and risk
assessments. It works closely with the health community and
environmental agencies to link exposures with predicted disease
outcomes, provides input in the development of Crisis and Emergency Risk
Communication (CERC) messages, provides guidance on personal protective
measures, and advises on environmental health guidelines." (**DHS**,
*TCL*, 2007, p. 309)

**Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)**: "A policymaking tool that
provides information on the environmental impacts of activities. The
benefits of an EIA are encouraging the private sector and individuals to
consider the impacts of their actions on vulnerability factors; as part
of a detailed risk assessment it can provide alternative solutions, and
it could be used to reorient disaster impact assessments as planning
tools. Limitations of the technique include the current focus on
post-event impact assessment and not promoting its use as part of the
planning process, although the results can feed into future planning. 
In addition, there is still some way to go before EIA processes are
fully mastered." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in Dstr. Risk Asmt.*,
2008)

**Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):** "EPA serves as a support
agency to the FBI for

technical operations, and a support agency to DHS/FEMA for CM. EPA
provides technical personnel and supporting equipment to the LFA during
all aspects of WMD incidents. EPA assistance may include threat
assessment; DEST and regional emergency response team deployment; LFA
advisory requirements, technical advice, and operational support for
chemical, biological, and radiological releases; consultation; agent
identification; hazard detection and reduction; environmental
monitoring; sample and forensic evidence collection/analysis;
identification of contaminants; feasibility assessment; clean-up; and
on-site safety, protection, prevention, decontamination, and restoration
activities. EPA and USCG share responsibilities for response to oil
discharges into navigable waters and releases of hazardous substances,
pollutants, and contaminants into the natural and physical environment.
EPA provides the pre-designated

federal on-scene coordinator for inland areas while USCG coordinates
resources for the containment, removal, and disposal activities and
resources during an oil, hazardous substance, or WMD incident in coastal
areas." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, pp. II 20-21)

Environmental Restoration: "Recreation of the critical business
operations in an alternate location, including people, equipment and
communications capability." (DigitalCare, *State of OR BC Workshop*,
2006, 55)

**Environmental Risk:** "Likelihood, or probability, of injury, disease,
or death resulting from exposure to a potential environmental hazard."
(*European Environmental Agency*, **EEA Environmental Glossary**, 2007;
cites *ETS/CDS*, *General Environmental Multilingual Thesaurus* (GEMET),
2000)

**EO:** Executive Order. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and Definitions*,
1971, p. 2)

**EOC:** Emergency Operations Center. (**Senate HSGA**, *A Nation Still
Unprepared*, p. 631)

**EOP:** Emergency Operations Plan/Planning. (**Senate HSGA**, *A Nation
Still Unprepared*, 631)

**EOP:** Executive Office of the President. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov.
2007, p. A-4)

**EOS:** Emergency Operation(s) Simulation**. (DCPA,** *Foresight*,
1974, p. 13)

**EP:** Emergency Preparedness. (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP
3-26) 2005, p. I-4)

**EPA:** Environmental Protection Agency.

**EPI:** Emergency Public Information. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance
Appendices*, 1974, p. B-9)

**Epicenter:** "The point on the Earth's surface above the point at
depth in the Earth's crust where an earthquake begins." (**USGS**,
*Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**Epidemic:** "The occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be
expected in a community or region during a given time period. A sudden
severe outbreak of a disease such as SARS. From the Greek \"epi-\",
\"upon\" + \"demos\", \"people or population\" = \"epidemos\" = 'upon
the population'.\" (**MedicineNet.com**, *Definition of Epidemic*, 2003)

**Epidemic:** "1. An unusual increase in the number of cases of an
infectious disease which already exists in the region or population
concerned.

2\. The appearance of a significant number of cases of an infectious
disease introduced in a region

or population that is usually free from that disease." (**UNDHA**, *DM
Glossary*, 1992, 35)

**Epidemiologic Surveillance:** "The term 'epidemiologic surveillance'
means the process of actively gathering and analyzing data related to
human health and disease in a population in order to obtain early
warning of human health events, rapid characterization of human disease
events, and overall situational awareness of disease activity in the
human population." (**White House**, *HSPD 21*, October 18, 2007)

**Epidemiological Surveillance and Investigation capability
Definition:** "The Epidemiological Surveillance and Investigation
capability is the capacity to rapidly conduct epidemiological
investigations. It includes exposure and disease (both deliberate
release and naturally occurring) detection, rapid implementation of
active surveillance, maintenance of ongoing surveillance activities,
epidemiological investigation, analysis, and communication with the
public and providers about case definitions, disease risk and
mitigation, and recommendation for the implementation of control
measures." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p.161)

**EPLO:** Emergency Preparedness Liaison Officer. (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil
Support*, 2007, p. GL-8)

**EPR:** Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response. (**UN WHO**, EPR,
2007)

**EPRI:** Emergency Preparedness Resource Inventory, AHRQ, HHS.

**EQPCE:** Earthquake Preparedness Center of Expertise. (USACE, Response
Planning Guide, 1995, p. 6)

**Equipment and Systems Capability Elements (TCL):** "Paid and volunteer
staff who meet relevant qualification and certification standards
necessary to perform assigned missions and tasks." (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 9)

**ERC:** Emergency Response Center.

**ERD:** Equivalent Residual Dose. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 2)

ERDO: Explosive Devise Response Operations. (DHS, *TCL*, 2007, p. 202)

ERG: Emergency Relocation Group. (DHS, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. J-1)

ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. (DA, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec 2007,
Glossary-2)

**Erosion:** "Loosing or dissolving and removal of rock or soil as a
result of water, ice or wind action." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossary*, 1992, 36)

ERP(s): Emergency Response Plan(s). (Dept. of the Army, *WMD-CST Ops*,
Dec 2007, p. 6-2)

ERS: Emergency Relocation Site. (USACE, *Annex B: Emergency Relocation
Sites*, 1985, p. 1)

**ERT:** Emergency Response Team. (**Senate HSGA**, *Katrina: A Nation
Still Unprepared*, 631)

**ERT-A:** Emergency Response Team, Advance Element.

**ERT-N:** Emergency Response Team, National.

**ERV:** Emergency Response Vehicle, American Red Cross.

**ESAR-VHP:** Emergency Systems for Advance Registration of Volunteer
Health Care Personnel (Public Health Security and Bioterrorism
Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, Public Law 107-188). (**AHRQ**,
*Altered Standards of Care in Mass Casualty Events*, 2005, 35)

**ESF:** Emergency Support Function. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p.
O-1)

**ESF Coordinator: "**ESFs with multiple primary agencies designate an
ESF coordinator for the purposes of pre-incident planning and
coordination. The ESF coordinator has ongoing responsibilities
throughout the prevention, preparedness, response, recovery and
mitigation phases of incident management." (**FEMA**, *Mission
Assignment SOPs Draft*, 2007, 51)

**ESFLG:** Emergency Support Function Leaders/Leadership Group.
(**FEMA**, *FEMA/DHS Draft 2008 Hurricane CONPLAN*, October 31, 2007, p.
5)

**ESG:** Expeditionary Strike Group, Navy.

**ESI:** Emergency Severity Index. (**AHRQ/HHS**, *Mass Casualty
Care*..., 2007, p. 72)

**ESL:** English as a Second Language. (CDC, *Locating and Reaching
At-Risk Populations*, 2007)

**ESRI:** Environmental Systems Research Institute. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Ops*, Dec 2007, Glossary-2)

**ESS:** Emergency Services Sector.

**Essential Elements of Information (EEI):** "The Essential Elements of
Information provide a good starting point for information collection
through the life cycle of an event. Items may be eliminated on the
Information Collection Plan depending on the phase of the disaster. For
example, during the initial phases of an event, the boundaries of the
disaster area are of critical importance. Toward the end of the recovery
effort, this item is dropped as the boundaries have become stable.
However, mitigation and recovery statistics and items take on greater
importance in the later stages of an event and, therefore, will be
listed and likely expanded." (**FEMA**, *Federal Interim CONPLAN --
Predecisional Draft: NMSZ*, December 15, 2007. p. 22)

**Essential Functions (COOP):** "Functions that enable Federal Executive
Branch Agencies to provide vital services, exercise civil authority,
maintain the safety and well-being of the general populace, and sustain
the industrial and economic base during an emergency." (**FEMA**,
*Department/Agency HQ Devolution of Operations Plan Template*)

**Essential Functions**: "The critical activities that are performed by
organizations, especially after a disruption of normal activities. There
are three categories of essential functions: National

Essential Functions (NEFs), Primary Mission Essential Functions (PMEFs),
and Mission Essential Functions (MEFs)." (**HSC**, *National Continuity
Policy Implementation Plan*, p. 62)

**Essential Functions: "**USACE functions that are considered necessary,
in consonance with the direction of the Department of the Army, for the
accomplishment of indispensable operations of USACE in national
emergency situations. (**USACE**, *Planning and Operations Guidelines,
Annex V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p. V-2)

**Essential Service:** "A service without which a building would be
'disabled'. Often applied to the utilities (water, gas, electricity,
etc.) it may also include standby power systems, environmental control
systems or communication networks." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC
Workshop*, 2006, p. 55)

**Essential Services Provider** (within the context of the Stafford
Act): "...\`essential services provider' means an entity that provides:
telecommunications service; electrical power; natural gas; water and
sewer services; or any other essential service, as determined by the
President; and is a municipal entity; a nonprofit entity; or a private,
for-profit entity; and is contributing to efforts to respond to an
emergency or major disaster." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework
List of Authorities and References* (Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 3)

**ETA:** Estimated Time of Arrival. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec
2007, Glossary-2)

**ETA:** Event-Tree Analysis. (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in Disaster
Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**ETC:** Emergency Transportation Center.

**ETIS:** Emergency Traffic Information System. (**NEMA**, *Committee
Reports*, 2007, p. 6)

**ETO:** Emergency Transportation Operations.

**EU:** European Union.

**Evacuation:** "The movement of employees, visitors and contractors
from a site and/or building to a safe place (assembly area) in a
controlled and monitored manner at time of an event." (**DigitalCare**,
*State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 55)

**Evacuation:** "Organized, phased, and supervised withdrawal,
dispersal, or removal of civilians from dangerous or potentially
dangerous areas, and their reception and care in safe areas." (**DHS**,
*National Response Framework* (Draft) *Glossary/Acronyms*, September 10,
2007; **DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, October 23, 2007, p.
10)

**Evacuation:** "Evacuation is the organized removal of civilians from
any given area and it may be of two types:

a.  Organized, voluntary evacuation wherein people leave an area under
    supervision of constituted authority. This usually involves the
    removal of priority groups.

    i.  Hospitalized sick and injured.

    ii. Pre-school age children accompanied by mothers or guardians.

    iii. School age children up to and including 15 years.

    iv. Pregnant women, aged and infirm.

    v.  All others, except those serving in essential capacities.

b.  Organized compulsory evacuation which is the mandatory removal of a
    portion or all of the civilian population from an area." (**OCDP**,
    *Hopley Report*, 1948, pp. 220-221)

**Evacuation:** "Organized, phased, and supervised dispersal of
civilians from dangerous or potentially dangerous areas, and their
reception and care in safe areas." (**USG**, *USG Interagency Domestic
Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001, Appendix B: Definitions)

**Evacuation (Mandatory or Directed):** "This is a warning to persons
within the designated area that an imminent threat to life and property
exists and individuals MUST evacuate in accordance with the instructions
of local officials." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency
Operations Planning* (State and Local Guide (SLG) 101), September 1996,
GLO-6)

**Evacuation (Notice versus No-Notice).** "These evacuations are also in
the context of either a notice evacuation where sufficient planning time
exists to warn citizens and to effectively implement a plan, or a
no-notice evacuation where circumstances require immediate
implementation of contingency plans." (**DOT**, *Catastrophic Hurricane
Evacuation Plan Evaluation: Report to Congres*s, June 1, 2006, p. 2-2)

**Evacuation (Spontaneous):** "Residents or citizens in the threatened
areas observe an emergency event or receive unofficial word of an actual
or perceived threat and without receiving instructions to do so, elect
to evacuate the area. Their movement, means, and direction of travel is
unorganized and unsupervised." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard
Emergency Operations Planning* (State and Local Guide (SLG) 101),
September 1996, p. GLO-5)

**Evacuation (Voluntary):** "This is a warning to persons within a
designated area that a threat to life and property exists or is likely
to exists in the immediate future. Individuals issued this type of
waning or order are NOT required to evacuate, however it would be to
their advantage to do so." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency
Operations Planning* (State and Local Guide (SLG) 101), September 1996,
GLO-6)

**Evacuation Liaison Team (ELT):** "The Evacuation Liaison Team (ELT) is
made up of emergency management and transportation specialists that
facilitate the coordination and sharing of information between state
jurisdictions during multi-state hurricane evacuations." (**FEMA**,
*National Hurricane Program*, 2007)

**Evacuation Liaison Team (ELT):** "Provides support in State and local
emergency response efforts by compiling, analyzing, and disseminating
traffic-related information that can be used to facilitate the rapid,
efficient, and safe evacuation of threatened populations. Primarily
operates in the State or local EOC as an extension of ESF
#1--transportation." (**FEMA**, NIMSonline, *Resource: Evacuation
Liaison Team (ELT)*, April 2003.

**Evacuation Planning:** "Planning for the orderly evacuation of the
civilian population in any given are involves:

a.  The assignment, equipment and training of individuals qualified to
    give leadership in an emergency.

b.  The registration of every individual in the area classified with
    respect to his priority in the evacuation procedure.

c.  The designation of one or more gathering points and assembly areas
    through which appropriate means of transportation to reception
    centers can be routed, loaded and dispatched.

d.  The formulation of procedures fro keeping currently informed as to
    changes in the address or the status of registered civilians.

e.  The coordination of plans with the Police, Transportation, and
    Medical and Health Services, and Civilian War Aid of the local Civil
    Defense organization.

f.  The integration of the local plan with procedures developed by those
    responsible for evacuation on a state, regional or national level.
    (**OCDP**, *Hopley Report*, 1948, p. 220)

**Evacuation Traffic Information System (ETIS):** "ETIS covers the
eighteen states of the eastern seaboard and Gulf states of the United
States. ETIS is a GIS, Web-based tool that assists with collection and
dissemination of transportation information during an evacuation.
Transportation officials in each threatened State are responsible for
inputting information for coastal counties on evacuation status, tourist
occupancy, evacuation participation rates, and traffic count
information. The ETIS provides a platform for States and the FEMA
Regional Operations Center to monitor the evacuation process. The system
also provides a forecast of total cross-State traffic and the likely
destinations of the evacuees. Reports generated by ETIS and which can be
viewed through the website include: 1) Shelter capacity by state, 2)
Traffic count by state, 3) Traffic volumes by corridor, 4) Destination
percentages by city, and 5) Estimated state to state traffic. Links are
provided from this main page to the state agencies that would be
involved in and responsible for mass evacuations from these areas in the
event of hurricanes." (**DOT**, *TRIS Online*, Jan 18, 2008)

**Evacuee:** "Definition: an individual subject to an organized and
supervised withdrawal, dispersal, or removal from a hazardous or
potentially hazardous area." (**DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*,
October 23, 2007, 10)

**Evaluation:** "Post disaster appraisal of all aspects of the disaster
and its effects." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 36)

**Event:** "A planned, non-emergency activity. ICS can be used as the
management system for a wide range of events, e.g., parades, concerts or
sporting events." (**CA OES**, *SEMS Guidelines*, 2006, Glossary, p. 8)

**Event:** "Definition: planned, non-emergency activity occurring in a
particular place during a particular interval of time." (**DHS**,
*Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, October 23, 2007, p. 10)

**Event:** "Any occurrence that may lead to a business continuity
incident." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 55)

**Event:** "Occurrence of a particular set of circumstances." (**ISO
22399**, *Societal Security* 2007, 3)

**Event: "**A planned, non-emergency activity. ICS can be used as the
management system for a wide range of events, e.g. NSSES, Opsail,
parades, concerts, or sporting activities. The event IAP usually
includes contingency plans for possible incidents that might occur
during the event." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-7)

**Event (Catastrophic):** "For purposes of this plan \[NRP 2004\], a
catastrophic event is any natural or manmade incident, including
terrorism, which leaves extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage
and disruption severely affecting the population, infrastructure,
environment, and economy. A catastrophic event results in sustained
national impacts over a prolonged period of time; exceeds resources
normally available in the local, State, Federal, and private sectors;
and significantly interrupt governmental operations and emergency
services to such an extent that national security could be threatened.
In contrast to a Major Disaster or Emergency as defined in the Stafford
Act, a catastrophic event is characterized as an incident of low or
unknown probability but extremely high consequences." (**DHS**,
*National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 60)

**Event-Tree Analysis (ETA):** "A consequence based analysis in which an
event either has or has not happened or a component has or has not
failed. An event tree begins with an initiating event. The consequences
of the event are followed through a series of possible paths. Each path
is assigned a probability of occurrence and the probability of the
various possible outcomes can be calculated. The benefits of the
technique are its value in analyzing the consequences arising from a
failure or undesired event." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in Disaster
Risk Asmt.*, 2008)

**EVUNS:** Evaluating the Vulnerability of National Systems. (**DCPA**,
*Foresight*, 1974, p. 27)

**EWS:** Entity Wide Security.

**Exceedance Probability:** "Probability that a given magnitude of an
event will be equaled or exceeded." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 36)

**Exclusion Zone:** See "Hot Zone."

**Executive/Management Succession: "**A predetermined plan for ensuring
the continuity of authority, decision-making, and communication in the
event that key members of senior management suddenly become
incapacitated, or in the event that a crisis occurs while key members of
senior management are unavailable.**"** (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR
BC Wkshop*, 55)

**Executive Agent:** "An 'executive agent' is an individual who has been
designated by his or her superior to act on behalf of that superior.
This designation involves a delegation of authority from the superior to
the selected subordinate. The executive agent may be limited to
providing only administration and support or to coordinating common
functions, or the executive agent may be delegated authority, direction,
and control over specified resources for specified purposes." (**DHS**,
*Fed. Cont. Direct. 1*, Nov 2007, P-4)

**Executive Departments and Agencies:** "Executive departments
enumerated in 5 U.S.C. 101, along with DHS, independent establishments
as defined by 5 U.S.C. § 104(1), Government corporations as defined by
5U.S.C. § 103(1), and the United States Postal Service." (**DHS**, *Fed.
Cont. Direct. 1*, Nov 2007, P-4)

**Executive Order 8757** (May 20, 1941)**:** Established the Office of
Civilian Defense within the Office of Emergency Management (which had
been established in the Executive Office of the President on May 25,
1940.) (**Gessert**, *Federal Civil Defense Organization*, 1965, p. 60)

**Executive Order 9134** (April 15, 1942): Expands the responsibilities
of the Office of Civilian Defense. (**Gessert**, *Federal Civil Defense
Organization*, 1965, p. 60)

**Executive Order 9562** (June 30, 1945): Abolishes the Office of
Civilian Defense (Germany signed an unconditional surrender on May 7,
1945). (**Gessert**, 1965, p. 61)

**Executive Order 10186** (December 1, 1950)**:** President Truman
establishes Federal Civil Defense Administration in the Office of
Emergency Management (Executive Office of the President). Names Millard
F. Caldwell as Administrator. (**Gessert** 1965, p. 65)

**Executive Order 10193** (December 16, 1950): President Truman
establishes Office of Defense Mobilization in the Executive Office of
the President and assigns it the task of coordinating all mobilization
activities of the Federal Government. (**Gessert** 1965, p. 66)

**Executive Order 10346:** Preparation by Federal Agencies of Civil
Defense Emergency Plans. (**White House**, April 17, 1952)

**Executive Order 10773** (July 1, 1958): President Eisenhower delegates
all functions and responsibilities transferred to the President by
Reorganization Plan No 1 of 1958 to the Office of Defense and Civilian
Mobilization (later renamed the Office of Civil and Defense
Mobilization). (**Gessert**, *Federal Civil Defense Organization*, 1965,
p. 71)

**Executive Order 10952** (July 20, 1961): President Kennedy assigns
civil defense responsibilities to the Secretary of Defense. "This
provided further for the later creation of the Office of Civil Defense
by the transfer of certain property, facilities, personnel, and funds
from the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization to the Department of
Defense, and for the reorganization of OCDM as a smaller advisory agency
to be named the Office of Emergency Planning." Five days later he
announces the civil defense reorganization during a televised address to
the nation. (**Gessert**, *Federal Civil Defense Administration*, 1965,
p. 73)

**Executive Order 11490: Assigning Emergency Preparedness Functions to
Federal Departments and Agencies.** (Federal Register page and date: 34
FR 17567; October 30, 1969):

"**WHEREAS our national security** is dependent upon our ability to
assure continuity of government, at every level, in any national
emergency type situation that might conceivably confront the nation;
and\
 **WHEREAS effective national preparedness** planning to meet such an
emergency, including a massive nuclear attack, is essential to our
national survival; and\
** WHEREAS effective national preparedness** planning requires the
identification of functions that would have to be performed during such
an emergency, the assignment of responsibility for developing plans for
performing these functions, and the assignment of responsibility for
developing\
the capability to implement those plans; and\
** WHEREAS the Congress has directed** the development of such national
emergency preparedness plans and has provided funds for the
accomplishment thereof; and\
** WHEREAS this national emergency preparedness** planning activity has
been an established program of the United States Government for more
than twenty years:

 NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of
the United States, and pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72
Stat. 1799), the National Security Act of 1947, as amended, the Defense
Production Act of 1950, as amended, and the Federal Civil Defense Act,
as amended, it is hereby ordered as follows....

**SEC.1O2 Scope.**

\(a\) This order is concerned with the emergency national planning and
preparedness functions of the several departments and agencies of the
Federal Government which complement the military readiness planning
responsibilities of the Department of Defense; together, these measures
provide the basic foundation for our overall national preparedness
posture, and are fundamental to our ability to survive.\
 (b) The departments and agencies of the Federal Government are hereby
severally charged with the duty of assuring the continuity of the
Federal Government in any national emergency type situation that might
confront the nation. To this end, each department and agency with
essential functions, whether expressly identified in this order or not,
shall develop such plans and take such actions, including but not
limited to those specified in this order, as may be necessary to assure
that it will be able to perform its essential functions, and continue as
a viable part of the Federal Government, during any emergency that might
conceivably occur. These include plans for maintaining the continuity of
essential functions of the department or agency at the seat of
government and elsewhere, through programs concerned with:

\(1\) succession to office;\
(2) predelegation of emergency authority;\
(3) safekeeping of essential records;\
(4) emergency relocation sites supported by communications and required
services;\
(5) emergency action steps;\
(6) alternate headquarters or command facilities; and\
(7) protection of Government resources, facilities, and personnel. The
continuity of Government activities undertaken by the departments and
agencies shall be in accordance with guidance provided by, and subject
to evaluation by, the Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness.

 (c) In addition to the activities indicated above, the heads of
departments and agencies described in Parts 2 through 29 of this order
shall:

\(1\) prepare national emergency plans, develop preparedness programs,
and attain an appropriate\
state of readiness with respect to the functions assigned to them in
this order for all conditions of national emergency;\
(2) give appropriate consideration to emergency preparedness factors in
the conduct of the regular functions of their agencies, particularly
those functions considered essential in time of emergency, and\
(3) be prepared to implement, in the event of an emergency, all
appropriate plans developed under this order...." (**White House**,
October 28, 1969)

\[Note: Revoked and replaced by Executive Order 12656, November 18,
1988, *Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities* (**White
House** (President Ronald Reagan) November 18, 1988).\]

**Executive Order 11988: Floodplain Management:** "Executive Order 11988
requires federal agencies to avoid to the extent possible the long and
short-term adverse impacts associated with the occupancy and
modification of flood plains and to avoid direct and indirect support of
floodplain development wherever there is a practicable alternative. In
accomplishing this objective, \"each agency shall provide leadership and
shall take action to reduce the risk of flood loss, to minimize the
impact of floods on human safety, health, and welfare, and to restore
and preserve the natural and beneficial values served by flood plains in
carrying out its responsibilities\" for the following actions:

-   acquiring, managing, and disposing of federal lands and facilities;

-   providing federally-undertaken, financed, or assisted construction
    and improvements;

-   conducting federal activities and programs affecting land use,
    including but not limited to water and related land resources
    planning, regulation, and licensing activities.

Summary of Requirements \-- The guidelines address an eight-step process
that agencies should carry out as part of their decision-making on
projects that have potential impacts to or within the floodplain. The
eight steps...reflect the decision-making process required in Section
2(a) of the Order.

-   Determine if a proposed action is in the base floodplain (that area
    which has a one percent or greater chance of flooding in any given
    year).

-   Conduct early public review, including public notice.

-   Identify and evaluate practicable alternatives to locating in the
    base floodplain, including alterative sites outside of the
    floodplain.

-   Identify impacts of the proposed action.

-   If impacts cannot be avoided, develop measures to minimize the
    impacts and restore and preserve the floodplain, as appropriate.

-   Reevaluate alternatives.

-   Present the findings and a public explanation.

-   Implement the action." (**FEMA**, "Executive Order 11988: Floodplain
    Management")

**Executive Order (EO) 11988:** "This EO requires the Corps to provide
leadership and take action to: (1) avoid development in the base
(100-year) flood plain unless it is the only practicable alternative;
(2) reduce the hazards and risk associated with floods; (3) minimize the
impact of floods on human safety, health and welfare; and (4) restore
and preserve the natural and beneficial values of the base flood plain.
In this regard, the policy of the Corps is to formulate projects which,
to the extent possible, avoid or minimize adverse impacts associated
with use of the base flood plain and avoid inducing development in the
base flood plain unless there is no practicable alternative for the
development. (**USACE**, *Water Resources Policies and Authorities...*,
1999, 13-1)

**Executive Order 12148:** "Executive Order 12148, *Federal Emergency
Management*, July 20, 1979, as amended, designates FEMA as the lead
federal agency for coordination and direction of Federal disaster
relief, emergency assistance, and emergency preparedness. The order also
delegates to FEMA the President's relief and assistance authority under
the Stafford Act, with the exception of the declaration of a major
disaster or emergency." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1),
February 25, 2004, p. 71)

**Executive Order 12472.** *Assignment of National Security and
Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions*, April 3, 1984.

**Executive Order 12580:** *Superfund Implementation.* White House,
January 23, 1987.

**Executive Order 12656:** "Executive Order 12656, *Assignment of
Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities*, November 18, 1988, as amended,
assigns lead and support responsibilities to each of the Federal
agencies for national security emergency preparedness. Amendment
designates Department of Homeland Security as the lead agency for
coordinating programs and plans among all Federal departments and
agencies." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25,
2004, p. 71)

Executive Order 12657: *Federal Emergency Management Agency Assistance
In Emergency Preparedness Planning At Commercial Nuclear Power Plants*.
White House, Nov. 18, 1988.

**Executive Order 12742:** *National Security Industrial
Responsiveness*. White House, 1991

**Executive Order 12777:** *Implementation of Section 311 of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act of October 18, 1972, as Amended, and the Oil
Pollution Act of 1990*. "Sec. 1. National Contingency Plan, Area
Committees, and Area Contingency Plans. (a) Section 1 of Executive Order
No. 12580 of January 23, 1987, is amended to read as follows:

\`\`Section 1. National Contingency Plan. (a)(1) The National
Contingency Plan (\`\`the NCP\'\'), shall provide for a National
Response Team (\`\`the NRT\'\') composed of representatives of
appropriate Federal departments and agencies for national planning and
coordination of preparedness and response actions, and Regional Response
Teams as the regional counterparts to the NRT for planning and
coordination of regional preparedness and response actions."

(WH, Oct.18, 1991)

**Executive Order 12919:** *National Defense Industrial Resources
Preparedness*. (June 3, 1994)

**Executive Order 13010:** *Critical Infrastructure Protection*, 15 July
1996.

**Executive Order 13228:** *Establishing the Office of Homeland Security
and the Homeland Security Council*, October 8, 2001. (**White House**)

**Executive Order 13231:** *Critical Infrastructure Protection in the
Information Age*, October 16, 2001. (**White House**) EO 13231
"established the President's Critical Infrastructure Protection Board
and authorized a protection program to secure information systems for
critical infrastructure, including emergency preparedness
communications, and the physical assets that support such systems."
(**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. A-3)

**Executive Order 13286:** *Executive Order Amendment of Executive
Orders, and Other Actions, in Connection with the Transfer of Certain
Functions to the Secretary of Homeland Security*. February 28, 2003.

**Executive Order 13295:** *Revised List of Quarantinable Communicable
Diseases*. April 4, 2003.

**Executive Order 13356:** *Strengthening the Sharing of Terrorism
Information to Protect Americans*, August 27, 2004. (**White House**)

**Exercise:** "A people focused activity designed to execute business
continuity plans and evaluate the individual and/or organization
performance against approved standards or objectives. Exercises can be
announced or unannounced, and are performed for the purpose of training
and conditioning team members, and validating the business continuity
plan.

Exercise results identify plan gaps and limitations and are used to
improve and revise the Business Continuity Plans.

Types of exercises include: Table Top Exercise, Simulation Exercise,
Operational Exercise, Mock Disaster, Desktop Exercise, Full Rehearsal."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 55)

**Exercise Library Evaluation Guide: "**An online reference library of
exercise evaluation information including links to evaluator training
programs, exercise evaluation documents such as the Homeland Security
Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) After-Action Report/Improvement
Plan (AAR/IP) Template, and other resources. An online Exercise
Evaluation Guide (EEG) repository, where exercise planners, evaluators,
and participants can access and download the latest versions of the
HSEEP EEGs. An **EEG Builder tool**, allowing Lead Exercise Evaluators
to create custom Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program
(HSEEP)-compliant EEGs tailored to their specific exercise needs.
(**DHS**, *Welcome to the Exercise Evaluation Guide Library*)

**Exercise Design Process:** "The exercise design process includes the
following steps:

• Identify priority capabilities for improvement through exercises

• Select corresponding tasks for assessment

• Define exercise objectives based on capabilities, tasks, and
jurisdiction needs

• Create a jurisdiction-specific scenario formulated specifically to
meet exercise objectives." (**DHS**, *Target Capabilities List*, 2007,
p. 15)

**Exercise Scenario:** "Scenario -- A sequential, narrative account of a
hypothetical incident or accident. The scenario provides the catalyst
for the exercise and is intended to introduce situations that will
stimulate player response(s)." (**DHS**, *Cyber Storm Exercise Report*,
2006, p. 4, footnote 5)

Exercise Types:

*Discussion-Based Exercises*: "Discussion-based exercises familiarize
participants with current plans, policies, agreements, and procedures.
These exercises may also be used to develop new plans, policies,
agreements, and procedures. Types of discussion-based exercises include
the following:

-   *Seminar.* A seminar is an informal discussion, designed to orient
    participants to new or updated plans, policies, or procedures (e.g.,
    a seminar to review a new Evacuation Standard Operating Procedure).

-   *Workshop.* A workshop resembles a seminar, but is employed to build
    specific products, such as a draft plan or policy (e.g., a Training
    and Exercise Plan Workshop is used to develop a Multi-year Training
    and Exercise Plan).

-   *Tabletop Exercise (TTX).* A tabletop exercise involves key
    personnel discussing simulated scenarios in an informal setting.
    TTXs can be used to assess plans, policies, and procedures.

-   *Game.* A game is a simulation of operations that often involves two
    or more teams, usually in a competitive environment, using rules,
    data, and procedure designed to depict an actual or assumed
    real-life situation." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. K-2)

"*Drill*: A coordinated, supervised activity usually used to test a
single specific operation or function in a single agency. Drills are
commonly used to provide training on new equipment, develop or test new
policies or procedures, or practice and maintain current skills. Typical
attributes include the following: A narrow focus, measured against
established standards; Instant feedback; Performance in isolation;
Realistic environment.

*Full Scale Exercise (FSE):* A multi-agency, multi-jurisdictional,
multi-organizational activity that tests many facets of preparedness.
They focus on implementing and analyzing the plans, policies,
procedures, and cooperative agreements developed in discussion-based
exercises and honed in previous, smaller, operations-based exercises. In
FSEs, the reality of operations in multiple functional areas presents
complex and realistic problems that require critical thinking, rapid
problem solving, and effective responses by trained personnel. During
FSEs, events are projected through a scripted exercise scenario with
built-in flexibility to allow updates to drive activity. FSEs are
conducted in a real-time, stressful environment that closely mirrors
real events.

*Functional Exercise (FE):* An activity designed to test and evaluate
individual capabilities, multiple functions, activities within a
function, or interdependent groups of functions. Events are projected
through an exercise scenario with event updates that drive activity at
the management level. An FE simulates the reality of operations in a
functional area by presenting complex and realistic problems that
require rapid and effective responses by trained personnel in a highly
stressful environment.

*Tabletop Exercise (TTX):* An activity that involves key personnel
discussing simulated scenarios in an informal setting. This type of
exercise can be used to assess plans, policies, and procedures or to
assess the systems needed to guide the prevention of, response to, and
recovery from a defined incident. TTXs typically are aimed at
facilitating understanding of concepts, identifying strengths and
shortfalls, and achieving changes in attitude. Participants are
encouraged to discuss issues in depth and develop decisions through
slow-paced problem solving, rather than the rapid, spontaneous decision
making that occurs under actual or simulated emergency conditions."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference* (For FY 2007),
Oct.23, 2006, pp. 3-4)

\[Note: See, also, "Emergency Operations Simulation," and "Total Systems
Exercises".\]

**Exercises:** "Exercises provide opportunities to practice and
test...capabilities and to improve and maintain proficiency in a
controlled environment. Exercises assess and validate policies, plans,
and procedures, and clarify and familiarize personnel with roles and
responsibilities. Exercises improve interagency coordination and
communication, highlight gaps, and identify opportunities for
improvement." (**FEMA**, *Basic Guidance for PIOs*, Nov 2007, p. 5)

**Exercises, Evaluations, and Corrective Actions Capability Elements
(TCL):** "Exercises, self-assessments, peer-assessments, outside review,
compliance monitoring, and actual major events that provide
opportunities to demonstrate, evaluate, and improve the combined
capability and interoperability of the other elements to perform
assigned missions and tasks to standards necessary to achieve successful
outcomes." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 9)

**Excess-of-loss (XOL) Catastrophe Reinsurance Contracts:**
"...contracts...proposed by

the Clinton Administration \[which\], would provide per-occurrence
excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage to private insurers and reinsurers,
where both the coverage layer and the fixed payout of the contract are
based on insurance industry losses, not company losses. In financial
terms, the

Federal government would be selling earthquake and hurricane catastrophe
call options to the

insurance industry to cover catastrophic losses in a loss layer above
that currently available in

the private reinsurance market. The contracts would be sold annually at
auction, with a

reservation price designed to avoid a government subsidy and ensure that
the program would

be self supporting in expected value. If a loss were to occur that
resulted in payouts in excess

of the premiums collected under the policies, the Federal government
would use its ability to

borrow at the risk-free rate to fund the losses. During periods when the
accumulated premiums paid into the program exceed the losses paid, the
buyers of the contracts implicitly would be lending money to the
Treasury, reducing the costs of government debt. The expected interest
on these \"loans\" offsets the expected financing (borrowing) costs of
the program as long as the contracts are priced appropriately. By
accessing the Federal government's superior ability to diversify risk
inter-temporally, the contracts could be sold at a rate lower than would
be required in conventional reinsurance markets, which would potentially
require a high cost of capital due to the possibility that a major
catastrophe could bankrupt some reinsurers. By pricing the contacts at
least to break even, the program would provide for eventual
private-market "crowding out" through catastrophe derivatives and other
innovative catastrophic risk financing mechanisms." (**Cummins**,
*Pricing Excess-of-loss Reinsurance Contracts Against...,* 1998, 1)

**Exigent Circumstances:** "Circumstances that may include the existence
of a threat to public health or public safety or other unique
circumstances that warrant immediate action." (**DHS**,
*Chemical-terrorism Vulnerability Information Glossary*, November 2007,
p. 2)

**Expanded Regional Collaboration, National Preparedness Guidelines
Priority \# 1:**

"Major events, especially terrorism, will invariably have
cross-geographic consequences

and impact. The expanded regional collaboration priority highlights the
need for embracing partnership across multiple jurisdictions, regions,
and States in building capabilities cooperatively. Successful regional
collaboration allows for a multijurisdictional and multi-disciplinary
approach to building capabilities for all four mission areas \[prevent,
protect, respond, recover\], spreading costs, and sharing risk across
geographic areas. This approach increases opportunities to create
efficiency and leverage capabilities across the country. Regional

collaboration focuses on expanding mutual aid and assistance compacts
among contiguous State, local, and tribal entities, and their private
and non-governmental partners, and extending the scope of those compacts
to include pre-incident preparedness activities (i.e., planning,
training, exercising). The intent is to locate capabilities
strategically to maximize coverage of the U.S. population and the
Nation's high priority critical infrastructure and key resources. The
Goal does not mandate that State and local governments adopt a regional
governmental structure, but it does require that all levels of
government embrace a *regional approach to building capabilities.*"
(**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy:
Guidelines on Aligning Strategies with the NPG*, 2005, pp. 8-9)

**Expanded Regional Collaboration, National Preparedness Guidelines
Priority \# 1:** "Expanded Regional Collaboration is identified as the
first priority in the National Preparedness Guidelines in recognition
that large scale events may require a shared response across
jurisdictions, levels of government, and the public/private sectors
depending on the scale of the event. States are encouraged to define
geographic areas or regions, in consultation with local and tribal
governments that share risk and responsibility for a major event. The
expanded region facilitates the strengthening of relationships among
participants, regional preparedness planning and operations support, and
joint implementation of a capabilities-based approach. Regions may be
intra- or inter-State geographic areas, as appropriate, based on shared
risk and the need for joint planning and operations. Standardization of
geographic regions will enable the States, working with local and tribal
government and other partners, to coordinate preparedness activities
more effectively, spread costs, pool resources, share risk, and thereby
increase the overall return on investment." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p.
11)

**Experiential Learning:** "Experiential learning occurs when a learning
activity having a

behavioral-based hierarchy allows the student to experience and practice
job-related tasks and functions during a training session. Any learning
based on experiencing, doing, exploring, and even living can be termed
experiential." (**DHS**, *DHS Training Glossary*, 2006, p. 24)

**Expert:** "An expert is a person who is specially qualified by
education and experience to perform difficult and challenging tasks in a
particular field beyond the usual range of achievement of competent
persons in that field. An expert is regarded by other persons in the
field as an authority or practitioner of unusual competence and skill in
a professional, scientific, technical or other activity. \[5 CFR
304.102\] \[HRO Part 1, Chapter 7, Employment of Experts and
Consultants\]" (**DHS**, *DHS Training Glossary*, 2006, p. 24)

**EXPLAN:** Exercise Plan.

**Explosivity Index:** "Percentage of pyroclastic ejecta among the total
product of a volcanic eruption." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 37)

**Exposure:** "The number, types, qualities, and monetary values of
various types of property or infrastructure and life that may be subject
to an undesirable or injurious hazard event." (**American Planning
Association**, *Planning For A Disaster-Resistant Community*, 2005, p.
81)

**Exposure:** "\`Exposure' is another component of disaster risk, and
refers to that which is affected by natural disasters, such as people
and property." (**Asian Disaster Reduction Center**, *Total Disaster
Risk Management -- Good Practices*, 2005, p. 1)

**Exposure (and Vulnerability):** "In Order to contract infectious
disease, you need to be exposed to the microbe that causes the disease.
However, some people are exposed and never become ill, while others may
die from the same exposure. If we call the person who is exposed a
'host', the host may have certain vulnerabilities or strengths that
alter the outcome of the exposure. The host may have inherited genetic
traits that limit his or her vulnerability to a certain class of
microbes, or may have previous experience with the specific microbe, and
thus have an immune-response system that is poised and ready to fight
off the microbial invader." (**Bissell** 2005)

**Exposure:** An example of lessening one's exposure is acquiring
insurance to cover some or all of one's losses. One's exposure is
lowered but nothing has been done to address hazard or vulnerability.
One is just as vulnerable to, say, flooding, but less "exposed" to
personal financial loss. One still is vulnerable to material loss.
(**Blanchard**)

**Exposure:** "Exposure describes the number of people, and the value of
structures and activities that will experience...hazards and may be
adversely impacted by them." (**Darlington and Lambert** 2001, 135)

**Exposure:** "Exposure means the number, types, qualities, and monetary
values of various types of property of infrastructure and life that may
be subject to an undesirable or injurious hazard event." (**FEMA**,
*Multi Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment*, 1997, p. xxv)

**Exposure:** "People, property, systems, or functions at risk of loss
exposed to hazards." (**Multihazard Mitigation Council**, 2002, 30)

**Exposure:** "The process by which people, animals, the environment,
and equipment are subjected to or come in contact with a hazardous
material. The magnitude of exposure is

dependent primarily upon the duration of exposure and the concentration
of the hazardous material. This term is also used to describe a person,
animal, the environment, or a piece

of equipment." (**NFPA 471**, 1997, p. 9)

**Exposure:** "The condition of being susceptible to loss due to a
threat." (**Risky Thinking**, *A Glossary of Risk Related Terms*, 2007)

**Exposure Assessment:** "The process of estimating or measuring the
intensity, frequency, and duration of exposure to an agent. Ideally, it
describes the sources, pathways, routes, magnitude, duration, and
patters of exposure; the characteristics of the population exposed; and
the uncertainties in the assessment." (**European Environment Agency**,
*EEA Multilingual Environmental Glossary*, 2007; cites *The
International Programme on Chemical Safety, Glossary on Key Exposure
Assessment Terms*, 2001)

**Exposure Time:** "The time period of interest for seismic risk
calculations, seismic hazard calculations, or design of structures. For
structures, the exposure time is often chosen to be equal to the design
lifetime of the structure." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 37)

**Extinction Level Event (ELE):** "An extinction level event is a
catastrophic occurrence which has the potential to terminate entire
species of animals and plants: i.e., to cause a mass extinction. Such
events are decidedly rare, but geological evidence shows that they have
happened on many occasions since multicellular life became abundant on
the planet almost a billion years ago." (**BBC**, *Extinction Level
Events*, 1999)

**Extreme Events:** Extreme events are not only \[rare and\] severe, but
also outside the normal range of experience of the system in question."
(**Bier**, et al, 1999, 84)

**Extreme Events:** An extreme event in the context of the natural world
is an act of nature, "such as a lightning stroke or a flood \[that\] may
be a productive resource and a hazard at the same time. Lightning may
kill an animal but also start a fire essential to the preservation of a
forest ecosystem. A flood may destroy a farmstead while fertilizing the
fields" (**Burton** et al. 1993, 34).

**Extreme Heat:** "Heat kills by pushing the human body beyond its
limits. In extreme heat and high humidity, evaporation is slowed and the
body must work extra hard to maintain a normal temperature. Most heat
disorders occur because the victim has been overexposed to heat or has
over-exercised for his or her age and physical condition. Older adults,
young children, and those who are sick or overweight are more likely to
succumb to extreme heat. Conditions that can induce heat-related
illnesses include stagnant atmospheric conditions and poor air quality.

Consequently, people living in urban areas may be at greater risk from
the effects of a prolonged heat wave than those living in rural areas.
Also, asphalt and concrete store heat longer and gradually release heat
at night, which can produce higher nighttime temperatures known as the
'urban heat island effect'." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- Extreme Heat,"
June 2007, p. 1)

**Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS):** "Chemicals with high acute
lethality have the potential for causing death in unprotected
populations after relatively short exposure periods at

low doses. On the basis of toxicity criteria...EPA identified a list of
chemicals with high acute toxicity...from the more than 60,000 chemicals
in commerce. This is the list of EHSs required

by Title Ill of SARA. Because airborne releases of acutely lethal
substances, while infrequent,

can be catastrophic, Title Ill requires consideration of these EHSs in
emergency plans." (**EPA**, *Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis*,
1987, p. 2-2)

**Eye** (of the storm): "The calm center of a tropical cyclone."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 37)

**FAAT List:** *FEMA Acronyms, Abbreviations and Terms.*

**Facilities:** "Locations where an organization's leadership and staff
operate. Leadership and staff may be co-located in one facility or
dispersed across many locations and connected by communications systems.
Facilities must be able to provide staff with survivable protection and
must enable continued and endurable operations." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov
2007, P-5)

**Facility Response Plan (FRP):** "Describes how the facility will
respond to, contain, and clean up a spill." (**GAO**, *Maritime
Security*, December 2007, p. 57)

**Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)**: "An analytical technique,
which explores the effects of failures or malfunctions of individual
components in a system - i.e. \"If this part fails, in this manner, what
will be the result?\" The level of risk is determined by: Risk =
probability of failure x severity category. An FMEA can be used for a
single point failure but can be extended to cover parallel failures and
is valuable for future reviews and as a basis for other risk assessment
techniques. The limitations to the technique are that it can be a costly
and time-consuming process." (**UN DAP**, *Techniques Used in Risk
Assessment*, 2008)

**Fallout:** "The process or phenomenon of the descent to the earth's
surface of particles contaminated with radioactive material from the
radioactive cloud. The term is also applied in a collective sense to the
contaminated particulate matter itself. The early (or local fallout is
defined, somewhat arbitrarily, as those particles which reach the earth
within 24 hours after a nuclear explosion. The delayed (or worldwide)
fallout consists of the smaller particles which ascend into the upper
troposphere and into the stratosphere and are carried by winds to all
parts of the earth. The delayed fallout is brought to earth, mainly by
rain and snow, over extended periods ranging from months to years."
(**Glasstone**, *Effects of Nuclear Weapons*, 1977, p. 633)

**Fallout:** "The deposition of radioactive particles from the
atmosphere arising from:

1\) natural causes

2\) nuclear bomb explosions and

3\) induced radioactivity and atomic reactor accidents." (**UNDHA**, *DM
Glossary*, 1992, 37)

**Fallout Shelter Licensing:** "A Fallout Shelter License or Privilege
form authorizes the marking of public fallout shelters and temporary
access by the public to specific fallout shelter space in emergencies.
It also authorizes storage of shelter provisions in the facility, and
inspection by government officials." (**DCPA**, *Foresight, DCPA Annual
Report FY73*, 1974, p. 17)

**Fallout Shelter Supplies Program:** Discontinued by DCPA in fiscal
year 1972, "except for radiological monitoring kits... emphasis now is
on the maintenance, care, and inspection of supplies at local level.
Guidance has been issued to assist in this effort to preserve supplies
now in place, and for disposal of deteriorating supplies as deemed
necessary by local governments. The Defense Supply Agency in its final
accounting for the general supply items procured under the Federal
Shelter Stocking Program showed that 105,873 shelter facilities had been
provided with Federal supplies sufficient to take care of approximately
107.6 million persons for 8 days, or nearly 65.5 million for 14 days."
(**DCPA**, *Foresight, Annual Report FY73*, 1974, 17-18)

**Famine:** "A catastrophic food shortage affecting large numbers of
people due to climatic, environmental and socio-economic reasons."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 38)

**FAQs:** Frequently Asked Questions.

**FAOC:** FEMA Alternate Operations Center. (**FEMA**, *Devolution of
Ops. Plan Template*, 2006)

**FAsT:** Field Assessment Team. (**USACE**, *Response Planning Guide*,
1995, p. B-2)

**Fatality Management:** "Complete documentation and recovery of human
remains and items of evidence (except in cases where the health risks
posed to personnel outweigh the benefits of recovery of remains).
Remains receive surface decontamination (if indicated) and, unless
catastrophic circumstances dictate otherwise, are examined, identified,
and released to the next-of-kin's funeral home with a complete certified
death certificate. Reports of missing persons and ante mortem data are
efficiently collected. Victims' family members receive updated
information prior to the media release. All hazardous material
regulations are reviewed and any restrictions on the transportation and
disposition of remains are made clear by those with the authority and
responsibility to establish the standards. Law enforcement agencies are
given all information needed to investigate and prosecute the case
successfully. Families are provided incident-specific support services."
(**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*, 2007, p. 8)

**Fatality Management:** "Fatality Management is the capability to
effectively perform scene documentation; the complete collection and
recovery of the dead, victim's personal effects, and items of evidence;
decontamination of remains and personal effects (if required);
transportation, storage, documentation, and recovery of forensic and
physical evidence; determination of the nature and extent of injury;
identification of the fatalities using scientific means; certification
of the cause and manner of death; processing and returning of human
remains and personal effects of the victims to the legally authorized
person(s) (if possible); and interaction with and provision of legal,
customary, compassionate, and culturally competent required services to
the families of deceased within the context of the family assistance
center. All activities should be sufficiently documented for
admissibility in criminal and/or civil courts. Fatality management
activities also need to be incorporated in the surveillance and
intelligence sharing networks, to identify sentinel cases of
bioterrorism and other public health threats." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p.
519)

**Fault:** "A planar or gently curved fracture in the earth\'s upper
layers across which displacement occurs." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*,
1992, 38)

**Fault:** "A fracture or crack along which two blocks of rock slide
past one another. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an
earthquake, or slowly, in the form of creep." (**USGS**, *Putting Down
Roots in Earthquake Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA):** "This is a graphical technique that
provides a description of the combinations of possible occurrences in a
system, which can result in an undesirable outcome. The most serious
outcome is selected and called the Top Event. The analysis proceeds by
determining how these top events can be caused by individual or combined
lower level failures or events. The benefits of the approach are the
identification of the basic causes of failures, and the investigation of
the reliability and safety of complex and large systems. The limitations
of the approach are that it does not measure probability, therefore
counter measures identified by the process may not be those with the
greatest potential for reducing risk." (**UN DAP**, *Techniques Used in
Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**FBI:** Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of
Justice.

**FBI Hazardous Materials Response Unit:** "provides technical response
capabilities including management of WMD crime scene activities and
collection of evidence in hazardous environments." (**FEMA**, *Statement
of Glenn Cannon*, November 15, 2007, 2007, p. 12)

**FBIIC:** Financial and Banking Information Infrastructure Committee.
(**Treasury**, *B&F CIP*, 2006)

**FBO:** Faith Based Organization. (**CDC/HHS**, *Locating and Reaching
At-Risk Populations*, 2007)

**FCD:** Federal Continuity Directive. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, November 2007,
p. i)

**FCD 1:** *Federal Continuity Directive 1*, superseding Federal
Preparedness Circular 65, *Federal Executive Branch Continuity of
Operations*, dated June 15, 2004. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, 1)

**FCD 2:** *Federal Continuity Directive 2, Federal Executive Branch
Mission Essential Functions and Primary Mission Essential Function
Identification and Submissions Process*, November 2007.

**FCDA:** Federal Civil Defense Administration, 1951-1958.

**FCDA Regulation 1707 of 1952:** Established the United States Civil
Defense Corps. The Corps consisted of 11 civil defense services:

-   Communications

-   Engineering

-   Fire

-   Health

-   Police

-   Rescue

-   Staff

-   Supply

-   Transportation

-   Warden

-   Welfare \[Mass Care\] (**FCDA**, *Annual Report for 1952*, pp.
    73-74)

**FCDG:** Federal Civil Defense Guide. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, 2) \[Defunct\]

**FCIP:** Federal Crop Insurance Program.

**FCO:** Federal Coordinating Officer, FEMA.

**FDAA:** Federal Disaster Assistance Administration. (Functions
incorporated into FEMA in 1979)

**FE:** Functional Exercise(s). **(DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V, 2005, p. 41)

**FEA:** Federal Executive Association(s). (**DHS**, *Federal Continuity
Directive 1*, Nov 2007, P-5)

**FEB:** Federal Executive Board. (**DHS**, *Federal Continuity
Directive 1*, Nov 2007, O-1)

**FEBA:** Forward Edge of the Battle Area. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec 2007, Glossary-2)

**FECC:** Federal Emergency Communications Coordinator. (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 52)

**Federal Agency**: "Any department, independent establishment,
government corporation, or other agency of the executive branch of the
Federal government, including the U.S. Postal Service, but not including
the ARC." (FEMA, Mission Assignment SOPs Draft, 2007, p. 51)

**Federal Approving Official (FAO):** "The FAO is a function as opposed
to a position within one of the operational organizations. The FAO is a
FEMA employee who is delegated the authority to approve and obligate
funds for the mission assignment. The RRCC \[Regional Response
Coordination Center\] Director and NRRC \[National Response Coordination
Center\] Manager are delegated FAO signature authority as well as the
Operations Section Chiefs at each location active in the response."
(**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, 2007, 8)

**Federal Assistance:** "Federal disaster assistance is often thought of
as synonymous with Presidential declarations and the Stafford Act. The
fact is that Federal assistance can be provided to State, tribal and
local jurisdictions, and to other Federal departments and agencies, in a
number of different ways through various mechanisms and authorities. The
majority of Federal assistance does not require coordination by the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and can be provided without a
Presidential major disaster or emergency declaration. Federal assistance
for incidents that do not require DHS coordination may be led by other
Federal departments and agencies consistent with their authorities. The
Secretary of Homeland Security may monitor such incidents and may
activate *Framework* mechanisms to support departments and agencies
without assuming overall leadership for the Federal response to the
incident." (**DHS,** *Overview \[NRF\] ESFs*, September 2007, p. 4)

**Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 (Public Law 81-920):** "Sec. 2.
**Declaration of Policy**: It is the policy and intent of Congress to
provide a plan of civil defense for the protection of life and property
in the United States from attack. It is further declared to be the
policy and intent of Congress that this responsibility for civil defense
shall be vested primarily in the several States and their political
subdivisions. The Federal Government shall provide necessary
coordination and guidance; shall be responsible for the operations of
the Federal Civil Defense Administration as set forth in this Act; and
shall provide necessary assistance as hereinafter authorized." (**FCDA
of 1950**, January 12, 1951; reproduced in FCDA Annual Report 1951
(Appendix 5) pp. 89-105). \[Note: Abolished by Public Law 103-337:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, (Title XXXIV --
Civil Defense -- Sec. 3411. "Restatement of Federal Civil Defense
Authorities in the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency
Assistance Act," which incorporated selected provisions into the
Stafford Act.\]

**Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA), Office of Emergency
Management, Executive Office of the President (EOP), 1950-1951.**
(National Archives, *Records of the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency*
*(DCPA)*.

**Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA**), 1951-1958. Signed into
law on January 12, 1951 by President Harry S Truman. First Director was
former Florida Governor, Millard Caldwell. (**FCDA**, *Annual Report
1951*, 1952, p. 106) From the President's Message Transmitting Bill for
Civil Defense: "The federal Government can and will provide the
necessary coordination and guidance for the civil defense program....It
is the expressed policy and intent of Congress, however, that the
responsibility for civil defense should be vested primarily in the
states and their political subdivisions." (**NYT**, January 13, 1951,
p.7)

**Federal Civil Defense Staff College, Olney, MD:** Opened on April 30,
1951. (**FCDA**, *Annual Report 1951*, 1952, p. 21)

**Federal Continuity Categories within the Executive Branch:** "To
support its continuity requirements the Federal executive branch
prioritizes the following three categories of essential functions:

-   MEFs \[Mission Essential Functions\]: The limited set of
    agency-level government functions that must be continued after a
    disruption of normal activities

-   PMEFs \[Primary Mission Essential Functions\]: A subset of agency
    MEFs that directly support the NEFs

-   NEFs \[National Essential Functions\]: The eight functions the
    President and national leadership will focus on to lead and sustain
    the Nation during a catastrophic emergency." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*,
    November 2007, p. D-1)

**Federal Continuity Directive (FCD)**: "A document developed and
promulgated by DHS, in

coordination with the CAG \[Continuity Advisory Group\] and in
consultation with the Continuity PCC \[Policy Coordination Committee\],
which directs executive branch departments and agencies to carry out
identified continuity planning requirements and assessment criteria."
(**HSC**, *National Continuity Policy Implementation Plan*, 2007, p. 62;
**DHS**, *FCD 1*, 2007, P-5)

**Federal Continuity Directive (FCD) 1**: "The purpose of this FCD is to
provide direction for the development of continuity plans and programs
for the Federal executive branch. Effective continuity planning and
programs facilitate the performance of essential functions during
all-hazards emergencies or other situations that may disrupt normal
operations. The primary goal of continuity in the executive branch is
the continuation of essential functions." (**DHS**, *FCD-1*, DHS
Secretary Michael Chertoff Statement, p. ii)

\[Note: See Figure 13, p. D-6, FCD 1\]

![](media/image1.png){width="3.1902777777777778in"
height="2.870138888888889in"}

**Federal Continuity Directive 2:** *Federal Executive Branch Mission
Essential Function and Primary Mission Essential Function Identification
and Submission Process* (Nov 2007). **Purpose:** This Federal Continuity
Directive (FCD) provides guidance and direction to Federal executive
branch departments and agencies for identification of their Mission
Essential Functions (MEFs) and potential Primary Mission Essential
Functions (PMEFs). It includes guidance and checklists to assist
departments and agencies in assessing their essential functions through
a risk management process and in identifying potential PMEFs that
support the National Essential Functions (NEFs) -- the most critical
functions necessary to lead and sustain the nation during a catastrophic
emergency. The FCD provides direction on the formalized process for
submission of a department's or agency's potential PMEFs that are
supportive of the NEFs. It also includes guidance on the processes for
conducting a Business Process Analysis (BPA) and Business Impact
Analysis (BIA) for each of the potential PMEFs that assist in
identifying essential function relationships and interdependencies, time
sensitivities, threat and vulnerability analyses, and mitigation
strategies that impact and support the PMEFs." (**DHS**, *FCD 2*, 2007,
1)

**Federal Continuity of Operations and Government Policy:** "It is the
policy of the United States to maintain a comprehensive and effective
continuity capability composed of Continuity of Operations (COOP) and
Continuity of Government (COG) programs to ensure the preservation of
our form of Government under the Constitution and the continuing
performance of NEFs under all conditions (National Security Presidential
Directive (NSPD)-51/Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD)-20,
*National Continuity Policy*). Continuity requirements must be
incorporated into the daily operations of all agencies to ensure
seamless and immediate continuation of Primary Mission Essential
Function (PMEF) capabilities to ensure critical government functions and
services remain available to the Nation's citizens. Continuity planning
will occur simultaneously with the development and execution of Federal
agency programs. This means that organizations must incorporate
redundancy and resiliency as a means and an end. In support of this
policy, the Federal executive branch has developed and implemented a
continuity of operations program which is composed of efforts within
individual agencies to ensure that their Mission Essential Functions
(MEFs) continue to be performed during a wide range of emergencies
including localized acts of nature, accidents, and technological or
attack-related emergencies. These efforts include plans and procedures,
under all readiness levels, that delineate essential functions, specify
succession to office and emergency delegations of authority, provide for
the safekeeping of vital records, identify a range of continuity
facilities and locations, provide for interoperable communications,
provide for human capital planning, validate these capabilities through
tests, training, and exercises (TT&E), specify a devolution of control
and direction, and provide for reconstitution. All agencies, regardless
of their size or location, shall have in place a viable continuity
capability to ensure continued performance of those agencies' essential
functions under all conditions." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, 2007, 2)

**Federal Continuity Partners:** "Continuity cannot occur without the
commitment and dedication of many others who play integral roles in
ensuring homeland security and provide critical functions and services
to the Nation's citizens.

![](media/image2.png){width="1.7798611111111111in"
height="1.6020833333333333in"}Those partners include the following (see
Figure 1):

-   Federal Government: legislative branch, executive branch (including
    all departments and agencies), and judicial branch;

-   State, local, territorial, and tribal governments; and

-   Private Sector Critical Infrastructure Owners and Operators."
    (**DHS**, *FCD-2*, Nov 2007, p A-1)

**Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO):** "The FCO manages Federal
resource support activities related to Stafford Act disasters and
emergencies. The FCO supports the PFO, when one is appointed, and
assists the Unified Command. The FCO is responsible for directing and
coordinating the timely delivery of Federal disaster assistance
resources and programs to the affected State, and local governments,
individual victims, and the private sector. The FCO works closely with
the PFO, Senior Federal Law Enforcement Official (SFLEO), and other
Senior Federal Officials (SFOs) representing other Federal agencies
engaged in the incident management effort. In non-terrorist situations
where a PFO has not been assigned, the FCO leads the Federal components
of the Joint Field Office (JFO) and works in partnership with the State
Coordinating Officer (SCO). (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft
#1), February 25, 2004, pp. 19-20)

**Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO).** "For Stafford Act events, upon
the recommendation of the FEMA Administrator and the Secretary of
Homeland Security, the President appoints an FCO. *The FCO is a senior
FEMA official trained, certified and well experienced in emergency
management, and specifically appointed to coordinate Federal support in
the response to and recovery from emergencies and major disasters.* The
FCO executes Stafford Act authorities, including commitment of FEMA
resources and the mission assignment of other Federal departments or
agencies. If a major disaster or emergency declaration covers a
geographic area that spans all or parts of more than one State, the
President may decide to appoint a single FCO for the entire incident,
with other individuals as needed serving as Deputy FCOs.

*In all cases, the FCO represents the FEMA Administrator in the field to
discharge all FEMA responsibilities for the response and recovery
efforts underway.* For Stafford Act events -- and if the Secretary has
*not* appointed a PFO -- the FCO is the primary Federal representative
with whom State and local officials interface to determine the most
urgent needs and set objectives for an effective response in
collaboration with the Unified Coordination Group.

In such events, the FCO is the focal point of coordination within the
Unified Coordination Group, ensuring overall integration of Federal
emergency management, resource allocation and seamless integration of
Federal activities in support of, and in coordination with, State,
tribal and local requirements. When a PFO is not assigned to a Stafford
Act response, the FCO serves locally as a primary, although not
exclusive, point of contact for Federal interfaces with the media and
the private sector.

Some FCO-certified FEMA executives are given additional, specialized
training regarding unusually complex incidents. For example, one may be
further trained for catastrophic earthquake response, whereas another
might cultivate unique skills for response related to weapons of mass
destruction or pandemic influenza." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*,
September 2007, pp. 64-65)

**Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO):** "Under the provisions of the
Stafford Act, the FCO is the overall coordinator of the disaster relief
effort on behalf of the President. The FCO provides the overall
operational priorities to the JFO ERT and the Section Chiefs to develop
and implement actions to meet the FCO direction. Although the FCO may
direct the issuance of specific mission assignments, generally the
Operations Section Chief translates direction from the FCO or requests
for Federal assistance from the State into the mission assignments."
(**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 5)

"The person appointed by FEMA following a declaration of a major
disaster, or declaration of an emergency by the President, to coordinate
Federal assistance. The FCO initiates action immediately to assure that
Federal assistance is provided in accordance with the declaration,
applicable laws, regulations and the FEMA/State agreement." (Ibid, pp.
51-52)

**Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO):** "(a) Appointment of Federal
coordinating officer - Immediately upon his declaration of a major
disaster or emergency, the President shall appoint a Federal
coordinating officer to operate in the affected area.

\(b\) Functions of Federal coordinating officer - In order to effectuate
the purposes of this Act, the Federal coordinating officer, within the
affected area, shall

> \(1\) make an initial appraisal of the types of relief most urgently
> needed;

\(2\) establish such field offices as he deems necessary and as are
authorized by

the President;

> \(3\) coordinate the administration of relief, including activities of
> the State and local governments, the American National Red Cross, the
> Salvation Army, the Mennonite Disaster Service, and other relief or
> disaster assistance organizations, which agree to operate under his
> advice or direction, except that nothing contained in this Act shall
> limit or in any way affect the responsibilities of the American
> National Red Cross under the Act of January 5, 1905, as amended (33
> Stat. 599) and
>
> \(4\) take such other action, consistent with authority delegated to
> him by the President, and consistent with the provisions of this Act,
> as he may deem necessary to assist local citizens and public officials
> in promptly obtaining assistance to which they are entitled.

\(c\) State Coordinating officer - When the President determines
assistance under this Act is necessary, he shall request that the
Governor of the affected State designate a State coordinating officer
for the purpose of coordinating State and local disaster assistance
efforts with those of the Federal Government.

\(d\) Where the area affected by a major disaster or emergency includes
parts of more than 1 State, the President, at the discretion of the
President, may appoint a single Federal coordinating officer for the
entire affected area, and may appoint such deputy Federal coordinating
officers to assist the Federal coordinating officer as the President
determines appropriate." (**Stafford Act**, June 2007 (FEMA 592), pp.
22-23)

**Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO):** "The Federal officer who is
appointed to manage Federal resource support activities related to
Stafford Act disasters and emergencies. The FCO is responsible for
coordinating the timely delivery of Federal disaster assistance
resources and programs to the affected State and local governments,
individual victims, and the private sector." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*,
2006, Glossary 25-8)

**Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO):** "(1) The person appointed by the
FEMA Director or in his/her absence, the FEMA Deputy Director, or
alternatively the FEMA Associate Director for Response and Recovery,
following a declaration of a major disaster or of an emergency by the
President, to coordinate Federal assistance. The FCO initiates action
immediately to assure that Federal Assistance is provided in accordance
with the declaration, applicable laws, regulations, and the FEMA-State
agreement. (2) The FCO is the senior Federal official appointed in
accordance with the provisions of Public Law 93-288, as amended (the
Stafford Act), to coordinate the overall consequence management response
and recovery activities. The FCO represents the President as provided by
Section 303 of the Stafford Act for the purpose of coordinating the
administration of Federal relief activities in the designated area.
Additionally, the FCO is delegated responsibilities and performs those
for the FEMA Director as outlined in Executive Order 12148 and those
responsibilities delegated to the FEMA Regional Director in the Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 44, Part 205." (**USG**, *USG Interagency
Domestic Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001, Appendix B: Definitions)

**Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC):** The FCIC "currently
insures crops for losses from multiple perils..." (**GAO**, *Natural
Disasters: Public Policy Options*, Nov. 2007, 5)

"A 1937 study by the Executive Committee on Crop Insurance, which noted
that commercial attempts to insure against crop losses had been
unsuccessful, provided the impetus for creating FCIC in 1938. Initially,
the program was experimental and suffered heavy losses. The Federal Crop
Insurance Act of 1980 expanded the program to replace free disaster
coverage (in the form of compensation to farmers who were unable to
plant crops and who suffer yield losses) with insurance." (**GAO**,
*Natural Disasters: Public Policy Options*, Nov. 2007, 18)

**Federal Disaster Assistance and Insurance Programs, Organizational
History:**

-   Office of Defense Mobilization (ODM, Executive Office of the
    President, 1953-1958)

-   Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization( ODCM, EOP, 1958)

-   Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (OCDM, EOP, 1958-1961)

-   Office of Emergency Planning (OEP, Executive Office of the
    President, 1961-1968)

-   Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEP, 1968-1973)

-   Federal Disaster Assistance Administration (FDAA, HUD, 1973-1979)

-   Federal Insurance Administration (FIA, HUD, 1968-1979)

-   Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, 1979-Currently (2007))

(**National Archives**, *Guide to Federal Records*, Records of FEMA,
Record Group 311, p. 2)

**Federal Emergency Communications Coordinator (FECC): "**That person,
assigned by GSA, who functions as the principal Federal manager for
emergency telecommunications requirements in major disasters,
emergencies, and extraordinary situations, when requested by the FCO or
FRC." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007,
p. 52)

**Federal Executive Associations (FEAs**): "A forum, modeled after but
independent of the Federal Executive Boards, for communication and
collaboration among Federal agencies outside

of Washington, DC, utilized to help coordinate the field activities of
Federal departments and

agencies primarily in localized sections of the Nation." (**HSC**,
*NCPIP*, August 2007, p. 62; **DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, P-5)

**Federal Incident Response Support Team (FIRST):** "Per the National
Response Plan, a quick and readily deployable Emergency Response Team
providing on-scene support to the local incident command. The FIRST is a
forward extension of the Emergency Response Team-

Advanced (ERT-A) providing the ERT-A Team Leader and, after a Stafford
Act Declaration, the Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO). FIRST has an
Incident Command System (ICS) structure and each team has five permanent
team members including a Team Leader, Operations Section Chief, Planning
Section Chief, Logistics Section Chief, and a Communications Unit
Leader. A

State may chose to assign a person(s) to respond with the FIRST. Other
Federal expertise may be assigned to augment the FIRST on an as-needed
basis. The FIRST is considered a National Asset but is stationed in a
FEMA Region and on a day-to-day basis reports to the Regional Response
and Recovery (R&R) Division Director." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 205)

**Federal Incident Response Support Team (FIRST):** "FIRSTs are
emergency response teams consisting of approximately five individuals
who can be immediately deployed to a significant incident or disaster.
FEMA's two FIRSTs are located in Region IV in Atlanta, Georgia, and in
Region V in Chicago, Illinois. They serve as the forward component of
the ERT-A and provide the core preliminary on-scene Federal management
in support of the local incident commander to ensure an integrated,
inter-jurisdictional response. Federal incident response support
provided by these teams includes a command vehicle and multiple
communications capabilities." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*,
November 15, 2007, p. 7)

**Federal Incident Response Support Team (FIRST): "**A forward component
of the ERT-A \[Emergency Response Team\] that provides on-scene support
to the local Incident Command or Area Command structure." (**USCG**, *IM
Handbook* 2006, Glossary 25-8)

**Federal Insurance Administration: "**The Federal Insurance
Administration (FIA) administers the National Flood Insurance Program,
available nationwide. These programs provide insurance coverage for
events that are not covered by traditional homeowner\'s policies. By
partnering with private insurance companies, FIA makes insurance
available to many people who would otherwise be unprotected." (**FEMA**,
*About FEMA: Federal Insurance Administration*, 2007)

**Federal Law Enforcement Assistance:** "State and local governments may
request Federal law enforcement assistance under the Emergency Federal
Law Enforcement Assistance Act without a Presidential major disaster or
emergency declaration. In addition, Federal agencies may request public
safety and security or general law enforcement support from another
Federal agency during a large-scale incident. The ESF #13 Annex \[NRF\]
provides further guidance on the integration of public safety and
security resources to support the full range of incident management
functions." (**DHS**, *Overview: ESF and Support Annexes Coordinating
Federal Assistance In Support of the National Framework* (Draft),
September 10, 2007, p. 6)

**Federal Medical Station (FMS):** "FMSs are designed to provide surge
medical capacity (equipment, material, pharmaceuticals) to communities
overwhelmed by mass casualties. They can provide rapidly deployable
health and medical care to those patients who have nonacute medical,
mental health, or other health-related needs that cannot be accommodated
or provided for in a general shelter population. They also provide
health and medical care for patients with needs such as:

-   Conditions that require observation, assessment, or maintenance.

-   Chronic conditions which require assistance with the activities of
    daily living but do not require hospitalization.

-   Medications and vital sign monitoring, particularly for patients who
    are unable to do so at home." (**AHRQ/HHS**, *Mass Medical Care*...,
    2007, p. 81)

**Federal On-Scene Commander (FOSC):** "The Federal official designated
upon JOC activation to ensure appropriate coordination of the overall
United States government response with Federal, State and local
authorities." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February
25, 2004, p. 75 (Glossary))

**Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC): "**The Federal official
pre-designated by the EPA or the USCG to coordinate responses under
subpart D of the NCP \[National Contingency Plan\] (40 CFR 300) or the
government official designated to coordinate and direct removal actions
under subpart E of the NCP. A FOSC can also be designated as the
Incident Commander." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-8)

**Federal Operational Staging Areas (FOSAs):** "Temporary facilities at
which commodities, equipment and personnel are received and
pre-positioned for deployment within one designated state as required;
commodities under the control of the Operations Section of the Joint
Field Office (JFO) or Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC);
commodities usually supplied from MOB Centers, Logistics Centers or
direct shipped from vendor; generally projected to hold 1 - 2 days of
commodities." (**FEMA**, *Logistics Supply Chain*, 2006)

**Federal Operations Support (FOS) (Object Class 2501):** A type of
Mission Assignment "defined as one Federal agency providing direct
technical, operational, or logistical support to FEMA or another
responding Federal agency. FOS is 100-percent federally funded and may
be provided prior to a Presidential declaration of a major disaster or
emergency.

*Example: A mission assignment issued to U.S. Forest Service (USFS) to
establish and operate a base camp to provide housing for Federal
disaster workers.* (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*,
July 2007, p. 10; see also p. 52)

**Federal Planning Structure:** "The Federal planning structure consists
of multiple elements:

-   the *National Preparedness Guidelines...*

-   the 15 National Planning Scenarios and core capabilities;

-   the *National Incident Management System*;

-   the *National Response Framework*;

-   the *National Infrastructure Protection Plan* and the 17
    sector-specific plans;

-   a DHS strategic plan and overall Federal concept of operations for
    each of the National Planning Scenarios;

-   a National Exercise Schedule that incorporates Federal, State and
    local activity; and

-   an incident management *Playbook* that allows the Secretary of
    Homeland Security, as the principal Federal official for domestic
    incident management, to ensure effective management of the
    high-consequence threat scenarios." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*,
    2007, p. 70)

**Federal Preparedness Circulars (FPCs)**: FPCs detail a series of
government policies specific to COOP planning and national security
emergency preparedness.

**Federal Preparedness Circular (FPC) 65**: *Federal Executive Branch
Continuity of Operations (COOP)*, June 2004.

**Federal Preparedness Coordinators (FPCs):** "The conferees are
concerned with the concept of creating a Federal Preparedness
Coordinator (FPC) for placement in each Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) Regional Office. The conferees agree that an official
overseeing preparedness by region is appropriate. However, the conferees
are not convinced that creating a senior executive position in the
Preparedness Directorate, who reports through a chain of command that
does not include response and recovery personnel in FEMA, will further
the nation's readiness. Separating preparedness and response functions
is detrimental during

a disaster and, as demonstrated in past disasters, leads to a lack of
communication and a lack of situational awareness, with dire
consequences. During emergencies, state emergency managers need clear
communications and missions, not confusion and redundancy. The conferees
direct the Under Secretary to focus NPIP funding on plan modernization
and resolving interoperability

issues, as outlined by the Under Secretary, and discourage the use of
funds to hire FPCs." ***Congressional Record -- House***, "Conference
Report on H.R. 5441, Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act,
2007," September 28, 2007, Pp. H7825)

**Federal Preparedness Coordinators (FPCs): "**As the Nation's
Preeminent Emergency Management Agency, we will promote the integration
and synchronization of preparedness across jurisdictions and all levels
of governments by establishing a network of Federal Preparedness
Coordinators. Strengthening preparedness requires a dedicated,
locally-based DHS senior executive to support the networks of Federal,
State, local, tribal, and private-sector partners to plan, train and
exercise in preparation for coordinated contingency missions, as well as
to share information on a routine basis. Therefore, FPCs will play a
vital role in building regional preparedness across jurisdictions
through focused planning, information sharing and partnership building.
They will strengthen preparedness within their assigned Regions to
prevent and respond to threatened or actual domestic terrorist attacks,
major disasters, and other emergencies by establishing a Regional
domestic all-hazards preparedness goal, integrating mechanisms for
improved delivery of Federal preparedness assistance to State and local
governments and outlining actions to strengthen preparedness
capabilities. Their efforts will lead the integration of DHS' Regional
preparedness efforts, including measurable readiness priorities and
targets goals that appropriately balance the potential threat and
magnitude of terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies
with the resources required to prevent, respond to, and recover from
them." (**FEMA**, *Vision for New FEMA*, December 12, 2006, p. 24)

**Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP):** "The plan used
by Federal agencies to respond to a radiological emergency, with or
without a Stafford Act declaration. Without a Stafford Act declaration,
Federal agencies respond to radiological emergencies using the FRERP,
each agency in accordance with existing statutory authorities and
funding resources. The Lead Federal Agency has responsibility for
coordination of the overall Federal response to the emergency. FEMA is
responsible for coordinating non-radiological support using the
structure of the Federal Response Plan. When a major disaster or
emergency is declared under the Stafford Act and an associated
radiological emergency exists, the functions and responsibilities of the
FRERP remain the same. The Lead Federal Agency coordinates the
management of the radiological response with the Federal Coordinating
Officer. Although the direction of the radiological response remains the
same with the Lead Federal Agency, the FCO has the overall
responsibility for coordination of Federal assistance in support of
State and local governments using the Federal Response Plan." (**FEMA**,
*FRERP***,** 1996)

**Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC):** The
FRMAC "gathers radiological information such as plume and deposition
predictions, air and ground concentrations, exposure rates and dose
projections, assurance of data quality, and current meteorological
conditions and weather forecasts. FRMAC provides the results of the data
collection, sample analysis, evaluations, assessments, and
interpretations to the key decision makers in the affected areas of the
emergency. Monitoring continues until all of the surrounding areas where
radioactivity was released are fully evaluated.

The FRMAC is one of the emergency response resources, or assets,
administered by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Nevada Site Office. The Federal government maintains an extensive
response capability for radiological monitoring and assessment. In the
unlikely event of a major radiological incident, the full resources of
the U.S. government will be coordinated to support state, local and
Tribal governments. The efforts of 17 Federal agencies are coordinated
under the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) to
integrate the Federal response to a radiological emergency." (**DOE**,
*The Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC)*,
October 4, 2007 update)

**Federal Resource Coordinator (FRC):** "In non-Stafford Act situations,
when a Federal department or agency acting under its own authority has
requested the assistance of the Secretary of Homeland Security to obtain
support from other Federal departments and agencies, DHS may designate
an FRC. In these situations, the FRC coordinates support through
interagency agreements and memorandums of understanding. Relying on the
same skill set, DHS may select the FRC from the FCO cadre or other
personnel with equivalent knowledge, skills and abilities. The FRC is
responsible for coordinating timely delivery of resources to the
requesting agency." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, p.
66)

**Federal Resource Coordinator (FRC): "**The Federal official appointed
to manage Federal resource support activities related to non-Stafford
Act incidents. The FRC is responsible for coordinating support from
other Federal departments and agencies using interagency agreements and
MOU's." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007,
p. 52; **USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-8)

**Federal Response Plan (FRP):** 1) The plan designed to address the
consequences of any disaster or emergency situation in which there is a
need for Federal assistance under the authorities of the Robert T.
Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. 5121 et
seq. 2) The FRP is the Federal government's plan of action for assisting
affected States and local jurisdictions in the event of a major disaster
or emergency. As the implementing document for the Stafford Act, the FRP
organizes the Federal response by grouping potential response
requirements into 12 functional categories, called Emergency Support
Functions. The FRP was completed in April 1992, and 29 Federal
departments and agencies are signatories to the plan. (**FRERP**)

**Federal Response Plan (FRP).** "The plan designed to address the
consequences of any disaster or emergency situation in which there is a
need for Federal assistance under the authorities of the Robert T.
Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U. S.C. 5 121
et seq." (**USG**, *USG Interagency Domestic Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001,
Appendix B: Definitions; See also, **DHS**, *NRP* (Draft #1), February
25, 2004, p. 75) \[Note: The FRP has been replaced by the National
Response Plan.\]

**Federal Risk Assessment Working Group (FRAWG):** "The National
Strategy for Homeland Security challenges agencies "to develop
interconnected and complementary systems that are reinforcing rather
than duplicative and that ensure essential requirements are met." In an
effort to be consistent with and support implementation of the National
Strategy, a group of Federal agency assessment practitioners created the
Federal Risk Assessment Working Group (FRAWG) to promote inter-agency
coordination and information sharing. Representatives from participating
Federal agencies meet once a month to encourage and ensure information
sharing

regarding risk assessments and other related homeland security issues."
(**DHS**, *FRAWG*, 2006, p.1)

**Federal Supply Chain Collaboration Strategy:** "At least annually,
logistics representatives from DHS/FEMA Headquarters, DHS/FEMA regions,
and national resources will meet with their primary partners from the
ESFs to review requirements and determine the best sources for filling
them. DHS/FEMA Logistics will employ collaborative supply chain best
practices within the ESF structure that include: collaborative planning,
forecasting and replenishment, customer relationship management, and
supplier relationship management." (**DHS**, *NRF Logistics Management
Support Annex,* September 2007 Draft, p. 7)

**FEMA:** Federal Emergency Management Agency. "FEMA was formed in
1979[^20] by executive order of the President,[^21] combining Federal
programs that deal with all phases of emergency management, for
disasters of all types, into a single agency." (**FEMA**, *A Nation
Prepared*, 2002, p.1) John W. Macy, Jr. was the first FEMA
Director.[^22]

**FEMA:** "Several major objectives were to be accomplished when the
Federal Emergency Management Agency was created in 1979. One objective
was to establish a single point of contact for State and local
governments to deal with all emergency management programs at the
Federal level. Another objective was to broaden the application of
emergency preparedness and response resources to all hazards, and to
take advantage of the similarities that exist in planning and response
functions for peacetime and attack emergencies." (**FEMA**, *IEMS
Process Overview*, September 1983, p. 3)

**FEMA:** Moved into FEMA were:

-   Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (Department of Defense)

-   Federal Preparedness Agency (General Services Administration)

-   Federal Disaster Assistance Administration (Depart. Housing and
    Urban Development)

-   Federal Insurance Administration (Department of Housing and Urban
    Development)

-   National Fire Prevention and Control Administration (Department of
    Commerce)

-   Office of Earthquake Hazard Reduction (Office of Science and
    Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President)

-   Emergency Broadcast System and Warning Oversight, Executive Office
    of the President

-   Response to Consequences of Terrorism

-   Weather Community Preparedness Program (National Weather Service,
    Department of Commerce)

-   Dam Safety Coordination (Office of Science and Technology Policy,
    Executive Office of the President)

(**President's Reorganization Project**, 1978; **National Archives**,
FEMA Record Group 311)

**FEMA:** Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1978 created FEMA as an
independent Agency within the Executive Branch, to be headed by a
Director appointed by the President (by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate). [^23] (**President's Reorganization Project**, 1978,
p. 1) Ten regional directors "appointed by the Director" were
authorized. (**President's Reorganization Project**, 1978, p. 2)

**FEMA**: From President Jimmy Carter's Press Release upon the
transmittal to Congress of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978, creating
FEMA:

"Today I am transmitting Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978. The Plan
improves Federal emergency management and assistance. By consolidating
emergency preparedness, mitigation and response activities, it cuts
duplicative administrative costs and strengthens our ability to deal
effectively with emergencies.

For the first time, key emergency management and assistance functions
would be unified and made directly accountable to the President and
Congress....

The present situation has severely hampered Federal support of State and
local emergency organizations and resources, which bear the primary
responsibility for preserving life and property in times of calamity.
This reorganization has been developed in close cooperation with State
and local governments....

This reorganization rests on several fundamental principles. First,
Federal authorities to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to major
civil emergencies should be supervised by one official responsible to
the President and given attention by other officials at the highest
levels....

Second, an effective civil defense system requires the most efficient
use of all available emergency resources. At the same time, civil
defense systems, organization, and resources must be prepared to cope
with any disasters which threaten our people....Consolidation of civil
defense functions in the new Agency will assure that attack readiness
programs are effectively integrated into the preparedness organizations
and programs of State and local government, private industry, and
volunteer organizations.

While serving an important 'all-hazards' readiness and response role,
civil defense must continue to be fully compatible with and be ready to
play an important role in our Nation's overall strategic policy.
Accordingly, to maintain a link between our strategic nuclear planning
and our nuclear attack preparedness planning, I will make the Secretary
of Defense and the National Security Council responsible for oversight
of civil defense related programs and policies of the new Agency....

Third, whenever possible, emergency responsibilities should be
extensions of the regular missions of Federal agencies. The primary task
of the Federal Emergency Management Agency will be to coordinate and
plan for emergency deployment of resources that have other routine uses.
There is no need to develop a separate set of Federal skills and
capabilities for those rare occasions when catastrophe occurs.

Fourth, Federal hazard mitigation activities should be closely linked
with emergency preparedness and response functions....

Most State and local governments have consolidated emergency planning,
preparedness and response functions on an 'all hazard' basis to take
advantage of the similarities in preparing for and responding to the
full range of potential emergencies. The Federal Government can and
should follow this lead." (**White House**, *FEMA and the* *President's
Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978*, June 19, 1978)

**FEMA Administrator:** "At DHS, the FEMA Administrator is the
Secretary's principal advisor for matters relating to emergency
management." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, p. 52)

**FEMA Administrator:** "The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Administrator is the principal advisor to the President, the Homeland
Security Council (HSC) and the Secretary for all matters relating to
emergency management in the United States. The Administrator partners
with State, tribal and local governments and emergency responders, with
Federal agencies, with the private sector and with nongovernmental
sectors to utilize all the nation's resources to respond to natural
disasters, acts of terrorism and other manmade disasters, including
catastrophic incidents." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework \--
Federal Partner Guide* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007, pp. 2-3)

**FEMA Cabinet Status:** "CABINET STATUS...The President may designate
the Administrator \[FEMA\] to serve as a member of the Cabinet in the
event of natural disasters, acts of terrorism, or other man-made
disasters." (**FEMA 592**, 2007, p. 96; passage from Title V (National
Emergency Management) Sec. 503. Federal Emergency Management Agency (6
U.S.C. 313), Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007
(Pub. L. No. 109-295) amending the Homeland Security Act of 2002)

**FEMA Core Competencies:**

> • Service to Disaster Victims
>
> • Operational Planning
>
> • Incident Management
>
> • Disaster Logistics
>
> • Hazard Mitigation
>
> • Emergency Communications
>
> • Public Disaster Communications
>
> • Integrated Preparedness
>
> • Continuity Programs (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, November 2007, p.
> 6)

"The core competencies represent key operational areas in which we must
excel to

accomplish our mission while the supporting strategies provide the
foundation that

underpins operational success. The cross-cutting goals and objectives in
this Strategic

Plan show how we must work together to strengthen our core competencies
and the

organization as a whole to achieve the vision." (**FEMA**, *Strategic
Plan*, November 2007, p. 7)

**FEMA Core Values (1997):** 'FEMA has eight core values that its
employees strive to exemplify:

Quality Work: Dedication to doing the best job possible.

Customer Service: We value our internal and external customers, and
strive to meet their expressed needs.

Creativity and Innovation: New ideas and creativity are fundamental to
continued growth, improvement and problem solving.

Teamwork: Every employee has something of value to contribute. By
working cooperatively together, we can better achieve the Agency's
mission and goals.

Continuous Improvement: Continuous development of personal/professional
skills and program delivery is key to better serving our customers.

Public Stewardship: Commitment to prudent management of the taxpayers'
money and dedication to providing the public with the highest quality
service.

Diversity: FEMA's employees are its most valuable resource. The
diversity of their backgrounds, experiences, and skills adds to their
value.

Partnership: Reaching out and engaging FEMA's partners collaboratively
is essential to our success." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan,*1997, p. 11)

**FEMA Core Values (2002):** "FEMA has ten core values that guide both
the Agency as a whole and every individual within the Agency:

Accountability: Being responsible for decisions and results while
acknowledging mistakes and working to correct them.

Integrity: Following the highest ethical standards and always being
truthful with customers and colleagues.

Customer Focus: Making customers and their needs the first priority.

Innovation: Seeking creative new ways to better deliver our services and
meet

> whatever challenges may arise.

Public Stewardship: Managing resources prudently and providing the
highest quality of

> service.

Partnership: Working collaboratively with external partners and with
each other to

> achieve our common goals.

Respect: Listening to and treating customers and co-workers with
dignity.

Diversity: Enriching our work environment and our ability to perform
through

> diversity in backgrounds, experiences, skills, and respect fore those
> differences.

Trust: Relying on each other and our external partners to act in the
best interest

> of our customers, and earning that trust through our behavior.

Compassion: Showing concern to customers and to each other in time of
need."

(**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared (Strategic Plan),* 2002, pp. iii., and 35
(Appendix B))

**FEMA Director's Intent (2007):** "Federal efforts will alleviate human
suffering, ensure the continuity of critical government functions and
services, minimize severe property damage, mitigate the impact of the
incident, and create an operational environment conducive to long-term
community recovery and future hazard mitigation." (**FEMA**, *DHS/FEMA
Federal Interagency Hurricane Contingency Plan,* October 31, 2007 Draft
(V.13), p. 2)

**FEMA Emergency Management Higher Education (EM HiEd) Project:** "A
goal of FEMA is to encourage and support the dissemination of hazard,
disaster, and emergency management-related information in colleges and
universities across the U.S. We believe that in the future more and more
emergency managers in government as well as in business and industry
will come to the job with college education that includes a degree in
emergency management. We also believe that in order to build disaster
resistant and resilient communities a broad range of college students
and professionals need courses that introduce them to hazards, risk,
vulnerability, disasters, and what to do about them.

In support of this effort, the Emergency Management Institute in
Emmitsburg, Maryland, developed the EM HiEd Project in 1994 with the aim
of promoting college-based emergency management education for future
emergency managers and other interested personnel." **(FEMA**, *EM HiEd
Project Homepage*, 2007)

**FEMA Emergency Management Institute Goals:**

"Improve the abilities of FEMA and other DHS employees

Improve the abilities of U.S. state, local, and tribal officials by:

Directly training state, local, and tribal employees in selected
subjects

Enabling state, local, and tribal officials to develop and deliver
training for their own constituents

Enhance the preparedness of U.S. individuals, families, and special
audiences through training." (FEMA, *Emergency Management Institute
Performance Measures* October 3, 2007, slide 7)

**FEMA Emergency Management Institute Mission:** "To support FEMA and
the Department of Homeland Security's goals by improving the skills of
U.S. officials at all levels of government to prevent, prepare for,
respond to, recover from, and mitigate the potential effects of all
types of disasters and emergencies." (FEMA, *Emergency Management
Institute Performance Measures* October 3, 2007, slide 6)

**FEMA Goal (2007):** "It is FEMA\'s goal to reduce the loss of life and
property and protect the United States from all hazards by leading and
supporting the country in a risk-based, comprehensive emergency
management system of protection, response, recovery, mitigation, and
now, more than ever, preparedness." (**FEMA** *"Looking Toward the
NFIP's Future,"* 2007**)**

**FEMA Goals (2002:** (**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared (Strategic Plan),*
2002**,** p. iii.)

> 1\. Reduce loss of life and property.
>
> 2\. Minimize suffering and disruption caused by disasters.
>
> 3\. Prepare the Nation to address the consequences of terrorism.
>
> 4\. Serve as the Nation's portal for emergency management information
> and expertise.
>
> 5\. Create a motivating and challenging work environment for
> employees.
>
> 6\. Make FEMA a world-class enterprise.

**FEMA Goals (2006):** (**FEMA**, *Vision for New FEMA*, December 12,
**2**006**,** p.3)

-   "**Strengthen core capabilities, competencies and capacities.**
    Fostering a national emergency management system and implementing a
    cohesive national preparedness system must begin by strengthening
    the foundational building blocks of a weakened but venerable agency.
    The Nation needs a strong FEMA; but that cannot be achieved without
    purposeful new investments.

-   **Build strong Regions.** The Region is the essential field echelon
    of FEMA that engages most directly with State partners and disaster
    victims to deliver frontline services. It is the Region that can
    build and nurture State and local capabilities across the spectrum
    of preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation. And it is the
    Region that will lead the Federal response to incidents across the
    spectrum of all-hazards events. A strong FEMA will rely on strong
    Regions to regain the trust and confidence of Governors, mayors,
    leaders in the private sector and the citizens of our homeland.

-   **Strengthen our partnership with States.** Response to disasters
    and emergencies is primarily a State and local effort. To build and
    support an effective National system of emergency management, FEMA
    must have effective partnerships with State and local governments.

-   **Professionalize the national emergency management system.** The
    Nation's ability to marshal an effective response to disasters
    requires the right people with the right skills. We will work with
    our partners to build a nationwide system of trained and certified
    experts skilled in all hazards emergency management -- starting
    right here in FEMA."

**FEMA Goals (2007):** (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan* (Catastrophe Planning
Initiative Draft), October 10, 2007, p. 1):

"The catastrophic planning initiative supports the overall goals of FEMA
to:

-   Save and sustain lives

-   Protect and minimize damage to property

-   Stabilize critical infrastructures and key resources

-   Create an environment conducive to reentry, repopulation, long-term
    community recovery, and future hazard mitigation."

**FEMA Logistics Centers:** "FEMA Logistics Centers - permanent
facilities that receive, store, ship, and recover disaster commodities
and equipment

-   4 CONUS (Continental United States) containing general commodities

-   3 OCONUS containing general commodities

-   2 CONUS containing special products; computers, office electronic
    equipment, medical and pharmaceutical caches" (**FEMA**, *Logistics
    Supply Chain*, June 19, 2006)

**FEMA Mission (1997, June):** "Reduce the loss of life and property and
protect our institutions from all hazards by leading and supporting the
Nation in a comprehensive, risk-based emergency management program of
mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery." (**FEMA**, *Strategic
Plan, FY 1998-2002*, p. 9)

"FEMA has three mission-related strategies to accomplish the strategic
goals and objectives -- mitigation, preparedness are response/recovery.
In addition, two implementation strategies are employed in the pursuit
of the mission-related strategies -- customer service and
cost-efficiency." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan, FY 1998-2002*, p. 20)

**FEMA Mission (1997, October):** "To provide leadership and support to
reduce the loss of life and property and protect our nation\'s
institutions from all types of hazards through a comprehensive,
risk-based, all-hazards emergency management program of mitigation,
preparedness, response and recovery." (**FEMA**, *FEMA's Mission*,
October 1997).

**FEMA Mission (1999):** "FEMA's mission is 'to reduce the loss of life
and property and protect our institutions from all hazards by leading
and supporting the nation in a comprehensive risk-based emergency
management program of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.'
To successfully fulfill this mission, the business community must become
a full partner in our nation's emergency management system." (**Witt**,
"Building A Public/Private Partnership in Emergency Management," 1999)

**FEMA Mission (2000):** "Recovery from natural disasters (FEMA's
primary mission)..." (**FEMA**, *Rebuilding For A More Sustainable
Future...*, November 2000, p. 1-4)

**FEMA Mission (2001): "**The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
is an independent agency, its mission "to reduce loss of life and
property and protect our nation's critical infrastructure from all types
of hazards through a comprehensive, risk-based, emergency management
program of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery." (**CRS**,
*FEMA's Mission: Policy Directives for the Federal Emergency Management
Agency*, March 13, 2002, p. 4; CRS sites FEMA website, "About FEMA,
Helping People Before, During, & After Disasters," visited Jan. 8,
2001.)

**FEMA Mission (2002):** "Lead America to prepare for, prevent, respond
to, and recover from disasters." (**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared -- FEMA
Strategic Plan -- FY 2003-2008*, 2002, p. iii.)

**FEMA Mission (2003):** "The primary mission of the Federal Emergency
Management Agency is to reduce the loss of life and property and protect
the Nation from all hazards, including natural disasters, acts of
terrorism, and other man-made disasters, by leading and supporting the
Nation in a risk-based, comprehensive emergency management system of
preparedness, protection, response, recovery, and mitigation."
(**FEMA**, *About FEMA*, March 2003)

**FEMA Mission (2004):** "FEMA's Mission Statement: Lead America to
prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from disasters."
(**FEMA**, *Coordinating Environmental and Historic Preservation
Compliance* IS-253, Module 2, Lesson 1, National Environmental Policy
Act, January 2004, p. 1)

**FEMA Mission (2004):** "FEMA's mission continues to be the reduction
of the loss of life and of damage to property and to protect our
residents from all hazards, natural and man-made.  We accomplish this
mission by providing the Nation with comprehensive, risk-based emergency
management programs, including mitigation, preparedness, response, and
recovery.  Our integration into the new Department of Homeland Security
has increased our opportunities to perform this mission. We continue to
work closely with many other Federal Departments and agencies, and with
States, Tribal Nations, local governments, volunteer organizations, and
private industry." (**FEMA**, "Testimony of Craig Conklin..." April 1,
2004.)

**FEMA Mission (2005): "**Our panels today separate witnesses from a
federal agency, FEMA, from those of its parent organization, DHS. The
separation is deliberate. It reflects in part the differing perspectives
on Katrina that we have heard consistently from officials of the two
entities. It also reflects tension between the two that pre-dates the
storm, tension over resources, roles, and responsibilities within the
Department. This tension is clear in Mr. Brown's \[FEMA Director Michael
Brown\] response when Committee investigators asked him why FEMA was not
prepared for Katrina. Mr. Brown responded, "Its mission had been
marginalized; its response capability had been diminished. . . . There's
the whole clash of cultures between DHS' mission to prevent terrorism
and FEMA's mission to respond to and to prepare for responding to
disasters of whatever nature."  (**Collins**, \"Opening
Statement...\'Hurricane Katrina: The Roles of DHS and FEMA
Leadership'," February 10, 2006)

**FEMA Mission (2006, October 4)**[^24]**:** "The primary mission of the
Agency \[FEMA\] is to reduce the loss of life and property and protect
the Nation from all hazards, including natural disasters, acts of
terrorism, and other man-made disasters, by leading and supporting the
Nation in a risk-based, comprehensive emergency management system of
preparedness, protection, response, recovery, and mitigation...

SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES--- In support of the primary mission of the Agency,
the Administrator shall---

\(A\) lead the Nation\'s efforts to prepare for, protect against,
respond to, recover from, and mitigate against the risk of natural
disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters, including
catastrophic incidents;

\(B\) partner with State, local, and tribal governments and emergency
response providers, with other Federal agencies, with the private
sector, and with nongovernmental organizations to build a national
system of emergency management that can effectively and efficiently
utilize the full measure of the Nation\'s resources to respond to
natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other

man-made disasters, including catastrophic incidents;

\(C\) develop a Federal response capability that, when necessary and
appropriate, can act effectively and rapidly to deliver assistance
essential to saving lives or protecting or preserving property or public
health and safety in a natural disaster, act of terrorism, or other
man-made disaster;

\(D\) integrate the Agency\'s emergency preparedness, protection,
response, recovery, and mitigation responsibilities to confront
effectively the challenges of a natural disaster, act of terrorism, or
other man-made disaster;

\(E\) develop and maintain robust Regional Offices that will work with
State, local, and tribal governments, emergency response providers, and
other appropriate entities to identify and address regional priorities;

\(F\) under the leadership of the Secretary, coordinate with the
Commandant of the Coast Guard, the Director of Customs and Border
Protection, the Director of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the
National Operations Center, and other agencies and offices in the
Department to take full advantage of the substantial range of resources
in the Department;

\(G\) provide funding, training, exercises, technical assistance,
planning, and other assistance to build tribal, local, State, regional,
and national capabilities (including communications capabilities),
necessary to respond to a natural disaster, act of terrorism, or other
man-made disaster; and

\(H\) develop and coordinate the implementation of a risk-based,
all-hazards strategy for preparedness that builds those common
capabilities necessary to respond to natural disasters, acts of
terrorism, and other man-made disasters while also building the unique
capabilities necessary to respond to specific types of incidents that
pose the greatest risk to our Nation." (FEMA 592, June 2007, pp. 94-95;
passage from Title V (National Emergency Management) Sec. 503. Federal
Emergency Management Agency (6 U.S.C. 313), **Department of Homeland
Security Appropriations Act, 2007** (Pub. L. No. 109-295) amending the
Homeland Security Act of 2002; pp. 1396-1397 of DHS Appropriations Act.)

**FEMA Mission (2006):** "...the mission of the Agency to reduce the
loss of life and property and protect the Nation from all hazards by
leading and supporting the Nation in a risk-based, comprehensive
emergency management system of (A) mitigation, by taking sustained
actions to reduce or eliminate long-term risks to people and property
from hazards and their effects; (B) preparedness, by planning, training,
and building the emergency management profession to prepare effectively
for, mitigate against, respond to, and recover from any hazard; (C)
response, by conducting emergency operations to save lives and property
through positioning emergency

equipment, personnel, and supplies, through evacuating potential
victims, through providing food, water, shelter, and medical care to
those in need, and through restoring critical public services; and (D)
recovery, by rebuilding communities so individuals, businesses, and
governments can function on their own, return to normal life, and
protect against future hazards..." (**Post-Katrina Emergency Management
Reform Act of 2006**, Title VI-National Emergency Management (Sec. 503.,
Federal Emergency Management Agency, para. (c) Administrator, (9)
carrying out ...), pp. 1398-1399 of DHS Appropriations Act, 2007)

**FEMA Mission (2007, June):** Prepare for and lead the Federal
Government's response to emergencies and major disasters, natural and
man--made, including acts of terrorism --- "all-hazards." (**FEMA**,
*California Statewide Emergency Planning Committee*, June 6, 2007, p. 4)

**FEMA Mission (2007, October):** "The mission of the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) is to provide leadership to prepare, protect,
respond, recover, and mitigate the effects of emergencies and major
disasters, both natural and man-made. Emergencies include acts of
terrorism, hurricanes and severe storms." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*
(Catastrophe Initiative), October 10, 2007, p.1)

**FEMA Mission/Mandate (2007, November):** "The Post-Katrina Emergency
Management Reform Act, passed by Congress and signed by the President in
October 2006, sets forth a new expanded mission for FEMA. Our mandate is
to reduce the loss of life and property and protect the Nation from all
hazards, including natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other
man-made disasters, by leading and supporting the Nation in a
risk-based, comprehensive emergency

management system of preparedness, protection, response, recovery, and
mitigation. Our challenge \-- and commitment \-- is to achieve our
vision and fully execute this mission to create a safer and more secure
America." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, November 2007, p. 5)

**FEMA National Advisory Council:** "The National Advisory Council (NAC)
shall advise the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) on all aspects of emergency management. The National
Advisory Council shall incorporate State, local and tribal government
and private sector input in the development and revision of the national
preparedness goal, the national preparedness system, the National
Incident Management System, the National Response Plan and other related
plans and strategies." (FEMA, *National Advisory Council*. October 12,
2007)

**FEMA National Advisory Council Membership:** "Thirty individuals have
been selected for appointment to the National Advisory Council (NAC)
from a geographic and substantive cross-section of officials, emergency
managers and emergency response providers from Tribal, State and local
governments, the private sector and nongovernmental organizations. These
members will represent influential, high-level senior leaders of their
organizations, stakeholder groups and the private sector or members of
the public." (**FEMA**, "National Advisory Council Members Named." July
18, 2007)

**FEMA National Advisory Council Mission:** "The mission of the National
Advisory Council is to ensure effective and ongoing coordination of
national Preparedness, protection, response, recovery and mitigation for
natural disasters, acts of terrorism and other man-made disasters by:

-   Incorporation input from Tribal, State and local governments, and
    the public and private sectors;

-   Providing an avenue for feedback, suggestions and constructive
    criticisms from the diverse government, private sector and nonprofit
    partners involved in any disaster activities; and

-   Providing a venue for input during the development and revision of
    the National Preparedness Goal; national preparedness system,
    National Incident Management System (NIMS), National Response Plan
    (NRP) and other related plans and strategies." (**FEMA**, "National
    Advisory Council Members Named." July 18, 2007 News Release)

**FEMA National Advisory Council Mission:** "...mission---'to ensure
effective and ongoing coordination of national preparedness, protection,
response, recovery, and mitigation for natural disasters, acts of
terrorism, and other man-made disasters.'" (**FEMA**, *Homeland
Security* Today, October 29, 2007) "Specifically, the Council will focus
attention on the development and revision of the national preparedness
goal, the national preparedness system, the National Incident Management
System, the National Response Plan, and other related plans and
strategies.... The development of the National Advisory Council was set
into motion by the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006.
The Federal Register notice posted on February 7, 2007, establishes the
Council and requests applications for membership." (**FEMA**, "FEMA
Seeks Applicants For the National Advisory Council," February 14, 2007)

**FEMA National Preparedness Directorate:** "The Deputy Administrator
for National Preparedness will head a new directorate within FEMA,
consolidating FEMA strategic preparedness assets. It will include both
existing FEMA programs and certain legacy Preparedness Directorate
programs. It will incorporate functions related to preparedness
doctrine, policy and contingency planning. It will further contain the
Department's exercise coordination and evaluation program, emergency
management training, along with the Chemical Stockpile Emergency
Preparedness Program and the Radiological Emergency Preparedness
program.

The Deputy Administrator for National Preparedness will oversee two
major functional

responsibilities: (1) Readiness, Prevention and Planning; and (2) the
National Integration Center." (**FEMA**, *Statement for the Record R.
David Paulison*, February 28, 2007, p. 3)

**FEMA Operational Core Competencies:** (**FEMA**, *Vision for New
FEMA*, Dec. 12, 2006, p. 4)

-   Incident Management

-   Operational Planning

-   Disaster Logistics

-   Emergency Communications

-   Service to Disaster Victims

-   Continuity Programs

-   Public Disaster Communications

-   Integrated Preparedness

-   Hazard Mitigation (See, as well, "FEMA Core Competencies," 2007)

**FEMA Operations Center (FOC), Mt Weather, VA:** "The function that
serves as the official notification point of an impending or actual
disaster or emergency. This facility maintains a 24-hour capability to
monitor all sources of warning/disaster information." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 52)

**FEMA Operations Center (FOC), Mt Weather, VA:** "The FEMA Operations
Center (FOC) supports the NRCC with a 24-hour watch. The FOC implements
notifications to the Departments and Agencies that support the NRCC as
well as activating emergency management staff. The FOC receives,
analyzes, and disseminates all-hazards information within FEMA and DHS
and to Departments, Agencies, and disaster response team members. The
FOC, in coordination with the NOC, facilitates distribution of warnings,
alerts, and bulletins to the emergency management community using a
variety of communications systems such the National Alert and Warning
System, the Washington Area Warning System, and the National-level
Emergency Alert System." (**FEMA**, *Statement (Prepared) of Glenn
Cannon*, November 15, 2007, p. 6)

**FEMA Operations Center (FOC), Mt. Weather, VA:** "A continuously
operating entity of the Department of Homeland Security responsible for
monitoring emergency operations and promulgating notification of changes
to the COGCON status." (**HSC**, *NCPIP*, August 2007, p. 62; **DHS**,
*FCD 1*, Nov 2007, P-5)

**FEMA Readiness, Prevention and Planning Division:** "...within the
FEMA National Preparedness Directorate, the Readiness, Prevention and
Planning division will be the central division within FEMA responsible
for preparedness policy and planning functions. This expanded division
will likely include FEMA's catastrophic planning activities and the
following offices: (1) Exercise & Evaluation; (2) Contingency
Preparedness; (3) Preparedness Doctrine & Policy; (4) Citizen Corps; and
(5) the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program and the
Radiological Emergency Preparedness program. The Readiness, Prevention
and Planning division will be responsible, among other functions, for
coordinating HSPD-8 (National Preparedness) implementation, the National
Assessment and Reporting System, Nationwide Plan

Review, the Federal Preparedness Coordinator program, and coordinating
with the approximately 2,100 Citizen Corps Councils in all of the States
and territories and the numerous governmental and non-governmental
Citizen Corps partners." (**FEMA**, *Statement for the Record R. David*
Paulison, February 28, 2007, p. 4)

**FEMA Re-Engineering:** "Speaking on the side of the federal
government, one of the first things we have to do is to re-engineer FEMA
so that this agency can maximize its role supporting response and
recovery efforts and providing the necessary assistance to state and
local communities when those communities call on FEMA for support.

Well, what does that re-engineering mean?  It means developing a more
effective distribution and delivery system for supplies, more efficient
business processing and disaster registration systems, and enhanced
communication capabilities.  

The reality is that FEMA is a 20th century organization and we are now
in the 21st century.  And there are processes and tools that we do see
working around us in the private sector and in other areas of the
government that we must adapt and apply to FEMA.

The fact of the matter is, we want to have FEMA\'s distribution and
logistics system \-- the ability to move people and goods in support of
emergency responders \-- emulate the best of private sector models so
that we can get vital supplies and assistance to communities in a
reasonable amount of time and replenish our stocks in a timely manner.
 But I also have to say something else.  This is, after all, a shared
responsibility, and that means state and local government also has to do
some significant preparedness planning to make sure, particularly in
those immediate hours and first few days in the aftermath of a
catastrophe, particularly an unexpected catastrophe, there are available
on the state and local scene those supplies that are necessary to deal
with the immediate crisis after an emergency.  This has to be a joint
effort.  It cannot be an effort that the federal government carries by
itself, nor it is an effort that the states would want the federal
government to carry by itself, because I think you rightly regard
yourselves as leaders of state and local communities as wanting to have
a major say in the way we respond to crises in your own communities.  So
that\'s why partnership is so very, very important here." (DHS, *Remarks
by Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff at the American
Legislative Exchange Council's 2005 States and National Policy Summit*,
December 9, 2005)

**FEMA Regional Offices.** "FEMA has ten regional offices, each headed
by a Regional Administrator. The regional field structures are FEMA's
permanent presence for communities and States across America. The staff
at these offices support development of all-hazards operational plans
and generally help States and communities achieve higher levels of
readiness. These regional offices mobilize FEMA assets and evaluation
teams to the site of emergencies or disasters." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment
Draft*, September 2007, 58) The locations are:

> FEMA Region I: Boston
>
> FEMA Region II: New York City
>
> FEMA Region III: Philadelphia
>
> FEMA Region IV: Atlanta
>
> FEMA Region V: Chicago
>
> FEMA Region VI: Denton, TX
>
> FEMA Region VII: Kansas City
>
> FEMA Region VIII: Denver
>
> FEMA Region IX: Oakland
>
> FEMA Region X: Seattle

**FEMA Responsibilities:** "FEMA manages and coordinates the federal
response to and recovery from major domestic disasters and emergencies
of all types in accordance with the *Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief
and Emergency Assistance Act*. It ensures the effectiveness of emergency
response providers at all levels of government in responding to
terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. Through the
Disaster Relief Fund, FEMA provides individual and public assistance to
help families and communities impacted by disasters rebuild and recover.
FEMA also administers hazard mitigation programs to prevent or to reduce
the risk to life and property from floods and other hazards. In addition
to administering the National Incident Management System (NIMS), in FY
2007, FEMA's role as the lead federal agency for incident management,
preparedness, and response was expanded to include the administration of
the Department of Homeland Security's grant programs and the United
States Fire Administration. The inclusion of these programs within FEMA
reinforces the Department's focus to provide the Nation with unified,
coordinated, and robust all-hazards preparedness and response capability
at all levels of government including federal, state, tribal, and local
government personnel, agencies, and regional authorities." (**DHS**,
*Budget-in-Brief Fiscal Year 2008*, 2007. pp. 61-62)

**FEMA/State Agreement:** "A formal legal document stating the
understandings, commitments, and binding conditions for assistance
applicable as a result of a major disaster or emergency declared by the
President. The agreement imposes binding obligations on FEMA, States,
their local governments and private non-profit organizations within
States in the form of conditions for assistance, which are legally
enforceable. No DFA will be authorized until the FEMA/State Agreement
has been signed, except where it is deemed necessary to begin the
provision of essential emergency services or temporary housing."
(**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 52)

**FEMA Strategic Goals (1997):** "FEMA has adopted two mission-related
goals and one organizational goal to guide its internal management and
its leadership role in the national emergency management partnership.
These goals are:

1.  Protect lives and prevent the loss of property from all hazards.

2.  Reduce human suffering and enhance the recovery of communities after
    disaster strikes.

3.  Ensure that FEMA serves the public in a timely and cost-efficient
    manner." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan, FY 1998-2002*, 1997, p. 12)

**FEMA Strategic Plan (2002):** "Over the past many months, we conducted
an in-depth analysis within the Agency and met with our partners and
stakeholders from around the Nation to develop the Strategic Plan.
Wherever we met, several themes emerged that helped inform our work:

-   leadership;

-   partnership;

-   building capability at all levels;

-   setting standards for performance; and

-   bringing emergency managers and first responders together to train
    and exercise to those standards." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, 2002,
    Message from Director Joe M. Allbaugh, p. ii)

**FEMA Strategic Plan (2007):** "FEMA's Strategic Plan builds on the
vision and a comprehensive and integrated mission statement to provide
the agency with a defined and clear pathway for the future. This Plan
differs from previous FEMA Strategic Plans in that it moves away from
the focus on individual component missions to a much broader and
integrated goal structure. This is intended to break down the
organizational "stove-pipes" inherent in the former goal structure and
send a message that FEMA components must combine their efforts and

efficiently use resources toward a common strategic direction and
integrated outcomes under the New FEMA. The overarching themes apply to
each goal and objective within the Plan. These themes are key to FEMA's
future success and highlight what the agency values, both from an
individual and organizational standpoint in building *The Nation's
Preeminent Emergency Management and Preparedness Agency*." (**FEMA**,
*Strategic Plan*, 2007, p. 10)

**FEMA Strategic Plan Goals (2007):**

1.  An integrated approach that strengthens the Nation's ability to
    address disasters, emergencies, and terrorist events

2.  Easily accessible and coordinated assistance for all programs

3.  Reliable information at the right time for all users

4.  FEMA investment in people and people's investment in FEMA to ensure
    mission success

5.  A business culture that rewards performance and stewardship and
    builds public trust and confidence (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*,
    2007, p. 2)

**FEMA Strategic Plan Goals (2007) -- Goal #1:** An integrated approach
that strengthens the Nation's ability to address disasters, emergencies,
and terrorist events:

"FEMA will actively engage all partners, public and private, in building
a national emergency management system that strengthens the Nation's
ability to protect its citizens and prepare for, mitigate against,
respond to, and recover from disasters, emergencies, and terrorist
events. Key to this effort is working with these partners to develop
relationships, programs, processes, and agreements that build and better
leverage existing resources in preparing the public and local entities
to care for themselves. This will result in a Nation that is
comprehensively prepared to reduce the loss of life and property that
often results from natural disasters and man-made incidents." (**FEMA**,
*Strategic Plan*, 2007, p. 12)

**FEMA Strategic Plan Overarching Themes (2007):**

-   Clear and well communicated doctrine

-   Customer-focused, field-based, and results-oriented mission delivery

-   Compassionate program and service delivery to all populations

-   Strong leadership, teamwork, and accountability at all levels

-   Professional workforce of motivated employees that are empowered and
    equipped to act

-   Strong partnerships that leverage capabilities and capitalize on
    public-private efficiencies

-   Business approach to achieving desired results with a strong
    foundation in technology (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, 2007, pp. 2,
    and 8-10)

**FEMA Values:** See "FEMA Core Values."

**FEMA Vision (1987):** "The vision for FEMA is expressed in the title
of the Agency's strategic plan: *Partnership For A Safer Future*.... The
vision of an effective 'Partnership for a Safer Future' for America is:

-   An informed public protecting their families, homes, workplaces,
    communities, and livelihoods from the impacts of disasters;

-   Communities built to withstand the natural hazards which threaten
    them;

-   Governmental and private organizations with plans, necessary
    resources, and rigorous training and exercising for disaster
    response, and

-   Community plans, prepared in advance, for recovery and
    reconstruction after a disaster." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan FY 1998
    -- FY 2002*, 1987, p. 10)

**FEMA Vision (2007):** "The Nation's Preeminent Emergency Management
and Preparedness Agency." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, 2007, p. 2)

**FEMA Vision (2007):** "FEMA's vision is to transform the agency into
*The Nation's preeminent Emergency Management and Preparedness Agency*
-- the New FEMA." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, 2007, p. 2)

**FEMA Vision Building Blocks (2007): "**In October 2006, Congress
passed the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act, which included
a more robust preparedness mission for FEMA. It was clear that a new
strategic plan would be needed to help develop the core competencies
required to address the all-hazard threats of the future and the
expanded mission. Thus, in late 2006 and

again in the summer of 2007, our leadership team met to craft the
implementation of a new vision for the agency that would forge an
innovative and dynamic FEMA -- a New FEMA -- that would regain the trust
and confidence of the American people. Discussions with our partners and
stakeholders led us to identify solid building blocks to achieve this
vision:

-   strengthening the agency's core competencies,

-   building strong regions,

-   enhancing current and creating new partnerships,

-   investing in FEMA employees,

-   developing a business approach to achieving desired results, and

-   professionalizing the national emergency management system."
    (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, 2007, p. 1 (Message from the
    Administrator, R. David Paulison); see, also p. 5)

**FF-90-129:** Mission Assignment Form. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment
SOPs...Draft*, 2007, 19)

**FFIEC:** Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council.
(**FEMA**, *Call for...*, 2000, xxiii)

**FFRDC:** Federally Funded Research and Development Center.

**FHCF:** Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund.

**FHWA:** Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation.

**Field Assessment Team (FAsT):** "A Federal Team developed to perform
rapid initial (field) assessment. This team is intended to be employed
within the first hours after a disaster. These teams are small and
self-sufficient. They will focus on time sensitive and emergency need
requirements." (**USACE**, *Response Planning Guide*, 1995, p. B-2; see
also **FEMA**, *SLG 101*, 1996, p. 7-4))

**Field Operations Guide (FOG):** "A pocket-sized manual of instructions
on the application of the Incident Command System (ICS)." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Draft*, July 2007, 52)

**Financial Services Sector Coordinating Council for Critical
Infrastructure Protection and Homeland Security (FSSCC):** "...a group
of more than 30 private-sector firms and financial trade associations
that works to help reinforce the financial services sector's resilience
against terrorist attacks and other threats to the nation's financial
infrastructure. Formed in 2002, FSSCC works with the Department of
Treasury, which has direct responsibility for infrastructure protection
and homeland security efforts for the financial services sector, while
also serving under the overall guidance of the Department for Homeland
Security." (**FSSCC**, Jan 2008)

**FIPNC:** Federal Insurance Producers National Committee. (**FEMA**,
*Call for Issues*, 2000, xxiii)

**Fire:** "Each year, more than 4,000 Americans die and more than 25,000
are injured in fires, many of which could be prevented. Direct property
loss due to fires is estimated at \$8.6 billion annually. Fire spreads
quickly; there is no time to gather valuables or make a phone call. In
just two minutes, a fire can become life-threatening; in five minutes, a
residence can be engulfed in flames." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- Fires,"
February 2007, p. 1)

**FIRESCOPE:** *Fi*refighting *Res*ources of *C*alifornia *O*rganized
for *P*otential *E*mergencies.

**Firewall:** "Walls which are intended to be fire barriers."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 38)

**FIRM:** Flood Insurance Rate Map. (**FEMA**, *Base Flood*, 2007)

**FIRST:** Federal Incident Response Support Team.

**First Aid:** "The immediate but temporary care given on site to the
victims of an accident or sudden illness in order to avert
complications, lessen suffering, and sustain life until competent
services or a physician can be obtained." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*,
1992, 38)

**First Receivers:** "Healthcare workers at a hospital receiving
contaminated victims for treatment may be termed *first receivers*[^25]
(Koenig, 2003). This group is a subset of *first responders* (e.g.,
firefighters, law enforcement, HAZMAT teams, and ambulance service
personnel). However, most first responders typically act at the site of
an incident (i.e., the location at which the primary release occurred).
In contrast, inherent to the definition of *first receivers*, is an
assumption that the hospital is not itself the primary incident site,
but rather is remote from the location where the hazardous substance
release occurred. Thus, the possible exposure of first receivers is
limited to the quantity of substance arriving at the hospital as a
contaminant on victims and their clothing or personal effects (Horton et
al., 2003). First receivers typically include personnel in the following
roles: clinicians and other hospital staff who have a role in receiving
and treating contaminated victims (e.g., triage, decontamination,
medical treatment, and security) and those whose roles support these
functions (e.g., set up and patient tracking)." (**OSHA**, *OSHA Best
Practices for Hospital-Based First Receivers of Victims from Mass
Casualty Incidents...,* 2005)

**First Responder:** "Definition: designation for a person who, in the
course of their professional duties of responding to emergencies, and in
the early stages of an incident, is responsible for the protection and
preservation of life, property, evidence, the environment, and for
meeting basic human needs. Extended definition: may be a member of a
Federal, State or local emergency public safety, emergency response,
emergency medical, law enforcement, fire and rescue, military, or other
recognized agency and authority, including a volunteer or private
organization, as well as other skilled support personnel (such as
equipment operators, administrators, security personnel, etc.) who
provide immediate support services during, response and protection
operations." (**DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, October 23,
2007, pp. 10-11)

**First Responder:** "A first responder is any emergency personnel who
first arrives on the scene of an incident and takes action to save
lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs. In most incidents,
these responders are local police, fire, and emergency medical
personnel." (**DHS,** *LLIS.gov Glossary*)

**First Responder:** "Local and non-governmental police, fire, and
emergency personnel who in the early stages of an incident are
responsible for the protection and preservation of life, property,
evidence, and the environment, including emergency response providers as
defined in section 2 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C.
101), as well as emergency management, public health, clinical care,
public works, and other skilled support personnel (such as equipment
operators) who provide immediate support services during prevention,
response, and recovery operations. First responders may include
personnel from Federal, State, local, tribal, or nongovernmental
organizations. (**DHS**, *NPG*, December 2005 Draft, p. A-1; cites
**DHS**, *NRP*, December 2004)

**First Responder:** "Local police, fire, and emergency medical
personnel who first arrive on the scene of an incident and take action
to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs. First
responders may include Federal, State, or local responders." (**DHS**,
*National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, P. 75
(glossary)) \[Note: See 2001 USG definition below.\]

**First Responder:** "Those individuals who in the early stages of an
incident are responsible for the protection and preservation of life,
property, evidence, and the environment, including

emergency response providers as defined in section 2 of the Homeland
Security Act of 2002 (6

U.S.C. 11), as well as emergency management, public health, clinical
care, public works, and

other skilled support personnel (such as equipment operators) that
provide immediate support

services during prevention, response, and recovery operations."
(**DHS**, *UTL 2.1*, 2005, p. B-1)

**First Responder:** "Refers to individuals who in the early stages of
an incident are responsible for the protection and preservation of life,
property, evidence, and the environment, including emergency response
providers as defined in Section 2 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002
(6 U.S.C. 101). It includes emergency management, public health,
clinical care, public works, and other skilled support personnel (e.g.,
equipment operators) that provide immediate support services during
prevention, response, and recovery operations." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge
Capacity and Capability Handbook*, August 2004, p. D-4, Glossary)

**First Responder:** "The term 'first responder' shall have the same
meaning as the term 'emergency response provider'." (**US Congress**,
*Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007*, August
7, 2007, p. 9)

**First Responder:** "Local police, fire, and emergency medical
personnel who first arrive on the scene of an incident and take action
to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs." (**USG**,
*USG Interagency Domestic Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001, Appendix B:
Definitions)

**First Responder:** "The term \"first responder\" refers to those
individuals who in the early stages of an incident are responsible for
the protection and preservation of life, property, evidence, and

the environment, including emergency response providers as defined in
section 2 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 101), as well
as emergency management, public health, clinical care, public works, and
other skilled support personnel (such as equipment operators) that
provide immediate support services during prevention, response, and
recovery operations." (**White House**, *HSPD 8 National Preparedness*,
December 17, 2003)

**First Responders: "**Federal, State, and local emergency public
safety, law enforcement, emergency response, emergency medical
(including hospital emergency facilities), and related personnel,
agencies, and authorities." (**Homeland Security Act of 2002**, Public
Law No. 107-296, section 2, 116.)

**First Responders:** "...our first responder community...law
enforcement; the fire service; the emergency medical service; public
officials responsible for emergency planning and response; the public
health sector; transit authorities including rail and ports; and
non-governmental organizations." (**Mayer** 2005, 8)

**First Responders:** "Emergency services organizations are often
referred to as "first responders." They are responsible for detection,
assessment, alerting and dispatch of specialized life support and life
safety assets. All first responders have specialized training from one
or more of the five

aforementioned disciplines \[fire, hazardous material (HazMat), search
and rescue (SAR), emergency medical services (EMS), law enforcement
(LE), public health, public works\]."

**First Responders:** "...individuals who in the early stages of an
incident are responsible for the protection and preservation of life,
property, evidence, and the environment, including emergency response
providers as defined in section 2 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002
(6 U.S.C. 101), as well as emergency management, public health, clinical
care, public works, and other skilled support personnel (such as
equipment operators) that provide immediate support services during
prevention, response, and recovery operations." (**White House**, *HSPD
8*, 2003**)**

**FIS:** Flood Insurance Study/Studies (FEMA, 1993)

**FISCAM:** Federal Information System Controls Audit Manual.

**Five-Hundred Year Floodplain (or 0.2 percent chance floodplain):**
That area which includes the base floodplain which is subject to
inundation from a flood having a 0.2 percent chance of being equaled or
exceeded in any given year.

**Fixed Nuclear Facility Incident Planning:** "On January 24, 1973, the
Office of Emergency Preparedness issued a notice in the Federal Register
assigning Federal agency responsibility for fixed nuclear facility
incident planning. The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission was made the
leading operating agency, and DCPA was made responsible for:

(1) Assistance to State and local authorities in planning the general
    emergency preparedness actions required in response to nuclear
    accidents, consistent with AEC guidance.

(2) Recommendations and guidance on the use of the civil defense
    radiological monitoring system." (**DCPA**, *Foresight, DCPA Annual
    Report FY73*, 1974, p. 11)

**Flash Burn:** "A burn caused by excessive exposure (of bare skin) to
thermal radiation." (**Glasstone**, *The Effects of Nuclear Weapons*,
1977, Glossary, p. 633)

**Flash Flood:** A flood that crests in a short period of time and is
often characterized by high velocity flow---often the result of heavy
rainfall in a localized area.

**Flash Flood:** "Flood of short duration with a relatively high peak
discharge. Causes inundation, and because of its nature is difficult to
forecast." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 39)

**FLCP:** Florida Catastrophic Disaster Planning. (**FEMA**,
*Catastrophic Disaster Planning IAEM Presentation,* Nov.12, 2007, slide
7)

**FLETC:** Federal Law Enforcement Training Center.

**Flexibility:** "A principle of the NIMS that provides a consistent,
flexible, and adjustable national framework within which government and
private entities at all levels can work together to manage domestic
incidents, regardless of their cause, size, location, or complexity.
This flexibility applies across all phases of incident management:
prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation." (**DHS**,
*National Incident Management System*, March 2004, p. 2.)

**Flexible (Core Principle of Emergency Management):** "Flexible:
emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches in solving
disaster challenges." (**EM Roundtable**, 2007, p.4)

**FLHUG:** Florida HAZUS User Group. "...formally organized in January
2006, when the group met to elect officers, create committees, and adopt
a charter.... Membership in the FLHUG allows first responders, emergency
managers, and decision makers from public and private organizations to
build and strengthen a cohesive, informed emergency management community
that can continually create stronger and more accurate mitigation plans.
People interested in disaster mitigation have learned that, as members
of FLHUG, they benefit not only from the scenarios generated by
HAZUS-MH, but also by the lasting working relationships they develop
with colleagues in different fields. Spanning public and private
domains, GIS professionals, emergency managers, researchers, medical
personnel, legislative contacts, local planners, technical experts,
American Red Cross workers, facility managers, and government officials
can all use the FLHUG to communicate with and learn from each
other---sharing resources and supporting each other's work to mitigate
the risks of natural disasters. In addition to user networks, strong
support from the Florida Division of Emergency Management (DEM) and FEMA
Region IV has been critical to the success of Florida's coordinated
statewide program." (FEMA, The Florida HAZUS User Group (FLHUG), January
1, 2008)

**Flood:** "An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by
high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas."
(**EEA**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*, 2007)

**Flood Alarm Level:** "Water level which is considered to be dangerous
and at which warnings should commence." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992,
39)

**Flood-Bypass Channel**, also **Floodway:** "Channel built to divert
flood flows from a point upstream of a region to a point downstream."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 39)

**Flood Control:** "The management of water resources through
construction of dams, reservoirs, embankments, etc. to avoid floods."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 39; **EEA**, *EEA Environmental
Glossary*, 2007)

**Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies Act** (33 U.S.C. § 701n (2005),
commonly referred to as Public Law 84-99): The Flood Control Act
"authorizes an emergency fund for preparation for emergency response to,
among other things, natural disasters, flood fighting and rescue
operations, repair or restoration of flood control and hurricane
protection structures, temporary restoration of essential public
facilities and services, and provision of emergency supplies of water."
(**DHS**, *National Response Framework List of Authorities and
References* (Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 4)

**Flood Control Project and Plan, Federal:** "The Federal flood control
project is comprised of two obvious elements: the physical aspects of
improvement recommended and the associated requirements of local
cooperation. The intended flood control plan (i.e., the outputs from the
Federal project) may, however, be dependent upon other elements as well.
The assumptions made about how the Federal project improvements will
function may depend upon other assumptions about the continued
effectiveness of already existing non-Federal developments

that shape or control flows (whether specifically intended for flood
control, or not). They may reflect the assumed existence of other
non-Federal developments planned but not yet in place. It is critical
that the non-Federal sponsor, responsible for operation and maintenance
(O&M) of the Federal project, understand the importance of all the
elements that go together to make the plan function. A complete
description of a plan includes all structural, nonstructural, legal, and
institutional features, both proposed and existing, that contribute to
the intended flood control outputs. The outputs of the plan, and of
individual elements if they have separable outputs,

should be quantified in understandable physical, economic and
environmental terms. The operating requirements should be developed for
each element requiring operation (e.g., statement of the trigger that
will say it is time to close a gate and the amount of time it will take
to close it). Finally, there should be explication of the overall
resources required to operate and maintain the plan, i.e., manpower,
equipment, cost. The requirement for definition of the plan in these
terms begins in the preauthorization feasibility phase and ends with
preparation of the O&M manual furnished to the non-Federal sponsor when
the project is turned over..." (**USACE**, *Water Resources Policies and
Authorities - Digest of Water* Resources\..., 1999, 13-5)

**Flood Forecasting:** "Procedure for estimation of stage, its discharge
values, time of occurrence, and duration of a flood, especially of its
peak discharge." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 40)

**Flood Hazards of Special Concern, NFIP/FEMA: "**The mapping and
regulatory standards of the NFIP are general standards and do not
address every flood problem in the United States. Certain floodplains
and flood-related hazards are less common, more destructive and harder
to map than riverine, coastal, alluvial fan, and shallow flooding.
Special hazards include coastal erosion, tsunamis, closed basin lakes,
uncertain flow paths, dam breaks, ice jams, and mudflows." (**FEMA**,
*Flood Hazards of Special Concern*, 2007)

**Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs):** "As part of its administration of
the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) publishes flood hazard maps, called Flood
Insurance Rate Maps, or FIRMs. The purpose of a FIRM is to show the
areas in a community that are subject to flooding and the risk
associated with these flood hazards." (**FEMA**, "Letter of Map
Amendment (LOMA)...," October 17, 2007)

**Flood Fringe:** Areas outside the regulatory floodway but still
inundated by the designated one percent annual chance flood (often
referred to as the floodway fringe).

**Flood Level of Protection:** "Level of Protection represents the
ability of a structure or a system

to contain a flood of a given size with a high degree of assurance. It
can be defined by three different methods:

-   As the average return period in years (e.g. 100-year, 500- year,
    etc.) of the largest flood that can be expected to occur at that
    average frequency;

-   As the maximum derived discharge expected from a flood developed
    from a set of specific hydrological conditions (e.g. as the Standard
    Project Flood); or

-   As the discharge of a significant historical event." (**Galloway**,
    *A CA Challenge*, 2007, 14)

**Flood Map:** "At a minimum, flood maps show flood risk zones and their
boundaries, and may also show floodways and Base Flood Elevations
(BFEs)." (**FEMA**, *Flood Map: NFIP Policy Index*, 2007)

**Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program:** "The FMA program was
created as part of the National Flood Insurance Reform Act (NFIRA) of
1994 (42 U.S.C. 4101) with the goal of reducing or eliminating claims
under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).  FEMA provides FMA
funds to assist States and communities implement measures that reduce or
eliminate the long-term risk of flood damage to buildings, manufactured
homes, and other structures insurable under the National Flood Insurance
Program.... Three types of FMA grants are available to States and
communities:

-   **Planning Grants** to prepare Flood Mitigation Plans. Only
    NFIP-participating communities with approved Flood Mitigation Plans
    can apply for FMA Project grants

-   **Project Grants** to implement measures to reduce flood losses,
    such as elevation, acquisition, or relocation of NFIP-insured
    structures. States are encouraged to prioritize FMA funds for
    applications that include repetitive loss properties; these include
    structures with 2 or more losses each with a claim of at least
    \$1,000 within any ten-year period since 1978.

-   **Technical Assistance Grants** for the State to help administer the
    FMA program and activities. Up to ten percent (10%) of Project
    grants may be awarded to States for Technical Assistance Grants."
    (**FEMA**, *Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program*. September
    12, 2007)

**Flood of Record:** The highest flood historically recorded in a given
location. \[The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers typically uses the flood of
record to determine risk when constructing dams, dikes and levees,
etc.\]

**Flood Protection:** "Precautionary measures, equipment or structures
implemented to guard or defend people, property and lands from an
unusual accumulation of water above the ground." (**European
Environmental Agency**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*, 2007)

**Flood Return Periods:** "Return periods are based on statistical
analysis of information gathered about previous floods in the region.
Most experts agree that for a flood record length of 100 years, the
flood estimates extrapolated from the data should not exceed 200 years.
The confidence in the accuracy of a larger-than-200-year flood elevation
that is based on a short 100-year record of weather and storm data is
lower than it is for estimates of 200-year or less. It should be noted
that the period of record is often less than 100 years in the U.S."
(**Galloway**, *A California Challenge*..., 2007, 14)

**Flood Risk Management:** "Generally, there are three basic approaches
to flood risk management:

1\. Avoid using the floodplain for activities other than those
compatible with periodic flooding.

2\. Minimize damages from floods to the maximum feasible extent by
building and maintaining levees, flood walls, dikes, reservoirs,
channelization of streams, bypasses, and the like; instituting
floodplain development requirements such as land-use controls which
minimize new unsafe development in high-risk areas and by retrofitting
existing structures; and having robust and effective evacuation plans
and warning systems to get the people out of harm's way should the need
arise.

3\. Mitigate losses to those who are subject to flooding through
self-help, by providing indemnification through government payments
(direct or as a result of litigation), or through forms of public and
private insurance." (**Galloway**, *A California Challenge*, 2007, 13)

**Flood Warning: "**Flooding is already occurring or will occur soon.
Take precautions at once. Be prepared to go to higher ground. If
advised, evacuate immediately." (**FEMA**, *EM Guide for Business and
Industry*, 1993, p. 55)

**Flood Watch:** "Flooding is possible. Stay tuned to NOAA radio. Be
prepared to evacuate. Tune to local radio and television stations for
additional information." (**FEMA**, *EM Guide for Business and
Industry*, 1993, p. 55)

**Flood Wave:** "Rise in stream flow to a crest to such a magnitude that
it causes flooding, and its subsequent recession." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster
Management Glossary*, p. 41)

**Flood Zones, FEMA/NFIP:** "Flood hazard areas identified on the Flood
Insurance Rate Map are identified as a Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA).
SFHA are defined as the area that will be inundated by the flood event
having a 1-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given
year. The 1-percent annual chance flood is also referred to as the base
flood or 100-year flood. SFHAs are labeled as Zone A, Zone AO, Zone AH,
Zones A1-A30, Zone AE, Zone A99, Zone AR, Zone AR/AE, Zone AR/AO, Zone
AR/A1-A30, Zone AR/A, Zone V, Zone VE, and Zones V1-V30. Moderate flood
hazard areas, labeled Zone B or Zone X (shaded) are also shown on the
FIRM, and are the areas between the limits of the base flood and the
0.2-percent-annual-chance (or 500-year) flood. The areas of minimal
flood hazard, which are the areas outside the SFHA and higher than the
elevation of the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood, are labeled Zone C or
Zone X (unshaded)." (**FEMA**, *Flood Zones*, 2007)

**Flooding:** "A general and temporary condition of partial or complete
inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland and/or
tidal waters, and/or the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of
surface waters from any source. A great flow along a watercourse or a
flow causing inundation of lands not normally covered by water."
(**EEA**, *Environmental Glossary*, 2007)

**Floodplain:** Low lands adjoining the channel of a river, stream, or
watercourse, or ocean, lake or other body of water, which have been or
may be inundated by floodwater, and those other areas subject to
flooding.

**Floodplain:** "Any normally dry land area that is susceptible to being
inundated by water from any natural source. This area is usually low
land adjacent to a stream or lake." (**EEA**, *Environmental Glossary*,
2007)

**Floodplain:** "Floodplain is used in a general sense to mean the area
most prone to flooding, mapped or not. The floodplain for a localized
flood problem may not be mapped as Special Flood Hazard Area on the
Flood Insurance Rate Map." (**FEMA**, *Reducing Damage from Localized
Flooding* *-- A Guide for Communities*, 2005, viii)

**Floodplain:** "An area adjacent to a river, formed by the repeated
overflow of the natural channel bed." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992,
40; cites OFDA)

**Floodplain, Deep:** "The Panel defines deep floodplains as floodplains
where the level of flooding is three feet or higher. In deep
floodplains, the ability to evacuate is limited or non-existent,
creating significant life-safety threats and the damage to property is
extensive." (**Galloway**, *A California Challenge*, 2007, iv)

**Floodplain Management:** The operation of an overall program of
corrective and preventive measures for reducing flood damage, including
but not limited to emergency preparedness plans, flood control works and
floodplain management regulations. (**CFR** 2004)

**Floodplain Management:** "Floodplain management is the operation of a
community program of corrective and preventative measures for reducing
flood damage. These measures take a variety of forms and generally
include requirements for zoning, subdivision or building, and
special-purpose floodplain ordinances." (**FEMA**, *The National Flood
Insurance Program*, 2007)

**Floodplain Management (FPM):** "Flood plain management (FPM) is a
continuing process, involving both Federal and non-Federal action, that
seeks a balance between use and environmental quality in the management
of the inland and coastal flood plains as components of the larger human
communities. The flood damage reduction aspects of flood plain
management involve modifying floods and modifying the susceptibility of
property to flood damages. The former embraces the physical measures
commonly called \"flood control;\" the latter includes

regulatory and other measures intended to reduce damages by means other
than modifying flood waters. By guiding flood plain land use and
development, flood plain regulations seek to reduce future
susceptibility to flood hazards and damages consistent with the risk
involved and serve in many cases to preserve and protect natural flood
plain values." (USACE, *Water Resources Policies and Authorities -
Digest of Water Resources Policies and Authorities*, 1999, 13-1)

**Floodplain Zoning:** "A plan that defines the main zones of a
potential flood area, usually accompanied by housing restrictions or
other recommendations to prevent flood damages." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster
Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 40)

**Floodproofing:** "Any combination of structural and non-structural
additions, changes, or adjustments to structures which reduce or
eliminate flood damage to real estate or improved real property, water
and sanitary facilities, structures and...contents." (**FEMA**,
*Floodproofing*, 2007)

**Floods: "**Flood effects can be local, impacting a neighborhood or
community, or very large, affecting entire river basins and multiple
states. Some floods develop slowly, sometimes over a period of days.
Flash floods can develop quickly, sometimes in just a few minutes or
without any visible signs of rain. According to the National Hurricane
Center, inland flooding has been responsible for more than half the
deaths associated with tropical cyclones in the United States in the
last 30 years. Be aware of flood hazards no matter where you live, but
especially if you live in a low-lying area, near water or downstream
from a dam. Every state is at risk from this hazard." (**FEMA**, "Fact
Sheet -- Floods," February 2007, p. 1)

**Floodway:** The channel of a river or other watercourse and the
adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base
flood without causing any cumulative increase in the water surface
elevation. The floodway is intended to carry the dangerous and
fast-moving water.

**Floodway:** "A 'Regulatory Floodway' means the channel of a river or
other watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in
order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the
water surface elevation more than a designated height. Communities must
regulate development in these floodways to ensure that there are no
increases in upstream flood elevations. For streams and other
watercourses where FEMA has provided Base Flood Elevations (BFEs), but
no floodway has been designated, the community must review floodplain
development on a case-by-case basis to ensure that increases in water
surface elevations do not occur, or identify the need to adopt a
floodway if adequate information is available." (**FEMA**, *Floodway*,
2007)

**Florida Citizens Property Insurance Corporation:** "Florida Citizens
is a nonprofit tax-exempt entity that provides residential and
commercial property insurance coverage when private insurance is not
available. Florida Citizens was established in 2002 after two separate
insurance pools---the Florida Windstorm Underwriting Association (FWUA)
and the Florida Residential Property and Casualty Joint Underwriting
Association (JUA)---were combined." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public
Policy Options*..., Nov 2007, 18; pp. 60-63)

**Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (FHCF):** "...the Florida Hurricane
Catastrophe Fund (FHCF) provides an alternative to traditional hurricane
reinsurance, reducing the cost of coverage significantly below that of
private reinsurance and lowering the cost of insurance to homeowners.
The FHCF was established in 1993 in response to Hurricane Andrew, which
resulted in a severe shortage of catastrophe property reinsurance
capacity, stricter policy terms and conditions, and sharp increases in
property catastrophe reinsurance rates in the year following the storm."
(**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public Policy*..., Nov 2007, 19; also
74-78)

**FM:** Field Manual. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec 2007,
Glossary-3)

**FMA:** Flood Mitigation Assistance.

**FMC:** Federal Mobilization Center.

**FMD:** Foreign Animal Disease.

**FMEA:** Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. (**UN DAP**, *Techniques
Used in Risk Assess.*, 2008)

**FMI:** Field Manual-Interim. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec 2007,
Glossary-3)

**FMM:** Flood Map Modernization. FEMA, National Flood Insurance
Program.

**FMS:** Federal Medical Shelter. (**Senate HSGA**, *A Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, p. 632)

**FMS:** Federal Medical Station. (CA EMSA, *Hosp. Incident Cmd. System
Guide*, 2006, 102)

**FMS:** Fixed Monitoring Station. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance
Appendices*, 1974, p. B-9)

**FNS:** Food and Nutrition Service. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Draft*, July 2007, 52)

**FOC:** FEMA Operations Center, Mt. Weather, VA. (**HSC**, *NCPIP*,
August 2007, p. 62)

**Focal Depth:** "Vertical distance from the earth\'s surface to the
place of origin (hypocenter, focus) of an earthquake." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 41)

**Focus (Earthquake):** "The point beneath the earth\'s surface where an
earthquake rupture starts and from which waves radiate." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 41)

**FOG:** Field Operations Guide. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Draft*, 2007, pp. 43, 52)

**Food and Agriculture Safety and Defense Capability Definition:** "Food
and Agriculture Safety and Defense is the capability to prevent, protect
against, respond to, and recover from chemical, biological and
radiological contaminants, and other hazards that affect the safety

of food and agricultural products. This includes the timely eradication
of outbreaks of crop

diseases/pests, assessments of the integrity of the food producing
industry, the removal and disposal of potentially compromised materials
from the U.S. food supply, and decontamination of affected food
manufacturing facilities or retail points of purchase or service. This
also includes appropriate laboratory surveillance to detect human
foodborne illness or food product contamination. It is accomplished
concurrent to protecting public health and maintaining domestic and
international confidence in the U.S. commercial food supply.
Additionally, the public is provided with accurate and timely
notification and instructions related to an event and appropriate steps
to follow with regard to disposal of affected food or agricultural
products and appropriate decontamination procedures." (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 141)

**Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) Disaster Task Force:** "The Food
Security Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-198) requires the Secretary of
Agriculture to establish a Disaster Task Force to assist States in
implementing and operating various disaster food programs. The FNS
Disaster Task Force coordinates the overall FNS response to disasters
and emergencies. It operates under the general direction of the
Administrator of FNS." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating
Draft*, July 2007, 52)

**Forecast:** Statement or statistical estimate of the occurrence of a
future event. This term is used with different meanings in different
disciplines, as well as "prediction". (**UNDHA,** *DM Glossary* 1992,
41)

**Foreshock:** "An earthquake that precedes the largest quake
("mainshock") of an earthquake sequence. Foreshocks may occur seconds to
weeks before the mainshock." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots in
Earthquake Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**Forest/Grassland Fire:** "Fires in forest or brush grasslands that
cover extensive areas and usually do extensive damage. They may start by
natural causes such as volcanic eruptions or lighting, or they may be
caused by arsonists or careless smokers, by those burning wood or by
clearing a forest area." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*,
1992, p. 42)

**FORSCOM:** U.S. Army Forces Command. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, Dec 2007,
Glossary-3)

**Forward Challenge 04:** "Forward Challenge 04, a Federal
government-wide Continuity of Government exercise.... '\"This is the
first time that the Federal government has conducted a government wide
test of its continuity of operations plans. This exercise provides a
unique opportunity for the federal government to evaluate and refine its
operational readiness to ensure that officials in federal departments
and agencies can function away from their normal headquarters and make
response decisions in the event of an emergency incident' \[DHS
Secretary Tom Ridge\]. The exercise tested organization plans and
procedures to alert senior management and to deploy quickly to alternate
operating locations outside of the National Capital Region. Also tested
were interagency communications, the ability of Departments and agencies
to respond to requests for assistance and information from these
alternate locations, and explore issues of Delegations of Authority and
Orders of Succession." (**NWS**, *NWS Participates in Government-Wide
Emergency Drill*, 2004)

**Forward Challenge 06:** "Over the course of FY 2006, FEMA's Office of
National Security Coordination (ONSC) conducted "Forward Challenge 06,"
the largest full-scale interagency COOP exercise in history, which
involved over 50 departments and agencies deploying to alternate sites
for a 30-hour period." (**DHS**, *Budget-in-Brief, Fiscal Year 2008*,
2007, p. 63) Was conducted in conjunction with TOPOFF4 Command Post
Exercise. (**DHS**, *US DHS Announces Completion of TOPOFF 4 CPE to
Address Counterterrorism*..., June 22, 2006/

**Forward Coordinating Team (FCT):** "The FCT is a full-time DHS team
immediately deployable to an incident or potential incident
(particularly for a response to a catastrophic event). The FCT supports
State and local operations by integrating with the Incident Command Post
on scene and facilitating resource issues. Team members are trained and
prepared to assess the situation, identify critical and unmet needs,
provide recommendations for protective actions, establish incident
support facilities and identify, direct and coordinate acquisition and
delivery of required assets and/or resources." (**DHS**, *National
Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 36)

**FOS:** Federal Operations Support. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Draft*, July 2007, p. 43)

**FOSA:** Federal Operational Staging Area. (**FEMA**, *Logistics Supply
Chain*, 2006)

**FOSC:** Federal On-Scene Coordinator. (**SONS Website**, *SONS FAQs*,
2007; also FEMA *Mission Assignment SOPs*, July 2007, p. 52)

**Four Critical Elements, National Preparedness Guidelines:** "The
*National Preparedness Guidelines* package...is comprised of four
critical elements:

> • The ***National Preparedness Vision***, which provides a concise
> statement of the core preparedness goal for the nation.
>
> • The ***15 National Planning Scenarios***, which collectively depict
> a diverse set of high-consequence threat scenarios regarding both
> potential terrorist attacks and natural disasters. Collectively, these
> scenarios are designed to focus contingency planning for homeland
> security preparedness work at all levels of government and with the
> private sector. The 15 scenarios form the basis for coordinated
> Federal planning, training and exercises.
>
> • The ***Universal Task List***, which is a menu of some 1,600 unique
> tasks that can facilitate efforts to prevent, protect against, respond
> to and recover from the major events that are represented by the
> National Planning Scenarios. It presents a common vocabulary and
> identifies key tasks that support development of essential
> capabilities among organizations at all levels. Of course, no entity
> will perform every task. Instead, this task list was used to assist in
> creating the Target Capabilities List. It is included in the
> *Guidelines* package as a reference for interested jurisdictions.
>
> • The ***Target Capabilities List***, which defines 37 specific
> capabilities that communities, the private sector and all levels of
> government should possess in order to respond effectively to
> disasters." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, p. 68)

**Four Mission Areas, Framework for National Preparedness:** "The Goal
\[NPG\] provides a common framework for a systems-based approach to
build, sustain and improve national preparedness for a broad range of
threats and hazards. The Goal and other source documents define the
mission areas of this framework as follows:

> **Prevent:** Actions to avoid an incident or to intervene or stop an
> incident from
>
> occurring. Prevention involves actions taken to protect lives and
> property. It
>
> involves applying intelligence and other information to a range of
> activities that
>
> may include such countermeasures as deterrence operations; heightened
>
> inspections; improved surveillance and security operations;
> investigations to
>
> determine the full nature and source of the threat; public health and
> agricultural
>
> surveillance and testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or
> quarantine; and,
>
> as appropriate, specific law enforcement operations aimed at
> deterring,
>
> preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity and
> apprehending potential
>
> perpetrators and bringing them to justice (Source---NIMS, March 2004).
>
> **Protect:** Actions to reduce the vulnerability of critical
> infrastructure or key
>
> resources in order to deter, mitigate, or neutralize terrorist
> attacks, major disasters,
>
> and other emergencies (Source---HSPD 7, December 2003). It requires
>
> coordinated action on the part of federal, state, and local
> governments; the private
>
> sector; and concerned citizens across the country. Protection also
> includes:
>
> continuity of government and operations planning; awareness elevation
> and
>
> understanding of threats and vulnerabilities to their critical
> facilities, systems, and
>
> functions; identification and promotion of effective sector-specific
> protection
>
> practices and methodologies; and expansion of voluntary
> security-related
>
> information sharing among private entities within the sector, as well
> as between
>
> government and private entities. (Source -- The National Strategy For
> The
>
> Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets,
> February 2003)
>
> **Respond:** Activities that address the short-term, direct effects of
> an incident.
>
> Response includes immediate actions to save lives, protect property,
> and meet
>
> basic human needs. Response also includes the execution of emergency
>
> operations plans and of mitigation activities designed to limit the
> loss of life,
>
> personal injury, property damage, and other unfavorable outcomes. As
> indicated
>
> by the situation, response activities include applying intelligence
> and other
>
> information to lessen the effects or consequences of an incident;
> increased
>
> security operations; continuing investigations into nature and source
> of the threat;
>
> ongoing public health and agricultural surveillance and testing
> processes;
>
> immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and specific law enforcement
> operations
>
> aimed at preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity, and
> apprehending
>
> actual perpetrators and bringing them to justice (Source---NIMS, March
> 2004).
>
> **Recover:** Activities that include the development, coordination,
> and execution of
>
> service- and site-restoration plans; the reconstitution of government
> operations
>
> and services; individual, private- sector, nongovernmental, and
> public-assistance
>
> programs to provide housing and to promote restoration; long-term care
> and
>
> treatment of affected persons; additional measures for social,
> political, environmental, and economic restoration; evaluation of the
> incident to identify lessons learned; post-incident reporting; and
> development of initiatives to mitigate the effects of future incidents
> (Source---NIMS, March 2004)." (**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area
> Homeland Security Strategy: Guidelines on Aligning Strategies with the
> NPG*, 2005, pp. 3-4)

**Four Phases of Emergency Management (1978):** Mitigation,
Preparedness, Response and Recovery. (**NGA**, 1978) \[See "Phases of
Emergency Management"\]

**FPC:** Federal Preparedness Circular.

**FPCON:** Force Protection Condition. (**DA**, *WMD CST Operations*,
2007, pp. 2-1, 2-2)

**FPCs:** Federal Preparedness Coordinators. (**FEMA**, *Vision for New
FEMA:* Dec. 2006, p. 24)

**FPF:** Federal Policy Fee. (**FEMA/NFIP**, *Call For Issues Status
Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**FPM:** Floodplain Management. (**USACE**, *Water Resources Policies
and* Authorities\..., 1999)

**FRAGOs:** Fragmentary Orders. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, 4-5)

**Framework:** "A conceptual structure that supports or contains set of
systems and/or practices." (**DHS**, *National Incident Management
System*, March 2004, p. 4)

**FRC:** Federal Resource Coordinator.

**FRC:** Federal Regional Center. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 2)

**Freeboard:** "...an additional amount of height above the base flood
elevation used as a factor of

safety (e.g., 2 feet above the base flood) in determining the level at
which a structure\'s

lowest floor must be elevated or floodproofed." (ASFPM, *National Flood
Programs and Polices in Review---2007*, p. 89)

**FRMAC:** Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center.

**FRP:** Facility Response Plan. (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*, December
2007, p. 57)

**FRP:** Federal Response Plan. \[Defunct\]

**Front (Atmospheric):** "1.The interface or transition zone between air
masses of different physical properties (temperature, humidity).

2\. Line of intersection of the surface separating two air masses
usually with the ground." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*,
1992, p. 42)

**FSE:** Full-Scale Exercise. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. K-2)

**FSR:** Financial Services Roundtable.

**FSSCC:** Financial Services Sector Coordinating Council for Critical
Infrastructure Protection and Homeland Security. (**Financial Services
Roundtable**, *Nation Unprepared*, May 2007)

**FTA:** Fault-Tree Analysis. (**UN DAP**, *Techniques Used in Risk
Assessment*, 2008)

**FTX:** Field-Training Exercise. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec 2007, p. 9-3)

**Fujita-Pearson Scale (FPP Scale):** A 3-digit scale for tornadoes
devised by Fujita (F scale) and Pearson (PP scale) to indicate the
tornado intensity (0-5), path length (0-5), and path width (0-7)
(**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 43; **WMO** 1992)

**Fujita Tornado Scale:** A scale for expressing the relative intensity
of tornadoes, consisting of six levels corresponding to increasing
levels of damage - light, moderate, considerable, severe, devastating,
incredible. (**Notification Manual**)

**Full Scale Exercise (FSE):** "Full-scale emergency operations
simulation exercises requiring full staff participation involving local
government, industry, and private sector interaction and cooperation."
(**DCPA**, *Foresight*, 1974, p. 13) \[See "Exercise Types"\]

**Full-Scale Exercise (FSE):** "A full-scale exercise is a multi-agency,
multi-jurisdictional, multi-discipline exercise involving functional
(e.g., joint field office, emergency operation centers) and \"boots on
the ground\" response (e.g., continuity staff relocating to their
alternate sites to conduct scenario driven essential functions)."
(**DHS**, *Federal Continuity Directive 1*, Nov 2007, P-5)

**Full Scale Exercise (FSE):** "A multi-agency, multi-jurisdictional,
multi-organizational activity that tests many facets of preparedness.
They focus on implementing and analyzing the plans, policies,
procedures, and cooperative agreements developed in discussion-based
exercises and honed in previous, smaller, operations-based exercises. In
FSEs, the reality of operations in multiple functional areas presents
complex and realistic problems that require critical thinking, rapid
problem solving, and effective responses by trained personnel. During
FSEs, events are projected through a scripted exercise scenario with
built-in flexibility to allow updates to drive activity. FSEs are
conducted in a real-time, stressful environment that closely mirrors
real events.

(**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference* (For FY 2007),
Oct.23, 2006, pp. 3-4) \[See "Exercise Types"\]

**Full Spectrum Integrated Vulnerability Assessment Program (FSIVA):**
The "Department of Defense (DoD) program developed to ensure the
consistent, comprehensive assessment of the vulnerabilities of
DoD-identified critical assets." (**DoD**, *DCIP, FSIVA*, 2004, p. ES-1)

**Function:** "In the Incident Command System, refers to the five major
activities (i.e., Command, Operations, Plans/Information, Logistics, and
Finance/Administration). The term function is also used when describing
the activity involved (e.g., the planning function)." (**HHS**, *Medical
Surge Capacity and Capability* Handbook, August 2004, p. D-6, Glossary)

**Function:** "An operation performed by multiple professional skill
sets to accomplish a common objective." (**Homeland Security
Institute**, *HS Strategic Planning MAA*, March 28, 2007, p. 63)

**Functional Approach (Planning):** "While the causes of emergencies
vary greatly, the potential effects of emergencies do not. This means
that jurisdictions can plan to deal with effects common to several
hazards, rather than develop separate plans for each hazard. For
example, earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes all can force people from
their homes. The jurisdiction can develop a plan and an organization
around the task, or *function*, of finding shelter and food for the
displaced\--with minor adjustments for the probable rapidity, duration,
location, and intensity of different hazards if desired. It can do the
same for other common tasks... In fact, a critical aspect of planning
for the response to emergency situations is to identify all of these
common tasks, or *functions*, that must be performed, assign
responsibility for accomplishing each

function, and ensure that tasked organizations have prepared SOPs that
detail how they will carry out critical tasks associated with the larger
function. However, the plans for performing each function should not be
created in isolation. Since the jurisdiction\'s goal is a coordinated
response, task-based plans should follow from a Basic Plan that outlines
the jurisdiction\'s overall

emergency organization and its policies..." (**FEMA**, *Guide for
All-Hazard Planning*, 1996, 3-1)

"The following list of functional annexes addresses core functions that
warrant attention and may require that specific actions be taken during
emergency response operations:

> Direction and Control
>
> Communications
>
> Warning
>
> Emergency Public Information
>
> Evacuation
>
> Mass Care
>
> Health and Medical Services
>
> Resource Management" (**FEMA**, *Guide for All-Hazard Planning*, 1996,
> 5-1)

**Functional Exercise (FE):** "A functional exercise examines and/or
validates the coordination, command, and control between various
multi-agency coordination centers (e.g., emergency operation center,
joint field office). A functional exercise does not involve any \"boots
on the ground\" (i.e., first responders or emergency officials
responding to an incident in real time)." (**DHS**, *Federal Continuity
Directive 1*, Nov 2007, P-5)

**Functional Exercise (FE):** "A *functional exercise* is a *fully
simulated interactive exercise that tests the capability of an
organization to respond to a simulated event*. The exercise tests
multiple functions of the organization's operational plan. It is a
coordinated response to a situation in a time-pressured, realistic
simulation." (**FEMA**, *Exercise Design* (IS 139), March 2003, p. 2-12)

**Functional Exercise (FE):** "An activity designed to test and evaluate
individual capabilities, multiple functions, activities within a
function, or interdependent groups of functions. Events are projected
through an exercise scenario with event updates that drive activity at
the management level. An FE simulates the reality of operations in a
functional area by presenting complex and realistic problems that
require rapid and effective responses by trained personnel in a highly
stressful environment." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of
Reference* (For FY 2007), Oct.23, 2006, pp. 3-4) \[See "Exercise
Types"\]

**Functional Exercise (FE) Characteristics:** This is an *interactive*
exercise---similar to a full-scale exercise without the equipment. It
simulates an incident in the most *realistic* manner possible short of
moving resources to an actual site. A functional exercise is:

-   *Geared for policy, coordination, and operations personnel*the
    "players" in the exercise---who practice responding in a realistic
    way to carefully planned and sequenced messages given to them by
    "simulators." The messages reflect ongoing events and problems that
    might actually occur in a real emergency.

-   A *stressful* exercise because players respond in real time, with
    on-the-spot decisions and actions. All of the participants'
    decisions and actions generate real responses and consequences from
    other players.

-   *Complex---*Messages must be carefully scripted to cause
    participants to make decisions and act on them. This complexity
    makes the functional exercise difficult to design." (**FEMA**,
    *Exercise Design* (IS 139), March 2003, p. 2-13)

**Fusion Center:** "Definition: a physical or logical facility,
encompassing all necessary infrastructure required to facilitate
nationwide information-sharing between one or more Federal, State,
and/or local law enforcement entities, dedicated to the integration of
multiple diverse data sources within a defined functional domain.
Extended definition: a collaborative effort of two or more agencies or
program offices who provide resources, expertise, and/or information to
the center with the goal of maximizing the ability to detect, prevent,
apprehend, and respond to criminal and terrorism related activity by
applying the concepts of fusion, and to provide a means of intelligence
dissemination. Annotation: A fusion center is also a conduit staffed
with analyst, special agents, intelligence research specialist, etc.,
for sharing information and results of analysis in accordance with the
National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP). (USDOJ, "Fusion
Center Guidelines," Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative, Aug
2006)." (**DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, October 23,
**2007**, p. 11)

**Fusion Center:** "Fusion Centers: provide critical sources of unique
law enforcement and threat information; facilitate sharing information
across jurisdictions and function; provide a conduit between men and
women on the ground protecting their local communities and state and
federal agencies." (**DHS**, *State and Local Fusion Centers*, September
14, **2006**.

**Fusion Center:** "Fusion Center -- an organized structure to coalesce
data and information for the purpose of analyzing, linking and
disseminating intelligence. A model process is likely to include:

> • Extract unstructured data
>
> • Extract structured data
>
> • Fuse structured data

Fused data are then analyzed to generate intelligence products and
summaries for tactical, operational, and strategic commanders. Types of
analysis typically conducted in a fusion center include:

> • Association Charting
>
> • Temporal Charting
>
> • Spatial Charting
>
> • Link Analysis
>
> • Financial Analysis
>
> • Content Analysis
>
> • Correlation Analysis (**DHS**, *The ODP Guidelines*..., 2003,
> Glossary, p. 2 (29).

**Fusion Center:** "State and major urban area fusion centers are vital
assets critical to sharing information related to terrorism. They will
serve as the primary focal points within the State and local environ­ment
for the receipt and sharing of terrorism-related information." (**White
House**, *National Strategy for Information Sharing*, October 2007, p.
20)

**Future Years Homeland Security Program (FYHSP):** "The official DHS
document summarizing DHS programs and associated resources (investments,
construction, human capital, IT, and other support and operating
expenses) for the budget year plus four years in support of strategic
goals, objectives, and planning priorities. The Secretary of Homeland
Security approves the FYHSP. (**DHS** Management Directives System MD
Number: 1330; Issue Date: 02/14/2005; Planning, Programming, Budgeting,
and Execution)

**FWUA:** Florida Windstorm Underwriting Association.

**FY:** Fiscal Year.

**FYHSP:** Future Years Homeland Security Program. (**DHS**,
*Performance Budget Overview, Fiscal Year 2008 Congressional Budget
Justification*, March 2007, p. 2)

**FZD:** Flood Zone Determination (company). (**FEMA,** *Call For Issues
Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**GA:** Tabun. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-3)

**Gale:** Wind with a speed between 34 and 40 knots. (**UNDHA,** *DM
Glossary*, 1992, p. 43))

**Gale Warning:** "A warning of 1-minute sustained surface winds in the
range 34 kt (39 mph or 63 km/hr) to 47 kt (54 mph or 87 km/hr)
inclusive, either predicted or occurring and not directly associated
with tropical cyclones." (**NHC**, *Glossary of NHC Terms*, 2007)

**GAO:** Government Accountability Office.

**GAP:** Generally Accepted Practices. (**DRC & DRII**, *GAP for BC
Practitioners*, 2007)

**Gap Analysis:** "A survey whose aim is to identify the differences
between BCM/Crisis Management requirements (what the business says it
needs at time of an event and what is in place and/or available."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 56)

**Gap Analysis:** "An analysis which identifies the differences between
what an organization has previously identified as its needs or
requirements during an emergency or incident, and what will actually be
available." (**Risky Thinking**, *A Glossary of Risk Related Terms*,
2007)

**GAR:** Governor's Authorized Representative.

**Garden Plot**: U.S. Department of Army, Department of Defense Civil
Disturbance Plan (Garden Plot), ann. C, app. 1 (15 February 1991).
(**Center For Law and Military Operations and HQ Marine Corps**, *ROE v.
RUF*, 2006)

**GB:** Sarin. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-3)

**GCC:** Government Coordinating Council. (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p. 4)

**GCOA:** Gross Consequences of Attack. (**DHS**, *Progress in
Developing NAB*, 2006, p. i)

**GCSC:** Government Cross-Sector Council. (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p. 5)

**GD:** Soman. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-3)

**GENADMIN:** General Administrative (message). (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*,
Dec 2007, Glossary-3)

**General Services Administration (GSA):** "GSA serves as the primary
support agency to DHS/FEMA for resource support during disaster relief
and CM operations. GSA provides

emergency supplies, space, office equipment, office supplies,
telecommunications, contracting

services, transportation services, and security services." (**JCS/DoD**,
*Homeland Security*, 2005, II-21)

**General Staff:** Under the Incident Command System, "The General Staff
normally consists of an Operations Section Chief, Planning Section
Chief, Logistics Section Chief and Finance/ Administration Section
Chief. An Intelligence/ Investigations section may be established, if
required, to meet incident response needs." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment
Draft*, Sep. 2007, p. 48)

**Generic ICS:** "Refers to the description of ICS that is generally
applicable to any kind of incident or event." (**CA OES**, *SEMS
Guidelines*, 2006, Glossary, p. 10)

**Geographic Information System (GIS):** A computerized database for the
capture, storage, analysis and display of locationally defined
information. Commonly, a GIS portrays a portion of the earth's surface
in the form of a map on which this information is overlaid. (**EM
Australia** 1995)

**Geographic Information System (GIS): "**A GIS is an electronic
information system, which provides a geo-referenced database to support
management decision-making." (**USGS**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary
25-9)

**Geographic Information System (GIS) Mapping**: "The use of a
geographic information system, a computer-based tool, for risk or hazard
mapping. GIS technology integrates database operations with the
geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. The benefits of the
technique are the increase in productivity of hazard-mapping
technicians, it can give higher quality results than can be obtained
manually and it can facilitate decision-making and improve coordination
among agencies when efficiency is at a premium. The limitations of the
technique include the lack of trained personnel; difficulties in
exchanging data between different systems; difficulties in including
social, economic and environmental variables; variability in access to
computers and the quality and detail of the data required by GIS
analysis." (**UN DAP**, *Techniques Used*, 2008)

**Georgia Underwriting Association:** "The Georgia Underwriting
Association (GUA) was created by insurance companies licensed to write
property insurance in Georgia to administer the state FAIR Plan. The
plan insures homeowners throughout the state who have not been able to
find certain types of insurance coverage in the voluntary market, and
also coverage against windstorm and hail damage in coastal counties and
off-shore islands." (GAO, Natural Disasters: Public Policy Options...,
Nov 2007, p. 71)

**Geospatial Analysis:** "Analysis of risk information by distance,
area, volume or any other spatial characteristic within geographic
boundaries through GIS and hazard mapping techniques.

The benefits of the technique are the identification of hazards and
dangerous locations at varying scales from local (less than 100,000
km2), through regional (100,000 to 10 million km2) to continental (10 to
100 million km2) and a view of risk not only from a singular hazard
point of view, but also from an orientation to the relative levels of
exposure. The limitations of the technique are the same as those for GIS
techniques with the added requirement for well-defined geographic
boundaries (e.g., counties, municipalities, and health districts)."
(**UN DAP**, *Techniques Used in Disaster Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**Geo-targeted Alerting System (GTAS):** "The GTAS pilot is a joint
public alert and warning project with the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This pilot is testing new
technologies to give emergency managers the ability to predict hazard
zones in near-real-time, to collaborate on which areas to alert and what
the message should be, and then to deliver these alerts and warnings to
residents in a specific geographic area based on risks and recommended
protective measures." (**FEMA**, *IPAWS Systems Enhancements*, Sep 12,
2007)

**GFIP:** Group Flood Insurance Policy. (**FEMA**, *Call for Issues
Status Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**GI:** Geospatial Information. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, Dec 2007,
Glossary-3)

**GI & S:** Geospatial Information and Services. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*,
Dec 2007, Glossary-3)

**GIG:** Global Information Grid. (**DSB**, *Protecting* *the Homeland
2000 Summer Study* Vol. II, p. ES-1)

**GIS:** Geographic Information System. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, Dec
2007, Glossary-3)

**Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
(DoD-GEIS): "**The DoD Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and
Response System (DoD-GEIS) is designed to strengthen the prevention of,
surveillance of and response to infectious diseases that:

-   Are a threat to military personnel and families

-   Reduce medical readiness or

-   Present a risk to U.S. national security.

The DOD-GEIS is to:

-   Increase DoD's emphasis on prevention of infectious diseases

-   Strengthen and coordinate its surveillance and response efforts, and

-   Create a centralized coordination and communication hub to help
    organize DoD resources and link with U.S. and international efforts.

The DoD-GEIS was established in response to Presidential Decision
Directive NSTC-7, June 1996. The President stated that the mission of
the DoD will be expanded to include support of global surveillance,
training, research, and response to emerging infectious disease threats.
He called on DoD to strengthen its global disease reduction efforts
through: centralized coordination; improved preventive health programs
and epidemiological capabilities; and enhanced involvement with military
treatment facilities and United States and overseas laboratories.

Organization and Management: DOD-GEIS has been established by the
Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) in coordination with the
Military Departments and is overseen by a flag level Board of Directors
made up of representatives of Health Affairs, the Military Services, the
Joint Staff, the CINCs, and the Director of Defense Research and
Engineering. The organization of DOD-GEIS follows the model of the Armed
Force Institute of Pathology. The Executive Agent function is carried
out by the Department of the Army. DOD-GEIS is headed by a Director who
directs the Tri-Service staff of the central hub which a) helps
coordinate prevention, surveillance and response efforts of DoD
internally and externally, b) encourages and assists education, training
and research efforts in DoD, and c) facilitates communication and
information flow across DoD.

DoD-GEIS Partners: The DoD-GEIS central hub leverages the surveillance
and response assets of a network of DoD service hubs and overseas
medical research units. In addition to these facilities, the DoD-GEIS
consortium in the US includes the US Army Center for Health Promotion
and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; the US Army
Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick,
Maryland; and the Naval Environmental Health Center, Norfolk, Virginia.
DoD-GEIS has established strong working relationships with the US CDC
and international health agencies." (**DoD**, *Welcome to the DoD-GEIS
Central Hub*)

**Global Nuclear Detection Architecture: "**NSPD-43/HSPD-14 requires
DNDO \[Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, DHS\] to develop an "enhanced
global nuclear detection architecture." The Global Nuclear Detection
Architecture is a multilayered system of detection technologies,
programs, and guidelines designed to enhance the nation's ability to
detect and prevent a radiological or nuclear attack. DNDO is the primary
office within the federal government responsible for furthering the
development of the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture.... The Global
Nuclear Detection Architecture is intended to integrate federal, state,
and local governments' nuclear detection and notification systems. DNDO
is responsible for implementing the domestic portion of the Global
Nuclear Detection Architecture, and works with other federal agencies to
integrate their detection programs into the architecture." (**DHS/OIG**,
*DNDO Progress*..., Dec 2007, p. 5)

**Global Nuclear Detection Architecture Multi-Layered International
System:**

-   Border Protection

-   Coast Guard Inspection

-   At-Sea Interdiction

-   Second Line of Defense

-   Materials Protection, Control & Accountability

-   Port of Departure Screening (**DHS/DNDO**, *DNDO Overview*, April
    20, 2006, slide 10)

**Global Observing System (GOS):** "The coordinated system of methods,
techniques and facilities for making observations on a world-wide scale
within the framework of the World Weather Watch." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster
Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 43)

**Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN): "**The Global
Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) is a technical collaboration
of existing institutions and networks who pool human and technical
resources for the rapid identification, confirmation and response to
outbreaks of international importance. The Network provides an
operational framework to link this expertise and skill to keep the
international community constantly alert to the threat of outbreaks and
ready to respond.... Since April 2000, the Global Outbreak Alert and
Response Network has been bringing agreed standards to international
epidemic response through the development of Guiding Principles for
International Outbreak Alert and Response and operational protocols to
standardize epidemiological, laboratory, clinical management, research,
communications, logistics support, security, evacuation and
communications systems.... The Global Outbreak Alert and Response
Network contributes towards global health security by:

-   combating the international spread of outbreaks

-   ensuring that appropriate technical assistance reaches affected
    states rapidly

-   contributing to long-term epidemic preparedness and capacity
    building." (**UN WHO**, *Epidemic Pandemic and Response*, 2007)

**Global Risk Identification Programme (GRIP):** "The goal of GRIP is
reduced natural hazard-related losses in high risk areas to promote
sustainable development." (**GRIP**, *About GRIP*, 2007)

**Global Terrorism:** "Definition: terrorism activities conducted in, or
encompassing international communities. Extended definition: A. involves
violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the
criminal laws of the United States or of any State, or that would be a
criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United
States or any State; B. appears to be intended---

a.  to intimidate or coerce a civilian population

b.  to influence the policy or a government by intimidation or
    coercions; or

c.  to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction,
    assassination, or kidnapping; and

C. occurs primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United
States, or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which
they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or
coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek
asylum." (**DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, October 23, 2007,
p. 11)

**Global Warming:** "Changes in the surface-air temperature, referred to
as the global temperature, brought about by the greenhouse effect which
is induced by emission of greenhouse gases into the air." (**EEA**, *EEA
Environmental Glossary*; cites **ETC/CDS**, *General Environmental
Multilingual Thesaurus*, 2000)

**GMT:** Grants Management System. (**OIG/DHS**, *IT Management Letter
FY 2005*, p. 13)

**GMT:** Greenwich Mean Time. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and Definitions*,
1971, p. 2)

**Golden Guardian:** "California's Golden Guardian program is the
State's primary training and

exercise program for large-scale emergencies.79 The training exercise is
funded and managed through the \[CA\] Office of Homeland Security.
During Golden Guardian 2005, OHS deputy director for training and
exercises...told the Commission that many agencies complain that they
are not benefiting from Golden Guardian. He commented that agencies must
invest their staff and time for training and exercises to be relevant.
But several departments told the Commission that OHS has consistently
denied their requests to expand the exercise away from terrorist attacks
toward more probable events -- including earthquakes.

"In planning Golden Guardian 2005, it was suggested that state operated
shelters be opened to test the shelter and care plan. OHS reportedly
turned down the proposal. And local officials reported that Golden
Guardian requires them to unfurl their fire hoses and turn out their
police and sheriff's forces, but does little to provide realistic and
challenging tests of their personnel and equipment. And as the State
prepares for Golden Guardian 2006 in November, state and local officials
have sought support for an exercise that tests California's ability to
respond to a large-scale earthquake in the Bay Area. Experts predict a
massive seismic event will hit the region in the next 30 years. But OHS
has reportedly insisted that the Golden Guardian exercise must
concentrate on response to a terrorist attack." (**Little Hoover Com**.,
*Safeguarding the Golden State*, 2006, 20)

**GOALS:** Government On-line Accounting Link System. (**FEMA**, *Mis.
Assign. SOPs, 2007*, 52)

**GOARN:** Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network. (**UNWHO**,
*Epidemic Pandemic* 2007)

**GOS:** Global Observing System. (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossary*, 1992, p. 43)

**Government Coordinating Council:** "The government counterpart to the
SCC for each sector established to enable interagency coordination. The
GCC is comprised of representatives across various levels of government
(Federal, State, Territorial, local, and tribal) as appropriate to the
security and operational landscape of each individual sector." (**DHS**,
*NIPP*, 2006, p. 103)

**Government Functions:** "\`Government Functions' means the collective
functions of the heads of executive departments and agencies as defined
by statute, regulation, presidential direction, or other legal
authority, and the functions of the legislative and judicial branches."
(**HSPD-20; DHS,** *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, P-5)

**Government Functions:** "Government Functions...are the collective
functions of agencies, as defined by the Constitution, statute,
regulation, presidential direction or other legal authorities, and the
functions of the legislative and judicial branches." (**DHS**, *FCD 2*,
Nov. 2007, p. A-4)

**Government Functions Criticality Scale:**

-   10-Critically High Exceptionally grave impact preventing mission
    performance and the ability to implement corrective actions

-   9-Extremely High Grave impact requiring corrective action and
    negative effect results in delays to mission for an extended period
    of time

-   8-Very High Serious impact requiring corrective action and negative
    effect results in delays to mission for a limited period of time

-   7-High Serious impact requiring corrective action, where the
    negative effect will result in minor mission delays

-   6-Medium High Moderate to serious impact requiring corrective
    action, where the negative effect will result in slight mission
    delays

-   5-Medium Moderate impact requiring corrective action, where the
    negative effect will not impact mission completion

-   4-Medium Low Minimal impact requiring corrective action, where
    negative effect will not impact mission completion

-   3-Low Minimal impact or consequence without long term negative
    effects

-   2-Very Low Negligible consequences or impact with minimal long term
    negative effect

-   1-Extremely Low Negligible consequences or impact with no long term
    negative effect. (**DHS**, *FCD 2*, Nov. 2007, p. A-8)

**Governmental Jurisdictions in the US:** "Our structure of overlapping
federal, state, and local governance...has more than 87,000 different
jurisdictions." (**White House**, *National Strategy For Homeland
Security*, 2002, p. vii.)

**Governmental Responsibilities for "Emergency Management": "**"The
purpose of this title is to provide a system of emergency preparedness
for the protection of life and property in the United States from
hazards and to vest responsibility for emergency preparedness *jointly*
in the Federal Government and the States and their political
subdivisions. (**Robert T. Stafford Act**, Title VI \-- Emergency
Preparedness Sec. 601. Declaration of policy (42 U.S.C. 5195))
\[Emphasis added. Prior to an amendment to the Civil Defense Act of
1950, "civil defense" was by Congressional intent, *primarily* the
responsibility of State and local governments.\]

**Governments Within the United States:**

-   19,429 municipalities

-   16,504 towns or townships

-   3,142 counties

-   50 State governments

-   6 territorial governments

-   1 Federal government

-   Total of more than 39,000 jurisdictions (**DHS**, *Target
    Capabilities List*, 2007, p. 219)

**Governor's Authorized Representative. "**As the complexity of the
response dictates, the *Framework* \[National Response Framework\]
contemplates that the Governor may empower a Governor's Authorized
Representative to:

-   

> Execute all necessary documents for disaster assistance on behalf of
> the State, including certification of applications for public
> assistance.
>
> Represent the Governor of the impacted State in the Unified
> Coordination Group, when required.
>
> Coordinate and supervise the State disaster assistance program to
> include serving as its grant administrator.

1.  

Identify, in coordination with the SCO, the State's critical information
needs for incorporation into a list of Essential Elements of Information
(critical items of specific information required to plan and execute an
operation and to support timely, logical decisions)." (**DHS,**
*National Response Framework Comment Draft*, Sep. 2007, p. 50)

**Governor's Authorized Representative (GAR):** "The GAR is the State
equivalent to the Disaster Recovery Manager (DRM). The GAR is the State
person authorized to approve financial commitments on behalf of the
State. The SCO \[State Coordinating Officer\] and GAR may be the same
person." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Draft*, July 2007, pp. 5,
53)

**Governors Homeland Security Advisors Council:** "The National
Governors Association Center for Best Practices formed the Governors
Homeland Security Advisors Council in June 2006 to provide an
organizational structure in which the homeland security directors from
each state and territory can discuss homeland security issues, share
information and expertise, and keep governors informed of the issues
affecting implementation of homeland security policies in the states.

"*Mission*: The Council brings together the top state homeland security
officials from each state and territory to: 1) inform the work of the
NGA Center for Best Practices (NGA Center) by sharing ideas and best
practices, identifying emerging issues, and reviewing and analyzing the
impacts of Federal homeland security activities on the states; and 2)
inform the governors of the impacts of Federal homeland security
legislation, regulations, and policies on the states.

"*Objectives***:** Using the Council as a forum, the state homeland
security directors share information and expertise and discuss priority
setting and action planning to combat domestic threats at all levels of
government. Their objectives include:

-   Improving interstate and regional communication.

-   Facilitating communication between state and federal agencies.

-   Developing a unified state and territorial voice to inform governors
    of the impacts of federal homeland security legislation, regulations
    and policies on the states.

-   Identifying and setting priorities. (**NGA**, *Governors HS Advisors
    Council*, June 1, 2006)

**Governors Homeland Security Advisors Council 2007 Survey Top Five
Priorities:** "For the 2007 survey, the NGA Center polled the 56 state
and territorial homeland security advisors who, collectively, comprise
the Governors Homeland Security Advisors Council. The survey results
reflect the participation of roughly 80 percent of those
officials...This year's survey shows that the top five priorities for
states in 2007 were, in order:

• Developing interoperable communications;

• Coordinating state and local efforts;

• Protecting critical infrastructure;

• Developing state fusion centers; and

• Strengthening citizen preparedness." (**NGA**, *Issue Brief: 2007
State Homeland Security Directors* Survey, December 18, 2007)

**Grant Assistance: "**When the President authorizes 100% Federal
funding for emergency work under sections 403 and 407 of the Stafford
Act for a limited period in the initial days of the disaster, the
Federal share for Grant Assistance will be as follows:

-   **Debris Clearance and/or Removal:** FEMA will reimburse applicants
    100% of the costs for the debris removal work accomplished during
    the designated period. This includes all clearance, pick up,
    hauling, processing and disposal activities, but only during the
    designated period. For work accomplished after the end of the
    designated period, assistance will be provided at the prevailing
    Federal cost share rate for the particular disaster.

-   **Food, Water, Ice, and Other Consumable Commodities:** FEMA will
    reimburse applicants 100% of the costs of eligible work for
    reasonable purchase orders approved and finalized pursuant to state
    and local law during the designated period, regardless of the work
    or project completion date. This includes expenses to *distribute*
    commodities, but does not include installation or set-up. For
    purchase orders approved and placed after the end of the designated
    period, assistance will be provided at the prevailing Federal cost
    share rate for the particular disaster.

-   **Other Emergency Protective Measures:** FEMA will reimburse
    applicants 100% of the costs of eligible work accomplished during
    the designated period. Examples of these measures include:
    installation of generators, installation of large plastic sheet
    roofing, and shoring or demolition of unsafe structures. For work
    accomplished after the designated period, assistance will be
    provided at the prevailing Federal cost share rate for the
    particular disaster." (**FEMA**, *100% Funding for Direct Federal
    Assistance and Grant Assistance, Recovery Policy 9523.0*, June 9,
    2006)

**Green Book:** *Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local
Government*, ICMA.

**Greenhouse Effect:** "Warming of the atmosphere due to the reduction
in outgoing solar radiation resulting from concentrations of gases such
as carbon dioxide." (**EEA**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*; cites
**Ireland Environmental Protection Agency**, *Ireland's Environment*,
2000)

**GRIP:** Global Risk Identification Programme. (**UN**, *DRR Global
Review* 2007, p. vii)

**Gross Consequences of Attack Tool: "**This tool is an automated
process for evaluating large

numbers of targets and attack modes to estimate, at a high level, the
consequences of terrorist attacks." (**DHS**, *Progress in Developing
the National Asset Database*, June 2006, p. 20)

**Ground Motion:** "Seismic vibration of the ground at a particular
point, recorded by accelerograph or seismograph in order to determine
the vibrational characteristics of an earthquake or explosion."
(**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 43)

**Group (NIMS):** "Established to divide the incident management
structure into functional areas of operation. Groups are composed of
resources assembled to perform a special function not necessarily within
a single geographic division. Groups, when activated, are located
between branches and resources in the Operations Section." (**DHS**,
*NIMS*, 2004, p. 130)

**Group Flood Insurance Policy (GFIP):** "A Group Flood Insurance Policy
(GFIP) is a policy covering all individuals named by a State as
recipients under Sec. 411 of the Stafford Act (42 U.S.C. 5178) of an
Individual and Family Grant (IFG) program award for flood damage as a
result of a major disaster declaration by the President.\
(b) The premium for the GFIP, initially, is a flat fee of \$200 per
policyholder. Thereafter, the premium may be adjusted to reflect NFIP
loss experience and any adjustment of benefits under the IFG program.\
(c) The amount of coverage will equal the maximum grant amount
established under Sec. 411 of the Stafford Act (42 U.S.C. 5178).\
(d) The term of the GFIP will be 37 months and will begin 60 days from
the date of the disaster declaration.\
(e) Coverage for individual grantees begins on the thirtieth day after
the NFIP receives the required data for individual grantees and their
premium payments.\
(f) A Certificate of Flood Insurance will be sent to each individual
insured under the GFIP\
(g) The GFIP is the Standard Flood Insurance Policy Dwelling Form (a
copy of which is included in Appendix A(1) of this part), except that:\
(1) The GFIP provides coverage for losses caused by land subsidence,
sewer backup, or seepage of water without regard to the requirement in
paragraph B.3. of Article 3 that the structure be insured to 80 percent
of its replacement cost or the maximum amount of insurance available
under the NFIP." (**FEMA**, *Group Flood Insurance Policy-Final Rule*,
March 24, 2006)

**GRT:** Grants Reporting Tool, DHS Office of Grants and Training, 2006

**GSA:** General Services Administration.

**GSE:** Government Sponsored Enterprise. (**FSR**, *Nation Unprepared*
2007, 7)

**GSN:** Global Seismographic Network.

**GTAS:** Geo-targeted Alerting System. (**FEMA**, *IPAWS Systems
Enhancements*, Sep 12, 2007)

**GWOT:** Global War on Terrorism. (**White House**, *Progress Report
GWOT*, 2003)

**GZ:** Ground Zero. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and Definitions*, 1971, p.
2)

**H:** Mustard Gas. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, Dec 2007, Glossary-3)

**HA:** Hazard Analysis. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance Appendices*,
1974, p. A-4)

**HA:** Housing Assistance. (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public Policy
Options*, Nov 2007, ii)

**HAN:** Health Alert Network.

**Hazard:** "A Hazard is a natural, technological or social phenomenon
that poses a threat to people and their surroundings (in terms of both
the natural and the built environment)." (**Alexander**, not dated, 1)

**Hazard:** Some, including not just a few emergency managers, view
hazards such as earthquakes as "technical problems suitable for a
combination of engineering, planning, and specialized managerial
solutions, and people, if they are mentioned at all, are seen largely as
impediments to carrying out the technocratic solutions, because they
fail to see the risks they face (e.g. Mileti and Fitzpatrick
1993)....However, by concentrating on the physical risks, projected
extreme events, and worst case scenarios, much is ignored" (**Bolin with
Stanford** 1998, 20).

**Hazard:** "...natural and social systems interact to produce a
hazard..." (**Burton** et al. 1993, 24).

"Hazards always result from interaction of physical and human systems.
To treat them as though they were wholly climatic or geologic or
political or economic is to risk omission of components that must be
taken into account if sound solutions for them are to be found"
(**Burton** et al. 1993, 188).

> "...nature is neutral, and...the environment event becomes hazardous
> only when it intersects with man. The event leads to disaster when (1)
> it is extreme in magnitude, (2) the population is very great, or (3)
> the human-use system is particularly vulnerable" (**Burton** et al.
> 1993, 232).

**Hazard:** "is a source of risk and refers to a substance or action
that can cause harm."(**Cohrssen & Covello** 1989)

**Hazard:** A broad concept "that incorporates the probability of the
event happening, but also includes the impact or magnitude of the event
on society and the environment, as well as the sociopolitical contexts
within which these take place. Hazards are the threats to people and the
things they value, whereas risks are measures of the threat of the
hazards..." (**Cutter** 1993, 2).

**Hazard:** "A *hazard*, in the broadest term, is a threat to people and
the things they value. Hazards have a potentiality to them (they could
happen), but they also include the actual impact of an event on people
or places. Hazards arise from the interaction between social,
technological, and natural systems." (**Cutter** 2001, 2)

**Hazard:** "Hazard refers to an extreme natural event that poses risks
to human settlements"

(**Deyle, French, Olshansky, and Paterson** 1998, 121).

**Hazard:** Dangerous natural or man made phenomenon that expose a
vulnerable location to disastrous events. Vulnerability reduction aims
at neutralizing the dangers posed by the hazard. (**D&E Reference
Center** 1998)

**Hazard:** "Something that is potentially dangerous or harmful, often
the root cause of an unwanted outcome." (**DHS**, *National Response
Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 75 (Glossary); **DHS**, *NIPP*,
2006, p. 103)

Hazard: "A condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or
death of personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; or
mission degradation." (DoD, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related
Terms*, 2007)

**Hazard:** A condition with the potential for harm to the community or
environment. Many use the terms "hazard" and "disaster agent"
interchangeably. Hence, they will refer to "the hurricane hazard" or
even more broadly to "natural hazards" which includes hurricanes,
tornadoes, earthquakes and other natural phenomena that have the
potential for harm. The hazard is the ***potential***, the disaster is
the actual event. (**Drabek** 1997)

**Hazard:** "A potential event or situation that presents a threat to
life and property." (**FEMA**, *Hazards Analysis for Emergency
Management (Interim Guidance)*, September **1983**, p. 5)

**Hazard:** "Hazard means an event or physical condition that has the
potential to cause fatalities, injuries, property damage, infrastructure
damage, agricultural loss, damage to the environment, interruption of
business, or other types of harm or loss" (**FEMA**, *Multi Hazard
Identification and Risk* Assessment, **1997**, p. xxi).

**Hazard:** "Relevant to emergency preparedness, a hazard is an
emergency or disaster resulting from a natural disaster, or an
accidental or man-caused event." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Dictionary*,
**2001**, 58, citing Robert T. Stafford Act, 602)

**Hazard:** "The probability of the occurrence of a disaster caused by a
natural phenomenon (earthquake, cyclone), by failure of manmade sources
of energy (nuclear reactor, industrial explosion), or uncontrolled human
activity (overgrazing, heavy traffic, conflicts) -- UNDRO. Some authors
use the term in a broader sense, including vulnerability, elements at
risk, and the consequence of risk." (**Gunn** 1990, 374)

**Hazard:** Hazards "are threats to humans and what they value: life,
well-being, material goods, and environment." (**Harriss** et al, 1978)

**Hazard:** "A force or agent with the ability to cause adverse human
physical or psychological effects (injury, death) and/or significant
economic damage." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity and Capability
Handbook*, August 2004, p. D-6, Glossary)

**Hazard:** "...a potential source of harm." (**International Standards
Organization** 1990)

**Hazard:** "Possible source of danger, or conditions physical or
operational, that have a capacity to produce a particular type of
adverse effects." (**ISO**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, p. 3)

**Hazard:** Hazard is the probability that in a given period in a given
area, an extreme potentially damaging natural phenomena occurs that
induces air, earth or water movements, which affect a given zone. The
magnitude of the phenomenon, the probability of its occurrence and the
extent of its magnitude can vary and, in some cases, be determined.
(**Maskrey** 1989, 1)

**Hazard:** "A dangerous event or circumstance that has the potential to
lead to an emergency or disaster. Any physical phenomenon that has the
potential to produce harm or other undesirable consequences to some
person or thing." (**May,** p. 5)

**Hazard:** "Hazard...reflects a potential threat to humans as well as
the impact of an event on society and the environment....hazards
are...in part socially constructed by people's perceptions and their
experiences. Moreover, people contribute to, exacerbate, and modify
hazards. Thus, hazards can vary by culture, gender, race, socioeconomic
status, and political structure as well" (**Mitchell and Cutter** 1997,
9-10).

**Hazard:** "A natural or human-caused threat that may result in
disaster occurring in a populated, commercial, or industrial area."
**(National Science and Technology Council** 2005, 17)

**Hazard/Hazardous:** "Capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health,
safety, or the environment; capable of causing harm." (**NFPA 471**,
1997, p. 9)

**Hazard:** "Hazards to be evaluated shall include the following: (1)
Natural hazards (geological, meteorological, and biological) (2)
Human-caused events (accidental and intentional)

\(3\) Technological-caused events." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007. p. 8)

**Hazard:** "A hazard can be defined as: 'some aspect of the physical
environment that threatens the well-being on individuals and their
society.'" (**Nigg** 1996, 4

**Hazard:** "...we describe *hazard* as the forces, conditions,
technologies that carry a potential for social, infrastructural, or
environmental damage. A hazard can be a hurricane, earthquake, or
avalanche; it can also be a nuclear facility or a socioeconomic
practice, such as using pesticides. The issue of hazard further
incorporates the way a society perceives the danger or dangers, either
environmental and/or technological, that it faces and the ways it allows
the danger to enter its calculation of risk." (**Oliver-Smith and
Hoffman** 2002, 4)

**Hazard:** "In disaster management, a hazard refers to the potential
for a disaster." (**Pearce** 2000, Chapter 2, 12)

**Hazard:** A rare or extreme event in the natural or man-made
environment that adversely affects human life, property or activity to
the extent of causing disaster. A hazard is a natural or man-made
phenomenon which may cause physical damage, economic losses, or threaten
human life and well-being if it occurs in an area of human settlement,
agricultural, or industrial activity. Note, however, that in
engineering, the term is used in a more specific, mathematical sense to
mean the probability of the occurrence, within a specified period of
time and a given area, of a particular, potentially damaging phenomenon
of a given severity/intensity. (**Simeon Institute** 1998)

**Hazard:** *Hazard* is best viewed as a naturally occurring or
human-induced process or event with the potential to create loss, i.e. a
general source of danger. *Risk* is the actual exposure of something of
human value to a hazard and is often regarded as the combination of
probability and loss. Thus, we may define hazard (or cause) as 'a
potential threat to humans and their welfare' and risk (or consequence)
as 'the probability of a specific hazard occurrence'. The distinction
was illustrated by Okrent (1980)[^26] who considered two people crossing
an ocean, one in a liner and the other in a rowing boat. The main hazard
(deep water and large waves) is the same in both cases but the risk
(probability of drowning) is very much greater for the person in the
rowing boat. Thus while an earthquake hazard can exist in an uninhabited
region, an earthquake risk can occur only in an area where people and
their possessions exist. People, and what they value, are the essential
point of reference for all risk assessment and for all disasters"
(**Smith** 1996, 5).

**Hazard:** "For purposes of this title only: (1) Hazard - The term
"hazard" means an emergency or disaster resulting from--(A) a natural
disaster; or (B) an accidental or man-caused event." (**Stafford Act,**
Title VI, Sec. 602. Definitions (42 U.S.C. 5195a), June 2007 (FEMA 592),
p. 54)

**Hazard:** A threatening event, or the probability of occurrence of a
potentially damaging phenomenon within a given time period and area.
(**UNDHA**, *Internationally Agreed Glossary of Basic Terms Related to
Disaster Management*, 1992, p. 4)

**Hazard:** "A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human
activity, which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage,
social and economic disruption or environmental degradation."
(**UN/ISDR**, *Living With Risk*, 2002, p. 24)

**Hazard:** "A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human
activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage,
social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. *Hazards
can include latent conditions that may represent future threats and can
have different origins: natural (geological, hydrometeorological and
biological) or induced by human processes (environmental degradation and
technological hazards). Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in
their origin and effects. Each hazard is characterised by its location,
intensity, frequency and probability*." (**UN/ISDR**, *Terminology:
Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*, March 31, 2004)

**Hazard (Environmental):** "...the threat potential posed to man or
nature by events originating in, or transmitted by, the natural or built
environment" (**Kates** 1978, 14).

Keith Smith's (1997, 14-15) commentary on this definition:

"This definition can include both long-term environmental deterioration
(acidification of soils, build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide) and all
the social hazards, both involuntary and communal (crime, terrorism,
warfare), as well as voluntary and personal hazards (drug abuse,
mountain climbing). These hazards have such different origins and
impacts that a more focused definition is required."

**Hazard (Environmental):** "events which directly threaten human life
and property by means of acute physical or chemical trauma...Any
manageable definition of environmental hazards will be both arbitrary
and contentious. But, despite their diverse sources, most disasters have
a number of common features:

1.  The origin of the damaging process or event is clear and produces
    characteristic threats to human life or well-being, e.g. a flood
    causes death by drowning.

2.  The warning time is normally short, i.e. the hazards are often known
    as rapid-onset events. This means that they can be unexpected even
    though they occur within a known hazard zone, such as the floodplain
    of a small river basin.

3.  Most of the direct losses, whether to life or property, are suffered
    fairly shortly after the event, i.e., within days or weeks.

4.  The exposure to hazard, or assumed risk, is largely involuntary,
    normally due to the location of people in a hazardous area, e.g. the
    unplanned expansion of some Third World cities onto unstable
    hillslopes.

5.  The resulting disaster occurs with an intensity that justifies an
    emergency response, i.e. the provision of specialist aid to the
    victims. The scale of response can vary from local to international"
    (**Smith** 1996, 15-16).

**Hazard (Environmental):** "...extreme geophysical events, biological
processes and major technological accidents, characterized by
concentrated releases of energy or materials, which pose a largely
unexpected threat to human life and can cause significant damage to
goods and the environment" (**Smith** 1996, 16).

**Hazard (Global):** "...changes to regional ecosystems which in turn
effect global systems, are termed 'global hazards'. Climate change, soil
degradation, and deforestation are examples of global hazards that are
directly and indirectly related to the manipulation of technology.
Global hazards can be distinguished from the more traditional ones
because of their diffused or dispersed effects at the planetary
scale---they threaten the long-term survival of t he planet....They are
not rare, discrete events but develop over a long period of time. Global
hazards are cumulative in nature and are the end result of centuries or
decades of human manipulation of technology to control nature and
exploit its resources" (**Cutter** 1993, 5).

**Hazard (Intentional):** "Human actions with intent to cause harm to
other humans and what they value are termed intentional hazards. Today,
terrorism is the source of most of the intentional hazards." (**Dymon**,
Ute. "Session 1, Introduction to and Evolution of Hazard Mapping and
Modeling." *Hazard Mapping and Modeling* (Draft FEMA Emergency
Management Higher Education Project College Course). Emmitsburg, MD:
Emergency Management Institute, FEMA/DHS, 2004.)

**Hazard (Natural):** "...a naturally occurring or man-made geologic
condition of phenomenon that presents a risk or is a potential danger to
life or property" (**American Geological Institute** 1984). (Quoted in
Tobin and Montz 1997, 9).

**Hazard (Natural):** "The concept of natural hazards is somewhat
paradoxical; the elements of a natural geophysical event (e.g., wind and
storm surge of a hurricane) are hazardous only when they prove
detrimental to human activity systems" (**Baker** 1976, 1).

**Hazard (Natural):** "While some hazards, such as earthquakes and
volcanoes, are the product of natural processes unmodified by human
interventions, other ostensibly natural hazards are less and less
'natural'. The impacts of human activities on global climatic systems,
with attendant changes in rainfall patters, storm frequency, and storm
severity suggest that meteorological hazards themselves could be
influenced by (unintended) human factors (e.g. Southwick 1996[^27];
Flavin 1997[^28]). Flavin (1997) cites evidence that both the frequency
and severity of meteorological hazards may be increasing as a result of
human-induced climatic change. Similarly human modifications of riverine
systems, from deforesting and paving watersheds to elaborate levee
systems, have taken the 'natural' out of many flood hazards (e.g. Smith
1996)" (**Bolin with Stanford** 1998, 25 fn. 3).

**Hazard (Natural):** "In reality, the environment is neither benign nor
hostile. In is 'neutral' and it is only human location, actions and
perceptions which identify resources and hazards within the range of
natural events (**Burton** et al. 1993)" (Smith 1996, 12).

**Hazard (Natural):** "...those elements of the physical environment
harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him" (Smith 1996, 9:
quoting I. **Burton and R.W. Kates**. "The Perception of Natural Hazards
in Resource Management." *Natural Resources Journal*, Vol.3, 1964, pp.
412-441).

**Hazard (Natural):** "Natural hazards exist with or without the
presence of human populations and development" (**Schwab,** et al. 1998,
12).

**Hazard (Natural):** "A natural hazard represents the potential
interaction between humans and extreme natural events...It represents
the potential or likelihood of an event (it is not the event itself)"
(**Tobin & Montz** 1997, 5).

> "Natural hazards constitute a complex web of physical and
> environmental factors interacting with the social, economic, and
> political realities of society" (**Tobin and Montz** 1997, 11).

**Hazard (Natural):** Naturally caused events such as hurricanes,
tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, volcanoes and forest fires. (**Unknown
source**)

**Hazard (Natural):** "First, the misunderstanding of 'natural hazards'
as events unrelated to or separate from human activity and human choice
is no longer credible. The fundamental involvement of human
organizations, cultural and institutional context, and
political-economic structures cannot be overlooked or wished away. The
creation, distribution, and mitigation of vulnerability to hazards of
all kinds is a social interaction with either other social processes or
geophysical processes or both. There is no purely 'natural' hazard in
the full sense of a risk or danger for which affected persons have no
defence or remedy." (**Weiner** 2001, 1)

**Hazard (Technological):** Typically man-related hazards such as
nuclear power plant accidents, industrial plant explosions, aircraft
crashes, dam breaks, mine cave-ins, pipeline explosions and hazardous
material accidents. (Unknown source)

**Hazard (Technological):** "...the interaction between technology,
society, and the environment" (**Cutter** 1993, 2).

"Technological hazards arise from our individual and collective use of
technology" (**Cutter** 1993, 1).

> "The elements of complexity, surprise, and interdependence are
> governing characteristics of technological hazards" (**Cutter** 1993,
> 2).

**Hazard (Technological):** "A Technological hazard arises from the
potential of negative consequences resulting from the human use of
technology." (**Dymon**, Ute. "Session 1, Introduction to and Evolution
of Hazard Mapping and Modeling." *Hazard Mapping and Modeling* (Draft
FEMA Emergency Management Higher Education Project College Course).
Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute, FEMA/DHS, 2004.

**Hazard (Technological):** A range of hazards emanating from the
manufacture, transportation, and use of such substances as radioactive
materials, chemicals, explosives, flammables, agricultural pesticides,
herbicides, and disease agents; oil spills on land, coastal waters, or
inland water systems; and debris from space. (**FEMA**, *FRP Appendix
B*, 1992)

**Hazard (Technological):** Technological hazards are best seen as
accidental failures of design or management affecting large-scale
structures, transport systems or industrial activities which present
life-threatening risks to the local community....the failure "trigger"
which provokes a technological disaster is likely to arise for one of
the following reasons: (1) defective design; (2) inadequate management;
(3) sabotage or terrorism (**Smith** 1996, 316).

**Hazard Amnesia:** Complacency which can set in "just because it's been
a while since the last emergency." (**FEMA**, *FEMA Warns*..., 2002;
quote is from then FEMA Director Joe Allbaugh)

**Hazard Analysis:** *Hazard analysis* is the basis for development of
the Emergency management Program. It evaluates what could happen, the
likelihood of this event occurring and the magnitude of problems created
because of a given event. By identifying potential events that could
occur, efforts can be directed towards mitigation activities and
developing needed response plans. Although this is not a complex task it
does require a comprehensive review of the natural and technological
(man-made) hazards of the region. Consideration must be given to the
possibility of damage or failure of facilities, loss of basic utilities,
and multiple casualty events, to name a few. The organization must also
consider the effect of a loss of trust from the community as well as
legal ramifications, if it fails to respond properly. Consulting with
local emergency planners, public health, fire, police, public works, and
utility company officials is essential to this process in identifying
current hazards and historical events that have occurred in the region.
Examples of this would be obtaining information on the region's 100-year
flood plain record, hurricane or severe storm experience, earthquake
potential, utility outage records and hazardous materials concerns in
the area.

**Hazard Analysis:** "The starting point for local emergency planning
(or for updating existing plans) is an analysis of specific hazards
deemed likely to confront the jurisdiction....The hazards analysis thus
specifies the threats for which the local plan will outline the who,
what, where, and how of coordinated emergency operations. Accordingly,
hazards should be described as specifically as possible. For example,
the analysis for a coastal jurisdiction should specify the area that
could be flooded by a storm surge caused by a hurricane, and the number
of people who should therefore be evacuated during the warning period."
(**DCPA**, *Standards For Local Civil Preparedness,* 1978, p. 15)

**Hazard Analysis:** NRT-1 \[National Response Team, Hazardous Materials
Emergency Planning Guide, 1987\] defines "hazards analysis" as a three
step process: hazards identification, vulnerability analysis, and risk
analysis..." (**EPA**, *Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis*, 1987,
p. i)

**Hazard Analysis:** "Hazards analysis is a process for determining the
emergency management needs of a community. One aspect involves knowledge
of the kinds of hazards to which the community is subject. This
knowledge includes the probability of the event occurring at varying
levels of intensity at varying locations throughout the community.
Determinations of probability, intensity and location can be made on the
basis of historical evidence, empirical research or community
perception....

Another aspect of the hazard analysis is knowledge of the community.
This involves an inventory of the areas and resources of the community
susceptible to damage and an assessment of the loss that would result
from the occurrence of an event at a given intensity or location. This
knowledge of the community includes such things as the number of people
and the value of property that would be affected by an event, as well as
the communications, transportation, food supply or other systems of
society exposed to interruption or collapse.

When knowledge of hazards is combined with knowledge of their potential
impacts on the community. Adequate information about the hazards will
enable a community to know how frequently damage from an event could
occur, s\\what the extent of the damage would be, and which portions of
the community would be damaged. When the data for each hazard are
combined, a community can determine its relative vulnerability to each
hazard. This will allow assignment of priorities for emergency
management needs." (**FEMA**, *Hazards Analysis for Emergency Management
(Interim Guidance),* September **1983,** pp. 1-2)

**Hazard Analysis:** "A review of the vulnerability of life, property,
the environment, and social and economic activity to the actual or
potential impact of hazards." (**FEMA**, *Hazards Analysis for Emergency
Management (Interim Guidance),* September **1983,** p. 5)

**Hazard Analysis:** "Knowing what could happen, the likelihood of it
happening, and having some idea of the magnitude of the problems that
could arise, are essential ingredients for emergency planning. The first
step, then, is for the jurisdiction to identify the potential hazards
and to determine the probable impact each of those hazards could have on
people and property. This task need not be complicated or highly
sophisticated to provide useful results. What is important is that all
hazards that pose a potential threat to the jurisdiction are identified
and addressed in the jurisdiction's emergency response planning and
mitigation efforts." (**FEMA**, *IEMS Process Overview*, **1983**, p. 7)

**Hazard Analysis:** Involves identifying all of the hazards that
potentially threaten a jurisdiction and analyzing them in the context of
the jurisdiction to determine the degree of threat that is posed by
each. (**FEMA**, *Emergency Planning Workshop Instructor Guide*,
**1997**)

**Hazard Analysis:** "Hazard analysis is the process by which hazards
that threaten the community are identified, researched, and ranked
according to the risks they pose and the areas and infrastructure that
are vulnerable to damage from an event involving the hazards. The
outcome of this step is a written hazard analysis that quantifies the
overall risk to the community from each hazard." (**FEMA**, *Emergency
Planning* IS-235, May 24, **2007** update)

**Hazard Analysis:** "A hazards analysis consists of two parts. The
first involves knowledge of the kinds of hazards that might threaten the
community. This knowledge includes the probability of the event
occurring at varying levels of intensity and at varying locations
throughout the community. Determinations of probability, intensity, and
location can be made on the basis of historical evidence, empirical
research, or community perception." (**McLoughlin** 1985, 168)

**Hazard Analysis:** "The identification and evaluation of all hazards
that potentially threaten a jurisdiction to determine the degree of
threat that is posed by each." (**Michigan DEM** 1998, 6)

**Hazard Analysis:** That part of the overall planning process which
identifies and describes hazards and their effects upon the community.
(**National Disasters Organization** 1992)

**Hazard Analysis:** "Identification, studies and monitoring of any
hazard to determine its potential, origin, characteristics and
behaviour." (**UN/ISDR**, *Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk
Reduction*, March 31, 2004)

**Hazard Analysis, Preliminary:**

1.  "Prepare Form HA-1 \[Hazard Analysis-1\] using all available
    information concerning History of the various types of disaster
    emergencies in the jurisdiction analyzed....

2.  Make a list of the potential disaster situations in order of
    severity, starting with the worst in terms of frequency of
    occurrence, amount of damage to persons and property, complexity of
    problems, etc...

3.  ....Consider each hazard on the basis of the functions which would
    probably be necessary to meet the situation. Determine the resources
    now available to perform each function, and the agency which has
    primary responsibility to respond. List contact personnel, with
    appropriate information.

4.  Make a list of disaster functions for which no adequate capability
    exists at this time. Assign priorities for remedial action or
    planning...

5.  Report the results of your Hazard Analysis to your local government,
    the local emergency council, and other groups which have interest in
    adequate disaster operations planning.

6.  Make plans for necessary action steps to find resources which will
    eliminate the uncovered parts of your Disaster Plan." (**DCPA**,
    *On-Site Assistance Appendices* (MP 63-1), 1974, p. A-2)

**Hazard Analysis Problem Areas:** "One of the most significant national
efforts at multihazard vulnerability analysis occurred under the
Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288). Through a development grant,
States were able to prepare comprehensive emergency plans. A specified
aspect of the plans was the preparation of a hazards analysis to
identify specific major risks and probable consequences that might
require special contingency plans. Although guidance for the preparation
of a hazards analysis was issued in the form of criteria and checklists,
the guidance was not prescriptive. Virtually no work at a national level
has been done in developing guidance for communities to use in doing a
comprehensive hazards analysis. Experiences learned by FEMA, which have
since been confirmed by the NGA bulletin entitled *Hazards
Analysis---Where Do We Go From Here?*, include the following:

-   the majority of hazards analyses take one of two forms: indepth
    analysis of one type of hazard, or multihazard compilations that
    focus on individual hazard descriptions using historical accounts;

-   only a few establish a method to rank or evaluate hazards;

-   almost none suggest guidelines for settling priorities for organized
    emergency management activities;....

-   often details are provided only for events which resulted in a
    Presidential declaration;

-   in many cases the analysis is more fit for public information than
    for planning needs or for priority setting;

-   many analyses are based on prevalent natural disaster hazards, and
    fail to include potential but unexperienced events;

-   most agencies do not systematically research hazard agents or
    conditions; only ad hoc data are gathered for specific need;

-   hazard data are scattered throughout various public and private
    agencies and vary greatly with regard to quality, utility and
    format;....

-   no analysis or comparison is done of major events or hazard agents
    in order to pinpoint commonalities." (**FEMA**, *Hazards Analysis
    for Emergency Management*, 1983, p. 3)

**Hazard Analysis Rating and Scoring System:** "The rating and scoring
system \[for hazard analysis\] is based on the use of four criteria:

-   History

-   Vulnerability

-   Maximum Threat

-   Probability" (**FEMA**, *Hazards Analysis for Emergency Management*,
    1983, p. 11)

**Hazard Analysis Steps:** "A basis hazards analysis has several steps:

-   Identification of hazards;

-   Collection of information;

-   Analysis of information; and

-   The development and preparation of reports." (**FEMA**, *Hazards
    Analysis for Emergency*, 1983, p. 6)

**Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis (HVA):** "A study that identifies
possible hazards and the susceptibility of an organization to the hazard
impact. The HVA provides guidance for mitigation and preparedness plans
in an emergency management program." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity
and Capability Handbook*, August 2004, p. D-5, Glossary)

**Hazard Assessment:** Identification of hazards in given location.
(**D&E Reference Center** 1998)

**Hazard Assessment:** (Sometimes Hazard Analysis/Evaluation) The
process of estimating, for defined areas, the probabilities of the
occurrence of potentially-damaging phenomenon of given magnitudes within
a specified period of time. Hazard assessment involves analysis of
formal and informal historical records, and skilled interpretation of
existing topographical graphical, geological geomorphological,
hydrological, and land-use maps. (**Simeon Institute** 1998)

**Hazard Assessment:** "Process designed to determine factors
contributing to the possible adverse effects of a substance to which a
human population or an environmental compartment could be exposed. The
process includes three steps: hazard identification, hazard
characterisation, and hazard evaluation." (**European Environment
Agency**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*, 2007; cites **International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry**, "Risk Assessment Terminology,"
**Chemistry International**, Vol. 23, No. 2, March 2001, John H. Duffus)

**Hazard Characterization:** "The second step in the process of hazard
assessment, consisting in the qualitative and, wherever possible,
quantitative description of the nature of the hazard associated with a
biological, chemical, or physical agent, based on one or more elements,
such as mechanisms of action involved, biological extrapolation,
dose-response and dose-effect relationships, and their respective
attendant uncertainties." (**EEA**, *Environmental Glossary*; cites:
**International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry**, "Risk Assessment
Terminology," **Chemistry International**, Vol. 23, No. 2, March 2001,
John H. Duffus)

**Hazard Evaluation:** "The third step in the process of hazard
assessment aiming at the determination of the qualitative and
quantitative relationship between exposure to a hazard under certain
conditions, including attendant uncertainties and the resultant adverse
effect." (**EEA**, *Environmental Glossary*; cites: **International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry**, "Risk Assessment Terminology,"
**Chemistry International**, Vol. 23, No. 2, March 2001, John H. Duffus)

**Hazard Identification:** A structured approach for identifying those
hazards judged by local officials to pose a significant threat to their
jurisdiction.

**Hazard Identification:** ...defines the magnitudes (intensities) and
associated probabilities (likelihoods) of natural hazard that may pose
threats to human interests in specific geographic areas. (**Deyle,
French, Olshansky and Patterson** 1998, 121).

**Hazard Identification:** "The first stage in hazard assessment,
consisting of the determination of substances of concern, the adverse
effects they may have inherently on target systems under certain
conditions of exposure, taking into account toxicity data." ." (**EEA**,
*Environmental Glossary*; cites: **International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry**, "Risk Assessment Terminology," **Chemistry
International**, Vol. 23, No. 2, March 2001, John H. Duffus)

**Hazard Identification:** "The determination of possible hazards, their
probability and intensity, and the impact area." (**FEMA**, *Hazards
Analysis for Emergency Management*, 1983, p. 5)

**Hazard Identification:** "...a list of all hazards known to have
occurred, or with a potential for occurrence, and the impacts of their
occurrence." (**FEMA**, *Hazards Analysis for EM*, 1983, p. 6)

**Hazard Identification:** "...the process of defining and describing a
hazard, including its physical characteristics, magnitude and severity,
probability and frequency, causative factors, and locations/areas
affected" (**FEMA**, *Multi Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment*,
**1997**, p. xxi).

**Hazard Identification:** Hazard Identification locates hazardous
areas, often estimates the probability of hazardous events of various
magnitudes, and sometimes assesses the separate characteristics of the
hazards (e.g., for hurricanes: wind, high water, and wave action).
(**Godschalk, Kaiser, and Berke**, 1998, 98)

**Hazard Identification:** "...the identification of potential sources
of harm." (**ISO** 1990)

**Hazard Identification:** "The hazard identification should include the
following types of potential hazards. This list is not all-inclusive but
reflects the general categories that should be assessed in the hazard
identification.

\(1\) Naturally occurring hazards that can occur without the influence
of people and have potential direct or indirect impact on the entity
(people, property, the environment), such as the following:

\(a\) Geological hazards (does not include asteroids, comets, meteors)

i\. Earthquake

ii\. Tsunami

iii\. Volcano

iv\. Landslide, mudslide, subsidence

v\. Glacier, iceberg

\(b\) Meteorological hazards

i\. Flood, flash flood, seiche, tidal surge

ii\. Drought

iii\. Fire (forest, range, urban, wildland, urban interface)

iv\. Snow, ice, hail, sleet, avalanche

v\. Windstorm, tropical cyclone, hurricane, tornado, water spout,
dust/sand storm

vi\. Extreme temperatures (heat, cold)

vii\. Lightning strikes

viii\. Famine

ix\. Geomagnetic storm

\(c\) Biological hazards

i\. Emerging diseases that impact humans or animals \[plague, smallpox,
anthrax, West Nile virus,

foot and mouth disease, SARS, pandemic disease, BSE (Mad Cow Disease)\]

ii\. Animal or insect infestation or damage

\(2\) Human-caused events such as the following:

\(a\) Accidental

i\. Hazardous material (explosive, flammable liquid, flammable gas,
flammable solid, oxidizer,

poison, radiological, corrosive) spill or release

ii\. Explosion/fire

iii\. Transportation accident

iv\. Building/structure collapse

v\. Energy/power/utility failure

vi\. Fuel/resource shortage

vii\. Air/water pollution, contamination

viii\. Water control structure/dam/levee failure

ix\. Financial issues, economic depression, inflation, financial system
collapse

x\. Communications systems interruptions

xi\. Misinformation

\(b\) Intentional

i\. Terrorism (explosive, chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear,
cyber)

ii\. Sabotage

iii\. Civil disturbance, public unrest, mass hysteria, riot

iv\. Enemy attack, war

v\. Insurrection

vi\. Strike or labor dispute

vii\. Disinformation

viii\. Criminal activity (vandalism, arson, theft, fraud, embezzlement,
data theft)

ix\. Electromagnetic pulse

x\. Physical or information security breach

xi\. Workplace violence

xii\. Product defect or contamination

xiii\. Harassment

xiv\. Discrimination

\(3\) Technological-caused events that can be unrelated to natural or
human-caused events, such as the following:

\(a\) Central computer, mainframe, software, or application
(internal/external)

\(b\) Ancillary support equipment

\(c\) Telecommunications

\(d\) Energy/power/utility" (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 14)

**Hazard Identification:** The process of recognizing that a hazard
exists and defining its characteristics (**Standards Australia/New
Zealand**1995).

**Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment: "...**Hazard Identification
and Risk Assessment (HIRA) activities involve the identification of
hazards and assessment of risks to persons, public and private property,
and structures." (**Idaho Bureau of Disaster Services**, *Local
Capability Assessment for Readiness (CAR) Version 2*. January 2000, p.
4)

**Hazard Management:** "...utilizes individual and collective strategies
to reduce and mitigate the impacts of hazards on people and places"
(**Cutter** 1993, 2).

**Hazard Management:** "This subgroup of risk management deals with
either of the elements of risk (probability or consequences) due to
human or natural hazards. While the options for reducing the probability
of a hazard are quite limited there are a wide variety of strategies for
reducing the consequences of any hazardous event." (**Manitoba Emergency
Measures Organization**, *Business Resumption Planning*, 1996, p. 8)

**Hazard Mapping:** "The process of mapping hazard information within a
study area of varying scale, coverage, and detail. Mapping can be of a
single hazard such as fault maps and flood plain maps or several hazard
maps can be combined in a single map to give a composite picture of
natural hazards. The benefit of the individual mapping technique is a
visual form of information for decision makers and planners, which is
easily understood. Multiple hazard maps provide the possibility of
common mitigation technique recommendations; sub-areas requiring more
information, additional assessments, or specific hazard-reduction
techniques can be identified; and land-use decisions can be based on all
hazard considerations simultaneously. The limitations of the technique
are that the volume of information needed for natural hazards
management, particularly in the context of integrated development
planning, often exceeds the capacity of manual methods and thus drives
the use of computer assisted techniques." (**UN Disaster Assessment
Portal**, *Techniques Used in Disaster Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**Hazard Mitigation:** Any measure that will reduce the potential for
damage from a disaster event.

**Hazard Mitigation:** "Floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, wildfires,
tornadoes, and technological disasters cause billions of dollars of
damage annually throughout the United States. The loss of lives,
injuries, and damages to homes, businesses, or workplaces cause
incalculable hardship and emotional suffering, and tear at the very
fabric of our lives and our communities. While we will never be able to
completely prevent disasters from occurring, we know how to reduce their
impacts. Hazard mitigation is the most proactive and successful method
for reducing the physical, financial, and emotional losses caused by
disasters. Utilizing mitigation activities such as land use planning,
site design, engineering, and retrofitting of homes, structures,
schools, public buildings and businesses, we are able to reduce future
disaster losses. "Hazard mitigation" means actions that reduce or
eliminate the long-term risk to people and property from the effects of
hazards. FEMA's hazard mitigation efforts consist of three objectives:
risk analysis, risk reduction and flood insurance. These objectives work
in tandem in enabling the Nation's at-risk population to reap the
rewards of good hazard mitigation practices:

-   Creation of safer communities by reducing loss of life and property;

-   Recovering more rapidly from floods and other disasters; and

-   Reducing the financial impact on States, local and tribal
    communities, and the national treasury." (**FEMA**, *Vision for New
    FEMA*, December 12, 2006, p. 27)

**Hazard Mitigation:** Measures taken in advance of a disaster aimed at
decreasing or eliminating its impact on society and environment (**UN**
1992, 41).

**Hazard Mitigation:** "The ability to control, collect, and contain a
hazard; lesson its effects; and conduct environmental monitoring --
mitigation efforts may be implemented before, during, or after an
incident." (**Homeland Security Council**, *National Planning
Scenarios*, 2006, p. vi)

**Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMPG):** "The Hazard Mitigation Grant
Program (HMGP) provides grants to States and local governments to
implement long-term hazard mitigation measures after a major disaster
declaration.  The purpose of the HMGP is to reduce the loss of life and
property due to natural disasters and to enable mitigation measures to
be implemented during the immediate recovery from a disaster. The HMGP
is authorized under Section 404 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster
Relief and Emergency Assistance Act." (**FEMA**. *Hazard Mitigation
Grant Program*. September 12, 2007 update)

**Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC):** "HPAC software
predicts the effects of hazardous material releases into the atmosphere
and its collateral effects on civilian and military populations. This
counterproliferation/counterforce tool assists warfighters in destroying
targets containing weapons of mass destruction and responding to
hazardous agent releases. It employs integrated source terms, high
resolution weather forecasts and particulate transport algorithms to
rapidly model hazard areas and human collateral effects." (**DTRA/DOD**,
*Assessment of Catastrophic Events Center Public Page*)

**Hazard Probability:** The estimated likelihood that a hazard will
occur in a particular area.

**Hazard Risk:** The probability of experiencing disaster damage.

**Hazard Vulnerability:** The susceptibility of life, property, or the
environment to damage if a hazard occurs.

**Hazard Vulnerability Analysis (HVA):** "A hazard vulnerability
analysis identifies the disasters most likely to strike an organization
or facility, and estimates the potential impact of the disaster on the
surrounding community. The goal of the analysis is to prioritize
potential disasters that could affect a facility based on likelihood of
occurrence and impact. The analysis can then be used as a starting point
for emergency plans, enabling communities to use their resources most
effectively." (**DHS**, *LLIS.gov Glossary*)

**Hazard Vulnerability Analysis (HVA):** "The JCAHO defines hazard
vulnerability analysis as the identification of hazards and the direct
and indirect effect these hazards may have on the

hospital. The hazards that have occurred or could occur must be balanced
against the population

that is at risk to determine the vulnerability to the given hazard."
(**McLaughlin**, *Hazard Vulnerability Analysis*, February 2001, p. 5)

**Hazard Vulnerability Analysis (HVA):** "An HVA identifies potential
threats, risks, and emergencies and the potential impact these
emergencies may have on the community. It is a formal assessment of the
risks that could potentially affect the community or an agency within
the community and move it to implement its emergency management plan."
(**The Joint Commission**, *Standing Together*, 2005, p. 15)

**Hazardous Material:** "Any substance or material in a quantity or form
which may be harmful to humans, animals, crops, water systems, or other
elements of the environment if accidentally released. Hazardous
materials include: explosives, gases (compressed, liquefied, or
dissolved), flammable and combustible liquids, flammable solids or
substances, oxidizing substances, poisonous and infectious substances,
radioactive materials, and corrosives." (**EPA**, *Technical Guidance
for Hazards Analysis*, 1987, p. A-5)

**Hazardous Material:** "...this chapter will use the term \"hazardous
materials\" in a broad sense to include: Explosive, flammable,
combustible, corrosive, oxidizing, toxic, infectious, or radioactive
materials that, when involved in an accident and released in sufficient
quantities, put some portion of the general public in immediate danger
from exposure, contact, inhalation, or ingestion." **FEMA**, *Guide For
All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning*, 1996, p. 6-C-1)

**Hazardous Material (HAZMAT):** Any material which is explosive,
flammable, poisonous, corrosive, reactive, or radioactive (or any
combination), and requires special care in handling because of the
hazards posed to public health, safety, and/or the environment.
(**Firescope** 1994)

**Hazardous Material:** "A substance (gas, liquid, or solid) capable of
creating harm to people, the environment, and property." (**NFPA
471,**1997, p. 9)

**Hazardous Material:** "A substance or material which has been
determined by an appropriate authority to be capable of posing an
unreasonable risk to health, safety and property." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster
Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 44)

**Hazardous Material: "**For the purposes of ESF #1, hazardous material
is a substance or material, including a hazardous substance, that has
been determined by the Secretary of Transportation to be capable of
posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when
transported in commerce, and which has been so designated (see 49 CFR
171.8). For the purposes of ESF #10 and the Oil and Hazardous Materials
Incident Annex, the term is

intended to mean hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants as
defined by the NCP." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-10)

**Hazardous Substance:** "Hazardous substance means substances or group
of substances that are toxic, persistent and liable to bio-accumulate,
and other substances or groups of substances which give rise to an
equivalent level of concern." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA
Environmental Glossary*; cites: **Directive 2000/60/EC** establishing a
framework for Community action in the field of water policy.)

**Hazardous Substance:** "As defined by the NCP, any substance
designated pursuant to section

311(b)(2)(A) of the Clean Water Act; any element, compound, mixture,
solution, or substance designated pursuant to section 102 of the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA); any hazardous waste having the characteristics identified
under or listed pursuant to section 3001 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act
(but not

including any waste the regulation of which under the Solid Waste
Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq.) has been suspended by act of
Congress); any toxic pollutant listed under section 307(a) of the Clean
Water Act; any hazardous air pollutant listed under section 112 of the

Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7521 et seq.); and any imminently hazardous
chemical substance or mixture with respect to which the EPA
Administrator has taken action pursuant to section 7 of the Toxic
Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq.)." (**USCG**, *IM
Handbook,* 2006, Glossary 25-10)

**Hazardous Waste:** "A term applied to those wastes that because of
their chemical reactivity, toxic, explosive, corrosive, radioactive or
other characteristics, cause danger, or are likely to cause danger, to
health or the environment." (**EEA**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*;
cites: **European Commission**, *Integrating Environment Concerns Into
Development and Economic Cooperation* (Draft version 1.0), 1999,
Brussels)

**Hazards Analysis:** See "Hazard Analysis."

**HAZMAT:** Hazardous Material.

**HAZMATCAD:** Hazardous Materials Chemical Agent Detector.

**HAZUS:** Hazards US.

**HAZUS MH (**Hazards US Multi Hazard): "HAZUS-MH is a powerful risk
assessment software program for analyzing potential losses from floods,
hurricane winds and earthquakes. In HAZUS-MH, current scientific and
engineering knowledge is coupled with the latest geographic information
systems (GIS) technology to produce estimates of hazard-related damage
before, or after a disaster occurs." (**FEMA**, *HAZUS -- FEMA's
Software Program for Estimating Potential Losses From Disaster*,
September 10, 2007 update)

**HAZWOPER:** Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
Standard. (**OSHA**, *FAQ*, 2007)

**HBCU:** Historically Black Colleges and Universities.

**HC:** Health Care.

**HCC:** Hospital Command Center. (**CA EMSA**, *Hospital Incident
Command System Guidebook*, 2006, p. 102)

**HCFs**: Healthcare Facilities.

**HD:** A Sulfur Mustard Gas Blister Agent. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, Glossary-3)

**HD:** Homeland Defense.

**HDER:** Homeland Defense Equipment Reuse (DHS).

**HE:** High-Explosives. (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE Consequence Management*
(JP 3-41), 2006, I-10)

**Health Alert Network (HAN):** "The HAN is a nationwide program that
establishes the communications, information, distance learning, and
organizational infrastructure for a new level of defense against health
threats. The HAN will link local health departments to one another and
to other organizations critical for preparedness and response. The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is leading HAN
development, working in partnership with other health organizations.
Currently, HAN is providing health information and the infrastructure to
support the dissemination of that information at the State and local
levels." (**AHRQ/HHS**, *Mass Medical Care...*, 2007, p. 83)

**Health Alert Network (HAN):** "This Project is intended to: Ensure
that each community has rapid and timely access to emergent health
information; a cadre of highly-trained professional personnel; and
evidence-based practices and procedures for effective public health
preparedness, response, and service on a 24/7 basis." (**CDC**, *Health
Alert Network*, January 18, 2002)

**Health Resources and Services Administration (HHS): "**The Health
Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), an agency of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, is the primary Federal agency
for improving access to health care services for people who are
uninsured, isolated or medically vulnerable." Goal 6 of HRSA's 7 goals
is to: 'Enhance the Ability of the Health Care System to Respond to
Public Health Emergencies'." (**HRSA**, *About HRSA*, accessed November
1, 2007)

**Heat Wave:** Marked warming of the air, or the invasion of very warm
air, over a large area; it usually lasts from a few days to a few weeks.
(**WMO** 1992, 294)

**HEICS:** Hospital Emergency Incident Command System. (CA EMSA,
*Hospital Incident Command System Guidebook*, 2006, p. 102)

**Heritage Emergency National Task Force:** "...a partnership of 41
national service organizations and federal agencies created to protect
cultural heritage from the damaging effects of natural disasters and
other emergencies. The Task Force was founded in 1995 and is
co-sponsored by Heritage Preservation and the Federal Emergency
Management Agency. Its primary goals are to:

-   Help cultural heritage institutions and sites be better prepared for
    emergencies and obtain needed resources when disaster strikes.   

-   Encourage the incorporation of cultural and historic assets into
    disaster planning and mitigation efforts at all levels of
    government.

-   Facilitate a more effective and coordinated response to all kinds of
    emergencies, including catastrophic events.

-   Assist the public in recovering treasured heirlooms damaged by
    disasters." (**Heritage Preservation**, *About the Task Force*,
    August 2007)

HES: Hurricane Evacuation Studies. (NEMA Preparedness Com. Position
Paper Oct. 1, 2007)

HF: High Frequency.

HFA: Hyogo Framework for Action.

HFPS: Home Fallout Protection Survey. (OCD, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, 2) \[Defunct\]

HF/SSB: High Frequency Single Side Band radios. (USACE, *Response
Planning Guide*, 1995)

HHS: United States Department of Health and Human Services.

**HICS**: Hospital Incident Command System**.** (CA EMSA, *Hospital
Incident Command System Guidebook*, 2006, p. 102)

**High Explosives (HE): "**Explosives is categorized as high-explosives
(HE) or low-order explosives (LE). HE produces a defining supersonic
overpressurization shock wave. Examples of HE include Trinitrotoluene,
nitroglycerin, dynamite, and ammonium nitrate fuel oil. LE create a
subsonic explosion and lack HE's overpressurization wave....
Manufactured (military) explosive weapons are exclusively HE-based.
Terrorists will use whatever is available -- illegally obtained
manufactured weapons or improvised explosive devices (also known as
"IEDs") that may be composed of HE, LE, or both. Manufactured and
improvised bombs cause markedly different injuries... Conventional
explosives can generate casualties in several ways depending on the type
of explosion, secondary effects of the explosion (e.g., building
collapse, fire), and the

surrounding environment of the explosion (e.g., confined spaces,
availability of debris or materials to generate an expanding area of
potential injuries). TICs may also be used as a source of highyield
explosives (e.g., ammonium nitrate when mixed with diesel fuel)."
(**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006, I-10)

**High-Risk Area (Nuclear Attack): "**The Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) has analyzed the potential targets during a nuclear attack
and has defined high-risk areas as those considered relatively more
likely to experience direct weapons effect (blast, heat and immediate
nuclear radiation). (FEMA Pub. TR-82.)" ((**USACE**, *Planning and
Operations Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p.
V-2)

HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996.

HIRA: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment.

**Historical Analysis**: "The analysis of historical information to
determine levels of risk based on past experiences. The benefits of this
technique are the identification of dynamic aspects involved in
vulnerability and providing the criteria to assign relative weights to
different dimensions of vulnerability in risk assessment exercises. The
limitations to the approach are the reliance on historical disaster
databases and the requirement for refinement, maintenance and systematic
feeding of disaster data sets.  In addition, statistics on previous
disasters' impact can be unreliable and rarely cover socio-economic
aspects of the disaster; data on vulnerability is likely to be
restricted to physical vulnerability, and reliance on historical
assessment alone can create a false expectation of preparedness if
hazards, which may not have previously occurred in the area of analysis
have not been considered." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in Risk Asmt*.,
2008)

**HITRAC:** Homeland Infrastructure Threat and Risk Analysis Center.
(**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p. 101)

**HL:** Mustard Gas. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007,
Glossary-3)

**HLD:** Homeland Defense. (**Robinson**, *Proceedings...*, Dec 2007, 1)

**HLS:** Homeland Security. (**Robinson**, *Proceedings...*, Dec 2007,
1)

**HLT:** Hurricane Liaison Team. (**NEMA**, *NEMA Committee Reports 2007
Annual Conf*., p. 7)

**HMEP:** Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness. (**FEMA**,
*Guidelines for HazMat/WMD, Response, Planning and Prevention Training*,
2003)

**HMPG:** Hazard Mitigation Grant Program. (**FEMA**, *Call for Issues
Status Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**HMRU:** Hazardous Materials Response Unit.

**HMTA:** Hazardous Materials Transportation Act.

**HMTUSA:** Hazardous Materials Uniform Safety Act (1990).

**HN:** Nitrogen Mustard. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec 2007, Glossary-3)

**Homefront Preparedness: "**Homefront Preparedness" is a term used by
the Federal Civil Defense Administration to refer to the civil defense
program of the early 1950s. See, for example, **FCDA**, *Annual Report
for 1952*, pp. 3-4, 7, 115)

**Homeland:** "Definition: the physical region that includes the
continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, United States territories and
possessions, and surrounding territorial waters and airspace." (**DHS**,
*Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, October 23, 2007, p. 11)

**Homeland:** "'American homeland' or 'homeland' means the United
States, in a geographic sense." (**Homeland Security Act of 2002**, p.
3)

**Homeland:** "Fatherland: the country where you were born."[^29]
[wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn](http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=0&oi=define&q=http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn%3Fs%3Dhomeland&usg=AFQjCNFbj09LUMk3OTfa0JdH_6KVSwDGSg)

**Homeland Defense:** "Definition: the protection of United States
sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and critical defense
infrastructure against external threats and aggression or other threats
as directed by the President of the United States. Extended definition:
the Department of Defense is the lead Federal agency for homeland
defense, including maritime interception, air patrols over U.S.
airspace, land-based defense of critical infrastructure and key assets,
and use of military forces to protect from attack when directed by the
President or Secretary of Defense." (**DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and
Definitions*, October 23, 2007, p. 12)

**Homeland Defense:** "Homeland defense is the protection of US
sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and critical defense
infrastructure against external threats and aggression, or other

threats as directed by the President. The Department of Defense is
responsible for homeland defense." (**DOD**, *Strategy for Homeland
Defense and Civil Support*. June 2005, p. 5; **DOD**, *Homeland
Defense*, 2007, p. GL-8 (177))

**Homeland Defense:** "**For HD missions, DOD is in the lead with other
federal agencies**

**in support."** (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p.
vii) \[Bold emphasis in original.\]

**Homeland Security and Defense Education Consortium (HSDEC):** "HSDEC
is co-sponsored by North American Aerospace Defense Command, U.S.
Northern Command (NORAD-USNORTHCOM (NNC)),and the Office of the
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense for the purpose of
facilitating the development of Homeland Security (HLS) and Homeland
Defense (HLD) education in America's colleges and universities, and
facilitating liaison between government and academia on government
interests in the areas of HLS and

HLD. The HSDEC program is administered under contract by the National
Security Division of the Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio."
(**Robinson**, *Proceedings...*, Nov. 7, 2006, 1)

**Homeland Defense Current Trends Security Environment Strategic
Guidance:** "While no one can predict exactly how the future will
unfold, current trends indicate a security environment with the
following characteristics that are of particular interest to NORAD and
USNORTHCOM:

-   Some states will continue to pose challenges with increasingly
    capable traditional capabilities including aircraft, kinetic
    weapons, ballistic and cruise missiles

-   Terrorism will remain a focus because it will continue to be
    unpredictable, yet credible, well organized, and well financed

-   Current asymmetric threats will be accomplished by new asymmetric
    threats such as information attacks or kinetic and non-kinetic
    attacks on space systems

-   Globalization will continue, creating opportunities for economic
    growth and providing an impetus for political freedoms, but also
    accelerating the spread of disease, weapons of mass destruction,
    extremist ideologies, and terrorism." (**Keating**,
    *CDRNORAD-CDRUSNORTHCOM Strategic Guidance*, November 1, 2006, p. 2)

**Homeland Defense Operational Planning System (HOPS): "**HOPS provides
detailed vulnerability and engineering assessments of critical
infrastructures and facilities associated with industry, agriculture,
transportation, government/military installations, and important public

structures." (**LLNL**, *Global Threats and Security*, 2006, p. 22)

**Homeland Defense (HD) Purpose and Operational Framework:** "The
purpose of HD is to protect against and mitigate the impact of
incursions or attacks on sovereign territory, the domestic population,
and defense critical infrastructure (DCI). In order to accomplish this,
DOD HD objectives are to (1) identify the threat; (2) dissuade
adversaries from undertaking programs or conducting actions that could
pose a threat to the US homeland; (3) ensure defense of the homeland and
deny an adversary's access to the nation's sovereign airspace,
territory, and territorial seas; (4) ensure access to space and
information; (5) protect DCI; (6) deter aggression and coercion by
conducting global operations; (7) decisively defeat any adversary if
deterrence

fails; and (8) recover from any attack or incident." (**JCS**/**DOD**,
*Homeland Defense*, 2007, p. I-6)

**Homeland Defense Strategic Threat Environment:**

-   Diminished protection afforded by geographic distances

-   Traditional threats remain

-   Greater risk of a weapon of mass destruction attack

-   Increased potential for miscalculation and surprise

-   Increased potential for terrorist attacks

-   Increased challenges from weak and failing states and non-state
    actors

-   Increasing diversity in sources and unpredictability of the
    locations of conflict

-   Threats to US vital interests overseas

-   Increasing transnational threat challenging both the Department of
    Defense and law enforcement. (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Defense*,
    2007, p. I-4)

**Homeland Infrastructure Threat and Risk Analysis Center (HITRAC).**
"DHS has established the Homeland Infrastructure Threat and Risk
Analysis Center (HITRAC) to develop products to help inform
infrastructure owners and operators of any threats they may potentially
face, as well as to better inform their security planning and investment
decisions. HITRAC is currently working in partnership with industry to
develop an updated threat assessment for the chemical sector detailing
plausible terrorist threats on a sector basis. This effort includes
available intelligence as well as operational tactics, techniques, and
procedures derived from study of overseas terrorist operations."
(**Stephan**, June 15, 2005, p. 3)

**Homeland Security:** "A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist
attacks within the United States, reduce America\'s vulnerability to
terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do
occur. The Department of Homeland Security is the lead Federal agency
for homeland security." (**DOD**, OASD for Homeland Defense, *FAQ's:
Homeland Defense*, 2006)

**Homeland Security:** "Homeland Security is a concerted national effort
to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks, protect against man-made and
natural hazards, and respond to and recover from incidents that do
occur." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 6)

**Homeland Security: "**Homeland security (HS) is the Nation's first
priority, and it requires a national effort. The Department of Defense
(DOD) has a key role in that effort. The National Strategy for Homeland
Security (NSHS) complements the National Security Strategy of the United
States by providing a comprehensive framework for organizing the efforts
of federal, state, local, and private organizations whose primary
functions are often unrelated to national security. Critical to
understanding the overall relationship is an understanding of the
distinction between the role that DOD plays with respect to securing the
Nation and HS, and the policy

in the NSHS, which has the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as the
lead. **HS at the national level has a specific focus on terrorist
threats. The DOD focus in supporting HS is broader."** (**JCS/DoD**,
*Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. v) \[Emphasis in the original.\]

**"DOD contributes to HS through HD** \[Homeland Defense\] **and CS**
\[Civil Support\]**."** (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26),
2005, p. I-8) \[Emphasis in the original.\]

"...it is imperative to understand that DOD's role extends beyond the
NSHS paradigm. Specific roles that are essential to DOD's efforts to
secure the homeland include:

a\. Ongoing missions abroad to reduce the threat of attacks against the
US.

b\. Protecting the sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and
critical defense infrastructure of

the United States.

c\. Supporting civilian authorities for law enforcement, response to
domestic emergencies,

protection of NCI&KA \[National Critical Infrastructure & Key Assets\] ,
and other activities as directed.

d\. Ensuring that EP \[Emergency Preparedness\] resources and procedures
are in place in order to support other agencies that may require
assistance." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security*, 2005, I-10)

**Homeland Security: "**Homeland security encompasses five distinct
missions: domestic preparedness and civil support in case of attacks on
civilians, continuity of government, continuity of military operations,
border and coastal defense, and national missile defense. This report
extensively details four of those mission areas (national missile
defense having been covered in great detail elsewhere)." (**Larson &
Peters**, 2000)

**Homeland Security: "**Homeland security is a coordinated national
effort to ensure the domestic security of the United States against
attack or natural disaster, to reduce national vulnerability to such
events, and to minimize damage and speed recovery should they occur."
(**McIntyre**, working definition for homeland security education
programs, 2007)

**Homeland Security:** "Any area of inquiry whose improved understanding
could make U.S. peoples safer from extreme, unanticipated threats."
(**National Research Council**, 2005, p. 3)

**Homeland Security: "**Homeland security consists of all military
activities aimed at preparing for, protecting against or managing the
consequences of attacks on American soil, including the CONUS and US
territories and possessions. It includes all actions to safeguard the
populace and its property, critical infrastructure, the government and
the military, its installations and deploying forces." (**Peters/RAND
Corp.,** 2000, 1)

**Homeland Security:** "The U.S. government defines homeland security as
the domestic effort (as opposed to the overseas war on terrorism) to
defend America from terrorists. In practice, homeland security efforts
have also come to comprise general preparedness under the all-hazards
doctrine, which focuses on common efforts that help prepare for both
terrorist attacks and other natural or human-made catastrophes, such as
hurricanes and accidental chemical spills." (**Sauter and Carafano**
2005, xiv)

**Homeland Security:** "Homeland security should not be viewed as
exclusively or even primarily a military task. Securing the \"domestic
battlespace\"\-- a highly complex environment\--requires Federal
departments and agencies, state and local governments, the private
sector, and individual citizens to perform many strategic, operational,
and tactical level tasks in an integrated fashion. These actions must be
synchronized with others that are being taken on the international front
to prosecute the war against global terrorism." (**Tomisek** 2002, 1)

**Homeland Security:** "Homeland security is a concerted national effort
to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's
vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from
attacks that do occur." (**White House**, *National Strategy For
Homeland Security*, Office of Homeland Security, July 2002, p. 2; and
p.3, section 1, *National Strategy For Homeland Security*, **White
House** Homeland Security Council, October 2007)

\[2007 additional language relating to other than terrorism disasters:
"This *Strategy*... recognizes that effective preparation for
catastrophic natural disasters and man-made disasters, while not
homeland security *per se*, can nevertheless increase the security of
the Homeland." (**White House**, *National Strategy For Homeland
Security*, 2007, p. 1:3)\]

**Homeland Security: "**Homeland security or Homeland defense is a
neologism referring to domestic governmental actions justified, or
allegedly justified, by potential guerrilla attacks or terrorism. The
term became prominent in the United States following the September 11,
2001 Terrorist Attack, although it was used less frequently before that
incident." **Wikipedia**

**Homeland Security Act of 2002:** "Public Law 107-296, 6 U.S.C. 101 *et
seq*., November 25, 2003, established the Department of Homeland
Security (DHS) with the mandate and legal authority to protect the
American people from the continuing threat of terrorism. In the Act,
Congress assigned DHS the primary missions to: • Prevent terrorist
attacks within the United States, • Reduce the vulnerability of the
United States to terrorism at home, • Minimize the damage and assist in
the recovery from any attacks that may occur, and • Act as the focal
point regarding natural and manmade crises and emergency planning. The
Homeland Security Act gives the Secretary of Homeland Security full
authority and control over the Department and the duties and activities
performed by its personnel, and it vests him with the broad authority
necessary to fulfill the Department's statutory mission to protect the
American homeland. This statutory authority, combined with the
President's direction in Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5,
supports the NRP's unified, effective approach to domestic prevention,
preparedness, response, and recovery activities." (**DHS**, *National
Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 66)

**Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency (HSARPA):**
"...the mission of HSARPA is to engage the private sector in R&D in
order to satisfy DHS operational requirements, conduct rapid prototyping
and commercial adaptation, and conduct research and development of
revolutionary options." (**DHS**, *HSSTAC Minutes*, February 23-24,
2005, Statement of Dr. Jane Alexander, HSARPA Deputy Director)

**Homeland Security Advisory Council (HSAC):** "The HSAC provides advice
and recommendations to the Secretary of Homeland Security on relevant
issues. The Council members, appointed by the DHS Secretary, include
experts from State and local governments, public safety, security and
first-responder communities, academia, and the private sector."
**(DHS**, *NIPP***,** 2006, p. 27)

**Homeland Security Advisory Council (HSAC):** HSAC provides advice to
the President

through the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. The
Council is advised by four Senior Advisory Committees for Homeland
Security. The advisory committees include members from state and local
government, academia, policy research organizations, the private sector,
emergency services, law enforcement, and the public health community.
The Council provides advice on:

\(1\) The development, coordination and implementation of the national
strategy to secure the

US from terrorist threats or attacks.

\(2\) Recommendations to improve coordination, cooperation, and
communications among

federal, state, and local officials.

\(3\) The feasibility of implementing specific measures to detect,
prepare for, prevent, protect

against, respond to, and recover from terrorist threats or attacks.

\(4\) The effectiveness of the implementation of specific strategies to
detect, prepare for, prevent,

protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist threats or
attacks." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. II-17 &
18)

**Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS):** "A series of tools used by
DHS that provide the public with guidance on the status of the Nation's
homeland security. The system combines threat information with
vulnerability assessments, and communicates this information to public
safety officials and the public. The system includes Homeland Security
Threat Advisories, Homeland Security Information bulletins, and the
Threat Level System." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, 2007, P-5)

**Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS):** "The advisory system
provides measures to remain vigilant, prepared, and ready to deter
terrorist attacks. The following Threat Conditions each represent an
increasing risk of terrorist attacks. Beneath each Threat Condition are
suggested protective measures, recognizing that the heads of Federal
departments and agencies are responsible for developing and implementing
appropriate agency-specific protective measures:

**Homeland Security Advisory System: Low Condition (Green)**. This
condition is

declared when there is a low risk of terrorist

> attacks. Federal departments and agencies should consider the
> following general measures in addition to the agency-specific
> Protective Measures they develop and implement: refining and
> exercising as appropriate preplanned Protective Measures; ensuring
> personnel receive proper training on the Homeland Security Advisory
> System and specific preplanned department or agency Protective
> Measures; and institutionalizing a process to assure that all
> facilities and regulated sectors are regularly assessed for
> vulnerabilities to terrorist attacks, and all reasonable measures are
> taken to mitigate these vulnerabilities.
>
> **Homeland Security Advisory System: Guarded Condition (Blue)**. This
> condition is declared when there is a general risk of terrorist
> attacks. In addition to the Protective Measures taken in the previous
> Threat Condition, Federal departments and agencies should consider the
> following general measures in addition to the agency-specific
> Protective Measures that they will develop and implement: checking
> communications with designated emergency response or command
> locations; reviewing and updating emergency response procedures; and
> providing the public with any information that would strengthen its
> ability to act appropriately.
>
> **Homeland Security Advisory System: Elevated Condition (Yellow)**. An
> Elevated Condition is declared when there is a significant risk of
> terrorist attacks. In addition to the Protective Measures taken in the
> previous Threat Conditions, Federal departments and agencies should
> consider the following general measures in addition to the Protective
> Measures that they will develop and implement: increasing surveillance
> of critical locations; coordinating emergency plans as appropriate
> with nearby jurisdictions; assessing whether the precise
> characteristics of the threat require the further refinement of
> preplanned Protective Measures; and implementing, as appropriate,
> contingency and emergency response plans.
>
> **Homeland Security Advisory System: High Condition (Orange)**. A High
> Condition is declared when there is a high risk of terrorist attacks.
> In addition to the Protective Measures taken in the previous Threat
> Conditions, Federal departments and agencies should consider the
> following general measures in addition to the agency-specific
> Protective Measures that they will develop and implement: coordinating
> necessary security efforts with Federal, State, and local law
> enforcement agencies or any National Guard or other appropriate armed
> forces organizations; taking additional precautions at public events
> and possibly considering alternative venues or even cancellation;
> preparing to execute contingency procedures, such as moving to an
> alternate site or dispersing their workforce; and restricting
> threatened facility access to essential personnel only.
>
> **Homeland Security Advisory System: Severe Condition (Red)**. A
> Severe Condition reflects a severe risk of terrorist attacks. Under
> most circumstances, the Protective Measures for a Severe Condition are
> not intended to be sustained for substantial periods of time. In
> addition to the Protective Measures in the previous Threat Conditions,
> Federal departments and agencies also should consider the following
> general measures in addition to the agency-specific Protective
> Measures that they will develop and implement: increasing or
> redirecting personnel to address critical emergency needs; signing
> emergency response personnel and pre-positioning and mobilizing
> specially trained teams or resources; monitoring, redirecting, or
> constraining transportation systems; and closing public and government
> facilities." (**US Army TRADOC**, 2007, p. 149)

**Homeland Security and Defense Education Consortium (HSDEC):** "The
Homeland Security and Defense Education Consortium, or HSDEC, is a
network of teaching and research institutions focused on promoting
education, research, and cooperation related to and supporting the
homeland security / defense mission. The consortium is committed to
building and maintaining a community of higher education institutions
supporting this mission and the overall homeland security effort through
the sharing and advancement of knowledge.\
 \
HSDEC Tenets:

-   Ensure the Department of Defense (NORAD and USNORTHCOM) role in, and
    perspective on, homeland security is adequately and accurately
    reflected in educational initiatives.

-   Promote and facilitate homeland security related education program
    development.

-   Focus and facilitate homeland security related research and
    development.

-   Encourage cooperation between consortium institutions.
    (**NORTHCOM**, *HSDEC*)

**Homeland Security Council (HSC):** Established by Executive Order
13228, Establishing Office of Homeland Security and the Homeland
Security Council, Section 5, October 8, 2001. "The Council shall serve
as the mechanism for ensuring coordination of homeland security-related
activities of executive departments and agencies and effective
development and implementation of homeland security policies." (**White
House**, *EO 13228*, October 8, 2001)

**Homeland Security Council (HSC):** "Securing Americans from terrorist
threats or attacks is a critical national security function. It requires
extensive coordination across a broad spectrum of Federal, State, and
local agencies to reduce the potential for terrorist attacks and to
mitigate damage should such an attack occur. The Homeland Security
Council (HSC) shall ensure coordination of all homeland security-related
activities among executive departments and agencies and promote the
effective development and implementation of all homeland security
policies." (**White House**, *HSPD-1***,** October 29, 2001)

**Homeland Security Council (HSC) Deputies Committee (HSC/DC):** "The
HSC Deputies Committee (HSC/DC) shall serve as the senior sub-Cabinet
interagency forum for consideration of policy issues affecting homeland
security. The HSC/DC can task and review the work of the HSC interagency
groups discussed below. The HSC/DC shall help ensure that issues brought
before the HSC/PC or the HSC have been properly analyzed and prepared
for action. The HSC/DC shall have the following as its regular members:
the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury; the Deputy Secretary of Defense;
the Deputy Attorney General; the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human
Services; the Deputy Secretary of Transportation; the Deputy Director of
the Office of Homeland Security (who serves as Chairman); the Deputy
Director of Central Intelligence; the Deputy Director of the Federal
Bureau of Investigation; the Deputy Director of the Federal Emergency
Management Agency; the Deputy Director of the Office of Management and
Budget; and the Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the
Vice President. The Assistant to the President and Deputy National
Security Advisor shall be invited to attend all meetings of the HSC/DC.
The following people shall be invited to attend when issues pertaining
to their responsibilities and expertise are to be discussed: the Deputy
Secretary of State; the Deputy Secretary of the Interior; the Deputy
Secretary of Agriculture; the Deputy Secretary of Commerce; the Deputy
Secretary of Labor; the Deputy Secretary of Energy; the Deputy Secretary
of Veterans Affairs; the Deputy Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency; the Deputy National Security Advisor for Combating
Terrorism; and the Special Advisor to the President for Cyberspace
Security. The Executive Secretary of the Office of Homeland Security
shall serve as Executive Secretary of the HSC/DC. Other senior officials
shall be invited, when appropriate." (**HSPD-1)**

**Homeland Security Council (HSC) Policy Coordination Committees
(HSC/PCCs):** "HSC Policy Coordination Committees (HSC/PCCs) shall
coordinate the development and implementation of homeland security
policies by multiple departments and agencies throughout the Federal
government, and shall coordinate those policies with State and local
government. The HSC/PCCs shall be the main day-to-day fora for
interagency coordination of homeland security policy. They shall provide
policy analysis for consideration by the more senior committees of the
HSC system and ensure timely responses to decisions made by the
President. Each HSC/PCC shall include representatives from the executive
departments, offices, and agencies represented in the HSC/DC. Eleven
HSC/PCCs are hereby established for the following functional areas, each
to be chaired by the designated Senior Director from the Office of
Homeland Security:

1\. Detection, Surveillance, and Intelligence (by the Senior Director,
Intelligence and Detection);

2\. Plans, Training, Exercises, and Evaluation (by the Senior Director,
Policy and Plans);

3\. Law Enforcement and Investigation (by the Senior Director,
Intelligence and Detection);

4\. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Consequence Management (by the
Senior Director, Response and Recovery);

5\. Key Asset, Border, Territorial Waters, and Airspace Security (by the
Senior Director, Protection and Prevention);

6\. Domestic Transportation Security (by the Senior Director, Protection
and Prevention);

7\. Research and Development (by the Senior Director, Research and
Development);

8\. Medical and Public Health Preparedness (by the Senior Director,
Protection and Prevention);

9\. Domestic Threat Response and Incident Management (by the Senior
Director, Response and Recovery);

10\. Economic Consequences (by the Senior Director, Response and
Recovery); and

11\. Public Affairs (by the Senior Director, Communications). (**White
House,** *HSPD-1*, 2001)

**Homeland Security Council (HSC) Principals Committee (HSC/PC):** "The
HSC Principals Committee (HSC/PC) shall be the senior interagency forum
under the HSC for homeland security issues. The HSC/PC is composed of
the following members: the Secretary of the Treasury; the Secretary of
Defense; the Attorney General; the Secretary of Health and Human
Services; the Secretary of Transportation; the Director of the Office of
Management and Budget; the Assistant to the President for Homeland
Security (who serves as Chairman); the Assistant to the President and
Chief of Staff; the Director of Central Intelligence; the Director of
the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Director of the Federal
Emergency Management Agency; and the Assistant to the President and
Chief of Staff to the Vice President. The Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs shall be invited to attend all meetings of the
HSC/PC. The following people shall be invited to HSC/PC meetings when
issues pertaining to their responsibilities and expertise are discussed:
the Secretary of State; the Secretary of the Interior; the Secretary of
Agriculture; the Secretary of Commerce; the Secretary of Labor; the
Secretary of Energy; the Secretary of Veterans Affairs; the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency; and the Deputy
National Security Advisor for Combating Terrorism. The Counsel to the
President shall be consulted regarding the agenda of HSC/PC meetings and
shall attend any meeting when, in consultation with the Assistant to the
President for Homeland Security, the Counsel deems it appropriate. The
Deputy Director of the Office of Homeland Security shall serve as
Executive Secretary of the HSC/PC. Other heads of departments and
agencies and senior officials shall be invited, when appropriate."
(**White House,** *HSPD-1*, Oct 30, 2001)

**Homeland Security Data Network (HSDN)**: "A communications system and
IT infrastructure

used by the Department of Homeland Security to streamline and merge
classified networks

into a single, integrated network which is being designed to become a
major secure information

thoroughfare joining together intelligence agencies, law enforcement,
disaster management,

and front-line disaster response organizations." (**HSC,** *NCPIP*,
August 2007, p. 63)

**Homeland Security Education:** "In order to ensure the success of the
Homeland Security Management System, our Nation must further develop a
community of homeland security professionals. This requires establishing
multidisci­plinary education in homeland and relevant national security
policies and strategies; the planning pro­cess; execution of operations
and exercises; and overall assessment and evaluation. Furthermore, this
should include an understanding and apprecia­tion of appropriate regions,
religions, cultures, legal systems, and languages." (**White House**,
*National Strategy for Homeland Security*, October 2007, p. 45)

\[Note: "Homeland Security," as defined in this 2007 Strategy, as well
as in the 2002 Strategy, is exclusively within the province of
terrorism.\]

**Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) --** A
capabilities-based and performance-based program that furnishes
standardized policies, doctrines, and terminologies for the design,
development, performance, and evaluation of homeland security exercises.
The National Exercise Program (NEP) uses the HSEEP as a common
methodology for exercises. The HSEEP also provides tools and resources
to facilitate the management of self-sustaining homeland security
exercise programs." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, P-6)

**Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program** **(HSEEP):
"**HSEEP policy and doctrine is organized into several volumes:

• *HSEEP Volume I: HSEEP Overview and Exercise Program Management*
provides guidance for building and maintaining an effective exercise
program and summarizes the planning and evaluation process described in
further detail in Volumes II through V.

• *HSEEP Volume II: Exercise Planning and Conduct* helps planners
outline a standardized

foundation, design, development, and conduct process adaptable to any
type of exercise.

• *HSEEP Volume III: Exercise Evaluation and Improvement Planning*
offers proven methodology for evaluating and documenting exercises and
implementing an improvement plan.

• *HSEEP Volume IV: Sample Exercise Documents and Formats* provides
sample exercise materials referenced in HSEEP Volumes I, II, III, and V.

• *HSEEP Volume V: Prevention Exercises* contains guidance consistent
with the HSEEP model to assist jurisdictions in designing and evaluating
exercises that test pre-incident capabilities such as intelligence
analysis and information sharing." (**DHS**, *TCL* 2007, p. 16)

**Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program** **(HSEEP):** "The
NEP \[National Exercise Program\] utilizes the HSEEP as the common
methodology for exercises. HSEEP is a capabilities- and performance
based exercise program that provides standardized policy, doctrine, and
terminology for the design, development, conduct, and evaluation of
homeland security exercises. HSEEP also provides tools and resources to
facilitate the management of self-sustaining homeland security exercise
programs." (**HSC**, *National Continuity Policy Implementation Plan*,
Aug. 2007, p. 63; and **FEMA**, *Homeland Security Exercise and
Evaluation Program* (HSEEP).)

**Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program** **(HSEEP):** "The
HSEEP is the policy and guidance component of the NEP, and serves to
standardize exercise design, development, conduct, and evaluation for
all (National-level, Federal, State, and local) exercises by
establishing common language and concepts to be adopted and used by
various agencies and organizations. HSEEP aims to synchronize all
exercises in the Nation in addition to providing tools and resources for
States and local jurisdictions to establish self-sustaining exercise
programs." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Dennis Schrader*, October 3, 2007,
p. 5)

**Homeland Security Four Foundations:** "The *Strategy*
\[NSHS\]...describes four foundations...that cut across all of the
mission areas, across all levels of government, and across all sectors
of our society. These foundations...

law,

science and technology,

information sharing and systems, and

> international cooperation

provide a useful framework for evaluating our homeland security
investments across the federal government." (**White House**, *National
Strategy for Homeland Security*, July 2002, p. 4)

**Homeland Security Grant Program:** "One of the core missions of the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is to enhance the ability of
state, local, and tribal governments to prevent, protect against,
respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks and other disasters. The
Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP) is a primary funding mechanism
for building and sustaining national preparedness capabilities. HSGP is
comprised of five separate grant programs:

> · Urban Areas Security Initiative (UASI)
>
> · State Homeland Security Program (SHSP)
>
> · Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program (LETPP)
>
> · Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS)
>
> · Citizen Corps Program (CCP)

Together, these grants fund a range of preparedness activities,
including planning, organization, equipment purchase, training,
exercises, and management and administration costs. HSGP programs
support objectives outlined in the National Preparedness Guidelines and
related national preparedness doctrine, such as the National Incident
Management System, National Response Plan, and the National
Infrastructure Protection Plan. Current and prior year funding levels
for each of the grants is detailed in the following table." (**DHS**,
*Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland Security Grant Program*, July 18, 2007, p. 2)

**Homeland Security Higher Education:** "One concern often noted by
university leaders that have, or have considered, establishing a
homeland security academic program was defining what the discipline3
entails. The federal government defines homeland security as "a
concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United
States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the
damage and recover from attacks that do occur."[^30] The National
Strategy for Homeland Security lists essential areas of focus that
appear to have been considered by many academic programs.[^31] However,
it is important to note that the current national strategy for homeland
security definition was largely developed by the federal government and
is void of issues relating to natural disasters. If the federal
definition of homeland security is to be the basis of homeland security
programs, but lacks recognition of the non-federal entities with
homeland security responsibilities and is also shortsighted in
recognizing the all-hazards nature of incidents, academia may wish to
expand its view of the homeland security environment when establishing
relevant curriculum.

As the discipline evolves, issues deemed homeland security-related
appear to be expanding outside the current working definition of
homeland security. Whether a terrorist incident, natural disaster, or
incident of unknown cause, one might argue that the current trend is to
deem any activity that may have tangential negative societal security
implications as having a nexus to homeland security. If the future of
homeland security continues the trend toward a boundless view of the
field, school administrators may struggle with determining the courses
to be taught in a program that purports to prepare students for this new
discipline." (**Rollans and Rowan**, *The Homeland Security Academic
Environment: A Review of Current Activities and Issues for
Consideration*. September 2007, pp. 8-9)

**Homeland Security Higher Education Fundamentals** (**HSDEC & TAMU**,
*After Action Report, Workshop on National Needs: What Employers Want
from Graduate Education in Homeland Security*, May 17-18, 2007, p. 8):

-   History and basic principles of homeland security

-   History of homeland security and terrorism

-   Structures and functions of DHS

-   Demonstrated ability to apply national response planning documents

-   Deep understanding of threat environment---emerging threats, nature
    of four main threats, prevention, response, impact

-   Globalization and homeland security

-   Federal, state and local issues that impact preparedness, including
    varying state homeland security structures/systems

-   Tools available and their uses

-   Training and exercises---participating in or leading mock incidents

-   Intelligence warning process

-   How constitution and legal framework affect homeland security.

**Homeland Security Information:** "Experience has shown that there is
no single source for information related to terrorism. It is derived by
gathering, fusing, analyzing, and evaluating relevant information from a
broad array of sources on a continual basis. Important information can
come through the efforts of the Intelligence Community, Federal, State,
tribal, and local law enforcement and homeland security authorities,
other government agencies (e.g., the Department of Transportation, the
Department of Health and Human Services), and the private sector (e.g.,
the transportation, healthcare, financial, and information technology
sectors). Commonly referred to as home­land security information,
terrorism information, or law enforcement information, this wide-ranging
information can be found across all levels of government as well as in
the private sector." (**White House**, *National Strategy for
Information Sharing*, 2007, p. 2)

**Homeland Security Information Bulletins:** "Guidance for Federal,
State, local, and other

governments; private sector organizations; and international partners
concerned with our Nation's critical infrastructures that do not meet
the timeliness, specificity, or significance

thresholds of warning messages. Bulletins often include statistical
reports, periodic summaries,

incident response or reporting guidelines, common vulnerabilities and
patches, and

configuration standards or tools." (**HSC**, *National Continuity Policy
IP*, 2007, p. 63)

**Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN):** "A communications
system and IT infrastructure used by...\[DHS\] to transmit sensitive but
unclassified information. The HSIN serves as a nationwide
information-sharing and collaboration tool and is intended to offer
real-time chat and instant messaging capability as well as a document
library that contains reports from multiple Federal, State, and local
sources. HSIN features suspicious incident information and analysis of
terrorist threats, tactics, and weapons. HSIN includes over 35
communities of interest, such as emergency management, law enforcement,
counterterrorism, States, and private sector communities. Each community
of interest has Web pages that are tailored for the community and
contain general and community-specific news articles, links, and contact
information. HSIN features include a document library, a discussion
thread/bulletin board capability, and a chat tool among others."
(**HSC**, *NCPIP*, August 2007, p. 63)

**Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN):** "HSIN is the primary
internet-based technology platform for information sharing between CI/KR
businesses, sector leadership and the NICC/DHS." (**DHS**, *Pandemic
Influenza CIKR Guide*, 2006, p. 69)

**Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN) Critical Sectors (CS):**
"In 2005, DHS launched HSIN-Critical Sectors (CS) to communicate
real-time information to critical infrastructure owners and operators.
The mission of the HSIN-CS program is to ensure the protection and
reliable performance of the nation's CI/KR sectors through the strategic
use of information sharing and communication capabilities. Additionally,
HSIN creates an enhanced partnership between the owners and operators of
the nation's critical infrastructures, DHS and the Sector-Specific
Agencies (SSAs).... Through HSIN-CS, participating users receive the
following functionality: timely broadcast alerts, threats, warnings, and
incident reporting; sharing critical documents and analyses; real-time
collaboration on key issues or crises; support best practices and
protective strategies and the growth of 'communities of interest'."
(**DHS**, *Pandemic Influenza CIKR Guide*, 2006, p. 69)

**Homeland Security Institute (HSI):** "The Homeland Security Institute
(HSI) is a Studies and Analysis Federally Funded Research and
Development Center established pursuant to [Section 312 of the Homeland
Security Act of
2002](http://www.homelandsecurity.org/content.aspx?mid=299)1. HSI
delivers independent and objective analyses and advises in core areas
important to its sponsor in support of policy development,
decision-making, analysis of alternative approaches, and evaluation of
new ideas on issues of significance." (**HSI**, *Welcome to the HSI*,
2007)

**Homeland Security Management System:** "In order to continue
strengthening the foundations of a prepared Nation, we will establish
and institutionalize a comprehensive Homeland Security Management System
that incorporates all stakeholders. Relevant departments and agencies of
the Federal Government must take the lead in implementing this system,
and State, local, and Tribal governments are highly encour­aged to
ultimately adopt fully compatible and complementary processes and
practices as part of a full-scale national effort. Our current approach
to managing homeland security has focused on doctrine and planning
through the National Preparedness Guidelines (NPG).... This new Homeland
Security Man­agement System...will involve a continuous, mutually
reinforcing cycle of activity across four phases:

• ***Phase One: Guidance**.* The first phase in our Homeland Security
Management System encompasses overarching homeland security guidance. It
is the foundation of our sys­tem, and it must be grounded in clearly
articulated and up-to-date homeland and rel­evant national security
policies, with coordinated supporting strategies, doctrine, and planning
guidance flowing from and fully synchronizing with these policies....
\[Such as can be found in;

-   Applicable Homeland Security Presidential Directives

-   Applicable National Security Presidential Directives

-   *National Strategy for Homeland Security (2007)*

-   *National Implementation Plan for the Global War on Terror*

-   *National Infrastructure Protection Plan*

-   *National Response Framework*

-   *National Incident Management System*\]

• ***Phase Two: Planning**.* The second phase is a deliberate and
dynamic system that trans­lates our policies, strategies, doctrine, and
planning guidance into a family of strategic, operational, and tactical
plans....

• ***Phase Three: Execution**.* The third phase in the Homeland Security
Management System encompasses the execution of operational and
tactical-level plans....

• ***Phase Four: Assessment and Evaluation**.* The fourth phase involves
the continual assess­ment and evaluation of both operations and
exercises. This phase of the system will produce lessons learned and
best practices that must be incorporated back into all phases of the
Homeland Security Management System." (**White House**, *National
Strategy for Homeland Security*, Homeland Security Council, October
2007, pp. 43-45)

**Homeland Security Mission Areas:** "The *National Strategy for
Homeland Security* aligns and

focuses homeland security functions into six critical mission areas:

> intelligence and warning,
>
> border and transportation security,
>
> domestic counterterrorism,
>
> protecting critical infrastructure and key assets,
>
> defending against catastrophic terrorism, and
>
> emergency preparedness and response.

The first three mission areas focus primarily on preventing terrorist
attacks; the next

two on reducing our Nation's vulnerabilities; and the final one on
minimizing the damage and recovering from attacks that do occur."
(**White House**, *National Strategy for HS*, 2002, p. 4)

**Homeland Security National Training Program (HSNTP):** "The HSNTP
provides funding through cooperative and inter-agency agreements to the
National Domestic Preparedness Consortium, Rural Domestic Preparedness
Consortium, and Continuing and Emerging training providers for the
purposes of the development and delivery of all-hazards training for
Federal, State, local, and tribal emergency responders." (**DHS**, *Fact
Sheet: FY07 HSNTP*, Sep. 28, 2007)

**Homeland Security Objectives:** "Homeland security is an exceedingly
complex mission. It involves efforts both at home and abroad. It demands
a range of government and private sector capabilities. And it calls for
coordinated and focused effort from many actors who are not otherwise
required to work together and for whom security is not always a primary
mission.

This *Strategy* establishes three objectives based on the definition of
homeland security:

• Prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;

• Reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism; and

• Minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur.

The order of these objectives deliberately sets priorities for America's
efforts to secure the

homeland." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*,
July 2002, p. 3)

**Homeland Security Operations Center (HSOC) DHS:** "The HSOC is the
primary national-level hub for operational communications, information
and resource coordination pertaining to domestic incident management."
(**DHS**, *NRP* (Draft #1), Feb. 25, 2004, 22) \[Note: Renamed the
National Operations Center. (**DHS**, *Notice of Change to the NRP*, May
22, 2006, p. 9)

**Homeland Security Policy Institute, GWU:** "The Homeland Security
Policy Institute draws on the expertise of its partners from the
academic, nonprofit, policy, and private sectors for a common goal of
better preparing the Nation for the threat of terrorism. The Institute
frames the debate, discusses policy implications and alternatives, and
recommends solutions to issues facing America\'s homeland security
policymakers. By linking academicians and scientists to decisionmakers
at all levels of government, the private sector, and the communities we
live in, the Institute is working to build a bridge between theory and
practice in the homeland security arena." (**DHS OIG**, *Fiscal Year
2008 Annual Performance Plan*, 2007, p. 24)

**Homeland Security Preparedness:** "Homeland security preparedness is a
comprehensive national program encompassing all homeland security
systems involved in the planning of

organizational, operational, and technical measures designed to achieve
full and sustainable performance to prevent, disrupt, or deter threats
or acts of terrorism; reduce vulnerabilities;

mitigate the effects of acts of terrorism; respond to threats and acts
of terrorism; and perform effective remediation and recovery efforts
from terrorist attacks throughout the entire threat spectrum, including
terrorist use of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and
explosive

weapons of mass destruction (CBRNE WMD)." (**DHS/ ODP**, *HSEEP*, Vol.
II, 2003, p. ix)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-1), Organization of the
Homeland Security Council:** "...established the Homeland Security
Council to ensure coordination of all HS-related activities among the
executive departments and agencies and promote the effective development
and implementation of all HS policies." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006,
A-1)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-3), The Homeland
Security Advisory System:** "...provides the guidelines for a
comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding
the risk of terrorist acts to Federal, state and local authorities and
the American people. This document establishes the five threat
conditions and their respective protective measures." (**JCS/DOD**,
*CBRNE Consequence Management*, 2007, p. A-1)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-4/NSPD-17), National
Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction** (December 2002):
"HSPD-4 describes three pillars for our national strategy to combat WMD:
counterproliferation to combat WMD use, strengthen nonproliferation to
combat WMD proliferation, and consequence management to respond to WMD
use. Each pillar iterates specific actions to be pursued within the
pillar." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security*, 2005, p. A-1)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 (HSPD-5) Domestic Incident
Management:** "Homeland Security Presidential Directive -- 5, Management
of Domestic Incidents, February 28, 2003, is intended to enhance the
ability of the United States to manage domestic incidents by
establishing a single, comprehensive national incident management
system. In HSPD-5 the President designates the Secretary of Homeland
Security as the principal federal official for domestic incident
management and empowers him to coordinate Federal resources used in
response to or recovery from terrorist attacks, major disasters, or
other emergencies in specific cases. The directive assigns specific
responsibilities to the Attorney General, Secretary of Defense,
Secretary of State, and the Assistants to the President for Homeland
Security and National Security Affairs, and directs the heads of all
Federal departments and agencies to provide their "full and prompt
cooperation, resources, and support," as appropriate and consistent with
their own responsibilities for protecting national security, to the
Secretary of Homeland Security, Attorney General, Secretary of Defense,
and Secretary of State in the exercise of leadership responsibilities
and missions assigned in HSPD-5. The directive also notes that it does
not alter, or impede the ability to carry out, the authorities of
Federal departments and agencies to perform their responsibilities under
law. (**DHS**, *NRP* (Draft #1), Feb. 25, 2004, 72)

\[Note: Annex I, "National Planning," December 2007 struck "prevent,
prepare for, respond to, and recover from" in section 3 and inserted
"prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from."\]

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 (HSPD-5) Domestic Incident
Management:** "The purpose of this policy is to enhance the capability
of all levels of government across the Nation to work together
efficiently and effectively using a national approach to domestic
incident management. The policy requires an "all hazards approach,"
which refers to preparedness for domestic terrorist attacks, major
disasters, and other emergencies. Toward this end, HSPD-5 mandated DHS
create two plans that define the specific requirements to ensure the
necessary level of coordination---the National Incident Management
System (NIMS) and the National Response Plan (NRP)." (**DOT**,
*Catastrophic Hurricane Evacuation Plan Evaluation: Report to Congress*,
June 1, 2006, p. 2-3)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 (HSPD-5) Domestic Incident
Management:** "The NRP was developed as a result of HSPD-5 to integrate
the Federal Government current family of Federal domestic prevention,
preparedness, response, and recovery plans into a single,
all-discipline, all-hazards plan to unify the domestic incident
management process. When the NRP is used, national interagency plans
such as the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency
Plan, Mass Migration Emergency Plan, National Search and Rescue Plan,
National Infrastructure Protection Plan, and National Maritime
Transportation Security Plan are incorporated as supporting and/or
operational plans. In addition to consolidating Federal plans, other
modifications within the NRP that impact DOD are the establishment of a
National Operations Center (NOC), the establishment of an Interagency
Advisory Council (IAC), and the creation of a principal Federal official
(PFO), who may be appointed to represent the Secretary of Homeland
Security at the incident site. A national incident management system
(NIMS) to provide a consistent nationwide approach for Federal, state,
and local governments to work effectively and efficiently together to
prepare for, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents was also a
result of HSPD-5." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP 3-41) 2006, p. II-2)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-6), Integration and Use
of**

**Screening Information** (16 September 2003). "HSPD-6 provides for the
development and

maintenance of accurate and current information about individuals known
or appropriately

suspected to be or have been engaged in conduct related to terrorism;
and that information, as

appropriate and permitted by law, can be used to support screening and
protective processes via

the Terrorist Screening Center." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP
3-26), 2005, p. A-2)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive--7 (HSPD--7), Critical
Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection:**
"HSPD--7 directed DHS to establish a national policy for Federal
departments and agencies to identify and prioritize critical
infrastructure and key resources in order to prevent, deter, and
mitigate the effects of deliberate efforts to destroy, incapacitate, or
exploit them. Federal departments and agencies are to work with State,
tribal, and local governments, the private sector, and NGOs to
accomplish this objective. This effort includes completion and
implementation of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan."
(**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft),
August 2007, p. 11)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8 (HSPD-8), National
Preparedness** (December 17, 2003)**:** "HSPD--8 directed DHS to lead a
national initiative to develop a National Preparedness System---a common
and unified approach to "strengthen the preparedness of the United
States to prevent and respond to threatened or actual domestic terrorist
attacks, major disasters and other emergencies." The requirements of
HSPD--8 led to the National Preparedness Guidelines, which was developed
to provide the means for the Nation to answer three fundamental
questions:

-   How prepared do we need to be?

-   How prepared are we?

-   How do we prioritize efforts to close the gap?

HSPD--8 also required DHS to develop mechanisms for the improved
delivery of Federal preparedness assistance to State, tribal, and local
governments and to strengthen the Nation's preparedness capabilities.
Fifteen National Planning Scenarios were developed to illustrate the
range, scope, magnitude, and complexity of incidents for which the
Nation should prepare. Using this wide range of possible scenarios,
including terrorism, natural disasters, and health emergencies, helps
reduce uncertainty in planning." (**FEMA**, *National Incident
Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 11)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8 (HSPD-8), National
Preparedness (2003):** "This directive is a companion to HSPD-5, which
identifies steps for improved coordination in response to incidents.
This directive describes how Federal departments and agencies will
prepare for such a response, including prevention activities during the
early stages of a terrorism incident. It establishes policies to
strengthen the preparedness of the US to prevent and respond to
threatened or actual domestic terrorist attacks, major disasters, and
other emergencies by requiring a national domestic all-hazards
preparedness (including CBRNE) goal, establishing mechanisms for
improved delivery of Federal preparedness assistance to state and local
governments, and outlining actions to strengthen preparedness
capabilities of Federal, state, and local entities." (**JCS/DOD**,
*CBRNE Consequence Management* (JP 3-41), 2006, p. II-2)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-9), Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food:** "Purpose: This directive establishes a
national policy to defend the agriculture and food system against
terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. Background:
The United States agriculture and food systems are vulnerable to
disease, pest, or poisonous agents that occur naturally, are
unintentionally introduced, or are intentionally delivered by acts of
terrorism. Americas agriculture and food system is an extensive, open,
interconnected, diverse, and complex structure providing potential
targets for terrorist attacks. We should provide the best protection
possible against a successful attack on the United States agriculture
and food system, which could have catastrophic health and economic
effects." (**White House**, *HSPD-9*, January 30, 2004)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-10), Biodefense for the
21st**

**Century** (28 April 2004): "HSPD-10 provides a comprehensive framework
for the Nation's biodefense and, among other things, delineates the
roles and responsibilities of Federal agencies and departments in
continuing their important work in this area." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland
Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. A-2)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-11), Comprehensive
Terrorist-**

**Related Screening Procedures** (27 August 2004): "HSPD-11 establishes
procedures to enhance terrorist-related screening through comprehensive,
coordinated procedures that detect, identify, track, and interdict
people, cargo, conveyances, and other entities and objects that pose a
threat to homeland security." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP
3-28), 2005, pp. A-2 & 3)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-12), Policy for a
Common Identification Standard for Federal Employees and Contractors**
(27 August 2004): "HSPD-12 establishes a policy of the United States to
enhance security, increase Government efficiency, reduce identity fraud,
and protect personal privacy by establishing a mandatory,
Government-wide standard for secure and reliable forms of identification
issued by the Federal Government to its employees and contractors
(including contractor employees)." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security*,
2005, A-3)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-13), Maritime Security
Policy** (21 December 2004): "HSPD-13 establishes US policy, guidelines,
and implementation actions to

enhance US national security and homeland security by protecting US
maritime interests." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005,
p. A-3)

**Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-21), Public Health and
Medical Preparedness.** "This directive establishes a National Strategy
for Public Health and Medical Preparedness (Strategy), which builds upon
principles set forth in *Biodefense for the 21st Century* (April 2004)
and will transform our national approach to protecting the health of the
American people against all disasters." (**White House**, *HSPD-*21,
October 18, 2007)

**Homeland Security Professionalism:** (See "Homeland Security
Education")

**Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee
(HSSTAC):** "The Department of Homeland Security through the Science and
Technology division is harnessing the nation\'s scientific knowledge to
protect America and our way of life from terrorists and their weapons of
mass destruction.  The Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory
Committee (HSSTAC) is assisting the division in its efforts.

Overview and Mission:

> The Homeland Security Act of 2002 directed the Secretary of Homeland
> Security to establish a Homeland Security Science and Technology
> Advisory Committee (HSSTAC).
>
> The Committee\'s mission is to serve as a source of independent,
> scientific and technical planning advice for the Under Secretary for
> Science and Technology.

Duties:

> Focus the responsibilities of the Science and Technology division to
> organize the nation\'s scientific and technological resources to
> prevent or mitigate the effects of catastrophic terrorism against the
> United States, including sponsorship and coordination of research and
> development for this purpose...." (**DHS**, *Fact Sheet: HSSTAC*,
> February 26, 2004)

**Homeland Security Strategic Planning, Mission Area Analysis:**

-   Goal

    -   Secure the Homeland

-   Mission

    -   Prevent

        -   Objective A: Detect Threats

            -   Function 1: Direct Intelligence Activities

        -   Objective B: Control Access

            -   Function 1: Pre-Screen People \*& Materials

        -   Objective C: Eliminate Threats

            -   Function 1: Investigate Terrorism Suspects

    -   Protect

        -   Objective A: Assess Critical Infrastructure & Key Assets

            -   Function 1: Catalogue Assets & Systems

        -   Objective B: Implement Protective Programs for Assets &
            Systems

            -   Function 1: Manage Risk

            -   Function 2: Defend CVKR

        -   Objective C: Mitigate Risk to Public

            -   Function 1: Safeguard Public Health

    -   Respond

        -   Objective A: Access Incident

            -   Function 1: Investigate Incident

        -   Objective B: Minimize Impact

            -   Function 1: Manage Incidents

        -   Objective C: Care for Public

            -   Function 1: Provide Medical Care

    -   Recover

        -   Objective A: Assist Public

            -   Mission 1: Provide Long-Term Healthcare

        -   Objective B: Restore Environment

            -   Mission 1: Conduct Site Cleanup

        -   Objective C: Restore Infrastructure

            -   Objective 1: Reconstitute Government Services

(**Homeland Security Institute**, *HS Strategic Planning* (for DHS),
March 2007, p. 10)

**Homeland Security Strategic Threat Environment:**

-   Diminished protection afforded by geographic distances

-   Traditional threats remain

-   Greater risk of a weapons of mass destruction attack

-   Increased potential for miscalculation and surprise

-   Increased potential for terrorist attacks

-   Increased challenges from weak and failing states and non-state
    actors

-   Increasing diversity in sources and unpredictability of the
    locations of conflict

-   Threats to US vital interests overseas." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland
    Security*, 2005, p. I-6)

**Homeland Security Threat Advisories**: "Guidance provided to Federal,
State, local, and other governments; private sector organizations; and
international partners with actionable information about an incident
involving, or a threat targeting, critical national networks,
infrastructures, or key assets. The Threat Advisories includes products
formerly named alerts, advisories, and sector notifications." (**HSC**,
*National Continuity Policy Implementation Plan*, Aug 2007, p. 63)

**Homeland Security Threat Families:**

1.  Chemical

2.  Biological

3.  Radiological

4.  Nuclear

5.  Explosives

6.  Cyber,

7.  Assault

8.  Emerging (**HS Institute**, *HS Strategic Planning for DHS*, March
    2007, p. 6)

**Homeland Security Threat Level System**: "A color-coded system used to
communicate with public safety officials and the public at-large through
a threat-based, color-coded system so

that protective measures can be implemented to reduce the likelihood of
impact of an attack. \[See "Color Coded Threat Level System," and
"Homeland Security Advisory System"\]

**Hopley Report:** October 1948 Report of the War Department Office of
Civil Defense Planning, Directed by Russell J. Hopley, to Secretary of
Defense James Forrestal, recommending "for adoption a permanent
peacetime system of civil defense which will round out our defense
structure and which, in the event of an emergency, can be quickly and
easily expanded to meet the exigencies of a given situation. Such an
organization can also be of great value in support of existing agencies
in meeting devastating peacetime disasters such as fires, floods,
earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, explosions and similar
catastrophies." (**OCDP**, *Civil Defense for National Security*, 1948,
p. v)

**Hospital Emergency Incident Command System:** (See Hospital Incident
Command System)

**Hospital Incident Command System (HICS):** "HICS applies the
principles of incident management to health care facilities. The system
helps coordinate emergency response between hospitals and other
emergency responders with a system based on a predictable chain of
management, defined responsibilities, prioritized response checklists,
clear reporting channels for documentation and accountability, and a
common nomenclature to facilitate communications." (**AHRQ/HHS**, *Mass
Medical Care*, 2007, p. 58)

**Hospital Preparedness Program (HPP):** "The Hospital Preparedness
Program (HPP) enhances the ability of hospitals and health care systems
to prepare for and respond to bioterrorism and other public health
emergencies.  Current program priority areas include interoperable
communication systems, bed tracking, personnel management, fatality
management planning and hospital evacuation planning.  During the past
five years HPP funds have also improved bed and personnel surge
capacity, decontamination capabilities, isolation capacity,
pharmaceutical supplies, training, education, drills and exercises.

"Hospitals, outpatient facilities, health centers, poison control
centers, EMS and other healthcare partners work with the appropriate
state or local health department to acquire funding and develop
healthcare system preparedness through this program.  Funding is
distributed directly to the Health Department of the State or political
subdivision of a State (cities and counties are considered political
subdivisions of States)." (**HHS,** *The Hospital Preparedness Program*,
August 22, 2007 update)

**Hot Site:** "An alternate facility that already has in place the
computer, telecommunications, and environmental infrastructure required
to recover critical business functions or information systems."
(**DHS**, *Federal Continuity Directive 1*, November 2007, P-6)

**Hot Wash:** Informal debriefing after an exercise or after an exercise
phase or segment. "This hotwash is an opportunity for important
evaluative and procedural (i.e., safety-related) issues to be recorded
while they are fresh in the participants' minds." (**DHS**, *HSEEP*,
Vol. V, p. 63)

**Hot Zone:** "Area immediately surrounding a dangerous goods incident
which extends far enough to prevent adverse effects from released
dangerous goods to personnel outside the zone. This zone is also
referred to as exclusion zone, red zone or restricted zone in other
documents. (EPA Standard Operating Safety Guidelines, OSHA 29 CFR
1910.120, NFPA 472)." (**DOT**, *Emergency Response
Guidebook...Hazardous Materials Incidents*, 2004, p. 361)

**Household Pet:** "A domesticated animal, such as a dog, cat, bird,
rabbit, rodent, or turtle that is traditionally kept in the home for
pleasure rather than for commercial purposes, can travel in commercial
carriers, and be housed in temporary facilities. Household pets do not
include reptiles (except turtles), amphibians, fish, insects/arachnids,
farm animals (including horses), and animals kept for racing purposes."
(**FEMA**, *Eligible Costs Related to Pet Evacuations*..., 2007)

**Household Pet Rescue:** "State and local governments may conduct
rescue operations for household pets directly or they may contract with
other providers for such services. Eligible costs include, but are not
limited to, the following:

1)  Overtime for regular full-time employees.

2)  Regular-time and overtime for contract labor (including mutual aid
    agreements) specifically hired to provide additional support
    required as a result of the disaster.

3)  The use of applicant-owned or leased equipment (such as buses or
    other vehicles) to provide eligible pet transportation to congregate
    pet shelters may be reimbursed according to 44 CFR § 206.228(1)(a)
    (does not include operator labor). The cost of leasing equipment for
    this purpose may also be eligible for reimbursement." (**FEMA**,
    *Eligible Costs Related to Pet Evacuations, Sheltering*, 2007)

**HPA:** Hazards and Performance Analysis.

**HPAC:** Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Ops*, Dec 2007, C-1)

**HPP:** Hospital Preparedness Program. (**HHS,** *Hospital Preparedness
Program*, August 2007)

**HPRDS:** Human Portable Radiation Detection System. (**DHS**, *Opening
Statement, Vayl Oxford*, March 8, 2007, p. 4)

**HQ:** Headquarters. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, p. O-1)

**HRA:** High Risk Account. (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public Policy
Options*, Nov 2007, p. ii)

**HRDI:** Hospital Reserve Disaster Inventory. (**DCPA**, *On-Site
Assistance Appendices*, 1974, C-14) Defunct.

**HRSA:** Health Resources and Services Administration (U.S. Department
of HHS).

**HS:** Homeland Security.

**HSA**: Homeland Security Act of 2002.

**HSA:** Homeland Security Advisor. (**Libby**, *Statement of*, July 19,
2007, p. 5)

**HSAC:** Homeland Security Advisory Council. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p.
101)

**HSARPA:** Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency, DHS,
S&T.

**HSAS:** Homeland Security Advisory System. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p.
101)

**HSC:** Homeland Security Council, The White House.

**HSC/DC:** Homeland Security Council Deputies Committee. (**White
House,** *HSPD-1*, 2001)

**HSC/PC:** Homeland Security Council Principals Committee. (**White
House,** *HSPD-1*, 2001)

**HSC/PCCs:** Homeland Security Council Policy Coordination Committees
(**WH,** *HSPD-1*)

**HSDEC:** Homeland Security and Defense Education Consortium.

**HSDN:** Homeland Security Data Network. (**HSC,** *NCPIP*, August
2007, p. 63)

**HSEEP:** Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program. (**DHS,**
*NIPP* 2006, p. 101)

**HSGAC:** U.S. Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Committee.

**HSI:** Homeland Security Institute, Arlington, VA.

**HSIB:** Homeland Security Information Bulletin. (**HSC**, *National
Continuity Policy...*, 2007, 63)

**HSIN:** Homeland Security Information Network. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006,
p. 101)

**HSIN-CS:** Homeland Security Information Network for Critical Sectors.
(**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, 101)

**HSMS:** Homeland Security Management System. (**Ruff**, *IPS*, January
8, 2008)

**HSNTP:** Homeland Security National Training Program, DHS. (**DHS**,
*FY06 HSNTP*, p. 2)

**HSOC:** Homeland Security Operations Center. (**DHS**, *NRP* (Draft
#1), Feb. 25, 2004, p. 22)

**HSPD:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive.

**HSPD-1:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 1, Subject:
*Organization and Operation of the Homeland Security Council.* (**White
House**, October 29, 2001)

**HSPD-2:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 2, Subject:
*Combating Terrorism Through Immigration Policies.* (**White House**,
October 29, 2001)

**HSPD-3:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 3, *Homeland
Security Advisory System*. (**White House**, March 2002)

**HSPD-4:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 4, *National
Strategy to Combat Weapons of* *Mass Destruction* (Unclassified version
of HSPD-17, same subject, dated September 17, 2002). (**White House**,
December 2002)

**HSPD-5:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5, *Management of
Domestic Incidents*. (**White House**, February 28, 2003). Created
National Incident Management System (NIMS), and combined Incident
Management and Consequence Management.

**HSPD-6:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 6, Subject:
*Integration and Use of Screening Information.* (**White House**,
September 16, 2003)

**HSPD-7:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7, *Critical
Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection.*
(**DHS,** NIPP 2006, preface)

**HSPD-8:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8, *National
Preparedness*. (**White House**, December 2003)

**HSPD-9:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 9, Subject:
*Defense of United States Agriculture and Food.* (**White House**,
February 3, 2004)

**HSPD-10:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 10, *Biodefense
for the 21^st^ Century*. (**White House**, April 28, 2004.)

**HSPD-11:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 11, Subject:
Comprehensive Terrorist-Related Screening Procedures. (**White House**,
August 27, 2004)

**HSPD-12:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12, Subject:
Policy for a Common Identification Standard for Federal Employees and
Contractors. (**White House**, August 27, 2004)

**HSPD-13:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 13, Maritime
Security Policy. (**White House,** December 21, 2004)

**HSPD-14:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 14, Domestic
Nuclear Detection. (**White House**, April 15, 2005)

**HSPD-15:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 15. Classified.
Known as: "War on Terror" Directive to Improve Government Coordination.
(**White House**, March 2006.

**HSPD-16:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 16, National
Strategy for Aviation Security. (**White House**, March 26, 2007)

**HSPD-18:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 18, Subject: 
Medical Countermeasures against Weapons of Mass Destruction. (**White
House**, February 7, 2007)

**HSPD-19:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 19, Subject: 
Combating Terrorist Use of Explosives in the United States. (**White
House**, February 12, 2007)

######## **HSPD-20:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive 20, Subject: National Continuity Policy. (**White House**, May 9, 2007) 

**HSPD-21:** Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-21),
Subject: Public Health and Medical Preparedness, October 18, 2007.

**HSPG:** Homeland Security Grant Program.

**HSPTAP**: Homeland Security Preparedness Technical Assistance Program.

**HSSTAC:** Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee.

**HSTA:** Homeland Security Threat Advisory. (**HSC,** *NCPIP*, 2007, p.
63)

**HSUS:** Humane Society of the United States.

**HUD:** U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

**HUG:** HAZUS Users Group.

**Human-Made Disasters:** are disasters or emergency situations where
the principal, direct cause(s) are identifiable human actions,
deliberate or otherwise. Apart from "technological" and "ecological"
disasters, this mainly involves situations in which civilian populations
suffer casualties, losses of property, basic services and means of
livelihood as a result of war or civil strife, for example: Human-made
disasters/emergencies can be of the rapid or slow onset types, and in
the case of internal conflict, can lead to "complex emergencies" as
well. Human-made disaster acknowledges that all disasters are caused by
humans because they have chosen, for whatever reason, to be where
natural phenomena occurs that result in adverse impacts of people. This
mainly involves situations in which civilian populations suffer
casualties, losses of property, basic services and means of livelihood
as a result of war, civil strife, or other conflict. (**Simeon
Institute**)

**HURREVAC:** HURREVAC stands for \"HURRicane EVACuation\" and is a
restricted-use computer program funded by FEMA and USACE for government
emergency managers to track hurricanes and assist in evacuation
decision-making for their communities. This real-time data analysis tool
allows state and local emergency management officials to make prudent
and informed decisions based on information developed during the FEMA
Hurricane Evacuation Studies process and realtime forecast data
distributed by the National Weather Service (NWS) and the Tropical
Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center (NHC). (**FEMA**,
*HURREVAC*, 2007)

**Hurricane:** "Hurricanes are violent storms which bring intense winds,
heavy rain, a storm surge, floods, coastal erosion, landslides, and
tornadoes. While it is difficult to predict the exact time, place, and
force of hurricanes, residents of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast states
must be prepared. The season for hurricanes is June through November,
with most hurricanes occurring mid-August to late October. Each season,
on average, six hurricanes form in the Atlantic Ocean of which two
become major hurricanes." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- Hurricane," July
2006, p. 1)

**Hurricane / Typhoon:** "A tropical cyclone in which the maximum
sustained surface wind (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 64 kt (74
mph or 119 km/hr) or more. The term hurricane is used for Northern
Hemisphere tropical cyclones east of the International Dateline to the
Greenwich Meridian. The term typhoon is used for Pacific tropical
cyclones north of the Equator west of the International Dateline."
(**NHC**, *Glossary of NHC Terms*, 2007)

**Hurricane Category 1:** The lowest of five levels of relative
hurricane intensity on the Saffir/Simpson hurricane scale. A Category 1
hurricane is defined by winds of 74 to 95 MPH, or a storm surge of 4 to
5 feet above normal. This category normally does not cause real damage
to permanent structures, although damage to unanchored mobile homes,
shrubbery, and trees can be expected. Also some coastal road flooding
and minor pier damage. (**NOAA**. *The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale*.
August 17, 2007 update)

**Hurricane Category 2:** The second of five levels of relative
hurricane intensity on the Saffir/Simpson hurricane scale. A Category 2
hurricane is defined by winds of 96 to 110 MPH, or a storm surge of 6 to
8 feet above normal. This category normally causes some roofing
material, door, and window damage to buildings. Considerable damage to
vegetation, mobile homes, and piers can be expected. Coastal and low
lying escape routes can be expected to flood 2 to 4 hours before arrival
of storm center. Small craft in unprotected anchorages will bread
mooring. (**NOAA**. *The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale*. August 17,
2007 update)

**Hurricane Category 3:** The third of five levels of relative hurricane
intensity on the Saffir/Simpson hurricane scale. A Category 3 hurricane
is defined by winds of 111 to 130 MPH, or a storm surge of 9 to 12 feet
above normal. This category normally does some structural damage to
small residences and utility buildings, with a minor amount of curtain
wall failures. Mobile homes are destroyed. Flooding near the coast can
be expected to destroy smaller structures, with larger structures
damaged by floating debris. Terrain continuously lower than 5 feet above
sea level may be flooded inland as far as 6 miles. (**NOAA**. *The
Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale*. August 17, 2007 update)

**Hurricane Category 4:** The fourth of five levels of relative
hurricane intensity on the Saffir/Simpson hurricane scale. A Category 4
hurricane is defined by winds of 131 to 155 MPH, or a storm surge of 13
to 18 feet above normal. This category normally causes more extensive
curtain wall failures, with some complete roof structure failure on
small residences. Major erosion will occur at beach areas. Major damage
to lower floors of structures near the shore can be expected. Terrain
continuously lower than 10 feet above sea level may be flooded,
requiring massive evacuation of residential areas inland as far as 6
miles. (**NOAA**. *The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale*. August 17, 2007
update)

**Hurricane Category 5:** The severest of five levels of relative
hurricane intensity on the Saffir/Simpson hurricane scale. A Category 5
hurricane is defined by winds greater than 155 MPH, or a storm surge
greater than 18 feet above normal. This category normally causes
complete roof failure on many residential and industrial buildings; some
are blown over or away. Major damage to lower floors of all structures
located less than 15 feet above sea level and within 500 yards of the
shoreline can be expected. Massive evacuation of residential areas on
low ground within 5 to 10 miles of the shoreline may be required.
(**NOAA**. *The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale*. 17Aug07)

**Hurricane Evacuation Studies (HES):** "The National Hurricane Program
(NHP) conducts Hurricane Evacuation Studies (HES) that guide the
decision-making process for protecting the public when a hurricane
threatens an area. These studies help State and local communities
establish evacuation plans by determining:

-   The probable effects of a hurricane

-   Predicting public response to the threat and advisories

-   Identifying appropriate shelters.

Specifically, NHP conducts hazard and vulnerability analyses for coastal
communities considering different types of storm threats. This includes:

-   Assessment of storm surge and wind impacts

-   Existing road and other transportation systems

-   Population (e.g., demographics, behavior analysis)

-   Shelters

This information helps officials determine where individuals are most
likely to go when evacuating from a storm. The NHP assists coastal
communities by developing evacuation zones, which helps determine where
and when the public should be ordered to evacuate as a storm approaches.
This recommendation is negotiated among decision-makers within each
community.

Once the evacuation zones are established, the NHP provides each
community with corresponding evacuation maps and suggested clearance
times for the various types of storm categories. The communities
determine how to utilize these tools and recommendations, in developing
their evacuation plans." (**FEMA**, *NHP*, Dec 2007)

**Hurricane Liaison Team (HLT).** "The HLT is a small team designed to
enhance hurricane disaster response by facilitating information exchange
between the National Hurricane Center in Miami and other National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration components and Federal, State and
local government officials." The HLT is an initial response and
coordination tool deployed by FEMA in conjunction with declared
emergencies and disasters." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework
Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 59)

**Hurricane Season:** "The portion of the year having a relatively high
incidence of hurricanes. The hurricane season in the Atlantic,
Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico runs from June 1 to November 30. The
hurricane season in the Eastern Pacific basin runs from May 15 to
November 30. The hurricane season in the Central Pacific basin runs from
June 1 to November 30." (**NHC**, *Glossary of NHC Terms*, 2007)

**Hurricane Watch:** "A hurricane is possible within 24 to 36 hours.
Stay tuned for additional advisories. Tune to local radio and television
stations for additional information. An evacuation

may be necessary." (**FEMA**, *EM Guide for Business and Industry*,
1993, p. 57)

**Hurricane Watch:** "An announcement for specific coastal areas that
hurricane conditions are possible within 36 hours." (**National
Hurricane Center**, *Glossary of NHC Terms*, 2007)

**Hurricane Warning:** "A warning that sustained winds 64 kt (74 mph or
119 km/hr) or higher associated with a hurricane are expected in a
specified coastal area in 24 hours or less. A hurricane warning can
remain in effect when dangerously high water or a combination of
dangerously high water and exceptionally high waves continue, even
though winds may be less than hurricane force." (**National Hurricane
Center**, *Glossary of NHC Terms*, Sep 10, 2007)

**HVA:** Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis/Assessment. (CA EMSA,
*Hospital Incident Command System Guidebook*, 2006, p. 102)

**HVT:** High Value Target. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, p. 6-1)

**Hydrology:** Science that deals with the waters above and below the
land surfaces of the Earth, their occurrence, circulation and
distribution, both in time and space, their biological, chemical and
physical properties, their reaction with their environment, including
their relation to living beings. (**WMO** 1992, 306)

**Hyogo Framework for Action and the main components of Disaster Risk
Reduction:** "At the World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe,
Japan, in 2005, the international community signed up to a 10-year DRR
strategy, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA).

The HFA sets out three strategic goals and outlines five priorities for
action, which cover the

main areas of DRR. It also suggests important areas for intervention
within each theme." (**Twigg,** *Characteristics of a Disaster-resilient
Community A Guidance Note*, August 2007, p. 4)

**IA:** Individual Assistance, FEMA.

**IAA:** Interagency Agreement. (**DHS**, *NRF Logistics Management
Support Annex*, 2007, p. 3)

**IAB:** Interagency Board. (**DHS**, *Federal Continuity Directive 1*,
Nov 20-07, P-6)

**IAC:** Interagency Advisory Council. (**JCS/DoD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006,
p. vii)

**IACP:** International Association of Chiefs of Police.

**IAP:** Incident Action Plan. (**Dept. Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-3)

**IA-TAC:** Individual Assistance Technical Assistance Contract, FEMA.

**IBC:** International Building Code.

**IBHS:** Institute for Business and Home Safety.

**IC:** Incident Commander, under Incident Command System (ICS).

**ICAF:** Industrial College of the Armed Forces.

**ICAM:** Improved Chemical-Agent Monitor. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, p. B-3)

**ICBM:** Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations
and Definitions*, 1971, p. 2)

**ICC:** Increased Cost of Compliance (NFIP/FEMA). (**FEMA**, *Call for
Issues, 2000*, xxiii)

**ICC:** Interagency Coordinating Committee on Earthquake Hazards
Reduction. (**PL 95-124,** 1977)

**ICC:** International Code Council. (**Financial Services Roundtable**,
*Nation Unprepared*, 2007, 35)

**ICCOH:** Interagency Coordinating Committee on Hurricanes. (**USACE**,
*Information on HES*)

**Ice Storm:** Intense formation of ice on objects by the freezing, on
impact, of rain or drizzle. (**WMO** 1992, 314)

**ICEP:** Incident Communications Emergency Plan. (**FEMA**, *Federal
Interim CONPLAN NMSZ*, December 2007, p. B-2)

**ICEPP:** Incident Communications Emergency Policy & Procedures.

**I-Code:** International Code Council Code.

**ICP:** Incident Command Post. (**Department of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, 1-4)

**ICP:** Information Collection Plan. (**FEMA**, *Federal Interim
Contingency Plan -- Predecisional Draft: NMSZ Catastrophic Earthquake
Response Planning Project*, December 2007, p. 9)

**ICP:** Interim Contingency Plan. (**Maxwel**l, *Report* *to NEMA, Dis.
Op. Cat. Planning*, Nov 2007)

**ICS:** Incident Command System.

**ICS-100: Introduction to ICS:** "Entry level first responders
(including firefighters, police officers, emergency medical services
providers, public works on-scene personnel, public health on-scene
personnel, and other emergency responders) and other emergency personnel
that require an introduction to the basic components of the ICS."
(**FEMA**, *ICS 100 Introduction to Incident Command System*)

**ICT:** Information Communication Technology. (**Palen**, "Citizen
Communication...," 2007, 727)

**ICTAP:** Interoperable Communications Technical Assistance Program.
(**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, 38)

**ICWG:** Interagency Continuity Working Group. (**Kiell**, *Continuity
of Operations* Slide 8, 2005)

**IDP:** Inter-American Development Bank.

**IDMP:** Incident Decision Making Process. (**DHS**, 2007)

**IEMAC:** International Emergency Management Compact. (**Libby**,
*Statement of*, 19July2007, 4)

**IEMC:** Integrated Emergency Management Course, FEMA Emergency
Management Institute.

**IEMS:** Integrated Emergency Management System.

**IFG:** Individual and Family Grant (Program). (**FEMA**, *Call for
Issues Status Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**IFMIS:** Integrated Financial Management Information System.
(**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs*, 2007 Operating Draft, p. 21)

**IFSP:** Integrated Federal Support Plan. (**DHS**, *Interagency
Planning Workshop*, Nov. 29, 2007, 26)

**IG:** Inspector General.

**IG:** Instructor Guide (FEMA, Emergency Management Institute).

**IGO**: Intergovernmental Organization.

**IHP:** Individuals and Households Program, FEMA. (**GAO**, *Natural
Disasters*, Nov 2007, ii)

**III:** Insurance Information Institute.

**IIMG:** Interagency Incident Management Group. (**DHS**, *NRP* (Draft
#1), Feb. 25, 2004, p. 21) Replaced by the Interagency Advisory Council.
(**DHS**, *Notice of Change to the NRP*, 2006, p. 8)

**IM:** Information Management. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-4)

**IMA:** Individual Mobilization Augmentee. (*DOD Dictionary of
Military, Related Terms*, 2007)

**IMAAC:** Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center.
(**MOU**, *IMAAC DHS*)

**Immediate Response (DOD):** "The DOD policy on immediate response
addresses the authority delegated to DOD component or military
commanders to provide immediate assistance to civil authorities to save
lives, prevent human suffering, or mitigate great property damage in the
event of imminently serious conditions resulting from any civil
emergency or attack. Immediate response is situation-specific and may or
may not be associated with a declared or undeclared disaster. The
potentially catastrophic nature of CBRNE incidents would most likely
lead to DOD forces conducting CBRNE CM under immediate response
authority, but there are no policy exceptions or special authorities for
CBRNE CM. A JFC, responding to a SecDef approved DSCA mission and/or
execute order (EXORD), is like any other DOD military commander and may
find the need to exercise his/her immediate response authority with
available forces. This is particularly relevant in the event of a second
terrorist attack or TIM release within the JOA, since trained medical
and specialized CBRNE assessment/response teams are on the scene and
able to rapidly respond to time-sensitive requests from the civil
sector. It is important for commanders to understand that the policy is
limited, restrictive, and conditional. The situation is a bona fide
emergency which overwhelms the ability of civilians to respond and meets
the restrictions criteria within DOD and Service directives. As soon as
practical, the military commander, or responsible official of a DOD
component or agency rendering such assistance, shall report the request,
the nature of the response, and any other pertinent information through
the chain of command to the National Military Command Center, so that
the information is received within a few hours of the local commander's
decision to provide immediate response support. Immediate response
requests in the event of a CBRNE incident may include, but are not
limited to:

1\. Rescue, evacuation, and emergency medical treatment of casualties,
maintenance or restoration of emergency medical capabilities, and
safeguarding the public health.

2\. Emergency clearance of debris, rubble, and explosives ordnance from
public facilities and other areas to permit rescue or movement of people
and restoration of essential services.

3\. Detection, assessment, and containment (initial steps taken to
facilitate emergency evacuation and public awareness warnings).

4\. Roadway movement control and planning.

5\. Emergency restoration of essential public services (including
fire-fighting, water, communications, transportation, power, and fuel).

*For more information on hazard immediate response authority see JP
3-26,* Homeland Security*,*

*and JP 3-28,* Civil Support*.*" (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE Consequence
Management* (JP 3-41), 2006, pp. II-5, II-6 and II-7)

**Impact:** "The effect, acceptable or unacceptable, of an event on an
organization. The types of business impact are usually described as
financial and non-financial and are further divided into specific types
of impact." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business Continuity
Workshop*, 2006, 57)

**Impact:** "Evaluated consequence of a particular outcome." (**ISO
22399**, *Societal Security*, 2007, 3)

**Impact Analysis:** "Process of analyzing all operational functions and
the effect that an operational interruption might have upon them."
(**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, p. 3)

**Impact Analysis:** "Impact Analysis \[Business Impact Analysis
(BIA)\]. A management level analysis that identifies the impacts of
losing the entity's resources." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 7)

"This analysis measures the effect of resource loss and escalating
losses over time in order to provide the entity with reliable data upon
which to base decisions concerning hazard mitigation,

recovery strategies, and continuity planning." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p.
11)

"The impact analysis is a broad description and quantification of a
potential event that can impact an entity. This analysis should give a
clear idea of what hazards are most likely to occur; what entity
facilities, functions, or services are affected based on their
vulnerability to that hazard; what actions will most effectively protect
them; and the potential impact on the entity in quantifiable terms.
Within the impact analysis, the entity should consider the impact
external to its area of influence that can affect the entity's ability
to cope with an emergency. One example is the cascade effects of a
hurricane. Direct impacts can include wind and flood damage. Secondary
impacts can include communications, power, and transportation
disruptions, both inside and outside the direct impact area, and the
potential impact on the entity in quantifiable terms.

**A.5.3.3(3)** In order to maintain continuity of operations, the entity
should identify essential or critical functions and processes, their
recovery priorities, and internal and external interdependencies, so
that recovery time objectives can be set.

**A.5.3.3(7)** An economic and financial impact analysis allows the
quantification of the impacts without considering the cause of the
emergency. This analysis is closely related to the process of
identifying essential or critical functions or processes and helps
decide where to place the emphasis in planning efforts. The analysis
examines potential economic or financial loss resulting from disruption
of the functions, processes, or services over time. The purpose of an
economic and financial impact analysis is to arrive at a general loss
expectancy that demonstrates what is at risk and to guide measures to
mitigate the effects of an emergency....

An impact analysis could include a cost-benefit analysis. The
cost-benefit analysis should not be the overriding factor in
establishing a prevention strategy." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 15)

**Impact Analysis**: "The practice of identifying and evaluating the
negative and positive consequences of disasters on natural and human
systems (i.e., environment, economic, financial, and social). Includes
methodologies and standards for damage and needs assessments.

The benefits of the technique are the identification of linkages between
disaster vulnerability and disaster impact and the ability to then
create measures to reduce vulnerabilities to those disasters.

The limitations of the technique include a reliance on historical
disaster data (limitations as stated in *historical analysis*); the
current focus on post-event impact assessment and not promoting its use
as part of the planning process, although the results can feed into
future planning; and finally the need for social and economic analysis
of disaster impacts." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in Disaster Risk
Assessment*, 2008)

**Improvised Nuclear Devise:** "Nuclear weapons that are fabricated by
an adversary State or terrorist group from illicit nuclear material and
that could produce nuclear explosions." (**Federal Register** (71/4,
3Jan2006), *Protective Action Guides for Radiological Dispersal Device
(RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) Incidents; Notice*, p. 196)

**Improvement Plan:** "The portion of an After Action Report that
converts lessons learned from the exercise or incident response into
concrete, measurable steps that result in improved response
capabilities." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference*,
October 23, 2006, p. 4)

**IMPT:** Incident Management and Planning Team, DHS, National
Operations Center.

**IMS:** Incident Management System. (**Christen**, *An Overview of
IMS*, 2001, 1)

**IMT:** Incident Management Team. (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*,
September 2007, p. 34)

**Incident:** An event, accidentally or deliberately caused, which
requires a response from one or more of the statutory emergency response
agencies. (**Australian Fire Authorities** *Glossary* 1996)

**Incident:** "An occurrence or event, natural or human-caused, that
requires an emergency response to protect life or property. Incidents
can, for example, include major disasters, emergencies, terrorist
attacks, terrorist threats, wildland and urban fires, floods, hazardous
materials spills, nuclear accidents, aircraft accidents, earthquakes,
hurricanes, tornadoes, tropical storms, war-related disasters, public
health and medical emergencies, and other occurrences requiring an
emergency response." (**DHS,** *NIMS***,** 2004, 130; **DHS,** *National
Infrastructure Protection Plan*, 2006, p. 103; **FEMA**, *Mission
Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 53)

**Incident:** "In this document, incidents include actual or potential
emergencies or all-hazard events that range from accidents and natural
disasters to actual or potential terrorist attacks. They include modest
events wholly contained within a single community to others that are
catastrophic in nature and national in their scope or consequences."
(**DHS**, *National Response Framework Comment Draft*, September 2007,
p. 45)

**Incident:** "Any condition that meets the definition of major disaster
or emergency which causes damage or hardship that may result in a
Presidential declaration of a major disaster or an emergency." (**FEMA**
*Disaster Dictionary* 2001, 62-63, citing Title 44 CFR 206.32)

**Incident: "**Under the ICS concept, an incident is an occurrence,
either human-caused or by natural phenomena, that requires action by
emergency service personnel to prevent or minimize loss of life or
damage to property and/or natural resources." (**FEMA** *Disaster
Dictionary* 2001, 62-63, citing National Wildfire Coordinating Group,
Incident Command System, National Training Curriculum, *ICS Glossary*
(PMS 202, NFES #2432), October 1994)

**Incident:** "An actual or impending hazard impact, either human caused
or by natural phenomena, that requires action by emergency personnel to
prevent or minimize loss of life or damage to property and/or natural
resources." (**HHS,** *Medical Surge Capacity and Capability* Handbook,
August 2004, p. D-5, Glossary)

**Incident:** "Event that might be, or could lead to, an operational
interruption, disruption, loss, emergency or crisis." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security*..., 2007, p. 3)

**Incident:** "An emergency involving the release or potential release
of a hazardous material, with or without fire." (**NFPA 471**, 1997, p.
9)

**Incident:** A minor situation. (**Oxford Canadian Dictionary**, 1998)

**Incident: "**An occurrence either human-caused or natural phenomenon,
that requires action or support by emergency service personnel to
prevent or minimize loss of life or damage to property and/or natural
resources." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-10; **DHS**,
*Lexicon*, 2007, p. 12)

**Incident Action Plan (IAP):** "Incident action plans (IAPs) provide a
coherent means of communicating the overall incident objectives in the
contexts of both operational and support activities." (**DHS**,
*National Incident Management System*, March 2004, p. 10)

"Under UC \[Unified Command, ICS/NIMS\] the IAP is developed by the
Planning Section Chief and is approved by the UC. A single individual,
the Operations Section Chief, directs the tactical implementation of the
IAP. The Operations Section Chief will normally come from the agency
with the greatest jurisdictional involvement. UC participants will agree
on the designation of the Operations Section Chief." (**DHS**, *NIMS*,
2004, p. 15)

**Incident Action Plan (IAP):** "Contains objectives reflecting the
overall incident strategy, specific tactical actions and supporting
information for the next operational period. The Plan may be oral or
written. When written, the Plan may have a number of forms as
attachments (e.g., traffic plan, safety plan, communications plan, map,
etc.)." (**DHS**, *NRP*, Feb 25, 2004, p. 75)

**Incident Action Plan (IAP):** "A clear, concise IAP template is
essential to guide the initial incident management decision process and
the continuing collective planning activities of incident management
teams. The planning process should provide the following:

-   current information that accurately describes the incident situation
    and resource status;

-   predictions of the probable course of events;

-   alternative strategies to attain critical incident objectives; and

-   an accurate, realistic IAP for the next operational period.

Five primary phases should be followed in sequence to ensure a
comprehensive IAP. These phases are designed to enable the
accomplishment of incident objectives within a specified time. The IAP
must provide clear strategic direction and include a comprehensive
listing of the tactics, resources, reserves, and support required to
accomplish each overarching incident objective. The comprehensive IAP
will state the sequence of events in a coordinated way for achieving
multiple incident objectives. However, the IAP is a living document
prepared based on the best available information at the time of the
planning meeting. Planning meetings should not be delayed in
anticipation of future information.... The five primary phases in the
planning process are:

-   to understand the situation;

-   establish incident objectives and strategy;

-   develop the plan;

-   prepare and disseminate the plan; and

-   execute, evaluate, and revise the plan."

(**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft),
August 2007, p. 120)

**Incident Action Plan (IAP):** "A verbal plan, written plan, or
combination of both, that is updated throughout the incident and
reflects the overall incident strategy, tactics, risk management, and
member safety that are developed by the incident commander." (**NFPA
1600**, 2007, pp. 7-8)

**Incident Action Plan (IAP): "**An oral or written plan containing
general objectives reflecting the overall strategy for managing an
incident. It may include the identification of operational resources and
assignments. It may also include attachments that provide direction and
important information for management of the incident during one or more
operational periods." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook* 2006 Glossary 25-10)

**Incident Advisory Council (IAC):** The replacement to the precious
IIMG (Interagency Incident Management Group, which was reorganized and
renamed to the IAC, while retaining the functions of the IIMG).
(**DHS**, *Notice of Change to the NRP*, May 25, 2006, p. 8; and
**DHS**, *Cyber Storm Exercise Report*, September 12, 2006, p. 1)

**Incident Advisory Council (IAC):** "The IAC is a tailored group of
senior Federal interagency representatives that adjudicates matters that
cannot be resolved by the NOC-NRCC and provides strategic advice to the
Secretary of Homeland Security during an actual or potential incident
requiring Federal coordination. Activated at the discretion of the
Secretary of Homeland Security, or his representative, the core group of
the IAC includes representatives from Federal departments and agencies,
DHS components, and other organizations as required. Affected States may
be represented on the IAC either through the DHS Office of State and
Local Government Coordination (OSLGC) or, if needed, through a State
liaison to the IAC. For advice concerning affected critical
infrastructures, the IAC may draw upon advice from the CIPAC." (**DHS**,
*Notice of Change to the NRP*, May 25, 2006, p. 11)

**Incident Annexes:** "The *Incident Annexes* describe how the Framework
\[NRF\] is applied to various types of incidents and the unique
incident-specific aspects of that response. Specifically, the Incident
Annexes describe incident-specific policies and procedures for
biological, cyber, food and agriculture and nuclear/radiological
incidents, for incidents involving mass evacuation, and for terrorism
incident law enforcement and investigation, and for catastrophic
incidents." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, 71)

**Incident Base (ICS):** "An Incident Base is the location at which
primary support activities are conducted. A single incident base is
established to house all equipment and personnel support operations. The
Logistics Section, which orders all resources and supplies, is also
located at this base. The Incident Base should be designed to be able to
support operations at multiple incident sites." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004,
ICS Annex, p. 95)

**Incident Command: "**Responsible for overall management of the
incident and consists of the Incident Commander, either single or
unified command, and any assigned supporting staff." (**FEMA**, *NIMS*
(FEMA 501/Draft), 2007, p. 152)

**Incident Command Post (ICP):** Under the Incident Command System, "At
the tactical level, on-scene incident command and management
organization are located at an Incident Command Post**,** which is
typically comprised of local and mutual aid responders. When multiple
command authorities are involved, the Incident Command Post may be led
by a *unified command comprised of officials who have jurisdictional
authority or functional responsibility for the incident under an
appropriate law, ordinance or agreement.* The unified command provides
direct, on-scene control of tactical operations." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment
Draft*, 2007, p. 48)

**Incident Command Post (ICP):** "The field location at which the
primary tactical-level, on-scene incident command functions are
performed. The ICP may be collocated with the incident base or other
incident facilities." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 29-11)

**Incident Command System (ICS):** The combination of facilities,
equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a
common organizational structure with responsibility for management of
assigned resources to effectively direct and control the response to an
incident. Intended to expand as the situation requires greater resources
without requiring new, reorganized, command structures.

**Incident Command System (ICS):** "The ICS is a management system
designed to enable effective and efficient domestic incident management
by integrating a combination of facilities, equipment, personnel,
procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational
structure, designed to enable effective and efficient domestic incident
management. A basis premise of ICS is that it is widely applicable. It
is used to organize both near-term and long-term field-level operations
for a broad spectrum of emergencies, from small to complex incidents,
both natural or manmade. ICS is used by all levels of government --
Federal, State, local, and tribal -- as well as by many private-sector
and nongovernmental organizations. ICS is also applicable across
disciplines. It is normally structured to facilitate activities in five
major functional areas: command, operations, planning, logistics, and
finance and administration." (**DHS**, *National Incident Management
System*, March 2004, p. 7)

According to NIMS (2004), beneficial characteristics of ICS are:

-   ICS is Modular and Scalable.

    -   Suitable for operations within a single jurisdiction or single
        agency, a single jurisdiction with multiagency involvement, or
        multiple jurisdictions with multiagency involvement;

    -   Applicable and acceptable to users throughout the country;

    -   Readily adaptable to new technology;

    -   Adaptable to any emergency or incident to which domestic
        incident management agencies would be expected to respond; and

    -   Have a scalable organizational structure that is based on the
        size and complexity of the incident.

-   ICS Has Interactive Manageme4nt Components

-   ICS Establishes Common Terminology, Standards, and Procedures that
    Enable Diverse Organizations to Work Together Effectively.

-   ICS Incorporates Measurable Objectives.

-   The Implementation of ICS Should Have the Least Possible Disruption
    on Existing Systems and Processes.

-   ICS Should be User Friendly and be Applicable Across a Wide Spectrum
    of Emergency Response and Incident Management Disciplines. (**DHS,**
    *NIMS*, 2004, pp. 8-9)

**Incident Command System (ICS):** "A standardized on-scene emergency
management concept specifically designed to allow its user(s) to adopt
an integrated organizational structure equal to the complexity and
demands of single or multiple incidents without being hindered by
jurisdictional boundaries. The national standard for ICS is provided by
NIMS." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004,
p. 75 (Glossary))

**Incident Command System (ICS):** "A standardized organizational
structure used to command, control, and coordinate the use of resources
and personnel that have responded to the scene of an emergency. The
concepts and principles for ICS include common terminology, modular
organization, integrated communication, unified command structure,
consolidated action plan, manageable span of control, designated
incident facilities, and comprehensive resource management." (**FEMA**,
*Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning*, 1996, GLO-7)

**Incident Command System (ICS):** "A multi-discipline,
multi-jurisdictional command system in which the responsibilities and
duties of those persons holding key positions within the command
structure have been designated by formal agreement and a system which is
capable of expanding or shrinking as the situation warrants." **(FEMA**
*IEMC Terrorism*, 11-5)

**Incident Command System (ICS):** "A standardized on-scene emergency
management construct specifically designed to provide for the adoption
of an integrated organizational structure that reflects the complexity
and demands of single or multiple incidents, without being hindered by
jurisdictional boundaries. ICS is the combination of facilities,
equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a
common organizational structure, designed to aid in the management of
resources during incidents. It is used for all kinds of emergencies and
is applicable to small as well as large and complex incidents. ICS is
used by various jurisdictions and functional agencies, both public and
private, to organize field-level incident management operations."
(**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft), 2007,
p. 152)

**Incident Command System (ICS):** "...a component of an overall
incident management system." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 11)

**Incident Command System (ICS):** A standardized on-scene emergency
management concept specifically designed to allow it's users to adopt an
integrated organizational structure equal to the complexity and demands
of single or multiple incidents, without being hindered by
jurisdictional boundaries. (**NWCG** 1994)

**Incident Command System (ICS): "**A standardized on-scene emergency
management concept specifically designed to allow its user(s) to adopt
an integrated organizational structure equal to the complexity and
demands of single or multiple incidents, without being hindered by
jurisdictional boundaries" (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary
25-11)

**Incident Command System (ICS):** "Our current system for incident
command has five major functional areas: command, operations, planning,
logistics, and finance and administration. Although a sixth area --
intelligence -- is currently applied on an *ad hoc* basis, we must
institutionalize this area throughout our new approach in support of
preven­tion and protection activities." (**White House**, *National
Strategy for Homeland Security*, October 2007, p. 46)

**Incident Command System (ICS) Core Concepts and Principles (for DHS
Purposes):** "ICS in DHS -- Concepts and Principles \-- The core
concepts and principles of the ICS as taught by DHS and as defined in
the NIMS Document and consistent with the National Wildfire Coordinating
Group (NWCG) incorporate the following components:

-   The overwhelming majority of incidents nationwide are typically
    handled by a single jurisdiction. Most responses need go no further.
    In other instances the response may rapidly expand requiring
    additional resources and operational support. Whether for incidents
    which additional resources are required or are provided from
    different organizations within a single jurisdiction or outside the
    jurisdiction, or for complex incidents with state-level or
    national-level implications, the ICS provides a core mechanism for
    coordinated and collaborative incident management.

-   The NIMS requires that field command and management functions be
    performed in accordance with a standard set of ICS organizations,
    doctrine, and procedures. However, the incident commanders generally
    retain the flexibility to modify procedures or organizational
    structure as necessary to accomplish the mission.

-   ICS is modular and scalable and is readily adaptable to any
    emergency or incident to which domestic incident management agencies
    would be expected to respond.

-   ICS has interactive management components that set the stage for
    effective and efficient incident management and emergency response.

-   ICS establishes common terminology, standards, and procedures that
    enable diverse organizations to work together effectively.

-   ICS incorporates measurable objectives to ensure fulfillment of
    incident management goals.

-   The implementation of ICS should have the least possible disruption
    on existing systems and processes

-   The ICS should be user friendly and be applicable across a wide
    spectrum of emergency response and incident management disciplines."
    (**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System National Standard
    Curriculum Training Development Guidance*, October 2005, p. 7)

**Incident Command System (ICS) Management Characteristics (14): "**ICS
is based upon 14 Management Characteristics:

Common Terminology

Modular Organization

Management by Objectives

Incident Action Planning

Manageable Span of Control

Incident Facilities and Location

Comprehensive Resource Management

Integrated Communications

Establishment and Transfer of Command

Chain of Command and Unity of Command

Unified Command

Accountability

Dispatch/Deployment

Information and Intelligence Management" (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA
501/Draft), 2007, pp. 45-47)

**Incident Command System (ICS) Organization:**

-   Command

-   Operations

-   Planning

-   Logistics

-   Finance/Administration (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 13)

**Incident Commander (IC):** "The **Incident Commander** is the
individual responsible for all incident response activities, including
the development of strategies and tactics and the ordering and release
of resources. The Incident Commander has overall authority and
responsibility for conducting incident operations and is responsible for
the management of all incident operations at the incident site."
(**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, 48)

**Incident Commander (IC):** ICS term for the person, usually from the
local jurisdiction, who is responsible for overall management of an
incident. On most incidents, the command activity is carried out by a
single IC. The IC may be assisted by a deputy from the same agency or
from an assisting agency. (**FEMA**, *Urban Search and Rescue Response
System* *Field Ops Guide* 1993)

**Incident Commander (IC):** "The person responsible for all decisions
relating to the management of the incident. The incident commander is in
charge of the incident site. This term is equivalent to the on-scene
incident commander." (**NFPA 471**, 1997, p. 9)

**Incident Commander (IC):** "The individual responsible for all
incident activities, including the development of strategies and tactics
and the ordering and release of resources. The IC has overall authority
and responsibility for conducting incident operations and is responsible
for the management of all incident operations at the incident site. (See
also: Unified Command)." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-10)

**Incident Communications Emergency Policy & Procedures (ICEPP):**
"...provides detailed guidance to Federal incident communicators on
activities to be initiated in conjunction with incidents requiring a
coordinated Federal response. It is applicable to all Federal
departments and agencies responding under the *NRF*. The ICEPP
establishes mechanisms to prepare and deliver coordinated and sustained
messages regarding these incidents, and provides for prompt Federal
acknowledgement of an incident and communication of emergency
information to the public during incident management operations."
(**DHS**, *Overview: ESF and Support Annexes Coordinating Federal
Assistance In Support of the National Framework* (Draft), Sep.2007, 53)

**Incident Complex:** "An Incident Complex refers to two or more
individual incidents located in the same general area that are assigned
to a single IC or UC. When an Incident Complex is established over
several individual incidents, the general guideline is that the
previously identified incidents would become Branches within the
Operations Section of the IMT." (**FEMA**, *National Incident Management
System* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 60)

**Incident Decision Making Process (IDMP):** The IDMP is the employment
of NPES \[National Planning and Execution System\] in response to an
actual threat or incident. It creates courses of action that achieve
objectives for specific incidents. (**DHS**, 2007)

**Incident Information:** "While timely information is valuable, it also
can be overwhelming. We must be able to identify what is required to
assist deci­sion makers and then rapidly summarize and prioritize the
information we receive from multiple reporting systems. In order to be
successful, our new approach to incident management also must have an
information management system that integrates key information and
defines national information requirements." (**White House**, *National
Strategy for Homeland Security*, October 2007, p. 47)

**Incident Joint Information Center (JIC):** "A virtual JIC is
established when a physical co-location is not feasible. It connects
PIOs through e-mail, cell/land-line phones, faxes, video

teleconferencing, web-based information systems, etc. For a pandemic
incident where PIOs at different locations communicate and coordinate
public information electronically, it may be appropriate to establish a
virtual JIC." (**FEMA**, *Basic Guidance for PIOs*, Nov 2007, 16)

**Incident Management**: "The organized process of responding to an
emergency event (or incident), protecting lives (human and animal) from
further harm, and creating a safe environment for restoring order to
critical infrastructures." "Good (i.e. effective) IM answers the four
big questions of emergency response: (1) Who is in charge? (2) How are
we going to respond? (3) What resources are available? And (4) How are
we going to pay for the response." (**Biby** 2005, 62)

**Incident Management:** "Definition: the management and coordination of
prevention, protection, and emergency management activities associated
with a specific threat, or an actual occurrence." (**DHS**, *Lexicon:
Terms and Definitions*, October 23, 2007, p. 13)

### Incident Management: "...the three phases of incident management \[are\]: *prepare, respond* and *recover*." (DHS, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, p. 25) "Preparedness is discussed in the *National Response Plan* thusly: "the *NRP* focuses on those *activities that are directly related to an evolving incident or potential incident* rather than *steady-state preparedness or readiness activities* conducted in the absence of a specific threat or hazard." (DHS, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, 26)

**Incident Management:** "The process by which an organization responds
to and controls an incident using Emergency Response Procedures."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006,
57)

**Incident Management:** "The broad spectrum of activities and
organizations providing effective and efficient operations,
coordination, and support applied at all levels of government, utilizing
both governmental and nongovernmental resources to plan for, respond to,
and recover from an incident, regardless of cause, size, or complexity."
(**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft), 2007,
p. 152)

**Incident Management:** "A national comprehensive approach to
preventing, preparing for, responding to, and recovering from terrorist
attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. Incident management
includes measures and activities performed at the local, state, and
national levels and includes both crisis and consequence management
activities." (**JCS/DoD**, Civil *Support* (JP 3-28), 2007, p. GL-9;
*DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Incident Management:** "HSPD-5states that the US Government shall
establish a single, comprehensive approach to domestic incident
management that treats CrM and CM as a single integrated function.
Incident management includes measures and activities performed at the
national level and includes crisis and consequence management
activities. The overarching policy of incident management can be thought
of in two overlapping phases, crisis and consequence management."
(**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. IV-7)

**Incident Management:** "...the response to a major event or
emergency..." (**Joint Commission**, *Standing Together*, 2005, p. 4)

**Incident Management:** "The entity shall develop an incident
management system to direct, control, and coordinate response and
recovery operations." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, 10)

**Incident Management:** "(g) Incident Management.  The Assistant to the
President for Homeland Security shall be the individual primarily
responsible for coordinating the domestic response efforts of all
departments and agencies in the event of an imminent terrorist threat
and during and in the immediate aftermath of a terrorist attack within
the United States and shall be the principal point of contact for and to
the President with respect to coordination of such efforts\...."
(**White House**, *EO 13228*, *Establishing Office of Homeland
Security*, Oct. 8, 2001)

**Incident Management (Versus Response):** "The homeland security
community has used the terms "incident management" and "response" in
complementary and occasionally interchangeable manners. Within this
*Strategy*, "response" refers to actions taken in the immediate
aftermath of an incident to save lives, meet basic human needs, and
reduce the loss of property. "Incident management," however, is a
broader concept that refers to how we manage incidents and mitigate
consequences across all homeland security activities, including
prevention, protection, and re­sponse and recovery. (**White House**,
*National Strategy for Homeland Security*, Homeland Security Council,
October 2007, p. 31)

**Incident Management Assist Team (IMAT):** "In coordination with the
RRCC \[Regional Response Coordination Center\], FEMA may deploy an IMAT.
IMATs are interagency teams composed of subject-matter experts and
incident management professionals. IMAT personnel may be drawn from
national or regional Federal department and agency staff according to
pre-established protocols. IMAT teams make preliminary arrangements to
set up Federal field facilities and initiate establishment of the JFO."
(**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, pp. 48, 59)

-   **Incident Management Assistance Team (IMAT:** "The Post-Katrina
    Emergency Management Reform Act (PKEMRA) of 2006 required FEMA to
    "establish 3 or more national emergency response teams, sufficient
    regional response teams and any other response teams...and ensure
    that target capability levels are established for Federal emergency
    response teams."

-   FEMA is establishing 3 National Incident Management Assistance Teams
    (IMAT) with 26 fulltime staff, and 10 Regional IMATs that will be
    staffed with 15 fulltime personnel.

-   The IMATs will subsume the existing FIRST and ERT missions and
    capabilities and will represent the highest level of Incident
    Command System (ICS) expertise in FEMA.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   The primary missions of the IMAT are to rapidly deploy to an
    incident or incident-threatened venue (within 12 hours), provide
    leadership in the identification and provision of Federal
    assistance, improve situational awareness, and coordinate the
    integrated inter-jurisdictional response in support of the affected
    State(s) or territories. IMATs will be designed to:

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Establish command, control, communications and coordination (C4)
    with a State.

-   Support local governments in all-hazard planning and command and
    control.

-   Task other federal agencies through unity of effort in emergency
    response activities.

-   Provide broad-based expertise in all emergency management functional
    areas of the National Response Framework (NRF).

-   Execute Stafford Act authorities and FEMA missions to direct the
    support, integration and coordination of federal resources.

-   Be self-sufficient for a minimum of 48 hours so as not to drain
    local resources." (**FEMA**, *NEMA Initiatives and Issues From the
    Disaster Operations Directorate*, August, 20, 2007, p. 8)

**Incident Management Plan:** "Clearly defined and documented plan of
action for use at the time of an incident or disruption, typically
covering the key personnel, resources, services and actions needed to
implement the incident management process." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security*..., 2007, p. 3)

**Incident Management Planning Team (DHS):** "DHS, supported by a wide
range of interagency resources, has established an interagency Incident
Management Planning Team that will be a nucleus around
which...interagency planning work will be drafted for wider review and,
ultimately, for incorporation into the \[NRF\] Resource Center."
(**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft,* 2007, p. 76)

**Incident Management Planning Team (DHS):** "In August of 2006, the
Secretary \[DHS\] directed the creation of the Interagency Incident
Management Planning Team (IMPT)...The mission of the IMPT is to provide
national-level contingency and crisis-action incident management
planning through a collaborative, interagency process. The IMPT's
planning focus is designed to be at the strategic level, whereas FEMA's
planning focus is at the operational level, as laid out in the Post
Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act. The IMPT comprises two
components: (1) a core group of 15 full-time planning representatives
from key DHS elements (e.g., FEMA, TSA, CBP, Coast Guard, I&A, as well
as other key interagency members (e.g., DoD, DOJ/FBI, HHS, DOE, EPA,
DOT, and the American Red Cross); and (2) an 'on-call' staff of 38
planners that includes other members from both DHS and the interagency
community. Each member assigned to the IMPT has undergone a robust
training program to prepare each of them for their planning
responsibilities.

"The IMPT's initial actions have focused on the development of national,
strategic interagency concept plans (CONPLANS) that address each of the
15 National Planning Scenarios. These all-threats and all-hazards
scenarios include nuclear, chemical, biological, natural disaster, and
cyber incidents....Each plan developed by the IMPT identifies the
actions that individual departments and agencies, including DoD, will
take in the event a given scenario were to occur. A critical function of
the IMPT is to identify the national level commitments of the entire
interagency in one comprehensive document. This effort serves two
distinct purposes: First, it facilitates the ability of the Secretary to
fulfill his coordination responsibilities under HSPD-5 by providing
awareness of the individual capabilities that a specific agency plans to
deliver; and (2) it identifies existing seams and gaps that exist within
the interagency for a particular scenario." (**DHS**, *Statement of VADM
Roger Ruff*, July 19, 2007, pp. 2-3)

**Incident Management Planning Team (DHS): "**There are many ways that
preparedness directly affects response - though few are as important as
planning. The draft NRF states that operational planners from multiple
agencies have been assigned to the IMPT - an interagency group managed
by the Department\'s Director of Operations Coordination - to develop
strategic guidance and plans for the 15 National Planning Scenarios. The
draft NRF assigns FEMA the responsibility to conduct operational
planning to support these strategic plans. This construct raises
important issues that the Department must clarify in the final NRF: what
is FEMA\'s role with respect to the strategic guidance and plans being
developed by the IMPT, and how does the draft NRF ensure that those
strategic plans will be consistent with FEMA\'s operational plans?
Perhaps more importantly, how does this construct ensure that the
Department does not repeat the same mistakes it made prior to Hurricane
Katrina when it split preparedness from response?" (**Lieberman**,
*Letter to DHS Secretary Chertoff*, October 22, 2007)

**Incident Management Planning Team (DHS) CONPLAN Development Process:**

-   Six step process for each Concept Plan (CONPLAN)

    -   CONPLAN Development

    -   Interagency Action Officer Review

    -   Feedback/Adjudication

    -   DRG Review

    -   Feedback/Adjudication

    -   CONPLAN Approval

-   Each step conducted using a collective interagency focus

-   Two formal reviews

    -   Action Officer

    -   Domestic Readiness Group (DRG)

-   Plan refinement continues after the plan is reviewed." (**DHS**,
    *IWG*, Nov. 29, 2007, 33)

**Incident Management Planning Team (DHS) Mission:** "To provide
contingency and crisis-action incident management planning in support of
the Department of Homeland Security's national level domestic incident
management responsibilities articulated in the Homeland Security Act of
2002 and HSPD-5." (**DHS**, *Interagency Planning Workshop*, Nov. 29,
2007, 29)

**Incident Management Planning Team (DHS) Plans:**

National Planning Scenarios (NPS)

-   10 KT Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)

-   Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD)

-   Pandemic Influenza

-   Improvised Explosive Device

-   Hurricane/Typhoon

Related Plans and Planning Documents

-   National Planning and Execution System

-   Pandemic Influenza Border Management Concept Plan (CONPLAN)

-   Planning 'Playbooks'

-   Planning Checklists

-   Planning Decision Support Templates" (**DHS**, *Interagency Planning
    Workshop*, November 29, 2007, slide #32)

**Incident Management Planning Team (DHS) Strategic Planning:**

-   Focus is Federal roles and responsibilities at the *Strategic Level*

-   Developed using the NPES (standard planning process and format)

-   Identifies the specific Federal roles and responsibilities to
    coordinate the Federal response to a specific national level
    domestic incident

-   Establishes the framework to facilitate planning at the operational
    level (e.g., Department/Agency Supporting plans)

-   Does not change existing authorities nor grant new authorities."
    (**DHS**, *Interagency Planning Workshop*, November 29, 2007, slide
    \# 31)

**Incident Management Principles and Requirements:**

> Incident Command System
>
> Unified Command
>
> Crisis Action Planning Resources
>
> Situational Awareness
>
> Prioritization of Information
>
> Multi-Agency Coordination Centers
>
> Skilled Leaders and Partners
>
> Training and Exercises

(**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, October
2007, p. 46)

**Incident Management System:** "IMS is a generic term for the design of
ad hoc emergency management teams that coordinate the efforts of more
than one agency under a unified command. It is a functionally based
organizational template that facilitates information flow,

decision-making, and operational coordination. The basic idea is that an
incident commander or a unified command team is responsible for the
successful resolution of the emergency through a process of authority
delegation and coordination among many participating agencies. IMS
emphasizes joint problem solving to meet the needs of the emergency
situation. What makes

the system distinctive is that it creates a clear chain of authority
that can quickly orchestrate collaborative operations by diverse
organizations that have had little or no previous operational
relationships." (**Christen**, *An Overview of IMS*, 2001, p. 1)

**Incident Management System:** "An organized system of roles,
responsibilities, and standard operating procedures used to manage and
direct emergency operations. Such systems are sometimes referred to as
incident command systems (ICS)." (**NFPA 471**, 1997, p. 9)

**Incident Management System: "**A system that defines the roles and
responsibilities to be assumed by personnel and the operating procedures
to be used in the management and direction of emergency incidents and
other functions." (**NFPA 1561**, 2002, p. 8)

**Incident Management System:** "The combination of facilities,
equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a
common organizational structure, designed to aid in the management of
resources during incidents.\" (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, 8)

"5.9.2 The incident management system shall describe specific
organizational roles, titles, and responsibilities for each incident
management function.

5.9.3 The entity shall establish applicable procedures and policies for
coordinating response, continuity, and recovery activities with
stakeholders directly involved in response, continuity, and recovery
operations.

5.9.4 The entity shall establish applicable procedures and policies for
coordinating response, continuity, and recovery activities with
appropriate authorities and resources, including activation and
deactivation of plans, while ensuring compliance with applicable
statutes or regulations. Emergency operations/response shall be guided
by an incident action plan or management by objectives." (**NFPA 1600**,
2007, p.10)

"An incident management system is designed to enable effective and
efficient domestic incident management by integrating a combination of
facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications
operating within a common organizational structure. It is normally
structured to facilitate activities in five major functional areas:
command, operations, planning, logistics, and finance and
administration." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, 17)

Incident Management System Standard Organization:

> Operations Section
>
> Planning Section
>
> Logistics Section
>
> Finance and Administration Section (DHS, *NRF Comment Draft*,
> September 2007, p. 61)

**Incident Management Tasks:** "This level includes resource management
and support tasks. Tasks may be prior to the incident, such as
preparation and prevention tasks, or after the incident. These tasks are
typically performed by a mayor, city manager, a city council, or
Emergency Operations Center (EOC). This level includes the support
systems that facilitate prevention and

response. These activities include the support of incident management
policies, facilitation

of logistic support and resource tracking, resource allocation
decisions, and coordination of

incident-related information." (**DHS**, *Universal Task List 2.0*,
December 2005, p. 48)

**Incident Management Team (IMT):** "An Incident Management Team (IMT)
is an incident command organization made up of the Command and General
Staff members and other appropriate personnel in an ICS organization and
can be deployed or activated, as needed. National, State, and some local
IMTs have formal certification and qualification, notification,
deployment, and operational procedures in place. In other cases, ad hoc
IMTs are formed at an incident or for specific events. The level of
training and experience of the IMT members, coupled with the identified
formal response requirements and responsibilities of the IMT, are
factors in determining the "type," or level, of IMT." (**FEMA**, *NIMS*
Draft, August 2007, p. 60)

**Incident Management Team (IMT): "**An IC and the appropriate Command
and General Staff personnel assigned to an incident. The level of
training and experience of the IMT members, coupled with the identified
formal response requirements and responsibilities of the IMT, are
factors in determining "type," or level, of IMT."

**Incident Management Team (IMT):** "The Incident Commander and
appropriate Command and General Staff personnel assigned to an
incident." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-11)

**Incident Management Team (IMT) Types:**

"Type V IMTs are a "pool" of primarily fire officers from several
neighboring departments, trained to serve in Command and General Staff
positions during the first 6-12 hours from a major or complex incident
and possibly transition to a Type IV or Type III IMT." (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 206)

"Type IV IMTs are designated teams of fire, EMS, and/or law enforcement
officers from a region or single jurisdiction (city or county),
activated to manage a major or complex incident during the first 6-12
hours and possibly transition to a Type III IMT. Capable of functioning
in an incident management function that may involve resources from
multiple agencies from the discovery of and arrival at an incident up to
and including a full operational period as defined by the agency or
jurisdiction."

**"**Type III IMTs are standing teams of trained personnel from
different departments, organizations, agencies, and jurisdictions within
a State or metropolitan region, deployed within a State or region to
manage or support incident management at incidents that extend beyond
one operational period and possibly transition to a Type II or Type I
IMT. Capable of functioning in an incident management function that
involves resources from multiples agencies and jurisdictions from local
to Federal levels for multiples operational periods."

"Type II IMTs are Federally or State-certified standing team comprised
of up to approximately 38 members qualified and certified through the
National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) qualification process. A
Type II IMT may be self-contained and is typically deployed to incidents
of regional significance. Capable of functioning in an incident
management function that involves utilization of significant numbers of
State and Federal-level resources."

"Type I Incident Management Teams (IMTs) are Federally or
State-certified standing teams comprised of approximately 38 members
qualified and certified through the NWCG qualification process. A Type I
IMT is the most robust IMT with the most experience; is fully equipped
and self-contained and is typically deployed to catastrophic events.
Capable of functioning in an incident management function that involves
utilization of significant numbers of Federal-level resources."
(**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 205)

**Incident Objectives:** "Statements of guidance and direction necessary
for selecting appropriate strategy(s) and the tactical direction of
resources. Incident objectives are based on realistic expectations of
what can be accomplished when all allocated resources have been
effectively deployed. Incident objectives must be achievable and
measurable, yet flexible enough to allow strategic and tactical
alternatives." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, pp.130-131)

**Incident Objectives:** "Statements of guidance and direction necessary
for the selection of appropriate strategies, and the tactical direction
of resources. Tactical incident objectives address the tactical response
issues while management incident objectives address the incident
management issues. Tactical incident objectives are based on realistic
expectations of what can be accomplished when all allocated resources
have been effectively deployed. Incident objectives must be achievable
and measurable, yet flexible enough to allow for strategic and tactical
alternatives." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-12)

**Incident of National Significance. "**Based on criteria established in
HSPD-5 (paragraph 4), an actual or potential high-impact event that
requires a coordinated and effective response by an appropriate
combination of Federal, State, local, tribal, non-governmental, and/or
private sector entities in order to save lives and minimize damage, and
provide the basis for long-term community recovery and mitigation
activities. (**DHS**, *NPG*, December 2005 Draft, p. A-1; cites:
**DHS**, *NRP*, December 2004)

**Incident of National Significance: "**An actual or potential
high-impact event that requires a coordinated and effective response by
and appropriate combination of Federal, state, local, tribal,
nongovernmental, and/or private-sector entities in order to save lives
and minimize damage, and provide the basis for long-term community
recovery and mitigation activities." (**DoD**, DOD *Dictionary of
Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Incident of National Significance:** "For the purpose of this plan,
incidents that require DHS operational and/or resource coordination are
termed **Incidents of National Significance** (also referred to as
nationally significant incidents or national incidents in this plan).
DHS establishes reporting requirements and conducts ongoing
communications with Federal, State, local, tribal, and private sector
and non- governmental organizations to maintain situational awareness,
analyze threats and assess national implications of potential or actual
incidents. Incidents of National Significance requiring DHS action can
include the following:

1.  1\. Credible threats, indications of terrorism or acts of terrorism
    within the United States;

    2\. Major disasters or emergencies as defined under the Robert T.
    Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended,
    to include hurricanes, tornadoes, storms, earthquakes, fires, flood,
    or explosion regardless of cause; or any other occasion or instance
    for which the President determines that Federal assistance is needed
    to supplement State, local and tribal efforts to save lives and to
    protect property and public health and safety;

    3\. Catastrophic incidents, which, for the purposes of the NRP, are
    any natural or manmade incidents, including terrorism that leaves
    extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage, and disruption
    severely affecting the population, infrastructure, environment,
    economy, and government functions. A catastrophic event results in
    sustained national impacts over a prolonged period of time; exceeds
    resources normally available in the local, State, Federal, and
    private sectors; and significantly interrupts governmental
    operations and emergency services to such an extent that national
    security could be threatened; or

    4\. Unique situations that may require involvement of the Secretary
    of Homeland Security to aid in coordination of incident management
    efforts."

(**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, pp.
4-5)

**Incident of National Significance:** "An actual or potential
high-impact event that requires robust coordination of the Federal
response in order to save lives and minimize damage, and provide the
basis for long-term community and economic recovery." (**National Search
and Rescue Committee**, *National Search and Rescue Plan of the United
States*, 2007, p. 1)

**Incident of National Significance (INS):** "An actual or potential
high-impact event that requires a coordinated and effective response by
an appropriate combination of Federal, State, local, tribal,
nongovernmental, and/or private-sector entities in order to save lives
and minimize damage and provide the basis for long-term community
recovery and mitigation activities." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006,
Glossary 25-11/12)

**Incident Officer:** "When the damage caused by enemy action at a
specific location is so extensive that a number of services, such as
fire, police, medical, and rescue, may be required, and where there
might be confusion unless some one in authority exercises coordination
and control, the local Director of Civil Defense would dispatch to the
incident a representative designated as Incident Officer. At the scene
of the incident he would exercise coordination and control over the
separate services to the same extent that the Director would exercise if
he were present. He would not direct the technical services but he would
coordinate their activities." (**OCDP**, *Hopley Report*, 1948, 248)

**Incident Operating Systems (IOS):** "IOS provide a mechanism of
reviewing preparations or execution of incident response in specific
categories to ensure a coordinated Federal response to any Incident of
National Significance. Critical to this review is the synchronization
and coordination activities within each IOS. The Department's seven IOS
include:

-   Domestic Counter-Terrorism/Law Enforcement.

-   Border, Maritime and Transportation Security.

-   Critical Infrastructure Protection.

-   Medical/Public Health.

-   Emergency Response and Recovery.

-   Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Detection/Preparedness.

-   Risk Communication and Preparedness." (**DHS**, 2007)

**Incident Period**: "The time interval during which the
disaster-causing incident occurs. No Federal assistance under the
Stafford Act shall be approved unless the damage or hardship to be
alleviated resulted from the disaster-causing incident that took place
during the incident period or was in anticipation of that incident. The
incident period is established by FEMA in the FEMA/State agreement, and
is published in the Federal Register." (**FEMA**, *Mission Statement
SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 53)

**Incident Phases** (See "Phases of Incident Management")

**Incident Preparedness:** "Activities, programs, and systems developed
and implemented prior to an incident that may be used to support and
enhance mitigation of, response to, and recovery from disruptions,
disasters, or emergencies." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*...,
2007, 3)

**Incident Preparedness and Operational (Business) Continuity Management
(IPOCM):** "IPOCM is a holistic management process that identifies
potential impacts that threaten an organization and provides a framework
for minimizing their effect." (**ISO 22399**, 2007, p. v)

"IPOCM establishes a strategic and operational framework to implement,
proactively, an organization's resilience to disruption, interruption,
or loss in supplying its products and services. It should not be a
purely reactive measure taken after an incident has occurred." (**ISO
22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, p. v)

"Systematic and coordinated activities and practices through which an
organization optimally manages its risks, and the associated potential
threats and impacts there from." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*...,
2007, p. 3)

**Incident Preparedness and Operational (Business) Continuity Management
Policy:** "Overall intentions and direction of an organization, related
to its incident preparedness and operational continuity, as formally
expressed by top management." (ISO 22399, Societal Security..., 2007, 3)

**Incident Response:** "The response of an organization to a disaster or
other significant event that may significantly impact the organization,
its people, or its ability to function productively. An incident
response may include evacuation of a facility, initiating a disaster
recovery plan, performing damage assessment, and any other measures
necessary to bring an organization to a more stable status."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006,
57)

**Incidents of National Significance:** "Incidents which require DHS
operational coordination and/or resource coordination. Includes:

-   Credible threats, indications of or acts of terrorism within the
    United States

-   Major disasters or emergencies (as defined by the Stafford Act)

-   Catastrophic incidents

-   Unique situations that may require DSHS to aid in coordination of
    incident management

Unique Situations may include:

-   Federal department/agency acting under its own authority has
    requested the assistance of the Secretary

-   President directs the Secretary to assume responsibility for
    managing the incident

-   Events that exceed the purview of other established Federal plans

-   Events of regional or national importance involving one or more
    Federal agencies (at the discretion of the Secretary of DHS)

-   National Special Security Events (NSSE)"

(**DHS**, *Office of Operations Coordination Interagency Planning
Workshop*, November 29, 2007, slide 23)

**Increased Cost of Compliance:** "The Standard Flood Insurance Policy
has a provision that will pay the policy holder to comply with a State
or local floodplain management law or ordinance affecting repair or
reconstruction of a structure suffering flood damage. Mitigation
activities eligible for payment are: elevation, floodproofing,
relocation, or demolition (or any combination of these activities) of
the structure. Policyholders may receive up to \$20,000 under this
coverage. The structure must meet certain eligibility criteria,
including a substantial damage or repetitive loss determination by a
local official." (**FEMA,** *Increased Cost of Compliance*, May 19,
2007)

**Increased Readiness Operations**: "Increased Readiness Operations
includes overall local plans for operations in periods of heightened
risk (e.g., hurricane watch, or international crisis). Where the
locality must bring its EOC, public shelters, or other facilities to
full operational status during a crisis, or conduct accelerated
training, the IR plan shall spell out who/what where. (See Standards
Four and Five \[Standards for Local Civil Preparedness\].) Standard Four
describes requirements for crisis shelter marking and stocking plans, as
part of overall local Increased-Readiness plans. IR plans for periods of
severe international crisis cover general operations to improve
readiness, in both high-risk and low-risk jurisdictions, applicable
primarily to readiness to protect the population in-place. Should States
or localities be advised that operations are contemplated for crisis
relocation of population from high-risk areas..., crisis relocation
plans would be implemented." (**DCPA,** *Standards for Local Civil
Preparedness*, 1978, p. 18)

**IND:** Improvised Nuclear Device. (**HSC**, *National Planning
Scenarios*, 2006 Final, p. 1-1)

**Individual and Family Grant (IFG) Program:** A program through which
the Federal government makes a grant to a State for the purpose of
making grants to individuals and families adversely affected by a major
disaster. Individual and family grants are intended to meet
disaster-related necessary expenses or serous needs in those cases where
such individuals or families are unable to meet their expenses or needs
through assistance under other provisions of the Stafford Act or through
other means. (**Stafford Act**)

**Individual Assistance:** Supplementary Federal assistance provided
pursuant to a Presidential Declaration of emergency or major disaster
under the Stafford Act to individuals and families adversely affected.
Such assistance may be provided directly by the Federal Government or
through State or local governments or disaster relief organizations.

**Individual Assistance:** "This includes those services and programs
that benefit individuals, households, businesses, and farmers. FEMA's
Individual Assistance programs include "Assistance to Individuals and
Households" (providing for housing assistance and other needs), crisis
counseling, legal services, disaster unemployment assistance, and
referrals to other appropriate forms of aid. Other Federal agencies'
Individual Assistance programs include: tax refund assistance (Internal
Revenue Service), disaster loans (the Small Business Administration and
Farm Service Agency), veterans' assistance (Veterans Affairs), and
health and social security recipients' assistance (Health and Human
Services)." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Basics* (IS-292), May 24, 2007 update,
p. A-6, Glossary)

**Individual Mobilization Augmentee:** "An individual reservist
attending drills who receives training and is preassigned to an Active
Component organization, a Selective Service System, or a Federal
Emergency Management Agency billet that must be filled on, or shortly
after, mobilization. Individual mobilization augmentees train on a
part-time basis with these organizations to prepare for mobilization.
Inactive duty training for individual mobilization augmentees is decided
by component policy and can vary from 0 to 48 drills a year. Also called
IMA." (**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Individual With a Disability**: "The term 'individual with a
disability' means an individual with a disability as defined in section
3(2) of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C.
12102(2))." (**Stafford Act**, June 2007 (FEMA 592), p. 14)

**Individuals and Households Program, FEMA:** "FEMA\'s Individuals and
Household Program which provides temporary help in the form of
alternative housing and financial assistance with other needs.

-   Rental assistance for temporary housing for those whose homes are
    unlivable.

-   Grants for home repairs and replacement of essential household items
    not covered by insurance to make damaged dwellings safe, sanitary
    and functional.

-   Grants to replace personal property and help meet medical, dental,
    funeral, transportation and other serious disaster-related needs not
    covered by insurance or other federal, state, and charitable aid
    programs.

-   Unemployment payments for workers who temporarily lost jobs because
    of the disaster and who do not qualify for regular state
    unemployment benefits including self-employed individuals.

-   Low-interest loans to cover homeowners, renters, and businesses for
    losses not fully compensated by insurance. (Source: U.S. Small
    Business Administration)

-   Low-interest loans for businesses and non-profits that have suffered
    disaster-related cash flow problems and need funds for working
    capital to recover from the disaster\'s economic impact. (Source:
    U.S. Small Business Administration)

-   Loans for farmers, ranchers and aquaculture operators to cover
    production and property losses. (Source: Farm Service Agency, U.S.
    Department of Agriculture.)

-   Other relief programs: Crisis counseling for those traumatized by
    the disaster; income tax assistance for filing casualty losses;
    advisory assistance for legal issues; veterans benefits; and social
    security matters." (**FEMA**, *FEMA\'S Individuals And Households
    Program Provides Full Spectrum Of Recovery Assistance*, 2005)

**Individuals with Disabilities in Emergency Preparedness (Executive
Order #13347):** "...signed in July 2004, \[EO13347\] requires the
Federal Government to support safety and security for individuals with
disabilities in situations involving disasters, including earthquakes,
tornadoes, fires, floods, hurricanes, and acts of terrorism.
Consequently, Federal agencies are required to: 1) encourage
consideration of the unique needs of employees and individuals with
disabilities served by State, local, and tribal governments and private
organizations and individuals in emergency preparedness planning; and 2)
facilitate cooperation among Federal, State, local, and tribal
governments and private organizations and individuals in the
implementation of emergency preparedness plans as they relate to
individuals with disabilities." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY 2006 EMPG Program
Guidance*, November 2005, p. 18)

**Induced Seismicity:** "Earthquake activity resulting from man-made
activities such as mining, large explosions, or forcing large quantities
of liquid deep into the ground, e.g. oil-fields, waste disposal or
reservoir filling." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p.
46)

**Inductive Analysis:** "The analysis of risk by integrating layers of
information (e.g., visualizing disaster information in relation to other
socio-economic parameters by geographical features such as
administrative units, ecological zones, towns and streets) in GIS
techniques. Data can be presented on maps, with the variable of interest
divided into classes or categories, and plotted within each geographic
unit." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in Disaster Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**Infectious Disease:** "The term \`infectious disease\' means a disease
potentially caused by a pathogenic organism (including a bacteria,
virus, fungus, or parasite) that is acquired by a person and that
reproduces in that person." (*Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness
Act,* 2006, Sec. 403 (a) (2) (B).)

**Infestation:** "A pervasive influx and development of insects or
parasites affecting humans, animals, crops and materials." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 46)

**Inflow Design Flood (IDF):** "The IDF for a dam is the flood
hydrograph used in the design or evaluation of a dam and its appurtenant
works... In some older documents, this may be referred to as the
spillway design flood. The upper limit of the IDF is the PMF.
(**USACE**, *Water Resources Policies...*, 1999, 13-3)

**Information Collection Plan (ICP):** An ICP "is designed to serve as a
reference document for the National Response Coordination Center,
Regional Response Coordination Centers, and Joint Field Offices when
conducting...response operations. The Information Collection Plan is not
designed to be used "as is" and must be field modified for maximum
benefit. The plan is based on 38 Essential Elements of Information and
may be expanded or contracted to meet the information needs of the
event....An Information Collection Plan with the current information
needs must be distributed for every Operational Period (OPeriod). It is
preferable to distribute the plan prior to the start of the next
Operational Period to allow providing agencies and elements the time for
planning and acquisition. " (**FEMA**, *Federal Interim Contingency Plan
-- Predecisional Draft: NMSZ*, December 15, 2007, p. 22)

**Information Management:** "(Army) The provision of relevant
information to the right person at the right time in a usable form to
facilitate situational understanding and decision making. It uses
procedures and information systems to collect, process, store, display,
and disseminate information." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary 12)

**Information Management:** "The collection, organization, and control
over the structure, processing, and delivery of information from one or
more sources and distribution to one or more audiences who have a stake
in that information." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* Draft, 2007, p. 152)

**Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ISAC):** (**DHS,** *NIPP*
2006, p. 101)

**Information Sharing Environment (ISE):** "In December 2004, Congress
passed and the President signed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA). IRTPA calls for, among other things, the
creation of the Informa­tion Sharing Environment (ISE) -- a trusted
partnership among all levels of government, the private sector, and our
foreign partners to detect, prevent, disrupt, preempt, and mitigate the
effects of terrorism against the territory, people, and interests of the
United States through the appropriate exchange of terrorism
information." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland
Security*, October 2007, p. 49)

**InfraGard:** "InfraGard - a partnership between the Federal
Government, an association of businesses, academic institutions, State
and local law enforcement agencies, and other participants dedicated to
sharing information and intelligence to prevent hostile acts against the
United States." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Information
Sharing*, October 2007, p. 23)

**Infrastructure:** "The underlying foundation, basic framework, or
interconnecting structural elements that support an organization."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 58)

**Infrastructure:** "The framework of interdependent networks and
systems comprising identifiable industries, institutions, and
distribution capabilities that provide a continual flow of goods and
services essential to the defense and economic security of the United
States, the smooth functioning of government at all levels, or society
as a whole." (**DoD**, *CAAP*, 1998)

**Infrastructure:** "The framework of networked assets that comprise
identifiable industries, institutions, or distribution capabilities that
enable a continued flow of goods and services. (**DoD**, *Defense
Critical Infrastructure Program (DCIP)*, (DODD 3020.40), Aug. 2005, p.
12)

**Infrastructure:** "The manmade physical systems, assets, projects, and
structures, publicly and/or privately owned, that are used by or provide
benefit to the public. Examples of infrastructure include utilities,
bridges, levees, drinking water systems, electrical systems,
communications systems, dams, sewage systems and roads." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 53)

**Infrastructure Asset:** "Any Infrastructure facility, equipment,
service or resource that supports

a DoD Component. A Critical Infrastructure Asset is an infrastructure
asset deemed essential to DoD operations or the functioning of a
Critical Asset." (**DoD**, *CAAP*, 1998)

**Infrastructure Asset Assurance:** "In the context of CAAP \[Critical
Asset Assurance Program\], assurance is a process of identifying assets
deemed critical to the Department of Defense in peacetime, crisis and
war; assessing the potential threats to these assets and the
capabilities they provide; quantifying the likely non-availability to
the Department of Defense under various hazard scenarios; identifying
potential actions that can be taken to restore those assets (or
functionality they provide) if they are lost, damaged, corrupted, or
compromised; and identifying and recommending options to protect,
mitigate, and improve the availability of these Critical Assets to the
DoD organizations that own, use, and control them. It includes a range
of activities to systematically inform planners and decisionmakers of
the probability of availability and quality (e.g., integrity,
reliability, confidentiality, survivability, endurability, capacity,
adequacy) of specific assets or services under given scenarios;
quantifying the likely impact of non-availability to the military
operation or defense activity; and identifying and prioritizing

options to improve the likelihood of the availability of specific assets
or services in specific scenarios. Examples of assurance activities that
can improve the likelihood of asset availability include protection
(preventing, by whatever means, the disruption or corruption of an
asset); mitigation or moderation of the effects of disruption or
corruption (by controlling the damage,

providing alternative services, and reducing demand on the asset); and
planning for and providing timely restoral or recovery. Alternatively,
plans can be made to absorb the loss of otherwise anticipated services.
Assurance of a Critical Asset is the responsibility of the owning or
controlling DoD Component." (**DoD**, *CAAP*, 1998)

**Infrastructure Protection Program:** "The DHS Infrastructure
Protection Program (IPP) is designed to strengthen the Nation's ability
to protect critical infrastructure facilities and systems. IPP is
comprised of five separate grant programs: the Transit Security Grant
Program (TSGP), the Port Security Grant Program (PSGP), the Intercity
Bus Security Grant Program (IBSGP), the Trucking Security Program (TSP),
and the Buffer Zone Protection Program (BZPP). Funding under these grant
programs will total roughly \$445 million for State, local and private
industry infrastructure protection initiatives. Together, these grants
fund a range of preparedness activities, including strengthening
infrastructure against explosive attacks, preparedness, planning,
equipment purchase, training, exercises, and security management and
administration costs. IPP programs support objectives outlined in the
interim National Preparedness Goal and related national preparedness
doctrine, such as the National Incident Management System, the National
Response Plan, and the National Infrastructure Protection Plan."
(**DHS**, *Infrastructure Protection Program*, May 10, 2007)

**Infrastructure Protection Program:** The risk methodology for the IPP
programs is consistent across the modes and is linked to the risk
methodology used to determine eligibility for the core DHS State and
local grant programs. The risk formula for the IPP program is based on a
100 point scale comprised of *threat* (20 points) and
*vulnerability/consequence* (80 points). The threat component of the
formula is drawn from comprehensive analysis by the Intelligence
Community of known threats from all data sources at its disposal."
(**DHS,** *Overview: FY 2007 Infrastructure Protection Program Final
Awards*, 2007, p 3)

**Inherent Risk:** "A risk which it is impossible to be managed or
transferred away is said to be an *inherent risk*." (**Risky Thinking**,
*Risk Glossary*, 2007)

**Initial Action:** "The actions taken by those responders first to
arrive at an incident site." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 131)

**Initial Isolation Distance:** "The "Initial Isolation Distance" is a
distance within which all persons should be considered for evacuation in
all directions from the actual spill/leak source. It is a distance
(radius) which defines a circle (Initial Isolation Zone) within which
persons may be exposed to dangerous concentrations upwind of the source
and may be exposed to life threatening concentrations downwind of the
source. For example, in the case of Compressed gas, toxic, n.o.s., ID
No. 1955, Inhalation Hazard Zone A, the isolation distance for small
spills is 600 meters, therefore, representing an evacuation circle of
1200 meters in diameter." (**DOT**, *Emergency Response Guidebook*,
2004, p. 2)

**Initial Isolation Zone:** "The Initial Isolation Zone defines an area
SURROUNDING the incident in which persons may be exposed to dangerous
(upwind) and life threatening (downwind) concentrations of material."
(**DOT**, *Emergency Response Guidebook,* 2004, p. 295)

**Initial Nuclear Radiation:** "Nuclear radiation (essentially neutrons
and gamma rays) emitted from the fireball and the cloud column during
the first minute after a nuclear (or atomic) explosion. The time limit
of one minute is set, somewhat arbitrarily, as that required for the
source of part of the radiations (fission products, etc., in the
radioactive could) to attain such a height that only insignificant
amounts of radiation reach the earth's surface." (**Glasstone**, *The
Effects of Nuclear Weapons*, 3^rd^ Ed., 1977, Glossary, p. 635)

**Initial PFO:** "For an actual incident, the Secretary may designate a
local Federal official as an "initial PFO" until the primary PFO is in
place. The initial PFO is accountable for the same responsibilities as
the PFO. In certain scenarios, a PFO may be pre-designated by the
Secretary of Homeland Security to facilitate Federal domestic incident
planning and coordination at the local level outside the context of a
specific threat or incident." (**DHS**, *Notice of Change to the
National Response Plan* (Version 5.0), May 25, 2006, p. 5)

**Initial Response:** "Resources initially committed to an incident."
(**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 131)

**Initial Response Phase:** "For the purposes of this guidebook, the
"initial response phase" is that period following arrival at the scene
of an incident during which the presence and/or identification of
dangerous goods is confirmed, protective actions and area securement are
initiated, and assistance of qualified personnel is requested."
(**DOT**, *Emergency Response Guidebook*, 2004, p. 2)

**Initial Response Resources (IRR):** "Disaster support commodities that
may be pre-staged, in anticipation of a catastrophic event, at a Federal
facility close to a disaster area for immediate application through an
NRP ESF operation. The initial response resources are provided to
victims and all levels of government responders immediately after a
disaster occurs. They are designed to augment State and local
capabilities. DHS/EPR/FEMA Logistics Division stores and maintains
critically needed initial response commodities for victims and
responders and pre-positions supplies and equipment when required. The
initial response resources include supplies (baby food, baby formula,
blankets, cots, diapers, meals ready-to-eat, plastic sheeting, tents,
and water) and equipment (emergency generators, industrial ice-makers,
mobile kitchen kits, portable potties with service, portable showers,
and refrigerated vans)." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating
Draft*, July 2007, pp. 53-54)

**Initial Strategy Implementation Plan (ISIP),** Office of Domestic
Preparedness.

**INRP:** Initial National Response Plan, 2003.

**INS:** Incident of National Significance.

**Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS):** "The Institute for
Business & Home Safety's mission is to reduce the social and economic
effects of natural disasters and other property losses by conducting
research and advocating improved construction, maintenance and
preparation practices.... The Institute for Business & Home Safety
envisions a nation that promotes resiliency from natural disasters and
other property losses by developing an infrastructure that is
damage-resistant and through personal and corporate action that helps
minimize disruption to normal life and work patterns... Our members are
insurers and reinsurers that conduct business in the United States or
reinsure risks located in the United States. Associate membership is
open to all others who support our mission." (**IBHS**, *About the
IBHS*, 2008)

**Insurance:** "The business of insurance centers around the pooling of
risks individual participants might not be able to handle on their own.
Two main parameters govern the pricing and availability of insurance:
the frequency of the risk event (or the probability of loss), and the
size of the loss given the occurrence of the event. In statistical
terms, event frequency or probability of loss is modeled as a "loss
distribution." The most common distribution is a "normal" one, which has
the familiar inverted "U" shape, with a peak in the middle, and "tails"
at the two extremes. For routine events, like auto accidents, and most
risks to homes (fire and tornadoes), the loss distribution is well
known. Much of the probability is centered on the peak in the middle,
and the tails at the end -- the low frequency events -- are spread out
rather thinly.

Insurers have relatively little difficulty pricing the insurance for
such events, since the average loss can be readily predicted (it is
generally the "peak" of the loss distribution), and there is not a lot
of uncertainty or "variance" around the average.

"The events or risks that create difficulties for insurers are those
where the loss distribution is spread out over a large range, reflecting
large uncertainties around the likely costs in each year. A further
complication is that the shape of the loss distribution itself may be
uncertain. In these cases, insurance prices are more difficult to
determine, and in some cases, insurers may be reluctant to provide any
insurance coverage at all.

"Large natural catastrophes -- hurricanes and earthquakes -- present
these sorts of difficulties. They are difficult to predict and when they
occur they can generate claims that substantially deplete, or in a worst
case exceed, the accumulated capital that the insurer has built up over
time. In technical terms, large mega-CATs therefore pose "timing" risks
(the event happens before sufficient premiums have been collected to
fund payment of claims) and "ambiguity" risks (the shape of the loss
distribution itself is not well known or understood).[^32] Terrorism
risks are especially difficult for insurers to price and to cover, since
it is essentially impossible to statistically model the likelihood of
terrorist incidents or the magnitude of losses, should they occur."
(**Financial Services Roundtable**, *Nation Unprepared for
Mega-Catastrophe*, 2007, 45)

"Higher insurance premiums understandably are unwelcome to homeowners
and owners of

commercial properties. But to the extent they reflect, or are permitted
to reflect, the true risks of

future damage from all sorts of catastrophes, then high premiums do
serve a socially useful function: they send appropriate signals to
individuals and businesses of the social costs of their decisions to
locate in hazard-prone areas and to the consequences of investing, or
not investing, in various mitigation measures that may be available.
Indeed...if the marketplace, rather than regulators, set premiums, the
effect will be to lower future disaster losses -- suffered by
individuals and absorbed by taxpayers through disaster relief -- by
inducing private actors in invest in mitigation measures, or in some
cases to move, to reduce their exposure to catastrophic losses.

"But higher insurance rates also can lead to public policy problems and
challenges, and these constitute additional concerns with the current
system. As homeowner insurance premiums continue to rise in areas facing
above-average catastrophe risks, increasing numbers of individuals may
choose either to drop their insurance or buy policies with considerably
higher deductibles. Where this occurs, homeowners are exposed to higher
and potentially devastating losses in the event of future catastrophic
events. Because the federal government always responds out of
humanitarian concern to catastrophes by providing disaster relief to
help cover

uninsured losses of victims, any reduction in private insurance coverage
induced by higher premiums most likely will raise future federal
disaster relief costs.

"Any increase in disaster relief payments caused by insufficient
insurance coverage leads to a second problem with the current financing
system. Unlike insurance premiums, which are paid by homeowners directly
exposed to catastrophe risks, disaster relief costs are borne by
taxpayers (either currently or more likely in the future, because the
costs of relief typically are financed by additional federal borrowing)
who live outside the damaged regions. This raises an issue of fairness:
why should residents of the Midwest, for example, bear disaster costs
incurred by those who choose to live on the coasts? There are also
potential efficiency costs. To the extent

that homeowners do not insure or under-insure because they expect at
least some disaster relief, then they will have less incentive to invest
in mitigation.

"Mounting insurance premiums for catastrophe risks, even if actuarially
appropriate, lead to a third policy-related concern. As insurance rates
rise, so does political pressure on state insurance regulators to
suppress them artificially -- that is, to not permit insurers to charge
premiums based on actuarial experience or the best available scientific
evidence, or to not allow insurers to pass on fully the costs of
reinsurance. In either of these events, more insurers will find it
unprofitable not only to write new policies, but to renew existing ones.
The net result will be a reduction in the availability of
privately-supplied insurance, aggravating one of the main problems that
now exists in coastal communities along the Gulf and East coasts.
Further, if insurers cannot charge

actuarially and scientifically appropriate premiums, then there is a
higher risk of insurer insolvencies in the event of future Mega-CATs
(thus placing greater burdens on state guaranty funds, and on the
surviving insurers who finance these funds, and their policyholders who
most likely will ultimately bear these costs)." (**Financial Services
Roundtable**, *Nation Unprepared for Mega-Catastrophe*, 2007, 48-49)

**Insurance: "\`**Insurance' is a practical method of handling a major
risk. It is the pooling of potential losses by transferring the risk to
insurers that agree to indemnify those they insure against such losses."
(**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public Policy Options*, Nov 2007, 2)

**Insurrection Act:** "The Insurrection Act governs when the President
can declare a form of martial law.  When the act is invoked, the
military, including the National Guard, can carry out law enforcement
functions without the consent of a Governor*.  Posse comitatus*, a broad
law that generally prevents the military from policing within the
domestic United States, does not apply when the act is invoked.

Until the "Insurrection Act Rider" was enacted in the fall of 2006, U.S.
law focused on enabling the President to invoke the Insurrection Act
during violent situations where the states or local communities were
resisting lawful orders.  The intent of the law, as the title suggests,
was to deal with insurrection from individuals or groups.  The law was
not designed to address other situations, including natural disasters,
or attacks from outside the country.

In its original form, the Act has been invoked sparingly \-- only ten
times in the past five decades.  Over the past 40 years, the act has
only been invoked with the consent of the governors, using authorities
under other sections of the U.S. Code that allow states to invite in
federal military forces for police functions. 

Under the new language, added to the law in the fall of 2006, the
President can invoke the act and declare martial law in cases where
public order breaks down as a result of a natural disaster, epidemic,
terrorist attack, or under the nebulous term of "other conditions.\"

This change makes it easier for the President to invoke the Act in cases
beyond an insurrection -- cases which were not intended under the
previous purpose of the Act.  With these succinct but sweeping changes,
the President now does not have to contact or collaborate with any state
agency in taking control of the Guard and injecting federal military
forces, to carry out patrols or make arrests.  The President has to
notify but not explain to Congress that he or she believes that states
cannot handle the situation. 

The change goes against practical and historical arrangements for
handling emergencies, which constitutionally and practically have been
headed and handled by governors and local officials.  When operating
under a governor in a state status, the National Guard is not bound by
*posse comitatus* and can integrate seamlessly with local, state, and
federal law enforcement agencies and first responders." (**Leahy**,
"Insurrection Act," 2007)

**Insurrection Act:** "The Insurrection Act (enacted in 1807) delegates
authority to the President to federalize and deploy the National Guard
domestically during an insurrection or civil disturbance (10 U.S.C.
Sections 331-335). Section 331 authorizes the President to use federal
military forces to suppress an insurrection at the request of a state
government. Section 332 authorizes the President to use armed forces in
such manner as he deems necessary to enforce the laws or suppress a
rebellion. Section 333 authorizes the President to use federal military
forces to protect individuals from unlawful actions that obstruct the
execution of federal laws or which impede the course of justice under
federal laws. Section 333 was enacted to implement the Fourteenth
Amendment and does not require the request or consent of the governor of
the affected state." (**Lowenberg**, "Statement by Major General Timothy
Lowenberg, April 24, 2007)

**Insurrection Act Rider of 2006:** \[Section 1076 of the 2007 National
Defense Authorization Act (Public Law 109-364), 2006.\]

"In \[Congressional\] conference, the chairs...\[adopted a\] provision
that simultaneously amended the federal Insurrection Act and authorized
the President to take control of the Guard in response to any "natural
disaster, epidemic or other serious public emergency, terrorist attack
or incident, or other condition in any State or possession of the United
States....." Because this was done under an expansion of the President's
Insurrection Act powers, military forces operating at the President's
direction in such circumstances are not subject to the Posse Comitatus
Act and can be used to force compliance with laws by any rules for use
of lethal force (RUF) or rules of engagement (ROE) authorized by the
President or those acting under his delegated authority. The conference
report was agreed to in the House on the same day as its filing
(September 29, 2006) and in the Senate the following day (September 30,
2006). Without any hearing or consultation with the governors and
without any articulation or justification of need, Section 1076 of the
2007 NDAA changed more than 100 years of well-established and carefully
balanced state--federal and civil -military relationships. One hundred
years of law and policy were changed without any publicly or privately
acknowledged author or proponent of the change. As written, the Act does
not require the President to contact, confer or collaborate in any way
with a governor before seizing control of a state's National Guard
forces. It requires only notice to Congress that the President has taken
the action but no explanation, justification or consent of congress is
required." (**Lowenberg**, "Statement by Major General Timothy
Lowenberg, April 24, 2007).

**Insurrection Act Rider of 2006:** "The changes made to the
\"Insurrection Act\" by Section 1076 of the National Defense
Authorization Act confuse the issue of who commands the Guard during a
domestic emergency. By granting the President specific authority to use
the Guard during a natural disaster or emergency without the consent of
a governor, Section 1076 could result in confusion and an inability to
respond to residents\' needs. As currently written, it calls into
question whether the governor or the President has primary
responsibility during a domestic emergency." (Easley, "Statement of
\[NC\] Governor Michael F. Easley, Before Senate Judiciary Committee,
Hearing on "\`The Insurrection Act Rider'...", April 24, 2007, p. 4)

**Insurrection Act Rider of 2006:** "I can assure you that outside
parties such as the military and National Guard lack the familiarity
with a particular community which is necessary to effectively and
efficiently secure its residents during a time of disaster or emergency.
To provide a blanket authority to such federal agencies and individuals
to conduct domestic law enforcement functions, as the new language of
the Insurrection Act does, jeopardizes the likelihood of a timely
response and effective assistance to our citizens in times of need."
(**Kamatchus**, "Statement of ...President, National Sheriffs'
Association, Senate Hearing on 'The Insurrection Act Rider'." April 24,
2007, p. 3)

**Insurrection Statutes:** "The Insurrection Statutes, 10 U.S.C.
331-334. Recognizing that the primary responsibility for protecting life
and property and maintaining law and order in the civilian community is
vested in State and local governments, the Insurrection Statutes
authorize the President to direct the armed forces to enforce the law to
suppress insurrections and domestic violence. Military forces may be
used to restore order, prevent looting, and engage in other law
enforcement activities. Given this specific statutory authority, the
Posse Comitatus Act does not apply to such civil disturbance missions."
(**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 70)

**Intangible Elements of Emergency Operational Capability:** "Those
elements of organization, training, experience, and expertise which make
up the ability to make effective emergency use of existing tangible
assets. Emphasis is on the ability of key local officials to make
appropriate decisions in response to a disaster situation and to direct
and control coordinated lifesaving operations in emergencies of any
type. Included are the organization, training, and exercising needed in
areas such as (a) damage assessment capability to determine the effects
of peacetime or attack-caused disasters, including what assistance is
needed where, and a radiological defense organization adequately
staffed, trained, and exercised to identify and analyze radiological
hazards resulting from peacetime radiological incidents or enemy attack;
(b) operational reporting capability within the disaster area and to the
local EOC and the next higher level, including the ability to develop
prompt, accurate, and complete information as to the effects of the
disaster on the population; and (c) other organization training needed
to conduct effective, coordinated operations in major disasters or
emergencies, such as emergency medical care, emergency public
information, or the operation of the shelter system." (**DCPA**,
*On-Site Assistance* (MP 63), 1974, p. 5)

**Integrated (Core Principle of Emergency Management):** "Integrated:
emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of government
and all elements of a community." (**EM Roundtable**, 2007, p. 4)

**Integrated Emergency Management System** is an all-hazards concept for
improving the program implementation and development of emergency
management capabilities. It is based on identifying functional
activities needed to handle all types of emergency situations and
augmenting them with specific event planning as needed. The IEMS concept
recognizes that emergency management activities occur in four separate
but related phases and are based

on an analysis of potential hazards \[Mitigation, Preparedness,
Response, and Recovery\].

**Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS):** A strategy for
implementing emergency management activities which builds upon those
functions common to preparedness for any type of occurrence and provides
for special requirements of individual emergency situations.

**Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS):** "Within FEMA the
evolution of the Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS) is a
movement towards an integrated approach to the management of the full
spectrum of emergencies, hazards and disasters. IEMS stresses using the
resources available to all agencies in dealing with the elements common
to all emergency related situations. There is general satisfaction that
the under-one-roof concept being pursued here that IEMS is leading to
will, if allowed to continue, eventually meet the mandate to create a
national capacity to assist state and local governments in dealing with
natural and manmade disasters." (**Conner**, *An Assessment of FEMA
Today*, 1986)

**Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS) Concept and Goal:**
"FEMA is continually reassessing the delivery of program funds and
technical assistance in an attempt to become more responsive to State
and local emergency management needs and to reduce the number of
response plans required without sacrificing program integrity. The
agency believes that the most effective way to do this is through
increased emphasis on developing the common and unique capabilities
require to perform specific functions across the full spectrum of
hazards, rather than focusing on the requirements of specific hazards.
The approach FEMA is taking to accomplish this reorientation is
characterized by the Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS). The
goal of the system is to develop and maintain a credible emergency
management capability nationwide by integrating activities along
functional lines at all levels of government and, to the fullest extent
possible, across all hazards.

State and local governments can begin to achieve this goal by (1)
determining the hazards and magnitude of risk in a logical, consistent
manner; (2) assessing the existing and required capability with respect
to those hazards; and (3) establishing realistic local and
State-tailored plans that lay out necessary actions for closing the gap
between existing and required levels of capability. These efforts are
related and must be undertaken sequentially. The identification of
hazards forms the basis for assessing capability and determining the
capability shortfall. The shortfall, in turn, leads to preparation of a
multi-year development plan. These initial steps are the starting point
for integrated emergency management activities on a multihazard,
functional basis. " (**FEMA**, *IEMS Process Overview*, 1983, p. 5)

**Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS):** "Fiscal Year 1984
marks the initial implementation of the Integrated Emergency Management
System at all levels of government nationwide. The material provided by
the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to support this
implementation has been labeled INTERIM GUIDANCE. The word interim
should not be interpreted to mean tentative. FEMA is totally committed
to the concept and direction exemplified by the IEMA process."
(**FEMA**, *IEMS Multi-Year Development Planning*, 1984, Director Louis
O. Giuffrida Foreword)

**Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS) 13-Step Process:** "FEMA
instituted IEMS in 1983. Its objective was to develop and maintain a
credible emergency management capability nationwide by integrating
activities along functional lines at all levels of government and, to
the fullest extent possible, across all hazards. Through a 13-step
process, IEMS collected basic information from State and local emergency
management organizations on which reasonable and justifiable plans could
be made and implemented to increase emergency management capabilities
nationwide. The 13 steps in the IEMS process were:

1)  Hazards analysis,

2)  Capability assessment,

3)  Emergency operations plan development,

4)  Capability maintenance,

5)  Mitigation efforts,

6)  Emergency operations,

7)  Emergency operations evaluation,

8)  Capability determination shortfall,

9)  Multi-year development plan for annual increments,

10) Modification of multi-year development plan for annual increments,

11) Estimate of State/local financial resource requirements,

12) Estimate of Federal financial resource requirements, and

13) Annual review of completed work." (**FEMA**, *Multi Hazard
    Identification and Risk Assessment*, 1997, p. xxii)

\[Note: IEMS was replaced by the Capability and Hazard Identification
Program (CHIP) in 1989. (**FEMA**, *Multi Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment*, 1997, p. xxii)\]

**Integrated Exercise:** "An exercise conducted on multiple interrelated
components of a Business Continuity Plan, typically under simulated
operating conditions. Examples of interrelated components may include
interdependent departments or interfaced systems." (**DigitalCare**,
*State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 58)

**Integrated Federal Support Plan (IFSP):** Required for all Special
Event Assessment Report Events (formerly Special Event Homeland Security
events). (**DHS**, *Interagency Planning Workshop*, Nov. 29, 2007, 26)

**Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS):** FEMA's
"key financial

reporting system, and has several feeder subsystems (budget,
procurement, accounting, and other

administrative processes and reporting)." (**DHS/OIG**, *IT Management
Letter for FY 2005*, 17)

**Integrated Planning System (IPS):** "The IPS is envisioned to be "*a
planning process involving three levels of planning: (a) strategic; (b)
operational; and (c) tactical. The planning process will result in the
development of a family of related planning documents to include
strategic guidance statements, strategic plans, concepts of operations,
operations plans, and, as appropriate, tactical plans"* (Source: Annex
I, HSPD-8). The IPS deliverable is due to the Homeland Security Council
(HSC) on 4 February, 2008." (**Ruff**, *IPS*, Jan. 8, 2008 Memo.)

**Integrated Planning System (IPS):** "The IPS provides the process by
which we translate our policies, strategies, doctrine, and planning
guidance into a family of strategic, operational, and tactical plans.
This system applies to all Federal agencies with a role in homeland
security. The IPS should also inform the planning activities of state,
local and tribal governments, non-governmental organizations, and
private sector entities with a role in homeland security. The Secretary
of Homeland Security (Secretary) administers the IPS. The IPS planning
process will result in the continuous development and revision of a
family of integrated, related planning documents, including strategic
guidance statements, strategic plans, concepts of operations, and
operations plans." (**Ruff**, *IPS Description*, v2.2 1-3-2008)

**Integrated Planning System (IPS):** Mandated by Annex I to HSPD-8,
entitled "National Planning:" "No later than 2 months after the issuance
of this Annex, the Secretary of Homeland Security (Secretary) shall
submit to the President for approval...an Integrated Planning System
(IPS) that is developed in coordination with the heads of Federal
agencies with a role in homeland security and that (a) provides common
processes for developing plans, (b) serves to implement phase one of the
Homeland Security Management System, and (c) includes the following:

i.  national planning doctrine and planning guidance, instruction, and
    process to ensure consistent planning across the Federal Government;

ii. a mechanism that provides for concept development to identify and
    analyze the mission and potential courses of action;

iii. a description of the process that allows for plan refinement and
     proper execution to reflect developments in risk, capabilities, or
     policies, as well as to incorporate lessons learned from exercises
     and actual events;

iv. a description of the process that links regional, State, local, and
    tribal plans, planning cycles, and processes and allows these plans
    to inform the development of Federal plans;

v.  a process for fostering vertical and horizontal integration of
    Federal, State, local, and tribal plans that allows for State,
    local, and tribal capability assessments to feed into Federal plans;
    and

vi. a guide for all-hazards planning, with comprehensive, practical
    guidance and instruction on fundamental planning principles that can
    be used at Federal, State, local, and tribal levels to assist the
    planning process." (**White House**, *Annex I "National Planning*,"
    NSPD-8, December 4, 2007, p. 3)

**Integrated Preparedness:** (**FEMA**, *Vision for New FEMA*, December
12, 2006, p. 23)

"FEMA will be the Department's and U.S. Government's focal point for
building our Nation's preparedness to defend and secure the United
States of America from terrorist attack, and to respond to and recover
from attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. To accomplish this
we will lead the preparedness efforts across the Department, coordinate
preparedness efforts across the U.S. government, and partner with State
and local governments, tribal organizations, the private sector, and the
American people to ensure a Nation prepared. The primary goals of
Integrated Preparedness are to:

-   Build, sustain, and improve the Nation's capability to *prevent*
    terrorist attacks in the US.

-   Build, sustain, and improve the Nation's capability to *protect*
    against terrorist attacks in the United States and other
    catastrophic threats to the Nation.

-   Build, sustain, and improve the Nation's capability to *respond* to
    and *recover* from terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other
    emergencies, with an emphasis on catastrophic incidents.

-   Ensure development of national standards and measures of
    effectiveness for preparedness.

-   Promote and institutionalize mechanisms for information sharing and
    collaboration to enhance preparedness.

-   Foster an adaptive, risk-based approach to preparedness that
    maintains an all-hazard incident management foundation and focuses
    on preparedness enhancements for catastrophic threats, where
    appropriate.

-   Demonstrate good stewardship of public resources by identifying
    opportunities for synergy between terrorism preparedness and
    non-terrorism preparedness.

-   Create, operate and promote a premier learning organization by
    providing professional development, education and other
    opportunities to ensure the highest caliber of staff working in a
    professional environment in support of the goals and objectives of
    the Department.

-   Streamline and speed delivery of preparedness activities and
    services."

**Integrated Preparedness and Response:** "*Integrate strategies**.
***Emergency preparedness must be integrated into the operations of all
state agencies. And emergency response must produce a unified strategy
that brings together the response capacity of fire, law enforcement,
emergency management, public health and public works and other agencies
and professions that would be called upon for emergency and catastrophic
response. The State's preparedness leader must ensure that each agency
in a leadership and supporting capacity for preparedness is up to the
job and reliable when called upon. A cabinet-level, interagency council
for preparedness can help integrate preparedness throughout the
executive branch and across disciplines. The governor's emergency
preparedness leader could chair that council." (**Little Hoover
Commission**, *Safeguarding the Golden State: Preparing for Catastrophic
Events*, 2006, 39)

**Integrated Public Alert Warning System (IPAWS):** "The Integrated
Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS) is the Nation\'s next generation
public communications and warning capability.  FEMA and the IPAWS
Program Management Office (PMO) will work with public and private
sectors to integrate warning systems to allow the President and
authorized officials to effectively address and warn the public and
State and local emergency operations centers via phone, cell phone,
pagers, computers and other personal communications devices." (**FEMA**
*Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS)*, 11 Nov 2007).

**Integrated Public Alert Warning System (IPAWS):** "Pursuant to
Executive Order 13407, IPAWS is a comprehensive DHS/FEMA program, in
partnership with NOAA, the FCC, and other public and private
stakeholders, begun in 2004 to improve public alert and warning. The
system will deliver digitally-based alert and warning messages to radio
and television stations,

personal computers, cell phones and other consumer wireless devices. The
System seeks

to upgrade EAS, enhance NAWAS, and begin other pilot programs, among
other initiatives

for current technological options." (**Homeland Security Council**,
*NCPIP*, Aug 2007, p. 63)

**Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS):** "IRIS (Integrated Risk
Information System) is a compilation of electronic reports on specific
substances found in the environment and their potential to cause human
health effects. IRIS was initially developed for EPA staff in response
to a growing demand for consistent information on substances for use in
risk assessments, decision-making and regulatory activities. The
information in IRIS is intended for those without extensive training in
toxicology, but with some knowledge of health sciences." (**EPA**,
*IRIS*, Dec. 2007)

**Integrated Systems Approach:** "An integrated systems approach
recognizes the necessity of cooperation and partnerships between schools
and systems outside of the school. These may include law enforcement,
social services and mental health providers, the courts, community
agencies, families, worksites, religious organizations, and others."
(**US Secret Service and DOE**, *Threat Assessment in Schools...,* 2002,
p. 36)

**Intelligence and Information Sharing and Dissemination Capability**
**Description:** "The Intelligence and Information Sharing and
Dissemination capability provides necessary tools to enable efficient
prevention, protection, response, and recovery activities. Intelligence/
Information Sharing and Dissemination is the multi-jurisdictional,
multidisciplinary exchange and dissemination of information and
intelligence among the Federal, State, local, and tribal layers of
government, the private sector, and citizens. The goal of sharing and
dissemination is to facilitate the distribution of relevant, actionable,
timely, and preferably declassified or unclassified information and/or
intelligence that is updated frequently to the consumers who need it.
More simply, the goal is to get the right information to the right
people at the right time.

An effective intelligence/information sharing and dissemination system
will provide durable, reliable, and effective information exchanges
(both horizontally and vertically) between those responsible for
gathering information and the analysts and consumers of threat-related
information. It will also allow for feedback and other necessary
communications in addition to the regular flow of information and
intelligence." (**DHS**, *TCL,* 2007, p. 69)

**Intelligence Personal Radiation Locator (IRPL):** "The IPRL emerged
from an end user

requirement for a next-generation personal radiation detection system
similar to the

radiation pagers often used by CBP, first responders, and law
enforcement officials. IPRL will

have sufficient energy resolution and sensitivity to reliably
discriminate between NORM,

background, and potential threats, and will be used by law enforcement,
first responder,

counterterrorism, the intelligence community and others in routine
activities and surveillance. (**DHS**, *Opening Statement of Vayl
Oxford*, March 8, 2007, 7)

**Intensity:** "...refers to the damage-generating attributes of a
hazard. For example, water depth and velocity are commonly used measures
of the intensity of a flood. For hurricanes, intensity typically is
characterized with the Saffir/Simpson scale, which is based on wind
velocity and storm surge depths...The absolute size of an earthquake is
given by its Richter magnitude (and other similar magnitude scales), but
its effects in specific locations are described by the Modified Mercalli
Intensity (MMI) Scale...Earthquake intensity is also ascertained by
physical measures such as peak ground acceleration (expressed as a
decimal fraction of the force of gravity, e.g., 0.4 g), peak velocity,
or spectral response, which characterizes the frequency of the energy
content of the seismic wave." (**Deyle, French, Olshansky, and
Paterson** 1998, 124.)

**Intensity (Earthquake):** "A number by which the consequences of an
earthquake at a particular place are scaled by its effects on persons,
structures, and earth materials. Intensity scales in most common use are
the modified Mercalli (MM) and Medvedev, Sponheuer and Karnik (MSK),
both having twelve degrees." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*,
1992, p. 47)

**Intensity (Earthquake):** "A measure of ground shaking describing the
local severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the Earth's
surface and on humans and their structures. The Modified Mercalli
Intensity (MMI) scale, which uses Roman numerals, is one way scientists
measure intensity." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots in Earthquake
Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**Interagency Board (IAB):** "A working group established by the NCC
\[National Continuity Coordinator\] to review and recommend validation
of potential PMEFs \[Primary Mission Essential Functions\] submitted by
agencies for submission to the NCC for final approval." (**DHS**, *FCD
1*, Nov 2007, P-6)

**Interagency Coordinating Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction
(ICC)**: Established under section 5(a) of the Earthquake Hazards
Reduction Act of 1977, as amended.

"The Interagency Coordinating Committee shall oversee the planning,
management, and coordination of the Program \[National Earthquake Hazard
Reduction Program\]." (**Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977**)

**Interagency Coordinating Council on Emergency Preparedness and
Individuals with Disabilities:** Created by Presidential Executive
Order: *Individuals with Disabilities in Emergency Preparedness*, July
22, 2004. "Section 1. Policy. To ensure that the Federal Government
appropriately supports safety and security for individuals with
disabilities in situations involving disasters, including earthquakes,
tornadoes, fires, floods, hurricanes, and acts of terrorism, it shall be
the policy of the United States that executive departments and agencies
of the Federal Government (agencies):

\(a\) consider, in their emergency preparedness planning, the unique
needs of agency employees with disabilities and individuals with
disabilities whom the agency serves;

\(b\) encourage, including through the provision of technical
assistance, as appropriate, consideration of the unique needs of
employees and individuals with disabilities served by State, local, and
tribal governments and private organizations and individuals in
emergency preparedness planning; and

\(c\) facilitate cooperation among Federal, State, local, and tribal
governments and private organizations and individuals in the
implementation of emergency preparedness plans as they relate to
individuals with disabilities." (White House. *Executive Order:
Individuals with Disabilities in Emergency Preparedness*, July 22, 2004)

**Interagency Guidelines for Homeland Security Coordination:** "Working
in concert forges the vital links between the military instrument of
national power and the economic, diplomatic and informational
instruments of the US Government. Synchronization and integration of all
instruments of national power are required to ensure the successful
execution of HS missions. The challenges facing the Nation are
increasingly complex and will require the skills and resources of many
organizations.... Guidelines for interagency coordination include:

\(1\) Achieve unity of effort among a mix of federal, state and local
agencies.

\(2\) Identify all agencies and organizations potentially involved in
the operation.

\(3\) Identify key elements of information that various agencies can
share.

\(4\) Establish an interagency hierarchy for the response effort.

\(5\) Identify appropriate resources of each participant.

\(6\) Define the objectives of the response effort.

\(7\) Define the desired end state and exit criteria.

\(8\) Define courses of action for the supporting effort.

\(9\) Identify potential obstacles.

\(10\) Maximize the mission's assets to support long-term goals.

\(11\) Establish interagency assessment teams.

*See JP 3-08,* Interagency Coordination During Joint Operations*, and
National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD) 1,* Organization of the
National Security Council System*, for more information.*" (**JCS/DoD**,
*Homeland Security* (JP-3-26), 2005, p. II-15)

**Interagency Incident Management Group (IIMG):** "The IIMG facilitates
headquarters level domestic incident management and coordination. The
Secretary of Homeland Security activates the IIMG based on the nature,
severity, magnitude, and complexity of the threat or incident. The IIMG
is comprised of senior representatives from DHS components, Department
of Justice, Department of Defense, Department of State, and other
Federal departments and agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs), as required. The IIMG membership is flexible and can be tailored
to provide the appropriate subject matter expertise required for the
specific incident at hand." (*National Response Plan* (Draft #1),
February 25, 2004, p. 21) \[Replaced by the Interagency Advisory Council
(IAC); (**DHS**, *Notice of Change to the NRP*, May 2006, p. 8)

**Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center (IMAAC):** "The
IMAAC is responsible for the production, coordination, and dissemination
of consequence predictions for an airborne hazardous material release.
The IMAAC generates the official Federal prediction of atmospheric
dispersions and their consequences utilizing the best available
resources from the Federal Government. Guided by an interagency
memorandum of agreement, several Federal agencies and departments
support IMAAC planning and activities." (**DHS**, *Overview: ESF and
Support Annexes Coordinating Federal Assistance In Support of the
National Framework* (Draft), Sep 2007, p. 56)

**Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center (IMAAC): "**The
goal of

the IMAAC is to enhance our national capability through robust
scientific cooperation among

federal agencies that incorporates the best practices from federal and
other programs as it seeks

to improve federal modeling and assessment capabilities....The IMAAC
will provide atmospheric hazards predictions in support of the lead
federal agency for incidents of national significance. The IMAAC
products will be recognized as the single source of federal hazards
prediction and will be provided to federal, state, and local emergency
responders and other government officials as necessary. The IMAAC will
leverage existing federal capabilities and will be responsible for
providing accurate, reliable estimates of predicted hazard areas, with
associated concentrations, which will serve as the foundation for
decisions by the authorized emergency managers." (**MOU**, *IMAAC, DHS*,
September 23, 2004, p. 3)

**Interagency Payment and Collection (IPAC) System:** "The automated
intergovernmental information system developed by the Department of the
Treasury for billing services and supplies for small agencies. IPAC is
the fastest/least costly method for reimbursing other Federal agencies
for costs incurred as a result of mission assignments." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 54)

**Interagency Threat Assessment and Coordination Group (ITACG):** "To
improve the coordination of the sharing of terrorism-related
information, as well as to implement recommendations developed in
response to the President's December 16, 2005, Memorandum to the Heads
of Executive Departments and Agencies, we have established an
Interagency Threat Assessment and Coordination Group (ITACG) within the
NCTC \[National Counterterrorism Center\]. Partici­pants in this
coordination group include DHS, FBI, members of the Intelligence
Community, and State and local representatives. The coordination group
will enable the development of "federally coordinated" perspectives on
intelligence reports and analytical products regarding terrorist threats
and related issues that address the needs of State, local, tribal, and,
as appro­priate, private sector entities." (**White House**, *National
Strategy for Information Sharing*, 2007, p. 18)

**InterCEP:** International Center for Enterprise Preparedness, New York
University.

**Interim Operating Facility (IOF):** "Temporary field facility used by
a FEMA-led ERT in the early stages of an incident prior to establishing
the JFO. Generally located near the State EOC or the incident site. Site
of interaction with State representatives and key ESF agencies,
collection and assessment of information, and initiation of assistance
programs." (**FEMA**, *IS 292*, 2007, p. 4-9)

**Interim Site:** "A temporary location used to continue performing
business functions after vacating a recovery site and before the
original or new home site can be occupied. Move to an interim site may
be necessary if ongoing stay at the recovery site is not feasible for
the period of time needed or if the recovery site is located far from
the normal business site that was impacted by the disaster. An interim
site move is planned and scheduled in advance to minimize disruption of
business processes; equal care must be given to transferring critical
functions from the interim site back to the normal business site. See
Alternate Site, Cold Site, Hot site, Internal Hot Site, Recovery Site,
Warm site." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 58)

**International Code Council (ICC):** "The International Code Council, a
membership association dedicated to building safety and fire prevention,
develops the codes used to construct residential and commercial
buildings, including homes and schools. Most U.S. cities, counties and
states that adopt codes choose the International Codes developed by the
International Code Council.... The International Code Council (ICC) was
established in 1994 as a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing
a single set of comprehensive and coordinated national model
construction codes. The founders of the ICC are Building Officials and
Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), International Conference
of Building Officials (ICBO), and Southern Building Code Congress
International, Inc. (SBCCI). Since the early part of the last century,
these nonprofit organizations developed the three separate sets of model
codes used throughout the United States. Although regional code
development has been effective and responsive to our country's needs,
the time came for a single set of codes. The nation's three model code
groups responded by creating the International Code Council and by
developing codes without regional limitations the International Codes."
(**IIC**, *About the ICC*, 2008)

**International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1990-1999):**
"Given the increasing concern about the impact of disasters, the UN
General Assembly declared 1990-1999 the

International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). Under the
theme 'Building a Culture of Prevention', work was done to advance a
wider commitment to activities that could reduce the consequences of
natural disasters. Initially, IDNDR was influenced by largely scientific
and technical interest groups. However, a broader global awareness of
the social and economic consequences of natural disasters developed as
the decade progressed." (**UN ISDR**, *Living With Risk*, Chapter One,
2002, p. 9)

**International Emergency Management Compact (IEMAC):** "On the 18th day
of July \[2000\], in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada at the 25th Annual
Meeting of the New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers, the
International Emergency Management Assistance Memorandum of
Understanding (IEAMMOU) was signed by all parties. Modeled on EMAC, when
ratified by the Legislature of each state, Congress and the comparable
levels of government in Canada, this Compact will provide form and
structure for mutual aid between the cited international parties. A
similar Pacific Northwest Emergency Management Agreement has also been
legally ratified and established between the States of Alaska,
Washington, Oregon and Idaho and the Canadian Province of British
Columbia and the Yukon." (**Libby**, *Statement of*, July 19, 2007, p.
4)

**International Emergency Management Compact (IEMAC):** "IEMAC is a
mutual aid agreement between northeastern states and the eastern
Canadian provinces. Signatories to IEMAC have established protocols to
share personnel and equipment in a major emergency. IEMAC is known in
Canada as the International Emergency Management Assistance Memorandum
of Understanding (IEMAMOU). The International Emergency Management Group
(IEMG) meets twice a year to review protocols and improve coordination.
IEMAC has been used to send Maine DOT crews to Nova Scotia to help clear
roads after a blizzard, and to bring search and rescue crews to
Aroostook County from New Brunswick." (**Maine Emergency Management
Agency**, *IEMAC*, December 7, 2007 Update)

**International Standards Organization (ISO):** "ISO is a network of the
national standards institutes of 157 countries, on the basis of one
member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland,
that coordinates the system. ISO is a non-governmental organization: its
members are not, as is the case in the United Nations system,
delegations of national governments. Nevertheless, ISO occupies a
special position between the public and private sectors. This is
because, on the one hand, many of its member institutes are part of the
governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their
government. On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely
in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of
industry associations. Therefore, ISO is able to act as a bridging
organization in which a consensus can be reached on solutions that meet
both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society, such
as the needs of stakeholder groups like consumers and users." (**ISO**,
*About ISO*, 2007)

**International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR):** "Mission: The
ISDR aims at building disaster resilient communities by promoting
increased awareness of the importance of disaster reduction as an
integral component of sustainable development, with the goal of reducing
human, social, economic and environmental losses due to natural hazards
and related technological and environmental disasters." (**UN/ISDR**,
*Mission and Objectives*)

**Interoperability: Interoperability:** "\`Interoperability' has two
meanings: (1) The ability of systems, personnel, or agencies to provide
services to and accept services from other systems, personnel, or
agencies, and to use the services so exchanged so that these
organizations can operate together effectively; (2) A condition that is
realized among electronic-communications operating systems or grids
and/or among individual electronic-communications devices, when those
systems and/or devices allow the direct, seamless, and satisfactory
exchange of information and services between the users of those systems
and devices." (**DHS**, *FDC 1*, Nov 2007, P-6)

**Interoperability & Compatibility:** "A principle of the NIMS that
holds that systems must be able to work together and should not
interfere with one another if the multiple jurisdictions, organizations,
and functions that come together under the NIMS are to be effective in
domestic incident management. Interoperability and compatibility are
achieved through the use of such tools as common communications and data
standards, digital data formats, equipment standards, and design
standards." (**DHS**, *National Incident Management System*, March 2004,
p. 55.)

**Interoperable Communications:** "Communications that provide the
capability to perform essential functions, in conjunction with other
agencies, until normal operations can be resumed." (DHS, FED 1, Nov
2007, P-6)

**Interoperable Communications Technical Assistance Program (ICTAP):**
Through the ICTAP "ODP will provide to any site or state, on a
first-come, first-served basis, no-cost technical assistance in
developing and exercising a Tactical Interoperable Communications Plan.

ICTAP has assigned a site manager and a site technical lead to each UASI
grantee and to states without a designated urban area. These individuals
(and support staff) are available on a first-come, first-served basis to
meet with a site's governance, operations, and technical working groups
to facilitate TICP development and documentation and to support table
top exercises." (**DHS/ODP**, *ODP TICP FAQs*, May 16, 2005, p. 1)

**Interoperable Continuum:** "The Interoperability Continuum (see
reference link below)

outlines critical elements for the planning and implementation of
successful public safety and service agencies' communications and
interoperability solutions. These elements include governance, standard
operating procedures, technology, training and exercises, and usage of
interoperable communications. To drive progress along the five elements
of the continuum and improve interoperability, public safety and service
agency practitioners should observe the following principles:

-   Gain leadership commitment from all public safety and services
    agencies.

-   Foster collaboration across all public safety and services agencies
    for planning and implementation.

-   Work with policy makers to gain leadership commitment and resource
    support for

interoperability.

-   Plan and budget for ongoing updates to systems, procedures, and
    documentation.

-   Use interoperability solutions on a regular basis." (**DHS**, *TCL*,
    2007, p. 39)

**Interoperable and Survivable Communications:** "To achieve
interoperability, we must have compatible equipment, standard operating
procedures, planning, mature governance struc­tures, and a collaborative
culture that enables all necessary parties to work together seamlessly.
Survivable communications infrastructure is even more fundamental. To
achieve survivability, our national security and emergency prepared­ness
communications systems must be resilient -- either able to withstand
destructive forces regardless of cause or sufficiently redundant to
suffer damage and remain reliable." (**White House**, *National Strategy
for Homeland Security*, Homeland Security Council, October 2007, p. 47)

**Interoperable Communications:** "Public safety officials generally
recognize that effective "interoperable" communications is the ability
to talk with whom they want, when they want, when authorized, but not
the ability to talk with everyone all of the time." (**GAO**, *Homeland
Security: Federal Leadership Needed to Facilitate Interoperable
Communications Between First Responders*, September 8, 2004, p. 1)

**Interoperable Communications Technical Assistance Program (ICTAP):**
"...a program designed to enhance interoperable communications among
local, State, and Federal emergency responders and public safety
officials, and is associated with the Department of Homeland Security
Office of Grants and Training's (G&T) Urban Area Security Initiative
(UASI) grant program. Each team provides technical assistance in four
phases: Phase 1: Define Technical Assistance Requirements; Phase 2:
Define Enhancements Needed; Phase 3: Implementation; Phase 4: Continued
services as needed until local support is in place." (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 38)

**Interoperability:** "Interoperability is the communication between
disciplines and jurisdictions that permits real time exchanges of
information on demand, with whoever needs it, when properly authorized,
in conformance with the Incident Command System." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007,
p. 38)

**Invocation:** "The act by which a Business Continuity Management or
Crisis Management process is formally started. The term is often used to
refer to the act of using a service such as work area recovery as
offered by a commercial or third party provider. See: Activation and
Declaration." (**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon Business Continuity
Workshop*, 2006, p. 58)

**IO:** Information Operations. (**DSB**, *Protecting the Homeland, 2000
Summer Study Vol. II*, 2001, p. ES-2)

**IOF:** Initial Operating Facility. (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 209)

**IOM:** Institute of Medicine.

**Ionizing Radiation:** "Ionizing Radiation. The extent of tissue damage
resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation depends on the type of
radiation and the dose of exposure experienced.

1\. Localized or focal tissue damage. One type of localized injury "beta
burns" results when skin is exposed to beta emissions, either an intense
source or for a long period. Another type of localized or focal tissue
damage may be a result of an internal dose as a result of inhalation or

ingestion of a radioactive particle. For example, if the common fission
product iodine-131 is inhaled or ingested, it will likely concentrate in
the thyroid gland and may cause tissue damage.

2\. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) occurs from whole-body exposure to
radiation, not just specific areas of the body . . . the higher the
radiation dose and dose rate, the earlier the symptoms will appear and
more danger to exposed personnel. Individuals with a combination of
injuries, blast and/or thermal combined with radiation exposure, will be
more vulnerable to ARS. (*For additional information, see Military
Medical Operations Armed Forces Radiobiology*

*Research Institute,
[http://www.afrri.usuhs.mil](http://www.afrri.usuhs.mil/).*)
(**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006, p. I-9)

**IP:** Infrastructure Protection.

**IPAC:** Institute for the Protection of American Communities,
University of TX at San Antonio.

**IPAC:** Interagency Payment & Collection System.

**IPAWS:** Integrated Public Alert Warning System**.** (**HSC**,
*NCPIP*, August 2007, p. 63)

**IPB:** Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, 2007, Glossary-4)

**IPCC:** Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

**IPET:** Interagency Performance Evaluation Taskforce.

**IPG:** Incident Planning Guide. (CA EMSA, *Hospital Incident Command
System Guidebook*, 2006, p. 103)

**I Plan:** National Exercise Program Implementation Plan. (**FEMA**,
*Statement of Dennis Schrader*, October 2007, p. 3)

**IPOCM:** Incident Preparedness and Operational (Business) Continuity
Management. (**ISO/PAS** 22399, 2007, p. v)

**IPP:** Infrastructure Protection Program.

**IRPL:** Intelligence Personal Radiation Locator. (**DHS**, *Statement
of Vayl Oxford*, 2007, 7)

**IPS:** Integrated Planning System, DHS.

**IR:** Increased Readiness. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance Appendices*,
1974, p. B-7)

**IRC:** International Residential Code.

**IRIS:** Increased Readiness Information System \[defunct\]. (**OCD**,
*Abbreviations*, 1971, p. 2)

**IRIS:** Integrated Risk Information System. (**EPA**, *IRIS*, December
14, 2007)

**IRM:** Institute of Risk Management (UK). (**IRM**, *A Risk Management
Standard*, 2002, p. 1)

**IRR:** Initial Response Resources. (**FEMA**, *DHS/FEMA 2008 Hurricane
CONPLAN*, 2007, p. 3)

**IS:** Independent Study. (FEMA, Emergency Management Institute)

**ISAC:** Information Sharing and Analysis Center. (**DHS,** *NIPP*
2006, p. 101)

**ISDR:** International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (United Nations)

**ISE:** Information Sharing Environment. http://www.ise.gov/

**ISIP:** Initial Strategy Implementation Plan, Office of Domestic
Preparedness.

**ISO:** International Organization for Standardization (International
Standards Organization).

**ISO 17799:** "International Standards Organization standard for
information systems security management. The international standard
includes best practices for business continuity management as it relates
to information technology. The ISO standard is also available as British
Standard BS 7799." (**Risky Thinking**, *Risk Glossary*, 2007)

**ISO/PAS 22399, Societal Security -- Guideline for Incident
Preparedness and Operational Continuity Management:** "ISO/PAS
22399:2007 provides general guidance for an organization --- private,
governmental, and nongovernmental organizations --- to develop its own
specific performance criteria for incident preparedness and operational
continuity, and design an appropriate management system. It provides a
basis for understanding, developing, and implementing continuity of
operations and services within an organization and to provide confidence
in business, community, customer, first responder, and organizational
interactions. It also enables the organization to measure its resilience
in a consistent and recognized manner.

ISO/PAS 22399:2007 is applicable to all sizes of public or private
organizations engaged in providing products, processes, or services that
wishes to:

-   understand the overall context within which the organization
    operates;

-   identify critical objectives;

-   understand barriers, risks, and disruptions that may impede critical
    objectives;

-   evaluate residual risk and risk tolerance to understand outcomes of
    controls and mitigation strategies;

-   plan how an organization can continue to achieve its objectives
    should a disruptive incident occur;

-   develop incident and emergency response, continuity response and
    recovery response procedures;

-   define roles and responsibilities, and resources to respond to an
    incident;

-   meet compliance with applicable legal, regulatory, and other
    requirements;

-   provide mutual and community assistance;

-   interface with first responders and the media;

-   promote a cultural change within the organization that recognizes
    that risk is inherent in every decision and activity and must be
    effectively managed.

ISO/PAS 22399:2007 presents the general principles and elements for
incident preparedness and operational continuity of an organization. The
extent of the application will depend on factors such as the policy of
the organization, the nature of its activities, products and services,
and the location where and the conditions under which it functions.
ISO/PAS 22399:2007, however, excludes specific emergency response
activities following an incident, such as disaster relief and social
infrastructure recovery that are primarily to be performed by the public
sector in accordance with relevant legislation. It is important,
however, that coordination with these activities be maintained and
documented." (**ISO,** *ISO/PAS 22399*, 2007)

**Isobar:** "A line represented on a map or chart, connecting points on
the surface that have equal

barometric pressure over a given time or period." (**UNDHA**, *DM
Gloss.*, 1992, 47; cites OFDA)

**Isolation:** "Definition: Isolation refers to the separation of
persons who have a specific infectious illness from those who are
healthy and the restriction of their movement to stop the spread of that
illness. Isolation allows for the focused delivery of specialized health
care to people who are ill, and it protects healthy people from getting
sick. In sum, isolation is for treatment of a known illness and
quarantine is for observation of possible exposure to an agent."
(**DHS**, *Lexicon; Terms and Definitions*, October 19, 2007, p. 21)

**Isolation and Quarantine:** "Individuals who are ill, exposed, or
likely to be exposed are separated, movement is restricted, basic
necessities of life are available, and their health is monitored in
order to limit the spread of a newly introduced contagious disease
(e.g., pandemic influenza). Legal authority for those measures is
clearly defined and communicated to all responding agencies and the
public. Logistical support is provided to maintain measures until danger
of contagion has elapsed." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*,
2007, p. 9)

**ISR:** Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance.

**Issues Management Communication:** "Issues management communication is
similar to crisis

communication; however, the organization has the luxury of foreknowledge
of the impending crisis and the opportunity, to some extent, to choose
the timing of its revelation to stakeholders and the public and reveal
the organization's plan to resolve the issue. Again, the organization is
central to the event." (**CDC**, *Crisis and Emergency Risk
Communication*, 2002, p. 5)

**IT:** Information Technology. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. O-2)

**ITACG:** Interagency Threat Assessment and Coordination Group.
(**WH**, *NSIS*, 2007, p. 18)

**IV&V:** Independent Verification and Validation. (**FEMA NPD** Nov. 7,
2007 Report)

**J-2:** Intelligence Staff Officer. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-4)

**J3:** Operations Staff Officer. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-4)

**J-3:** Operations Staff Officer. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-4)

**J-6:** Communications Staff Officer. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-4)

**JAC:** Joint Analysis Center, DHS/DNDO. (**DHS**, *DHS Exhibit
300...BY08...JAC*, 12Feb2007)

**JACCIS:** Joint Analysis Center Collective Information System,
DHS/DNDO. (**DHS**, *DHS Exhibit 300 Public Release BY08...JAC*, Feb 12,
2007)

**JCAHO:** Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations.

**JCDSG:** Joint Catastrophic Disaster Steering Group (FEMA,
Catastrophic Incident Planning Initiative)

**JCS:** Joint Chiefs of Staff. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-4)

**JDOMS:** Joint Directorate of Military Support. (**JDOMS**, April 26,
2007)

**JFHQ JOC:** Joint Force Headquarters Joint Operations Centers.
(**Blum**, July 19, 2007, pp. 4-5)

**JFHQ-S/State:** Joint Force Headquarters -- State, National Guard.
(**Blum**, July 19, 2007, p. 4)

**JFO:** Joint Field Office.

**JFO CG:** Joint Field Office Coordination Group.

**JFO CS:** Joint Field Office Coordination Staff.

**JHSG:** Joint Housing Solutions Group, FEMA. (**FEMA**, *Statement of
Cannon*, Dec. 2007, 8)

**JIACG:** Joint Interagency Coordination Group. (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil
Support*, 2007, p. GL-10)

**JIC:** Joint Information Center. (**FEMA**, *Basic Guidance for PIOs*,
Nov 2007, p. 7)

**JIS:** Joint Information System. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina: A Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, p. 632)

**JOC:** Joint Operations Center. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-4)

**John Warner National Defense Authorization Act** (Public Law 109-364,
120 Stat. 2083, Section 1076): "...authorizes the President to employ
the armed forces to 'restore public order and enforce the laws of the
United States" during a "serious public health emergency...'."
(**ACLU**, *Pandemic Preparedness*, 2008, 31)

**Joint Analysis Center (JAC) DHS:** "Staffed with personnel from the
Departments of Defense, Energy, Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the Joint Analysis
Center (JAC) will provide status tracking for the United States
Government Global Nuclear Detection Architecture. With a direct conduit
from the alarm source to national assets for spectrum analysis, the
Joint Analysis Center will provide 24/7 response for radiological alarm
resolution and provide the capability to marry intelligence, illicit
activity, and threats with a known radiological architecture that will
provide total situational awareness to decision makers. The JAC
facilitates the USG Interagency Nuclear Decision Protocols to adjudicate
nuclear detection events.

"*Situational Awareness*: The JAC achieves situational awareness through
visibility into deployed components, access to information, and
historical data. Information is received from deployed
radiological/nuclear detection assets, radiological/nuclear related
events, the global nuclear detection architecture, the NRC and Agreement
State Material Licensing Data, and historical data on all detection
events, illicit and legitimate." (**DHS**, *DNDO: JAC*, 2007)

**Joint Field Office (JFO):** "The JFO is the primary Federal incident
management field structure. The JFO is a temporary Federal facility that
provides a central location for the coordination of Federal, State,
tribal and local governments and private sector businesses and NGOs with
primary responsibility for response and short-term recovery. The JFO
structure is organized, staffed and managed in a manner consistent with
*NIMS* principles and is led by the Unified Coordination Group.
Personnel from Federal and State departments and agencies, other
jurisdictional entities and private sector businesses and NGOs may be
requested to staff various levels of the JFO, depending on the
requirements of the incident. When incidents impact the entire nation or
multiple States or localities, multiple JFOs may be established. In
these situations, coordination will occur following the principles of
Unified Area Command. The physical location of such a coordination
entity depends on the situation. As the primary field structure, the JFO
provides the organizing structure to integrate diverse Federal
authorities and capabilities and coordinate Federal response and
recovery operations. For additional information on staffing and
procedures, see the JFO Standard Operating Procedure.26 The JFO is
internally organized and operated using the concepts and principles of
the *NIMS* Incident Command System." (**DHS** *National Response
Framework* **(**Comment Draft), 2007, p. 61)

**Joint Field Office (JFO):** "A temporary Federal facility established
locally to provide a central point for Federal, State, local, and tribal
executives with responsibility for incident oversight, direction, and/or
assistance to effectively coordinate protection, prevention,
preparedness, response, and recovery actions. The JFO will combine the
traditional functions of the JOC, the FEMA DFO and the JIC within a
single Federal facility." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating
Draft*, July 2007, p. 54)

**Joint Field Office (JFO):** "The JFO is a multiagency coordination
center established at the field level. The JFO is the primary hub for
coordination of Federal, state, local, tribal, private, and
nongovernmental organizations to manage the CBRNE incident. The JFO is a
temporary Federal facility established locally to coordinate operational
Federal assistance activities to the affected jurisdiction(s) during
incidents of national significance. Other Federal operations centers or
operational entities, to include the JTF headquarters, also collocate at
the JFO whenever possible. In the event collocation is not practical,
the JTF headquarters will be connected virtually to the JFO and will
assign liaisons to the JFO to facilitate the coordination of Federal
incident management and assistance efforts. There are three organization
components within the JFO --- the coordination group, coordination
staff, and sections." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006, II-17)

**Joint Field Office (JFO):** "A temporary Federal facility established
locally to provide a central point for Federal, State, local, and tribal
executives with responsibility for incident oversight, direction, and/or
assistance to effectively coordinate protection, prevention,
preparedness, response, and recovery actions. The JFO will combine the
traditional functions of the JOC, the FEMA DFO, and the JIC within a
single Federal facility." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary
25-13)

**Joint Field Office (JFO) Coordination Group.** "The JFO Coordination
Group directs the JFO's activities. The following officials typically
comprise the group.

-   **Principal Federal Official (PFO).**

-   **Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO).**

-   **Federal Resource Coordinator (FRC).**

-   **Senior Federal Officials (SFOs).**

-   **Senior Federal Law Enforcement Official (SFLEO).**

-   **State/Local/Tribal Official(s).**" (DHS, 2007)

**Joint Field Office Coordination Group:** "Consists of the PFO, the
Federal coordinating

officer (FCO), the state coordinating officer (SCO), other senior
Federal officials such as the senior Federal law enforcement officer,
and possibly other nongovernmental and private-sector representatives.
If a JTF is established by the CCDR \[Combatant Commander\], consistent
with operational requirements, its C2 \[Command and Control\] element
will be collocated with the PFO at the JFO to ensure coordination and
unity of effort. The PFO has no direct authority over other officials,
but represents the Secretary of Homeland Security as the lead Federal
official. The PFO ensures overall coordination of Federal domestic
incident management and resource

allocation activities; ensures seamless integration of Federal
activities in support of and in coordination with state, local, and
tribal requirements; provides strategic guidance to Federal entities;
facilitates interagency conflict resolution as necessary; serves as a
primary point of contact for Federal interface with state, local, and
tribal senior elected/appointed officials, the media, and the private
sector; provides real-time incident information to the Secretary of
Homeland Security through the NOC and the IAC as required; coordinates
response resource needs between multiple incidents as necessary or as
directed by the Secretary of Homeland Security; coordinates the overall
Federal public communications strategy locally to ensure consistency of
Federal interagency communications to the public; and ensures that
adequate connectivity is maintained between the JFO and the NOC; local,
county, state, and regional

EOCs; nongovernmental EOCs and relevant elements of the private sector.
The FCO conducts an

initial appraisal of the types of assistance most urgently needed;
coordinates the timely delivery of Federal assistance to affected state,
local, and tribal governments and disaster victims; supports the PFO;
administers the financial aspects of assistance authorized under the
Stafford Act; works in partnership with the SCO; and takes other action
consistent with the authority delegated to him or her as deemed
necessary to assist local citizens and public officials in promptly
obtaining assistance to which they are entitled. The SCO is the state's
counterpart to the FCO, managing the state's incident management
programs and activities." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE Consequence Management*
(JP 3-41), 2006, p. II-19) \[Note: See "Joint Field Office Unified
Coordination Group,"\]

**Joint Field Office Coordination Staff:** "The JFO coordination staff
provides specialized

assistance to the JFO. The DCO is the single point of contact from DOD
in the JFO for civil

support. The defense coordinating element (DCE) is the DCO's staff. The
DCO with the DCE

processes requirements for military support; forwards mission
assignments to the appropriate

military organizations through DOD channels; and assigns military
liaisons to activated ESFs,

as appropriate. The collocation of the JTF C2 element does not replace
the requirement for a

DCO/DCE as part of the JFO coordination staff and it will not coordinate
requests for assistance

for DOD." (JCS/DOD, CBRNE Consequence Management (JP 3-41), 2006, p.
II-19)

**Joint Field Office Sections:** "JFO sections are established, as
necessary, to meet the essential

management functions of operations, planning, logistics and
finance/administration.

a\. The *operations section* coordinates operational support to on-scene
incident management efforts. Branches may be added or deleted as
required, depending on the nature of the incident. The operations
section also is responsible for coordination with other Federal command
posts that may be established to support incident management activities.
The 15 ESFs provide staff and resources to the sections of the JFO,
principally the operations section, consistent with the purpose and
scope defined in the NRP annexes. A joint force conducting CBRNE CM
should be aware of their activities through the DCO. The joint force
conducting CBRNE CM will not typically be involved with law enforcement
activities...

b\. The *planning section* collects, evaluates, disseminates, and uses
information regarding the threat or incident and the status of Federal
resources. It is also responsible for preparing and documenting Federal
support actions, and developing strategic, contingency, long-term, and
other plans related to the threat or incident, as needed. The planning
section provides current information to the JFO coordination group to
ensure situational awareness, determine cascading effects, identify
national implications, and determine specific areas of interest
requiring long-term attention. The planning section also provides
technical and scientific expertise.

c\. The logistics section coordinates the logistic response of the
Federal Government to the entire disaster area and coordinates closely
with the state and local officials for Federal supplies and equipment;
resource ordering; delivery of equipment, supplies, and services to the
JFO and other field locations; and transportation coordination and fleet
management services.

d\. The finance/administration section is responsible for the financial
management, monitoring, and tracking of all Federal costs relating to
the incident and the functioning of the JFO while adhering to all
Federal laws, acts, and regulations." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006,
II-19-21)

**Joint Field Office Unified Coordination Group**: "The Joint Field
Office Unified Coordination Group---consisting of the Principal Federal
Official (if designated), the Federal Coordinating Officer, the State
Coordinating Officer, and the DHS Infrastructure Protection senior
Federal official---serves as the Unified Command for all disaster
operations in the respective states. All State requests for Federal
support are staffed and coordinated through the Operations Section for
this group. Additionally, this group is charged with the integration and
coordination of all Federal support---the Stafford Act as well as the
unique authorities of other Federal departments --- involved in the
disaster. The Joint Field Office Unified Coordination Group, through the
Joint Field Office, also provides directional control for all Federal
field activities including but not limited to: Federal Operational
Staging Areas, Disaster Recovery Centers, the United States Army Corps
of Engineers (USACE), and other departments' field operations. Based on
the circumstances, the Joint Field Offices may establish one or more
Area Field Offices (AFOs) to provide responsive support. All Area Field
Offices will report directly to their respective Joint Field Offices."
(F**EMA**, *Federal Interim Contingency Plan -- Predecisional Draft:
NMSZ*, December 15, 2007, pp. 21-22)

**Joint Force Headquarters Joint Operations Centers (JFHQ JOC):** "The
JOC is a network composed of the National Guard Bureau JOC, located in
Arlington, Virginia and a separate JOC in each of the 54 States and
Territories. The JFHQ JOC serves as the primary entity for coordinating,
facilitating, and synchronizing efforts in support of their states,
information requirements of the National Guard Bureau and customers at
the Federal level during natural disasters, National Special Security
Events (NSSE), exercises and domestic activities." (**Blum**, July 19,
2007, p. 5)

**Joint Force Headquarters -- State (National Guard):** "JFHQ-State is a
joint command and control entity in each State and territory. It is
integrated into national consequence management and contingency planning
structures. JFHQs provide situational updates (common operating picture)
information to national level headquarters before and during any
contingency operation and Joint Reception, Staging, and Onward
Movements, and Integration (JRSOI) for all inbound military forces....
created in times of emergency by the Joint Force Headquarters."
(**Blum**, July 19, 2007, p. 4)

**Joint Housing Solutions Group (JHSG):** "In 2006, FEMA...launched a
Joint Housing Solutions Group (JHSG) charged with identifying viable
alternatives to FEMA travel trailers and manufactured homes, and
recommending improvements for conducting disaster housing operations.
The Joint Housing Solutions Group has developed housing evaluation
criteria, a Housing Assessment Tool, and screened, tested and rated more
than 100 alternative housing providers and their products ranging from
panelized, manufactured, and modular homes to shipping container
prototypes. In October 2007, the JHSG released a one year report to
identify the milestones of the JHSG Steering Committee. The next step is
to pilot test select housing units in order to gauge field performance."
(**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*, Dec. 4, 2007, p. 8)

**Joint Information Center (JIC):** "In order to coordinate the release
of emergency information and other public affairs functions, a State or
tribal government may establish a Joint Information Center (JIC), a
physical location from which external affairs professionals from all the
organizations involved in an incident work together. The JIC serves as a
focal point for coordinated and timely release of incident-related
information to the public and the media." (**DHS** *National Response
Framework* (Comment Draft), 2007, p. 49)

**Joint Information Center (JIC):** "A central point of contact for all
news media near the scene of a large-scale disaster. News media
representatives are kept informed of activities and events

by public information officials who represent all participating Federal,
State, and local agencies that are collocated at the JIC." (**FEMA**,
*Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning* (SLG 101), 1996,
pp. GLO 7-8)

**Joint Information Center (JIC):** "A joint information center is a
physical location where public affairs professionals from organizations
involved in incident management activities can colocate to perform
critical emergency information, crisis communications, and public
affairs functions. It is important for the center to have the most
current and accurate information regarding incident management
activities at all times. The center provides the organizational
structure for coordinating and disseminating official information.
Centers should be established at each level of incident management, as
required." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 19)

**Joint Information Center (JIC):** "A facility established within or
near the ICP where the PIO and staff can coordinate and provide
information on the incident to the public, media, and other agencies.
The JIC is normally staffed with representation from the FOSC, SOSC, and
FO." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-13)

**Joint Information Center (JIC) Types:**

-   Incident

-   Virtual

-   Satellite

-   Area

-   Support

-   National (**FEMA**, *Basic Guidance for PIOs (FEMA 517)*, Nov
    2007, p. 16)

**Joint Information System (JIS):** "The JIS provides the mechanism to
organize, integrate, and coordinate information to ensure timely,
accurate, accessible, and consistent messaging across multiple
jurisdictions and/or disciplines, including the private sector and NGOs.
It includes the

plans, protocols, procedures, and structures used to provide information
to:

> • general public;
>
> • disaster victims;
>
> • affected jurisdictions;
>
> • elected officials;
>
> • community leaders;
>
> • private sector;
>
> • media;
>
> • NGOs (e.g., American Red Cross);
>
> • response and recovery organizations (e.g., urban search and rescue,
> utilities);
>
> • volunteer groups (e.g., CERT, VOAD);
>
> • international interests (e.g., international media and donations);
> and
>
> • other impacted groups." (**FEMA 517**, *Basic Guidance for PIOs*,
> Nov 2007, 14)

**Joint Information System (JIS): "**Integrates incident information and
public affairs into a cohesive organization designed to provide
consistent, coordinated, accurate, accessible, timely, and complete
information during crisis or incident operations. The mission of the JIS
is to provide a structure and system for developing and delivering
coordinated interagency messages; developing, recommending, and
executing public information plans and strategies on behalf of the IC;
advising the IC concerning public affairs issues that could affect a
response effort; and controlling rumors and inaccurate information that
could undermine public confidence in the emergency response effort."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 153)

**Joint Information System (JIS):** "Integrates incident information and
public affairs into a cohesive organization designed to provide
consistent, coordinated, timely information during a crisis or incident
operations." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-13/14)

**Joint Interagency Coordination Group (JIACG):** "An Interagency staff
group that establishes regular, timely, and collaborative working
relationships between civilian and military operational planners.
Composed of US Government civilian and military experts accredited to
the combatant commander and tailored to meet the requirements of a
supported joint force commander, the joint interagency coordination
group provides the joint force commander with the capability to
coordinate with other US Government civilian agencies and departments.
Also called JIACG." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support* (JP 3-28), 2007, p.
GL-10)

**Joint Logistics Advisory Council Strategy:** "DHS/FEMA Headquarters
Logistics in coordination with appropriate ESFs will selectively employ
Joint Advisory Councils consisting of public/private-sector partnerships
to establish and maintain robust incident supply chains. For select
commodities, such as difficult-to-source and/or
life-saving/life-sustaining supplies, DHS/FEMA Headquarters Logistics
will solicit private-sector input on better ways to source and deliver
materiel and services." (**DHS**, *NRF Logistics Management Support
Annex*, 2007, p. 7)

**Joint Operations Center (JOC).** "The JOC is an interagency command
post established by the FBI to manage terrorist threats or incidents and
investigative and intelligence activities. The JOC coordinates the
necessary interagency law enforcement assets required to prepare for,
respond to and resolve the threat or incident with State, tribal and
local law enforcement agencies." (**DHS** *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, p.
62)

**Joint Operations Center (JOC):** "The JOC is the focal point for all
Federal investigative law

enforcement activities during a terrorist or potential terrorist
incident or any other significant criminal incident, and is managed by
the SFLEO. The JOC becomes a component of the JFO when the NRP is
activated." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-14)

**Joint Operations Planning and Execution System (JOPES):** "The Joint
Operations Planning and Execution System (JOPES) is the Department of
Defense's (DoD's) principal means for translating national security
policy decisions into military plans and operations." (**USJFCOM**,
*Joint Operation Planning and Execution System*)

**Joint Reception, Staging, and Onward Movements, and Integration
(JRSOI):** "In very simplistic terms, JRSOI is simply a selection of
predetermined sites (distribution points, airports etc.) and routes for
moving supplies and personnel into affected areas." (**Blum**,
19July2007, 10)

**Joint Task Force (JTF).** "Based on the magnitude, type of incident
and anticipated 1 level of resource involvement, the combatant commander
may utilize a JTF to command Federal military forces in support of the
incident response. If a JTF is established, consistent with operational
requirements, its command and control element will be co-located with
the senior DHS on-scene leader at the JFO to ensure coordination and
unity of effort. The co-location of the JTF command and control element
does not replace the requirement for a Defense Coordinating Officer
(DCO)/Defense Coordinating Element as part of the JFO Unified
Coordination Staff. The DCO remains the Department of Defense (DOD)
single point of contact in the JFO for requesting assistance from DOD."
(**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 63)

**Joint Task Force Civil Support (JTF-CS): "**JTF-CS is a standing JTF
assigned to CDRUSNORTHCOM dedicated to planning and integrating DOD
domestic CBRNE consequence management support for incidents or
accidents. When directed by SecDef,

CDRUSNORTHCOM \[Commander NORTHCOM\] deploys JTF-CS as a CBRNE CM
headquarters to establish C2 \[Command and Control\] of designated DOD
forces at the CBRNE incident site and to provide CS to save lives,
prevent injury, and provide temporary critical life support. If the
CBRNE event occurs outside the USNORTHCOM AOR, JTF-CS may be attached to
CDRUSPACOM or CDRUSSOUTHCOM to provide domestic CBRNE support."
(**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007, p. II-9)

**Joint Task Force (JTF) Commander.** "Based on the complexity and type
of incident, and the anticipated level of DOD resource involvement, DOD
may elect to designate a JTF to command Federal (Title 10) military
activities in support of the incident objectives. If a JTF is
established, consistent with DOD operational requirements, its command
and control element will establish effective liaison with the JFO to
ensure coordination and unity of effort. The JTF Commander exercises
operational control of all allocated DOD resources (excluding U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers resources). National Guard forces operating under a
Governor's control are not DOD-controlled resources. The use of a JTF
does not replace the requirement for a Defense Coordinating Officer as
part of the JFO Coordination Staff. The JTF does not coordinate requests
for assistance from DOD." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007,
p. 65)

**Joint Task Force Consequence Management:** "...Joint Task Force
Consequence Management East (headquartered at Fort Gillem, Georgia) and
Joint Task Force Consequence Management West (headquartered at Fort Sam
Houston, Texas), is a deployable, standing task force of 160 assigned
military personnel led by a two-star Army National Guard general officer
serving on active duty, who is under the command of the U.S. Northern
Command (USNORTHCOM) commander. The mission of JTF-CS is to deploy, when
directed, to a CBRNE incident site to exercise command and control of
assigned Federal military forces to support civil authorities."
(**DoD**, *Statement of Verga*, July 19, 2007, pp. 5-6)

**JOPES:** Joint Operations Planning and Execution System, DOD.

**JRC:** Joint Requirements Council, DHS.

**JRSOI:** Joint Reception, Staging, and Onward Movements, and
Integration. (**Blum**, 19July07, 4)

**JTF:** Joint Task Force. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina: A Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, p. 632)

**JTF-AK:** Joint Task Force Alaska. (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006,
II-10)

**JTF C2:** Joint Task Force Command & Control Element. (JCS/DOD, CBRNE
CM, 2006, II-19)

**JTF-CM:** Joint Task Force-Consequence Management (East and West).
(**DoD**, *Verga*, 2007, 5)

**JTF-CS:** Joint Task Force-Civil Support. (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*,
2006, II-10)

**JTF-NCR: J**oint Task Force-National Capital Region. (**JCS/DOD**,
*CBRNE CM*, 2006, II-10)

**JTF-S:** Joint Task Force-State. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, 2-4)

**JTIF:** Joint Terrorism Task Force. (**DHS**, *National Infrastructure
Protection Plan*, 2006, p. 101)

**JUA:** Florida Residential Property and Casualty Joint Underwriting
Association. (**GAO**, Nov 2007)

**JumpSTART:** "The [JumpSTART Pediatric MCI Triage
Tool](http://www.jumpstarttriage.com/uploads/Simplified_algorithm.gif)
is...\[an\] objective tool developed specifically for the triage of
children in the multicasualty/disaster setting. JumpSTART was developed
in 1995 to parallel the structure of the START system, the adult MCI
triage tool most commonly used in the United States and adopted in many
countries around the world. JumpSTART\'s objectives are:\
 \
1) to optimize the primary triage of injured children in the MCI
setting\
2) to enhance the effectiveness of resource allocation for *all* MCI
victims \
3) to reduce the emotional burden on triage personnel who may have to
make rapid life-or-death decisions about injured children in chaotic
circumstances\
\
JumpSTART provides an objective framework that helps to assure that
injured children are triaged by responders using their heads instead of
their hearts, thus reducing overtriage that might siphon resources from
other patients who need them more and result in physical and emotional
trauma to children from unnecessary painful procedures and separation
from loved ones. Undertriage is addressed by recognizing the key
differences between adult and pediatric physiology and using appropriate
pediatric physiologic parameters at decision points.\
\
JumpSTART has rapidly gained acceptance by EMS agencies and
hospitals throughout the US and Canada and is being taught in numerous
countries internationally. The tool has been recognized for use by
groups such as the US National Disaster Medical System\'s federal
medical response teams and EMS providers in the National Park Service.
JumpSTART is referenced in numerous EMS and disaster texts and has been
incorporated into courses such as Pediatric Disaster Life Support
(PDLS) and Advanced Pediatric Life Support (APLS).  \
\
...JumpSTART was designed for use in disaster/multicasualty settings,
not for daily EMS or hospital triage. The triage philosophies in the two
settings are different and require different guidelines... JumpSTART is
also intended for the triage of children with acute injuries and may not
be appropriate for the primary triage of children with medical illnesses
in a disaster setting. Note also that no MCI triage tool, including
START and JumpSTART, has been clinically or scientifically validated at
the time of publication of this website." (**Romig**, *The JumpSTART
Pediatric MCI Triage Tool,* August 7, 2006 Revision)

**Justice:** "Preparation for a potential pandemic (or any disaster)
should ensure a fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of
precautions and responses and equal respect for the dignity and autonomy
of each individual." (**ACLA**, *Pandemic Preparedness*, 2008, 7)

**JWARN:** Joint Warning and Reporting Network. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, 2007, Glossary-4)

**Kaizen:** Japanese word meaning "continuous improvement." (**WY
Environmental Quality Dept**.)

**Key Resources**: "As defied in the Homeland Security Act \[2002\],
'key resources' are publicly or privately controlled resources essential
to the minimal operations of the economy and government." (**DHS**,
*National Infrastructure Protection Plan*, 2006, p. 104)

**KI:** Potassium Iodide.

**Kiloton:** Thousand tons of TNT. (**Glasstone**, *The Effects of
Nuclear Weapons*, 1977, 2)

**Kind (NIMS Resource Typing):** "Kind refers to broad classes that
characterize like resources, such as teams, personnel, equipment,
supplies, vehicles, and aircraft." (FEMA, *National Incident*

*Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft). Washington, DC: August 2007, p.
41)

**Knowledge Structure:** "Three types of knowledge structures are
declarative, procedural, and strategic. *Declarative knowledge* tells us
why things work the way they do, or that an object or thing has a
particular name or location. It includes information about the concepts
and elements in the domain and the relationships between them.
*Procedural knowledge* tells how to perform a given task. It contains
the discrete steps or actions to be taken and the available alternatives
when performing a given task. With practice, procedural knowledge can
become an automatic process, thus allowing people to perform tasks
without conscious awareness. *Strategic knowledge* is composed of
information that is the basis of problem solving, such as action plans
to meet specific goals, knowledge of the context in which procedures
should be implemented, actions to be taken if a proposed solution fails,
and how to respond if necessary information is absent." (**DHS**, *DHS
Training Glossary*, 2006, p. 32)

**KSAs:** Knowledge, Skills, and Ability.

**KT:** Kiloton. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and Definitions*, 1971, p. 3)

**Kyoto Protocol:** "The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the Third Session
of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. It contains legally
binding commitments, in addition to those included in the UNFCCC.
Countries included in Annex B of the Protocol (most OECD countries and
EITs) agreed to reduce their anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases
(CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6) by at least 5 % below 1990 levels
in the commitment period 2008 to 2012." (European Environment Agency,
EEA Environmental Glossary; cites: **IPCC**, *Climate change 2001
Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability*.)

**L:** Lewisite. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007,
Glossary-4)

**La Niña:** The opposite of an El Niño event, during which waters in
the west Pacific are warmer than normal, trade winds or Walker
circulation is stronger and, consequently, rainfalls heavier in
Southeast Asia. (**Bryant** 1991)

**Laboratory Response Network**: "The Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
was established by the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in accordance with Presidential
Decision Directive 39, which outlined national anti-terrorism policies
and assigned specific missions to federal departments and agencies.
Through a collaborative effort involving LRN founding partners, the
Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Association of Public Health
Laboratories, the LRN became operational in August 1999. Its objective
was to ensure an effective laboratory response to bioterrorism by
helping to improve the nation\'s public health laboratory
infrastructure, which had limited ability to respond to bioterrorism.
Today, the LRN is charged with the task of maintaining an integrated
network of state and local public health, federal, military, and
international laboratories that can respond to bioterrorism, chemical
terrorism and other public health emergencies. The LRN is a unique asset
in the nation\'s growing preparedness for biological and chemical
terrorism. The linking of state and local public health laboratories,
veterinary, agriculture, military, and water- and food-testing
laboratories is unprecedented. In the years since its creation, the LRN
has played an instrumental role in improving the public health
infrastructure by helping to boost laboratory capacity. Laboratories are
better equipped, their staff levels are increasing, and laboratories are
employing advanced technologies." (**CDC**, *The Laboratory Response
Network*, 2005)

**Lahar:** "A term originating in Indonesia, designating a debris flow
over the flank of a volcano." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management
Glossary*, 1992, p. 48)

**Land Degradation:** "Progressive deterioration of land quality or land
forms resulting from natural phenomena or human activity." (**UNDHA**,
*Disaster Mgmt. Glossary*, 1992, p. 48)

**Landslide:** "Landslides occur in all U.S. states and territories. In
a landslide, masses of rock, earth, or debris move down a slope.
Landslides may be small or large, slow or rapid. They are activated by
storms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, fires, and human modification
of land.

Debris and mud flows are rivers of rock, earth, and other debris
saturated with water. They develop when water rapidly accumulates in the
ground, during heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, changing the earth into
a flowing river of mud or "slurry." They can flow rapidly, striking with
little or no warning at avalanche speeds. They also can travel several
miles from their source, growing in size as they pick up trees,
boulders, cars, and other materials." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- Land
Slide," June 2007, p. 1)

**Landslide:** "In general, all varieties of slope movement, under the
influence of gravity. More strictly refers to down-slope movement of
rock and/or earth masses along one or several slide surfaces."
(**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 48)

**Landslide:** "A mass movement of soil, mud, and (or) rock down a
slope." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country*, 2007,
Glossary)

**Landslide Stabilization:** "Measures to prevent a landslide."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 49)

**Land Use Planning:** "Branch of physical and socio-economic planning
that determines the means and assesses the values or limitations of
various options in which land is to be utilized, with the corresponding
effects on different segments of the population or interests of a
community taken into account in resulting decisions.

*Land-use planning involves studies and mapping, analysis of
environmental and hazard data, formulation of alternative land-use
decisions and design of a long-range plan for different geographical and
administrative scales. Land-use planning can help to mitigate disasters
and reduce risks by discouraging high-density settlements and
construction of key installations in hazard-prone areas, control of
population density and expansion, and in the siting of service routes
for transport, power, water, sewage and other critical facilities.*"
(**UN/ISDR,** *Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*,
March 31, 2004)

**Lateral and Multi-Level Coordination**: "To be evaluated as
fully-qualified, the jurisdiction shall have demonstrated a capability
for lateral and multi-level operations and coordination, in addition to
operations and coordination needed within it's own boundaries and
relating to its own emergency forces. Means for developing and
demonstrating this capability may include: (1) Two-community
total-system exercises (e.g., involving use of mutual-assistance plans
that were jointly developed); (2) local to next higher EOC exercise
(e.g., city-county, or county State Area, using reporting systems
specified by the State); or (3) local-State-Regional (or
local-State-Regional- National) exercises, such as the \"CDEX\"
exercises." (**DCPA**, *Standards For Local Civil Preparedness*, 1978,
p. 36)

**Lava Flow:** "Molten rock which flows down-slope from a volcanic vent,
typically moving at between a few metres to several tens of kilometres
per hour." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary* 1992, 49)

**Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program (LETPP)** "...focuses
upon the prevention of terrorist attacks and provides law enforcement
and public safety communities with funds to support the following
activities: intelligence gathering and information sharing through
enhancing/establishing fusion centers; hardening high-value targets;
planning strategically; continuing to build interoperable
communications; and collaborating with non-law enforcement partners,
other government agencies and the private sector." (**DHS**, *State
Contacts & Grant Award Information,* July 18, 2007 Update)

**LC:** Logistics Center. (**DHS**, *NRF Logistics Management Support
Annex*, Sep. 2007. p. 2)

**LC50:** "Lethal concentration 50. The concentration of a material
administered by inhalation that is expected to cause the death of 50% of
an experimental animal population within a specified time.
(Concentration is reported in either ppm or mg/m3)." (**DOT**, Emergency
*Response Guidebook...Hazardous Materials Incidents*, 2004, p. 362)

**LD50:** Lethal dose 50. Level of radiation exposure expected to cause
the death of 50% of exposed population. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 3)

**Lead Federal Agency:** "The federal agency that leads and coordinates
the overall federal response to an emergency. Designation and
responsibilities of a lead federal agency vary according to the type of
emergency and the agency\'s statutory authority. Also called LFA."
(**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**LEADERS:** Lightweight Epidemiology Advanced Detection & Emergency
Response System.

**Leadership:** "Leaders are needed to set priorities and keep focus."
(**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, 3)

**Leadership:** "The senior decisionmakers who have been elected (e.g.,
the President, State governors) or designated (e.g., Cabinet
Secretaries, chief executive officers) to head a branch of Government or
other organization. The survivability of leadership is accomplished by
physically protecting the officeholder (sheltering the individual in
place or relocating him or her away from the threat area) and by
developing a prioritized list of designated successors to that
leadership position, who would assume the roles and responsibilities of
that position in the event of the incapacitation or unavailability of
the current officeholder. The designation as a successor enables an
individual to act for the officeholder and exercise the powers and
authorities of the officeholder's position, in the event of the
officeholder's death, permanent disability, or resignation." (**DHS**,
*FCD 1*, Nov 2007, P-6)

**Leadership:** "...California's emergency preparedness strategy is
weakened by a lack of leadership. Researchers for years have highlighted
California's vulnerabilities to a catastrophic earthquake. No
imagination is needed to see in those forecasts the destruction that
would result. And models are in place today to reduce threats and
vulnerabilities, promote prevention and mitigation, and harness the
capabilities and resources of public servants and the private sector to

respond when called. No innovation is required to deploy those models in
California. If California only relies on current practices to respond to
its threats and vulnerabilities, the emergency management system will
continue to fall just short of preventing the damage of recurrent
flooding and fires that dominate the headlines. And in the event of a
catastrophic incident -- the earthquake that is projected within the
lifetimes of most of the Californians living here today -- too many of
us will not survive." (**Little Hoover**, *Safeguarding...State*, 2007,
63)

**Leadership in Emergency Management:** "\[The\]...leader must be
prepared to achieve the following:

*Establish a vision.* The emergency services leader must have a proven
record of developing and

implementing a broad vision for preparedness. The leader must
demonstrate the capacity, knowledge and confidence to garner public and
professional trust.

*Create an effective strategy**. ***The leader must possess acute
analytic, critical thinking and decisionmaking skills. The ability to
plan strategically and make good judgments -- in advance of emergency
events and under extreme pressure -- is essential. And the leader must
continually measure progress and refine the preparedness strategy to
achieve outcomes.

*Build commitment**. ***This leader must demonstrate the ability to
collaborate, form coalitions and

resolve conflicts among various levels of government, disparate
emergency management professionals, the private sector and the public to
forge a commitment to success.

*Leverage multiple tools.* The...emergency services leader must be
skilled at using every available tool to ensure...preparedness. The
leader must be prepared to develop market, fiscal, policy, regulatory
and other tools to prepare and protect..." (**Little Hoover
Commission**, *Safeguarding the Golden State*..., 2006, 41)

**Leadership versus Coordination:** In the 2006 Little Hoover Commission
report to the California State Government on preparing for catastrophic
events it notes as a section heading that "EOS \[Office of Emergency
Services\] is Charged with Leadership, but Defines its Mission as
Coordination." (13). The report states that "great authority is housed"
in the CA OES and that the State had "vested it with powers beyond other
state agencies -- during emergencies and in advance....Yet despite these
vast powers, the State is not prepared for the risks it faces....OES
largely defines its role as coordinating resources in support of state
and local agencies" (14-15). (**Little Hoover Commission**, *Preparing
for Catastrophic Events*, 2007)

**Learning:** "A change in behavior that can be measured. Learning
occurs as a result of knowledge transfer and includes gaining knowledge,
skills, or developing new behaviors through study, instruction, and
experience." (**DHS**, *DHS Training Glossary*, 2006, p. 33)

**LEMOS**: Local Emergency Operating System computer program.

**LEO:** Law Enforcement Organization(s). (**DHS**, *The ODP
Guidelines*..., 2003, p. 12)

**LEP:** Limited English Proficiency. (**CDC**, *Reaching At Risk
Populations*, 2007, p. 21)

**LEPC:** Local Emergency Planning Committee.

**LERT:** Logistics Emergency Response Team. (**USACE**, *Response
Planning Guide*, 1995*,* A-3)

**Lessons Learned:** "Knowledge gained through operational experience
(actual events or exercises) that improve performance of others in the
same discipline." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of
Reference* (For Fiscal Year 2007), October 23, 2006, p. 6)

**Lessons Learned Information Sharing System (LLIS):** "LLIS.gov is a
national on-line network of lessons learned and best practices designed
to help emergency response providers and

homeland security officials prevent, prepare for, respond to, and
recover from all hazards,

including terrorism. LLIS.gov will enhance national preparedness by
allowing response

professionals to tap into a wealth of validated front-line expertise on
effective planning,

training, equipping, and operational practices for homeland security."
(**LLIS**, *Lessons Learned Information Sharing System*)

**LETPP**: Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program.

**Letter of Determination Review (LODR):** "A Letter of Determination
Review (LODR) is FEMA\'s comment on the determination made by the lender
or third party that the borrower\'s structure is in the Special Flood
Hazard Area (SFHA). Borrowers who have good reason to dispute the flood
hazard determination presented by a lender may request, jointly with the
lender, that FEMA review that determination. Because of the fee required
to process the request, borrowers should not consider this alternative
unless they have already had the subject STRUCTURE plotted on the
current effective Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) and are certain it is
wholly outside the SFHA. It is important to keep in mind that if any
portion of a structure falls within the SFHA, the flood insurance
purchase requirement will apply." (**FEMA**, *Frequently Asked
Questions: General Information-What is a LODR*, 2006)

**Letter of Map Amendment (LOMA):** An administrative procedure to
change the designation of properties identified in a Flood Insurance
Rate Map (FIRM).... Through these processes, an individual who owns,
rents, or leases property may submit certain mapping and survey
information to FEMA and request that FEMA issue a document that
officially removes a property and/or structure from the SFHA. In most
cases, the applicant will need to hire a Licensed Land Surveyor or
Registered Professional Engineer to prepare an Elevation Certificate for
the property." (**FEMA**, *Letter of Map Amendment*..., 2007)

**Letter of Map Change (LOMC):** "A LOMC is a letter which reflects an
official revision to an effective NFIP map.  LOMCs are issued in place
of the physical revision and republication of the effective map."
(**FEMA**, *Letters of Map Change*, May 23, 2006 update)

**Letter of Map Revision (LOMR):** "...an official amendment, by letter,
to the currently effective Flood Insurance Rate Map; issued by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency and

changes flood zones, delineations, and elevations." (**ASFPM**,
*National Flood Programs and Polices in Review---*2007, p. 90)

**Letter of Map Revision based on Fill (LOMR-F):** "...an official
revision, by letter, to an effective National Flood Insurance Program
map. A LOMR-F provides the Federal Emergency

Management Agency's determination whether a structure or parcel has been
elevated on fill above the base flood elevation and excluded from the
Special Flood Hazard Area. (**ASFPM**, *National Flood Programs and
Polices in Review---2007*, p. 90)

**Levee:** "Levees and other flood damage reduction structures only
reduce the dangers of flooding; they do not eliminate them. Indeed, the
most extreme and dangerous events are those that are not eliminated. As
the state and nation have learned in the last two decades, levees can
fail and when they fail, the failure brings catastrophic consequences to
those who depend upon them for flood protection." (**Galloway**, *A
California Challenge*, 2007, iv)

**Levee** (synonym - bund, dike, embankment, stop bank):
"Water-retaining earthwork used to confine streamflow within a specified
area along the stream or to prevent flooding due to waves or tides.
(**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 49)

**Levees and Floodwalls:** "Levees and floodwalls are constructed to
exclude flood waters from the protected area, up to a certain magnitude
of flood. Unlike reservoirs and channel enlargements, the flood control
effectiveness of a levee or floodwall will cease abruptly if a flood
should overtop it. Interior runoff impeded by the structure may cause
interior flooding if there are not proper provisions for interim storage
behind it or discharge past the barrier. Potential effects outside a
levee, upstream and downstream, are too complex and too site dependent
to generalize otherwise, but generally the constriction of flow area
caused by the structure will

raise flood stages upstream. Within the levee reach, flood stages may be
increased or decreased depending on whether the structure forms a
hydraulically long or short constriction. A levee may reduce valley
storage enough to cause the same impacts downstream as a channel.
(**USACE**, *Water Resources Policies and Authorities - Digest of Water*
Resources\..., 1999, 13-4 and 5)

**Levee Deterioration:** "...levees...deteriorate due to natural and
system-induced erosion, degradation and/or removal of natural berms,
animal burrows, settlement, inadequate

maintenance, and the build up of sediment deposits which...\[reduce\]
the amount of water that flows through...bypass channels and river
segments."[^33] (**Galloway**, *A California*..., 2007, 2)

**Lewisite:** "Lewisite is a type of chemical warfare agent. This kind
of agent is called a vesicant or blistering agent, because it causes
blistering of the skin and mucous membranes on contact.

Lewisite is an oily, colorless liquid in its pure form and can appear
amber to black in its impure form. Lewisite has an odor like geraniums.
Lewisite contains arsenic, a poisonous element.

Lewisite is also known by its military designation, "L." Lewisite was
produced in 1918 to be used in World War I, but its production was too
late for it to be used in the war. Lewisite has been used only as a
chemical warfare agent. It has no medical or other practical use.
Lewisite is not found naturally in the environment." (**CDC**, *Facts
About Lewisite*, March 14, 2003 Update)

**LFA:** Lead Federal Agency. (**USG** *Interagency Domestic Terrorism
CONPLAN*, 2001)

**Liaison Officer:** "The Liaison Officer is the IC/UC point of contact
for representatives of other

governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and/or the
private sector (with no jurisdiction or legal authority) to provide
input on their agency's policies, resource availability, and other
incident related matters." (**FEMA**, *FEMA 517*. Nov 2007, p. 2)

**LiDAR:** Light Detection and Ranging.

**Lifelines:** "The public facilities and systems that provide basic
life support services such as water, energy, sanitation, communications
and transportation." (**UNDHA**, *DM Gloss.*, 1992, 49)

**Lifeline Systems:** "Public works and utilities such as electrical
power, gas and liquid

fuels, telecommunications, transportation, and water and sewer systems."
(**APA**, 2005, p. 83)

**Lightning:** Luminous manifestation accompanying a sudden electrical
discharge which takes place from or inside a cloud or, less often, from
high structures on the ground or from mountains. (**WMO** 1992, 358)

**Lightweight Epidemiology Advanced Detection and Emergency Response
System** The Lightweight Epidemiology Advanced Detection and Emergency
Response System is an enhanced data collection, surveillance, analysis,
and management system for bioterrorism incidents and has been deployed
at a number of events.[^34] This system includes Internet Web-based data
collection, casualty tracking, ED status, and overall incident
visualization tools to improve detection and management. While primarily
a system for surveillance, the Lightweight Epidemiology Advanced
Detection and Emergency Response System has many facets that could be
easily adapted for acute disaster and MCI events.^"^ (**Chan**,
"Information Technology and Emergency Medical Care During Disasters,"
2004)

**LIMS:** Logistics Inventory Management System. (**OIG/DHS**, *IT Mgmt.
Ltr. for FY 2005*, 12)

**Liquefaction:** "The temporary loss of shear strength in a
water-saturated, cohesionless

soil deposit, or temporary transformation of unconsolidated materials
into a fluid mass." (**APA**, *Planning For A Disaster-Resistant
Community*, 2005, p. 83)

**Liquefaction:** The process that occurs when an earthquake shakes wet
sandy soil until it behaves like a liquid, allowing sand to "boil up" to
the surface, buildings to sink, or sloping ground to move." (**USGS**,
*Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**Liquefaction: "**Loss of resistance to shear stress of a
water-saturated sandy soil.

**LLIS:** Lessons Learned Information Sharing System.

**LLRM:** Local Level Risk Management (UNDP/BCPR/DRU, *LLRM*, 2006, p.
3)

**LNG:** Liquefied Natural Gas. "A natural gas that has been cooled to
minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit to a liquid state so that it can be
transported. Consists almost entirely of methane (85-95 percent) along
with small concentrations of ethane, propane, butane, and trace amounts
of nitrogen. Mainly used as fuel for electricity generation, home
heating, industrial manufacturing, and, to a lesser extent, motor
vehicles." (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*, December 2007, p. 87)

**LNO:** Liaison Officer. Military. ICS. (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 13)

**Local Chief Executive Responsibilities:**

■ Coordinates local resources to address the full spectrum of actions to
prevent, prepare for,

respond to, and recover from incidents involving all hazards, including
terrorism, natural disasters, accidents, and other contingencies.

■ When necessary, uses the extraordinary powers of the position
(depending on state and local law) to establish a curfew, direct
evacuations, and/or, in coordination with the local health authority, to
order a quarantine.

■ Provides leadership and plays a key role in communicating to the
public, and in helping people, businesses, and organizations cope with
the consequences of any type of domestic incident within the
jurisdiction.

■ Negotiates and enters into mutual aid agreements with other
jurisdictions to facilitate resource sharing.

■ Requests state and, if necessary, federal assistance through the
governor of the state when the jurisdiction's capabilities have been
exceeded or exhausted." (**The Joint Commission**, **Standing
Together**, 2005, p. 4 citing DHS, NRP, Dec, 2004))

**Local Emergency Operational Capability:** "The ability or level of
readiness of a local government to conduct coordinated operations to
minimize the effects of both peacetime and war-caused disasters or
emergencies. Such operational capability consists in general of two
broad categories, tangible and intangible, which can be further broken
down into specific capabilities. In most functional areas, operational
capability includes both essential hardware systems and trained
personnel." (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance* (MP 63) 1974, pp. 4-5) \[See
"Tangible Elements..." and "Intangible Elements...\]

**Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs):** "...the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) establishes the LEPC as
a forum at the local level for discussions and a focus for action in
matters pertaining to hazardous materials planning. LEPCs also help to
provide local governments and the public with information about possible
chemical hazards in their communities. The major legal responsibilities
of LEPCs are listed below. The citations are from EPCRA, Public Law
99-499. Each LEPC:

Shall review local emergency management plans once a year, or more
frequently as circumstances change in the community or as any facility
may require (Section 303 (a)).

Shall make available each MSDS, chemical list described in Section
311(a)(2) or Tier II report, inventory form, and follow-up emergency
notice to the general public, consistent with Section 322, during normal
working hours at a location designated by the LEPC (Section 324(a)).

Shall establish procedures for receiving and processing requests from
the public for information under Section 324, including Tier II
information under Section 312. Such procedures shall include the
designation of an official to serve as coordinator for information
(Section 301(c)).

Shall receive from each subject facility the name of a facility
representative who will participate in the emergency planning process as
a facility emergency coordinator (Section 303(d)).

Shall be informed by the community emergency coordinator of hazardous
chemical releases reported by owners or operators of covered facilities
(Section 304(b )(1)(a)).

Shall be given follow-up emergency information as soon as practical
after a release, which requires the owner/operator to submit a notice
(Section 304(c)).

Shall receive from the owner or operator of any facility a MSDS for each
such chemical (upon request of the LEPC or fire department), or a list
of such chemicals as described (Section 311(a)).

Shall, upon request by any person, make available an MSDS to the person
in accordance with Section 324 (Section 311(a)).

Shall receive from the owner or operator of each facility an emergency
and hazardous chemical inventory form (Section 312(a)).

Shall respond to a request for Tier II information no later than 45 days
after the date of receipt of the request (Section 312(e)).

May commence a civil action against an owner or operator of a facility
for failure to provide information under Section 303(d) or for failure
to submit Tier II information under Section 312(e)(1) (Section 32
6(a)(2)(B))." (**EPA Region VI**, *LEPC Handbook*, 2004, pp. 4-5)

**Local Government.** "Local is defined as "(A) a county, municipality,
city, town, township, local public authority, school district, special
district, intrastate district, council of governments (regardless of
whether the council of governments is incorporated as a nonprofit
corporation under State law), regional or interstate government entity,
or agency or instrumentality of a local government; (B) an Indian tribe
or authorized tribal organization, or in Alaska a Native village or
Alaska Regional Native Corporation; and (C) a rural community,
unincorporated town or village, or other public entity." (**Homeland
Security Act of 2002**)

**Local Level Risk Management: "**For the purpose of this global
analysis, the following working definition of Local Level Risk
Management will be applied:

> *A social process through which society manages to reduce the levels
> of disaster risk and foresee and control the emergence of new risks,
> through organisational and institutional structures, individual
> participation and motivation*.

(**UNDP BCPR DRU**, *Local Level Risk Management* (Draft Short Version),
15 March 2006, 3)

**Localized Flooding:** "Localized flooding refers to smaller scale
flooding that can occur anywhere in a community. This can include
flooding in B, C, and X Zones as depicted on the Flood Insurance Rate
Map. The term is also used to refer to shallow flooding that occurs in
low-lying areas after a heavy rain, flooding in small watersheds,
ponding, and localized stormwater and drainage problems anywhere in the
community. In this guide, "local flooding" and "localized flooding" are
used interchangeably." (FEMA, *Reducing Damage from Localized Flooding*
*-- A Guide for Communities*, 2005, viii)

**LODR:** Letter of Determination Review. (**FEMA**, *FAQs: General
Info.-What is a LODR*, 2006)

**Logistics:** "The range of operational activities concerned with
supply, handling, transportation and distribution of materials. Also
applicable to the transportation of people." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*,
1992, 50)

**Logistics Centers (LC):** "FEMA's strategically located logistics
centers that support disaster operations through a variety of
preparedness and response measures. These centers serve as storage sites
for strategic disaster supplies and equipment, including initial
supplies of certain Initial Response Resources (IRR) goods and
prepackaged kits to support disaster field facilities." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 54)

**Logistics Emergency Response Team (LERT), USACE:** "The LERT can be
established at the Division or District level or can be a consolidation
of Logistics personnel from several Divisions,

Districts, Laboratories, or Field Operating Activities. The LERT will be
made up of Logistics personnel who have volunteered and been preselected
for assignment to specific positions. Each

selection will be coordinated through their appropriate Commander. The
team shall be capable to deploy within 24 hours of notification to a
specific site and establish and manage logistics operations in support
of the emergency or disaster." (**USACE**, *Response Planning Guide*,
1995, p. B-2)

**Logistics Inventory Management System (LIMS III):** "LIMS III provides
for material

management, maintenance, and logistics reporting." (**OIG/DHS**, *IT
Mgmt. Ltr. for FY 2005*, 12)

**LOMA:** Letter of Map Amendment. (**FEMA**, *Letter of Map Amendment*,
October 17, 2007)

**LOMR-F:** Letter of Map Revision Based on Fill. (**FEMA**, *Letter of
Map Amendment*, 2007)

**Long Term Community Recovery:** "Long Term Community Recovery provides
a framework for Federal Government support to State, regional, local,
and tribal governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the
private sector designed to enable community recovery from the long-term
consequences of incidents requiring a coordinated Federal response."
(**DHS**, *Notice of Change to the NRP*, May 22, 2006, p. 31)

**Long-Term Recovery Committee (LTRC):** "Inevitably, some people
affected by\... \[disaster\] will not meet the eligibility criteria of
government disaster aid programs or will have unmet needs even after
receiving help from these programs. For them, assistance may come from a
committee of churches, non-profit agencies and state and local agencies
who work on problems that may range from home repair to counseling."
FEMA has in the past worked with local and State organizations in
federally declared disasters to set up a LTRC to work with people who
have unmet needs. "One of the key elements in the committee\'s work is
knowledge of survivors\' needs. They urge emergency management personnel
as well as others working with specific cases to inform the LTRC...of
possible involvement...." Typically, the Long-Term Recovery Committee:

-   Seeks to strengthen area-wide disaster coordination by sharing
    information, simplifying client access and jointly resolving cases
    with unmet needs;

-   Helps families to develop a plan and receive adequate assistance for
    the recovery;

-   Is composed of representatives from disaster response agencies; and

-   Operates with all participating organizations as equal partners.

(**FEMA**, *Long-Term Recovery Committee in Action*, 1999)

**Loss:** "Unrecoverable resources that are redirected or removed as a
result of a Business Continuity event. Such losses may be loss of life,
revenue, market share, competitive stature, public image, facilities, or
operational capability." (**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon Business
Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p. 58)

**Loss Reduction:** "The technique of instituting mechanisms to lessen
the exposure to a particular risk. Loss reduction involves planning for,
and reacting to, an event to limit its impact. Examples of loss
reduction include sprinkler systems, insurance policies, and evacuation
procedures." (**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon Business Continuity
Workshop*, 2006, p. 59)

**Louisiana Citizens Property Insurance Corporation:** "The Louisiana
Citizens Property Insurance Corporation (Louisiana Citizens) is a
nonprofit, tax-exempt entity that acts as a market of last resort for
residential and commercial property insurance in Louisiana." (GAO,
Natural Disaster: Public Policy Options..., Nov 2007, p.63; see pp.
63-65)

**LPG:** Liquefied Petroleum Gas. (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*,
December 2007, pp. iv, 87)

**LRC:** Learning Resource Center, FEMA NETC, Emmitsburg, MD

**LRC:** Logistics Response Center. (**DHS**, *NRF Logistics Management
Support Annex*, 2007 Draft, p. 10)

**LRN:** Laboratory Response Network, CDC, HHS.

**LSA:** Logistic(s) Staging Area. (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 224)

**LTBP:** Long-Term Business Plan.

**LTC:** Long Term Care.

**LTRC:** Long-Term Recovery Committee. (**FEMA**, *Typed Resource
Definitions: Incident Management Resources* (FEMA 508-2), p. 35)

**MA:** Mission Assignment. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Operating Draft*, 2007, p. 43)

**MAA:** Mission Area Analysis. (**HSI**, *Homeland Security Strategic
Planning*, March 2007, vii)

**MAC:** Mapping Analysis Center. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Draft*, 2007, p. 43)

**MAC:** Multi-Agency Coordination. (AHRQ, Mass Medical Care..., 2007,
p. 54)

**MACC:** Multi-Agency Command Center. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment
SOPs Draft*, 2007, 43)

**MACDIS:** Military Assistance for Civil Disturbances. (**DoD**,
*MACDIS*, 1194, p. 1)

**MAE:** Mid-America Earthquake Center, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign.

**MAEC:** Mid-America Earthquake Center, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign.

**MAEViz:** Mid-America Earthquake Center Seismic Loss Assessment
System. "MAEviz is a joint effort between the Mid-America Earthquake
(MAE) Center and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications
(NCSA) to develop the next generation of seismic risk assessment
software. MAEviz is leveraging off NCSA's cyberenvironment efforts and
the University of Michigan's Sakai collaboratory to provide an advanced
framework for earthquake engineering, as well as general hazard and risk
research, harnessing multi-institutional expertise, as well as existing
and new tools across a broad range of technologies. The open-source
framework of MAEviz employs the latest and most advanced workflow tools
to provide a flexible and modular conduit through which the culmination
of the interdisciplinary research and development efforts of the MAE
Center are integrated and delivered to end-users. MAEviz follows the
Consequence-based Risk Management methodology...using a visually-based,
menu-driven system to generate damage estimates from scientific and
engineering principles and data, test multiple mitigation strategies,
and support modeling efforts to estimate higher level impacts of
earthquake hazards, such as impacts on transportation networks, social,
or economic systems.  It enables policy-makers and decision-makers to
ultimately develop risk reduction strategies and implement mitigation
actions." (**MAE Center**, *MAEviz Software*, 2006)

**Magma:** "The molten matter including liquid rock and gas under
pressure which may emerge from a volcanic vent." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster
Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 50)

**Magnitude** (\"Richter scale\"): "Devised by C.F. Richter in 1935, an
index of the seismic energy released by an earthquake (as contrasted to
intensity that describes its effects at a particular place), expressed
in terms of the motion that would be measured by a specific type of
seismograph located 100 km from the epicentre of an earthquake. Nowadays
several \"magnitude scales\" are in use. They are based on amplitudes of
different types of seismic waves, on signal duration or on the seismic
moment." (**UNDHA**, *Disaster Management Glossary*, 1992, p. 51)

**Magnitude:** "A number that represents the size of an earthquake
source, as determined from seismographic observations. The original
earthquake magnitude scale was the Richter or "local" scale (ML),
defined by Charles Richter in 1935, but it has limited range and
applicability. Modern magnitude scales are based on the area of fault
rupture times the amount of slip (seismic moment).The moment magnitude
(MW) is the preferred magnitude scale, as it provides the most reliable
estimate of the size of the largest quakes. For smaller quakes, ML and
MW values are nearly the same. An increase of one unit of moment
magnitude (for example, from 4.6 to 5.6) corresponds approximately to a
31.6-fold increase in energy released \[by definition, a two-unit
increase in magnitude ---for example, from 4.7 to 6.7---represents an
increase in energy released of 1,000 times (31.6_31.6)\]. Quakes below
magnitude 2.5 are not generally felt by humans." (**USGS**, *Putting
Down Roots in Earthquake Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**Major Accident Reporting System (MARS):** "The major accident
reporting system (MARS) is used by both EU and OECD member countries to
report industrial accidents in the MARS standard format and to exchange
accidents information on this basis. It is a distributed information
network, consisting of local databases on a MS-Windows platform in each
Member State of the European Union and a central UNIX-based analysis
system at the European Commission\'s Joint Research Centre in Ispra
(MAHB) that allows complex text retrieval and pattern analysis."
(**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*; citing:
**Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen** (EC Joint
Research Center). Major Accident Hazards Bureau (MAHB).)

**Main shock:** "The biggest of a particular sequence of earthquakes."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 51)

**Major Disaster:** "\`Major disaster' means natural catastrophe
(including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, wind-driven water,
tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide,
snowstorm, or drought) or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or
explosion, in any part of the United States, which, in the determination
of the President, causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to
warrant major disaster assistance under this Act to supplement the
efforts and available resources of States, local governments, and
disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship,
or suffering caused thereby." (**Robert T. Stafford Act** 102; 44 CFR
206.2 and 206.36)

**Major Disaster Declaration:** Under the Stafford Act, "A Presidential
major disaster declaration puts into motion long-term Federal recovery
programs, some of which are matched by State programs, and designed to
help disaster victims, businesses and public entities." (**DHS**, *NRP
Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 39)

**Major Disaster Declaration Procedures, Stafford Act (Sec. 401, 42
U.S.C. 5170):** "All requests for a declaration by the President that a
major disaster exists shall be made by the Governor of the affected
State. Such a request shall be based on a finding that the disaster is
of such severity and magnitude that effective response is beyond the
capabilities of the State and the affected local governments and that
Federal assistance is necessary. As part of such request, and as a
prerequisite to major disaster assistance under this Act, the Governor
shall take appropriate response action under State law and direct
execution of the State\'s emergency plan. The Governor shall furnish
information on the nature and amount of State and local resources which
have been or will be committed to alleviating the results of the
disaster, and shall certify that, for the current disaster, State and
local government obligations and expenditures (of which State
commitments must be a significant proportion) will comply with all
applicable cost-sharing requirements of this Act. Based on the request
of a Governor under this section, the President may declare under this
Act that a major disaster or emergency exists." (**Stafford Act**, June
2007 (FEMA 592), p. 26)

**Major Event:** "Definition: a planned, non-emergency activity that
draws national attention. Extended definition. a significant or
designated non-emergency activity requiring additional security, such as
inaugurals, State of the Union addresses, the Olympics, and
international summit conferences." (**DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and
Definitions*, 2007, p. 17)

**Major Event: "**Refers to terrorist attacks, major disasters, and
other emergencies within the United States." (**White House**, HSPD-8,
December 17, 2003)

**Major Events:** "The term 'major events' refers to domestic terrorist
attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies." (White House, HSPD-7,
December 17, 2003)

**Major Events, Assumptions:** (**DHS**, *Target Capabilities List*,
2007, p. 2)

-   May occur at any time with little or no warning

-   Require significant information-sharing at the unclassified and
    classified levels across multiple jurisdictions and between the
    public and private sectors

-   Involve single or multiple geographic areas

-   May have significant international impact and/or require significant
    international information sharing, resource coordination, and/or
    assistance

-   Can span the spectrum of incident management to include prevention,
    protection, response, and recovery

-   Involve multiple, highly varied hazards or threats

-   May result in numerous casualties; fatalities; displaced people;
    property loss; disruption of normal life support systems, essential
    public services, and basic infrastructure; and significant damage to
    the environment

-   Impact critical infrastructure across sectors

-   Overwhelm capabilities of State, local, and Tribal governments, and
    private-sector infrastructure owners and operators

-   Attract an influx of spontaneous volunteers and supplies

-   May require short-notice asset coordination and response

-   May require prolonged, sustained incident management
    activities."[^35]

**Major Hazard:** "Definition: a natural or human-induced phenomenon
that has the potential for significant and substantial harm to human
health, property, activity, and/or animals or the environment."
(**DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*. 2007, pp. 17-18)

**Major Hurricane:** "A hurricane that is classified as Category 3 or
higher." (**NHC**, *Glossary of NHC Terms*, 2007)

**Man-Made Disaster:** "Definition: a human-caused incident resulting in
severe property damage, deaths, and/or multiple injuries." (**DHS**,
*Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, 2007, p. 18)

**Man-Made Disasters:** "A technological disaster threatens the
viability of the technological system, causes massive loss of life or
property, and may endanger the social environment

in which it occurs. Technological disasters can have a global impact,
such as the Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion. Events of this
mission type could include accidental or intentional releases of oil or
other hazardous materials, power grid outage, terrorist attacks on
critical infrastructure, etc." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support* (Joint
Publication 3-28), 2007, p. III-3)

**Manage Incident:** "Definition: Control access to impacted site(s) and
manage and command all activities in that area." (**DHS**, *Universal
Task List 2.1*, 2005, p. 66)

**Manageable Span of Control** (See "Span of Control")

**Management:** Management consists of decision-making activities
undertaken by one or more individuals to direct and coordinate the
activities of other people in order to achieve results that could not be
accomplished by any one person acting alone. Effective management
focuses on group effort, various forms of coordination, and the manner
of making decisions. Management is required whenever two or more persons
combine their efforts and resources to accomplish a goal that cannot be
accomplished by acting alone. Coordination is necessary when the actions
of group participants constitute parts of a total task. If one person
acts alone to accomplish a task, no coordination may be required; but
when that person delegates a part of the task to others, the individual
efforts must be coordinated. (Unknown source)

**Management by Objective:** "A management approach that involves a
five-step \[four?\] process for achieving the incident goal. The
Management by Objectives approach includes the following: establishing
overarching incidents objectives;

> developing strategies based on overarching incidents objectives;
>
> developing and issuing assignments, plans, procedures, and protocols;
>
> establishing specific, measurable tactics or tasks for various
> incident management, functional activities, and directing efforts to
> attain them, in support of defined strategies; and
>
> documenting results to measure performance and facilitate corrective
> action. (**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*, 2007, 154)

**Management By Objectives:** "In ICS, this is a top-down management
activity which involves the following steps to achieve the incident
goal:

> \(1\) establishing incident objectives,
>
> \(2\) selection of appropriate strategy(s) to achieve the objectives,
> and
>
> \(3\) the tactical direction associated with the selected strategy."
> (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-14)

**Management Support Team (MST):** "An MST is a command and control team
that provides support and liaison functions for other...teams in the
field." (**FEMA**, *Typed Resource Definitions*, 2005)

**Mandated Recovery Time:** "The legally or organizationally specified
time objective that identifies the allowable time from interruption
until system/function recovery." (**DHS**, *FCD 2*, Nov. 2007, p. C-1)

**Mandatory or Directed Evacuation: "**This is a warning to persons
within the designated area that an imminent threat to life and property
exists and individuals MUST evacuate in accordance with the instructions
of local officials." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency
Operations Planning* (State and Local Guide (SLG) 101), September 1996,
GLO-6)

**Map Modernization:** "Map Modernization is responding to National
Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) requirements and feedback provided by
Federal, State, and local Program stakeholders.

Flood hazard conditions are dynamic, and many NFIP maps may not reflect
recent development and/or natural changes in the environment. Updated
NFIP maps can take advantage of revised data and improved technologies
for identifying flood hazards. Up-to-date maps support a flood insurance
program that is more closely aligned with actual risk, encourage wise
community-based floodplain management, and improve citizens' flood
hazard awareness. Local communities and various stakeholders desired
more timely updates of flood maps and easier access to the flood hazard
data used to create the maps. Map Modernization is a cornerstone for
helping community officials and citizens be better prepared for
flood-related disasters." (**FEMA**, *Map Modernization, Why Modernize?*
June 6, 2007 update)

**Maritime Infrastructure Recovery Plan (MIRP):** "The Maritime
Infrastructure Recovery Plan (MIRP)---a supporting plan for the National
Strategy for Maritime Security---contains procedures for managing the
economic consequences and recovery of maritime infrastructure after a
transportation security incident, such as a terrorist attack. The MIRP
provides strategic-level guidance for national, regional, and local
decisionmakers to set priorities for restoring the flow of domestic
cargo. The plan recommends that the Captain of the Port consider key
shipping channels and waterways for homeland security; military traffic;
and commercial operations; key landside transportation infrastructure,
such as tunnels and bridges; and other infrastructure key to maintaining
continuity of operations in the port." (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*,
Dec 2007, p. 57)

**Maritime Operational Threat Response Plan (MOTR):** "Aids coordination
of U.S. government response to threats against the United States and its
interests in the maritime domain by establishing roles and
responsibilities for government response.**" (GAO,** *Maritime
Security*, Dec 2007, p. 56)

**Maritime Security Condition System** (**MARSEC):** "MARSEC is a
three-tiered system developed by the Coast Guard to communicate the
prevailing threat environment to the marine elements of the national
transportation system, including ports, facilities, and critical assets
and infrastructure. The levels align closely with DHS's color-coded
Homeland Security Alert System in the following way: MARSEC 1 applies
when threat conditions Green, Blue, or Yellow are set; MARSEC 2 applies
when threat condition Orange is set; and MARSEC 3 applies when threat
condition Red is set." (**GAO**, *Maritime Security: Federal Efforts
Needed...*, Dec. 2007, 24)

**Maritime Security Risk Assessment Model:** "...a tool developed by the
Coast Guard to determine relative risks at ports that can be compared
both within the port and among ports." (**GAO**, *Maritime Security:
Federal Efforts Needed to Address Challenges*..., Dec 2007, 49)

**MARS:** Major Accident Reporting System. (European Union).

**MARSEC:** Maritime Security Condition System. (**GAO**, *Maritime
Security*, Dec. 2007, iv)

**Martial Law:** "Martial law is not explicitly mentioned in the
Constitution, but the suspension of habeas corpus is mentioned in
Article 1, Section 9, and the activation of the militia in time of
rebellion or invasion is mentioned in Article 1, Section 8.... In strict
dictionary terms, martial law is the suspension of civil authority and
the imposition of military authority. When we say a region or country is
\"under martial law,\" we mean to say that the military is in control of
the area, that it acts as the police, as the courts, as the legislature.
The degree of control might vary - a nation may have a civilian
legislature but have the courts administered by the military. Or the
legislature and courts may operate under civilian control with a
military ruler. In each case, martial law is in effect, even if it is
not called 'martial law.'.... Article 1, Section 9 states, 'The
privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless
when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require
it.' Habeas corpus is a concept of law, in which a person may not be
held by the government without a valid reason for being held. A writ of
habeas corpus can be issued by a court upon a government agency (such as
a police force or the military). Such a writ compels the agency to
produce the individual to the court, and to convince the court that the
person is being reasonably held. The suspension of habeas corpus allows
an agency to hold a person without a charge. Suspension of habeas corpus
is often equated with martial law. Because of this connection of the two
concepts, it is often argued that only Congress can declare martial law,
because Congress alone is granted the power to suspend the writ. The
President, however, is commander-in-chief of the military, and it has
been argued that the President can take it upon himself to declare
martial law. In these times, Congress may decide not to act, effectively
accepting martial law by failing to stop it; Congress may agree to the
declaration, putting the official stamp of approval on the declaration;
or it can reject the President\'s imposition of martial law, which could
set up a power struggle between the Congress and the Executive that only
the Judiciary would be able to resolve.....[^36]

What the Supreme Court had to decide \[Supreme Court case, Civil War\]
was \"Had \[the military commission\] the legal power and authority to
try and punish...?\" Resoundingly, the Court said no. The Court stated
what is almost painfully obvious: \"Martial law \... destroys every
guarantee of the Constitution.\" The Court reminded the reader that such
actions were taken by the King of Great Britain, which caused, in part,
the Revolution. \"Civil liberty and this kind of martial law cannot
endure together; the antagonism is irreconcilable; and, in the conflict,
one or the other must perish.\" Did this mean that martial law could
never be implemented? No, the Court said. The President can declare
martial law when circumstances warrant it: When the civil authority
cannot operate, then martial law is not only constitutional, but would
be necessary: 'If, in foreign invasion or civil war, the courts are
actually closed, and it is impossible to administer criminal justice
according to law, then, on the theatre of active military operations,
where war really prevails, there is a necessity to furnish a substitute
for the civil authority, thus overthrown, to preserve the safety of the
army and society; and as no power is left but the military, it is
allowed to govern by martial rule until the laws can have their free
course. As necessity creates the rule, so it limits its duration; for,
if this government is continued after the courts are reinstated, it is a
gross usurpation of power. Martial rule can never exist where the courts
are open, and in the proper and unobstructed exercise of their
jurisdiction. It is also confined to the locality of actual war.'....

"On 8/26/2005, in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans was placed
under martial law after widespread flooding rendered civil authority
ineffective. The state of Louisiana does not have an actual legal
construct called 'martial law,' but instead something quite like it: a
state of public health emergency. The state of emergency allowed the
governor to suspend laws, order evacuations, and limit the sales of
items such as alcohol and firearms. The governor\'s order limited the
state of emergency, to end on 9/25/2005, /unless terminated sooner.'

"There have been many instances of the use of the military within the
borders of the United States, such as during the Whiskey Rebellion and
in the South during the civil rights crises, but these acts are not
tantamount to a declaration of martial law. The distinction must be made
as clear as that between martial law and military justice: deployment of
troops does not necessarily mean that the civil courts cannot function,
and that is one of the keys, as the Supreme Court noted, to martial
law." (**Mount**, \"Constitutional Topic: Martial Law,\" March 15, 2006)

**MASF:** Mobile AeroMedical Staging Facility, USAF (**Largoza**, *Joint
Medical Evac.*, 2000)

**Mass Care** **(ESF 6): Mass Care:** Includes sheltering, feeding
operations, emergency first aid, bulk distribution of emergency items,
and collecting and providing information on victims to family members.
(**DHS**, *Overview: ESF and Support Annexes Coordinating Federal
Assistance In Support of the National Framework* (Draft), Sep.10, 2007,
p. 21)

**Mass Casualty:** "Any large number of casualties produced in a
relatively short period of time, usually as the result of a single
incident such as a military aircraft accident, hurricane, flood,
earthquake, or armed attack that exceeds local logistic support
capabilities." (**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*,
2007)

**Mass Casualty Event:** "...a catastrophic public health- or
terrorism-related event, such as influenza pandemic or the detonation of
improvised nuclear devices, the resulting tens of thousands of victims
will be likely to overwhelm the resources of a community's health care
system." (**AHRQ**, *Mass Medical Care with Scarce Resources*, February
2007, p. viii)

**Mass Casualty Event Planning Themes and Recommendations:**

-   Be Proactive \-- Good planning must be undertaken ahead of time.

-   Build and Maintain Relationships \-- forge partnerships.

-   Establish Regional and Local Multiagency Coordination.

-   Devise, Model, and Exercise MCE Response Plans.

-   Establish Clear Channels of Communication.

-   Establish Clear Messages and Communications Strategies.

-   Emphasize Prevention.

-   Clarify the Process for Leadership and Coordination.

-   Identify Existing National and State Tools, Protocols, and Processes
    for Each MCE Phase.

-   Consider the Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Planning and
    Responding to an MCE.

-   Integrate Palliative Care Strategies Across the Planning Process.

-   Consider the Financial Implications of Responding to an MCE.

-   Consider Vulnerable Populations.

-   Develop Robust Security Plans. (**AHRQ**, *Mass Medical Care*...,
    pp. xi-xiii)

**Mass Casualty Incident:** "An incident which generates more patients
at one time than locally available resources can manage using routine
procedures. It requires exceptional emergency arrangements and
additional or extraordinary assistance." (**World Health Organization**,
*Mass Casualty Management Systems*, 2007, p. 30)

**Mass Emergency:** "An unexpected or undesirable event which requires
the resources from most of all municipal departments and limited
assistance from outside agencies may be needed." (**Drabek** 1996,
Session 2, p. 3)

**Mass Migration Planning:** "A mass migration from another country
could be triggered by many events, including political unrest or all
hazard incidents. Since 2003 FEMA has participated as a member of the
DHS Task Force -- Southeast, led by the U.S. Coast Guard and charged
with preparing plans for a potential mass migration into the United
States." (**FEMA**, *NEMA Initiatives and Issues From the Disaster
Operations Directorate*, August 20, 2007, p. 14)

**Mass Prophylaxis:** The process by which an entire community is to
receive prophylactic drugs and vaccines over a defined period of time in
response to possible exposure to a biological agent. (**Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality,** Community-Based Mass Prophylaxis -- A
Planning Guide for Public Health Preparedness, August 2004)[^37]

**Mass Prophylaxis:** "Mass Prophylaxis is the capability to protect the
health of the population through the administration of critical
interventions in response to a public health emergency in order to
prevent the development of disease among those who are exposed or are
potentially exposed to public health threats. This capability includes
the provision of appropriate follow-up and monitoring of adverse events,
as well as risk communication messages to address the concerns of the
public." (**DHS**, TCL, 2007, p. 479)

**Mass Sheltering and Housing Assistance Recovery Strategy:**
"The...Federal Emergency Management Agency\'s (FEMA) \`Mass Sheltering
and Housing Assistance' recovery strategy outlines guidance and
protocols for providing sheltering and housing assistance in support of
a mass evacuation in connection with a Presidentially declared emergency
or disaster. While this strategy focuses on assistance associated with
large hurricane evacuations, the procedures and underlying processes
also may apply to no-notice events, such as major earthquakes generating
a subsequent need for mass sheltering and housing.

-   *Congregate Shelters* are facilities used for sheltering large
    groups of people, but that normally serve other purposes (e.g.,
    schools, stadiums, churches, or church-sponsored facilities).

-   *Transitional Shelters* are facilities that provide short-term
    lodging and additional privacy, such as hotels or motels.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   *Temporary Housing* facilities are intended to provide living
    accommodations for an extended period of time, to include single-
    and multi-family homes, apartments and manufactured homes."
    (**FEMA**, *FEMA Recovery Strategy*, August 3, 2006)

**Mass Sheltering and Housing Assistance Recovery Strategy:** "Key
elements of the strategy are advance identification of Congregate and
Transitional Shelters to provide short-term lodging and Temporary
Housing facilities for an extended period of time. Contained within the
strategy is a Shelter Registration Protocol which will allow FEMA field
personnel to proactively register evacuees at designated congregate
shelter locations and organized evacuee reception sites, including those
out-of-State. FEMA also has a Transitional Sheltering Protocol, which
may be implemented when large numbers of evacuees are being housed in
congregate shelters and will not be able to return to their homes for an
extended period of time. In addition to the sheltering protocol, FEMA
has an initiative to offer Evacuee Return Transportation, which can be
used if FEMA, in support of the affected State, coordinates the
out-of-State evacuation of State residents, and the evacuees are able to
return to and occupy their homes within a short period of time, FEMA
will organize a reverse, mass relocation effort. If evacuees are not
able to return to their homes for an extended period of time, eligible
evacuees may be reimbursed for independent transportation expenses to
return to their homes." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Cannon*, December 4,
2007, pp. 6-7)

**Master Business Continuity Professional (MBCP): "**The Master Business
Continuity Professional (MBCP) or Master level \[offered by DRI
International\], targets an individual with a minimum of five years of
experience as a business continuity/disaster recovery planner. In
addition, the MBCP must attain a higher score on the CBCP Examination,
and either successfully complete a case-study examination or complete a
directed research project and paper. An additional prerequisite for the
CBCP and MBCP certification levels is the demonstration of proficiency
in a specific number of Subject Areas of the Professional Practices for
Business Continuity Planners." (**ISSA**, *Certifications*, 2007)

**Master Scenario Events List (MSEL):** "A MSEL contains a chronological
listing of the events that drive exercise play. The MSEL links
simulation to action and reflects each incident or activity that will
prompt players to implement the policy or procedure being tested. MSEL
entries are called injects. An event may be injected via player action
or controller simulation. Each MSEL inject contains:

> • Designated scenario time
>
> • Real-time delivery time
>
> • Event synopsis
>
> • Controller responsible for delivering inject, with
> controller/evaluator special
>
> instructions (if applicable)
>
> • Expected action (player response expected after a MSEL inject is
> delivered)
>
> • Intended player (agency or individual player for whom the MSEL
> inject is intended)
>
> • Means of delivery (the system through which the inject is delivered,
> or the system
>
> that is being mimicked by an inject)
>
> • Notes section (for controllers and evaluators to track actual events
> against those listed
>
> in the MSEL, with special instructions for individual controllers and
> evaluators)."
>
> (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V, 2005, pp. 33-34)

**Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):** "A compilation of information
required under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard on the identity of
hazardous chemicals, health and physical hazards, exposure limits, and
precautions. Section 311 of Title Ill of SARA requires facilities to
submit MSDSs under certain conditions." (**EPA**, *Technical Guidance
for Hazards Analysis: Emergency Planning for Extremely Hazardous
Substances*, 1987, p. A-6)

**Material Threat Assessment (MTA):** "Material Threat Assessment refers
to an official estimate of the magnitude and severity of the threat that
a specific CBRN agent poses to the U.S. population, based on scientific
evidence and classified intelligence information of plausible worse case
scenarios." (**HHS**, *Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
Progress* Report, November 2007, Appendix 1, Abbreviations and Glossary)

**Material Threat Consultation:** "The Homeland Security Secretary, in
consultation with the Secretary \[HHS\] and the heads of other agencies
as appropriate, shall on an ongoing basis---

''(i) assess current and emerging threats of chemical, biological,
radiological, and nuclear agents; and

''(ii) determine which of such agents present a material threat against
the United States population sufficient to affect national security."
(**Congress**, *Project BioShield Act of 2004* (Public Law 108-276),
July 21, 2004, p. 844).

**Material Threat Determination (MTD): "**DHS Responsibilities Under
Project BioShield:

In accordance with section 319F-2(c)(2) of the Project BioShield Act of
2004, it is the DHS' responsibility, in consultation with HHS and other
agencies, to assess current and emerging threats of natural or chemical,
biological, radiological, and nuclear agents, and to determine which
agents present a significant material threat to the U.S. population. To
fulfill this responsibility, DHS conducted detailed modeling of threats,
vulnerabilities, and consequences for various plausible scenarios of a
terrorist attack. As a result of this work, DHS identified 12 biological
threats, plus radiological and nuclear devices, meeting the statutory
requirement to merit a Material Threat Determination
(MTD)....Accompanying each MTD is a Population Threat Assessment (PTA).
The PTA estimates the size of the population exposed by the agents
identified in the MTDs to gauge the impact on the population and
national infrastructure if that particular agent was released for a
given high consequence plausible scenario. (**DHS**, *Statement for the
Record, Jeffrey W. Runge*, April 18, 2007)

**Material Threat Determination (MTDs) and Population Threat Assessments
(PTAs) Issued by the Department of Homeland Security:**

*Bacillus anthracis* (ANTHRAX) Marburg virus (HEMORRHAGIC FEVER)

Botulinum toxins (BOTULISM) Multi-drug resistant *Bacillus anthracis*
(MDR ANTHRAX)

*Burkholderia mallei* (GLANDERS) Radiological/Nuclear agents

*Burkholderia pseudomallei* (MELIODOSIS) *Rickettsia prowazekii*
(TYPHUS)

Ebola virus (HEMORRHAGIC FEVER) Variola virus (SMALLPOX)

*Franciscella tularensis* (TULAREMIA) Volatile nerve agents \[PTA only\]

Junin virus (HEMORRHAGIC FEVER) *Yersinia pestis* (PLAGUE)

(**HHS**, *HHS Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasure Enterprise
Implementation Plan for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear*
Threats, April 2007, p. 5)

**Material Threat Determination (MTD):** "Material Threat Determination
refers to an official statement that a specific CBRN agent has been
determined to pose a material threat to the U.S. population sufficient
to affect national security." (**HHS**, *Pandemic and All-Hazards
Preparedness Act Progress Report*, November 2007, Appendix 1,
Abbreviations and Glossary)

**Maximum Threat:** "The greatest destruction that can be expected from
an event." (**FEMA**, *Hazards Analysis for Emergency Management
(Interim Guidance)*, September 1983, p. 5)

**Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD)**: "The maximum number of hours for
which it is acceptable that a function can be interrupted following a
continuity event." (**DHS**, *FCD 2*, Nov. 2007, p. C-1)

**MBCP:** Master Business Continuity Professional.

**MCI/MPI:** Multiple Casualty Incident/Multiple Patient Incident.

**MCATI:** Managing Civil Actions in Treat Incidents. (**FEMA**,
*Compendium of Terrorism Training*, 2003, p. 4)

**MCE:** Mass Casualty Event. (**AHRQ**, *Mass Medical Care with Scarce
Resources*, 2007, p. 3)

**MCE:** Maximum Credible Event. (**FEMA**, *Hazards Analysis for EM*,
1983, p. ii, Glossary)

**MDA:** Maritime Domain Awareness. (**US Navy, Marine Corps, USCG**,
*Cooperative Strategy for 21^st^ Century Seapower*, Oct. 2007, p. 16)

**MDMP:** Military Decision-Making Process. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007. 1-4)

**MDR-TB:** Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis.

**Mean Return Period:** "The average time between occurrences of a
particular hazardous event." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 52)

**Measure:** "A determination of a jurisdiction's specific level of NIMS
compliance, evaluated according to that jurisdiction's responses to the
NIMS metrics that have been established by the NIMS Integration Center
(NIC)." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference* (For
Fiscal Year 2007), October 23, 2006, p. 6)

**Measures and Metrics:** Performance measures of quantitative or
qualitative levels against which achievement of a task or capability
outcome can be assessed. They describe how much, how well, and/or how
quickly an action should be performed and are typically expressed in way
that can be observed during an exercise or real event. The measures and
metrics are not standards. They serve as guides for planning, training,
and exercise activities. However, nationally accepted standards of
performance, benchmarks, and guidelines are reflected, if applicable.
(**DHS**, *Target Capabilities List*, March 2007)

**Medical Countermeasure:** "Medical countermeasure (used
interchangeably with security countermeasure (SC))as defined in Section
(3) of the Project BioShield Act of 2004, Section 319F-2 of the Public
Health Service Act (PHS Act.): a drug (as that term is defined by
section 201(g)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act \[FDCA\]
(21 U.S.C. 321 (g)(1))), biological product (as that term is defined by
section 351(i) of PHS (42 U.S.C. 262(i))), or device (as that term is
defined by section 201 (h) of the Federal FDCA (21 U.S.C. 321 (h))) that
the Secretary of HHS determines to be a priority (consistent with
sections 302(2) and 304(a) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002) to
treat, identify, or prevent harm from any biological, chemical,
radiological or nuclear agent identified as a material threat under
paragraph (2)(A)(ii), or to treat, identify, or prevent harm from a
condition that may result in adverse health consequences or death and
may be caused by administering a drug, biological product, or device
against such an agent; the Secretary determines under Section
319F-2(c)(2)(B)(ii) of the PHS Act to be a necessary countermeasure, and
is a countermeasure for which the Secretary determines that sufficient
and satisfactory clinical experience or research data (including data,
if available, from pre-clinical and clinical trials) support a
reasonable conclusion that the countermeasure will qualify for approval
or licensing within eight years after the date of a determination under
paragraph (5) of Section 319F-2(c) or is approved or cleared under
chapter V of the FDCA or licensed under section 351 of the PHS Act; or
is authorized for emergency use under section 564 of the FDCA."
(**HHS**, *Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act Progress Report*,
November 2007, Appendix 1, Abbreviations and Glossary)

**Medical Radiobiology Advisory Team (MRAT),** **DoD:** "provides advice
and consultation to

command and control regarding health physics, medical, and
radiobiological issues during

nuclear/radiological incidents." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*,
November 15, 2007, 11)

**Medical Reserve Corps (MRC):** "The mission of the MRC is to organize
medical, public health, and other volunteers in support of existing
programs and resources to improve the health and safety of communities
and the Nation. MRC units provide personnel to support and supplement
the existing emergency and public health agencies in the community. MRC
leaders are encouraged to adopt an all-hazards approach and more
broad-based public health initiatives, including a focus on increasing
disease prevention efforts, and enhancing emergency preparedness.
Medical Reserve Corps volunteers include medical and public health
professionals such as physicians, nurses, pharmacists, dentists,
veterinarians, and epidemiologists." (**AHRQ/HHS**, *Mass Medical
Care...,* 2007, p. 66)

**Medical Surge:** "Medical Surge is defined as rapid expansion of the
capacity of the existing healthcare system in response to an event that
results in increased need of personnel (clinical and non-clinical),
support functions (laboratories and radiological), physical space (beds,
alternate care facilities) and logistical support (clinical and
non-clinical equipment and supplies)." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 449)

**Medical Surge Capacity and Capability (MSCC) Management System:** "The
Medical Surge Capacity and Capability (MSCC) Management System describes
a management methodology based on valid principles of emergency
management and the Incident Management System (IMS). Medical and health
disciplines may apply these principles to coordinate effectively with
one another, and to integrate with other response organizations that
have established IMS and emergency management systems (fire service, law
enforcement, etc.). This promotes a common management system for all
response entities---public and private---that

may be brought to bear in an emergency. In addition, the MSCC Management
System guides the development of health and medical response that is
consistent with the new National Incident Management System (NIMS). The
MSCC Management System emphasizes *responsibility* rather than authority
alone for assigning key response functions and advocates a
management-by-objectives approach. In this way, the MSCC Management
System describes a framework of coordination and integration across six
tiers of response:

***• Management of Individual Healthcare Assets (Tier 1):*** A
well-defined IMS to collect and process information, to develop incident
plans, and to manage decisions is essential to maximize MSCC. Robust
processes must be applicable both to traditional hospital participants
and to other

healthcare facilities (HCFs) that may provide "hands on" patient care in
an emergency. Thus, each healthcare asset must have information
management processes to enable integration among HCFs (at Tier 2) and
with higher management tiers.

***• Management of a Healthcare Coalition (Tier 2):*** Coordination
among local healthcare assets is critical to provide adequate and
consistent care across an affected jurisdiction. The healthcare
coalition provides a central integration mechanism for *information
sharing* and *management*

*coordination* among healthcare assets, and also establishes an
effective and balanced approach to integrating medical assets into the
jurisdiction's IMS.

***• Jurisdiction Incident Management (Tier 3):*** A jurisdiction's IMS
integrates healthcare assets with other response disciplines to provide
the structure and support needed to maximize MSCC. In certain events,
the jurisdictional IMS promotes a *unified incident management* approach
that allows multiple response entities, including health and medicine,
to assume significant management responsibility.

***• Management of State Response (Tier 4):*** State Government
participates in medical incident response across a range of capacities,
depending on the specific event. The State may be the lead incident
management authority, it may primarily provide support to incidents
managed at the

jurisdictional (Tier 3) level, or it may coordinate multijurisdictional
incident response. Important concepts are delineated to accomplish all
of these missions, ensuring that the full range of State health and
medical resources is brought to bear to maximize MSCC.

***• Interstate Regional Management Coordination (Tier 5):*** Effective
mechanisms must be implemented to promote incident management
coordination between affected States. This ensures consistency in
regional response through coordinated incident planning, enhances

information exchange between interstate jurisdictions, and maximizes
MSCC through interstate mutual aid and other support. Tier 5
incorporates existing instruments, such as the Emergency Management
Assistance Compact (EMAC), and describes established incident management
and mutual aid concepts to address these critical needs.

***• Federal Support to State and Jurisdiction Management (Tier 6):***
Effective management processes at the State (Tier 4) and jurisdiction
(Tier 3) levels facilitate the request, receipt, and integration of
Federal health and medical resources to maximize MSCC. The current
status of

the Federal health and medical response is described, emphasizing the
management aspects that are important for State and local managers to
understand." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity and Capability* Handbook,
August 2004, pp. vii-viii)

**MEF:** Mission Essential Functions. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, November 2007,
p. 2)

**Mega-CAT:** Mega-Catastrophe. (**FSR***,* *Nation Unprepared for
Mega-Catastrophe*, 2007, 5)

**Mega-Catastrophe:** "A mega-catastrophe is a natural or man-made event
that has *significant* adverse nati*onal impacts on economic activity,
property or human life."* (**FSR***,* *Nation Unprepared*, 2007, 3)

"Although it is difficult to define such events with numerical
precision, we know enough to make a vital distinction between relatively
"routine" catastrophes -- tornadoes, most floods, forest fires, and the
like -- which inevitably adversely affect many Americans in every part
of the country throughout every year, and "Mega-CATs" like Katrina and
9/11 whose consequences not only loom large in economic and human terms
in a particular city or region of the country, but also adversely affect
the national economy and even psyche: interrupting and depressing
economic activity, leading to a drop in national output and possibly a
major disruption of financial markets and activity." (**FSR***,* *Nation
Unprepared*, 2007, 3)

**Megaports Initiative:** "NNSA\'s \[National Nuclear Security
Administration, DOE\] Megaports Initiative, which began in 2003, teams
up with other countries to enhance their ability to screen cargo at
major international seaports. The Initiative provides radiation
detection equipment and trains their personnel to specifically check for
nuclear or other radioactive materials. In return, NNSA requires that
data be shared on detections and seizures of nuclear or radiological
material that resulted from the use of the equipment provided. The
Megaports Initiative has three main objectives:

-   **Deterring** terrorists from using the world\'s seaports to ship
    illicit materials;

-   **Detecting** nuclear or radioactive materials if it shipped via sea
    cargo; and

-   **Interdicting** harmful material before it is used against the U.S.
    or one of our allies.

In cooperation with foreign governments, Megaports representatives
determine the most effective placement of radiation equipment for each
seaport. Installed sensors then screen cargo containers for special
nuclear or other radioactive materials. If anything is detected, the
sensors alert foreign port officials of the need to further examine the
cargo so they can take appropriate action." (**NNSA/DOE**, *Megaports
Initiative*, 2008)

**Megaton:** Million tons of TNT. (**Glasstone**, *The Effects of
Nuclear Weapons*, 1977, 2)

**MEIR:** Medical Effects of Ionizing Radiation.

**MEMS:** Modular Emergency Medical System. (**AHRQ**, *Altered
Standards of Care in Mass Casualty Events,* April 2005, p. B-1)

**MEMU:** Mass Evacuation Management Unit. (**DHS**, *National Response
Framework Emergency Support Function #6 --* *Mass Care, Emergency
Assistance, Housing, and Human Services* *Annex* (Comment Draft),
September 10, 2007, p. 4)

**MERRTT:** Modular Emergency Response Radiological Transportation
Training (DOE).

**MERS:** Mobile Emergency Response Support. (**HSGAC**, *A Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, 633)

**METL:** Mission-Essential Task List. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, p. 2-4)

**Metric:** "A nationwide system of assessment developed by the NIC for
the purpose of evaluating a jurisdiction's specific level of NIMS
compliance. This system consists of a collection of questions derived
from the NIMS compliance statements. Answers to these questions are
analyzed to determine a jurisdiction's level of compliance with the
NIMS." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference* (For FY
2007), October 23, 2006, p. 6)

**Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS):** "The MMRS program began
by awarding contracts to municipalities, requiring the submission of
disaster response plans as the contract deliverable. The program's scope
now includes planning as well as exercising, training, and equipment
purchasing. Currently, MMRS awards are provided annually to 124 of the
nation's most populous cities to develop plans and conduct related
activities for mass casualty incidents by coordinating efforts among
first responders, healthcare providers, public health officials,
emergency managers, volunteer organizations, and other local entities.83
In FY2007, each MMRS jurisdiction received \$258,145 to establish or
sustain local mass casualty preparedness capabilities. Each fiscal year,
MMRS guidance explicitly requires grantees to update or revise their
plans as needed to address new benchmarks." (**CRS**, *Pandemic
Influenza: An Analysis of State Preparedness and Response Plans*,
September 24, 2007, p. 27)

**Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS):** The MMRS "grant program
funds support MMRS jurisdictions to further enhance and sustain an
integrated, systematic mass casualty incident preparedness program that
enables a first response during the first crucial hours of an incident."
(**DHS**, *State Contacts & Grant Award Information*, July 18, 2007
Update)

**METT-TC:** Mission, Enemy, Terrain and Weather, Troops and Support
Available, Time Available and Civil Considerations. (**Dept. of Army**,
*WMD-CST Operations*, Dec. 2007, 1-3)

**MEU:** Marine Expeditionary Unit. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina: A Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, p. 633)

**MGRS:** Military Grid Reference System. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
2007, Glossary-4)

**MHFP:** Multi-Hazard Functional Planning. (**CA OES**, *SEMS
Guidelines*, 2006)

# MHIP: Multi-Year Flood Hazard Identification Plan, FEMA, National Flood Insurance Program.

**MHIRA:** Multi Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment.

**MIACG:** Medical Interagency Coordination Group, National Disaster
Medical System (NDMS)

**Mid-America Earthquake Center** **(MAE):** "The Mid-America Earthquake
Center is one of three national earthquake engineering research centers
established by the National Science Foundation and its partner
institutions. The MAE Center, headquartered at the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, consists of a consortium of nine core
institutions, and is funded by NSF and each core university as well as
through joint collaborative projects with industry and other
affiliations. Center projects fall under four general types: (a) core
research, (b) stakeholder research, (c) education and (d) outreach. Core
research is separated into four thrust areas. The four thrust areas are
(a) Consequence-based Risk Management Framework (b) Engineering Engines,
(c) Social and Economic Sciences, and (d) Information Technology. A
thrust leader for each of these four programs is responsible for the
planning and execution of research and implementation projects."
(**MAE**, *About the Center*, 2006)

**Military Assistance for Civil Disturbances (MACDIS) Policy**: "4.
POLICY

4.1. National Policy

4.1.1. The President is authorized by the Constitution and laws of the
United States to employ the Armed Forces of the United States to
suppress insurrections, rebellions, and domestic violence under various
conditions and circumstances. Planning and preparedness by the Federal
Government and the Department of Defense for civil disturbances are
important due to the potential severity of the consequences of such
events for the Nation and the population.

4.1.2. Military resources may be employed in support of civilian law
enforcement operations in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the U.S. territories and possessions
only in the parameters of the Constitution and laws of the United States
and the authority of the President and the Secretary of Defense,
including delegations of that authority through this Directive or other
means.

4.1.3. The primary responsibility for protecting life and property and
maintaining law and order in the civilian community is vested in the
State and local governments. Supplementary responsibility is vested by
statute in specific Agencies of the Federal Government other than the
Department of Defense. The President has additional powers and
responsibilities under the Constitution of the United States to ensure
that law and order are maintained.

4.1.4. Responsibility for the management of the Federal response to
civil disturbances rests with the Attorney General of the United States.

4.1.5. Any employment of Military Forces in support of law enforcement
operations shall maintain the primacy of civilian authority. Requests
from the Attorney General to the Department of Defense shall be provided
in response to an official request by State or Federal civil law
enforcement or Executive authorities.

4.1.6. The employment of U.S. Military Forces to control civil
disturbances shall be authorized by the President through an Executive
order directing the Secretary of Defense to act in a specified civil
jurisdiction under specific circumstances.

4.1.7. Planning by the DoD Components for MACDIS shall be compatible
with contingency plans for national security emergencies, and with
planning for MSCA under DoD Directive 3025.1 (reference (d)). For
example:

4.1.7.1. Under E.O. 12656 (reference (b)), it is the policy of the
Federal Government to have sufficient capabilities at all levels of
government to meet essential defense and civilian needs during any
national security emergency. That policy directs the Heads of the
Federal Departments and Agencies to identify facilities and resources,
both Government and private, essential to the national defense and
national welfare, and to develop strategies, plans, and programs to
provide for the security of such facilities and resources, and avoid or
minimize disruptions during any national security emergency. In some
circumstances, risks to such facilities and resources may coincide with
or constitute civil disturbances." (**DoD**, *MACDIS* Directive No.
3025.12, February 4, 1994, pp. 3-4)

**Military Assistance for Civil Disturbances:** "The President is
authorized by the Constitution and statutory laws to employ the Armed
Forces of the United States to suppress insurrections, rebellions, and
riots, and provide federal supplemental assistance to the states to
maintain law and order. Responsibility for the management of federal
response for civil disturbances rests with the Attorney General."
(**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. ix) "However, any
DOD forces employed in MACDIS operations shall remain under military C2
at all times." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p
IV-7)

**Military Assistance to Civil Authorities (MACA):** "Those DoD
activities and measures covered under MSCA (natural and manmade
disasters\...) plus DoD assistance for civil disturbances, counter-drug,
sensitive support, counterterrorism, and law enforcement." (**DoD**,
*Military Assistance to Civil Authorities*, 1997, pp. 15-16)

**Military Assistance to Civil Authorities (MACA) Immediate Response:**
" Requests for an immediate response (i.e., any form of immediate action
taken by a DoD Component or military commander to save lives, prevent
human suffering, or mitigate great property damage under imminently
serious conditions) may be made to any Component or Command. The DoD

Components that receive verbal requests from civil authorities for
support in an exigent

emergency may initiate informal planning and, if required, immediately
respond as authorized in DoD Directive 3025.1\... Civil authorities
shall be informed that verbal requests for support in an emergency must
be followed by a written request. As soon as practical, the DoD
Component or Command rendering assistance shall report the fact of the
request, the nature of the response, and any other pertinent information
through the chain of command to the DoD Executive Secretary, who shall
notify the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, and any other appropriate officials. If the report does not
include a copy of the civil authorities\' written request, that request
shall be forwarded to the DoD Executive Secretary as soon as it is
available." (**DoD**, *MACA*, 1997, p. 4)

**Military Assistance to Civil Authorities (MACA) Policy:** "4. POLICY.
It is DoD policy that:

4.1. The Department of Defense shall cooperate with and provide military
assistance to civil authorities as directed by and consistent with
applicable law, Presidential Directives, Executive orders, and this
Directive.

4.2. All requests by civil authorities for DoD military assistance shall
be evaluated by DoD approval authorities against the following criteria:

4.2.1. Legality (compliance with laws).

4.2.2. Lethality (potential use of lethal force by or against DoD
Forces).

4.2.3. Risk (safety of DoD Forces).

4.2.4. Cost (who pays, impact on DoD budget).

4.2.5. Appropriateness (whether the requested mission is in the interest
of the Department to conduct).

4.2.6. Readiness (impact on the Department of Defense\'s ability to
perform its primary mission).

4.3. The Secretary of the Army is approval authority for emergency
support in response to natural or man-made disasters, as specified by
this Directive.

4.4. The Secretary of Defense retains approval authority for support to
civil authorities involving: use of Commander in Chief (CINC)-assigned
forces (personnel, units, and equipment) when required under paragraph
4.5., below; DoD support to civil disturbances; DoD responses to acts of
terrorism; and DoD support that will result in a planned event with the
potential for confrontation with specifically identified individuals
and/or groups or will result in the use of lethal force. Nothing in this
Directive prevents a commander from exercising his or her immediate
emergency response authority as outlined in DoD Directive 3025.1\...

4.5. With the exception of immediate responses under imminently serious
conditions, as provided in subparagraph 4.7.1., below, any support that
requires the deployment of forces or equipment assigned to a Combatant
Command by Secretary of Defense Memorandum (reference (j)), must be
coordinated with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Chairman
shall evaluate each request to use Combatant Command forces or equipment
to determine if there is a significant issue requiring Secretary of
Defense approval. Orders providing assistance to civil authorities that
are approved by the Secretary of Defense involving the use of Combatant
Command forces or equipment shall be issued through the Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff. Upon Secretary of Defense approval, the Secretary
of the Army, when designated \"the DoD

Executive Agent,\" shall implement and oversee DoD support in accordance
with such approved orders.

4.6. This Directive does not address non-Federalized National Guard
assets in support of local and/or State civil agencies approved by the
Governor. However, there exists potential for such deployments to result
in confrontation, use of lethal force, or national media attention.
Therefore, the Director of Military Support (DOMS) shall keep the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense
informed of such support." (**DoD**, *MACA*, 1997, pp. 2-3)

**Military Assistance to Civil Authorities (MACA) Support for Domestic
Civil Disturbance:**

"The employment of active duty military forces in domestic civil
disturbances may be requested only by the President or Attorney General
and authorized only by the President. When requested by the Attorney
General and approved by the Secretary of Defense or when authorized by
the President, the Secretary of Defense shall employ active Federal
military forces under rules of engagement approved by General Counsel of
the Department of Defense (GC, DoD) and the Attorney General. The
Secretary of the Army, as Executive Agent for the Secretary of Defense,
and with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff, and the DOMS, shall direct the required DoD assistance, in
accordance with DoD Directive 3025.12..., DoD Directive 5160.54..., and
DoD Directive 3025.1..., unless otherwise directed by the Secretary of

Defense. The Secretary of the Army, in coordination with the Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall at all times maintain contingency
plans, with rules of engagement approved by the Department of Justice,
for use in civil disturbance situations." (**DoD**, *MACA*, 1997, pp.
5-6)

**Military Assistance to Civil Authorities (MACA) Support for Domestic
Counter-terrorism Operations:**

"4.7.5. Support for Domestic Counter-terrorism Operations. The
employment of U.S. military forces in response to acts or threats of
domestic terrorism may be requested only by the President (or in
accordance with Presidential Decision Directives) and must be authorized
by the President. All requests for assistance in responding to acts or
threats of domestic terrorism must also be approved by the Secretary of
Defense.

4.7.5.1. Informal action on counter-terrorist support requests shall
normally be requested by contacting the Assistant Secretary of Defense
for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict (ASD(SO/LIC)), who
shall review such requests or actions from a policy perspective.
Following the policy review, the informal request will be passed to the
Joint Staff for operational analysis. Any requests requiring consequence
management preparation shall be coordinated between the Joint Staff and
DOMS staff.

4.7.5.2. When a formal or informal request for support is made, or the
ASD(SO/LIC) determines that such a request is imminent, the ASD(SO/LIC)
shall establish a Crisis Coordination Group (consisting of, at a
minimum, representatives from the Office of the ASD(SO/LIC), Office of
the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) (USD(C)), Department of the
Army, Joint Staff, and the office of the GC, DoD, to coordinate and
integrate all aspects of the DoD response actions. Before submission of
a request to the Secretary of Defense for approval, all crisis
management requests shall be coordinated by the ASD(SO/LIC) with the GC,
DoD and the USD(C), and shall be submitted to the Under Secretary of
Defense for Policy (USD(P)) for a policy review.

4.7.5.3. The Secretary of Defense shall manage the Department of
Defense\'s response to any acts or threats of terrorism.

4.7.5.4. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall assist the
Secretary of Defense when he or she is implementing the DoD operational
response to acts or threats of terrorism. The Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff shall at all times maintain contingency plans for use in
counter-terrorism situations.

4.7.5.5. The Secretary of the Army, as the DoD Executive Agent of the
Secretary of Defense for civil emergencies, shall direct and execute DoD
consequence management assistance, in accordance with DoD Directive
3025.1...and applicable Presidential Decision Directives, unless
otherwise directed by the DOMS." (**DoD**, *MACA,* 1997, p. 6)

**Military Improved Response Program (MIRP):** "The Military Improved
Response Program (MIRP) integrates core civilian and military response
capabilities and involves representatives from the broad response
community, such as fire, hazardous materials, law enforcement and
security, base operations, disaster management, emergency medical
services, public health and civilian communities surrounding partnering
installations. Specifically, MIRP offers functional workshops that
address critical responses to chemical/biological (CB) incidents." (**US
Army RDECOM**, *Homeland Defense*, 2008)

**Military Involvement in Disaster Activities, Problem Areas:**
"Coordination between military units and civilian organizations, and the
channeling of civilian requests for military assistance are undoubtedly
two of the major problems in military-civilian relations during natural
disaster. These problems, along with the problem of authority...have to
be resolved, however, if effective military assistance is to be
accomplished. There are a number of factors that are responsible for
such problems. Among the main ones are:

\(1\) the failure of civilian officials to understand and appreciate
military structure and operations,

and similarly

\(2\) the less frequent failure of military authorities to comprehend
and to accept the manner in which civilian organizations are structured
and how they operate, and

\(3\) the absence in many cases of any viable civilian means for
coordinating and integrating the activities of the numerous groups and
organizations \-- both civilian and military \-- that assume

emergency tasks." (**Anderson**, *Military-Civilian Relations in
Disaster Operations*, 1968, p. 31)

\(4\) "Local community officials often find it particularly upsetting
and frustrating when they find they have to move through a state
hierarchy first, and then through a federal organization before they can
acquire military disaster assistance." (**Anderson**, *Military-Civilian
Relations*, 1968, 33)

\(5\) "Sometimes community officials do not know what resources are
available at the local level... Thus, valuable time and effort may be
lost because civilians request and receive military assistance which
could have been acquired more easily from local sources. This problem is
particularly prone to occur in communities with poor disaster planning."
(**Anderson,** 1968, 36)

\(6\) "The issuance of vague requests for assistance by civilian
officials may hinder a rapid response by the military." (**Anderson**,
*Military-Civilian Relations*, 1968, 36)

\(7\) "It can be said as a general rule that in a community-wide
disaster, when official executive authority is not exercised \-- either
as a result of abdication, physical incapacitation, or absence of the
legitimate incumbent of the positions having executive authority \--
considerable pressure is generated for other officials to assume
authority. When this void occurs in the civilian sphere, the pressure
goes over to the military \"to do something.\".... The absence of an
effective community organization and authority structure through which
military units can work and give support poses a serious problem for
them." (**Anderson**, *Military-Civilian Relations*, 1968, 41-42)

**Military Support of Civil Defense (MSCD): "**MSCD is the emergency
activity taken by DOD components when directed by the Secretary of
Defense to help the civilian population overcome an enemy attack on
CONUS, its territories and possessions." (**USACE**, *Planning and
Operations Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p.
V-3)

**Military Support to Civil Authorities (MSCA): "**Those activities and
measures taken by Department of Defense components to foster mutual
assistance and support between the Department of Defense and any civil
government agency in planning or preparedness for, or in the application
of resources for response to, the consequences of civil emergencies or
attacks, including national security emergencies." (**DoD**, *MSCA*
(Directive 3025.1), 1993, p. 22; **DoD**, *MACDIS*, 1994, p. 19;
**DoD**, *MSCA*, 1997, p. 16) The Secretary of the Army is designated as
the DOD executive agent for MSCA. (**Title 32 CFR 185**)

**Military Support to Civil Authorities (MSCA): "**MSCA refers to
support provided by Federal military forces, DOD civilians, contractor
personnel, and DOD agencies and components in response to requests for
assistance during domestic incidents to include terrorist threats or
attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. MSCA missions consist
of DOD support to US domestic emergencies and for designated law
enforcement, civil disturbances, and other activities." (**JCS/DoD**,
*Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. ix)

**Military Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies:** "The use of
the military in law enforcement roles is a sensitive topic and
restrictions apply to such use. Military forces performing in this role
support the lead Federal agency and other supporting agencies and may be
armed depending on the SecDef decision. Military support to civilian law
enforcement agencies (LEAs) may include, but is not limited to national
special security events, support for combating terrorism, support to
counterdrug operations, maritime security, intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance capabilities, and general support (training support
to LEAs/loan of equipment/personnel and expert advice)." (**JCS/DoD**,
*Homeland Security*, 2005, p. ix)

**MIRP:** Maritime Incident Recovery Plan. (**GAO**, *Maritime
Security*, December 2007, p. iv)

**MIRP:** Military Improved Response Program. (**US Army** **RDECOM**,
*Homeland Defense*, 2008)

**MIRV:** Multiple Independent Reentry Vehicle. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations
and Definitions*, 1971, p. 3)

**Mission**: "The principal components of strategic goals." (**HSI**,
*HS Strategic Planning*, 2007, 63)

**Mission Analysis:** See "National Planning and Execution System
Mission Analysis".

**Mission Area Analysis:** "The MAA hierarchy includes five levels:
Goals, Missions, Objectives, Functions, and function-specific Tasks.
These describe the HS \[Homeland Security\] operational mission space
with sufficient granularity to enable the MAA to serve as an effective
analysis and measurement tool." (**HSI**, *Homeland Security Strategic
Planning*, March 28, 2007, p. vii)

**Mission Area Analysis Levels:**

-   Mission

-   Objective

-   Function

-   Task ((**HSI**, *HS Strategic Planning MAA*, March 28, 2007, p. 63)

**Mission Assignment (MA):** An "MA is a work order issued by FEMA to
another Federal Agency directing completion of a specific task, and
citing funding, other managerial controls, and guidance during a
federally declared disaster or emergency." (**FEMA**, "DHS OIG Letter
RE: Post-Katrina Improvements." October 2007)

**Mission Assignment (MA):** "44 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part
206 provides the definitions and general rules pertaining to mission
assignments issued by FEMA. 44 CFR defines a mission assignment as a
*"work order issued to a Federal agency by the Regional Director (RD),
Associate Director, or Director, directing the completion by that
Federal agency of a specified task and citing funding, other managerial
controls, and guidance."* *NOTE: To date, the CFR has not been updated
to reflect organizational or position title changes, e.g. Regional
Administrator Director vs. Regional Director.*" (**FEMA**, *Mission
Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 25, 2007. p. 1; see also, p. 55)

**Mission Assignment (MA):** "The term 'mission assignment' means a work
order issued to a Federal agency by the Agency \[FEMA\], directing
completion by that agency of a specified task and setting forth funding,
other managerial controls, and guidance." (**Post-Katrina Emergency
Management Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1424)

**Mission Assignment (MA):** "The vehicle used by DHS/EPR/FEMA to
support Federal operations in a Stafford Act major disaster or emergency
declaration. It orders immediate, short-term emergency response
assistance when an applicable State or local government is overwhelmed
by the event and lacks the capability to perform, or contract for, the
necessary work." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-15)

# Mission Assignment Task Order: "Specific instruction given to a Federal agency under a mission assignment directing it to perform work of certain quantity or in a certain area under that mission assignment. Federal Emergency Management Agency." (FEMA, *100% Funding for Direct Federal Assistance and Grant Assistance, Recovery Policy 9523.9*, June 9, 2006)

**Mission Assignment Types:** "Due to different criteria for eligibility
and reimbursement, mission assignments are classified into three types:

1.  **Federal Operations Support (FOS) (Object Class 2501)** is defined
    as one Federal agency providing direct technical, operational, or
    logistical support to FEMA or another responding Federal agency. FOS
    is 100-percent federally funded and may be provided prior to a
    Presidential declaration of a major disaster or emergency.

*Example: A mission assignment issued to U.S. Forest Service (USFS) to
establish and operate a base camp to provide housing for Federal
disaster workers.*

2.  **Technical Assistance (TA) (Object Class 2507)** is technical
    expertise provided by the Federal government to State and/or local
    jurisdictions when the State has the resources, but lacks the
    knowledge and/or skills needed to perform the work related to the
    disaster or emergency. TA is 100-percent federally funded but must
    be requested and approved by the State.

*Example: A mission assignment issued to the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers to provide TA to affected counties in the writing of debris
contracts.*

3.  **Direct Federal Assistance (DFA) (Object Class 2508)** consists of
    goods and services provided by the Federal government to the
    affected State when it lacks the resources to perform or contract
    for eligible emergency work such as the provision of food, water,
    generators, and medical assistance. DFA is subject to the cost-share
    provisions of the Declaration, normally a 25-percent State share,
    though the President may waive the cost share. Eligibility criteria
    for a DFA mission assignment:

    a.  Must be as a result of the Declaration, not a pre-existing
        condition.

    b.  Must be provided within the designated disaster area.

    c.  Must consist of only emergency non-permanent work.

    d.  Can be provided until the FEMA/State Agreement is signed except
        where it is under compelling circumstances and
        approved/authorized by the FEMA RA.

    e.  Must be beyond the capability of the State and local government
        to perform or contract for the work.

    f.  Must be completed within 60 days of the Declaration unless
        waived by the FEMA RA or the FAO with delegated authority.

*Example: A mission assignment issued to the Department of Health and
Human Services (HHS) to establish temporary medical facilities for
disaster victims within the affected disaster area*." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 10)

**Mission-Critical Application:** "An application that is essential to
the organization's ability to perform necessary business functions. Loss
of the mission-critical application would have a negative impact on the
business, as well as legal or regulatory impacts." (**DigitalCare**,
*State of Oregon Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p. 60)

**Mission Essential Function (MEF) Business Process Analysis (BPA):**
The identification and mapping of "the functional processes, workflows,
activities, personnel expertise, systems, data, and facilities inherent
to the execution of each identified MEF (e.g., define how each MEF is
performed and executed, using a business-process flow map) that must be
performed under all circumstances either uninterrupted, with minimal
interruption, or requiring immediate execution in an emergency."
(**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. D-3) \[Note: *FCD 1* does not provide a
definition of or elaboration on the term "business-process flow map"
other than to note on D-4 that one should "Outline each MEF in a
business process mapping format (i.e., inputs, outputs, resources,
systems, facilities, expertise, authorities) that impact the ability to
complete the MEF products/services." As a possible aid, see "Business
Process Map."\]

**Mission Essential Functions (MEFs):** A subset of Governmental
Functions -- see "Primary Mission Essential Functions" which are a
subset of MEFs, and "National Essential Functions" which are a subset of
PMEFs.

![](media/image3.png){width="1.7798611111111111in"
height="1.6416666666666666in"}MEFs are described as the limited set of
agency-level government functions (as depicted in Figure 8) that must be
continued throughout, or resumed rapidly after, a disruption of normal
activities. MEFs are those functions that enable an organization to
provide vital services, exercise civil authority, maintain the safety of
the public, and sustain the industrial and economic base, during the
disruption of normal operations. Once identified, MEFs serve as key
continuity planning factors for agencies to determine appropriate
staffing, communications, information, facilities, training, and other
continuity requirements." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, D-3)

**Mission Essential Functions (MEFs):** "The limited set of department-
and agency-level government functions that must be continued throughout,
or resumed rapidly after, a disruption of normal activities. (**HSC**,
*National Continuity Policy Implementation Plan*, Aug 2007, p. 64)

**Mission Essential Functions (MEFs) Initial Screening Aid:**

-   Is the function directed by law, directed by law, presidential
    directive, or executive order?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Did a Business Process Analysis (BPA) determine that the function
    must be performed under all circumstances either uninterrupted, with
    minimal interruption, or requiring immediate execution in an
    emergency?

\[A note to the MEF Initial Screening Aid indicates that "If the *answer
to one or both of these questions is 'No,' the function is probably not
a MEF." (**DHS**, FCD* 1, Nov. 2007, p. D-3)\]

**Mississippi Windstorm Underwriting Association (Mississippi
Windpool):** "... provides coverage against windstorms and hail for
people in the six coastal counties of Mississippi who might not be able
to get wind coverage in the private insurance market." (**GAO**,
*Natural Disasters: Public Policy Options*..., Nov 2007, p. 21; see,
also, pp. 65-67)

**MIST:** Mobile Incident Support Team. (**USFA**, *Responding to
Incidents of National Consequence...*, 2004, p. 26)

**Mitigate:** To lessen in force or intensity. This definition does not
preclude "Lessening to Zero" when mitigation or to mitigate are used in
relation to hazards that could cause or contribute to a peacetime civil
emergency. (**FEMA**, *Definitions of Terms*, 1990)

**Mitigate:** "Any action to contain, reduce, or eliminate the harmful
effects of a spill or release of a hazardous substance/material."
(**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-15)

**Mitigation:** "Actions taken in response to a warning or after an
incident occurs that are intended to lessen the potentially adverse
effects on a given military operation or infrastructure." (**DoD**,
*Defense Critical Infrastructure Protection (DCIP)*, DODD 3020.40,
August 19, 2005, p. 13)

**Mitigation:** "Mitigation activities provide a critical foundation
across the incident management spectrum from prevention through response
and recovery. Examples of key mitigation activities include the
following:

> 1\. Ongoing public education and outreach activities designed to
> reduce loss of life and destruction of property;
>
> 2\. Structural retrofitting to deter or lessen the impact of incidents
> and reduce loss of life, destruction of property, and impact on the
> environment;
>
> 3\. Code enforcement through such activities as zoning regulation,
> land management, and building codes; and

4\. Flood insurance and the buy-out of properties subjected to frequent
flooding, etc." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February
25, 2004, p. 16)

**Mitigation:** "Activities designed to reduce or eliminate risks to
persons or property or to lessen the actual or potential effects or
consequences of an incident. Mitigation measures may be implemented
prior to, during, or after an incident. Mitigation measures are often
developed in accordance with lessons learned from prior incidents.
Mitigation involves ongoing actions to reduce exposure to, probability
of, or potential loss from hazards. Measures may include zoning and
building codes, floodplain buyouts, and analysis of hazard-related data
to determine where it is safe to build or locate temporary facilities.
Mitigation can include efforts to educate governments, businesses, and
the public on measures they can take to reduce loss and injury."
(**DHS,** *NIPP*, **2006**, p. 104)

**Mitigation:** "...mitigation is the *social* attempt to reduce the
occurrence of a disaster, to reduce the vulnerability of certain
populations, and to more equitably distribute the costs within the
society." (**Dynes** 1993, 179)

**Mitigation:** Those activities designed to alleviate the effects of a
major disaster or emergency or long-term activities to minimize the
potentially adverse effects of future disaster in affected areas.
(**FEMA**, *Definitions of Terms*, **1990**; **DHS**, *National Response
Plan* (Draft #1), Feb 25, 2004, 77)

**Mitigation:** "Mitigation actions involve lasting, often permanent,
reduction of exposure to,

probability of, or potential loss from hazard events. They tend to focus
on where and how to build. Examples include: zoning and building code
requirements for rebuilding in high-hazard areas; floodplain buyouts;
and analyses of floodplain and other hazard-related data to determine
where it is safe to build in normal times, to open shelters in
emergencies, or to locate temporary housing in the aftermath of a
disaster. Mitigation also can involve educating businesses and the
public on simple measures they can take to reduce loss and injury, like
fastening bookshelves, water heaters, and file cabinets to walls to keep
them from falling during earthquakes." (**FEMA**, *Guide for All Hazards
Emergency Operations Planning* (SLG 101), September **1996**, p. 1-3)

**Mitigation:** All steps necessary to minimize the potentially adverse
effects of the proposed action and to restore, preserve, and enhance
natural values of wetlands; or long-term activities to minimize the
potentially adverse effects of future disaster in affected areas.
(**FEMA,** SLG 101, **1996**)

**Mitigation:** "Mitigation means sustained action taken to reduce or
eliminate long-term risk to people and property from hazards and their
effects. Mitigation distinguishes actions that have a long-term impact
from those that are more closely associated with preparedness for,
immediate response to, and short-term recovery from a specific event"
(**FEMA**, *Multi Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment*, **1997,**
p. xxii)

**Mitigation:** "Mitigation actions protect life and prop0erty and
reduce long term risks from hazards.... Mitigation is achieved primarily
through community actions, although they can be greatly enhanced by the
support of individuals, public-private partnerships, and Federal and
State assistance." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan FY 1998- FY 2002*, June
1997, p. 21)

**Mitigation:** "Any action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term
risk to human life and property from natural hazards. Mitigation actions
are accomplished by:

-   **Acting on the hazard.** Seeding hurricanes or triggering
    avalanches may eliminate a hazard before a disaster occurs.

-   **Redirecting the hazard.** A seawall or dune restoration program
    helps keep water away from people by redirecting the impact areas
    away from vulnerable locations.

-   **Interacting with the hazard.** Seismic safety provisions
    incorporated into building codes result in structures that are more
    able to withstand impacts and earthquakes.

-   **Avoiding the hazard.** River corridor projects create multiple
    beneficial uses of the floodplain while relocating structures to
    less vulnerable locations." (**FEMA** *IS-513*, **1999**, I-50)

**Mitigation:** "Taking sustained actions, such as supporting the use of
strong building codes and guiding community disaster resistance, to
reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from hazards
and their effects." (**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared--FEMA Strategic Plan*,
**2002**, p. 58)

**Mitigation:** "Mitigation is the effort to reduce loss of life and
property by lessening the impact of disasters. Effective mitigation
measures can break the cycle of disaster damage, reconstruction, and
repeated damage.... Effective mitigation is achieved through three
critical components -- analyzing risk, reducing risk, and insuring for
flood risk.

-   **Analyze Risk:** Determining the impact of natural hazards that
    lead to effective strategies for reducing risk.

-   **Reduce Risk:** Reducing or eliminating long-term risk from hazards
    on the existing built environment and future construction.

-   **Insure for Flood Risk:** Reducing the impact of floods on the
    Nation by providing affordable flood insurance." (**FEMA**, *Fact
    Sheet, FEMA's Mitigation Directorate*, **August 2007**, p. 1)

**Mitigation:** "Provides a critical foundation in the effort to reduce
the loss of life and property from natural and/or manmade disasters by
avoiding or lessening the impact of a disaster and providing value to
the public by creating safer communities. Mitigation seeks to fix the
cycle of disaster damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage. These
activities or actions, in most cases, will have a long-term sustained
effect." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501 Draft), **2007**, p. 154)

**Mitigation:** "Examples of mitigation activities include the
following:

• ongoing public education and outreach activities designed to reduce
loss of life and destruction of property;

• complying with or exceeding floodplain management and land-use
regulations;

• enforcing stringent building codes, seismic design standards, and
wind-bracing requirements for new construction, or repairing and/or
retrofitting existing buildings;

• supporting measures to ensure the protection and resilience of
critical infrastructure and key resources designed to ensure continuity
of business and the economic stability of communities;

• acquiring damaged homes or businesses in flood-prone areas, relocating
the structures, and returning the property to open space, wetlands, or
recreational uses;

• identifying, utilizing, and refurbishing shelters and safe rooms to
help protect people in their homes, public buildings, and schools in
hurricane− and tornado-prone areas;

• implementing a vital records program at all levels of government to
prevent loss of crucial documents and records;

• intelligence sharing and linkage leading to other law enforcement
activities, such as infiltration of a terrorist cell to prevent an
attack;

• periodic remapping of hazard or potential hazard zones, using
geospatial techniques; and

• management of data regarding historical incidents to support strategic
planning and analysis."

(**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft),
**August 2007**, pp. 21-22)

**Mitigation:** "Activities designed to reduce or eliminate risks to
persons or property or to lessen the actual or potential effects or
consequences of a hazard. Mitigation involves ongoing actions to reduce
exposure to, probability of, or potential loss from hazards. Examples
include zoning

and building codes, floodplain buyouts, and analysis of hazard-related
data to determine where it is safe to build or locate temporary
facilities. Mitigation can include efforts to educate governments,
businesses and the public on measures they can take to reduce loss and
injury." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity and Capability Handbook*,
August 2004, p. D-7, Glossary)

**Mitigation:** "Limitation of any negative consequence of a particular
incident." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, 4)

**Mitigation:** In its simplest sense, mitigation is risk management. It
is a term that we at FEMA use to describe actions that can be taken at
the individual, local, State and Federal levels to reduce the overall
risk from natural disasters. It is getting a handle on the costs of
disasters in our society, including not only moneys, but also suffering
and economic disruptions. (**Krimm** 1998)

**Mitigation and Prevention:** "Mitigation planning includes a review of
ways to eliminate or reduce the impact of future emergencies. Specific
hazard mitigation plans are prepared following a federally-declared
disaster. They reflect the current risk analysis and mitigation
priorities specific to the declared disaster. An alternate and more
common term for mitigation is prevention. In the field of emergency
services, however, the term prevention is used to refer to stopping an
event from happening. Emergency managers point out that while it is
possible to prevent terrorist attacks, it is not possible to prevent
earthquakes. It is, however, possible to reduce or mitigate their
impact. Despite years of using the term mitigation for reducing harm,
the federal government has recently adopted the term prevention to refer
to mitigation activities." (**Little Hoover Commission**, *Safeguarding
the Golden State*..., 2006, 6)

**Mitigation:** "Activities that reduce the degree of long-term risk to
human life and property from natural and man-made hazards; e.g.,
building codes, disaster insurance, land-use management, risk mapping,
safety codes, and tax incentives and disincentives." (**McLoughlin**
1985, 166)

> "Mitigation consists of planned and orderly efforts to prevent hazards
> that are preventable and lessen the impact of those that are not.
> Mitigation activities can act in three ways to prevent or reduce
> effects of potential hazards. First, they can act on the hazard to
> eliminate it or to reduce the frequency and intensity of its
> occurrence. Second, they can change the way a hazard interacts with
> people and their support systems. Third, they can alter the way people
> live and the systems they create." (**McLoughlin** 1985, 170)

**Mitigation:** "Actions taken to prevent or reduce product loss, human
injury or death, environmental damage, and property damage due to the
release or potential release of hazardous

materials." (**NFPA 471**, 1997, p. 8)

**Mitigation:** "Activities taken to reduce the severity or consequences
of an emergency." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 8)

**Mitigation:** "Mitigation includes any activities that actually
eliminate or reduce the probability of occurrence of a disaster (for
example, arms build-up to deter enemy attack or legislation that takes
the unstable double-bottom tanker off the highways). It includes
long-term activities designed to reduce the effects of unavoidable
disaster (for example, land-use management, establishing comprehensive
emergency management programs, or legislating building safety codes)."
(**NGA**, *Comprehensive Emergency Management Governors' Guide*, 1979,
p. 12)

**Mitigation:** Action to reduce the effects of a disaster on a
population. (**Nimpuno**, 1998)

**Mitigation:** "...mitigation is seen as prevention -- stopping a
negative event before it happens." (**Peterson and Perry** 1999, 242)

**Mitigation:** "...sustained actions to reduce or eliminate long-term
risks to people and property from hazards and their effects."
(**Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1399)

**Mitigation:** "Measures taken in advance of a disaster aimed at
decreasing or eliminating its impact on society and on environment."
(**UNDHA** *Internationally Agreed Glossary...*, 1992, p.53)

**Mitigation:** "Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to
limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation
and technological hazards." (**UN ISDR** 2002, 25)

**Mitigation (Homeland Security):** "Because we must not permit the
threat of terrorism to alter the American way of life, we have to accept
some level of terrorist risk as a permanent condition. We must
constantly balance the benefits of mitigating this risk against both the
economic costs and infringements on individual liberty that this
mitigation entails. No mathematical formula can reveal the appropriate
balance; it must be determined by politically accountable leaders
exercising sound, considered judgment informed by top-notch scientists,
medical experts, and engineers." (**White House**, *National Strategy
for Homeland Security*, July 2002, p. 2)

**Mitigation Mortgage:** A proposal of the Financial Services Roundtable
wherein the financial industry would develop "lending instruments with
maturities and interest rates comparable to those they now offer in
financing first and second residential mortgages. Such loans would

be marketed for individuals seeking loans to finance mitigation upgrades
to their existing structures. For new structures, the costs of
mitigation can be added to the initial mortgage (ratings of the ability
of homes to withstand wind, water, or earthquake damage would help
stimulate interest in obtaining such mortgages)." (**FSR**,
*Mega-Catastrophe*, May 2007, 37)

**Mitigation Planning Under the Stafford Act (Sec. 322, 42 U.S.C.
5165):**

"(a) Requirement of Mitigation Plan - As a condition of receipt of an
increased Federal share for hazard mitigation measures under subsection
(e), a State, local, or tribal government shall develop and submit for
approval to the President a mitigation plan that outlines processes for
identifying the natural hazards, risks, and vulnerabilities of the area
under the jurisdiction of the government.

\(b\) Local and Tribal Plans - Each mitigation plan developed by a local
or tribal government shall: (1) describe actions to mitigate hazards,
risks, and vulnerabilities identified under the plan; and (2) establish
a strategy to implement those actions.

\(c\) State Plans - The State process of development of a mitigation
plan under this section shall -

\(1\) identify the natural hazards, risks, and vulnerabilities of areas
in the State; (2) support development of local mitigation plans; (3)
provide for technical assistance to local and tribal governments for
mitigation planning; and (4) identify and prioritize mitigation actions
that the State will support, as resources become available.

\(d\) Funding - (1) In general - Federal contributions under section
5170c of this title may be

used to fund the development and updating of mitigation plans under this
section. (2) Maximum federal contribution - With respect to any
mitigation plan, a State, local, or tribal government may use an amount
of Federal contributions under section 5170c of this title not to exceed
7 percent of the amount of such contributions available to the
government as of a date determined by the government.

\(e\) Increased Federal Share for Hazard Mitigation Measures - (1) In
general - If, at the time of the declaration of a major disaster, a
State has in effect an approved mitigation plan under this section, the
President may increase to 20 percent, with respect to the major
disaster, the maximum percentage specified in the last sentence of
section 5170c(a) of this title. (2) Factors for consideration -In
determining whether to increase the maximum percentage under paragraph
(1), the President shall consider whether the State has established -
(A) eligibility criteria for property acquisition and other types of
mitigation measures; (B) requirements for cost effectiveness that are
related to the eligibility criteria; (C) a system of priorities that is
related to the eligibility criteria; and (D) a process by which an
assessment of the effectiveness of a

mitigation action may be carried out after the mitigation action is
complete. (**Stafford Act**, June 2007 (FEMA 592) pp. 22-23; **Public
Law 106-390**, *DMA*, October 20, 2000)

**Mitigation Plans:** "Mitigation plans describe activities that can be
taken prior to, during, or after an incident to reduce or eliminate
risks to persons or property or to lessen the actual or potential
effects or consequences of an incident." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 37)

**Mitigation Strategy:** "FEMA's mitigation strategy has four areas of
focus:

1.  *Federal Mitigation*. FEMA will lead the effort to ensure that the
    authorities and resources of the federal government which affect the
    built environment are supporting, the maximum degree practicable,
    community-based mitigation decisions/actions.

2.  *State Mitigation.* FEMA will establish a collaborative partnership
    with State-level mitigation stakeholders to develop criteria and
    incentives for the establishment of comprehensive State mitigation
    initiatives which marshal the resources and authorities of State
    government to support community-based mitigation decisions/actions.

3.  *Community Mitigation*. FEMA will establish a collaborative
    partnership with community-level stakeholders to develop a national
    initiative to reduce risk through a voluntary, community-based,
    incentive-driven decisions/actions.

4.  *Private/Public Mitigation Partnership*. FEMA will lead an effort to
    identify and maximize the contributions of the private sector to the
    national mitigation effort -- through business-driven construction
    and land-use decisions, as well as incentives for mitigation
    decisions/actions through insurance and financial market
    instruments." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan FY 1998-2002*, 1997, p.
    21-22)

**Mitigation Strategy:** "**A.5.5.1** The mitigation strategy should
include the following:

\(1\) Use of applicable building construction standards

\(2\) Hazard avoidance through appropriate land use practices

\(3\) Relocation, retrofitting, or removal of structures at risk

\(4\) Removal or elimination of the hazard

\(5\) Reduction or limitation of the amount or size of the hazard

\(6\) Segregation of the hazard from that which is to be protected

\(7\) Modification of the basic characteristics of the hazard

\(8\) Control of the rate of release of the hazard

\(9\) Provision of protective systems or equipment for both cyber and
physical risks

\(10\) Establishment of hazard warning and communication procedures

\(11\) Redundancy or diversity of essential personnel, critical systems,
equipment, information, operations, or materials

\(12\) Acceptance/retention/transfer of risk (insurance programs)

\(13\) Protection of competitive/proprietary information

**A.5.5.2** The mitigation strategy should establish interim and
long-term actions to reduce the risks from hazards. (**NFPA 1600**,
2007, p. 15)

**MLA:** Maritime Liaison Agent. (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*, December
2007, pp. iv, 98-99)

**MMA:** Major Metropolitan Area.

**MMMS:** "Map Modernization Management Support (FEMA).

**MMRS**: Metropolitan Medical Response System.

**MOA:** Memorandum of Agreement. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-4)

**Mob CNTR:** Mobilization Center.

**MOBDES:** Mobilization Designee, DOD.

**Mobile Emergency Response Support (MERS):** "The primary function of
MERS is to provide mobile telecommunications capabilities and life,
logistics, operational and power generation support required for the
on-site management of disaster response activities. MERS support falls
into three broad categories: (1) operational support elements; (2)
communications equipment and operators; and (3) logistics support. MERS
supports Federal, State and local responders in their efforts to save
lives, protect property and coordinate disaster operations. Staged in
six strategic locations, one with offshore capabilities, the MERS
detachments can concurrently support multiple field operating sites
within a disaster area." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, 60)

**Mobile Emergency Response Support (MERS):** "Another key FEMA disaster
response asset...is the MERS System. The primary function of MERS is to
provide mobile telecommunications, logistics, and operational
capabilities for the on-site management of disaster response activities.
MERS support falls into three broad areas:

-   Operations - Mobile Emergency Operations Centers, quick reaction
    support, disaster

preparedness (HAZMAT) officers, and MERS security officers.

-   Communications - satellite, multiple radio vans, High Frequency line
    of sight microwave,

land mobile radios, voice, video, and data capabilities, and wide area
interoperability.

-   Logistics - fuel, water, HVAC, life support, transportation, and
    power.

"MERS provides support required by Federal, State and local responders
and can provide prompt

and rapid multi-media communications, information processing, logistics,
administrative, and

operational support. Staged in six strategic locations, one with
offshore capabilities, the MERS

detachments can concurrently support a large JFO and multiple field
operating sites within a

disaster area. The telecommunications function is accomplished using a
variety of communications transmission systems including satellite, high
frequency, and microwave line-of-sight interconnected by fiber optic
cables to voice and data switches, local area networks, and

desktop devices such as personal computers and telephones. MERS
telecommunications assets

can be provided for one or multiple locations within a disaster area and
can be used to establish

or reestablish communications connectivity with the public
telecommunications system or

Government telecommunications networks. Facilities within a disaster
region can be

interconnected by MERS assets to enhance emergency communications
interoperability and

austere facilities can be wired for computer, telephone, and video
networks." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*, November 15, 2007, p.
8)

**Mobilization:** "The process and procedures used by all
organizations---Federal, State, tribal, and local---for activating,
assembling, and transporting all resources that have been requested to
respond to or support an incident." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft),
2007, p. 154)

**Mobilization (MOB) Center:** "An off-incident location at which
emergency service personnel and equipment are temporarily located
pending assignment, release, or reassignment." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*,
2006, Glossary 25-15)

**Mobilization (MOB) Centers:** "Temporary federal facilities in theater
at which commodities, equipment and personnel can be received and
pre-positioned for deployment as required; commodities remain under the
control of HQ Logistics and can be deployed to multiple states;
generally projected to hold 3 days of commodities." (**FEMA**,
*Logistics Supply Chain*, 2006)

**Mobilization, Historical Federal Organization for Emergency
Mobilization (1947-1979):**

-   National Security Resources Board (NSRB, 1947-1949)

-   NSRB, Executive Office of the President (EOP, 1949-1953)

-   Office of Defense Mobilization, (ODM, EOP, 1950-1953)

-   Defense Production Administration (DPA, 1951-1953)

-   Office of Defense Mobilization (ODM, EOP, 1953-1958)

-   Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization (ODCM, EOP, 1958)

-   Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (OCDM, EOP, 1958-1961)

-   Office of Emergency Planning (EOP, 1961-1968)

-   Office of Emergency Preparedness (EOP, 1968-1973)

-   Office of Preparedness (OP, General Services Administration,
    1973-1975)

-   Federal Preparedness Agency (FPA, GSA, 1975-1979)

(**National Archives**, *Guide to Federal Records*, Records of FEMA,
Record Group 311, p. 1)

**MOC:** MERS Operations Center. (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*,
November 2007, p. 5)

**Mock Disaster:** "One method of exercising teams in which participants
are challenged to determine the actions they would take in the event of
a specific disaster scenario. Mock disasters usually involve all, or
most, of the applicable teams. Under the guidance of exercise
coordinators, the teams walk through the actions they would take per
their plans, or simulate performance of these actions. Teams may be at a
single exercise location, or at multiple locations, with communication
between teams simulating actual 'disaster mode' communications. A mock
disaster will typically operate on a compressed timeframe representing
many hours, or even days." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business
Continuity Workshop*, 2006, 60)

**Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA):** "Many State
legislatures and health departments have amended State statutes and
regulations to reflect modern principles of public health emergency
preparedness based, in part, on the Model State Emergency Health Powers
Act (MSEHPA) drafted in fall of 2001 by the Center for Law and the
Public's Health at Georgetown University and The Johns Hopkins
University.8 MSEHPA presents State and local governments with a template
for reviewing existing emergency declaration laws and developing
legislative or other regulatory reforms to facilitate an effective
public health response.9 While this chapter refers to MSEHPA to explain
common provisions that are featured in many States' emergency
preparedness laws, MSEHPA is not law unless a State has enacted it.
According to the Center, more than 35 States have enacted laws based in
whole or part on MSEHPA since the Act's completion.10 These laws vary
across jurisdictions and may be interpreted differently depending on a
host of factors." (**AHRQ,** *Mass Medical Care*, 2007, p. 27)

**Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA):** "In the spring of
2001, officials of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
asked the staff of the Center for Law and the Public's Health (based at
Georgetown University and the Johns Hopkins University) to draft a Model
State Emergency Health Powers Act. This Model Act would enable states to
revise their public health statutes in order to take account of
contemporary scientific knowledge, communications technology, and case
law on the rights of individuals and the duties of government. Many
states had not substantially revised their public codes for a half
century or longer.

"Drafting the Model Act accelerated after September 11th and especially
after the first anthrax case was identified on October 4th. The
Georgetown/Hopkins lawyers posted a draft on the World Wide Web in late
October (and revised it in
December).[^1^](http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/#r1) Secretary of
Health and Human Services Tommy G. Thompson enthusiastically endorsed
the draft. Across the political spectrum, however, but especially among
liberals and libertarians, attacks began immediately on the need for the
act and its major provisions---especially on its recommendations for
planning, surveillance, public information, taking property, directing
the work of health professionals and immunizing them from liability, and
interfering with the privacy and liberty of persons to prevent the
spread of infectious disease.

"Nevertheless, legislation inspired by the Model Act has been introduced
in more than 30 states.[^2^](http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/#r2) In
some states, legislators and governors who supported the main thrust of
the act decided that archaic provisions were better than anarchy. They
feared that opening the entire public health code to amendment risked
the repeal of substantial sections of it. In other states, lawmakers
have used the Model Act as a checklist against which to review and
revise their public health statute. No state, to our knowledge, has
adopted the Model Act posted on the Web.

"The Model Act has become a contentious document in a process of
policymaking that is likely to continue as long as the threat of
bioterrorism persists. This new fact of life is recognized in the new
Department of Health and Human Services grant program to improve public
health infrastructure for better defense against terrorism, which
requires states to conduct ongoing review and revision of pertinent laws
and regulations." (**Colmers and Fox**, March 2003)

**Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale:** A measure of the effects of an
earthquake in a specific location. (**Deyle, French, Olshansky, and
Paterson** 1998, 124)

**Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale:** (**Jaffe, Buffer, and Thurow**
1981)

## Intensity Detectability/Level Impact

I Detected only by sensitive instruments

II Felt by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors

III Felt noticeably indoors, but not always recognized as a quake

IV Felt indoors by many, outdoors by a few

V Felt by most people, damage to glass and plaster

VI Felt by all, many frightened and run outdoors, damage small

VII Everybody runs outdoors, damage to buildings varies

VIII Panel walls thrown out of frames, fall of walls and chimneys

IX Buildings shifted off foundations, cracked, thrown out of plumb

X Most masonry and framed structures destroyed, ground cracked

XI New structures still standing, bridges destroyed, ground fissures

XII Damage total, waves seen on ground surface

**Modular Emergency Medical System (MEMS):** "The Modular Emergency
Medical System (MEMS) offers a comprehensive plan of operations and
standards for responding to a mass casualty event of such size that
alternate care delivery sites would be required. MEMS emerged in
response to Title IV of The Defense against Weapons of Mass Destruction
Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-201). The law required that the Secretary of
Defense develop and carry out a program to improve the responses of
Federal, State, and local agencies to emergencies involving biological
and chemical weapons. In response, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)
created the Biological Warfare Improved Response Program. DOD then
invited the Departments of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Energy
(DOE), and Agriculture (USDA), and the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as well as emergency responders
and managers from multiple States and local communities, to participate.
MEMS offers detailed standards for a system of care that can be expanded
and contracted in modular units as the need arises. It provides a
framework for the organization of care, particularly for setting up
predetermined, special-use alternate care sites. Thus, MEMS answers the
questions of what general kinds of care are provided and where
(alternate site standards). In specifying the staffing required for
alternate care sites, MEMS also addresses who will provide care. One of
the underlying assumptions in MEMS is that resources will be brought in
or created within the area most affected by the mass casualty event."
(AHRQ, *Altered Standards of Care in Mass Casualty Events*, 2005, p.
B-2)

**Modular Organization (ICS):** "The ICS organizational structure
develops in a top-down fashion that is based on the size and complexity
of the incident, as well as the specifics of the hazard environment
created by the incident. When needed separate functional elements can be
established, each of which may be further subdivided to enhance
management and coordination. Responsibility for the establishment and
expansion of the ICS rests with the Incident Commander (IC), who bases
these on requirements of the situation. As incident complexity
increases, the organization expands from top down as functional
responsibilities are delegated." (**FEMA**, *National Incident
Management System National Standard Curriculum Training Development
Guidance*. October 2005, p. 8)

**Moral Hazard:** "...insured parties take greater risks because they
know they are insured). Insurers try to minimize adverse selection by
marketing insurance to a broad class of customers,

and by charging higher premiums to higher risk customers.[^38] Insurers
can address moral hazard

by imposing deductibles -- or requirements that policyholders bear
certain "first dollar" losses -- before receiving insurance coverage. "
(**Financial Services Roundtable**, *Nation Unprepared for
Mega-Catastrophe*, 2007, 45)

**Moral Hazard:** "\`Moral hazard' is an increase in the probability of
loss that could be caused by the behavior of the policyholder. For
example, providing insurance protection to an individual may lead that
person to behave more carelessly than before." (**GAO**, *Natural
Disasters*, Nov 2007, 2)

**Mortgage Portfolio Protection Program (MPPP):** The Mortgage Portfolio
Protection Program (MPPP) was introduced on January 1, 1991, as an
additional tool to assist the mortgage lending and servicing industries
in bringing their mortgage portfolios into compliance with the flood
insurance requirements of the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973. The
MPPP is not intended to act as a substitute for the need for mortgagees
to review all mortgage loan applications at the time of loan origination
and comply with flood insurance requirements as

appropriate. Proper implementation of the various requirements of the
MPPP usually results in

mortgagors, after their notification of the need for flood insurance,
either showing evidence of such a policy, or contacting their local
insurance agent or appropriate Write Your Own (WYO) company to purchase
the necessary coverage. It is intended that flood insurance policies be

written under the MPPP only as a last resort, and only on mortgages
whose mortgagors have failed to respond to the various notifications
required by the MPPP." (**FEMA**, *MPPP*, 2005)

**MOTR:** Maritime Operational Threat Response Plan. (**GAO**, *Maritime
Security*, Dec 2007, iv)

**MOU:** Memorandum of Understanding. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec
2007, Glossary-4)

**MPC:** Maximum Permissible Concentration. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, 3)

**MPE:** Maximum Permissible Exposure. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, 3)

**MPPP:** Mortgage Portfolio Protection Program. (**FEMA**, *MPPP*,
2005)

**MRC:** Medical Reserve Corps.

**MRAT:** Medical Radiobiology Advisory Team, DoD. (**FEMA** *Statement
of Cannon*, 2007, 11)

**MRE:** Meal Ready to Eat. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina: A Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, p. 633)

**MSCA:** Military Support to Civil Authority. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, 2007, Glossary-4)

**MSCC:** Medical Surge Capacity and Capability.

**MSCD:** Military Support of Civil Defense. (**USACE**, *Planning and
Operations Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p.
V-3)

**MSDS:** Material Safety Data Sheet. (**EPA**, *Technical Guidance for
Hazards Analysis*,1987, A-6)

**MSEHPA:** Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (Proposed).

**MSEL:** Master Scenario Event List.

**MS-ISAC:** Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center.
(**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p. 101)

**MSP:** Maritime Security Program, FBI. (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*,
Dec. 2007, p. 98)

**MST:** Management Support Team. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina: A Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, p. 633)

**MT:** Megaton. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and Definitions*, 1971, p. 3)

**MTA:** Material Threat Assessment. (**HHS**, *Pandemic and
All-Hazards...Report,* Nov. 2007)

**MTD:** Material Threat Determination. (**HHS**, *Pandemic and
All-Hazards...Report,* Nov. 2007)

**MTD:** Maximum Tolerable Downtime. (**DHS**, *FCD 2*, Nov. 2007, p.
C-1)

**MTPD:** Maximum Tolerable Period of Disruption. (**BCI**, *Good
Practice Guidelines*, 2007)

**MTR:** Maritime Transportation Response. (**GAO**, *Maritime
Security*, December 2007, iv, 68)

**MTSA:** Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002. (**GAO**,
*Maritime Security*, Dec 2007, iv)

**Mudflow:** "The down-slope transfer of fine earth material mixed with
water." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 54)

**Multi-Agency Command Center MACC:** "An interagency coordination
center established by the Department of Homeland Security (United States
Secret Service) during National Security Special Events as a component
of the Joint Operations Center. The MACC serves as the focal point of
interagency security planning and coordination." (**FEMA**, *Mission
Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, 2007, p. 55)

**Multi-Agency Coordination (MAC):** "A generalized term which describes
the functions and

activities of representatives of involved agencies and/or jurisdictions
who come together to make decisions regarding the prioritizing of
incidents, and the sharing and use of critical resources. The MAC
organization is not a part of the on-scene ICS and is not involved in
developing incident strategy or tactics." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*,
2006, Glossary 25-15)

**Multi-Agency Coordination (MAC) Centers:** "A seventh requirement of
incident man­agement consists of the various multi-agency coordination
centers that exist throughout all levels of government. They are
essential to maintaining situa­tional awareness and overall incident
management, and they assist in the flow of information, the reporting of
actions and activities, and ultimately the development of a common
operat­ing picture, but they also are hubs for coordinating operational
activities during an incident. Examples include State, local, and Tribal
emergency operations centers; State, local, and Tribal fusion centers;
the National Operations Center, National Infrastructure Coordination
Center, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency's National Response
Coordination Center (all part of the Department of Homeland Security);
the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Stra­tegic Information and
Operations Center and National Joint Terrorist Task Force (both part of
the Department of Justice); and the National Counterterrorism Center
(part of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence)." (**White
House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, HSC, October 2007,
pp. 47-48)

**Multiagency Coordination Entities.** "When incidents cross
disciplinary or jurisdictional boundaries or involve complex incident
management scenarios, a multiagency coordination entity, such as an
emergency management agency, may be used to facilitate incident
management and policy coordination. The situation at hand and the needs
of the jurisdictions involved will dictate how these multiagency
coordination entities conduct their business, as well as how they are
structured. Multiagency coordination entities typically consist of
principals (or their designees) from organizations and agencies with
direct incident management responsibility or with significant incident
management support or resource responsibilities. These entities are
sometimes referred to as crisis action teams, policy committees,
incident management groups, executive teams, or other similar terms."
(**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, pp. 27-28)

**Multi-agency Coordination (MAC) Group:** "Typically,
administrators/executives, or their appointed representatives, who are
authorized to commit agency resources and funds, are brought together
and form MAC Groups. MAC Groups may also be known as multiagency
committees, emergency management committees, or as otherwise defined by
the System. It can provide coordinated decisionmaking and resource
allocation among cooperating agencies, and may establish the priorities
among incidents, harmonize agency policies, and provide strategic
guidance and direction to support incident management activities."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS*, 2007, 154)

**Multi-agency Coordination System(s) (MACS):** "Multiagency
coordination systems provide the architecture to support coordination
for incident prioritization, critical resource allocation,
communications systems integration, and information coordination. The
elements of multiagency coordination systems include facilities,
equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications. Two of the most
commonly used elements are EOCs and MAC Groups. These systems assist
agencies and organizations responding to an incident." (**FEMA**, *NIMS
Draft*, 2007, p. 154)

**Multi-Agency Coordination System (MACS) DHS -- Concepts and
Principles:** "The core concepts and principles of the Multi-Agency
Coordination System as taught by DHS (and as defined in the NIMS
Document) incorporate the following components:

-   A multi-agency coordination system is a combination of facilities,
    equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications integrated into
    a common system with responsibility for coordinating and supporting
    domestic incident management activities.

-   The primary functions of multi-agency coordination systems are to
    support incident management policies and priorities, facilitate
    logistics support and resource tracking, inform resource allocation
    decisions using incident management priorities, coordinate incident
    management related information, and coordinate interagency and
    intergovernmental issues regarding incident management policies,
    priorities, and strategies.

-   A typical multi-agency coordination system may contain one or
    several Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs). A typical multi-agency
    coordination system may contact numerous Department Operations
    Center (DOCs). Depending upon the type and location of the
    emergency/disaster various command elements (i.e. area commands,
    unified command or the incident commander) will have to coordinate
    activities within an established multi-agency coordination system.

Training dealing with the NIMS multi-agency coordination system shall
describe to participants the components of a multi-agency coordination
system and establish relationships between all elements of the system.
It shall also increase the participant's knowledge of NIMS relevant to
the multi-agency coordination system. It shall increase the
participant's knowledge of the integrated nature of emergency management
throughout the nation and advocate the adoption of the guidelines
established in the NIMS document. The training shall contain specific
disaster/emergency related examples that relate to multi-agency
coordination systems at the local, state and federal levels of
government." (**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System National
Standard Curriculum Training Development Guidance*, October 2005, pp.
22-23)

**Multi-Casualty/Multi-Patient Incident Plan (Multiple Casualty/Multiple
Patient IP) (MCI/MPI):** "An effective ...MCI/MPI plan should include
all of the health and medical resources within a local area/region.
Significant components of an MCI plan include EMS, private ambulance
providers, fire department, law enforcement, hospitals, medical
education facilities, and public health capabilities. Freestanding minor
emergency treatment centers/clinics should be included in the plan as
well." (USFA, *Responding to Incidents of National Consequence*, 2004,
p. 53)

**Multi-hazard:** "Multihazards include significant events such as
infrastructure deterioration, natural disasters, accidents, and
malevolent acts." (**TISP**, *Regional Disaster Resilience*, 2006, 2)

"Today's preparedness needs require a comprehensive, multihazards
regional approach that addresses natural disasters of all types, human
error, systems failures, pandemics, and malevolent acts, including those
involving cyber systems and weapons of mass destruction (chemical,
biological, radiological, and nuclear devices)." (**TISP**, *Regional
Disaster Resilience*, 2006, p. 3)

**Multihazard Advisory Maps:** "In this subsection, the term
'multihazard advisory map' means a map on which hazard data concerning
each type of natural disaster is identified simultaneously for the
purpose of showing areas of hazard overlap." (**Disaster Mitigation Act
of 2000**, Title I, Sec. 203 (k))

**Multihazard Mitigation Council (MMC):** "The purpose of the
Multihazard Mitigation Council (MMC) is to reduce the total costs
associated with natural and other related hazards to buildings by
fostering and promoting consistent and improved multihazard risk
mitigation strategies, guidelines, practices, and related efforts. The
Council was established in 1997 as a voluntary advisory, facilitative
body of the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), a nonprofit
corporation incorporated in the District of Columbia." (FEMA, "Fact
Sheet -- Mitigation's Value to Society," August 2007, p. 2)

**Multi-jurisdiction Incident:** "An incident that extends across
political boundaries and/or response disciplines, requiring action from
multiple governments and agencies to manage certain aspects of an
incident. These incidents may best be managed under Unified Incident
Management." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity and Capability Handbook*,
August 2004, p. D-8)

**Multi-Year Development Plan (Planning) (MYDP):** "Based
on...capability shortfall \[analysis\]...the jurisdiction should prepare
a multi-year development plan tailored to meet its unique situation and
requirements. The plan should outline what needs to be done to reach the
desired level of capability. Ideally, this plan should cover a five-year
period so that long-term development projects can be properly scheduled
and adequately funded. The plan should include all emergency management
projects and activities to be undertaken by the jurisdiction regardless
of the funding source." (**FEMA**, *IEMS Process Overview*, 1983, pp.
8-9)

**Multi-Year Development Plan (Planning) (MYDP):** "...the MYDP at all
levels of government is a planning document. As such, information
forwarded to FEMA Headquarters will be used as one basis for planning
and projecting budgetary requirements at the national level. In a
similar fashion at other levels of government, the MYDP can serve as a
useful planning and management tool that allows emergency managers to
project (or provide an initial estimate of) how they wish to approach
improvement of identified capability shortfalls over time and to
estimate levels of assistance that may be required to aid them in
capability building and maintenance efforts." (**FEMA**, *IEMS MYDP*,
1984, p. I-3)

**Multi-Year Flood Hazard Identification Plan (MHIP):** "The Multi-Year
Flood Hazard Identification Plan (MHIP) details FEMA's plan for
prioritizing and delivering modernized flood maps for areas of the
United States with the greatest flood risk. The MHIP provides: detailed
tables and graphs of projected flood map production sequencing and
projected funding allocations; a summary of stakeholder input, including
information provided through business plans developed by FEMA Regional
Offices and State mapping partners; and a summary of FEMA's progress in
meeting Key Performance Indicators for the Flood Map Modernization
program." (**FEMA/NFIP**, *Multi-Year Flood Hazard Identification Plan*
(Version 2.5), 2007)

**Multiyear Strategy and Program Management Plan:** "A process that
ensures the maintenance and continued viability of COOP plans.**"**
(**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, P-6)

**Mustard Gas:** "Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent.
These kinds of agents are called vesicants or blistering agents, because
they cause blistering of the skin and mucous membranes on contact.
Sulfur mustard is also known as "mustard gas or mustard agent," or by
the military designations H, HD, and HT. Sulfur mustard sometimes smells
like garlic, onions, or mustard and sometimes has no odor. It can be a
vapor (the gaseous form of a liquid), an oily-textured liquid, or a
solid. Sulfur mustard can be clear to yellow or brown when it is in
liquid or solid form." (**CDC**, *Facts About Sulfur Mustard*, March 12,
2003 Modification)

**Mutual Aid Agreement:** "A written agreement between agencies,
organizations, and/or jurisdictions that they will assist one another on
request by furnishing personnel, equipment, and/or expertise in a
specified manner." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan*, December 2004,
p.69; **DHS**, *National Incident Management System*, March 2004, p.
133.)

**Mutual Aid:** "Mutual-aid agreements are the means for one
jurisdiction to provide resources, facilities, services, and other
required support to another jurisdiction during an incident. Each
jurisdiction should be party to a mutual-aid agreement with appropriate
jurisdictions from which they expect to receive or to which they expect
to provide assistance during an incident." (**DHS**, *National Incident
Management System*, March 2004, p. 5)

**Mutual Aid Agreement:** "Written agreement between agencies,
organizations, and/or jurisdictions that they will assist one another on
request by furnishing personnel, equipment, and/or expertise in a
specified manner." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Draft*, 2007, p.
55)

**Mutual Aid Agreement:** "Pre-arranged agreement developed between two
or more entities to render assistance to the parties of the agreement."
(**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, 4)

**Mutual Aid Agreements:** "**A.5.7** Mutual aid/assistance agreements
between entities are

an effective means to obtain resources and should be developed whenever
possible. Mutual aid/assistance agreements should be in writing, be
reviewed by legal counsel, be signed by a responsible official, define
liability, and detail funding and cost arrangements. The term *mutual
aid/assistance agreement* as used here includes cooperative assistance
agreements,

intergovernmental compacts, or other terms commonly used for the sharing
of resources.

Mutual aid/assistance agreements are the means for one entity to provide
resources, facilities, services, and other required support to another
entity during an incident. Each entity should be party to a mutual
aid/assistance agreement (such as the Emergency Management Assistance
Compact) with appropriate entities from which they expect to receive or
to which they expect to provide assistance during an incident. This
would normally include all neighboring or nearby entities, as well as
relevant private sector and nongovernmental organizations. States should
participate in interstate compacts and look to establish intrastate
agreements that encompass all

local entities. Mutual aid/assistance agreements are also needed with
private organizations, such as the International Red Cross, to
facilitate the timely delivery of private assistance at the appropriate
entity level during incidents. At a minimum, mutual aid/assistance
agreements should include the following elements or provisions:

\(1\) Definitions of key terms used in the agreement

\(2\) Roles and responsibilities of individual parties

\(3\) Procedures for requesting and providing assistance

\(4\) Procedures, authorities, and rules for payment, reimbursement, and
allocation of costs

\(5\) Notification procedures

\(6\) Protocols for interoperable communications

\(7\) Relationships with other agreements among entities

\(8\) Workers' compensation

\(9\) Treatment of liability and immunity

\(10\) Recognition of qualifications and certifications

\(11\) Sharing agreements, as required." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 16)

\[Note: FEMA *NIMS* adds a 12^th^ element (or provision) -- "Termination
Clause." (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 18.\]

**MWEOC:** Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center. (**FEMA**, *About
FEMA*, 2007)

**MYDP:** Multi-Year Development Planning. (**FEMA**. *IEMS: MYDP,*
1984, p. 1-1)

**N+1:** "A fault tolerant strategy that includes multiple systems or
components protected by one backup system or component. (Many-to-one
relationship)." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR Business Continuity
Workshop*, 2006, 60)

**NAC:** National Advisory Committee (FEMA).

**NACCHO:** National Association of County and City Health Officials.

**NADB:** National Asset Database. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p. 32)

**NAIC:** National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (**FEMA**,
*Call for Issues*, 2000, xxiii)

**NARAC:** National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center. **(LLNL,**
*GT&S*, 2006, p. 21)

**NAS:** National Academy of Sciences

**NASCDD:** National Association of Civil Defense Directors. (**OCD**,
*Abbreviations*, 1971, 3)

**National Alert Warning System (NAWAS):** "Operated and maintained by
FEMA, the NAWAS was originally created as part of the Civil Defense Act
of 1950 in order to pass emergency information to the American public
regarding an actual attack or an accidental missile launch against the
United States. The NAWAS is available on a 24/7 basis as a non-secure,
continuous, private line, telephone system and is used to convey
warnings to Federal, State, and local governments, as well as the
military and civil populations. Although the original mission of NAWAS
was to warn of an enemy attack or missile launch, the Robert T. Stafford
Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1974 expanded the NAWAS
mission to include warning for acts of terrorism, as well as natural and
technological disasters and events. NAWAS is used by the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to pass severe weather
alerts as conditions develop as well and to pass critical sheltering
information in the event these severe weather conditions materialize.
There are currently approximately 2050 NAWAS drops (referred to as
Warning points) across the Nation, to include Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, and the US Virgin Islands" (**Homeland Security Council**,
*NCPIP*, 2007, p. 64)

**National Asset Database (NADB):** "...the National Asset Database
(NADB) is not a list of critical assets assembled into a database of
only those assets (facilities, systems, and infrastructures) deemed
'critical'. The NADB is the primary Federal data repository for analysis
and integration required to provide the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) with the capability to identify, collect, catalog, and maintain a
[national asset inventory]{.underline}.....The NAPB is a continually
evolving and comprehensive catalog of the assets that comprise the
Nation's infrastructure; containing descriptive information regarding
those assets. Since the NAPB is an inventory of assets, it can be
queried in many ways that can help inform public and private
risk-reduction activities across the 17 Critical Infrastructures and Key
Resources (CI/KR) sectors. It provides the 'universe' from which various
lists of critical assets are produced. The NADB enables a wide-ranging
robust risk analysis process that ties asset information, as well as
analyses concerning consequence of loss/attack, vulnerability of an
asset, system or network, to the threat to those assets, systems, or
networks." (**DHS/OIG**, *Progress in Developing the National Asset
Database*, "Response to Recommendations Contained in the Draft OIG
Report" (DHS), June 2006, p. 29)

**National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC):** "The National
Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC), located at Livermore, is
the premier capability in the U.S. for real-time assessments of the
dispersion and potential impact of hazardous materials released into the
atmosphere. NARAC provides the technical, scientific, and operational
capabilities for the DHS-led Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric
Assessment Center (IMAAC), which serves as the coordinating center and
single source of federal plume-modeling predictions in the

event of a nationally significant incident." (**LLNL**, *Global Treats
and Security*, 2006, p. 21)

**National Biodefense Science Board (NBSB):** "The National Biodefense
Science Board (NBSB) was created under the authority of the Pandemic and
All-Hazards Preparedness Act, signed into law on December 19, 2006. NBSB
was established to provide expert advice and guidance to the Secretary
of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on scientific,
technical, and other matters of special interest to HHS regarding
activities to prevent, prepare for, and respond to adverse health
effects of public health emergencies resulting from chemical,
biological, nuclear, and radiological events, whether naturally
occurring, accidental, or deliberate. By statute, the NBSB will have 13
voting members with a broad range of expertise in science, medicine, and
public health.  Additionally, there may be non-voting, ex officio
members, as determined appropriate by the Secretary." The Inaugural
Meeting of the NBSB was

December 17-18, 2007. (**HHS/ASPR**, *National Biodefense Science
Board*, 2007)

**National Biosurveillance Integration System (NBIS):** HSPD-9 dated 30
January 2004 and HSPD-10 dated 21 April 2004 directs DHS to establish a
National Biosurveillance Integration

System (NBIS) to provide early detection and situational awareness of
biological events of potential national consequence by acquiring,
integrating, analyzing, and disseminating existing human, animal, plant,
and environmental biosurveillance system data into a common operating
picture (COP) that represents a comprehensive depiction of the global
biosurveillance security environment (GBSE). The National
Biosurveillance Group (NBSG), comprising of representatives from all
member agencies, will integrate and analyze all-agency/source
biosurveillance information to recognize unusual biological events and
provide situational awareness to the NBIS community and decision-makers
through the development of a biosurveillance COP (BCOP) and targeting
reporting. The BCOP will augment the DHS National Operation Center's
COP, which provides a consistent, integrated picture of biosurveillance
situational awareness throughout the country. The NBIS will facilitate
collaborative interagency analysis to ensure fully-integrated
biosurveillance situational awareness and provide near-real time
awareness to the Incident Management Group (IMG) and the DHS National
Operations Center (NOC). The resulting improved information sharing and
enhanced situational awareness facilitates national decision-making to
enable timely response." (**DHS**, *DHS Exhibit 300 Public Release
BY08*, February 12, 2007, p. 1).

**National Biosurveillance Integration System (NBIS):** In FY 2006 there
were 493 "bioaerosol collectors deployed in the U.S. cities determined
to be at the highest risk. These collectors serve to determine the
characteristic and extent of a potential terrorist airborne health
threat to the public and protect the public by enabling early response
actions to identification of airborne materials in the event of an
attack." The goal for FY 2007-08 was 660. (**DHS**, *Performance Budget
Overview, FY 2008*, March 2007, p. 23)

**National Bioterrorism Hospital Preparedness Program (NBHPP):** "The
purpose of the National Bioterrorism Hospital Preparedness Program
(NBHPP) is to prepare hospitals and supporting healthcare systems, in
collaboration with other partners, to deliver coordinated and effective
care to victims of terrorism and other public health emergencies.
Cooperative agreement funds may be used for activities that include
increasing surge capacity, which encompasses beds, personnel,
pharmaceuticals, PPE, decontamination capacity, isolation capacity and
interoperable communications, as well as the enhancement of EMS
services, competency based training, and exercises." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY
2006 EMPG*, 2005, p. 11)

\[Note: "The Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness Act of 2006 (PAHPA)
transferred the National Bioterrorism Hospital Preparedness Program
(NBHPP) from the Health Resources and

Services Administration (HRSA) to the newly created office of the
Assistant Secretary for

Preparedness and Response (ASPR), and the NBHPP was renamed the Hospital
Preparedness

Program (HPP). In addition to the new name, the program's focus expanded
from bioterrorism

to all-hazards preparedness. Under PAHPA, the following capabilities
must be prioritized:

> ■ Interoperable communications system;
>
> ■ Fatality management plans;
>
> ■ Bed tracking system;
>
> ■ Hospital evacuation plans;
>
> ■ Emergency System for the Advance Registration of Volunteer Health
> Professionals;
>
> ■ National Incident Management System (NIMS) compliance." (**Trust for
> America's**
>
> **Health**, *Ready or Not?* 2007, p. 65)\]

**National Capabilities Assessment:** "The Office of Grants and Training
\[DHS\] is developing a National Capabilities Assessment through
iterative pilot testing. Objectives:

1.  Facilitate understanding of regional preparedness through:

    a.  Extensive participation of Federal, State, territory, local, and
        tribal multi-disciplinary partners

    b.  Regional collaboration

    c.  Measuring preparedness through 'real-world' performance

    d.  Identifying capability gaps to be closed, and programs to
        sustain

    e.  Findings that can be used to update strategies and program plans

2.  Develop a national picture of preparedness to:

    a.  Support strategic decision-making on delivery of preparedness
        programs

    b.  Measure progress in preparedness

    c.  Evaluate and update national priorities

    d.  Identify research and development requirements

3.  Create a better assessment that:

    a.  Incorporates feedback to improve the assessment's usefulness

    b.  Helps refine to Target Capabilities List (TCL) (**DHS**,
        *Development of the CAPS*, 2006, slide 9)

-   What the Assessment IS

    -   Translation of thee TCL from policy to application of a National
        Capabilities Assessment

    -   Focused on capability outcomes

    -   Mechanism to encourage regional collaboration

    -   Focused on state and local preparedness

    -   Enhances 'culture of preparedness'

    -   Leverages experience of previous assessments (avoiding pitfalls)

-   What the assessment is NOT

    -   A detailed accounting of individual assets

    -   A internal jurisdiction or departmental analysis (**DHS**,
        *Development of the CAPS*, 2006, slide 10)

**National Capabilities Assessment Pilot:** "Pilot strives to develop an
assessment that is:

-   Systematic

-   Repeatable

-   Consistent

-   Useful (**DHS**, *Development of the CAPS*, 2006, slide 11)

**National Capital Region (NCR)**: "Title 10, United States Code,
Section 2674 (f)(2) provides the following definition: *The term
"National Capital Region" means the geographic area located within the
boundaries of (A) the District of Columbia, (B) Montgomery and Prince
Georges Counties in the State of Maryland, (C) Arlington, Fairfax,
Loudoun, and Prince William*

Counties and the City of Alexandria in the Commonwealth of Virginia, and
(D) all cities and other units of government within the geographic areas
of such District, Counties, and City. Section 7302(a)(7) of the
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Pub. L.
108-458), December 17, 2004, has since amended the definition of the
National Capital Region: The term "National Capital Region" or "Region"
means the area defined under section 2674(f)(2) of title 10, United
States Code, and those counties with a border abutting that area and any
municipalities therein. However, the Homeland Security Act of 2002
limits the purview of the NCRC's oversight and coordination function
within the boundaries of the NCR as defined under section 2674(f)(2) of
title 10, United States Code." (**DHS**, National Capital Region
Coordination, First Annual Report, 2005, p. 1)

**National Capital Region (NCR)**: "The National Capital Region was
created pursuant to the

National Capital Planning Act of 1952... The Act defined the NCR as the
District of Columbia; Montgomery and Prince George's Counties of
Maryland; Arlington, Fairfax, Loudon, and Prince William Counties of
Virginia; and all cities now or here after existing in Maryland or
Virginia within the geographic area bounded by the outer boundaries of
the combined area of said counties. The NCR includes the District of
Columbia and eleven local jurisdictions in the State of Maryland and the
Commonwealth of Virginia." (**HSC**, NCPIP, 2007, p. 64)

**National Civil Defense Four Major Principles, FCDA (1951-1952):**

-   A Well-Informed Public.

-   A Trained Civil Defense Corps.

-   Adequate Tools to Do the Job.

-   A High State of National Readiness. (**FCDA**, *Annual Report for
    1952*, p. 7)

**National Civil Preparedness Program:** In 1972 the Defense Civil
Preparedness Agency was formed \[See Defense Civil Preparedness Agency
listing\]. The DCPA instituted a National Civil Preparedness Program
which differed from the existing Federal Civil Defense Program in two
major respects: (1) a focus on peacetime natural, technological and
man-made hazards, and (2) a movement away from a Federally-focused
nuclear attack preparedness program to one focused on building local
community preparedness capabilities for all hazards. As the DCPA put it,
the new NCPP would begin transitioning to a "Civil Preparedness" program
that was "people-oriented" as opposed to the "hardware-oriented"
programs of the 1950s and 1960s. This reorientation included a
"transition from nationwide exercises involving State and local
governments to individualized exercises for selected local governments."
(**DCPA**, *Foresight*, 1974, p. 13) "During the year Staff College
\[DCPA Staff College, Battle Creek MI\] resident courses were redirected
to increase the capability of local government to conduct emergency
operations in an attack on any other emergency situation." (**DCPA**,
*Foresight*, 1974, p. 20)

"In support of fiscal year 1973 program emphasis, additional materials
were developed for use by State and Civil Defense University Extension
personnel in natural disaster training programs. The first Natural
Disaster Course Syllabus was made available in January 1973 \[The Local
Disaster Preparedness course\]." (**DCPA**, *Foresight*, 1974, p. 20)

**National Command and Coordination Capability (NCCC):** "...a national
crisis communications capability that is reliable and survivable with
robust processes and systems that will serve command, control and
coordination operations among federal, state, tribal, territories, and
local governments. In a crisis, it will enable the President and other
national leaders to make informed decisions, and coordinate efforts
appropriately. The NCCC offers an interconnectivity solution inclusive
of Katrina Lessons Learned recommendations. DHS has been designated the
executive agent for coordinating the development, operation, and
maintenance of the NCCC, with support from the Department of Defense and
the interagency community." (**DHS**, *Budget-in-Brief FY 2008*, 2007,
p. 82)

**National Command and Coordination Capability (NCCC):** "The NCCC is
the means to provide the President and Vice President with the ability
to respond deliberately and appropriately to any crisis. It includes
responsive, reliable, survivable, and robust processes and systems to
command, control, and coordinate operations among Federal, State,
tribal, insular, and local governments, as required. (**Homeland
Security Council**, NCPIP, Aug 2007, p. 65)

**National Common Operating Picture:** "Common operating pictures, also
known as common operational pictures, are computer displays created to
provide multiple users with a real-time view, also called situational
awareness, of a series of events, such as rescue activities following an
attack or natural disaster. DHS' national common operating picture uses
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency mapping capabilities and is
incorporating dynamic, real-time data.... The Homeland Security
Department earlier this year \[2006\] activated its Common Operating
Picture for the National Operations Center. The agency rushed creation
of it immediately after Hurricane Katrina to create situational
awareness. Over the following months, those efforts became the national
system.... A source of data for the DHS national common operating
picture is the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and its
Palanterra application, a map-based common operating picture. It
includes overlays for critical infrastructure, including transportation,
medical centers, water plants, power facilities and some financial and
IT infrastructure..." (**Lipowicz**, "Fine Tuning Needed," Washington
Technology, October 16, 2006; see also, **White House**, National
Strategy for Information Sharing, October 2007, p. 21))

**National Communications System (NCS):** "A system governed by
Executive Order 12472 and comprised of the telecommunications assets of
the 24 Departments and Agencies. DHS serves as the Executive Agent for
the NCS which is responsible for assisting the President, the National
Security Council, the Director of OSTP, and the Director of OMB in (1)
the exercise of telecommunications functions and their associated
responsibilities and (2) the coordination of planning for providing the
Federal Government, under all circumstances (including crises and
emergencies, attacks, and recovery and reconstitution from those
events), with the requisite national-security and emergency-preparedness
communications resources." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, P-7)

**National Communications System:** "President Kennedy established the
National Communications System by a Presidential Memorandum on August
21, 1963. The NCS mandate included linking, improving, and extending the
communications facilities and components of various Federal agencies,
focusing on interconnectivity and survivability.... After nearly 40
years with the Secretary of Defense serving as its Executive Agent,
President George W. Bush transferred the National Communications System
to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The NCS was one of 22
Federal agencies transferred to the Department on March 1, 2003, in
accordance with Executive Order 13286. A revised Executive Order 12472
reflects the changes of E.O. 13286. On November 15, 2005, the NCS became
part of the Department\'s Directorate for Preparedness after nearly two
years under the Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection
Directorate. Currently, the DHS Under Secretary for National Protection
and Programs serves as the NCS Manager." (**NCS,** "About the NCS")

**National Contingency Plan (National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan):** "...the federal government\'s blueprint
for responding to both oil spills and hazardous substance releases. The
National Contingency Plan is the result of our country\'s efforts to
develop a national response capability and promote overall coordination
among the hierarchy of responders and contingency plans.

"The first National Contingency Plan was developed and published in 1968
in response to a massive oil spill from the oil tanker *Torrey Canyon*
off the coast of England the year before. More than 37 million gallons
of crude oil spilled into the water, causing massive environmental
damage. To avoid the problems faced by response officials involved in
this incident, U.S. officials developed a coordinated approach to cope
with potential spills in U.S. waters. The 1968 plan provided the first
comprehensive system of accident reporting, spill containment, and
cleanup, and established a response headquarters, a national reaction
team, and regional reaction teams (precursors to the current National
Response Team and Regional Response Teams).

"Congress has broadened the scope of the National Contingency Plan over
the years. As required by the Clean Water Act of 1972, the NCP was
revised the following year to include a framework for responding to
hazardous substance spills as well as oil discharges. Following the
passage of Superfund legislation in 1980, the NCP was broadened to cover
releases at hazardous waste sites requiring emergency removal actions.
Over the years, additional revisions have been made to the NCP to keep
pace with the enactment of legislation. The latest revisions to the NCP
were finalized in 1994 to reflect the oil spill provisions of the Oil
Pollution Act of 1990." (EPA, National Contingency Plan Overview, March
9, 2006 Update)

**National Contingency Plan (National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan):** "Policies and procedures of the federal
agency members of the National Oil and Hazardous Materials Response
Team. This document provides guidance for responses, remedial action,
enforcement, and funding mechanisms for hazardous materials incident
responses." (**NFPA 471**, 1997, p.8)

**National Continuity Coordinator (NCC):** "The President shall lead the
activities of the Federal Government for ensuring constitutional
government. In order to advise and assist the President in that
function, the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and
Counterterrorism (APHS/CT) is hereby designated as the National
Continuity Coordinator. The National Continuity Coordinator, in
coordination with the Assistant to the President for National Security
Affairs (APNSA), without exercising directive authority, shall
coordinate the development and implementation of continuity policy for
executive departments and agencies. The Continuity Policy Coordination
Committee (CPCC), chaired by a Senior Director from the Homeland
Security Council staff, designated by the National Continuity
Coordinator, shall be the main day-to-day forum for such policy
coordination." (**White House,** *HSPD-20*, May 9, 2007)

**National Continuity Implementation Plan:** The NCIP includes
"prioritized goals and objectives, a concept of operations, performance
metrics by which to measure continuity readiness, procedures for
continuity and incident management activities, and clear direction to
executive department and agency continuity coordinators, as well as
guidance to promote interoperability of Federal Government continuity
programs and procedures with State, local, territorial, and tribal
governments, and private sector owners and operators of critical
infrastructure, as appropriate." (**White House,** *HSPD-20*, May 9,
2007)

**National Continuity Policy:** "Establishes a comprehensive national
course of action for the continuity of Federal Government structures and
operations." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, P-7)

**National Continuity Policy:** "It is the policy of the United States
to maintain a comprehensive and effective continuity capability composed
of Continuity of Operations and Continuity of Government programs in
order to ensure the preservation of our form of government under the
Constitution and the continuing performance of National Essential
Functions under all conditions. For continuity purposes, each executive
department and agency is assigned to a category in accordance with the
nature and characteristics of its national security roles and
responsibilities in support of the Federal Government\'s ability to
sustain the NEFs. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall serve as the
President\'s lead agent for coordinating overall continuity operations
and activities of executive departments and agencies..." (**White
House,** *HSPD-20***,** May 9, 2007)

**National Continuity Policy Implementation Plan:** Approved by
President Bush in August 2007 "to build upon the
*Policy*\[NSPD-51/HSPD-20\] and provide guidance to executive
departments and agencies on appropriately identifying and carrying out
their Primary Mission Essential Functions that support the eight
National Essential Functions---the most critical functions necessary to
lead and sustain the Nation during a catastrophic emergency." (**DHS**,
*Federal Continuity Directive 1*, November 2007, p. ii)

**National Counterproliferation Center (NCPC):** "On December 21, 2005
the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) announced the formal
establishment of the DNI National Counterproliferation Center (NCPC).
The NCPC will coordinate strategic planning within the Intelligence
Community (IC) to enhance intelligence support to United States efforts
to stem the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and related
delivery systems. It will work with the IC to identify critical
intelligence gaps or shortfalls in collection, exploitation, or
analysis, and develop solutions to ameliorate or close these gaps. It
will also work with the IC to identify long-term proliferation threats
and requirements and develop strategies to ensure the IC is positioned
to address these threats and issues. NCPC will reach out to elements
both inside the Intelligence Community and outside the IC and the U.S.
Government to identify new methods or technologies that can enhance the
capabilities of the IC to detect and defeat future proliferation
threats....The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
provided for the establishment of the NCPC to enhance coordination,
planning and information sharing amongst the IC on proliferation issues.
The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States
Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction\'s Report of March 31, 2005 also
recommended the establishment of an NCPC. The President accepted the
Commission\'s recommendation on June 30, 2005." (**Office of the
Director of National Intelligence**, *NCPC*, 2005)

**National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC):** "In August 2004, the
President established the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) to
serve as the primary organization in the United States Government (USG)
for integrating and analyzing all intelligence pertaining to terrorism
and counterterrorism (CT) and to conduct strategic operational planning
by integrating all instruments of national power. In December 2004,
Congress codified the NCTC in the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act (IRTPA) and placed the NCTC in the Office of the Director
of National Intelligence... NCTC is a multi-agency organization
dedicated to eliminating the terrorist threat to US interests at home
and abroad." (**NCTC**, *About NCTC*, 2007)

**National Cyber Response Coordination Group (NCRCG), DHS:** "Made up of
13 Federal agencies, this is the principal Federal agency mechanism for
cyber incident response. In the event of a nationally significant
cyber-related incident, the NCRCG will help to coordinate the Federal
response, including US-CERT, law enforcement, and the intelligence
community." (**DHS**, *National Cyber Security Division*, September 23,
2006 update)

**National Cyberspace Response System:** "The National Cyber Security
Division seeks to protect the critical cyber infrastructure 24 hours a
day, 7 days a week.  The National Cyberspace Response System coordinates
the cyber leadership, processes, and protocols that will determine when
and what action(s) need to be taken as cyber incidents arise." (**DHS**,
*National Cyber Security Division*, September 23, 2006 update)

**National Disaster Housing Strategy (NDHS):** "One of the greatest
challenges presented by the scope and scale of catastrophic disasters is
the ability to house displaced evacuees.... To further enhance housing
capabilities, FEMA has engaged Federal, Tribal, State, and local
partners to develop a National Disaster Housing Strategy (NDHS). The
purpose of the NDHS is to convey national guidance, operating
principles, and a vision for public (Federal, State, tribal, local),
private, and non-profit cooperation in providing disaster housing
assistance. It defines the roles, programs, authorities, and
responsibilities of all entities, detailing shared responsibilities and
emphasizing the cooperative efforts required to provide disaster housing
assistance. The NDHS further outlines the most efficient and
cost-effective options for meeting disaster housing needs. The NDHS is
in the final development stages." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn
Cannon*, December 4, 2007, pp. 7-8)

**National Disaster Medical System (NDMS):** A federally coordinated
initiative to augment the nation's emergency medical response capability
by providing medical assets to be used during major disasters or
emergencies. NDMS has three major components: Disaster Medical
Assistance Teams and Clearing-Staging Units to provide triage, patient
stabilization, and austere medical services at a disaster site; an
evacuation capability for movement of patients from a disaster area to
locations where definitive medical care can be provided; and a voluntary
hospital network to provide definitive medical care. NDMS is
administered by the Department of Health and Human Services/U.S. Public
Health Service, in cooperation with the Department of Defense, the
Department of Veterans Affairs, FEMA, State and local governments, and
the private sector. (**Facts on the NDMS**)

**National Disaster Medical System (NDMS):** "The National Disaster
Medical System (NDMS) is a federally coordinated system that augments
the Nation\'s medical response capability.  The overall purpose of the
NDMS is to establish a single integrated National medical response
capability for assisting State and local authorities in dealing with the
medical impacts of major peacetime disasters and to provide support to
the military and the Department of Veterans Affairs medical systems in
caring for casualties evacuated back to the U.S. from overseas armed
conventional conflicts." (**HHS**, *National Disaster Medical System*,
July 17, 2007 update)

**National Disaster Recovery Strategy (Subtitle E -- Stafford Act
Amendments, PKEARA):** "The National Disaster Recovery Strategy shall --

\(1\) outline the most efficient and cost-effective Federal programs
that will meet the recovery needs of States, local and tribal
governments, and individuals and households affected by a major
disaster;

\(2\) clearly define the role, programs, authorities, and
responsibilities of each Federal agency that may be of assistance in
providing assistance in the recovery from a major disaster;

\(3\) promote the use of the most appropriate and cost-effective
building materials (based on the hazards present in an area) in any area
affected by a major disaster, with the goal of encouraging the
construction of disaster-resistant buildings; and

\(4\) describe in detail the programs that may be offered by the
agencies described in paragraph (2), including -- (A) discussing funding
issues; (B) detailing how responsibilities under the National Disaster
Recovery Strategy will be shared; and (C) addressing other matters
concerning the cooperative effort to provide recovery assistance."
(**Stafford Act** (FEMA 592), 2007, p. 77)

**National Domestic Preparedness Consortium:** "The National Domestic
Preparedness Consortium (NDPC) is the principal vehicle through which
G&T \[DHS\] identifies, develop, tests, and delivers training to state
and local emergency responders. The NDPC membership includes G&T\'s
Center for Domestic Preparedness (CDP) in Anniston, Alabama, the New
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMIMT), Louisiana State
University (LSU), Texas A&M University (TEEX), and the Department of
Energy\'s Nevada Test Site (NTS); each member brings a unique set of
assets to the domestic preparedness program." (**DHS**, *The National
Domestic Preparedness Consortium (NDPC)*. April 3, 2007 update)

**National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP):** "The National
Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), which is authorized by the
Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-124), as
amended, seeks to mitigate earthquake losses in the United States
through both basic and directed research and implementation activities
in the fields of earthquake science and engineering. For 30 years, NEHRP
has reduced the vulnerability of the people and property of the United
States through the following:

• Improvement in the understanding of the processes that generate
earthquakes.

• Improvement in the understanding of the effects of earthquakes in
terms of ground shaking

and ground failure, building shaking and damage, and on the general
infrastructure and

economic fabric of the United States.

• Development of earthquake hazards and risk assessments and earthquake
resistant building

codes and practices.

• Implementation of earthquake risk reduction measures through the
adoption of building codes, land use practices, and earthquake response
exercises at all levels of government and in the private sectors."
(**NEHRP** *Annual Report of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction
Program*, March 2007, from Preface)

**National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Interagency Coordinating
Committee (ICC):** "The NEHRP ICC is composed of the directors of the
four NEHRP agencies, the Federal

Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the National Institute of Standards
and Technology

(NIST), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS), as well as the directors of the White House Office of
Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and Office of Management and Budget
(OMB). The ICC is chaired by the Director of NIST." (**NEHRP** *Annual
Report of the NEHRP*, March 2007, p. vii)

**National Electronic Disease Surveillance System** **(NEDSS):**
"...NEDSS is an initiative that promotes the use of data and information
system standards to advance the development of efficient, integrated,
and interoperable surveillance systems at federal, state and local
levels.  It is a major component of the Public Health Information
Network (PHIN).... The vision of NEDSS is to have integrated
surveillance systems that can transfer appropriate public health,
laboratory, and clinical data efficiently and securely over the
Internet. NEDSS will revolutionize public health by gathering and
analyzing information quickly and accurately. This will help to improve
the nation\'s ability to identify and track emerging infectious diseases
and potential bioterrorism attacks as well as to investigate outbreaks
and monitor disease trends." (**CDC**, *NEDSS*)

**National Emergencies Act of 1976:** "The **National Emergencies Act of
1976**, 50 U.S.C. 1601 *et seq*, establishes procedures for Presidential
declaration and termination of national emergencies. The Act requires
the President to identify the specific provision of law under which he
will act in dealing with a declared national emergency and contains a
sunset provision requiring the President to renew a declaration of
national emergency to prevent its automatic expiration. The Presidential
declaration of a national emergency under the Act is a prerequisite to
exercising any special or extraordinary powers authorized by statute for
use in the event of national emergency." (**DHS**, *National Response
Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 69)

**National Emergency:** "A condition declared by the President or the
Congress by virtue of powers previously vested in them that authorize
certain emergency actions to be undertaken in the national interest.
Action to be taken may include partial, full, or total mobilization of
national resources." (**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related
Terms*, 2007)

**National Emergency:** "A condition, declared by the President pursuant
to 50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq. or by the Congress, which authorizes certain
emergency actions to be undertaken in the national interest. Actions to
be taken may include partial or full mobilization of national
resources." (**USACE**, *Planning and Operations Guidelines, Annex V:
Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p. V-3)

**National Emergency Communications Plan (NECP):**

**National Emergency Communications Strategy (NECS):**

**National Emergency Family Registry Locator System/National Emergency
Child Locator Center:** "In a large-scale evacuation, families may
become unwillingly separated due to urgency of the evacuation, loss of
communication systems, and/or the method and type of evacuation
assistance made available. To assist displaced disaster victims
reconnect with family members and locate missing children, FEMA has
established the National Emergency Family Registry Locator System and
the National Emergency Child Locator Center. Families and friends will
be able to call an 800 number or go to the internet to send or receive
messages for selected friends or family members including those in
medical facilities. The National Center for Missing and Exploited
Children and FEMA have partnered to facilitate the search and the
reunification of missing children due to a disaster or evacuation. A
Memorandum of Understanding was signed in 2006 by FEMA, the Department
of Justice, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, and
the American Red Cross to further develop and implement methods for
quickly identifying and reunifying missing and separated children and
family members following a disaster." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn
Cannon*, December 4, 2007, p. 7; see, also, **FEMA**, *National
Emergency Family Registry System and Child Locator Center Activated For
California Fires*, October 23, 2007)

**National Emergency Management Information System (NEMIS):** "NEMIS is
an integrated system to provide FEMA, the states, and certain other
federal agencies with automation to perform disaster related operations.
NEMIS supports all phases of emergency management, and provides
financial related data to IFMIS via an automated interface."
(**OIG/DHS**, *IT Management Letter for FY 2005 DHS Financial Statement
Audit (Redacted)*, July 2006, p. 12)

**National Emergency Management Association:** "NEMA is the professional
association of and for state\* emergency management directors.  NEMA's
mission is to:

\* Provide national leadership and expertise in comprehensive emergency
management.\
\
\* Serve as a vital emergency management information and assistance
resource.\
\
\* Advance continuous improvement in emergency management through
strategic partnerships,

innovative programs, and collaborative policy positions. (**NEMA**,
*Welcome to NEMA*, 2007)

**National Emergency Management Baseline Capability Assessment Program
(NEMB-CAP), FEMA:**

"NEMB-CAP is an ongoing effort sponsored by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency

(FEMA) that is analyzing existing emergency management programs planning
efforts at the State

level using the EMAP Standard. To date, 40 States have completed the
NEMB-CAP process.

Of the 40 States, only two met all criteria for planning, only five were
compliant with most or all

standards, and only two states were fully compliant in all 14 functional
areas. The process has

highlighted the importance of ensuring that roles and responsibilities
are not only well

understood, but also operationalized at the State and local level;
additionally, findings from this

process have revealed critical national weaknesses in key operational
areas and catastrophic

planning efforts, including:

• Incident management

• Planning, including continuity of operations and recovery strategies

• Hazard identification, risk assessment, and impact analysis

• Resource management, including identification of resource objectives,
by hazard, predisaster." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY 2006 EMPG Program Guidance*,
November 2005, p. 7)

**National Emergency Management Baseline Capability Assessment Program
(NEMB-CAP):**

"The NEMB-CAP involves a multi-year effort to assess, analyze, evaluate,
and collectively frame state emergency management capabilities against a
common national set of criteria. Actual assessments of state and
state-level jurisdictions began in January 2003, and are projected to be
complete by the end of 2005. Participation is voluntary, but FEMA
strongly encourages all states to take part in the program, which will
play a key role in our national emergency management improvement
strategy.

The NEMB-CAP consists of a review and evaluation of state emergency
management systems and programs based on assessment criteria developed
by, and employing the assessment processes of the Emergency Management
Accreditation Program (EMAP). The EMAP was established through a
collaborative partnership involving FEMA, the National Emergency
Management Association (NEMA), the International Association of
Emergency Managers (IAEM), and other stakeholder organizations,
including the National Governors Association, National League of Cities
and The Council of State Governments.

The assessment methodology involves the state completing a comprehensive
self-assessment, followed up by an on-site, week-long assessment by a
team of trained, independent peer assessors. FEMA analyzes assessment
reports to identify individual and collective capability strengths and
weaknesses. This assessment serves two purposes -- one of establishing a
national capability baseline and also helping target future federal
assistance to areas of greatest common need." (**FEMA**, "Homeland
Security And FEMA Achieve Emergency Management Assessment Milestone,"
April 14, 2004)

**National Emergency Preparedness Program (NEPP):** "Manages
preparedness for nuclear mishaps, catastrophic disasters, support to
military supporting disasters, terrorism, immigration, emergencies, and
civil disturbances." (**USACE**, *NEPP*)

**National Emergency Response Team (ERT-N):** "The ERT-N responds in the
early stages of a catastrophic disaster where State and FEMA regional
resources have been, or are expected to be, overwhelmed. These teams
consist of highly qualified Headquarters and regional staff. One of
these teams will be deployed to the site of a catastrophic disaster to
conduct ERT operations from the JFO." (**FEMA,** *Mission Assignment
SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 56)

**National Essential Functions (NEFs):** "The eight functions the
President and national leadership will focus on to lead and sustain the
nation during a catastrophic emergency." (**DHS**, *FCD 2*, Nov. 2007,
p. C-1)

**National Essential Functions (NEFs):** "\`National Essential
Functions,' or 'NEFs,' means that subset of Government Functions that
are necessary to lead and sustain the Nation during a catastrophic
emergency and that, therefore, must be supported through COOP and COG
capabilities. The following NEFs are the foundation for all continuity
programs and capabilities and represent the overarching responsibilities
of the Federal Government to lead and sustain the Nation during a
crisis, and therefore sustaining the following NEFs shall be the primary
focus of the Federal Government leadership during and in the aftermath
of an emergency that adversely affects the performance of Government
Functions:

\(a\) Ensuring the continued functioning of our form of government under
the Constitution, including the functioning of the three separate
branches of government;

\(b\) Providing leadership visible to the Nation and the world and
maintaining the trust and confidence of the American people;

\(c\) Defending the Constitution of the United States against all
enemies, foreign and domestic, and preventing or interdicting attacks
against the United States or its people, property, or interests;

\(d\) Maintaining and fostering effective relationships with foreign
nations;

\(e\) Protecting against threats to the homeland and bringing to justice
perpetrators of crimes or attacks against the United States or its
people, property, or interests;

\(f\) Providing rapid and effective response to and recovery from the
domestic consequences of an attack or other incident;

\(g\) Protecting and stabilizing the Nation\'s economy and ensuring
public confidence in its financial systems; and

\(h\) Providing for critical Federal Government services that address
the national health, safety, and welfare needs of the United States."
(**White House,** *HSPD-20*, May 9, 2007)

**National Exercise Program (NEP):** "The NEP is the Nation's
overarching exercise program formulated by the National Security Council
/ Homeland Security Council (NSC/HSC), and executed by the Federal
Interagency. All interagency partners have adopted HSEEP as the
methodology for all exercises that will be conducted as part of the
NEP." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, P-7)

**National Exercise Program (NEP):** "NEP activities provide emergency
responders and policymakers with the tools to plan, organize, conduct,
and evaluate exercises as well as a disciplined approach to analyzing
findings from exercises. The NEP not only provides opportunities to
practice and test capabilities, policies, plans and procedures, but it
also highlights potential shortfalls through the processes of
after-action reporting and subsequent improvement activities.

"Prior to the NEP, there was no formal approach to prioritizing,
scheduling and improvement planning for exercises. This lack of
coordination resulted in activities that competed for resources,
contributed to exercise fatigue, and were based on conflicting standards
for exercise design, conduct and evaluation. The NEP is designed to
provide a framework for prioritizing and focusing Federal and State
exercise activities to best utilize departments', agencies' and
jurisdictions' limited time and resources, as well as to ensure Federal,
State, and local exercises lead to significant improvements in policies,
plans and performance.

"The NEP is both a National and an interagency program. It serves as the
principal mechanism for examining the preparation and efficiency of
national leaders, their staffs, the organizations and systems they lead,
as well as to examine and adopt policy changes. The NEP does not
preclude or replace individual departments' and agencies' exercise
programs. Rather, it is the overarching exercise program that unifies
homeland security preparedness exercise strategies and links appropriate
department and agency exercises to provide a single, comprehensive
exercise program."

"The NEP implements a strategic planning cycle to guide the Tier I
exercises, or NLEs. Central to this cycle is the Five-Year Schedule,
which will incorporate policy priorities into the strategic scheduling
of NLEs, around which departments and agencies can establish supporting
training and exercise activities to identify and refine issues
beforehand. The Tier I NLEs will be executed on a four-year
subject-specific cycle with rotating focus on:

-   Administration Transition Training;

-   Domestic Natural Disasters;

-   National Security; and

-   Domestic Terrorism." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Dennis Schrader*,
    October 2007, pp. 2-4)

"The NEP requires Departments and Agencies to fully fund their
respective responsibilities within the NEP." (**FEMA**, *Statement of
Dennis Schrader*, October 2007, p. 7)

**National Exercise Program (NEP):** "HSPD-8 directed the establishment
of the NEP under the leadership of the Secretary of Homeland Security.
The NEP is the Nation's overarching exercise program formulated by the
National Security Council/Homeland Security Council, and executed by the
Federal Interagency. The NEP serves as the principal mechanism for
examining the preparation of the Federal executive branch and adopting
policy changes that might improve such preparation. The NEP is DHS's
principal mechanism for training and exercising officials at all levels
of government, as well as members of the private sector, and, at times,
our international partners. The NEP has developed common policy and
guidance and has established collaborative management processes and
tools to link its partners and stakeholders nationwide. Lessons learned
and peer-validated best practices identified through exercises and
actual incidents are made available to the homeland security community."
(**Homeland Security Council,** *National Continuity Policy
Implementation Plan*, 2007, p. 65; see, also, Homeland Security Exercise
& Evaluation Program)

**National Exercise Program (NEP) Corrective Action Program (CAP):**
"Once exercises are successfully planned and conducted, the Corrective
Action Program (CAP) provides for systematically developing,
prioritizing, tracking, and analyzing corrective actions for improving
exercises, and the planning, training, and equipment which drives the
cycle of preparation. The CAP also provides transferability to
real-world incidents and policy discussions by employing a
stakeholder-driven approach to improvement planning at the Federal
interagency, intra-DHS, and State/local levels. Essentially, the CAP
provides a systematic means to prevent recurring problems and identify
potential "corrective actions" and "lessons learned," which respectively
incorporate the *CAP System* and the web-based Lessons Learned
Information Sharing support systems (found at *LLIS.gov*). All lessons
learned and best practices are broadly shared through the LLIS.gov
on-line tool. The CAP completes the cycle of preparedness by ensuring
that exercise evaluation and real-world incidents consistently yield
concrete advancement toward specified preparedness goals." (**FEMA**,
*Statement of Dennis Schrader*, October 3, 2007, 4-5)

**National Exercise Program (NEP) Tiers:**

-   Tier I: White House directed, Federal government-wide, Strategy &
    Policy Focus

-   Tier II: Federal Strategy & Policy Focus, Significant Simulation.

-   Tier III: Other Federal Exercises, Operational, Tactical or
    Organizational Focus

-   Tier IV: State, Territorial, Local, Tribal or Private Sector Focus
    (Non-Federal) (**FEMA**, *Statement of Schrader*, October 3, 2007)

**National Flood Determination Association (NFDA):** "The National Flood
Determination Association maintains standards of excellence, fosters
professionalism, and advocates quality services within the flood zone
determination industry." (**NFDA**, *Welcome*, 2006)

**National Flood Insurance Act of 1968:** "...the National Flood
Insurance Act of 1968 (NFIA, or "the Act"), 42 U.S.C. 4030, as amended
by the Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004,
Public Law 108-264, \[has\]... the goal of reducing flood damages to
individual properties for which one or more claim payments for losses
have been made under flood insurance coverage and that will result in
the greatest savings to the NFIF in the shortest period of time. The
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) number is 97.092."
(**FEMA**, *Repetitive Flood Claims Program Guidance, FY 2008*, 2007, p.
1)

**National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP):** "The U.S. Congress
established the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) with the passage
of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. The NFIP is a Federal
program enabling property owners in participating communities to
purchase insurance as a protection against flood losses in exchange for
State and community floodplain management regulations that reduce future
flood damages. Participation in the NFIP is based on an agreement
between communities and the Federal Government. If a community adopts
and enforces a floodplain management ordinance to reduce future flood
risk to new construction in floodplains, the Federal Government will
make flood insurance available within the community as a financial
protection against flood losses. This insurance is designed to provide
an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to reduce the escalating
costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by
floods." (**FEMA**, *National Flood Insurance Program Description*,
August, 2002, p. 2)

**National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP):** "The flood insurance
program was initiated because it had become clear by the 1950s that
private insurance companies could not profitably provide affordable
flood coverage because of the catastrophic nature of flooding and the
impossibility of developing an actuarial rate structure that could
adequately reflect the risk to flood-prone properties, among other
reasons. One of the primary purposes of the National Flood Insurance Act
of 1968, which created NFIP, was to reduce federal expenditures for
disaster assistance and flood control." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters:
Public Policy Options*, Nov 2007, 17)

**National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994. NFIRA:** Public Law
103-325, Sec. 511 of the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory
Improvement Act of 1994, September 23, 1994. (**FEMA**, NFIRA)

**National Fusion Center, DHS:** "The NOC \[DHS National Operations
Center\] is also the National Fusion Center and consists of five
functional components: a 24/7 multiagency watch and preparedness,
prevention, and protection coordination center, an interagency planning
element, a response and recovery coordination center, and integrated
elements of the DHS Office of Intelligence and Information Analysis
(DHS/I&A) and the DHS Office of Infrastructure Protection (DHS/IP).
These elements work in close coordination to address information /
intelligence analysis and response coordination." (**DHS**, *Notice of
Change to the NRP*, May 22, 2006, pp. 11-12)

**National Guard (NG):** "The NG primarily operates under three
different command relationships: Federal funding and Federal control
(Title 10 USC -- "federalized" status); Federal funding and state
control (Title 32 USC); and state active duty (state funding and state
control)**.** NG forces, unless federalized, operate under the C2 of the
governor and adjutant general in state active duty and/or Title 32
status. The NG, when in state status, responds under the governor's
control for CS missions in accordance with state laws. However, when NG
personnel or units are federalized by order of the President under Title
10 USC, they respond under the same legal restrictions and C2 structures
as active component military forces. The NG, when in state status, is
also normally the first military responder to CS incidents that require
resources beyond the capabilities of local and other state-level
emergency response organizations. Working under the control of the
governor, their actions are closely coordinated with those of other
agencies, to include any DOD assets committed to the same or related
incidents. Additionally, in many states, the adjutant general is also
the state's director for emergency management, and as such, not only
controls the response of the state's NG forces, but also manages and
coordinates the state's response to CBRNE CM in support of local
governments." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006, p. II-11)

**National Guard CBRNE Enhanced Response Force Package (CERFP):**
"regional capability to locate and extract victims from a contaminated
environment, perform medical triage and treatment, and conduct personnel
decontamination in a WMD event. Each CERFP task force works in
coordination with other military forces and commands as part of the
overall national response of local, State and Federal assets and has a
regional responsibility as well as the capability to respond to major
CBRNE incidents anywhere within the US or worldwide. This capability
augments the WMD CST and provides a task force-oriented structure that
can respond on short notice." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*,
November 15, 2007, p. 12)

**National Guard Reaction Force (NGRF):** "NGRF's provide every state
with a combat ready arms force capable of delivering, at the request of
the governor or resident, a unit of 50-75 personnel within 4-8 hours and
a follow-on force of up to 400 personnel within 24-36 hours. NGRFs are a
critical element of the first line of counter-terrorism defense and are
designed to respond to an incident well ahead of Federal assets. They
deploy with the capability to be logistically self-sustaining for 48
hours. NGRFs are formed from current unit and personnel resources and
are organized as temporary task forces. As such, their mission primarily
falls under the command and control of the governors of their home
states. They will be, first and foremost, state assets, operationally
falling under the command and control of the State Adjutant General.
Missions include, but are not limited to (a) providing site security,
(b) providing presence patrols and shows of force, (c) establishing
roadblocks, check points, or both, (d) controlling civil disturbances
and (e) protecting DoD selected critical infrastructure." (**Blum**,
July 19, 2007, p. 6)

**National Guard Reaction Force (NGRF):** "units that are pre-designated
for quick response

and available to the Governors to support State and local response."
(**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*, November 15, 2007, p. 12)

**National Guard WMD Civil Support Teams (CST):** "55 highly skilled,
full-time teams, established to provide specialized WMD expertise and
technical assistance to an incident commander to assess, assist, advise,
and facilitate follow-on forces. Governors have operational command and
control of the teams and NGB provides logistical support, standardized
operational procedures, and operational coordination to facilitate the
employment of the teams." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*,
November 15, 2007, p. 12)

**National Health Security Strategy:** "Beginning in 2009 and every four
years thereafter, the Secretary shall prepare and submit to the relevant
committees of Congress a coordinated strategy (to be known as the
National Health Security Strategy) and any revisions thereof, and an
accompanying implementation plan for public health emergency
preparedness and response. Such National Health Security Strategy shall
identify the process for achieving the preparedness goals described in
subsection (b) and shall be consistent with the National Preparedness
Goal, the National Incident Management System, and the National Response
Plan developed pursuant to section 502(6) of the Homeland Security Act
of 2002, or any successor plan." (**Pandemic and All-Hazards
Preparedness Act**, January 3, 2006, Sec. 2802 (a) (1).)

**National Homeland Security Plan**: "The *National Homeland Security
Plan* facilitates Federal homeland security coordination, establishes
priorities, and defines roles and responsibilities for preventing,
protecting against, responding to, and recovering from man-made or
natural disasters. The Secretary, through the Office of Operations
Coordination (OPS) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),
in coordination with Federal agencies with a role in homeland security,
will develop the *National Homeland Security Plan*. The *National
Homeland Security Plan* will be released not later than June 2008 and
will be revised after the release of the Quadrennial Homeland Security
Review and any new *National Strategy for Homeland Security* and
Presidential directives." (**DHS**, *IPS Description Draft*, January 3,
2008)

**National Hurricane Program:** "The National Hurricane Program (NHP)
helps protect communities and residents from hurricane hazards through
various projects and activities. Established in 1985, the NHP also
conducts assessments and provides tools and technical assistance to
State and local agencies in developing hurricane evacuation plans. The
program is a multi-agency partnership involving numerous Federal
agencies, including:

-   Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

-   National Oceanic & Atmospheric Association (NOAA)

-   National Weather Service (NWS)

-   U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)

-   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) (**FEMA**, *NHP*, Dec 3, 2007)

**National Hurricane Program Task Force**: "In March 1994 the National
Hurricane Program Task Force was established to assist the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) with planning an enhanced Hurricane
Program.  Several work groups were formed within the Task Force to
address proposed components of that program.  Since, for several years,
the preexisting Interagency Coordinating Committee on Hurricanes (ICCOH)
had managed hazards analysis, population preparedness, and post-storm
analysis issues related to the Population Preparedness Project
(Hurricane Evacuation Study) phase of FEMA\'s Hurricane Program, that
committee was asked to function as a Task Force work group for those
topics.  To support the work of the ICCOH,  Headquarters, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers (USACE) subsequently organized the Hurricane
Evacuation Studies Technical Guidelines Working Group." (**USACE**,
*Info on HES*)

**National Implementation Plan:** "Early this summer \[2006\], a new
strategy for combating terrorism, described by its authors as
\"revolutionary\" in concept, arrived on President Bush\'s desk. The
highly classified National Implementation Plan for the first time set
government-wide goals and assigned responsibility for achieving them to
specific departments and agencies.

Written by officials at the National Counterterrorism Center, under a
directive signed by the president last winter, the 160-page plan aspires
to achieve what has eluded the Bush administration in the five years
since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks: bringing order and direction to the
fight against terrorism....

New initiatives such as the National Implementation Plan were launched
to eliminate overlap and set priorities for what the administration now
calls the \"long war.\" Beyond drawing sharper lines of responsibility,
officials said, the plan is designed to drag the nation\'s
counterterrorism strategy back from military dominance, better balancing
the military \"whack\" with diplomacy and the \"hearts and minds\"
campaigns that are now seen as critical to long-term victory.

\[President\] Bush was briefed on the plan on June 26. A White House
official said the plan reflects \[President\] Bush\'s feeling that the
terrorism fight is \"all-encompassing,\" including military attacks but
also \"the war of ideas and the softer side, the long-term battle.\"

Within half a dozen broad objectives, the document designates lead and
subordinate agencies to carry out more than 500 discrete
counterterrorism tasks, among them vanquishing al-Qaeda, protecting the
homeland, wooing allies, training experts in other languages and
cultures, and understanding and influencing the Islamic psyche."
(**DeYoung**, *Washington Post*, Aug. 9, 2007)

**National Incident Communications Conference Line (NICCL):** A
"pre-identified incident communications protocols are established and
ready for use during large scale incidents and incidents requiring a
coordinated Federal response... The NICCL was created to be a single
source of coordination for DHS with all other Federal agencies. It can
work as a call-in conference or as an open line that can be monitored 24
hours a day for the exchange of information and updates. It is primarily
for Federal-to-Federal information sharing but can also include
communicators from the primarily impacted State and local community.
Specifically, the NICCL:

-   is used for transmission and exchange of information primarily
    targeted to support senior State and local officials;

-   originates with DHS Public Affairs and is an executive call to
    discuss happening events and their agencies' roles, activities, and
    response; and

-   is typically conducted twice daily, but it could be staffed 24 hours
    a day and used as an open line for information dissemination if
    required by an incident." (**FEMA**, *Basic Guidance for PIOs*, Nov
    2007, pp. 24-25)

**National Incident Management Planning/National Domestic Incident
Response Planning:** "National incident management planning occurs in a
networked, collaborative environment, which requires iterative dialogue
among senior leaders, concurrent and parallel plan development, and
collaboration across multiple planning levels. Clear strategic guidance
and frequent interaction between senior leaders and planners promote
early understanding of, and agreement on, planning assumptions,
considerations, risks, and other key factors. A good plan identifies key
decision points and provides senior leaders with options. Plans should
be responsive, flexible and evolving. As they are developed, the
iterative nature of good planning promotes greater involvement within
the interagency planning communities of interest (COI) and our
multinational partners." (**DHS**, 2007)

**National Incident Management Priorities. "**The NRP sets national
incident management priorities. These priorities include

saving lives and protecting the health and safety of the public,
responders, and recovery workers;

preventing an imminent incident, including acts of terrorism, from
occurring;

protecting and restoring critical infrastructure and key resources; and

facilitating recovery of individuals, families, businesses, governments,
and the environment." (**DHS**, 2007)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS):** "HSPD-5 requires all
Federal departments and agencies to adopt the NIMS and to use it in
their individual domestic incident management and emergency prevention,
preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation programs and
activities, as well as in support of those actions taken to assist
State, local, or tribal entities. The directive also requires Federal
departments and agencies to make adoption of the NIMS by State, tribal
and local organizations a condition for Federal preparedness assistance
beginning in FY 2005. Compliance with certain aspects of the NIMS will
be possible in the short-term, such as adopting the basic tenets of the
Incident Command System... Other aspects of the NIMS, however, will
require further development and refinement to enable compliance at
future dates." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, DHS Secretary Tom Ridge
Memorandum for Distribution)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS):** Released in March 2004
by the Department of Homeland Security, *NIMS* "provides a consistent
nationwide template to enable all levels of government, the private
sector and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to work together during
an incident." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, 45)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS):** "The *NIMS* identifies
multiple elements of unified command in support of incident response.
These elements include: (1) developing a single set of objectives; (2)
using a collective, strategic approach; (3) improving information flow
and coordination; (4) creating common understanding of joint priorities
and restrictions; (5) ensuring that no agency's legal authorities are
compromised or neglected; and (6) optimizing the combined efforts of all
agencies under a single plan." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, Sep 2007,
10)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS):** "*NIMS* provides a core
set of common concepts, principles, terminology and technologies in the
following areas:

> ***Incident Command System (ICS).*** Much of *NIMS* is built upon the
> ICS, which was developed by the Federal, State and local wildland fire
> agencies during the 1970s. ICS is normally structured to facilitate
> activities in five major functional areas: command, operations,
> planning, logistics and finance/ administration. In some
> circumstances, intelligence and investigations may be added as a sixth
> functional area.
>
> ***Multi-agency coordination systems.*** Examples of multi-agency
> coordination systems include a county emergency operations center, a
> State intelligence fusion center, the DHS National Operations Center,
> the DHS/Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) National Response
> Coordination Center, the Department of Justice/Federal Bureau of
> Investigation (FBI) Strategic Information and Operations Center and
> the National Counterterrorism Center.
>
> ***Unified command.*** Unified command provides the basis from which
> multiple agencies can work together effectively with a common
> objective of effectively managing an incident. Unified command ensures
> that regardless of the number of agencies or jurisdictions involved,
> all decisions will be based on mutually specified objectives.
>
> ***Training.*** Leaders and staff require initial training on incident
> management and incident response principles, as well as ongoing
> training to provide updates on current concepts and procedures.
>
> ***Identification and management of resources.*** Classifying types of
> resources is essential to ensure that multiple agencies can
> effectively communicate and provide resources during a crisis.
>
> ***Situational awareness.*** Situational awareness is the provision of
> timely and accurate information during an incident. Situational
> awareness is the lifeblood of incident management and effective
> response operations. Without it, decisions will not be informed by
> information on the ground and actions will be inefficient and
> ineffective. Situational awareness requires continuous monitoring,
> verification and integration of key information needed to assess and
> respond effectively to threats, potential threats, disasters or
> emergencies.
>
> ***Qualifications and certification.*** Competent staff is a
> requirement for any leader managing an incident. During a crisis there
> will not be time to determine staff qualifications, if such
> information has not yet been compiled and available for review by
> leaders. To identify the appropriate staff to support a leader during
> a crisis, qualifications based on training and expertise of staff
> should be pre-identified and evidenced by certification, if
> appropriate.
>
> ***Collection, tracking and reporting of incident information.***
> Information today is transmitted instantly via the Internet and the
> 24/7 news channels. While timely information is valuable, it also can
> be overwhelming. For an effective response, we must leverage expertise
> and experience to identify what information is needed to support
> decision-makers and be able to rapidly summarize and prioritize this
> information. Information must be gathered accurately at the scene and
> effectively communicated to those who need it. To be successful, clear
> lines of information flow and a common operating picture are
> essential....
>
> ***Crisis action planning.*** Deliberative planning during
> non-incident periods should quickly transition to crisis action
> planning when an incident occurs. Crisis action planning is the
> process for rapidly adapting existing deliberative plans and
> procedures during an incident based on the actual circumstances of an
> event. Crisis action planning should also include the provision of
> decision tools for senior leaders to guide their decision-making.
>
> ***Exercises.*** Consistent with the National Exercise Program, all
> stakeholders should regularly exercise their incident management and
> response capabilities and procedures to ensure that they are fully
> capable of executing their incident response responsibilities."
> (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, pp. 46-47)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS):** "NIMS is not an
operational incident management or resource allocation plan. NIMS
represents a core set of doctrine, concepts, principles, terminology,
and organizational processes that enables effective, efficient, and
collaborative incident management." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft),
2007, p.3)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS):** "Provides a systematic,
proactive approach guiding government agencies at all levels, the
private sector, and nongovernmental organizations to work seamlessly to
prepare for, prevent, respond to, recover from, and mitigate the effects
of incidents, regardless of cause, size, location, or complexity, in
order to reduce the loss of life or property and harm to the
environment." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), 2007, p. 155) \[See,
by way of comparison, the *Public Law* definition of NIMS noted below,
as well as the NGA definition of Comprehensive Emergency Management, and
FEMA's definitions of EM.\]

**National Incident Management System (NIMS):** "NIMS is based in large
part on SEMS \[CA Standardized Emergency Management System\] and the
Incident Command Structure."[^39] (**Little Hoover Commission**,
*Safeguarding the Golden State*, 2006, 11)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS):** "...the term 'National
Incident Management System' means a system to enable effective,
efficient, and collaborative incident management..." (**Public Law
109-295**, *Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007*,
p. 41).

**National Incident Management System (NIMS):** Called for in Homeland
Security Presidential Directive 5: "This system will provide a
consistent nationwide approach for Federal, State, and local governments
to work effectively and efficiently together to prepare for, respond to,
and recover from domestic incidents, regardless of cause, size, or
complexity. To provide for interoperability and compatibility among
Federal, State, and local capabilities, the NIMS will include a core set
of concepts, principles, terminology, and technologies covering the
incident command system; multi-agency coordination systems; unified
command; training; identification and management of resources (including
systems for classifying types of resources); qualifications and
certification; and the collection, tracking, and reporting of incident
information and incident resources." (**White House,** *HSPD-5***,**
February 28, 2003)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS):** "NIMS focuses largely on
stakeholders in the discipline of response." (**White House**, *National
Strategy for Homeland Security*, Oct 2007, p46)

**National Incident Management System Capability Assessment Support Tool
(NIMSCAST):** "A web-based self-assessment tool designed to aid State,
Territorial, local, and tribal organizations and jurisdictions in
determining their capabilities and compliance against the requirements."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference*, October 2006,
p. 6)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Command and Coordination
Authority:** "NIMS distinguishes between command authority and
coordination authority. Command authority is vested in the incident
commander, whether a single incident commander or an area commander, and
is exercised through the ICS. Coordination authority is vested in
coordinating officers such as the FCO and DCO. Each coordinating officer
has the authority to make coordinating decisions within his or her
jurisdiction, whether federal, state, or local." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil
Support*, 2007, p. D-16)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Components:** "Five major
components make up...\[the\] systems approach \[to NIMS\]:

> Preparedness,
>
> Communications and Information Management,
>
> Resource Management,
>
> Command and Management, and
>
> Ongoing Management and Maintenance." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA
> 501/Draft), 2007, 7)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Concepts and Principles:**
"To provide this framework for interoperability and compatibility, the
NIMS is based on an appropriated balance of flexibility and
standardization.

1.  Flexibility.

> The NIMS provides a consistent, flexible, and adjustable national
> framework within which government and private entities at all levels
> can work together to manage domestic incidents, regardless of their
> cause, size, location, or complexity. This flexibility applies across
> all phases of incident management: prevention, preparedness, response,
> recovery, and mitigation.

2.  Standardization

> The NIMS provides a set of standardized organizational structures --
> such as the Incident Command System (ICS), multiagency coordination
> systems, and public information systems -- as well as requirements for
> processes, procedures, and systems designed to improve
> interoperability among jurisdictions and disciplines in various areas,
> including: training, resource management; personnel qualification and
> certification; equipment certification; communications and information
> management; technology support; and continuous system improvement."
> (**DHS**, *NIMS*, March 2004, p. 2)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Concepts:** "NIMS is based
upon the concepts of

> interoperability,
>
> reliability,
>
> scalability,
>
> portability, and
>
> the resiliency and redundancy of communication and information
> systems."
>
> (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), 2007, p. 7)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Integration Center:**
Promulgated by Department of Homeland Security Management Directive
System Directive, MD Number 9500. Responsibilities:

1.  Developing a national program for NIMS education and awareness,
    including specific instruction on the purpose of NIMS and
    responsibilities of the NIC as set forth in this directive and in
    strategic or other plans;

2.  Promoting compatibility between national-level standards for the
    NIMS and those developed by other public, private, and/or
    professional groups;

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
3.  Facilitating the development and publication of materials (such as
    supplementary documentation and desk guides) and standardized
    templates to support implementation and continuous refinement of the
    NIMS;

4.  Developing assessment criteria for the various components of the
    NIMS, as well as compliance requirements and compliance timelines
    for Federal, State, local, and tribal entities regarding NIMS
    standards and guidelines;

5.  Facilitating the definition of general training requirements and the
    development of national-level training standards and course
    curricula associated with the NIMS, including the following:

    a.  The use of modeling and simulation capabilities for training and
        exercise programs;

    b.  Field-based training, specification of mission-essential tasks,
        requirements for specialized instruction and instructor
        training, and course completion documentation for all NIMS
        users; and

    c.  The review and recommendation (in coordination with national
        professional organizations and Federal, State, local, tribal,
        private-sector, and nongovernmental entities) of
        discipline-specific NIMS training courses

6.  Facilitating the development of national standards, guidelines, and
    protocols for incident management training and exercises, including
    consideration of existing exercise and training programs at all
    jurisdictional levels;

7.  Facilitating the establishment and maintenance of a publication
    management system for documents supporting the NIMS and other
    NIMS-related publications and materials, including the development
    or coordination of general publications for all NIMS users, as well
    as their issuance via a NIMS publication management system;

8.  Reviewing (in coordination with appropriate national professional
    standards-making, certifying, and accrediting organizations and with
    input from Federal, State, local, tribal, private-sector and
    nongovernmental entities) of the discipline-specific publication
    management requirements submitted by professional organizations and
    associations;

9.  Facilitating the development and publication of national standards,
    guidelines, and protocols for the qualification and certification of
    emergency responder and incident management personnel, as
    appropriate;

10. Reviewing and approving (with the assistance of national
    professional organizations and with input from Federal, State,
    local, tribal, private-sector, and nongovernmental entities), as
    appropriate, the discipline-specific qualification and certification
    requirements submitted by emergency responder and incident
    management organizations and associations;

11. Facilitating the establishment and maintenance of a documentation
    and database system related to qualification, certification, and
    credentialing of incident management personnel and organizations,
    including reviewing and approving (in coordination with national
    professional organizations and with input from the Federal, State,
    local, tribal, private-sector and nongovernmental entities), as
    appropriate, of the discipline-specific requirements submitted by
    functionally oriented incident management organizations and
    associations;

12. Establishing a data maintenance system to provide incident managers
    with the detailed qualification, experience, and training
    information needed to credential personnel for prescribed "national"
    incident management positions;

13. Coordinating minimum professional certification standards and
    facilitation of the design and implementation of a credentialing
    system that can be used nationwide;

14. Facilitating the establishment of standards for the performance,
    compatibility, and interoperability of incident management equipment
    and communications systems, including the following:

    a.  Facilitating, in coordination with appropriate Federal agencies,
        standards-making, certifying, and accrediting organizations, and
        appropriate State, local, tribal, private-sector, and
        nongovernmental organizations, the development and/or
        publication of national standards, guidelines, and protocols for
        equipment certification (including the incorporation of
        standards and certification programs already in existence and
        used by incident management and emergency response organizations
        nationwide)

    b.  Reviewing and approving (in coordination with national
        professional organizations and with input from Federal, State,
        local, tribal, private-sector, and nongovernmental entities)
        lists of equipment that meet these established equipment
        certification requirements

    c.  Collaborating with organizations responsible for emergency
        responder equipment evaluation and testing

15. Facilitating the development and issuance of national standards for
    the typing of resources;

16. Facilitating the definition and maintenance of the information
    framework required to guide the development of NIMS information
    systems, including the development of data standards for the
    following: incident notification and situation reports, status
    reporting, analytical data, geospatial information, wireless
    communications, identification and authentication, and incident
    reports, including "lessons learned" reports;

17. Coordinating the establishment of technical and technology standards
    for NIMS users in concert with the Under Secretary for Science and
    Technology of the Department of Homeland Security and recognized
    SDOs;

18. Integrating into the national R&D agenda, in coordination with the
    Under Secretary for Science and Technology of the Department of
    Homeland Security, the incident management science and technology
    needs of departments, agencies, disciplines, private-sector, and
    nongovernmental organizations operating within the NIMS at all
    levels; and

19. Establishing and maintaining a repository and clearinghouse for
    reports and lessons learned from actual incidents, training, and
    exercises, as well as for best practices, model structures, and
    model processes for NIMS-related functions." (**DHS**, *Management
    Directive 9500, NIMS Integration Center*, 2004, pp. 2-3) \[Note: In
    April 2007 the NIC (NIMS Integration Center became the Incident
    Management Systems Division within the new National Integration
    Center.\][^40]

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Planning Process:** "The
NIMS planning process described below represents a template for
strategic, operational, and tactical planning that includes all steps an
IC and other members of the Command and General Staffs should take to
develop and disseminate an Incident Action Plan (IAP). The planning
process may begin with the scheduling of a planned event, the
identification of a credible threat, or with the initial response to an
actual or impending event. The process continues with the implementation
of the formalized steps and staffing required to develop a written
IAP.... The planning process should provide the following:

-   current information that accurately describes the incident situation
    and resource status;

-   predictions of the probable course of events;

-   alternative strategies to attain critical incident objectives; and

-   an accurate, realistic, IAP for the next operational period.

"Five primary phases must be followed, in sequence, to ensure a
comprehensive IAP. These phases are designed to enable the
accomplishment of incident objectives within a specified time.... The
five primary phases in the planning process are:

*1. Understand the Situation*.

> ...gathering, recording, analyzing, and displaying situation and
> resource information in a manner that will ensure a clear picture of
> the magnitude, complexity, and potential impact of the incident; and
> the ability to determine the resources required to develop and
> implement an effective IAP.

*2. Establish Incident Objectives and Strategy.*

> ...formulating and prioritizing incident objectives and identifying an
> appropriate strategy. The incident objectives and strategy must
> conform to the legal obligations and management objectives of all
> affected agencies. Reasonable alternative strategies that will
> accomplish overall incident objectives are identified, analyzed, and
> evaluated to determine the most appropriate strategy for the situation
> at hand. Evaluation criteria include public health and safety factors;
> estimated costs; and various environmental, legal, and political
> considerations.

*3. Develop the Plan*.

> \[Determine\] the tactical direction and the specific resource,
> reserves, and support requirements for implementing the selected
> strategy for one operational period. This phase is usually the
> responsibility of the IC, who bases decisions on resources allocated
> to enable a sustained response. After determining the availability of
> resources, the IC develops a plan that makes the best use of these
> resources....

*4. Prepare and Disseminate the Plan*.

> \[Prepare\] the plan in a format that is appropriate for the level of
> complexity of the incident. For the initial response, the format is a
> well-prepared outline for an oral briefing....

*5. Evaluate and Revise the Plan.*

> The planning process includes the requirement to evaluate planned
> events and check the accuracy of information to be used in planning
> for subsequent operational periods. The General Staff should regularly
> compare planned progress with actual progress. When deviations occur
> and when new information emerges, that information should be included
> in the first step of the process used for modifying the current plan
> or developing the plan for the subsequent operational period."
> *(***DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, pp. 97-98)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Preparedness Concepts and
Principles:**

-   Levels of Capability.

> Preparedness is implemented through a continuous cycle of planning,
> training, equipping, exercising, evaluating, and taking action to
> correct and mitigate. Within the NIMS, preparedness focuses on
> guidelines, protocols, and standards for planning, training, personnel
> qualification and certification, equipment certification, and
> publication management.

-   A Unified Approach.

> Preparedness requires a unified approach. A major objective of
> preparedness efforts is to ensure mission integration and
> interoperability in response to emergency crises across functional and
> jurisdictional lines, as well as between public and private
> organizations.

-   NIMS Publications.

> The NIMS provides or established processes for providing guidelines;
> protocols; standards for planning, training, qualifications and
> certification; and publication management...

-   Mitigation.

> Examples of key mitigation activities include the following:

-   Ongoing public education and outreach activities designed to reduce
    loss of life and destruction of property;

-   Structural retrofitting to deter or lessen the effects of incidents
    and reduce loss of life, destruction of property, and effects on the
    environment;

-   Code enforcement through such activities as zoning regulation, land
    management, and building codes; and

-   Flood insurance and the buy-out of properties subjected to frequent
    flooding, etc. (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, pp. 33-34)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Preparedness Programs:**

-   Preparedness Planning.

    -   Emergency Operations Plan (EOP).

    -   Procedures

    -   Preparedness Plans.

    -   Corrective Action Plans

    -   Mitigation Plans.

    -   Recovery Plans.

-   Training and Exercises.

-   Personnel Qualification and Certification.

-   Equipment Certification.

-   Mutual-Aid Agreements.

-   Publication Management. (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, pp. 35-41)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Premise:** "NIMS is based
on the premise that the utilization of a common incident management
framework will give emergency management/response personnel a flexible
yet standardized system for emergency management and incident response
activities." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), 2007, p. 6)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Resource Typing System:**
"The resource typing protocol provided by the NIMS describes resources
using category, kind, components, metrics, and type data. The following
data definitions will be used:

*1. Resource*: For purposes of typing, *resources* consist of personnel,
teams, facilities, supplies,

and major items of equipment available for assignment to or use during
incidents. Such resources may be used in tactical support or supervisory
capacities at an incident site or EOC. Their descriptions include
category, kind, components, metrics, and type.

*2. Category*: A *category* is the function for which a resource would
be most useful....

*3. Kind*: *Kind* refers to broad classes that characterize like
resources, such as teams, personnel, equipment, supplies, vehicles, and
aircraft. For example...urban search and rescue (US&R) teams consist of
two 31- person teams, four canines, and a comprehensive equipment cache.
The cache is divided into five separate, color-coded elements and is
stored in containers that meet

specific requirements.

*5. Metrics*: *Metrics* are measurement standards. The metrics used will
differ depending on the kind of resource being typed. The mission
envisioned determines the specific metric selected. The metric must be
useful in describing a resource's capability to support the mission. As
an example, one metric for a disaster medical assistance team is the
number of patients it can care for per day. Likewise, an appropriate
metric for a hose might be the number of gallons of water per hour that
can flow through it. Metrics should identify capability and/or capacity.

*6. Type*: *Type* refers to the level of resource capability. Assigning
the Type I label to a resource implies that it has a greater level of
capability than a Type II of the same resource (for example, due to its
power, size, or capacity), and so on to Type IV. Typing provides
managers with additional information to aid the selection and best use
of resources. In some cases, a resource may have less than or more than
four types; in such cases, either additional types will be identified,
or the type will be described as "not applicable." The type assigned to
a resource or a component is based on a minimum level of capability
described by the identified metric(s) for that resource..." (**DHS**,
*NIMS*, 2004, pp.121-124)

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Systems Approach Six Major
Components:**

-   Command and Management

-   Preparedness

-   Resource Management

-   Communications and Information Management

-   Supporting Technologies

-   Ongoing Management

> (**DHS**, *NIMS*, March 2004, p. 3) \[Note, compare to 2007 NIMS Five
> Components, noted above, wherein "Supporting Technologies" is no
> longer included.\]

**National Incident Management System (NIMS) Unity of Effort/Unity of
Command (DOD):** "Joint forces performing CBRNE CM \[Consequence
Management\] supporting civil authorities are part of domestic incident
management and operate in accordance with the NRP. The NIMS forms the
foundation for conducting domestic response operations. This framework
provides a consistent approach for Federal, state, local, and tribal
governments to work effectively and efficiently together to prepare for,
prevent, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents, regardless of
cause, size, or complexity. Joint forces conduct CBRNE CM in accordance
with NIMS but maintain a distinct, independent chain of command.
However, military personnel can and frequently will receive tactical
direction from the on-scene commander and subordinates, especially in
circumstances where small numbers of military personnel augment civilian
response functions. Installation forces operating under immediate
response authority stay under the control of the Service branch of the
chain of command unless committed to the Federal response effort by the
Secretary of Defense. Under NIMS, installation and joint forces may find
themselves getting task direction from a civilian firefighter, law
enforcement officer, or emergency medical technician, but this
functional working relationship does not replace or circumvent the
military chain of command. Key to success for joint forces conducting
CBRNE CM is to establish and maintain unity of effort within the
framework of NIMS while maintaining unity of command within DOD."
(**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE Consequence Management*, 2006, II-14)

**National Information Sharing Privacy Guidelines and Principles:** "The
Privacy Guidelines build on a set of core principles that Federal
departments and agencies must follow. Those principles require specific,
uniform action and reflect basic privacy protec­tions and best practices.
Agencies must:

-   Share protected information only to the extent it is terrorism
    information, homeland security information, or law enforcement
    information related to terrorism;

-   Identify and review the protected information to be shared within
    the ISE \[Information Sharing Environment\];

-   Enable ISE participants to determine the nature of the protected
    information to be shared and its legal restrictions (e.g., "this
    record contains individually identifiable information about a U.S.
    citizen");

-   Assess, document, and comply with all applicable laws and policies;

-   Establish data accuracy, quality, and retention procedures;

-   Deploy adequate security measures to safeguard protected
    information;

-   Implement adequate accountability, enforcement, and audit mechanisms
    to verify compliance;

-   Establish a redress process consistent with legal authorities and
    mission requirements;

-   Implement the guidelines through appropriate changes to business
    processes and sys­tems, training, and technology;

-   Make the public aware of the agency's policies and procedures as
    appropriate;

-   Ensure agencies disclose protected information to non-Federal
    entities---including State, local, tribal, and foreign
    governments---only if the non-Federal entities provide comparable
    protections; and

-   State, local, and tribal governments are required to designate a
    senior official account­able for implementation." (**White House**,
    *National Strategy for Information Sharing*, 2007, pp. 27-28)

**National Infrastructure:** "Those infrastructures essential to the
functioning of the nation and whose incapacity or destruction would have
a debilitating regional or national impact. National infrastructures
include telecommunications, electrical power systems, gas and oil
transportation and storage, water supply systems, banking and finance,
transportation, emergency services, and continuity of government
operations." (**DoD**, *CAAP*, 1998)

**National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC):** "The NIAC provides
the President, through the Secretary of Homeland Security, with advice
on the security of physical and cyber systems across all CI/KR
\[critical infrastructure, key resources\] sectors. The Council is
comprised of up to 30 members appointed by the President. Members are
selected from the private sector, academia, and State and local
governments. The Council was established (and amended) under Executive
Orders 13231, 13286, and 13385." (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, 28.)

1.  

**National Infrastructure Coordinating Center (NICC*). *** "Part of the
NOC \[DHS Operations Center\], the NICC monitors the nation's critical
infrastructure and key resources on an ongoing basis. During an
incident, the NICC provides a coordinating forum to share information
across infrastructure and key resources sectors through appropriate
information-sharing entities such as the Information Sharing and
Analysis Centers and the Sector Coordinating Councils." (**DHS**, *NRF
Comment Draft,* 2007, 54)

**National Infrastructure Coordinating Center (NICC):** "Managed by the
DHS Information

Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate, the NICC monitors
the Nation's critical infrastructure and key resources on an ongoing
basis. In the event of an incident, the NICC provides a coordinating
vehicle to share information with critical infrastructure and key

resources information-sharing entities." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006,
Glossary 25-16)

**National Infrastructure Inventory:** "The inventory addresses the
physical, cyber, and human elements of each asset, system, network, or
function under consideration. The compilation process relies on the
substantial body of previous assessments that have been completed for
natural disasters, industrial accidents, and other incidents. The
inventory includes basic information on the relationships, dependencies,
and interdependencies between various assets, systems, networks, and
functions; on service providers, such as schools and businesses, that
may be of relevance to more than one sector; and on the foreign assets,
systems, networks, and functions on which U.S. CI/KR may rely. The
inventory also includes a cyber data framework that is used to
characterize each sector's unique cyber assets, systems, networks, or
functions." (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, pp. 31-32)

**National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP):** "The National
Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) and supporting Sector-Specific
Plans (SSPs) provide a coordinated approach to critical infrastructure
and key resources (CI/KR) protection roles and responsibilities for
federal, state, local, tribal, and private sector security partners. The
NIPP sets national priorities, goals, and requirements for effective
distribution of funding and resources which will help ensure that our
government, economy, and public services continue in the event of a
terrorist attack or other disaster. The plan is based on the following:

Strong public-private partnerships which will foster relationships and
facilitate coordination within and across CI/KR sectors.

Robust multi-directional information sharing which will enhance the
ability to assess risks, make prudent security investments, and take
protective action.

> Risk management framework establishing processes for combining
> consequence, vulnerability, and threat information to produce a
> comprehensive, systematic, and rational assessment of national or
> sector risk." (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006)

**National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP):** "Protecting and
ensuring the continuity of the critical infrastructure and key resources
(CI/KR) of the United States is essential to the Nation's security,
public health and safety, economic vitality, and way of life. CI/KR
includes physical or virtual assets, systems, and networks so vital to
the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such assets,
systems, or networks would have a debilitating impact on security,
national economic security, public health or safety, or any combination
of those matters." (**DHS**, *National infrastructure protection Plan:
Sector Overview*, May 2007)

**National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) Purpose:** "The purpose
of the NIPP is to "build a safer, more secure, and more resilient
America by enhancing protection of the Nation's CI/KR to prevent, deter,
neutralize, or mitigate the effects of deliberate efforts by terrorists
to destroy, incapacitate, or exploit them; and to strengthen national
preparedness, timely response, and rapid recovery in the event of an
attack, natural disaster, or other emergency." (**DHS**, *National
Preparedness Guidelines*, 2006, p. 14)

**National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) Senior Leadership
Council:** "NIPP Senior Leadership Council: The NIPP Leadership Council
will bring together the leadership of the federal agencies engaged in
critical infrastructure protection, critical infrastructure owners and
operators and Homeland Security Advisors to lead, integrate, and
coordinate implementation and enhancement of the NIPP through the
following activities: forging consensus on critical infrastructure
protection actions, evaluating and promoting implementation of risk
management-based infrastructure protection programs, information
sharing, advancing collaboration within and across sectors, and
evaluating and reporting on progress. The NIPP Senior Leadership Council
is supported by the Cross-Government Coordinating Council and
Cross-Sector Coordinating Council." (**DHS**, *ODP Information
Bulletin*, No. 172, June 01, 2005)

**National Infrastructure Protection Program:** "The National
Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) provides the unifying structure
for the integration of critical infrastructure and key resources (CI/KR)
protection into a single national program. The NIPP provides an overall
framework for programs and activities that are currently underway in the
various sectors, as well as new and developing CI/KR protection efforts.
This collaborative effort between the private sector; State,
Territorial, local, and tribal governments; nongovernmental
organizations; and the Federal Government will result in the
prioritization of protection initiatives and investments across sectors.
It also will ensure that resources are applied where they offer the most
benefit for mitigating risk by lowering vulnerabilities, deterring
threats, and minimizing the consequences of terrorist attacks and other
incidents." (**DHS**, *National Infrastructure Protection Plan* (Letter
of Agreement), June 30, 2006; and **DHS**, "Fact Sheet: National
Infrastructure Protection Program Sector-Specific Plans," May 21, 2007)

**National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:** "The National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) conducts and
supports basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and
ultimately prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases. For
more than 50 years, NIAID research has led to new therapies, vaccines,
diagnostic tests, and other technologies that have improved the health
of millions of people in the United States and around the world."
(**NIAID**, *Overview*, March 1, 2005 update)

**National Integration Center (NIC):** "Homeland Security Presidential
Directive-5 (HSPD-5) required the Secretary of Homeland Security to
establish a mechanism for ensuring the ongoing management and
maintenance of NIMS including regular consultation with other Federal
departments and agencies, State, tribal, and local stakeholders, and
with the private sector and NGOs. The NIC provides strategic direction,
oversight, and coordination of NIMS and supports both routine
maintenance and the continuous refinement of NIMS and its components.
The NIC oversees and coordinates all aspects of NIMS, including the
development of compliance criteria and implementation activities at
Federal, State, tribal, and local levels. It provides guidance and
support to jurisdictions and emergency management/response personnel and
their affiliated organizations as they adopt or, consistent with their
status, are encouraged to adopt the system. The NIC also oversees and
coordinates the publication of NIMS and its related products. This
oversight includes the review and certification of training courses and
exercise information." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), 2007, p. 8)

**National Interagency Civil-Military Institute (NICI):** The National
Interagency Civil-Military Institute (NICI), San Luis Obispo, CA, is an
educational institute---funded by the Department of Defense (DOD)
through the National Guard Bureau---with the mission of improving the
efficiency and effectiveness of joint civilian and military initiatives.
To this end, it provides education to middle- and upper-level managers
from the military, law enforcement agencies, emergency management and
public safety organizations, and community groups.

**National Interoperability Field Operations Guide (NIFOG):** "The
National Interoperability Field Operations Guide (NIFOG) is a collection
of technical reference material for radio technicians responsible for
radios that will be used in disaster response applications. The NIFOG
includes information from the National Interoperability Frequency Guide
(NIFG), the instructions for use of the NIFG, and other reference
material; formatted as a pocket-sized guide

for radio technicians to carry with them." (**DHS**, **NIFOG** (Version
1.0), September, 2007, p. 3)

**National Joint Information Center (JIC)** "A national JIC is
established when an incident requires Federal coordination and is
expected to be of long duration (weeks or months) or

when the incident affects a large area of the country. A national JIC is
staffed by numerous Federal departments and/or agencies. (**FEMA**,
*Basic Guidance for PIOs*, Nov 2007, p. 16)

**National Level Exercises (NLEs):** NLEs reflect US government-wide
priorities, rather than department or agency priorities or programs.
Departmental and Agency exercise programs should fit into the NLE
framework not the other way around.

**National Military Strategy of the USA in Relation to Domestic
Consequence Management:** "During emergencies the Armed Forces may
provide military support to civil authorities in mitigating the
consequences of an attack or other catastrophic event when the civilian
responders are overwhelmed. Military responses under these conditions
require a streamlined chain-of-command that integrates the unique
capabilities of active and reserve military components and civilian
responders." (Cited in *JCS.DOD*, *CBRNE Consequence Management*, 2006,
p. II-1)

**National Mitigation Goal:** In 1997 "FEMA established a National
Mitigation Goal to be accomplished by the year 2010. The two components
of the goal are (1) to substantially increase public awareness of
natural hazard risk so that the public demands safer communities in
which to live and work, and (2) to significantly reduce the risk of loss
of life, injuries, economic costs, and destruction of natural and
cultural resources that result from natural hazards. To meet the
National Strategy Goal, FEMA set specific objectives for five major
'elements' of the Strategy:

-   Hazard identification and risk assessment;

-   Applied research and technology transfer;

-   Public awareness, training, and education;

-   Incentives and resources; and

-   Leadership and coordination." (**FEMA**, *Multi Hazard
    Identification and Risk Assessment*, 1997, p. xxv) \[Note: The
    National Mitigation Goal was discontinued shortly after FEMA was
    incorporated into the DHS.\]

**National Mitigation Strategy:** "As a direct result of the disasters
of the early 1990s, in particular the Midwest Floods of 1993, the U.S.
Congress directed FEMA to place its highest priority on working with
State and local agencies to mitigate the impacts of future natural
hazard events. This marked a fundamental shift in policy: rather than
placing primary emphasis on response and recovery, FEMA's focus
broadened to incorporate mitigation as the foundation of emergency
management...In keeping with congressional directive...FEMA...led the
development of the National Mitigation Strategy. FEMA derived 10
fundamental principles for the framework and objectives of the National
Mitigation Strategy.

1.  Risk reduction measures ensure long-term economic success for the
    community as a whole rather than short-term benefits for special
    interests.

2.  Risk reduction measures for one natural hazard must be compatible
    with risk reduction measures for other natural hazards.

3.  Risk reduction measures must be evaluated to achieve the best mix
    for a given location.

4.  Risk reduction measures for natural hazards must be compatible with
    risk reduction measures for technological hazards and vice versa.

5.  All mitigation is local.

6.  Disaster costs and the impacts of natural hazards can be reduced by
    emphasizing pro-active mitigation before emergency response; both
    pre-disaster (preventive) and post-disaster (corrective) mitigation
    is needed.

7.  Hazard identification and risk assessment are the cornerstones of
    mitigation.

8.  Building new Federal-State-local partnerships and public-private
    partnerships is the most effective means of implementing measures to
    reduce the impacts of natural hazards.

9.  Those who knowingly choose to assume greater risk must accept
    responsibility for that choice.

10. Risk reduction measures for natural hazards must be compatible with
    the protection of natural and cultural resources." (**FEMA**, *Multi
    Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment: A Cornerstone of the
    National Mitigation Strategy*, 1997, pp. xxii and xxv) \[The
    National Mitigation Strategy was discontinued shortly after the
    incorporation of FEMA into the DHS\]

**National Mutual Aid and Resource Management Initiative:** "The
National Mutual Aid and Resource Management Initiative supports the
National Incident Management System (NIMS) by establishing a
comprehensive, integrated national mutual aid and resource management
system that provides the basis to type, order, and track all (Federal,
State, and local) response assets." (**FEMA**, *Resource Definitions:
120 Resources*, September 2004, p. 6)

**National Nuclear Detection Policy:** "It is the policy of the United
States to continue to...

-   Develop, deploy and enhance national nuclear and radiological
    detection capabilities to prevent illicit use of nuclear devices or
    materials

-   Enhance the effective integration of nuclear and radiological
    detection capabilities across Federal, State, local and tribal
    governments, and the private sector, for a well-managed, coordinated
    response

-   Advance the science of nuclear and radiological detection through an
    aggressive, evolutionary and transformational program of research
    and development in detection technologies." (**DHS/DNDO**, *DNDO
    Overview*, April 20, 2006, slide 5)

**National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA):** "Established by
Congress in 2000, NNSA is a semi-autonomous agency within the U.S.
Department of Energy responsible for enhancing national security through
the military application of nuclear science. NNSA maintains and enhances
the safety, security, reliability and performance of the U.S. nuclear
weapons stockpile without nuclear testing; works to reduce global danger
from weapons of mass destruction; provides the U.S. Navy with safe and
effective nuclear propulsion; and responds to nuclear and radiological
emergencies in the United States and abroad." (**DOE**, *About NNSA*)

**National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
(NCP):** "...40 C.F.R. § 300 (2006), provides for the coordinated and
integrated response by the Federal Government, as well as State and
local governments, to prevent, minimize, or mitigate a threat to public
health or welfare posed by discharges of oil and releases of hazardous
substances, pollutants, and contaminants." (**DHS**, *National Response
Framework List of Authorities and References* (Draft), September 10,
2007, p. 8)

**National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
(NCP):** Commonly referred to as the National Contingency Plan, or NCP.
"The first National Contingency Plan was developed and published in 1968
in response to a massive oil spill from the oil tanker *Torrey Canyon*
off the coast of England the year before.... To avoid the problems faced
by response officials involved in this incident, U.S. officials
developed a coordinated approach to cope with potential spills in U.S.
waters. The 1968 plan provided the first comprehensive system of
accident reporting, spill containment, and cleanup, and established a
response headquarters, a national reaction team, and regional reaction
teams... Congress has broadened the scope of the National Contingency
Plan over the years. As required by the Clean Water Act of 1972, the NCP
was revised the following year to include a framework for responding to
hazardous substance spills as well as oil discharges. Following the
passage of Superfund legislation in 1980, the NCP was broadened to cover
releases at hazardous waste sites requiring emergency removal actions.
Over the years, additional revisions have been made to the NCP to keep
pace with the enactment of legislation. The latest revisions to the NCP
were finalized in 1994 to reflect the oil spill provisions of the Oil
Pollution Act of 1990." (**EPA**, *Overview of the National Contingency
Plan*. March 6, 2006 update)

**National Operations Center (NOC).** "The NOC links key headquarters
components together. It is comprised of five sub-elements:

-   **The NOC -- Interagency Watch (NOC-Watch, DHS HQ).** The NOC
    Interagency Watch is a standing 24/7 interagency organization fusing
    law enforcement, national intelligence, emergency response, and
    private sector reporting. The NOC-Watch facilitates homeland
    security information-sharing and operational coordination with other
    Federal, State, local, tribal, and nongovernmental emergency
    operations centers.

-   **National Response Coordination Center (NOC-NRCC), FEMA.** The
    NOC-NRCC monitors potential or developing incidents and supports the
    efforts of regional and field components, including coordinating the
    preparedness of national-level emergency response teams and
    resources; in coordination with Regional Response Coordination
    Centers (RRCCs), initiating mission assignments or reimbursable
    agreements to activate other Federal departments and agencies; and
    activating and deploying national-level specialized teams. In
    addition, the NOC-NRCC resolves Federal resource support conflicts
    and other implementation issues forwarded by the JFO. Those issues
    that cannot be resolved by the NOC-NRCC are referred to the IAC.
    During an incident, the NOC-NRCC operates on a 24/7 basis or as
    required in coordination with other elements of the NOC.

-   **Intelligence and Analysis (NOC-I&A).** I&A is responsible for
    interagency intelligence collection requirements, analysis,
    production, and product dissemination for DHS. I&A coordinates or
    disseminates homeland security threat warnings, advisory bulletins,
    and other information pertinent to national incident.

-   **National Infrastructure Coordination Center (NOC-NICC).** The
    NOC-NICC monitors the Nation's critical infrastructure and key
    resources (CI/KR) on an ongoing basis. During an incident, the
    NOC-NICC provides a coordinating forum to share information across
    infrastructure and key resources sectors through appropriate
    information-sharing entities such as the Information Sharing &
    Analysis Centers and the Sector Coordinating Councils.

-   **NOC-Planning Element:** The NOC-Planning Element conducts national
    domestic incident management planning and coordination. This
    includes coordinating response, recovery, and mitigation operational
    planning and interagency coordination with the NOC-NRCC;
    coordinating and sustaining Federal preparedness, prevention, and
    protection activities related to an Incident of National
    Significance or at the Secretary's direction; and coordinating
    preparedness, prevention, and protection operations and resource
    allocation planning with the appropriate Federal departments and
    agencies, the NOC-NRCC, the RRCCs, and the JFO. Also called the
    Incident Management Planning Team (IMPT)." (**DHS**, *National
    Planning and Execution System*, 2007 Draft, pp. 3-5/6)

**National Operations Center (NOC, DHS):** "The DHS National Operations
Center (NOC) is responsible for facilitating homeland security
coordination across the Federal mission areas of prevention, protection,
response and recovery. The NOC serves as the national fusion center,
collecting and synthesizing all-source information to determine if there
is a terrorist nexus. The NOC also shares all-threats and all-hazards
information across the spectrum of homeland security partners. Federal
departments and agencies should report information regarding actual or
potential incidents requiring a coordinated Federal response to the
NOC." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, p, 32)

**National Operations Center (NOC):** "The NOC is the primary national
hub for domestic incident management operational coordination, and
situational awareness. The NOC is a standing 24/7 interagency
organization fusing law enforcement, national intelligence, emergency
response, and private sector reporting." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment
SOPs Draft*, 2007, p. 56)

**National Operations Center (NOC/DHS):** "National Operations Center is
the principal operations center for the Department \[DHS\] and shall (1)
provide situational awareness and a common operating picture for the
entire Federal Government, and for State, local, and tribal governments
as appropriate, in the event of a natural disaster, act of terrorism, or
other man-made disaster; and (2) ensure that critical terrorism and
disaster-related information reaches government decision-makers."
(**Post-Katrina EM Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1409)

**National Plan for Telecommunications Support in Non-Wartime
Emergencies:** "The National Plan for Telecommunications Support in
Non-Wartime Emergencies provides procedures for planning and using
National telecommunications assets and resources in support of
non-wartime emergencies, including those covered by the Disaster Relief
Act of 1974, in Presidentially declared Emergencies and Major Disasters,
Extraordinary Situations, and other emergencies." (**47 CFR Ch. II
(10--1--05 Edition,** at 202.1)

**National Plan Review:** (See "Nationwide Plan Review")

**National Planning and Execution System (NPES):** "Effective planning
is the '*center of gravity*' for executing a coordinated Federal
response to a national domestic incident. Homeland Security Presidential
Directive (HSPD)-5, directed the development of a National Incident
Management System (NIMS) and a National Response Plan (NRP) to align
Federal coordination structures, capabilities, and resources into a
unified, all-discipline, and all-hazards approach to domestic incident
management. Subsequently, the Homeland Security Council published *The
Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned* in February
2006.[^41] This publication provided a series of recommendations,
including the requirement to develop and resource a national planning
and execution system. The Department of Homeland Security National
Planning and Execution System (NPES) is the first step toward satisfying
that requirement."[^42]

"The NPES is similar to the Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Operations
Planning and Execution System (JOPES) and emerging Adaptive Planning
Process (AP). It is designed to facilitate intra-Departmental and
interagency planning to support current and emerging DHS mission
requirements. (**DHS**, 2007)

\[Note: By early January. 2008 the NPES had morphed into the IPS
(Integrated Planning System) before really getting out of the gate.\]

**National Planning and Execution System (NPES):** "DHS addressed the
need for a federal planning process through its development of the
National Planning and Execution System (NPES) -- a formal
curriculum-based process used by the IMPT \[Interagency Incident
Management Planning Team, DHS\] to build its national level interagency
contingency plans. DHS leadership recognized that the success or failure
of the IMPT would hinge largely on its ability to develop a planning
process that could coordinate the efforts of this interagency group and
facilitate the development of a shared planning methodology across the
federal government. In order to achieve this goal, the planning process
development team within OPS \[Office of Operations Coordination, DHS\]
sought to develop a process that was consistent with the core concepts
and terminology established in the National Incident Management System
(NIMS) and the National Response Plan (NRP). In addition, DHS OPS
personnel recognized that the planning process they developed would be
most effective if it integrated current and emerging planning 'best
practices.' This effort required synchronization with our partners at
DoD.

"Prior to the development of NPES, few federal departments and agencies
adhered to a formal planning process that organized the operational
planning efforts within their respective departments. One significant
exception was DoD, which had long used formal planning processes to
conduct operations within the branches of the military. For that reason,
NPES was designed to be specifically compatible with the Joint Planning
and Execution System (JOPES) that DoD uses to create military plans for
circumstances requiring different branches of the Armed Forces to
conduct joint operations.

"NPES was converted to a curriculum that was taught to each member of
the IMPT. The feedback from this training has been overwhelmingly
positive and has resulted in numerous requests by interagency members
that OPS offer this training to others within their departments and
agencies. In addition, many State and local governments have requested
copies of the NPES and related training. As a result of this response,
DHS has actively engaged in promoting and sharing NPES throughout the
interagency. Over the past 10 months, the IMPT has trained over 500
interagency planners on the NPES process... The DHS Office of the Chief
Learning Officer and the Center for Domestic Preparedness are currently
working with the IMPT to develop an accredited NPES Program of
Instruction. By formalizing the instruction and subsequently offering it
at various accredited institutions, the NPES training will become
available to a greater number of planners, thereby advancing its
adoption throughout the interagency. DoD has been a particularly vocal
supporter of DHS's effort to develop NPES as a means to advance a shared
planning culture throughout the interagency. Indicative of this support
are efforts by DHS's Chief Learning Officer and DoD's National Defense
University to offer an NPES course to military personnel through DoD's
vast university network." (**DHS**, *Statement of Ruff*, 2007)

**National Planning and Execution System Planning Process:** NPES uses
the Incident Decision Making Process (IDMP), a five phase -- nine step
process:

-   Phase 1 -- Understand the Situation

    -   Step 1: Mission Identification

        -   Staff Alert Notification; Staff Preparation; Initial Mission
            Assessment

        -   Issue Initial Planning Guidance; Issue Alert Notification

-   Phase 2 -- Determine Objectives and Strategies

    -   Step 2: Mission Analysis

        -   Analyze Higher Echelon Guidance/Direction

        -   Conduct Information Preparation of the Incident

        -   Determine Specified, Implied, and Essential tasks; Review
            Available Assets

        -   Determine Constraints; Identify Critical Facts and
            Assumptions

        -   Conduct Risk Assessment

        -   Determine Initial Senior Leader's Critical Information
            Requirements (CIRs)

        -   Determine Initial Reconnaissance Requirements; Plan Use of
            Available Time

        -   Write the restated mission; Conduct the Mission Analysis
            Briefing

        -   Approve the Restated Mission; Issue the Senior Leader's
            Intent

        -   Issue the Senior Leader's Guidance (COA/Priority, CIRs,
            Recon, Risk, & LE)

        -   Issue a Planning Order; Review Facts and Assumptions

    -   Step 3: Course of Action Development

        -   Analyze Threat/Friendly Capabilities; Generate Options

        -   Array Incident Response Capabilities; Develop Sequence of
            Response

        -   Task Organize Capabilities (Resources); Prepare COA
            Statement & Sketches

-   Phase 3 -- Plan Development

    -   Step 4: Course of Action Analysis (War-game)

        -   Gather the Tools; List all Friendly Forces; List Assumptions

        -   List Known Critical Events and Decision Points

        -   Determine Evaluation Criteria; Select War-game Method (four
            basic types)

        -   Select Method to Record & Display Results

        -   War-game COA and Display Results \-- IMPT members utilize
            'Action-Reaction-Counteraction' cycle for each sequence

    -   Step 5: Course of Action Comparison

        -   Staff Analysis; Incident COA Decision Matrix;

        -   Incident COA Decision Briefing

    -   Step 6: Course of Action Approval

        -   Senior leader approves COA, directs publication of plan, or
            directs staff to start over \-- Product: Synchronization
            Matrix

        -   After senior leader approval -- the designated planning lead
            will organize the staff to publish the order \-- Draft
            CONPLAN or OPLAN; Planning Order

-   Phase 4 -- Plan Preparation

    -   Step 7: Plans and Orders Preparation

        -   Senior Leader Review of Plan; DHS Component Confirmation
            Briefings

    -   Step 8: Rehearsal/Training

        -   Organization conducts rehearsal of CONPLAN or OPLAN

-   Phase 5 -- Plan Refinement

    -   Step 9: Plan Refinement/Revision

        -   Execution -- When Directed or Periodic Update; Assessment

(**DHS**, *Interagency Planning Workshop*, November 29, 2007, slides 4,
8, 34-42)

**National Planning Scenario: '**The term 'National Planning Scenario'
means an event or threat scenario appropriate for national planning by
and among all levels and jurisdictions of government, and in
coordination with private, non-profit, and volunteer organizations."
(**White House**, *Annex I "National Planning" to HSPD-8*, December
2007, p. 1)

**National Planning Scenarios (15):** "The Federal interagency community
has developed 15 all-hazards planning scenarios (the National Planning
Scenarios or Scenarios) for use in national, Federal, State, and local
homeland security preparedness activities. The Scenarios are planning
tools and are representative of the range of potential terrorist attacks
and natural disasters and the related impacts that face our nation. The
objective was to develop a *minimum number* of *credible* scenarios in
order to establish the *range of response requirements* to facilitate
preparedness planning." (**White House**, *National Planning Scenarios*
(21.3 Final Draft), March 2006, p. ii)

**National Planning Scenarios (15):** "While preparedness applies across
the all-hazards spectrum, the 2002 National Strategy for Homeland
Security attaches special emphasis to preparing for catastrophic threats
with "the greatest risk of mass casualties, massive property loss, and
immense social disruption." To illustrate the potential scope,
magnitude, and complexity of a range of major events, the Homeland
Security Council---in partnership with the Department of Homeland
Security (DHS), other Federal departments and agencies, and State,
local, tribal, and territorial governments---developed the National
Planning Scenarios. The 15 Scenarios include terrorist attacks, major
disasters, and other emergencies.... Planners are not precluded from
developing their own scenarios to supplement the National Planning
Scenarios." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines, Appendix B*,
2007, p. 31)

National Planning Scenarios (15): (DHS, *National Preparedness
Guidelines, Appendix* B, 2007, p. 31)

Improvised Nuclear Devise Aerosol Anthrax Pandemic Influenza

Toxic Industrial Chemicals Blister Agent Chlorine Tank Explosion

Radiological Dispersal Device Nerve Agent Improvised Explosive Device

Foreign Animal Disease Food Contamination Cyber attack

Plague Major Hurricane Major Earthquake

**National Planning Scenarios (15):** "The *15 National Planning
Scenarios*...collectively depict a diverse set of high-consequence
threat scenarios regarding both potential terrorist attacks and natural
disasters. Collectively, these scenarios are designed to focus
contingency planning for homeland security preparedness work at all
levels of government and with the private sector. The 15 scenarios form
the basis for coordinated Federal planning, training and exercises."
(**DHS**, *National Response Framework Comment Draft*, 2007, p. 58)

**National Planning Scenarios (15):** "...the Federal planning structure
calls for three types of plans for each of the 15 National Planning
Scenarios: (1) a *DHS Strategic Guidance Statement* and *Strategic
Capabilities Plan* that together define the broad national priorities
and capabilities required to prevent, protect against, respond to and
recover from domestic incidents; (2) a *National-Level Interagency
Concept Plan* (CONPLAN) that integrates the operational activities of
the Federal interagency into a single strategic scenario plan to achieve
the objectives described in the strategic guidance statement and
strategic capabilities plan; and (3) *Federal Department and Agency
Operations Plans* (OPLANs) developed by and for each Federal department
or agency depicting specifically how the organization will fulfill the
requirements of the pertinent CONPLAN." (**DHS**, *National Response
Framework Comment Draft*, 2007, p. 71)

**National Planning Scenarios:** "**SEC. 645. NATIONAL PLANNING
SCENARIOS.** (a) IN GENERAL.---The Administrator, in coordination with
the heads of appropriate Federal agencies and the National Advisory
Council, may develop planning scenarios to reflect the relative risk
requirements presented by all hazards, including natural disasters, acts
of terrorism, and other man-made disasters, in order to provide the
foundation for the flexible and adaptive development of target
capabilities and the identification of target capability levels to meet
the national preparedness goal. (b) DEVELOPMENT.---In developing,
revising, and replacing national planning scenarios, the Administrator
shall ensure that the scenarios--- (1) reflect the relative risk of all
hazards and illustrate the potential scope, magnitude, and complexity of
a broad range of representative hazards; and (2) provide the minimum
number of representative scenarios necessary to identify and define the
tasks and target capabilities required to respond to all hazards."
(**Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1425)

**National Preparedness:** "National Preparedness involves a continuous
cycle of activity to develop the elements (e.g., plans, procedures,
policies, training, and equipment) necessary to maximize the capability
to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from domestic
incidents, especially major events that require coordination among an
appropriate combination of Federal, State, local, tribal, private
sector, and non-governmental entities, in order to minimize the impact
on lives, property, and the economy." (**DHS**, *Interim National
Preparedness Goal \-- Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8:
"National Preparedness."* March 2005)

**National Preparedness Framework Four Mission Areas:** "The Goal
\[NPG\] provides a common framework for a systems-based approach to
build, sustain and improve national preparedness for a broad range of
threats and hazards. The Goal and other source documents define the
mission areas of this framework as follows:

> **Prevent:** Actions to avoid an incident or to intervene or stop an
> incident from
>
> occurring. Prevention involves actions taken to protect lives and
> property. It
>
> involves applying intelligence and other information to a range of
> activities that
>
> may include such countermeasures as deterrence operations; heightened
>
> inspections; improved surveillance and security operations;
> investigations to
>
> determine the full nature and source of the threat; public health and
> agricultural
>
> surveillance and testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or
> quarantine; and,
>
> as appropriate, specific law enforcement operations aimed at
> deterring,
>
> preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity and
> apprehending potential
>
> perpetrators and bringing them to justice (Source---NIMS, March 2004).
>
> **Protect:** Actions to reduce the vulnerability of critical
> infrastructure or key
>
> resources in order to deter, mitigate, or neutralize terrorist
> attacks, major disasters,
>
> and other emergencies (Source---HSPD 7, December 2003). It requires
>
> coordinated action on the part of federal, state, and local
> governments; the private
>
> sector; and concerned citizens across the country. Protection also
> includes:
>
> continuity of government and operations planning; awareness elevation
> and
>
> understanding of threats and vulnerabilities to their critical
> facilities, systems, and
>
> functions; identification and promotion of effective sector-specific
> protection
>
> practices and methodologies; and expansion of voluntary
> security-related
>
> information sharing among private entities within the sector, as well
> as between
>
> government and private entities. (Source -- The National Strategy For
> The
>
> Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets,
> February 2003)
>
> **Respond:** Activities that address the short-term, direct effects of
> an incident.
>
> Response includes immediate actions to save lives, protect property,
> and meet
>
> basic human needs. Response also includes the execution of emergency
>
> operations plans and of mitigation activities designed to limit the
> loss of life,
>
> personal injury, property damage, and other unfavorable outcomes. As
> indicated
>
> by the situation, response activities include applying intelligence
> and other
>
> information to lessen the effects or consequences of an incident;
> increased
>
> security operations; continuing investigations into nature and source
> of the threat;
>
> ongoing public health and agricultural surveillance and testing
> processes;
>
> immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and specific law enforcement
> operations
>
> aimed at preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity, and
> apprehending
>
> actual perpetrators and bringing them to justice (Source---NIMS, March
> 2004).
>
> **Recover:** Activities that include the development, coordination,
> and execution of
>
> service- and site-restoration plans; the reconstitution of government
> operations
>
> and services; individual, private- sector, nongovernmental, and
> public-assistance
>
> programs to provide housing and to promote restoration; long-term care
> and
>
> treatment of affected persons; additional measures for social,
> political, environmental, and economic restoration; evaluation of the
> incident to identify lessons learned; post-incident reporting; and
> development of initiatives to mitigate the effects of future incidents
> (Source---NIMS, March 2004)." (**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area
> Homeland Security Strategy: Guidelines on Aligning Strategies with the
> NPG*, 2005, pp. 3-4)

**National Preparedness Goal:** "A requirement of HSPD-8 to define
"standards for preparedness

assessments and strategies, and a system for assessing the Nation's
overall preparedness to respond to major events, especially those
involving acts of terrorism." The Goal establishes

measurable priorities, targets, and a common approach to developing
needed capabilities. The Goal includes seven priorities for national
preparedness: two overarching priorities and five priorities to build
specific capabilities.

The overarching priorities of the National Preparedness Goal are to:

Implement the National Incident Management System and National Response
Plan

Expand regional collaboration, and

Implement the Interim National Infrastructure Protection Plan.

The priorities for specific capabilities are to:

Strengthen information sharing and collaboration capabilities;

Strengthen interoperable communications capabilities;

> Strengthen chemical, biological, radiation, nuclear, and explosive
> weapons (CBRNE) detection, response, and decontamination capabilities;
> and

Strengthen medical surge and mass prophylaxis capabilities." (**HSC**,
*NCPIP*, 2007, 66;

See also, **DHS**, *Interim NPG*, 2005)

**National Preparedness Goal (NPG):** The President directed the
development of a National Preparedness Goal (or Goal) in Homeland
Security Presidential Directive (HSPD)-8. The Goal reorients how the
Federal government proposes to strengthen the preparedness of the United
States to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from
terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. The Goal
establishes a vision, capabilities, and priorities for national
preparedness. It should be utilized in conjunction with the three
capabilities-based planning tools referenced in the Goal: the National
Planning Scenarios, Universal Task List (UTL), and Target Capabilities
List (TCL). Collectively, they identify key requirements that can help
guide domestic all-hazards preparedness efforts. (**DHS**, *NPG*,
December 2005 Draft, Preface)

**National Preparedness Goal Vision:** "To engage Federal, State, local,
and tribal entities, their private and non-governmental partners, and
the general public to achieve and sustain risk-based target levels of
capability to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from
major events in order to minimize the impact on lives, property, and the
economy." (**DHS**, *NPG*, December 2005 Draft, p. 1)

**National Preparedness Guidelines:** "The National Preparedness
Guidelines (*Guidelines*) are formally established upon issuance and
supersede the Interim National Preparedness Goal issued on March 31,
2005. The *Guidelines* provide an overarching vision, tools, and
priorities to shape national preparedness. The *Guidelines* do not
include an implementation plan; implementation will occur over time
through a wide range of Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial
preparedness programs and activities. For example, Federal program
offices will develop detailed plans that describe how their programs
support *Guidelines* implementation in consultation with their
stakeholders. Those details must be reflected in annual program
guidance, in the form of measurable objectives and requirements. DHS
will monitor those efforts and advise program offices and DHS leadership
on progress and opportunities to improve synchronization. Implementation
and feedback will inform future refinement of the *Guidelines*."
(**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines, Appendix A, Letter of
Instruction*, p. 25)

**National Preparedness Guidelines, Four Critical Elements:** "The
*National Preparedness Guidelines* package...is comprised of four
critical elements:

> • The ***National Preparedness Vision***, which provides a concise
> statement of the core preparedness goal for the nation.
>
> • The ***15 National Planning Scenarios***, which collectively depict
> a diverse set of high-consequence threat scenarios regarding both
> potential terrorist attacks and natural disasters. Collectively, these
> scenarios are designed to focus contingency planning for homeland
> security preparedness work at all levels of government and with the
> private sector. The 15 scenarios form the basis for coordinated
> Federal planning, training and exercises.
>
> • The ***Universal Task List***, which is a menu of some 1,600 unique
> tasks that can facilitate efforts to prevent, protect against, respond
> to and recover from the major events that are represented by the
> National Planning Scenarios. It presents a common vocabulary and
> identifies key tasks that support development of essential
> capabilities among organizations at all levels. Of course, no entity
> will perform every task. Instead, this task list was used to assist in
> creating the Target Capabilities List. It is included in the
> *Guidelines* package as a reference for interested jurisdictions.
>
> • The ***Target Capabilities List***, which defines 37 specific
> capabilities that communities, the private sector and all levels of
> government should possess in order to respond effectively to
> disasters." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, p. 68)

**National Preparedness Guidelines, Lead Agency Implementation
Requirements:** "The National Preparedness Guidelines (*Guidelines*) are
formally established upon issuance and supersede the Interim National
Preparedness Goal issued on March 31, 2005. The *Guidelines* provide an
overarching vision, tools, and priorities to shape national
preparedness. The *Guidelines* do not include an implementation plan;
implementation will occur over time through a wide range of Federal,
State, local, tribal, and territorial preparedness programs and
activities. For example, Federal program offices will develop detailed
plans that describe how their programs support *Guidelines*
implementation in consultation with their stakeholders. Those details
must be reflected in annual program guidance, in the form of measurable
objectives and requirements. DHS will monitor those efforts and advise
program offices and DHS leadership on progress and opportunities to
improve synchronization. Implementation and feedback will inform future
refinement of the *Guidelines*." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness
Guidelines, Appendix A, Letter of Instruction*, 2007, pp. 25-26)

National Preparedness Guidelines, Purposes:

-   "Organize and synchronize national (including Federal, State, local,
    tribal, and territorial) efforts to strengthen national
    preparedness;

-   Guide national investments in national preparedness;

-   Incorporate lessons learned from past disasters into national
    preparedness priorities;

-   Facilitate a capability-based and risk-based investment planning
    process; and

> Establish readiness metrics to measure progress and a system for
> assessing the Nation's overall preparedness capability to respond to
> major events, especially those involving acts of terrorism. (**DHS**,
> *National Preparedness Guidelines*, September 13, 2007, p.1)

**National Preparedness Guidelines Vision:** "The vision for the
*National Preparedness Guidelines* is:

A NATION PREPARED with coordinated capabilities to prevent, protect
against, respond to, and recover from all hazards in a way that balances
risk with resources and need.

This vision is far-reaching. It recognizes that preparedness requires a
coordinated national effort involving every level of government, as well
as the private sector, nongovernmental organizations, and individual
citizens. It addresses capabilities-based preparedness for the full
range of homeland security missions, from prevention through recovery.
States, communities, and the Federal Government have worked together for
decades to manage natural disasters and technological emergencies,
particularly with regard to response and recovery. However, they have
far less experience with terrorist attacks, particularly with regard to
prevention and protection. The *Guidelines* address all hazards and
place heavy emphasis on events at the catastrophic end of the risk
continuum, especially terrorist attacks, which would require rapid

> and coordinated national action. The vision acknowledges that the
> Nation cannot achieve total preparedness for every possible
> contingency and that no two jurisdictions possess identical capability
> needs. We must weigh the relative risk of catastrophic events when
> determining the resources available to address each contingency and
> the unique needs of each community, determine how to best address
> needs in light of the risks, and thereby achieve optimal and
> reasonable levels of preparedness." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness
> Guidelines*, September 13, 2007, p.1-2)

**National Preparedness Integration Program (NPIP):** "Through the NPIP,
FEMA will integrate and synchronize strategic tools, including the
National Incident Management System, National Response Plan, National
Infrastructure Plan and the National Preparedness Goal into a national
operational capability. The NPIP will ensure development of preparedness
processes that foster harmonized day-to-day routine interaction of
disciplines, organizations, levels of government and our citizens.
NPIP's capability requires partnerships at the headquarters level, among
those in the field and on the front line." (**FEMA**, *Vision for New
FEMA*, 12Dec06, p. 24)

**National Preparedness Network (PREPnet):** "The Preparedness Network
(PREPnet) is a satellite-based distance learning system used
by...\[FEMA/National Emergency Training Center\] to bring interactive
training programs into virtually any community nationwide." (**FEMA,**
*About the National Preparedness Network*)

**National Preparedness Planning, Standardized Process:** "It is the
policy of the United States Government to enhance the preparedness of
the Nation by developing and maintaining a standardized approach to
national planning to integrate and effect policy and operationalized
objectives to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from all
hazards, and comprises: (a) a standardized Federal planning process; (b)
national planning doctrine; (c) resourced operational and tactical
planning capabilities at each Federal department and agency with a role
in homeland security; (d) strategic guidance, strategic plans, concepts
of operations, and operations plans and as appropriate, tactical plans;
and (e) a system for integrating plans among all levels of government."
(**White House**, *Annex I "National Planning" to HSPD-8*, 2007, p. 2)

National Preparedness Priorities (Eight) and Associated Capabilities:

+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| National Priority                   | Associated Capabilities        |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Expand Regional Collaboration       | Multiple capabilities          |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Implement the National Incident     | Multiple capabilities          |
| Management System and National      |                                |
| Response Plan                       |                                |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Implement the National              | Multiple capabilities          |
| Infrastructure Protection Plan      |                                |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Strengthen Information Sharing and  | Intelligence/Information       |
| Collaboration Capabilities          | Sharing and Dissemination      |
|                                     |                                |
|                                     | Counter-Terror Investigations  |
|                                     | and Law Enforcement            |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Strengthen Interoperable and        | Communications Emergency       |
| Operable Communications             | Public Information and Warning |
| Capabilities                        |                                |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Strengthen CBRNE Detection,         | CBRNE Detection                |
| Response, and Decontamination       |                                |
| Capabilities                        | Explosive Device Response      |
|                                     | Operations                     |
|                                     |                                |
|                                     | WMD/Hazardous Materials        |
|                                     | Response and Decontamination   |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Strengthen Medical Surge and Mass   | Medical Surge                  |
| Prophylaxis Capabilities            |                                |
|                                     | Mass Prophylaxis               |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Strengthen Planning and Citizen     | Planning                       |
| Preparedness Capabilities           |                                |
|                                     | Citizen Evacuation and         |
|                                     | Shelter-in-Place               |
|                                     |                                |
|                                     | Mass Care (Sheltering,         |
|                                     | Feeding, and Related Services) |
|                                     |                                |
|                                     | Community Preparedness and     |
|                                     | Participation                  |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+

(**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*, September 2007, p. 11)

**National Preparedness System:** "Implementing a common, shared
approach to achieving National preparedness requires the Nation to align
its programs and efforts in support of the Goal \[NPG\]. Alignment can
best be achieved through the application of a systems-based approach,
utilizing capabilities based planning as a common, all-hazard, major
events planning process. This will support the establishment of a true
National Preparedness System, which will provide a

mechanism for measuring preparedness and informing future preparedness
investments.

"The National Preparedness System is a system of systems. As stated in
the National Preparedness Goal, "a system is a combination of
facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications
integrated into a common organizational structure to achieve a mission
or outcome." Many processes, programs, and capabilities already in place
within State, local, tribal, and private sector homeland security
programs and across disciplines will support the National Preparedness
System. The emerging National Preparedness System provides a way to
enhance these existing resources by networking them together more
effectively.

"The National Preparedness System provides a means for the Nation to
answer three fundamental questions: "*How prepared do we need to be*?",
"*How prepared are we*?", and "*How do we prioritize efforts to close
the gap*?" The system helps enable all levels of government to
collaborate seamlessly in order to identify critical gaps and
deficiencies, develop strategies to address those gaps and deficiencies,
track and report on progress toward resolution, and aggregate this
information to better understand our level of preparedness nationally.
The system also helps enable leaders at all levels to allocate resources
systematically to close capability gaps, thereby enhancing the
effectiveness of preparedness efforts.

"The implications of moving to an integrated and adaptive National
Preparedness System

are significant. This shift will require organizational and operational
change across

agencies, disciplines and jurisdictions -- and across State lines.
Mutual aid agreements,

inter-organizational linkages, information sharing, and collaboration
become critical

elements of the new homeland security landscape." (**DHS/ODP**, 2005,
*State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy: Guidance on Aligning
Strategies with the NPG*, p. 5)

**National Preparedness System:** "The National Preparedness System
provides a way to organize preparedness activities and programs pursuant
to the *National Preparedness Guidelines*...The desired end-state of our
National Preparedness System is to achieve and sustain coordinated
capabilities to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from
all hazards in a way that balances risk with resources.... The National
Preparedness System provides opportunities for all levels of government,
the private sector, nongovernmental organizations, and individual
citizens to work together to achieve priorities and capabilities
outlined in the *Guidelines*." (**DHS**, 2007, *National Preparedness
Guidelines*, p.22)

**National Preparedness System: "**DHS will coordinate the establishment
of a national-level structure and process for the ongoing management and
maintenance of the *Guidelines*. This will be closely coordinated with
similar structures and processes for the NIMS, NRP, NIPP, and other
elements of the National Preparedness System in order to help ensure
national policy and planning for operations and preparedness are
mutually supportive.

DHS is committed to working with its homeland security partners in
updating and maintaining the *Guidelines* and related documents as part
of a unified National Preparedness System, which will help ensure
coordinated strategies, plans, procedures, policies, training, and
capabilities at all levels of government. Implementation of the National
Preparedness System is well under way. It is building on assessments of
risk, development of management policies and strategies, identification
of specific missions and supporting tasks in comprehensive plans, and
matching of capabilities against requirements to execute these policies,
strategies, and plans. Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial
governments will participate in assessments of readiness on a regular
basis. The National Preparedness System will emphasize feedback and
periodic reassessment to ensure the current state of preparedness is
based on readiness metrics and is used as the basis for policy and
programmatic decisions." (**DHS**, 2007, *National Preparedness
Guidelines*, p.23)

**National Preparedness System:** "The President, acting through the
\[FEMA\] Administrator, shall develop a national preparedness system to
enable the Nation to meet the national preparedness goal. (b)
COMPONENTS.---The national preparedness system shall include the
following components: (1) Target capabilities and preparedness
priorities. (2) Equipment and training standards. (3) Training and
exercises. (4) Comprehensive assessment system. (5) Remedial action
management program. (6) Federal response capability inventory. (7)
Reporting requirements. (8) Federal preparedness." (**Post-Katrina
Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1425)

**National Preparedness System Building Blocks:**

-   National Planning Scenarios

-   Universal Task List (UTL)

-   Target Capabilities List (TCL)

-   Seven National Priorities

> (**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy:
> Guidance on Aligning Strategies with the NPG*, 2005, p. 2)

**National Principal Federal Official (PFO):** "In the event of a single
incident with national implications or in the case of multiple
incidents, a national-level PFO may be designated to provide overall
coordination of Federal incident management activities. The PFO may
further delegate duties to a Deputy PFO, the FCO or other designated
Federal official as appropriate to facilitate incident management span
of control or after an event transitions to long-term recovery and/or
cleanup operations." (**DHS**, *Notice of Change to the National
Response Plan* (Version 5.0), May 25, 2006, p. 5)

**National Priorities (Seven), National Preparedness Goal:** "These
seven priorities reflect a limited number of the cross-cutting
initiatives and critical capabilities that should drive near-term
planning and resource allocation efforts. The National Priorities are
intended to guide the Nation's preparedness efforts to meet its most
urgent needs, and fall into two categories: (1)

overarching priorities that contribute to the development of multiple
capabilities, and (2)

capability-specific priorities that build selected capabilities for
which the nation has the greatest need:

*National Priorities Overarching Priorities*

• Implement the National Incident Management System and National
Response Plan

• Expanded Regional Collaboration

• Implement the Interim National Infrastructure Protection Plan

*Capability-Specific Priorities*

• Strengthen Information Sharing and Collaboration capabilities

• Strengthen Interoperable Communications capabilities

• Strengthen CBRNE Detection, Response, and Decontamination capabilities

• Strengthen Medical Surge and Mass Prophylaxis capabilities."
(**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy: Guidance
on Aligning Strategies with the NPG*, 2005, p. 6)

**National Processing Services Center (NPSC):** "The National Processing
Services Center (NPSC) is responsible for processing registrations for
assistance that have been filed by individuals affected by a disaster.
This includes:

-   Gathering and reviewing information in order to consider the
    eligibility of applicants who have been referred to the Disaster
    Housing Assistance program.

-   Responding to the questions, concerns, and issues of those who have
    been referred to the Disaster Housing Assistance program.

-   Maintaining records for individuals who have been referred to the
    SBA.

-   Maintaining records for applicants who have been referred to the
    Individual and Households Program along with various other Federal,
    State, local, and voluntary agencies engaged in providing assistance
    to those individuals affected by a disaster. (**FEMA**, *Disaster
    Basics* (IS-292), May 24, 2007 update, p. A-8, Glossary)

**National Public Health Information Coalition (NPHIC):** "The National
Public Health Information Coalition is an independent organization of
professionals sought after to improve America\'s health through public
health communications. NPHIC senior public health information officers:
Participate with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
and other public and private agencies to promote health and prevent
disease; Identify methods to improve communications among members;
Communicate with and through the news media to promote greater
understanding and awareness of public health issues."
(http://www.nphic.org)

**National Rapid Support and Response Team (N-RSRT).** (**DHS**,
*Budget-in-Brief FY 2008*, p. 68)

**National Response Center (USCG):** "The primary function of the
National Response Center is to serve as the sole national point of
contact for reporting all oil, chemical, radiological, biological, and
etiological discharges into the environment anywhere in the United
States and its territories. In addition to gathering and distributing
spill data for Federal On-Scene Coordinators and serving as the
communications and operations center for the National Response Team, the
NRC maintains agreements with a variety of federal entities to make
additional notifications regarding incidents meeting established trigger
criteria. The NRC also takes Terrorist/Suspicious Activity Reports and
Maritime Security Breach Reports." (**NRC**, *NRC Background*, 2002, p.
1)

**National Response Center (NRC):** "A national communications center
for activities related to oil and hazardous substance response actions.
The NRC, located at DHS/USCG Headquarters in Washington, DC, receives
and relays notices of oil and hazardous substances releases to the
appropriate Federal OSC." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary
25-17)

**National Response Coordination Center (NRCC):** FEMA Headquarters
Emergency Operations Center (2007). "The NRCC, a component of the NOC,
is FEMA's primary operations management center for most, but not all,
national incident response and recovery incidents, as well as the focal
point for national resource coordination. As a 24/7 operations center,
the NRCC monitors potential or developing incidents and supports the
efforts of regional and field components. The NRCC has well-tested
capabilities within DHS to connect directly by video teleconference to
all State EOCs and to FEMA regional emergency response support
structures. The NRCC also has the capacity to surge staffing immediately
in anticipation of or in response to a national incident by activating
the full range of ESF teams and other personnel as needed to provide
resources and policy guidance to a JFO or other local incident
management structures, as needed for incident response. The NRCC
provides overall incident management coordination, conducts operational
planning, deploys national-level entities and collects and disseminates
incident information as it builds and maintains a common operating
picture." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft,* 2007, p. 54)

**National Response Coordination Center (NRCC):** "The FEMA NRCC, the
operational component of the DHS National Operations Center (NOC)...
provide\[s\] operational support to field-deployed resources to ensure
synchronized federal response and recovery operations and to resolve
national resource requirements." (**FEMA**, *DHS/FEMA Draft 2008
Hurricane CONPLAN*, October 31, 2007, p. 6)

**National Response Coordination Center (NRCC): "**The NRCC is the
national-level interagency coordination center at FEMA Headquarters. The
NRCC issues mission assignments at the national level as needed. The
NRCC works closely with the Regional Response Coordination Center(s)
(RRCC) or the Joint Field Office(s) (JFO) to ensure that mission
assignments are not duplicated. The NRCC is responsible for adjudicating
conflicts with requests for national resources." (**FEMA**, *Mission
Assignment SOPs Draft*, 2007, p. 4; also 56)

**National Response Framework (NRF): "**Also, consider the National
Response Plan, excuse me, the now called National Response Framework,
which will be released by DHS in the near future. You will be told this
is a national document, developed over many hours of collaboration
between all levels of government and all disciplines. Let me be the
first to say you should have a shovel nearby when you hear this. I've
queried my colleagues at both the state and local level and realize that
no one knows what information this document contains and we won't until
we read it like everyone else in this room." (**Ashwood**, *Testimony on
FEMA in 2007*, 2007, p. 2)

**National Response Framework (NRF):** "The purpose of the National
Response Framework is to establish a comprehensive, national,
all-hazards approach to domestic incident response. The Framework
presents an overview of key response principles, roles and structures
that guide the national response. It describes how communities, States,
the Federal Government and private-sector and nongovernmental partners
apply these principles for a coordinated, effective national response.
And, it describes special circumstances where the Federal Government
exercises a larger role, including incidents where Federal interests are
involved and catastrophic incidents

where a State would require significant support. Its real value,
however, is in how these elements come together and are implemented by
first responders, decision-makers and supporting entities to provide a
unified national response.....

The *Framework* is written for senior elected and appointed leaders,
such as Federal agency heads, State Governors, tribal leaders, mayors or
city managers -- those who have a responsibility to provide for
effective incident management. At the same time, it informs emergency
management practitioners, explaining the operating structures and tools
used routinely by first responders and emergency managers at all levels
of government. The *Framework* document is richly augmented with online
access to supporting documents, further training and a source for
exchanging lessons learned." (**DHS**, *Introducing the NRP*, 2007, p.
2)

**National Response Framework (NRF):** "Decentralization, disciplined
initiative and freedom of action are the greatest strengths of our
*National Response Framework*." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, p.
67)

**National Response Framework (NRF):** "A guide to how the nation
conducts all-hazards incident management." (**FEMA**, *National Incident
Management System* /Draft, 2007, 155)

**National Response Framework (NRF):** "Ultimately, our National
Response Framework must help us strengthen the foundation for an
effective national response, rapidly assess emerging inci­dents, take
initial actions, expand operations as needed, and commence recovery
actions to stabilize the area. This framework must be clearly written,
easy to understand, and designed to be truly national in scope, meeting
the needs of State, local, and Tribal governments and the private and
non-profit sectors, as well as the Federal Government." (**White
House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, Homeland Security
Council, October 2007, p. 31)

**National Response Framework (NRF) Advance Readiness Activities**:
"There are times when we are able to anticipate impending or emergent
events that will require a national response, such as an upcom­ing
hurricane season, a potential pandemic, or a period of heightened
terrorist threat. We must capitalize on this critical window of
opportunity to increase readiness activi­ties. For example, we can
pre-identify needs and fill gaps in our current capabilities or
resources that will be required to address the specific nature of the
forthcoming incident. We also will pre-position commodities such as
water, ice, emergency meals, tarps, and other disaster supplies so they
will be readily available for use. Additional advance readi­ness
activities include establishing contracts with the private sector prior
to an incident and developing pre-negotiated agreements with Federal
departments and agencies to ensure that appropriate Federal resources
are available during a crisis." (**White House**, *National Strategy for
Homeland Security*, Homeland Security Council, October 2007, p. 34)

**National Response Framework (NRF) Catastrophic Incident Annex Purpose
and Scope:** "Purpose: The Catastrophic Incident Annex to the National
Response Framework (NRF-CIA) establishes the context and overarching
strategy for implementing and coordinating an accelerated, proactive
national response to a catastrophic incident. A more detailed and
operationally specific National Response Framework Catastrophic Incident
Supplement (NRF-CIS) is published independently of the NRF and annexes.

Scope.... Recognizing that Federal and/or national resources are
required to augment overwhelmed State, tribal, and local response
efforts, the NRF-CIA establishes protocols to preidentify and rapidly
deploy key essential resources (e.g., medical teams, urban search and
rescue teams, transportable shelters, medical and equipment caches,
etc.) that are expected to be urgently needed/required to save lives and
contain incidents. Accordingly, upon designation by the Secretary of
Homeland Security of a catastrophic incident, Federal resources,
organized into incident-specific "packages," deploy in accordance with
the NRF-CIS and in coordination with the affected State and incident
command structure.

Where State, tribal, or local authorities are unable to establish or
maintain an effective incident command structure due to catastrophic
conditions, the Federal Government, at the direction of the Secretary of
Homeland Security may establish a unified command structure to save
lives, protect property, secure critical infrastructure/key resources,
contain the event, and protect national security. The Federal Government
shall transition to its normal role supporting incident command through
State, tribal, or local authorities when their command is
reestablished." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework, Catastrophic
Incident Annex*, Sep.10, 2007 Draft, p. 1)

**National Response Framework (NRF) Doctrine:** "Incidents that begin
with a single response discipline within one jurisdiction may quickly
expand to multi-disciplinary, multi-jurisdictional incidents that
require additional resources and capabilities. In order to ensure
high-level organization and efficiency among multiple actors in these
chal­lenging and complex environments, the response community must rely
on fundamental principles that guide the full range of response
activities. NIMS forms the backbone of this doctrine and includes, among
other things, an Incident Command System as the overall management
structure for responding to an incident as well as the concept of
Unified Command, which provides for and enables joint decisions and
action based on mutually agreed-upon objectives, priorities, and plans
among all homeland partners involved in the response effort without
affecting individual agency authority, responsibil­ity, or
accountability. We will continue to expand and refine the full set of
fundamental doctrinal principles underlying our National Response
Framework. For example, we will incorporate and further emphasize the
concept of readiness to act that is imperative for no-notice incidents
as well as incidents that have the potential to expand rapidly in size,
scope, or complexity. Through the framework, we will encourage engaged
partnerships in which all organizations establish shared objectives,
assess their capabilities, identify gaps, and work collaboratively to
fill those gaps well in advance of an incident. We also will underscore
that our national response must be scalable, flexible, and adaptable to
respond to the full range of potential incidents that our Nation could
confront." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*,
October 2007, pp. 32-33)

National Response Framework (NRF) Key Principles: "Key Principles of the
*Framework*

1.  Engaged partnership

2.  Tiered response

3.  Scalable, flexible and adaptable operational capabilities

4.  Unity of effort through unified command

5.  Readiness to act" (**DHS**, *National Response Framework* (Comment
    Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 2)

**National Response Framework Purpose:** "The purpose of the *National
Response Framework* is to establish a comprehensive, national,
all-hazards approach to domestic incident response.

The *Framework* presents an overview of key response principles, roles
and structures that guide the national response. It describes how
communities, States, the Federal Government and private-sector and
nongovernmental partners apply these principles for a coordinated,
effective national response. And, it describes special circumstances
where the Federal Government exercises a larger role, including
incidents where Federal interests are involved and catastrophic
incidents where a State would require significant support. Its real
value, however, is in how these elements come together and are
implemented by first responders, decision-makers and supporting entities
to provide a unified national response." (**DHS**, *Introducing...NRP*,
September 2007, p. 2)

**National Response Framework (NRF)** **Special Circumstances:** "*There
are special circumstances where the Federal Government exercises a
larger, more proactive role* \[in disaster response\]*.* This includes
catastrophic incidents when local and State governments require
significant support, and incidents where Federal interests are directly
implicated, such as those involving primary Federal jurisdiction or
authorities. For example, the Federal Government will lead response
efforts to render safe weapons of mass destruction and coordinate
related activities with State and local partners, as appropriate."
(**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, October
2007, p. 33)

**National Response Plan (NRP):** "Homeland Security Presidential
Directive (HSPD)-5, *Management of Domestic Incidents*, requires the
creation of a National Response Plan (NRP) to integrate Federal
Government prevention, preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation
plans into one all-discipline, all-hazard approach to domestic incident
management. The NRP, using the National Incident Management System
(NIMS), is intended to provide the core organizational structure and
operational mechanisms for Federal support to State and local
authorities, implementation of direct Federal incident management
authorities and responsibilities under the law, and full coordination of
resources among Federal departments and agencies. This plan was
developed through an inclusive interagency, inter-jurisdictional process
incorporating the expertise and recommendations of Federal, State,
local, tribal, and private sector stakeholders." (**DHS**, *National
Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 1, Secretary of
Homeland Security Tom Ridge Transmittal Letter)

**National Response Plan (NRP):** "The NRP supercedes the Federal
Response Plan (FRP), United States Government Interagency Domestic
Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan (CONPLAN), and the Initial National
Response Plan (INRP). The NRP, as the core plan for national incident
management, is linked to an array of incident or hazard-specific Federal
contingency plans, such as National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) and Federal Radiological Emergency
Response Plan (FRERP) that are designed to implement the specific
statutory authorities and responsibilities of various departments and
agencies. These plans establish protocols for the management of
hazard-specific contingencies and provide the vital mechanisms for
managing thousands of incidents annually. The plans are fully
incorporated as key components of the NRP when implemented for incidents
of national significance." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft
#1), February 25, 2004, p. 2)

**National Response Plan (NRP):** "The NRP establishes a national
framework for domestic incident management and applies to Incidents of
National Significance. Federal, State, local, and tribal agencies
respond to the vast majority of incidents acting under their authorities
or through existing agency or interagency contingency plans." (**DHS**,
*National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, pp. 3-4)

**National Response Plan (NRP):** "Domestic incident management
activities addressed in the NRP span the event including prevention,
preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. As shown in Figure 2,
an incident typically begins with notification of a potential or actual
situation setting in motion mechanisms to activate and deploy resources
to interdict and prevent the incident from happening, to mitigate its
effects, and to respond and recover from the impacts of the incident."
(**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 15)

**National Response Plan (NRP):** "A plan mandated by HSPD-5 that
integrates Federal domestic prevention, preparedness, response, and
recovery plans into one all-discipline, all-hazards plan." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 57)

**National Response Plan (NRP):** "The NRP framework provides the
following to guide a response to incidents of national significance:

\(a\) Best practices and procedures from various incident management
disciplines --- homeland security, emergency management, law
enforcement, fire-fighting, hazardous materials response, public works,
public health, emergency medical services, and responder and recovery
worker health and safety --- and integrates them into a unified
coordinating structure.

\(b\) The framework for Federal interaction with State, local, and
tribal governments; the private sector; and NGOs in the context of
domestic incident prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery
activities.

\(c\) The foundation for the development of detailed supplemental plans
and procedures to effectively and efficiently implement Federal incident
management activities and assistance in the context of specific types of
incidents.

\(d\) Integration of the capabilities and resources of governmental
jurisdictions, incident management and emergency response disciplines,
NGOs, and the private sector into a cohesive, coordinated, and seamless
national framework for domestic incident management.

\(e\) Separate incident annexes for biological events, catastrophic
events, oil and HAZMAT, terrorism, and nuclear/radiological events. The
joint force has a CBRNE CM role with specified and implied tasks in each
of the CBRNE areas as well as in many of the ESF annexes (see the NRP
for details).

\(f\) The NRP Catastrophic Incident Supplement provides the operational
framework for implementing the strategy contained in the NRP
Catastrophic Incident Annex." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE Consequence
Management* (JP 3-41), 2006, pp. II-13 and II-14)

**National Response Plan (NRP):** HSPD-5 directed the Secretary of
Homeland Security to develop and administer an NRP to integrate the
current family of federal domestic prevention, preparedness, response
and recovery plans into a single all-discipline, all-hazards plan in an
attempt to unify domestic incident management. The NRP has superseded
other emergency response plans (e.g., US Government Interagency Domestic
Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan, Federal Radiological Emergency
Response Plan, Mass Migration Emergency Plan, and the National Oil and
Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan). In addition to
consolidating federal plans, other modifications within the NRP that
impact DOD are the establishment of a Homeland Security Operations
Center, the establishment of an interagency incident management group,
and the creation of a principal federal official who may be appointed to
represent the Secretary of Homeland Security at the incident site."
(**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security*, 2005, p. IV-13)

**National Response Plan (NRP):** "A document that describes the
structure and processes comprising a national approach to domestic
incident management designed to integrate the efforts and resources of
Federal, State, local, tribal, private-sector, and nongovernmental
organizations." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-17)

**National Response Plan (NRP) Purpose:** "The purpose of the NRP is to
establish a comprehensive, national, all-hazards approach to domestic
incident management across a spectrum of activities including
prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.

The NRP incorporates best practices and procedures from various incident
management disciplines---homeland security, emergency management, law
enforcement, firefighting, hazardous materials response, public works,
public health, emergency medical services, and responder and recovery
worker health and safety---and integrates them into a unified
coordinating structure." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan*, 2004, p. 2P

**National Response System (NRS):** "Our National Response System
routinely and effectively responds to a wide range of oil and hazardous
substance releases. It is a multi-layered system of individuals and
teams from local, state, and federal agencies, industry, and other
organizations that share expertise and resources to ensure that oil
spill control and cleanup activities are timely and efficient, and that
they minimize threats to human health and the environment.

At the heart of the system is the National Contingency Plan (NCP)...a
regulation developed to ensure that the resources and expertise of the
federal government are available immediately for oil or hazardous
substance releases that are beyond the capabilities of local and state
responders. The NCP provides the framework for the National Response
System and establishes how it works." (**EPA**, *National Response
System*, September 17, 2007)

**National Response Team (NRT):** "The NRT, comprised of the 16 Federal
agencies with major environmental and public health responsibilities, is
the primary vehicle for coordinating Federal agency activities under the
NCP. The NRT carries out national planning and response coordination and
is the head of a highly organized Federal oil and hazardous substance
emergency response network. EPA serves as the NRT Chair, and DHS/USCG
serves as Vice Chair." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-17)

**National Search and Rescue Plan (NSP):** "Objectives:

a\. Provide a United States Plan for coordinating civil SAR services to
meet domestic needs,

international commitments, and to document related national policies;

b\. Support lifesaving provisions of IMO's International Convention on
Maritime Search and

Rescue, ICAO's Convention on International Civil Aviation (Annex 12),
certain international agreements to which the United States is Party,
and similar international instruments;

c\. Provide an overall Plan for coordination of civil SAR operations,
effective use of available resources, mutual assistance, and efforts to
improve such cooperation and services;

d\. Integrate available civil SAR resources into a cooperative network
for greater protection of life and property and to ensure greater
efficiency and economy; and

e\. Enable the United States to satisfy its humanitarian, and national
and international legal obligations." (**National Search and Rescue
Committee** (US GOV). *National Search and Rescue Plan of the United
States*, 2007, p. 3)

"This Plan does *not* cover operations such as:

a\. Air ambulance services which did not result from a rescue or
recovery operation;

b\. Rescues from space (although rescue of persons returned from space
can be included);

c\. Military operations, such as combat SAR or other types of recovery
by military operations to remove military or civilian personnel from
harm's way;

d\. Salvage operations;

e\. Assistance in cases of civil disturbance, insurrection or other
emergencies which endanger life or property or disrupt the usual process
of government; and

f\. Operations and coordination in addition to those covered by this
Plan that might be carried out concurrently with civil SAR operations on
scene, such as could occur during a disaster or terrorism response
situation, or an Incident of National Significance." (**National Search
and Rescue Committee** (US GOV). *National SAR Plan of the US*, 2007, p.
11)

**National Search and Rescue Committee (NSARC):** "The interagency
Committee that oversees the NSP and serves as a federal coordinating
forum for national civil SAR matters." (**National Search and Rescue
Committee**, *National Search & Rescue Plan of the US*, 2007, 2)

**National Security: "**Definition: a comprehensive program of
integrated policies and procedures for the Departments, agencies, and
functions of the United States Government aimed at protecting the
territory, population, infrastructure, institutions, values, and global
interests of the Nation." (**DHS**, *Lexicon; Terms and Definitions*,
October 23, 2007, pp. 18-19)

**National Security Act of 1947:** "The National Security Act of 1947,
as amended, established the NSC to advise the President with respect to
the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to
national security." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security*, 2005, p. II-15)

**National Security and Homeland Security Strategy:** "The *National
Security Strategy of the United States* aims to guarantee the
sovereignty and independence of the United States, with our fundamental
values and institutions intact. It provides a framework for creating and
seizing opportunities that strengthen our security and prosperity.

The *National Strategy for Homeland Security* complements the *National
Security Strategy of the*

*United States* by addressing a very specific and uniquely challenging
threat -- terrorism in the

United States -- and by providing a comprehensive framework for
organizing the efforts of federal, state, local and private
organizations whose primary functions are often unrelated to national
security." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*,
July 2002, p. 5)

**National Security and Homeland Security Strategy:** Our understanding
of homeland security continued to evolve after September 11, adapting to
new realities and threats. As we waged the War on Terror both at home
and abroad, our Nation endured Hurricane Katrina, the most destructive
natural disaster in U.S. history. The human suffering and staggering
physical destruction caused by Katrina were a reminder that threats come
not only from terrorism, but also from nature. Indeed, certain
non-terrorist events that reach catastrophic levels can have significant
implications for homeland security. The resulting national consequences
and possible cascading effects from these events might present potential
or perceived vulnerabilities that could be exploited, possibly eroding
citizens' confidence in our Nation's government and ultimately
increasing our vulnerability to attack. This *Strategy* therefore
recognizes that effective preparation for catastrophic natural disasters
and man-made disasters, while not homeland security *per se*, can
nevertheless increase the security of the Homeland. (**White House**,
*National Strategy for Homeland Security*, Homeland Security Council,
October 2007, p. 3)

**National Security and Natural Disasters:** "*Natural disasters are not
national security issues.* The new strategy \[NSHS 2007\] places undue
emphasis on responding to natural disasters. The federal government does
have responsibilities in this area, and use of homeland security
instruments like the Coast Guard and the National Guard is appropriate
in disaster response efforts. However, hurricanes are not national
security threats. Treating them as such threatens to cede greater power
and authority to the executive branch. The expanded emphasis on natural
disasters in the revised strategy was a knee-jerk reaction to criticism
over the response to Katrina rather than a necessary change in strategic
focus. The original homeland security strategy stressed that national
disaster systems should be structured to respond to "all hazards," both
natural and manmade. That strategic guidance was sufficient."
(**Carafano**, 10 Oct. 2007, p. 1)

\[BWB Note: The words "Disaster," "Natural," and "Catastrophe" do not
appear in *The National Security Strategy of the United States.*\]

**National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 26, US Civil Defense
Policy, 1982:** "It is the policy of the United States to enhance the
deterrence of strategic nuclear war through a strong and balanced
program of strategic forces, including effective capabilities for
strategic defense. Civil Defense, along with an effective Continuity of
Government program, emergency mobilization, and secure and
reconstitutable telecommunications systems, is an essential ingredient
of our nuclear deterrent forces. It is a matter of national priority
that the US have a Civil Defense program which provides for the survival
of the US population... Accordingly, I direct that the US Civil Defense
program provide an improved basis for dealing with crises and carrying
out eventual national recovery. The US Civil Defense program will:

-   Enhance deterrence and stability in conjunction with our strategic
    offensive and other strategic defensive forces. Civil Defense, as an
    element of the strategic balance, should assist in maintaining
    perceptions that this balance is favorable to the US.

-   Reduce the possibility that the US could be coerced in time of
    crisis.

-   Provide for survival of a substantial portion of the US population
    in the event of nuclear attack preceded by strategic warning and for
    continuity of government, should deterrence and escalation control
    fail.

-   Provide an improved ability to deal with natural disasters and other
    large-scale domestic emergencies....

The Federal Emergency Management Agency will have overall operational
supervision of this program. Funds for the program will be contained in
the FEMA budget. In order to ensure interagency cooperation and support
in the program, the Civil Defense Working Group of the Emergency
Mobilization Preparedness Board will be responsible for, among other
things, assuring coordination between the Civil Defense program and
mobilization preparedness actions and programs, and the preparation of
semi-annual reports to the President." (**White House**, *NSDD 26: US
Civil Defense Policy*, March 16, 1982, pp. 1-2)

**National Security Decision Directive 47 (Emergency Mobilization
Preparedness), 1982:** "It is the policy of the United States to have an
emergency mobilization preparedness capability that will ensure that
government at all levels, in partnership with the private sector and the
American people, can respond decisively and effectively to any major
national emergency with defense of the United States as the first
priority." (White House. *Emergency Mobilization Preparedness
\[NSDD-47\] (U)*, July 22, 1982, p. 1)

**National Security Decision Directive 259, U.S. Civil Defense
(President Reagan, 1987):** "It is the policy of the United States to
have a civil defense capability as an element of our overall national
security posture.

[Principles, Concepts, and Objectives]{.underline}

"The civil defense program will continue to support all-hazard
integrated emergency management at State and local levels, to the extent
that this is consistent with and contributes to preparedness of the
Nation in the event of an attack, whether by nuclear or non-nuclear
means....

"The program will emphasize development of a civil defense
infrastructure capable of rapid expansion in a national security
emergency. The objective of the...program will include:

1.  Population protection capabilities with the Federal Government
    providing guidance and assistance to enable State and Local
    governments to develop the requisite plans, systems, and
    capabilities.

2.  State and local government crisis management capabilities to
    effectively support the population in national security emergencies.

3.  Information to promote a clear understanding by the public of
    threats, including nuclear attack, which may affect their
    localities, and on actions they should take to increase their
    chances of survival.

4.  Information to assist U.S. business and industry in taking measures
    to protect their work forces and physical assets in national
    security emergencies." (**White House**, *NSDD 259*, February 4,
    1987, p. 1 of 3)

[Implementation]{.underline}

The Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, as amended (50 U.S.C. App. 2251
[et seq]{.underline},) provides that responsibility for civil defense is
vested jointly in the Federal Government and the States and their
political subdivisions. Accordingly, the U.S. Civil Defense program will
be based on the following:

1.  The Federal Government will focus on guidance to the public and to
    State and local governments to improve preparedness for national
    security emergencies. Financial assistance will be provided in
    cooperation with State and local governments.

2.  ....

3.  The States have the primary responsibility for developing their
    capabilities for peacetime emergencies and share responsibility for
    attack preparedness. They should support development of civil
    defense plans, systems, and capabilities for themselves and their
    political subdivisions. States will assure that where Federal civil
    defense funds and assistance are applied to natural and
    technological disaster preparedness, such use is consistent with,
    contributes to, and does not detract from attack preparedness...."

> (**White House**, *NSDD 259*, February 4, 1987, p. 3 of 3)

**National Security Emergency:** "Any occurrence, including natural
disaster, military attack, technological emergency, or other emergency,
that seriously degrades or seriously threatens the national security of
the United States." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Dictionary* 2001, 84; cites
Executive Order 12656; **DoD**, *MACDIS*, 1994, p. 19)

**National Security Professional Development:** "By the authority vested
in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States
of America, and in order to enhance the national security, it is hereby
ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. In order to enhance the national
security of the United States, including preventing, protecting against,
responding to, and recovering from natural and manmade disasters, such
as acts of terrorism, it is the policy of the United States to promote
the education, training, and experience of current and future
professionals in national security positions (security professionals) in
executive departments and agencies (agencies)." (**White House**,
*Executive Order 13434: National Security Professional Development*, May
17, 2007)

**National Security Strategy of the United States:** "The U.S. national
security strategy will be based on a distinctly American
internationalism that reflects the union of our values and our national
interests. The aim of this strategy is to help make the world not just
safer but better. Our goals on the path to progress are clear: political
and economic freedom, peaceful relations with other states, and respect
for human dignity.... To achieve these goals, the United States will:

• champion aspirations for human dignity;

• strengthen alliances to defeat global terrorism and work to prevent
attacks against us and our friends;

• work with others to defuse regional conflicts;

• prevent our enemies from threatening us, our allies, and our friends,
with weapons of mass destruction;

• ignite a new era of global economic growth through free markets and
free trade;

• expand the circle of development by opening societies and building the
infrastructure of democracy;

• develop agendas for cooperative action with other main centers of
global power; and

• transform America's national security institutions to meet the
challenges and opportunities of the twenty-first century." (**White
House**, *The National Security Strategy of the United States of
America*, September 2002, pp. 7-8)

**National Security Strategy of the United States:** "Our national
security strategy is founded upon two pillars:

The first pillar is promoting freedom, justice, and human dignity --
working to end tyranny, to promote effective democracies, and to extend
prosperity through free and fair trade and wise development policies.
Free governments are accountable to their people, govern their territory
effectively, and pursue economic and political policies that benefit
their citizens. Free governments do not oppress their people or attack
other free nations. Peace and international stability are most reliably
built on a foundation of freedom.

The second pillar of our strategy is confronting the challenges of our
time by leading a growing community of democracies. Many of the problems
we face -- from the threat of pandemic disease, to proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction, to terrorism, to human trafficking, to
natural disasters -- reach across borders. Effective multinational
efforts are essential to solve these problems. Yet history has shown
that only when we do our part will others do theirs. America must
continue to lead. (**President George W. Bush**, Introduction, *The
National Security Strategy of the United States of America*, White
House: March 2006)

**National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC):**
"The NSTAC provides industry-based advice and expertise to the President
on issues and problems related to implementing National Security and
Emergency Preparedness (NS/EP) communications policy. The NSTAC is
comprised of up to 30 industry chief executives representing the major
communications and network service providers and information technology,
finance, and aerospace companies. It was created under Executive Order
12382." (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p. 28).

**National Shelter System:** "The National Shelter System (NSS) is a
comprehensive database that provides relevant information for all
shelters operated and reported through the NSS during response to
disasters and emergencies. The information in the NSS is provided by the
State, tribal, local, and nongovernmental entities that are operating
these shelters." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #6 --* *Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing, and
Human Services* *Annex* (Comment Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 6)

**National Shelter System:** "In an effort to improve shelter management
and accountability, FEMA and the American Red Cross developed the
National Shelter System (NSS). The NSS is a web-based data system that
supports shelter management, reporting, and facility identification
activities. The system is intended for use by all agencies that provide
shelter services during disasters to ensure a comprehensive
understanding of the shelter populations and available shelter capacity.
In addition, the system provides visibility on large shelter populations
and positions FEMA to deliver targeted registration assistance to
disaster victims." (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*, December 4,
2007, p. 6)

**National Simulation Exercise Center:** Component of FEMA's National
Preparedness Directorate, National Integration Center, National Exercise
Division, 2007.

**National Special Security Event (NSSE):** "When an event is designated
a National Special Security Event, the Secret Service assumes its
mandated role as the lead federal agency for the design and
implementation of the operational security plan and Federal resources
are deployed to maintain the level of security needed for the event and
the area.  The goal of such an operation is to prevent terrorist attacks
and criminal acts.... A number of factors are taken into consideration
when designating an event as a National Special Security Event including
a few outlined below:

1.  Anticipated attendance by dignitaries - Events which are attended by
    officials of the United States Government and/or foreign dignitaries
    also may create an independent federal interest in ensuring that the
    event transpires without incident and that sufficient resources are
    brought to bear in the event of an incident.  

2.  Size of the event - A large number of attendees and participants
    generally increases the security requirements.  In addition, larger
    events are more likely to draw the attention of terrorists or other
    criminals, particularly those interested in employing weapons of
    mass destruction.

3.  Significance of the event - Some events have historical, political
    and/or symbolic significance that may heighten concern about
    possible terrorist acts or other criminal activity. (**DHS**,
    *National Special Security Events Fact Sheet*, July 9, 2003)

**National Special Security Event Support (NSSE):** "A designated event
that, by virtue of its political, economic, social, or religious
significance, may be the target of terrorism or other criminal
activity."

-   An event of great magnitude and enormous national and/or
    international importance

-   Designated by the Secretary of Homeland Security (at the request of
    a Governor and recommendation of the NSSE Working Group)

-   USSS \[US Secret Service\] leads the development and implementation
    of the comprehensive security planning for the event

-   FBI serves as the lead for intelligence, criminal investigation of
    terrorist acts and threats, hostage rescue, and counterterrorism

-   Other Federal Departments and Agencies will usually provide
    (pre-deployed and on standby) a full range of resources to support
    USSS, FBI and FEMA to achieve the highest level of readiness during
    the event

-   A Principal Federal Official (PFO) is pre-designated for all NSSEs

-   Integrated Federal Support Plan (IFSP) is required for all SEAR
    \[Special Event Assessment Report\] Level 1 & 2 events." (**DHS**,
    *Office of Operations Coordination Interagency Planning Workshop*,
    November 29, 2007, slide \# 25)

**National Special Security Event Support (NSSE):** "NSSEs are events of
national significance

that require greater federal visibility. NSSE is a designation that was
established by PDD 62 and

HSPD-7 (which supersedes the language in the PDD) and provides for
additional federal resources in Historical examples of NSSEs include the
State of the Union Address, Salt Lake City Olympics, and Democratic and
Republican National Conventions. support of state and local authorities.
If DOD assistance is required, military forces will remain in a
supporting role to the LFA. The Secretary of Homeland Security, in
consultation with the HSC, shall be responsible for designating events
as NSSEs. The USSS, an element of the DHS, is the LFA for
NSSE-designated events. Special events, including NSSEs, are ranked in
importance by the FBI." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26),
2005, pp. IV-6 and IV-7)

**National Special Security Event (NSSE):** "A designated event that, by
virtue of it's political,

economic, social, or religious significance, may be the target of
terrorism or other criminal activity." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006,
Glossary 25-17)

**National Strategy for Combating Terrorism:** "As laid out in this
strategy, to win the War on Terror, we will:

Advance effective democracies as the long--term antidote to the ideology
of terrorism;

Prevent attacks by terrorist networks;

Deny terrorists the support and sanctuary of rogue states;

Deny weapons of mass destruction to rogue states and terrorist allies
who seek to use them;

Deny terrorists control of any nation they would use as a base and
launching pad for terror; and

Lay the foundations and build the institutions and structures we need to
carry the fight forward against terror and help ensure our ultimate
success." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Combating Terrorism*,
2006, p. 1)

**National Strategy for Homeland Security (2002):** "The *National
Strategy for Homeland Security*... creates a comprehensive plan...to
enhance our protection and reduce our vulnerability to terrorist
attacks.... The strategic objectives of homeland security in order of
priority are to:

• Prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;

• Reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism; and

• Minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur."

(**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, 2002, pp.
vi-vii)

**National Strategy for Homeland Security (2002) Critical Mission
Areas:** "The *National Strategy for Homeland Security* aligns and
focuses homeland security functions into six critical mission areas:

-   intelligence and warning,

-   border and transportation security,

-   domestic counterterrorism,

-   protecting critical infrastructure,

-   defending against catastrophic terrorism, and

-   emergency preparedness and response.

The first three mission areas focus primarily on preventing terrorist
attacks; the next two on reducing our Nation's vulnerabilities; and the
final one on minimizing the damage and recovering from attacks that do
occur. The *Strategy* provides a framework to align the resources of the
federal budget directly to the task of securing the homeland." (**White
House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, 2002, pp. viii)

**National Strategy for Homeland Security (Emergency Preparedness and
Support) 2002:** The *National Strategy for Homeland Security*
identifies twelve major initiatives in \[Emergency Preparedness and
Support\]:

• Integrate separate federal response plans into a single all-discipline
incident management plan;

• Create a national incident management system;

• Improve tactical counterterrorist capabilities;

• Enable seamless communication among all responders;

• Prepare health care providers for catastrophic terrorism;

• Augment America's pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles;

• Prepare for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
decontamination;

• Plan for military support to civil authorities;

• Build the Citizen Corps;

• Implement the First Responder Initiative of the Fiscal Year 2003
Budget;

• Build a national training and evaluation system; and

• Enhance the victim support system." (**White House**, *National
Strategy for HS*, **2002**, p. x.)

**National Strategy for Homeland Security \-- Goal (2007):** "The United
States, through a concerted national effort that galvanizes the
strengths and capa­bilities of Federal, State, local, and Tribal
governments; the private and non-profit sectors; and regions,
communities, and individual citizens -- along with our partners in the
international community -- will work to achieve a secure Homeland that
sustains our way of life as a free, prosperous, and welcoming America.

In order to realize this vision, the United States will use all
instruments of national power and influence -- diplomatic, information,
military, economic, financial, intelligence, and law enforcement -- to
achieve our goals to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks; protect the
Ameri­can people, critical infrastructure, and key resources; and respond
to and recover from inci­dents that do occur. We also will continue to
create, strengthen, and transform the principles, systems, structures,
and institutions we need to secure our Nation over the long term. This
is our strategy for homeland security." (**White House**, *National
Strategy for Homeland Security*, 2007, page 13)

**National Strategy for Homeland Security \-- Purpose (2007):** "The
purpose of our *Strategy* is to guide, organize, and unify our Nation's
homeland security efforts. It provides a common framework by which our
entire Nation should focus its efforts on the following four goals:

• Prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks;

• Protect the American people, our critical infrastructure, and key
resources;

• Respond to and recover from incidents that do occur; and

• Continue to strengthen the foundation to ensure our long-term success.

While the first three goals help to organize our national efforts, the
last goal entails creat­ing and transforming our homeland security
principles, systems, structures, and institutions. This includes
applying a comprehensive approach to risk management, building a culture
of preparedness, developing a comprehensive Homeland Security Management
System, improv­ing incident management, better utilizing science and
technology, and leveraging all instru­ments of national power and
influence." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*,
2007,1)

**National Strategy for Homeland Security -- Shared Responsibility
(2007):** "To best protect the American people, homeland security must
be a responsibility shared across our entire Nation. As we further
develop a national culture of preparedness, our local, Tribal, State,
and Federal governments, faith-based and community organizations, and
businesses must be partners in securing the Homeland." (President George
W. Bush, in **White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*,
2007, p. 5, web copy)

**National Strategy for Information Sharing:** "Improv­ing information
sharing in the post--September 11 world requires an environment that
sup­ports the sharing of information across all levels of government,
disciplines, and security domains. As with our achievements to date, an
improved information sharing environment will not be constructed
overnight, but rather will evolve over time and will be the fruit of
care­ful cultivation. An improved information sharing environment also
will be constructed upon a foundation of trusted partnerships among all
levels of government, the private sector, and our foreign
allies---partnerships based on a shared commitment to detect, prevent,
disrupt, preempt, and mitigate the effects of terrorism. This Strategy
sets forth the Administration's vision of what improvements are needed
and how they can be achieved.

The Strategy was developed with the understanding that homeland security
information, ter­rorism information, and law enforcement information
related to terrorism can come from multiple sources, all levels of
government, as well as from private sector organizations and foreign
sources. Federal, State, local, and tribal government organizations use
such informa­tion for multiple purposes. In addition to traditional law
enforcement uses, such information is used to (1) support efforts to
prevent terrorist attacks, (2) develop critical infrastructure
protection and resilience plans, (3) prioritize emergency management,
response, and recovery planning activities, (4) devise training and
exercise programs, and (5) determine the alloca­tion of funding and other
resources for homeland security-related purposes." (**White House**,
*National Strategy for Information* Sharing, October 2007, p. 1)

**National Strategy for Information Sharing, Core Principles and
Understandings:** "The *Strategy* is founded on the following core
principles and understandings:

-   Effective information sharing comes through strong partnerships
    among Federal, State, local, and tribal authorities, private sector
    organizations, and our foreign partners and allies;

-   Information acquired for one purpose, or under one set of
    authorities, might provide unique insights when combined, in
    accordance with applicable law, with unrelated information from
    other sources, and therefore we must foster a culture of awareness
    in which people at all levels of government remain cognizant of the
    functions and needs of others and use knowledge and information from
    all sources to support counterterrorism efforts;

-   Information sharing must be woven into all aspects of
    counterterrorism activity, includ­ing preventive and protective
    actions, actionable responses, criminal and counterter­rorism
    investigative activities, event preparedness, and response to and
    recovery from catastrophic events;

-   The procedures, processes, and systems that support information
    sharing must draw upon and integrate existing technical capabilities
    and must respect established authori­ties and responsibilities; and

-   State and major urban area fusion centers represent a valuable
    information sharing resource and should be incorporated into the
    national information sharing framework, which will require that
    fusion centers achieve a baseline level of capability to gather,
    process, share, and utilize information and operate in a manner that
    respects individu­als' privacy rights and other legal rights
    protected by U.S. laws." (**White House**, *National Strategy for
    Information Sharing*, 2007, pp. 2-3)

**National Strategy for Information Sharing, Foundational Elements:**
"This Strategy is focused on improving the sharing of homeland security,
terrorism, and law enforcement information related to terrorism within
and among all levels of governments and the private sector.

-   Information Sharing at the Federal level....

-   Information Sharing with State, local, and Tribal Entities....

-   Information Sharing with the private Sector....

-   Sharing Information with Foreign Partners....

-   Protecting information Privacy and other Legal Rights...." (**White
    House**, *National Strategy for Information* Sharing, October 2007,
    pp. 3-4)

**National Strategy for Information Sharing, Guiding Principles:
"**Those responsible for combating terrorism must have access to timely
and accurate informa­tion regarding those who want to attack us, their
plans and activities, and the targets that they intend to attack. That
information guides our efforts to:

-   Identify rapidly both immediate and long-term threats;

-   Identify persons involved in terrorism-related activities; and

-   Implement information-driven and risk-based detection, prevention,
    deterrence, • response, protection, and emergency management
    efforts." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Information*
    Sharing, October 2007, p. 2)

**National Strategy for Maritime Security:** "Designed to integrate and
synchronize existing department-level strategies to ensure their
effective and efficient implementation, as well as align all federal
government maritime security programs and initiatives into a
comprehensive and cohesive national effort." (**GAO**, *Maritime
Security*, December 2007, p. 56)

**National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza (NSPI):** "The ***National
Strategy for Pandemic Influenza*** guides our preparedness and response
to an influenza pandemic, with the intent of (1) stopping, slowing or
otherwise limiting the spread of a pandemic to the United States; (2)
limiting the domestic spread of a pandemic, and mitigating disease,
suffering and death; and (3) sustaining infrastructure and mitigating
impact to the economy and the functioning of society." (**White House,**
*National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza.* November 1, 2005)

**National Strategy for Public Health and Medical Preparedness:** "This
directive \[HSPD 21\] establishes a National Strategy for Public Health
and Medical Preparedness (Strategy), which builds upon principles set
forth in *Biodefense for the 21st Century* (April 2004) and will
transform our national approach to protecting the health of the American
people against all disasters....

\(5\) This Strategy draws key principles from the *National Strategy for
Homeland Security* (October 2007), the *National Strategy to Combat
Weapons of Mass Destruction* (December 2002), and *Biodefense for the
21st Century* (April 2004) that can be generally applied to public
health and medical preparedness.  Those key principles are the
following: (1) preparedness for all potential catastrophic health
events; (2) vertical and horizontal coordination across levels of
government, jurisdictions, and disciplines; (3) a regional approach to
health preparedness; (4) engagement of the private sector, academia, and
other nongovernmental entities in preparedness and response efforts; and
(5) the important roles of individuals, families, and communities.

(6)  Present public health and medical preparedness plans incorporate
the concept of "surging" existing medical and public health capabilities
in response to an event that threatens a large number of lives.  The
assumption that conventional public health and medical systems can
function effectively in catastrophic health events has, however, proved
to be incorrect in real-world situations.  Therefore, it is necessary to
transform the national approach to health care in the context of a
catastrophic health event in order to enable U.S. public health and
medical systems to respond effectively to a broad range of incidents.

(7)  The most effective complex service delivery systems result from
rigorous end-to-end system design.  A critical and formal process by
which the functions of public health and medical preparedness and
response are designed to integrate all vertical (through all levels of
government) and horizontal (across all sectors in communities)
components can achieve a much greater capability than we currently
have. 

(8)  The United States has tremendous resources in both public and
private sectors that could be used to prepare for and respond to a
catastrophic health event.  To exploit those resources fully, they must
be organized in a rationally designed system that is incorporated into
pre-event planning, deployed in a coordinated manner in response to an
event, and guided by a constant and timely flow of relevant information
during an event.  This Strategy establishes principles and objectives to
improve our ability to respond comprehensively to catastrophic health
events.  It also identifies critical antecedent components of this
capability and directs the development of an implementation plan that
will delineate further specific actions and guide the process to
fruition." (**White House**, *Homeland Security Presidential Directive
(HSPD-21), Subject: Public Health and Medical Preparedness*, October 18,
2007)

**National Strategy for The Physical Protection of Critical
Infrastructure and Key Assets:** "Consistent with the *National Strategy
for Homeland Security*, this document identifies a clear

set of goals and objectives and outlines the guiding principles that
will underpin our efforts to secure the infrastructures and assets vital
to our public health and safety, national security, governance, economy,
and public confidence. It provides a unifying structure, defines roles
and responsibilities, and identifies major initiatives that will drive
our near-term protection priorities. Most importantly, it establishes a
foundation for building and fostering a cooperative environment in which
government, industry, and private citizens can work together to protect
our critical infrastructures and key assets.' (**White House**, *The
National Strategy for The Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructure
and Key Assets.*, Feb. 2003, p. 2, Letter from the President)

**National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction:** "Our
National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction has three
principal pillars:

> *Counterproliferation to Combat WMD Use*
>
> *Strengthened Nonproliferation to Combat WMD Proliferation*
>
> *Consequence Management to Respond to WMD Use*" (**WH**, *HSPD-4*,
> December 2002)

**National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction: "**The three
pillars of the U.S. national strategy to combat WMD are seamless
elements of a comprehensive approach. Serving to integrate the pillars
are four cross-cutting enabling functions that need to be pursued on a
priority basis: intelligence collection and analysis on WMD, delivery
systems, and related technologies; research and development to improve
our ability to respond to evolving threats; bilateral and multilateral
cooperation; and targeted strategies against hostile states and
terrorists." (**White House**, *National Strategy to Combat Weapons of
Mass Destruction*, Dec. 2002, p. 2)

**National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace:** "The *National Strategy to
Secure Cyberspace* is part of our overall effort to protect the Nation.
It is an implementing component of the *National Strategy for Homeland
Security* and is complemented by a [*National Strategy for the Physical
Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key
Assets*](http://www.whitehouse.gov/pcipb/physical.html). The purpose of
this document is to engage and empower Americans to secure the portions
of cyberspace that they own, operate, control, or with which they
interact. Securing cyberspace is a difficult strategic challenge that
requires coordinated and focused effort from our entire society, the
federal government, state and local governments, the private sector, and
the American people." (**White House**, *National Strategy to Secure
Cyberspace*, February 2003)

**National Strike Force (NSF):** "The NSF consists of three strike teams
established by DHS/USCG on the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf coasts. The
strike teams can provide advice and technical assistance for oil and
hazardous substances removal, communications support, special equipment,
and services." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-18)

**National Technical Nuclear Forensics Center** (Domestic Nuclear
Detection Office, DHS): "Provides national-level stewardship,
centralized planning and integration for an enduring national technical
nuclear forensics capability." (**DHS**, *DNDO Organization*, October
2007)

**National Teleregistration Center (NTC):** "Promotes a nationwide
toll-free telephone number (1-800-621-FEMA) or (1-800-621-3362) that
applicants can use to apply for disaster assistance." (**FEMA**,
*Disaster Basics* (IS-292), May 24, 2007 update, p. A-8 Glossary)

**National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program:** "A coordinated national
effort to assess tsunami threat, prepare community response, issue
timely and effective warnings, and mitigate damage." "Primary goals of
NTHMP are to: 1) raise awareness of the affected population; 2) develop
integrated tsunami maps and models that can be used to develop improved
warning guidance and evacuation maps; 3) improve tsunami warning
systems; 4) incorporate tsunami planning into state and federal
multi-hazard programs. Because tsunami mitigation is applicable beyond
tsunamis and is integral to the nation\'s overall effort to reduce
coastal losses and improve resilience, the mitigation capability takes a
multi-hazards physical, commercial and ecological approach that responds
to socio-economic and disaster management priorities." (Executive Office
of the President. *About the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program
(NTHMP)*

**National Urban Search & Rescue Response System:** "The National US&R
Response System is a framework for structuring local emergency services
personnel into integrated disaster response task forces. The 28 National
US&R Task Forces, complete with the necessary tools, equipment, skills
and techniques, can be deployed by FEMA to assist State and local
governments in rescuing victims of structural collapse incidents or to
assist in other search and rescue missions. Each task force must have
all its personnel and equipment at the embarkation point within six
hours of activation. The task force can be dispatched and *en route* to
its

**National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (NVOAD):** "NVOAD
is a consortium of more than 30 recognized national organizations active
in disaster relief. Their organizations provide capabilities to support
response efforts at all levels. During major incidents, NVOAD typically
sends representatives to the DHS/Federal Emergency Management Agency's
National Response Coordination Center to represent the voluntary
organizations and assist in response coordination." (**DHS**, *NRF
Comment Draft*, 2007, p. 17)destination in a matter of hours." (**DHS**,
*NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, p. 60)

**National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (NVOAD):** An
umbrella organization of established and experienced voluntary
organizations that serve disaster-affected communities. (**FEMA** 1995)

**National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (NVOAD):** "NVOAD
coordinates planning efforts by many voluntary organizations responding
to disaster. Member organizations provide more effective and less
duplication in service by getting together before disasters strike. Once
disasters occur, NVOAD or an affiliated state VOAD encourages members
and other voluntary agencies to convene on site. This cooperative effort
has proven to be the most effective way for a wide variety of volunteers
and organizations to work together in a crisis.\
\
NVOAD serves member organizations through:

-   Communication - disseminating information through electronic
    mechanisms, its Newsletter, the directory, research and
    demonstration, case studies, and critique.

-   Cooperation - creating a climate for cooperation at all levels
    (including grass roots) and providing information.

-   Coordination - coordinating policy among member organizations and
    serving as a liaison, advocate, and national voice.

-   Education - providing training and increasing awareness and
    preparedness in each organization.

-   Leadership Development - giving volunteer leaders training and
    support so as to build effective state VOAD organizations.

-   Mitigation - supporting the efforts of federal, state, and local
    agencies and governments and supporting appropriate legislation.

-   Convening Mechanisms - putting on seminars, meetings, board
    meetings, regional conferences, training programs, and local
    conferences.

-   Outreach - encouraging the formation of and giving guidance to state
    and regional voluntary organizations active in disaster relief."
    (**National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster**, *About
    NOVAD*)

**National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG):** "The National Wildfire
Coordinating Group (NWCG) is made up of the USDA Forest Service; four
Department of the Interior agencies: Bureau of Land Management (BLM),
National Park Service (NPS), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and the
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS);and State forestry agencies through the
National Association of State Foresters.  The purpose of NWCG is to
coordinate programs of the participating wildfire management agencies so
as to avoid wasteful duplication and to provide a means of
constructively working together.  Its goal is to provide more effective
execution of each agency's fire management program.  The group provides
a formalized system to agree upon standards of training, equipment,
qualifications, and other operational functions." (NWCG, *About the NWCG
-- NWCG Organization*)

**Nationwide Plan Review:** "I believe all current issues can be
summarized in one topic -- communication. In my 19 years in emergency
management, I have never experienced a more polarized environment
between state and federal government. It seems that the Katrina federal
legacy is one of minimizing exposure for the next event and ensuring
future focus is centered on state and local preparedness efforts. A
perfect example of this attitude is illustrated in the National Plan
Review, which was conducted in 2006. The states were told that this was
an opportunity for all levels of government to sit together, review
plans, identify shortfalls, and develop a strategy to address those
shortfalls, both operationally and financially in the future. This
seemed like a wonderful concept, right up until the time the national
planning report card was published for each state. The entire exercise
seemed to be little more than an opportunity for the federal government
to tell the press, "we told you states weren't prepared". (**Ashwood**,
*Testimony... on "FEMA Preparedness in 2007 and Beyond,"* July 31, 2007,
p. 2)

**Nationwide Plan Review: "**I am pleased to submit the Nationwide Plan
Review Phase 2 report to Congress, as directed by the DHS FY 2006
Appropriations Act and the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient
Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). This report

meets Congressional requirements to review and assess the status of
catastrophic and evacuation planning in all States and 75 of the
Nation's largest urban areas. It also addresses the President's
directive to review emergency operations plans (EOPs) for the Nation's
major cities.

The Nationwide Plan Review consisted of two phases. The first phase
involved selfassessment,

in which each State and urban area certified the status of its EOP and
identified when the plan was last updated and exercised. The findings
from the selfassessment phase were provided to Congress on February 10,
2006. The second phase involved peer review, in which teams made up of
former State and local homeland security and emergency management
officials visited 131 States and urban areas. Over the course of 62
business days, these reviewers validated the self-assessments,
determined requirements for Federal planning assistance, and drew
initial conclusions for strengthening plans and planning processes at
the Federal, State, and local levels of government for catastrophic
events. (**DHS**, *NPR Phase 2 Report* (DHS Secretary Chertoff
Introduction), 2006, p. v)

**Nationwide Plan Review Key Findings and Initial Conclusions:** "While
the Review found exemplary planners, renewed emphasis on planning, and
many initiatives that are on the right trajectory, the current status of
plans and planning gives grounds for significant national concern.
Current catastrophic planning is unsystematic and not linked within a
national planning system. This is incompatible with 21st century
homeland security challenges, and reflects a systemic problem: outmoded
planning processes, products, and tools are primary contributors to the
inadequacy of catastrophic planning. The results of the Review support
the need for a fundamental modernization of our Nation's planning
processes." (**DHS**, *NPR* 2, 2006, p. viii)

"The Nationwide Plan Review provided a rapid assessment of the status of
catastrophic

planning for States and 75 of the Nation's largest urban areas... the
initial conclusions are summarized below. They are numbered for ease of
reference, not prioritization....

For States and Urban Areas:

1\. The majority of the Nation's current emergency operations plans and
planning processes cannot be characterized as fully adequate, feasible,
or acceptable to manage catastrophic events as defined in the National
Response Plan (NRP).

2\. States and urban areas are not conducting adequate collaborative
planning as a part of "steady state" preparedness.

3\. Assumptions in Basic Plans do not adequately address catastrophic
events.

4\. Basic Plans do not adequately address continuity of operations and
continuity of government.

5\. The most common deficiency among State and urban area Direction and
Control Annexes is the absence of a clearly defined command structure.

6\. Many States and urban areas need to improve systems and procedures
for communications among all operational components.

7\. All Functional Annexes did not adequately address special needs
populations.

8\. States should designate a specific State agency that is responsible
for providing oversight and ensuring accountability for including people
with disabilities in the shelter operations process.

9\. Timely warnings requiring emergency actions are not adequately
disseminated to custodial institutions, appropriate government
officials, and the public.

10\. The ability to give the public accurate, timely, and useful
information and instructions through the emergency period should be
strengthened.

11\. Significant weaknesses in evacuation planning are an area of
profound concern.

12\. Capabilities to manage reception and care for large numbers of
evacuees are inadequate.

13\. Capabilities to track patients under emergency or disaster
conditions and license of out-of-State medical personnel are limited.

14\. Resource management is the "Achilles heel" of emergency planning.
Resource Management Annexes do not adequately describe in detail the
means, organization, and process by which States and urban areas will
find, obtain, allocate, track, and distribute resources to meet
operational needs.

15\. Plans should clearly define resource requirements, conduct resource
inventories,

match available resources to requirements, and identify and resolve
shortfalls."

(**DHS**, *NPR* 2, 2006, p. ix-x; see also, **DHS**, "Fact Sheet:
Nationwide Plan Review Initial Conclusions," June 16, 2006.)

For the Federal Government:

1\. Planning products, processes, tools, and technologies should be
developed to facilitate a common nationwide approach to catastrophic
planning in accordance with the National Preparedness Goal's National
Priority to Strengthen Planning and Citizen Preparedness Capabilities.

2\. Planning modernization should be fully integrated with other key
homeland security initiatives.

3\. Clear guidance should be developed on how State and local
governments plan for coordinated operations with Federal partners under
the NRP.

4\. Existing Federal technical assistance should be used to help States
and urban areas address the specific issues identified during the
Nationwide Plan Review.

5\. Critical tasks, target capabilities, and associated performance
measures, such as those identified in the National Preparedness Goal
should serve as the common reference system for planning and the
language of synchronization.

6\. Detailed planning assumptions and planning magnitudes for
catastrophic incidents should be defined, such as has been initiated
through the National Planning Scenarios.

7\. Current preparedness data should be readily accessible to planners.

8\. Regional planning capabilities, processes, and resources should be
strengthened in accordance with the National Preparedness Goal's
National Priorities to Expand Regional Collaboration and Strengthen
Planning and Citizen Preparedness Capabilities.

9\. Collaboration between government and non-governmental entities
should be strengthened at all levels, as outlined in the National
Preparedness Goal's National Priority to Expand Regional Collaboration.

10\. The Federal Government should develop a consistent definition of
the term "special needs".

11\. The Federal Government should provide guidance to States and local
governments on incorporation of disability-related demographic analysis
into emergency planning.

12\. Federal, State, and local governments should work with the private
sector to identify and coordinate effective means of transporting
individuals with disabilities before, during, and after an emergency.

13\. Improvements in public preparedness and emergency public
information should be implemented in accordance with the National
Preparedness Goal's National Priority to Strengthen Planning and Citizen
Preparedness Capabilities.

14\. Federal, State, and local governments should take action to better
integrate nongovernmental

resources to meet surge capacity.

15\. The Federal Government should provide the leadership, doctrine,
policies, guidance, standards, and resources necessary to build a shared
national homeland security planning system.

16\. Identification of desired technologies, tools, and architecture(s)
for the national homeland security planning community should be included
in the National Priority to Strengthen Planning and Citizen Preparedness
Capabilities.

17\. Comprehensive national guidance on the potential consequences
associated with catastrophic risks and hazards should be developed to
drive risk management and operational planning.

18\. Development of focused training, education, and professional
development programs for homeland security planners should be included
in the National Priority to Strengthen Planning and Citizen Preparedness
Capabilities.

19\. Collaborative planning and planning excellence should be
incentivized. Funding and projects should be linked to operational
readiness through a specific task or capability in a plan or plan annex.

20\. Federal, State, and local governments should increase the
participation of people with disabilities and disability subject-matter
experts in the development and execution of plans, training, and
exercises.

21\. The Federal Government should provide technical assistance to
clarify the extent to which emergency communications, including public
information associated with emergencies, must be in accessible formats
for persons with disabilities. This assistance should address all
aspects of communication, including, for example, televised and other
types of emergency notification and instructions, shelter announcements,
and applications and forms for government and private

disaster benefits.

22\. The status of the Nation's plans should be a central focus of the
annual report to the President on the Nation's preparedness required by
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8 (HSPD-8)

23\. Emergency Operations Plans should be a focal point for resource
allocation, accountability, and assessments of operational readiness.

24\. Performance management frameworks to support the National
Preparedness Goal should measure the ability to:

-   Integrate a multi-jurisdictional and multi-agency response based on
    the intersection of tasks and capabilities in combined plans; and

-   Maintain operations in the face of disruptions of service, damage to
    the environment in which operations occur, or loss of critical
    resources."

(**DHS**, *NPR* 2, 2006, pp. x-xi; see, also, **DHS**, "Fact Sheet:
Nationwide Plan Review Initial Conclusions," June 16, 2006.)

**Natural Disaster:** "Definitions - For purposes of this title only....
The term 'natural disaster' means any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood,
high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunami,

earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, drought,
fire, or other catastrophe in any part of the United States which
causes, or which may cause, substantial damage or injury to civilian
property or persons." (**Stafford Act**, Title VI, Sec 602. Definitions
(42 U.S.C. 5195a), June 2007 (FEMA 592), p. 54)

**Natural Disaster:** See "Disaster, Natural"

**Natural Hazards:** See "Hazard, Natural"

**NAWAS:** National Warning System \[defunct\]**.** (**OCD**,
*Abbreviations*, 1971, p. 3)

**NBC:** Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, 2007, Glossary-5)

**NBHPP:** National Bioterrorism Hospital Preparedness Program.

**NBIC:** National Biosurveillance Integration Center.

**NBIS:** National Biosurveillance Integration System. (**DHS**, Exhibit
300, Feb. 12, 2007, p. 1)

**NCA:** National Capabilities Assessment. (**DHS**, *Development of the
CAPS*, 2006)

**NCA:** National Command Authorities. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
2007, Glossary-5)

**NCC:** National Command Capability.

**NCC:** National Continuity Coordinator. (**DHS**, *FCD* 1, Nov 2007,
p.12)

**NCC:** National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications. (**DHS,**
*NIPP* 2006, p. 101)

**NCCC:** National Command and Control Capability. (**DHS**,
*Budget-in-Brief FY 2008*, 2007, 82)

**NCE:** National Cyber Exercise. (**DHS**, *Cyber Storm Exercise
Report*, September 11, 2006, p. 1)

**NCH:** Natural and Cultural Resources and Historic Properties.

**NCIHC:** National Council on Interpreting in Health Care. (**CDC**,
*Reaching At Risk Populations*, 2007)

**NCIP:** National Continuity Implementation Plan.

**NCIP:** National Critical Infrastructure Protection.

**NCIP R&D:** National Critical Infrastructure Protection Research &
Development. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p. 102)

**NCOP:** National Common Operating Picture.

**NCP:** National Continuity Program. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p.
O-2)

**NCP:** National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan (40 CFR
Part 300).

**NCP**: Nuclear Civil Protection. (**DCPA**, *Standards for Local
Preparedness Planning*, 1978, 1)

**NCPC:** National Counterproliferation Center. (**HSAC**, *WME Task
Force*, Jan.10, 2006, p. 4)

**NCPIP:** National Continuity Policy Implementation Plan.

**NCR:** National Capital Region. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. O-2)

**NCR IMT:** National Capital Region Incident Management Team.
(**USFA**, January 1, 2008)

**NCRC:** National Capital Region Coordination.

**NCRCG:** National Cyber Response Coordination Group. (**DHS,** *NIPP*
2006, p. 102)

**NCRP:** National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement.

**NCS:** National Communications System. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p. 102)

**NCSA:** National Cyber Security Alliance. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p.
102)

**NCSD:** National Cyber Security Division, DHS. (**DHS**, *Cyber Storm
Exercise Report*, 2006, 1)

**NCTC:** National Counterterrorism Center. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p.
102)

**NDER:** National Defense Executive Reserve \[defunct\]. (**OCD**,
*Abbreviations*, 1971, p. 3)

**NDMS:** National Disaster Medical System. (**HSGAC**, *A Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, p. 633)

**NDPC:** National Domestic Preparedness Consortium.

**NDRF:** National Defense Reserve Fleet. (**Robinson**,
*Proceedings...*, Dec. 2007, p. 3)

**NECP:** National Emergency Communications Plan. (**NSTAC**, *Report to
President on Emergency Communications*..., 2007, p. ES-2)

**NECS:** National Emergency Communications Strategy. (**NSTAC**,
*Report to President on Emergency Communications*..., 2007, p. ES-2)

**NEDSS:** National Electronic Disease Surveillance System. (**CDC**,
*NEDSS*)

**NEEP** (National Exercise and Evaluation Program). **(HSC**, *NCPIP*,
August 2007, p. 65)

**NEES:** Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation.

**NEFs:** National Essential Functions. (**White House,** *HSPD-20*, May
9, 2007)

**NEHC:** Neighborhood Emergency Health Center. (**AHRQHHS**, *Mass
Medical Care*, 2007, 77)

**NEHRP:** National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program.

**NEHRP Goals (From Strategic Plan):** "...strategic goals are:

• Goal A. Develop effective practices and policies for earthquake
loss-reduction and accelerate their implementation.

• Goal B. Improve techniques to reduce vulnerability of facilities and
systems.

• Goal C. Improve seismic hazards and risk assessment methods.

• Goal D. Improve understanding of earthquakes and their effects."
(**NEHRP**, *Annual Report*, 2007, p. 3)

**NEHRP Program Coordination Working Group (PCWG):** "NIST has
established the PCWG, which is composed of the working-level program
managers from each of the NEHRP agencies. The PCWG meets approximately
once a month to coordinate agency activities, review reporting and
planning documents, discuss problems and opportunities, and exchange
relevant information. The PCWG members are responsible for keeping their
agencies' Directors apprised of significant activities, and the
Secretariat informs working-level counterparts at OSTP and OMB of these
activities." (**NEHRP**, *Annual Report*, 2007, p. 3)

**NEHRP Secretariat:** "In early 2006, NIST hired a full-time government
employee as NEHRP

Director and head of the office of the NEHRP Secretariat. This
individual is a qualified engineer with experience in earthquake
research, design, and construction practices, and in the management of
complex programs and organizations. The office of the NEHRP Secretariat
is charged with providing overall program management and coordination
for NEHRP, strengthening program effectiveness by facilitating
implementation of earthquake risk mitigation measures, ensuring that
NEHRP statutory and reporting requirements are met, supporting the
development and implementation of NEHRP strategic and management plans
and coordinated interagency budgets, and building and maintaining
effective liaison with NEHRP program agencies, industry stakeholders,
academia, state and local government, and the general public."
(**NEHRP**, *Annual Report*, 2007, p. 3)

**NEMA:** National Emergency Management Association. (**HSGP**, *Nation
Unprepared*, 2006)

**NEMB-CAP:** National Emergency Mgmt. Baseline Capability Assessment
Program, FEMA.

**NEMS:** National Emergency Management System. (**HSGPC**, A *Nation
Unprepared*, 2006, 633)

**NEP:** National Exercise Program. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p.
O-2)

**NEPA:** National Environmental Policy Act.

**NEPP:** National Emergency Preparedness Program, United States Army
Corps of Engineers. (**USACE**, *NEPP*)

**Net-Centricity:** "People, processes, and technology working together
to enable timely and trusted:

-   Access to information

-   Sharing of information

-   Collaboration among those who need it.

Can only be done on the Net!" (**DOD**, *Enabling Net-Centric
Operations*, Sep 21, 2006, slide 6)

**Nerve Agents:** "Substances that interfere with the central nervous
system. Exposure is primarily through contact with the liquid (via skin
and eyes) and secondarily through inhalation of the vapor. Tabun (GA),
Sarin (GB), Soman (GD) and VX are nerve agents. Symptoms: Pinpoint
pupils, extreme headache, severe tightness in the chest, dyspnea, runny
nose, coughing, salivation, unresponsiveness, seizures." (**DOT**,
*Emergency Response Guidebook*, 2004, p. 362)

**NEST:** Nuclear Emergency Search Team, DOE.

**NETC:** National Emergency Training Center, FEMA/DHS, Emmitsburg, MD.

**New FEMA:** "The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act
reorganizes DHS by

reconfiguring FEMA with consolidated emergency management functions,
including national preparedness functions. The newly-constituted FEMA
will be established as a distinct entity, yet integral to DHS, similar
to the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Secret Service. As required by the Act,
the New FEMA will include the functions existing within FEMA as of June
1, 2006 and those elements of the Preparedness Directorate that were in
the Preparedness Directorate as of June 1, 2006 and not specifically
excluded by the Act. The New FEMA will be headed by an Administrator, I
have been asked to serve in the newly titled position of Administrator.
As required by the Post-Katrina Act, the organizational changes required
for New FEMA will be effective on March 31, 2007." (**FEMA**, *Statement
for the Record R. David Paulison*, February 28, 2007, pp. 2-3)

**New FEMA:** "FEMA's vision sets a future path to building a dynamic
and innovative New FEMA using the building blocks of strengthened core
competencies, regions, and partnerships;

investments in FEMA employees; a business approach that achieves desired
results; and, the professionalization of the national emergency
management system." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, 2007, p. 43)

**New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ):** "The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ)
is a fault system in the Central U.S. that is located roughly between
St. Louis, Missouri and Memphis, Tennessee. The geology in the Central
U.S. is conducive to movement, and potential damage is more widespread
than other earthquake-prone areas of the U.S. The series of earthquakes
with the greatest magnitude in the area was in 1811-12 (4 major quakes
within 3 months, ranging from approximately 7.0 to 8.0 in magnitude.)
There appears to be a 400-500 year cycle of earthquakes in the region --
some debate on this -- but a serious consideration (we are at 195 years
since last significant series).... The Central United States Earthquake
Consortium (CUSEC), the Mid-America Earthquake Center (MAEC), the United
States Geological Survey (USGS) and FEMA have completed preliminary
modeling of potential impacts of an earthquake in the NMSZ. The
estimated total building loss alone in the area from one quake today
could exceed \$70 Billion." (**FEMA**, *New Madrid* *Seismic Zone
Catastrophic Planning*, 2007)

[]{.mark}

**New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) Catastrophic Response Planning
Initiative:** "The New Madrid Seismic Zone Catastrophic Response
Planning Initiative is well underway throughout the eight CUSEC Member
States...the initiative will enable local, state, and federal agencies
to create and adopt comprehensive plans that address responding to a
catastrophic event along the New Madrid Seismic Zone.  CUSEC, along with
Member States, FEMA, Innovative Emergency Management, and the Mid
America Earthquake Center, is helping to coordinate a series of local
and state workshops that bring together key players in the planning
process. The workshops are scenario-driven and inspire planners and
responders to work together to come up with the plans.   Arkansas is the
first state holding the scenario-driven workshops, and all Member States
will have completed their workshops by April 1, 2008.  At the end of
this multi-year initiative, there will be a series of exercises, at the
state and regional levels, that will help validate the work that has
been done. In most terms, this is the single, largest disaster planning
initiative that has been undertaken in the United States." (**CUSEC**,
"Catastrophic Planning Initiative Underway." Memphis, TN: *CUSEC News*,
July 2007)

**New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) Catastrophic Response Planning
Initiative:** "The NMSZ Catastrophic Disaster Response Planning
Initiative was selected as a venue to address one of the 15 National
Planning Scenarios, "natural disasters-major earthquake" as identified
in the National Preparedness Guidelines dated September 2007. The NMSZ
Catastrophic Disaster Response Planning Initiative focuses on a
"no-notice" major earthquake along the NMSZ. The NMSZ Initiative uses a
bottoms-up, grass-roots planning approach with broad stakeholder
participation that will help ensure comprehensive plan development, plan
enhancements, and a sustainable planning process." (**FEMA**, *Statement
of Glenn Cannon*, December 4, 2007, p. 2)

"Project briefed to President, Secretary DHS, Capital Hill Senate and
House Members and Staff, US Chamber of Commerce, Delta Regional
Authority, International Development Group, National Hurricane
Conference..." (**FEMA**, *Catastrophic Disaster Planning IAEM
Presentation*, November 12, 2007, slide 43)

**New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) Catastrophic Planning Initiative
Mission:** "...the mission of the New Madrid Seismic Zone Catastrophic
Planning Project is to create a comprehensive preparedness plan for a
catastrophic earthquake in the NMSZ based on the most advanced impact
assessment techniques and new response and recovery methodologies.
Another mission of the project is to identify any issues that can not be
resolved based on current capabilities and propose recommended courses
of action for decision makers." (**CUSEC**, "FEMA & CUSEC Launch New
Madrid Catastrophic Planning Initiative," January 2007, 1 & 3)

**New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) Catastrophic Planning Project
Mission:** "The mission of the New Madrid Seismic Zone Catastrophic
Planning Project is to increase national readiness for a catastrophic
earthquake in the NMSZ. Specifically, this will be accomplished by
developing a series of annexes or supplements to existing base plans for
response and recovery to a series of major earthquakes in the NMSZ and
integrating them into a single document with federal, regional, tribal,
state, and local components. Additionally, the mission is to identify
any issues that can not be resolved based on current capabilities and to
propose recommended courses of action for decision makers involved in
this project. The NMSZ Catastrophic Planning project will serve to
accomplish the following three main objectives:

1\. Improve response to a catastrophic earthquake and related hazards in
the NMSZ

2\. Plan for a coordinated response and recovery effort among Federal,
State, and local agencies

3\. Incorporate lessons from the Hurricane Katrina response, Southeast
Louisiana Catastrophic Hurricane Plan, and previous earthquakes."
(**FEMA**, *NMSZ Catastrophic Planning*, 2007)

**NEXS:** National Exercise Schedule, National Exercise Program. (FEMA
Statement of Schrader, 2007, p. 7)

**NFA:** National Fire Academy, U.S. Fire Administration, FEMA/DHS,
Emmitsburg, MD.

**NFC:** National Fusion Center, DHS/NOC. (**DHS**, *Notice of Change to
the NRP*, May 22, 2006, pp. 11-12)

**NFG:** Non-Federal Governments. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, November 2007, p.
O-2)

**NFIF:** National Flood Insurance Fund.

**NFIP:** National Flood Insurance Program, FEMA.

**NFIRA:** National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994. (**FEMA**, *Call
for Issues*..., 2000, xxiii)

**NFPA:** National Fire Protection Association.

**NFPA 471**: Recommended Practice for Responding to Hazardous Materials
Incidents 1997 Ed.

**NFPA 472:** Standard for Professional Competence of Responders to
Hazardous Materials. Incidents.

**NFPA 1201:** Standard for Providing Emergency Services to the Public.

**NFPA 1500:** Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and
Health Program.

**NFPA 1521:** Standard for Fire Department Safety Officer. National
Fire Protection Association.

**NFPA 1561:** Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management
Systems, 2002.

**NFPA 1581:** Standard on Fire Department Infection Control Program.

**NFPA 1582:** Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program
for Fire Departments.

**NFPA 1600**: "NFPA 1600, *Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management
and Business Continuity Programs***,** was originally published in 1995
as a recommended practice, then in 2000, it was published as a
standard.... The 9/11 Commission asked the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) to develop a consensus on a 'National Standard for
Preparedness' for the private sector. ANSI's Homeland Security Standards
Panel recommended the use of NFPA 1600. The recognition of NFPA 1600 by
the 9/11 Commission led to the recognition of NFPA 1600 in Title VII,
Section 7305 of the 'National Intelligence Reform Act of 2004'."
(**NFPA**, *Implementing NFPA 1600 National Preparedness Standard*,
2007, p. xiii)

**NFPA 1600**: *Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business
Continuity Programs***,** 2007 Edition. National Fire Protection
Association. NFPA 1600 "was prepared by the Technical Committee on
Emergency Management and Business Continuity. It was issued by the
Standards Council on December 1, 2006, with an effective date of
December 20, 2006, and supersedes all previous editions. This edition of
NFPA 1600 was approved as an American National Standard on December 20,
2006. (**NFPA**, *NFPA 1600*, 2007, p. 4)

1.1 Scope. This standard shall establish a common set of criteria for
disaster/emergency management and business continuity programs
hereinafter referred to as the program.

1.2 Purpose. This standard shall provide disaster and emergency
management and business continuity programs, the criteria to assess
current programs or to develop, implement, and maintain aspects for
prevention, mitigation, preparation, response, and recovery from
emergencies.

1.3 Application. This document shall apply to public, not-for-profit,
and private entities. (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 7)

**NFPA 1600 Program Elements**:

-   5.2. Laws and Authorities

-   5.3. Risk Assessment

-   5.4. Incident Prevention

-   5.5. Mitigation

-   5.6. Resource Management and Logistics

-   5.7. Mutual Aid/Assistance

-   5.8. Planning

-   5.9. Incident Management

-   5.10. Communications and Warning

-   5.11. Operational Procedures

-   5.12. Facilities

-   5.13. Training

-   5.14. Exercises, Evaluations, and Corrective Actions

-   5.15. Crisis Communication and Public Information

-   5.16. Finance and Administration (**NFPA**, *NFPA 1600*, 2007)

**NFSS:** National Fallout Shelter Survey. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations*,
1971, p. 3) \[Defunct\]

**NG:** National Guard.

**NGA:** National Governors Association.

**NGA:** National Guard Association

**NGB:** National Guard Bureau, DOD.

**NGB Form 500:** Request for National Guard Assistance. (**DA**,
*WMD-CST Ops.*, 2007, 2-4)

**NGO:** Nongovernmental Organization. (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992,
54)

**NGR:** National Guard Regulation. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, 2007,
Glossary-5)

**NGRF:** National Guard Reaction Force. (**FEMA***,* *Statement of
Cannon*, November 2007, 12)

**NH:** Natural Hazards. (**FEMA**, *Federal Interim CONPLAN NMSZ*,
December 2007, p. B-2)

**NHC:** National Hurricane Center, National Weather Service, NOAA.

**N-Hour:** Notification Hour. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2006, p. 4-4)

**NHP:** National Hurricane Program. (**FEMA**, *NHC*, Dec 2007)

**NHPA:** National Historic Preservation Act of 1966.

**NIAC:** National Infrastructure Advisory Council. (**DHS,** *NIPP*
2006, p. 102)

**NIAID**: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

**NIAP:** National Information Assurance Partnership. (**DHS,** *NIPP*
2006, p. 102)

**NIBS:** National Institute of Building Sciences.

**NIC:** National Integration Center. (**FEMA**, *Welcome to the
NIC...*, September 11, 2007 update.

**NICC:** National Infrastructure Coordinating Center. (**DHS,** *NIPP*
2006, p. 102)

**NICCL:** National Incident Communications Conference Line. (**FEM**A,
IS 250, *Emergency Support Function 15 (ESF15) External Affairs*, p. 6,
Acronyms and Abbreviations)

**NICI:** National Interagency Civil-Military Institute (DOD, San Louis
Obispo, CA).

**NIFOG:** National Interoperability Field Operations Guide. (**DHS**,
*NIFOG*, 2007)

**NIICL:** DHS National Interagency Incident Conference Line. (**FEMA**,
*Devolution of Operations Plan Template*)

**NIMSCAST:** National Incident Management System Compliance Assistance
Support Tool. (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference*,
October 2006, p. 6)

**NIMS:** National Incident Management System. (**HSGPC**, A *Nation
Unprepared*, 2006,, 633)

**NIMS Adoption:** "The establishment of a legal authority (e.g.
executive order, proclamation, resolution, legislation, or other legal
mandate) that requires all departments and agencies operating within the
jurisdiction to use NIMS principles and methodologies in their
all-hazards incident management system." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance
Metrics Terms of Reference*, 2006, 7)

**NIMS Baseline:** "An initial assessment of NIMS compliance conducted
in 2005 and/or 2006 by participating jurisdictions at State,
Territorial, local, and tribal levels." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance
Metrics Terms of Reference*, October 2006, 7)

**NIMS Implementation:** "All activities necessary for adopting and
institutionalizing NIMS. Implementation includes the formal adoption of
NIMS, the use of a NIMS-compliant approach to all incident management
operations, etc." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of
Reference*, October 2006, 7)

**NIMS Integration Center:**

**NIMS National Standard Curriculum:** "A curriculum designed to provide
training on the NIMS. This curriculum will be built around available
federal training opportunities and course offerings that support NIMS
implementation. The curriculum also will serve to clarify training that
is necessary for NIMS-compliance and streamline the training approval
process for courses recognized by the curriculum. Initially, the
curriculum will be made up of NIMS awareness training and training to
support the Incident Command System (ICS). Eventually it will expand to
include all NIMS training requirements including training established to
meet national credentialing standards." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance
Metrics Terms of Reference*, October 2006, 7; See:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/nsctd.pdf>

**NIPP:** National Infrastructure Protection Plan. (**DHS,** *NIPP*
2006, p. 1)

**NIPP Risk Management Framework:** (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, pp. 29-50)

> Set Security Goals
>
> Identify Assets, Systems, Networks and Functions
>
> Assess Risks
>
> Prioritize
>
> Implement Protective Programs
>
> Measure Effectiveness

**NIRT:** Nuclear Incident Response Team, DOE. (**DOE** *Order 0 153.1*,
June 27, 2007)

**NISAC:** National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center.
(**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p. 102)

**NIST:** National Institute of Standards and Technology.

**NJTTF:** National Joint Terrorism Task Force. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006,
p. 102)

**NLC:** National League of Cities.

**NLE:** National-Level Exercise. (**FEMA**, *Statement of Dennis
Schrader*, Oct. 3, 2007, p. 3)

**NLIC:** National Lenders Insurance Council. (**FEMA**, *Call for
Issues Status Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**NMCC:** National Military Command Center. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations*,
1971, p. 3)

**NMSO:** Nuclear Medical Science Officer. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, 2007, Glossary-5)

**NMSZ:** New Madrid Seismic Zone.

**NNE:** Northern New England.

**NNSA:** National Nuclear Security Administration.

**No Adverse Impact**: Concept developed by the Association of State
Floodplain Managers to promote in efforts to reduce growing flood
losses. No Adverse Impact centers on "ensuring that the actions of one
property owner do not adversely impact the rights and interests of other
property owners, now and in the future." (**ASFPM** 2003, 45-46)

**NOAA:** National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
Department of Commerce.

**NOC:** National Operations Center. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p. 102)

**Noncongregate Facilities:** "Facilities that provide private or
semiprivate accommodations, but are not considered temporary housing
(e.g., cruise ships, tent cities, military installations, school dorm
facilities, or modified nursing homes)." (**DHS**, *National Response
Framework Emergency Support Function #6 -- Mass Care, Emergency
Assistance, Housing, and Human Services Annex* (Comment Draft),
September 10, 2007, p. 7)

**Non-Governmental Organization (NGO):** "Non-profit making organization
operating at the local, national or international levels. Distinct from
a governmental organization, having no statutory ties with a national
government." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 54)

**Non-specific Threat (COOP):** "A threat condition implemented for a
national declaration."

(**FEMA**, *Department/Agency HQ Devolution of Operations Plan
Template*)

**Non-Stafford Federal Support to State and Local Jurisdictions:** "If a
community requires resources beyond those available from the State,
local agencies may request certain types of Federal assistance directly
from Federal departments and agencies. For example, under the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act,
local and tribal governments can request assistance directly from the
Environmental Protection Agency and/or the U.S. Coast Guard." (**DHS**,
*National Response Framework \-- Federal Partner Guide* (Comment Draft),
September 10, 2007, p. 19)

**Non-Structural Flood Mitigation:** "System for reduction of the
effects of floods using non-structural means, e.g. land-use planning
(flood plain zoning), advance warning systems, flood insurance."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 54)

**NORAD:** North American Defense Command. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations*,
1971, p. 3)

**NORM:** Normally Occurring Radioactive Material. (**DHA**, *Opening
Statement*, Vayl Oxford, 3)

**NORS:** USNORTHCOM Operational Reporting System. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, 2007)

**North Carolina Insurance Underwriting Association:** "The North
Carolina Insurance Underwriting Association (North Carolina Beach Plan)
was created in 1969 to provide insurance coverage to people not able to
buy it through the standard insurance market only on the barrier islands
adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean. In 1998, the North Carolina General
Assembly expanded the Beach Plan to include the state's 18 coastal
counties for windstorm and hail only coverage." (**GAO**, *Natural
Disasters: Public Policy Options*..., Nov 2007, p. 73)

**NORTHCOM:** U.S. Northern Command. See "USNORTHCOM"

**Northern New England (NNE) Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS)
Tri-State Collaborative:** "The Northern New England MMRS (NNE MMRS)
functions as a coordinating resource in responding to the health and
medical consequences of a weapon of mass destruction attack impacting
Maine, New Hampshire, or Vermont. The NNE MMRS also serves as a resource
for other mass casualty events or significant outbreaks in the region,
including serving as a structure to help local communities take
advantage of arriving federal assets." (**DHS**, *Expanded Regional
Collaboration...FY 2004-2006*, 2006, p. 17)

**NPD:** National Preparedness Directorate, FEMA.

**NPES:** National Planning and Execution System. (**DHS**, 2007
forthcoming)

**NPG:** National Preparedness Goal.

**NPG:** National Preparedness Guidelines. (**DHS**, *National
Preparedness Guidelines*, 13Sep2007)

**NPHIC:** National Public Health Information Coalition. (**CDC**, *CERC
Course*, 2002, p. ix)

**NPIP:** National Preparedness Integration Program. (**FEMA**, *Vision
for New FEMA*, 2006, p.24)

**NPPs:** Nuclear Power Plants. (**USCG**, *Port Security Assessment
Program*)

**NPPD:** National Protection and Programs Directorate.

**NPR:** Nationwide Plan Review. (**DHS**, *Nationwide Plan Review,
Phase 2 Report*, 2006)

**NPS:** National Park Service

**NPS:** Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey California.

**NPSC:** National Processing Service Center. (**FEMA**, *Call for
Issues Status Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**NRC:** National Research Council. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 3)

**NRC:** National Response Center.

**NRC:** Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

**NRCC:** National Response Coordination Center. (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006,
p. 102)

**NRF:** National Response Framework. (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*,
September 2007)

NRF CIA: National Response Framework Catastrophic Incident Annex. (DHS,
NRF CIA, 2007)

**NRF Resource Center:** "The **NRF Resource Center** is intended to
supply a nimble, state-of-the-art forum for sharing and
encouraging...the operational planning and detailed work of developing
stronger emergency management plans and capabilities..." It is "... an
on-line repository of supporting documents, resources and educational
materials... intended especially to assist emergency management
practitioners. This repository provides a single, web-based portal for
documents, information, training materials and other tools needed for
incident response partners to understand and execute their roles under
the *Framework*. (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 75)

**NRP:** National Response Plan (to be replaced by NRF in November
2007). (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft,* September 2007)

**NRP CIA:** National Response Plan, Critical Incident Annex.
(**HSGAC**, *Nation Unprepared*, 2006)

**NRP CIS:** National Response Plan, Critical Incident Supplement.
**(HSGAC**, *Unprepared*, 2006)

**N-RSRT:** National Rapid Support and Response Team. (DHS,
Budget-in-Brief FY 2008, p. 68)

**NS/EP:** National Security and Emergency Preparedness. (**DHS,**
*NIPP*, 2006, p. 28)

**NSARC:** National Search and Rescue Committee**.**

**NSC:** National Security Council. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 3)

**NSCC:** Nuclear Sector Coordinating Council.

**NSDD:** National Security Decision Directive.

**NSF:** National Science Foundation. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation
Still Unprepared*, 2006, 633)

**NSFCC:** National Strike Force Coordination Center. (**GAO**,
*Maritime Security*, Dec 2007, iv)

**NSHS:** National Strategy for Homeland Security.

**NSIS:** National Strategy for Information Sharing. (**White House**,
*NSIS*, October 2007)

**NSPD:** National Security Presidential Directive. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*,
Nov. 2007, p. O-2)

**NSPD-1:** Organization of the National Security Council System*,* 13
February 2001.

**NSPD-9:** Defeating the Terrorist Threat to the United States
(Combating Terrorism), October 25, 2001.

**NSPD-33:** Biodefense for the 21^st^ Century, April 28, 2004.

**NSPD-43/HSPD---14:** Established the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office
within DHS.

**NSPD-51/HSPD-20:** National Continuity Policy, April 4, 2007.

**NSPI:** National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza. (**White House,**
*NSPI*, November 1, 2005)

**NSPP:** National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical
Infrastructure and Key Assets.

**NSS:** National Shelter System. Defunct.

**NSSE:** National Special Security Event. (**Dept. of the Army**,
*WMD-CST Ops*, Dec. 2007, 5-1)

**NSPD:** National Security Presidential Directive.

**NSTAC:** National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee.
(**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p. 102)

**NTHMP:** National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program.

**NTNFC:** National Technical Nuclear Forensics Center. (**FEMA**
*Statement of Cannon*, 2007, 10)

**NTSB:** National Transportation Safety Board.

**Nuclear Accident:** "Accidental release of radiation occurring in
civil nuclear facilities, exceeding the internationally established
safety levels." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Environmental
Glossary*; cites: **United Nations**, *Internationally Agreed Glossary
of Basic Terms Related to Disaster Management*, 1992, p. 55)

**Nuclear Assessment Program, DHS:** "Depending upon the circumstances
of a detector alarm, DHS' Nuclear Assessment Program assets may also be
activated to conduct a credibility assessment of a radiological or
nuclear threat. For example, the Nuclear Assessment Program would
conduct an assessment of a detector alarm if it involved the transport
of illicit nuclear material. The Nuclear Assessment Program is
coordinated through the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and
provides a national capability to assess the credibility of communicated
radiological and nuclear threats. It also monitors illicit nuclear
material trafficking incidents worldwide. The Nuclear Assessment Program
uses nuclear specialists and behavioral analysts to determine the
credibility of a particular threat. The program is accessible to any
federal or state agency and can be activated independently of a nuclear
detector alarm. In FY 2006, the Nuclear Assessment Program performed 120
formal assessments." (**DHS/OIG**, *DHS' DNDO Progress*..., Dec 2007, p.
24)

**Nuclear Blast:** "A nuclear blast is an explosion with intense light
and heat, a damaging pressure wave, and widespread radioactive material
that can contaminate the air, water, and ground surfaces for miles
around. A nuclear device can range from a weapon carried by an
intercontinental missile launched by a hostile nation or terrorist
organization, to a small portable nuclear devise transported by an
individual. All nuclear devices cause deadly effects when exploded,
including blinding light, intense heat (thermal radiation), initial
nuclear radiation, blast, fires started by the heat pulse, and secondary
fires caused by the destruction." (**FEMA**, *Are You Ready? Nuclear
Blast*, 2006)

**Nuclear Civil Protection (NCP):** "The concept of Nuclear Civil
Protection (NCP) has been added to Standard Three, on emergency
planning. NCP plans provide for two options: (1) Protection of the
population essentially in-place, at or near their places of residence.
(2) Orderly relocation of people from high-risk areas to low-risk host
jurisdictions during a period of severe international crisis, should
time and circumstances permit implementation of relocation plans. NCP
planning for the relocation option is expected to be conducted into the
1980's, with direct Federal support and the consent and participation of
States and localities." (**DCPA**, *Standards for Local Civil
Preparedness*, 1978, p. 1)

**Nuclear Civil Protection (NCP) Planning:** "The Federal government
encourages and assists localities in full-spectrum emergency planning,
including a range of potential peacetime hazards...However, it is also
essential (and required as a condition of eligibility for Federal
assistance) that each jurisdiction's emergency plan provide for civil
defense operations during periods of severe international crisis and
attack.

"The term Nuclear Civil Protection (NCP) planning refers to development
of plans providing the following two options: (1) Protection of the
population against nuclear attack effects essentially in-place, in
jurisdictions throughout the U.S., at or near their places of residence.
(2) Orderly relocation of people from areas of potential high risk from
the direct effects of nuclear weapons, should national authorities elect
to implement relocation plans during a severe crisis, and time and
circumstances permit relocation, as well as the reception, care, and
protection of relocated people in low-risk host areas.

"NCP planning for the *in-place protection option* includes development
or updating of both (1) a local community shelter plan (CSP) allocation,
including standby information materials for the public; and (2)
emergency plans, based on the CSP allocation, covering local government
operations for sheltering the population. This type of NCP planning has
been underway since 1966, and many localities will need to update
in-place protection plans, as new shelter surveys provide a basis for
revising CSP allocations....

"NCP planning for the *relocation option* includes both local and
State-level planning for relocating people from high-risk areas, during
a period of severe international crisis, to low-risk jurisdictions.
High-risk jurisdictions thus require plans covering operations to
relocate the people during a crisis, and then to maintain security in
the risk area, to keep essential industry in operation by commuting key
workers, and to shelter any persons still in the risk area in
best-available shelter should an attack occur. Low-risk host
jurisdictions, in contrast, require plans covering reception and care of
relocated population, and provision of fallout protection for use in
case of attack.

"NCP planning is risk-oriented, in that plans needed by high-risk and
low-risk jurisdictions will differ...Also, most low-risk jurisdictions
will need plans for the contingency of hosting risk-area population in
case of crisis relocation." (**DCPA**, *Standards For Local Civil
Protection*, 1978, 16-17)

**Nuclear Detonation Effects and Injuries:** "Nuclear detonations cause
three types of injuries: blast, thermal and radiation, as well as
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) effects described further in a later
section.

\(1\) *Blast injuries* are caused by the overpressure wave traveling
outwards from the center of the nuclear detonation. The types of
injuries are the same as occur with conventional explosives and are
further described in the next section.

\(2\) *Thermal injuries* present as flash burns (burns from direct
exposure to the thermal radiation pulse, typically ultraviolet, visible,
and infrared waves) or flame burns (burns from materials set afire by
the infrared energy wave igniting flammable materials).

\(3\) *Radiation injuries* from a nuclear blast occur from two sources:
prompt and residual. Prompt radiation effects occur due to the neutrons
and high-energy gamma rays emitted immediately by the weapon. Severity
depends on the weapon's yield, emission spectrum, and distance to the
target. Residual radiation effects are due to emissions (typically
alphas, betas, and low energy gammas) from fission fragments (the heavy
atom products produced during fission) and activated environmental
materials (when materials absorb radiation and become radioactive
themselves). Collectively, these sources are called fallout. The amount
of fallout depends on the weapon's yield, type, and height of burst,
while the area affected depends heavily on the wind. The hazard to
personnel depends on the level of radiation present and the duration of
exposure." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE, Consequence Management* (JP 3-41),
2006, p. I-8)

**Nuclear Emergency Search Team (NEST)**: "The Nuclear Emergency Support
Team (NEST) is the National Nuclear Security Administration's program
for preparing and equipping specialized response teams to deal with the
technical aspects of nuclear or radiological terrorism. NEST
capabilities include search and identification of nuclear materials,
diagnostics and assessment of suspected nuclear devices, technical
operations in support of render safe procedures, and packaging for
transport to final disposition.

"Their mission is to provide specialized technical expertise to the
Federal response in resolving nuclear or radiological terrorist
incidents. This expertise is provided by well trained personnel who form
specialized response teams to work in coordination with teams from other
Federal agencies to resolve a nuclear terrorist crisis. NEST experts
include engineers, scientists, and other technical specialists from
NNSA's nuclear weapons laboratories and facilities to include Los Alamos
National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, the Remote Sensing Laboratory and the Pantex
Plant." (**DOE**, *NEST,* Nov. 6, 2007)

**Nuclear Incident:** "A nuclear incident is defined as an event or a
series of events, either deliberate or accidental, leading to the
release, or potential release, into the environment of radioactive
materials in sufficient quantity to warrant consideration of protective
actions." (**EPA,** *Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective
Actions For Nuclear Incidents*, 1991, p. 1-1; **Health Physics
Society**, *Guidance for Protective Actions Following a Radiological
Terrorist Event*, 2004, p. 3)

**Nuclear Incident Response Phases:** "The PAG Manual \[EPA 1992\]
establishes protective actions based on the ability to control exposure
to the radioactive material and the exposure pathways that are expected
to exist as a nuclear incident progresses. This approach results in
classifying the response to a nuclear incident into three phases, i.e.,
early, intermediate, and late (recovery) phase.

-   The early phase of a nuclear incident is from the beginning of the
    incident until the release of radioactive material is under control
    and is characterized by the need to make immediate decisions for
    protective actions.

-   The intermediate phase is the period beginning after the release of
    radioactive material has been brought under control or has stopped
    and is characterized by the ability to obtain reliable radiological
    measurements as a basis for decision making.

-   The late (recovery) phase is the period in which recovery actions
    are conducted to bring radiation levels to levels acceptable for the
    area to be returned to unrestricted use." (Health Physics Society,
    *Background Information on "Guidance for Protective Actions
    Following a Radiological Terrorist Event" Position Statement of the
    Health Physics Society*, 2004, p. 4)

**Nuclear Incident Response Team (NIRT):** "Section 506 of the Homeland
Security Act of 2002 includes in its definition of the NIRT those
entities of the DOE that perform nuclear or radiological emergency
support functions (including accident response, search response,
advisory and technical operations functions), radiation exposure
functions at the medical assistance facility known as the Radiation
Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), radiological
assistance functions, and related functions." (**DOE**, *Departmental
Radiological Emergency Response Assets*, June 27, 2007, p. 2)

**Nuclear Incident Response Team (NIRT):** "Created by the Homeland
Security Act to provide DHS with a nuclear/radiological response
capability. When activated, the NIRT consists of specialized Federal
response teams drawn from DOE and/or EPA." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*,
2006, Glossary 25-18)

**Nuclear Sector Coordinating Council (NSCC):** Nuclear industry group
formed in 2004 "made up of industry leaders representing nuclear power
plants, university research reactors, fuel fabrication facilities and
manufacturers of nuclear components. The coordinating council serves as
the primary liaison between the commercial nuclear sector and federal
agencies on security and emergency preparedness." (**Nuclear Energy
Institute**, *Nuclear Power Plant Security Backgrounder*, Sep. 1, 2006,
p. 1)

**Nuclear Weapon Accident: "**An unexpected event involving nuclear
weapons that results in any of the following:

-   Accidental or unauthorized launching, firing, or use by U.S. Forces

-   U.S.-supported allied forces of a nuclear-capable weapons system.

-   An accidental, unauthorized, or unexplained nuclear detonation.

-   Non-nuclear detonation or burning of a nuclear weapon.

-   Radioactive contamination.

-   Jettisoning of a nuclear weapon.

-   Public hazard, actual or perceived." (**DoD**, *DoD Response to
    Radiological Accidents*, 1996, p. 9)

**Nuclear Weapon Significant Incident:** "An unexpected event involving
nuclear weapons, nuclear components, or a nuclear weapon transport or
launch vehicle when a nuclear weapon is mated, loaded, or on board, that
does not fall into the nuclear weapon accident category but that:

-   Results in evident damage to a nuclear weapon or nuclear component
    to the extent that major rework, complete replacement, or
    examination or recertification by the DoE is required.

-   Requires immediate action in the interest of safety or nuclear
    weapons security.

-   May result in adverse public reaction (national or international).

-   Could lead to a nuclear weapon accident and warrants that senior
    national officials or agencies be informed or take action."
    (**DoD**, *DoD Response to Radiological Accidents*, 1996, p. 9)

**Nuclear Weapons Effects:** "A nuclear weapon detonation causes an
intense blast, intense light and heat, and direct radiation. The blast
causes a damaging wave of air pressure. Detonation at or near ground
level creates a large airborne cloud of radioactive particles that can
contaminate the air, water, and ground surfaces for miles around as
radioactive fallout. The heavier particles fall first, nearer the site
of the explosion. A very high altitude burst can create an
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) that can disable electrical and electronic
equipment and systems of all kinds. A nuclear device can range from a
weapon carried by an intercontinental ballistic missile launched by a
hostile nation, to a small portable nuclear device transported by an
individual or terrorist organization. All nuclear devices cause deadly
effects when exploded, including blinding light, intense heat (thermal
radiation), initial nuclear radiation, blast, fires started by the heat
pulse, and secondary fires caused by damage to electrical and natural
gas lines, stoves and furnaces, and fallout radiation." (**FEMA**, "Fact
Sheet -- Nuclear Blast," April 2007, p. 1)

**NUDET:** Nuclear Detonation. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 3)

**Nunn-Lugar-Domenici Domestic Preparedness Act, Defense Against Weapons
of Mass Destruction Act of 1996,** Public Law 104-201, Title XIV**.**

**NVHUG:** Nevada HAZUS Users Group. (**FEMA**, "HAZUS User
Groups...NVHUG..." October 23, 2007)

**NVOAD:** National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster.

**NWC:** National Warning Center. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 3) \[Defunct\]

**NWC:** National Weather Center. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, 633)

**NWCG:** National Wildfire Coordinating Group.

**NWS:** National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, US DOC.

**O&M:** Operations and Maintenance. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation
Still Unprepared*, 2006, 633)

**OASD:** Office of the Secretary of Defense.

**OASD (HD):** Office of the Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense

**OASD (HD)/DCIP:** Office of the Secretary of Defense for Homeland
Defense/Defense Critical Infrastructure Protection. (**DSB**, Report of
DSV TF on CHIP, 2007, p. 1)

**Objective:** "A purpose to be achieved, a result to be obtained, a
product to be produced, or a service to be performed by the Investment."
(**DHS**, *Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland Security Grant Program: Investment
Justification Reference Guide*, January 2007, p. 53, Appendix A, Defs.)

**Objective:** "A series of related operations aimed at accomplishing a
strategic mission within a give time and space." (**Homeland Security
Inst**., *HS Strategic Planning MAA*, March 28, 2007, p. 63)

**OC:** Operational Continuity. (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*,
2007, p. vi)

**OCD:** Office of Civil Defense (**Department of Defense**, 1961-1964;
Dept. of Army 1964-1972)

**Occupant Emergency Plan(s) (OEP):** "A short-term emergency response
program that establishes procedures for safeguarding lives and
property." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, P-8)

**OCE:** Office of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. (**OCD**,
*Abbreviations*, 1971, p. 3)

**OCM:** Operational Continuity Management. (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security...*, 2007, 4)

**OCP:** Operational Continuity Plan. (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security*..., 2007, 4)

**ODP:** Office of Domestic Preparedness, DHS. \[Defunct\] Functions
moved to FEMA in 2007.

**OEC:** Office of Emergency Communications, Department of Homeland
Security. (OEC October 18, 2007 slide presentation)

**OEP:** Occupant Emergency Plan**.** (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, P-8)

**OEP:** Office of Emergency Preparedness. (**HSGAC**, A *Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, 633)

**OES:** Office of Emergency Services (as in California Governor's
Office of Emergency Services).

**OFA:** Other Federal Agencies. (**DHS**, *NRF Logistics Management
Support Annex*, 2007, p. 3)

**Office for Civilian Defense:** Created on May 20, 1941 by Executive
Order 8757, within the Office for Emergency Management in the Executive
Office of the President. Former New York City Mayor Piorello H.
LaGuardia was named Director. Upon his resignation on February 10, 1942,
James M. Landis, an Assistant to the President became Director (February
11). (**Gessert**, Federal *Civil Defense Organization*, 1965, p. 60)
Abolished on June 30, 1945 by Executive Order 9562 shortly after Germany
surrendered during World War II. (Ibid, p. 61)

**Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP):** Established in 1998 within
the Department of Justice, pursuant to Public Law 105-119, and made
"responsible for developing and administering a domestic preparedness
program to provide financial assistance to states, U.S. territories, and
local governments for domestic preparedness training and equipment." On
March 1, 2003 the ODP was transferred to DHS and later renamed the
Office of Grants and Training. On April 1, 2007 OGT was transferred to
FEMA's National Preparedness Directorate and renamed Grant Programs
Directorate. (**DHS/OIG**, *Audit*, Dec 2007, 3)

**Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP):** "I want to take this
opportunity to formally welcome your agency\'s participation in the U.
S. Department of Justice\'s effort to enhance the nation\'s emergency
response communities capabilities to respond to mass casualty terrorist
incidents. The staff of the Office of State and Local Domestic
Preparedness Support (ODP) look forward to working with you and your
staff in the implementation of this important new initiative. This
Bulletin is the first in a series of informational updates our office
will distribute to the designated state agencies in an effort to keep
you informed of information on ODP\'s and other related Federal programs
and our efforts to assist your office as you develop and implement your
statewide strategic plans.

"Through ODP, the Office of Justice Program has established a new
program office whose primary goal is building capabilities at the state
and local levels through a coordinated program of equipment support;
training, from the awareness level to the incident command level;
exercise planning and support; and specialized technical assistance. ODP
is looking to the designated state agencies to provide the critical
state-based plans which will help our office more effectively allocate
program funding to the jurisdictions with the greatest need. ODP is
committed to working with you and your staff to coordinate the
implementation of an integrated national program working in partnership
with state and local agencies within your state." (**C.H. "Butch" Straub
II, Director**, *ODP Information Bulletin No. 1, Subject: Office for
Domestic Preparedness Support*, March 6, 2000)

**Office for Emergency Management:** On May 25, 1940 "The Office for
Emergency Management was established upon recommendation of the revived
Council of National Defense, in the Executive Office of the President."
(**Gessert**, *Federal CD Organization*, 1965, p. 60)

**Office of Civil Defense**: (Department of Defense, 1961-1964;
Department of the Army 1964-1972)

**Office of Civil Defense Planning:** Established by Presidential
Directive, dated March 27, 1948 in the National Military Establishment
by Secretary of Defense Forrestal. Russell J. Hopley named as Director.
(**OCDP** (Hopley Report**)**, 1948, p. v; **Gessert**, *Federal Civil
Defense Planning*, 1965, 63)

**Office of Civilian Defense:** The Office of Civilian Defense was a
World War II organization. President Truman informed Congress on May 2,
1945 that the OCD would soon be terminated and its proposed budget for
the next fiscal year withdrawn. Noted were developments in the European
theater of operations. (See "Statement by the President Concerning the
Termination of the Office of Civilian Defense," May 2, 1945, in **Public
Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Truman,** 1945,
pp. 30-31)

**Office of Emergency Communications (OEC, DHS):** "OEC Mission
Statement: The OEC supports and promotes the ability of emergency
responders and government officials to continue to communicate in the
event of natural disasters, acts of terrorism, or other man-made
disasters, and works to ensure, accelerate, and attain interoperable and
operable emergency communications nationwide." (**OEC** October 18, 2007
slide presentation)

**Office of Grants and Training (OGT), DHS.** Transferred to FEMA on
April 1, 2007 and renamed the Grants Programs Directorate.

**Office of Health Affairs (OHS/DHS):** "OHA plays a crucial role in the
Department's mission to secure the homeland. In leading the Department's
biodefense activities, OHA is responsible for operating the biological
monitoring and early detection systems that are deployed in the nation's
major cities, and for managing the National Biosurveillance Integration
System. Together, these programs play a vital role in ensuring that
relevant human, plant, animal and environmental health information is
consolidated, analyzed and shared with interagency partners and better
coordinate the nation's biodefense activities." (**DHS**,
*Budget-in-Brief FY 2008*, p. 84)

**Office of Homeland Security:** Established by Executive Order on March
8, 2001. "The mission of the Office shall be to develop and coordinate
the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the
United States from terrorist threats or attacks." (**White House**, EO
13228, October 8, 2001).

**Office of National Security Coordination (ONSC), FEMA:** "The Office
of National Security Coordination (ONSC) represents the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Department of Homeland Security
(DHS), as the Federal Executive Branch Lead Agent, to coordinate and
ensure continuity of national essential functions, and minimize the
disruption of essential operations to guarantee the survival of an
Enduring Constitutional Government.  ONSC is responsible for policy,
test, training and exercise of Executive Branch activities involving
Continuity of Operations, Continuity of Government, and Contingency
Programs to ensure appropriate preparation and execution of operations,
in response to a full threat spectrum of emergencies.  ONSC is also
responsible for management of the Mount Weather Emergency Operations
Center in support of a wide variety of FEMA and DHS functions, as well
as other federal departments and activities." (**FEMA**, *ONSC*,
September 15, 2006)

**Office of Operations Coordination (OPS), DHS:** "The Office of
Operations Coordination is responsible for monitoring the security of
the United States on a daily basis and coordinating activities within
the Department and with governors, Homeland Security Advisors, law
enforcement partners, and critical infrastructure operators in all 50
States and more than 50 major urban areas nationwide.

"Leadership: The Office of Operations Coordination is headed by Director
for Operations Coordination, Roger T. Rufe, Jr. (USCG Ret).

"Mission: The Office of Operations Coordination works to deter, detect,
and prevent terrorist acts by coordinating the work of  Federal, state,
territorial, tribal, local, and private sector partners and  by
collecting and fusing information from a variety of sources.

"Goals: The Office is responsible for:

-   conducting joint operations across all organizational elements.

-   coordinating activities related to incident management.

-   employing all Department resources to translate intelligence and
    policy into action.

-   overseeing the National Operations Center (NOC) which collects and
    fuses information from more than 35 Federal, State, territorial,
    tribal, local, and private sector agencies.

"Organization: Information is shared and fused on a daily basis by the
two halves of the Office that are referred to as the "Intelligence Side"
and the "Law Enforcement Side." Each half is identical and functions in
tandem with the other but requires a different level of clearance to
access information. The Intelligence Side focuses on pieces of highly
classified intelligence and how the information contributes to the
current threat picture for any given area. The Law Enforcement Side is
dedicated to tracking the different enforcement activities across the
country that may have a terrorist nexus.  The two pieces fused together
create a real-time snap shot of the nation's threat environment at any
moment." (**DHS**, *Office of Operations Coordination*, 2007)

**Office of Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures (OPHEMC),**
HHS.

**Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness (OPHEP)**, HHS. Now the
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR).

**Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR,
HHS):** "The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and
Response (formerly the Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness)
serves as the Secretary\'s principal advisory staff on matters related
to bioterrorism and other public health emergencies. ASPR also
coordinates interagency activities between HHS, other Federal
departments, agencies, and offices, and State and local officials
responsible for emergency preparedness and the protection of the
civilian population from acts of bioterrorism and other public health
emergencies." (**HHS**, *ASPR*)

**OFRD:** Office of Force Readiness and Deployment, US HHS.

**OGT:** Office of Grants and Training, DHS. Transferred to FEMA's
Preparedness Directorate April 1, 2007 and renamed Grant Programs
Directorate.

**OI&A:** Office of Intelligence and Analysis (Division of DHS
Preparedness Directorate). (**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p. 102)

**OIG:** Office of Inspector General.

**OIP:** Office of Infrastructure Protection (Division of DHS
Preparedness Directorate). (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p. 102)

**OMB:** Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the White
House.

**On Scene Commander:** "1. An individual in the immediate vicinity of
an isolating event who temporarily assumes command of the incident. 2.
The federal officer designated to direct federal crisis and consequence
management efforts at the scene of a terrorist or weapons of mass
destruction incident." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007,
Glossary-14)

**On Scene Coordinator:** "The On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) is the federal
official responsible for monitoring or directing responses to all oil
spills and hazardous substance releases reported to the federal
government. The OSC coordinates all federal efforts with, and provides
support and information to, local, state and regional response
communities. The OSC is an agent of either EPA or the U.S. Coast Guard,
depending on where the incident occurs. EPA OSCs have primary
responsibility for spills and releases to inland areas and waters, while
U.S. Coast Guard OSCs have responsibility for coastal waters and the
Great Lakes. In general, the OSC has the following key responsibilities
during and after a response to a hazardous substance release or an oil
spill: (1) assessment; (2) monitoring; (3) response assistance; and (4)
evaluation." (**EPA**, *On Scene Coordinators*, September 17, 2007)

**On-Site Assistance (OSA):** "On-Site Assistance develops a program to
attain required emergency preparedness objectives identified. The goal
of OSA is to help local communities develop and maintain maximum
capabilities in order to actually conduct coordinated life-saving
operations in extraordinary emergencies." (**DCPA**, *On-Site
Assistance* (MP-63), 1974, p. 1)

"While the goal of OSA can be expressed in a single sentence, helping a
community achieve emergency operational readiness can be a complex
process involving considerable effort and requiring that many
determinations be made along the way. The following questions must be
answered for each community if operational readiness assistance is to be
applied in the most effective manner.

1.  What is the status of civil preparedness in the local community?

2.  What is the existing level of emergency operational readiness in the
    local community?

3.  How can the level of emergency operational readiness be increased?

4.  What realistically can be done to make civil preparedness a vital
    entity within the community and to increase the community's ability
    to respond to an emergency?

5.  What course of action and program of assistance will be most
    effective within the community?" (Ibid, p. 2)

**On-Site Assistance Action (Implementation) Plan:** "The Action Plan
represents a feasible program to eliminate deficiencies \[noted during
"The Survey"\] and should identify and schedule specific work needed,
and assign the responsibility (Regional, State, or local, or combination
thereof). It should be approved and signed by representatives of each
level, and represent a commitment on the part of each to do the work
indicated." (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance* (MP-63), 1974, p. 11)

**On-Site Assistance Definition:** "A major effort to assist local
government in improving their emergency operational capability to cope
with natural disasters and other peacetime emergencies, in addition to
the effects of nuclear attack. It involves direct on-site (at locality)
Federal, State, and local effort; and consists of a number of specific
steps, such as assessing existing capabilities, surveying local needs,
and developing a program to meet requirements identified. The objective
is to give concrete and, where, possible, timely assistance, in addition
to comprehensive long-range help, taking maximum advantage of existing
Federal, State, and local resources." (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance*
(MP-63), 1974, p. 4)

**On-Site Assistance (Local Government):** "Building on studies of the
status of local operational planning and readiness conducted in prior
years, a technique and program were developed for providing on-site
assistance in local communities during fiscal year 1972. On-Site
Assistance is the top priority program of the Defense Civil Preparedness
Agency. The program is designed to help local governments (counties,
cities, towns) access their existing level or readiness to conduct
coordinated operations in both peacetime and attack-caused emergencies,
and then to take specific steps to improve their emergency readiness.
The program involves direct on-site effort by teams of State and DCPA
Regional professionals working with local officials. The On-Site
Assistance Program requires that civil preparedness be viewed as a total
preparedness effort....on-site assistance is basically a people-oriented
program, emphasizing planning, organizing, training, and exercising; and
requiring some shift in approach and attitude from the more
hardware-oriented programs of the 1960's." (**DCPA**, *Civil
Preparedness -- A New Dual* Mission, 1972, p. 7)

**On Site Assistance (State Government):** "During fiscal year 1973, a
project was launched to ascertain the need for On-Site Assistance at the
State level. Work was completed on a prototype basis in South Carolina,
and in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, following Hurricane Agnes. The
prototype work resulted in a detailed plan for joint State and Federal
efforts to improve operational readiness in South Carolina. As a result,
the South Carolina Legislature revised and updated the State Civil
Defense Law." (**DCPA**, *Foresight, DCPA Annual Report FY 73*, p. 10)

**On Site Incident Management:** "Onsite Incident Management is the
capability to effectively direct and control incident activities by
using the Incident Command System (ICS) consistent with the National
Incident Management System (NIMS)." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 197)

**ONA:** Other Needs Assistance. (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters: Public
Policy Options*, Nov 2007, ii)

**One-Hundred Year (100-Year) Flood:** "A 100-year flood is that flood
that has a 1% chance of occurrence in any given year; a 500-year flood
has a 0.2% chance of occurrence in any given year. However, the
occurrence of a 100-year flood in a given year does not mean that a
similar or larger flood can not occur in the following year, or even
later that same year. As a result of this yearly independence, there is
a 26% chance that a 100-year flood will occur or be exceeded within a
30-year period (the life of a typical mortgage)."[^43] (**Galloway**,
*CA Challenge*, 2007, 15)

**One-Hundred Year (100-Year) Floodplain:** The land area adjoining a
river, stream, lake, or ocean which is inundated by the 100-year flood,
also referred to as a flood having a 1 percent chance of occurring in
any given year. The 100-year flood is the regulatory (base) flood under
the NFIP. (**FEMA**, *Definitions of Terms*, 1990)

**One-Percent Annual Chance Flood:** A flood of the magnitude that has a
one-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Often
referred to as the "100-year" flood or base flood, the one-percent
annual chance flood is the standard most commonly used for floodplain
management and regulatory purposes in the United States.

**ONS:** Operation Neptune Shield. (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*,
December 2007, p. iv)

**ONSC:** Office of National Security Coordination, FEMA.

**OPA:** Otherwise Protected Area. (**FEMA**, *Call for Issues Status
Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**OPA 90:** Oil Pollution Act of 1990. (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*,
December 2007, p. 4)

**OPCEN:** Operations Center. (**Dept. Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, p. 1-3)

**Operable Communications:** "Agencies must be "operable," meaning they
must have sufficient public safety and service agency communications
capabilities to meet their everyday internal requirements before they
place value on being "interoperable," meaning being able to work with
other disciplines and agencies. They need to improve those systems first
but this improvement planning needs to include a vision for improved
interoperability with other disciplines and agencies. At a time when
more attention is being paid to interoperability among different
disciplines and jurisdictions within the community, there still exists
fundamental communication deficiencies within disciplines and
jurisdictions as practitioners strive to perform the most routine and
basic elements of their job functions." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 39)

**Operation Intercept:** A September 2006 "multi- jurisdictional RN
prevention functional exercise \[in NJ\] that included CBRNE response
assets, law enforcement, fire/hazmat, and intelligence analysts at the
federal, state, and local levels." (**DHS**, *DNDO Exercises*, 2007)

**Operation LIBERTY SHIELD:** "Operation LIBERTY SHIELD is a
comprehensive national plan designed to increase protections for
America's citizens and infrastructure while maintaining the free flow of
goods and people across our border with minimal disruption to our
economy and way of life. Operation LIBERTY SHIELD is a multi-department,
multi-agency, national team effort. It includes:

>  Increased security at borders
>
>  Stronger transportation protections
>
>  Ongoing measures to disrupt threats against our nation
>
>  Greater protections for critical infrastructure and key assets
>
>  Increased public health preparedness
>
>  Federal response resources positioned and ready." (**White House**,
> *Operation Liberty Shield*, March 17, 2003, p. 1)

**Operation Neptune Shield (ONS):** "...a Coast Guard operations
order...First issued in 2003 and revised periodically since, it contains
a classified set of requirements establishing the Coast Guard's homeland
security activity levels. As such, the order sets scalable performance
minimums that escalate as the MARSEC level increases." (**GAO**,
*Maritime Sec*., Dec 2007, 44)

**Operational Continuity (OC):** "...operational continuity is the more
general term for business continuity and is used to emphasize relevance
to all types of organizations in the public and private sectors." (**ISO
22399**, *Societal Security*, 2007, p. vi)

"Strategic and tactical capability, pre-approved by management, of an
organization to plan for and respond to conditions, situations and
events in order to continue operations at an acceptable predefined
level." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, 4)

**Operational Continuity Management (OCM):** "Holistic management
process that identifies potential impacts that threaten an organization
and provides a framework for building resilience with the capability for
an effective response that safeguards the interests of its key
stakeholders, reputation, brand and value-creating activities. Note:
Operational continuity management also involves the management of
recovery or continuity in the event of an incident, as well as
management of the overall program through training, rehearsals, and
reviews, to ensure the operational continuity plan stays current and
up-to-date." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*, 2007, 4)

**Operational Continuity Management Program:** "Ongoing management and
governance process supported by top management and resourced to ensure
that the necessary steps are taken to identify the impact of potential
losses, maintain viable recovery strategies and plans, and ensure
continuity of functions/products/services through exercising, rehearsal,
testing, training, maintenance and assurance." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security*..., 2007, 4)

**Operational Continuity Management Team:** "Group of individuals
functionally responsible for directing the development and execution of
the operational continuity pal, declaring an emergency/crisis situation
and providing direction during the recovery process both pre-and
post-disruptive incident. Note: The operational continuity management
team may include individuals from the organizations as well as immediate
and first responders, stakeholders, and other interested parties."
(**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, 4)

**Operational Continuity Plan (OCP):** "Documented collection of
procedures and information that is developed, compiled and maintained in
readiness for use in an incident." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security*..., 2007, 4)

**Operational Continuity Strategy:** "Approach by an organization that
will ensure its recovery and continuity in the face of a disruptive
event, crisis or other major outage." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security*..., 2007, 4)

**Operational Continuity Team:** "Group of individuals responsible for
developing, executing, rehearsing, and maintaining the operational
continuity plan, including the processes and procedures." (**ISO
22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, 4)

**Operational Exposure Guidance:** "A flexible system of radiation
exposure control that allows the commander to calculate the maximum
amount of nuclear radiation that he considers a unit may be permitted to
receive while performing a particular mission or missions in order to
reduce casualties in radioactive fallout areas, yet still be able to
accomplish the mission." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007,
Glossary-15)

**Operational Plans:** "Operational plans identify and direct the
agencies/organizations and resources required to execute the tasks and
objectives necessary based on the strategic planning. Operational plans
often include (but are not limited to) contingency and tactical plans."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 17)

**Operational Period:** "The time scheduled for executing a given set of
operation actions, as specified in the Incident Action Plan. Operational
periods can be of various lengths, although usually they last 12--24
hours." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 155)

**Operational Period:** "The period of time scheduled for execution of a
given set of operation

actions as specified in the IAP. Operational Periods can be various
lengths, usually not over 24 hours. The Operational Period coincides
with the completion of one planning "P" cycle (see Chapter 3 planning
cycle)." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-18)

**Operational Planning**: "There are two branches of operational
planning under the IPS: \[Integrated Planning System\] (i) Federal
prevention/protection operational planning; and (ii) Federal
response/recovery operational planning." (**DHS**, *IPS Draft
Description*, Jan 3, 2008)

\[Note: In the draft NPS predecessor document, the National Planning and
Execution System, these two types of plans were referred to in their
original military language as Contingency Planning and Crisis Action
Planning.\]

**Operational Planning**: "Interagency Definition -- The process by
which specific resource, personnel, and asset applications are made to
execute the objectives of the strategic plan. An operational plan
contains a full description of the concept of operations with supporting
annexes, as appropriate." (**DHS**, *Interagency Planning Workshop*,
November 29, 2007, slide 22) \[See "Strategic Planning: Interagency
Definition," and "Tactical Planning: Interagency Definition".\]

**Operational Resilience:** "Mitigating the vulnerability of government
and private sector operations to man-made or natural disasters depends
not only on the structural resilience of our assets, systems, and
networks but also on operational resilience. First, we will continue to
maintain comprehensive and effective continuity programs, includ­ing
those that integrate continuity of operations and continuity of
government programs, to ensure the preservation of our government under
the Constitution and the continuing performance of national essential
functions -- those government roles that are neces­sary to lead and
sustain the Nation during and following a catastrophic emergency. A
national approach to continuity also requires that State, local, and
Tribal governments work to ensure that they are able to maintain or
rapidly resume effective functioning dur­ing and after catastrophic
incidents and are able to interact effectively with each other and the
Federal Government. Likewise, we strongly encourage the private sector
to conduct business continuity planning that recognizes
interdependencies and complements gov­ernmental efforts -- doing so not
only helps secure the United States, but also makes good long-term
business sense for individual companies. Such integrated and
comprehensive planning is essential to protecting and preserving lives
and livelihoods and maintaining our robust economy during crises."
(**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, October
2007, p. 29)

**Operational Risk:** "The risk of loss resulting from inadequate or
failed procedures and controls. This includes loss from events related
to technology and infrastructure, failure, business interruptions, staff
related problems, and from external events such as regulatory changes."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006,
60)

**Operations Coordination Center (OCC):** "The primary facility of the
Multi-Agency Coordination System. It houses staff and equipment
necessary to perform MAC functions." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook* 2006,
Glossary 25-19)

**Operations Plan**: "The term 'operations plan' on "OPLAN" refers to a
plan that identifies detailed resource, personnel and asset allocations
in order to execute the objectives of the strategic plan and turn
strategic priorities into operations, to include specific roles and
responsibilities, tasks, integration, and actions required, with
supporting support function annexes as appropriate." (**White House**,
*Annex I "National Planning" to HSPD-8*, 2007, p. 2)

**Operations Section: "**The Section responsible for all tactical
incident operations and implementation of the Incident Action Plan. In
ICS, it normally includes subordinate Branches, Divisions, and/or
Groups." (**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System Draft*, 2007,
p.155)

**Operations Section:** "The Section responsible for all operations
directly applicable to the primary mission. Directs the preparation of
Branch, Division, and/or Unit operational plans, requests or releases
resources, makes expedient changes to the IAP as necessary and reports
such to the IC." (**USCG** *IM Handbook* 2006 Glossary 25-19)

**OPeriod:** Operational Period. (**FEMA**, *Federal Interim CONPLAN:
NMSZ*, Dec.15, 2007, 22)

**OPHEMC:** Office of Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures,
US HHS.

**OPHEP:** Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness, US HHS.

**OPLAN:** Operations Plan. (**White House**, *Annex I "National
Planning,"* HSPD-8, 2007)

**OPM:** Office of Personnel Management.

**OPORD:** Operations Order. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, p. 2-3)

**OPREP:** Operations Report. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, G-15)

**OPS:** Office of Operations Coordination, DHS.

**OPSUM:** Operations Summary. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-5)

**OPTEMPO:** Operating Tempo. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-5)

**ORC:** Operational Readiness Cycle. (**Dept. of Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, 4-9)

**Orders of Succession:** "Provisions for the assumption of senior
agency offices during an emergency in the event that any of those
officials are unavailable to execute their legal duties." (**DHS**, *FCD
1*, Nov. 2007, P-8)

**Organization:** "Group of people and facilities with an arrangement of
responsibilities, authorities and relationships." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security*..., 2007, 5)

**Organization and Leadership Capability Element:** Collection and
analysis of intelligence and information, and development of policies,
plans, procedures, mutual aid agreements, strategies, and other
publications that comply with relevant laws, regulations, and guidance

necessary to perform assigned missions and tasks." (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 9)

**Organization of Federal Civil Defense, Civil Preparedness, and
Emergency Management:**

-   Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA, Executive Office of
    President, 1950-1951)

-   Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA, 1951-1958)

-   Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization (ODCM (EOP) 1958)

-   Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (OCDM, EOP, 1958-1961)

-   Office of Civil Defense (OCD, Department of Defense, 1961-1964

-   OCD (Department of the Army, DoD, 1964-1972)

-   Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (DCPA, DoD (1972-1979)

-   Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, 1979-present)

(**National Archives**, *Guide to Federal Records*, Records of FEMA,
Record Group 311, p. 2)

**Organizational Response to Disaster, Typology:** "...almost all groups
that appear in a community emergency can be classified as being one of
four possible types."

-   Type I: Established -- carries out regular tasks

-   Type II: Expanding -- expanding organization with regular tasks

-   Type III: Extending -- existing organization undertaking non-regular
    tasks

-   Type IV: Emergent -- new group, engages in non-regular tasks."

(**Dynes**, et al, *A Perspective on Disaster Planning* (3^rd^. Ed.),
1981, p. 58; see also, Warheit and Dynes, *The Functioning of
Established Organizations in Community Disasters*, 1968, pp. 35-43)

"The major planning implication of this \[is\] the need for overall
coordination. There are different elements and different groups involved
in most community disasters. All of the elements and all of the groups
have to be integrated together if there is to be any effective response
to an emergency. This requires planning." (**Dynes**, *A Perspective on
Disaster Planning* (3^rd^. Ed.), 1981, p. 67)

**ORHUG:** Oregon HAZUS Users Group. (**FEMA**, "HAZUS User Groups
Success Story: ORHUG, Geologic Hazards and Future Earthquake Damage...."
October 23, 2007.

**ORNL:** Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

**OSA:** On-Site Assistance Program (FEMA predecessor agencies).
Defunct.

**OSC:** On-Scene Commander. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, p. 2-3)

**OSC:** Federal On-Scene Coordinator. (**USG,** *Interagency Domestic
Terrorism CONPLAN*, 2001, p. 10; see also National Contingency Plan)

**OSD:** Office of Secretary of Defense. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 4)

**OSH Act:** Occupational Safety and Health Act.

**OSHA:** Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

**OSTP:** Office of Science and Technology Policy. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*,
Nov. 2007, p. O-2)

**Other Needs Assistance (ONA):** "Individual assistance program
intended to meet the necessary expenses and serious needs of disaster
victims. ONA operates within established grant limits that are funded
through a 75% Federal/25% State cost share." (**FEMA**, *Disaster
Basics* (IS-292), May 24, 2007 update, p. A-8 Glossary)

**Other Needs Assistance (ONA):** "FEMA may provide ONA grant funding
for transportation expenses, medical and dental expenses, and funeral
and burial expenses. ONA grant funding may also be available to replace
personal property, repair and replace vehicles, and reimburse moving and
storage expenses under certain circumstances." (**GAO**, *Natural
Disasters: Public Policy Options...*, Nov 2007, p. 16)

**Otherwise Protected Area (OPA):** "Otherwise Protected Area\'s (OPA's)
are generally used for activities such as fish and wildlife research and
refuges." \[Note: In 1990, Congress passed the Coastal Barrier
Improvement Act (CBIA). The CBIA tripled the size of the System
established by the Coastal Barrier Resource Act of 1982. The CBIA does
not allow the issuance of new Federal flood insurance within \"otherwise
protected areas\" on buildings constructed after November 16, 1991,
unless the building is used in a manner related to the reason the area
is protected.\] (**FEMA**, *CBRS History*, 2006)

**Outcome:** "The impact an Investment's processes and outputs (direct
goods and services produced by the Investment) has on the homeland
security program and capabilities; e.g., as the result of 1,000 more
firefighters being trained in mass casualty medical response (output),
the

jurisdiction can now address a potential incident population of 500,000,
versus 25,000 prior to training (outcome)." (**DHS**, *Fiscal Year 2007
Homeland Security Grant Program: Investment Justification Reference
Guide*, January 2007, p. 54, Appendix A, Definitions)

**Output:** "Direct products, goods and services produced..." (DHS,
*Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland Security Grant Program: Investment
Justification Reference Guide*, January 2007, p. 54, Appendix A,
Definitions)

**P & A:** Personnel and Administrative. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 4)

**PA:** Public Affairs.

**PA/FA:** Program Allocations/Functional Areas. (**FEMA**, *IEMS MYDP*,
1984, p. I-1)

**PAC:** Public Assistance Coordinator.

**PACER**: Center for the Study of Preparedness and Catastrophic Event
Response. Based at Johns Hopkins University.

**Packaged Disaster Hospital (PDH):** During the 1950s and 1960s the
Federal civil defense program developed and deployed approximately 2,500
Packaged Disaster Hospitals which "These PDHs consisted of modularized,
predeployed units for 50, 100, or 200 beds. In 1972, Congress
discontinued its support funding for the PDH concept. The 2,500 deployed
units were declared to be surplus and were discarded over the next
decade. More than three decades later, however, we find ourselves in the
interesting position of rediscovering, resurrecting, and refining the
concept of ACSs \[alternative care sites\]." (**AHRQ/HHS**, *Mass
Casualty Care*, 2007, 76-77)

**PACOM**: Pacific Command. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, 633)

**PAG Manual:** *Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective
Actions for Nuclear Incidents*, EPA, 1992.

**PAHO:** Pan American Health Organization.

**PAHPA:** Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act. (Public Law
109-417, December 2006)

**Palanterra:** "...a map-based common operating picture of the National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency..." (Lipowicz, *Washington Technology*,
Vol. 21, No. 20, October 16, 2006)

**Palliative Care:** "Aggressive management of symptoms and relief of
suffering is what generally have come to be called "palliative care."
The World Health Organization defines palliative care as 'an approach
which improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing
life-threatening illness, through the prevention, assessment, and
treatment of pain and other physical, psychosocial, and spiritual
problems'." (**AHRQ**, *Mass Medical Care*, 2007, 104)

**Palliative Care Potential Populations:** "Most scenarios of
catastrophic MCEs \[Mass Casualty Events\] would create sudden large
numbers of fatally injured or critically ill short-term survivors that
are at least a few orders of magnitude larger than the existing
vulnerable populations. Depending on the event, some victims will last
only a few weeks (e.g., pulmonary injury from airborne chemicals) and
some may last for months (e.g., pandemic influenza). In many cases,
those who survive the onset usually will live for some time -- days to
months -- but will not be "expected to survive" due to the event itself
or to the ensuring resource scarcities it creates. Initial
identification of those who might fit into the "not expected to survive"
category following a catastrophic MCE may include:

-   Those exposed to the event who are expected to die over the course
    of weeks (e.g., those with radiation exposure)

-   The "already existing" palliative care population (e.g., those
    already enrolled in hospice or receiving palliative care in acute
    care settings)

-   Vulnerable patients (e.g., advanced illness patients in long-term
    care facilities) whose situation will be worsened due to scarcities
    associated with the event

-   Patients who are triaged as a result of scarce resources."
    (**AHRQ/HHS**, *Mass Medical Care*\..., 2007, p. 103)

**Palmer Index**: "A mathematical representation of drought conditions."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 56)

**Pandemic:** "An epidemic (a sudden outbreak) that becomes very
widespread and affects a whole region, a continent, or the world.... The
word \"pandemic\" comes from the Greek \"pan-\", \"all\" + \"demos\",
\"people or population\" = \"pandemos\" = \"all the people.\" A pandemic
affects all (nearly all) of the people. By contrast, \"epi-\" means
\"upon.\" An epidemic is visited upon the people. And \"en-\" means
\"in.\" An endemic is in the people." (**MedicineNet.com**, *Definition
of Pandemic*, 1998)

**Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act:** "In December 2006
Congress passed and the President signed the Pandemic and All-Hazards
Preparedness Act (PAHPA), Public Law No. 109-417, which has broad
implications for HHS's preparedness and response activities. The Act
established within the Department a new Assistant Secretary for
Preparedness and Response (ASPR); provided new authorities for a number
of programs, including the advanced development and acquisition of
medical countermeasures; and called for the establishment of a
quadrennial National Health Security Strategy." (**HHS**, *Pandemic and
All-Hazards Preparedness Act Progress Report*, November 2007, p. 1)

**Pandemic Influenza:** "Pandemic (from the Greek, meaning "of all of
the people'') Influenza has the potential to pose a far greater threat
to global health. It typically is a novel human flu that causes a
worldwide outbreak of serious illness and death. Because there is little
natural immunity, the disease can easily spread from person to person,
one of the key characteristics that defines a pandemic. There have been
at least 10 recorded flu pandemics during the past 300 years.4 Three of
these occurred during the 20th Century.

1*. The 1918-1919 "Spanish Flu"* was the most devastating flu pandemic
in recent history. It killed more than 500,000 Americans and as many as
50 million people globally, according to some estimates. It proved
especially lethal to young adults.

2\. *The 1957-1958 "Asian Flu"* was first identified in China and killed
approximately 1 million people worldwide, including 68,000 Americans.

3\. *The 1968-1969 "Hong Kong Flu"* caused about 34,000 deaths in the
United States."[^44] (**American Academy of Pediatrics**, *Pandemic
Influenza*, October 2007, p. 2)

**Pandemic Influenza Containment Strategy:** "Containment attempts would
require stringent infection-control measures such as bans on large
public gatherings, isolation of symptomatic individuals, prophylaxis of
the entire community with antiviral drugs, and various forms of movement
restrictions---possibly even including a quarantine...if a containment
attempt is to have a chance of succeeding, the response must employ the
assets of multiple partners in

a well coordinated way." (HHS, Pandemic Influenza Plan, 2005, p. 17)

**Pandemic Influenza Vaccination Program Goal:** "The *goal* of the
pandemic influenza vaccination program is to vaccinate all persons in
the United States who choose to be vaccinated." (**HHS**, *Draft
Guidance on Allocating and Targeting Pandemic Influenza* Vaccine,
October 23, 2007)

**Pandemic Countermeasure, Containment/Control Strategies:**

-   Isolation

-   Quarantine

-   Social Distancing

-   Closing Places of Assembly

-   'Snow Days/Weeks' and Furloughing Non-Essential Workers

-   Changes in Movement Patterns (**DHS**, *Pandemic Influenza CIKR
    Guide*, 2006, p. 14)

**Pandemic Countermeasure, Containment/Control Strategy, Social
Distancing:** "Within the workplace, social distancing measures could
take the form of: modifying the frequency and type of face-to-face
employee encounters (e.g., placing moratoriums on hand-shaking,
substituting teleconferences for face-to-face meetings, staggering
breaks, posting infection control guidelines); establishing flexible
work hours or worksite, (e.g., telecommuting); promoting social
distancing between employees and customers to maintain three-feet
spatial separation between individuals; and implementing strategies that
request and enable employees with influenza to stay home at the first
sign of symptoms." (**DHS**, *Pandemic Influenza \-- Preparedness,
Response, and Recovery: Guide for CIKR*, 2006, p. 14)

**Pandemic Influenza Phases:**

-   New Domestic Animal Outbreak in At-Risk Country

-   Suspected Human Outbreak Overseas

-   Confirmed Human Outbreak Overseas

-   Widespread Human Outbreaks in Multiple Locations Overseas

-   First Human Case in North America

-   Spread Throughout United States

-   Recovery and Preparation for Subsequent Waves. (**DHS**, *Pandemic
    Influenza CIKR Guide*, 2006, p. 17)

**Pandemic Vaccine Prioritization:**

*Level \-- Homeland & National Security (HNS)*

> A Deployed and mission critical personnel
>
> B Essential support and sustainment personnel
>
> Intelligence services; Border protection personnel
>
> National Guard personnel (not already in Level A)
>
> Other domestic national security personnel
>
> C Remaining active duty military and essential support personnel
>
> *Level \-- Health Care & Community Support Services (HC/CSS)*
>
> A Public health personnel
>
> Inpatient, Outpatient, and home health care providers
>
> Health care providers in long-term care facilities (LTCFs)
>
> B Community support services and emergency management personnel
>
> C Other important health care personnel
>
> *Level \-- Critical Infrastructure (CI)*
>
> A Emergency Medical Services, Fire service and Law enforcement
> personnel
>
> Manufacturers of pandemic vaccine, antiviral drugs, key pandemic
> response materials
>
> Key government leaders
>
> B Energy sector personnel (electricity and natural gas)
>
> Communications personnel (telephony and IT)
>
> Water sector personnel (potable and waste water)
>
> Government personnel
>
> C Transportation sector personnel
>
> Food and agriculture sector personnel
>
> Banking and finance sector personnel
>
> Pharmaceutical sector personnel
>
> Chemical and Oil sector personnel
>
> Postal and shipping sector personnel
>
> Other important government personnel
>
> *Level \-- General Population (GP)*
>
> A Pregnant women
>
> Infants and toddlers, 6 -- 35 months old
>
> B Household contacts of infants under 6 months old
>
> Children 3 -- 18 years old with high-risk medical conditions
>
> Children 3 -- 18 years old without high-risk medical conditions
>
> C High risk persons 19 -- 64 years old
>
> Persons 65 years and older
>
> D Healthy adults, 19 -- 64 years old, not included in other
> categories.

(**HHS**, *Draft Guidance on Allocating and Targeting Pandemic Influenza
Vaccine*, October 2007)

**Panic:** "Panic behavior is where the individual flees without any
consideration for others." (**Dynes, Quarantelli and Kreps**, *A
Perspective on Disaster Planning* (3^rd^ Ed.), 1981, p. 19)

**PAO:** Public Affairs Officer.

**Paper Plans:** "A frequent major weakness \[in emergency
preparedness\] concerns emergency planning. In many communities
emergency plans are based upon an assumed capability, rather than on a
real or existing capability. While many documented plans 'look good on
paper,' it is the actual existing resources and capabilities which must
be relied upon to save lives and property. Therefore, it is essential
that the emergency plan accurately reflect existing resources and
operational capabilities. It is also important to ensure that provisions
have been made for making the best possible use of existing resources
and capabilities, and where needed, to expand and improve them.

"Also, many written plans reflect more coordinated planning than has
actually occurred within the community. Frequently the preparation of
emergency plans did not include participation by representatives of
appropriate emergency services. During a study of local community
emergency planning,[^45] it was discovered that often the local civil
preparedness director was, for all practical purposes, the sole author
of the plan. For a plan to be workable, it is essential that the users
understand what is required of them. This is accomplished best by their
actual participation in the planning effort.

"In many cases local emergency operations plans have been produced to
satisfy Federal and State requirements for participation in DCPA
programs. A great many of these 'compliance plans' represent little or
no real planning activity. Many are the result of adopting (mostly
filling in blanks) model local plans produced by the States." (**DCPA**,
*On-Site Assistance* (MP 63), 1974, pp. 2-3)

**PAR:** Pressure and Release Model. (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in
Disaster Risk Asmt.*, 2008)

**PAR:** Protective Actions and Reentry (DOE).

**Participatory Analysis:** "A risk analysis which includes the affected
people in defining problems and needs, deciding solutions to them,
implementing agreed activities to achieve those solutions and/or
evaluating the results. The benefits of the technique are the growth of
capacity, the creation of disaster risk management attitudes and
behavior, and a greater insight into the communities enabling better
results. In addition participatory analysis may be more cost-effective
in the long term, than externally-driven initiatives, partly because
they are more likely to be sustainable and because the process allows
ideas to be tested and refined before adoption.

The limitations of the technique are a poor fit within rigid timetables;
impact will be limited at best if only some parts of the community are
involved and where participation involves real social change it leads to
the possibility of confrontation and conflict with those who
traditionally hold power and influence." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in
Disaster Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**Partnership:** "The concept of partnership...is understood here to
encompass ongoing communication and sharing of knowledge, which, in
turn, relies on relations of trust and common commitments." (**Fagen and
Martin** 2005, 11)

**Partnership for a Safer Future:** "The first Strategic Plan in the
history of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was published
in 1994. As part of FEMA's renewal, 'Partnership for a Safer Future'
laid out the agency's mission and vision. We recognized that FEMA's role
in making a safer future would require us to lay a solid foundation on
which to build an effective organization of emergency management. We
recognized that the organization would need to lead and support the
Nation in a comprehensive, risk-based emergency management program. We
also recognized that our mission to reduce the loss of life and property
included protecting the Nation's institutions from all natural and
man-made hazards. FEMA consequently began to direct efforts towards
creating an agency that would restore the confidence of the American
people and fulfill President Clinton's promise to 'be there' when
America needed us." (**FEMA** (Director James L. Witt Foreword)
*Strategic Plan FY 1998-2002*)

"Many challenges must be overcome before the vision of a 'Partnership
for a Safer Future' becomes a reality. The first challenge is the
effectiveness of the emergency management partnership. How well the
entire emergency management community functions will affect FEMA's
ability to meet the goals and objectives stated in the Plan. Although
FEMA provides leadership and coordination, State and local governments
are ultimately responsible for protecting their citizens from harm."
(**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan FY 1998 -- FY 2002*, 1997, p. 37)

**Pathogens:** "Pathogens are disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and
rickettsiae. These agents could be used to target food supplies, port
facilities, or population centers. Of particular concern is the threat
of contagious diseases such as smallpox. Agents that have a long
incubation period can infect a large number of people in a short period
of time without immediate symptoms or warning signs." (**Dept. of the
Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007, p. 3-5)

**PBSE:** Performance-Based Seismic Engineering.

**PCA:** Posse Comitatus Act.

**PCCIP:** President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection.

**PCI:** Property/Casualty Insurers Association of America. (**III**,
*Catastrophes: Insurance\...*, 2008)

**PCII:** Protected Critical Infrastructure Information. (**DHS**,
*PCIIP Frequently Asked Questions*)

**PCIIP:** Protected Critical Infrastructure Information Program.
(**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, p. 5)

**PCIS:** Partnership for Critical Infrastructure Security. "The PCIS
membership is comprised of one or more members and their alternates from
each of the SCCs \[Sector Coordinating Councils\]." (**DHS,** *NIPP*
2006, p. 5)

**PDA:** Preliminary Damage Assessment.

**PDD:** Presidential Decision Directive.

**PDD-39:** *US Policy on Counterterrorism*, 21 June 1995.

**PDD-62:** *Combating Terrorism,* 22 May 1998.

**PDD-67,** *Enduring Constitutional Government and Continuity of
government Operations*, 1998.

**PDH:** Packaged Disaster Hospital. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance
Appendices*, 1974, p.C-14)

**PDM:** Pre-Disaster Mitigation.

**PEP:** Pre-positioned Equipment Program. **(FEMA**, Statement of
Cannon, Nov/ 15, 2007. p. 9)

**PEP:** Prevention Exercise Program. (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V, 2005,
p. 5)

**Performance Activities and Tasks:** "Performance activities and tasks
are the actions taken to prevent, protect against, respond to, or
recover from an actual event or are demonstrated during an exercise."
(**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 8)

**Performance Based Seismic Design (PBSD):** "The goal of PBSD is to
develop practical assessment and design criteria that enable building
owners and regulators to select desired performance and/or reliability
levels for new construction or for upgrades of existing buildings that
differ from the current building code-based life safety level."
(**NEHRP**, *Annual Report*, 2007, p. viii)

**Performance Measures:** "Performance measures are quantitative or
qualitative levels against which achievement of a task or capability
outcome can be assessed. They describe how much, how well, or how
quickly an action should be performed and are typically expressed in
ways that can be observed during an exercise or real event. *The
measures and metrics are not standards. They serve as guides and
evaluation tools for planning, training, and exercise activities.*"
(**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 8)

**Performance Measures, Emergency/Disaster Response:**

1)  Capability -- what can we do?

2)  Capacity -- how much can we do?

3)  Proficiency -- how well can we perform?

4)  Deployment -- how quickly can we deploy capabilities? (**GAO**,
    *Maritime Security*, Dec. 2007, p. 76, citing NYFD Chief of
    Counterterrorism and Emer. Prep., Sep 2006)

**Peril:** " The cause of risk. Perils include such things as fire,
flood, earthquake, bad weather, etc." (**Risky Thinking**, *Risk
Glossary*, 2007)

**Personnel Capability Element (TCL):** "Paid and volunteer staff who
meet relevant qualification and certification standards necessary to
perform assigned missions and tasks." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 9)

**Personnel and Administration Expenses \[EMPG\]** (Sec. 613.
Contributions for Personnel and Administrative Expenses (42 U.S.C.
5196b): "(a) General authority - To further assist in carrying out the
purposes of this title, the Director may make financial contributions to
the States (including interstate emergency preparedness authorities
established pursuant to section 5196(h) of this title) for necessary and
essential State and local emergency preparedness personnel and
administrative expenses, on the basis of approved plans (which shall be
consistent with the federal emergency response plans for emergency
preparedness) for the emergency preparedness of the States. The
financial contributions to the States under this section may not exceed
one-half of the total cost of such necessary and essential State and
local emergency preparedness personnel and administrative expenses."
(**Stafford Act**, June 2007 (FEMA 592), p. 61)

**Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act 2007 (PETS Act),**
Public Law 109-308: "On October 6, 2006, the PETS Act was signed into
law amending Section 403 of the Stafford Act. Section 403, as amended by
the PETS Act, authorizes FEMA to provide rescue, care, shelter, and
essential needs for individuals with household pets and service animals,
and to the household pets and animals themselves following a major
disaster or emergency." (**FEMA**, *Eligible Costs Relating to Pet
Evacuations and Sheltering*, December 27, 2007 update)

This Act requires FEMA to ensure that state and local emergency plans
address the needs of individuals with household pets and service animals
prior to, during, and following an emergency or major disaster
declaration. The Act also authorizes FEMA to study and develop plans
that take into account the needs of individuals with pets and service
animals prior to, during, and following disasters.

**PF:** Protection Factor. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance Appendices*,
1974, p. B-9)

**PFO:** Principle Federal Official. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation
Still Unprepared*, 2006, 633)

**PFS:** Personal and Family Survival. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance
Appendices*, 1974, p. B-38)

**PH:** Public Health.

**Phases of Business Continuity/Emergency Management Program Development
Process:**

-   Program Management

    -   Obtain Management Support

        -   Issue Executive Policy

    -   Establish Advisory Committee

        -   Appoint Program Coordinator

    -   Evaluate Current Program and Capabilities

        -   Review Laws and Authorities

    -   Establish Goals and Objectives

        -   Establish Project Budget, Schedule and Milestones

-   Risk Assessment

    -   Identify Hazards

    -   Determine Likelihood of Occurrence

    -   Assess Vulnerability

    -   Conduct Impact Analysis

-   Prevention & Mitigation

    -   Develop Hazard Prevention Strategy

    -   Develop Prevention Plan

    -   Develop Hazard Mitigation Strategy

    -   Develop Mitigation Plan

-   Resource Management

    -   Establish Resource Objectives

    -   Conduct Gap Analysis to Identify Shortfalls

        -   Develop Strategy to Overcome Shortfalls

            -   Determine Need for Mutual Aid

                -   Establish Agreements, if Mutual Aid Needed

    -   Maintain Resource Inventory

-   Plan Development

    -   Emergency Operations/Response

    -   Business Continuity and Business Recovery

        -   Develop Communications and Warning Capability

        -   Implement Incident Management System

        -   Establish Emergency Operations Centers

        -   Establish Logistics Capability

        -   Establish Finance and Administration Procedures

    -   Crisis Communications

-   Training

    -   Assess Training Needs

    -   Develop Training and Education Curriculum

    -   Implement Training and Education Program

-   Exercises, Evaluations, and Corrective Actions

    -   Conduct Drills

    -   Conduct Exercises

    -   Test IT Recovery Plans

    -   Conduct Periodic Reviews and Evaluations

    -   Conduct Post Incident Critiques

    -   Implement Corrective Action Process

-   Program Revision

    -   Revise Program as Needed. (**Larson**[^46], *Implementing NFPA
        1600*, 2007, p. 12)

**Phases of Business Continuity Planning:**

-   Project Initiation

-   Business Analysis

-   Design and Development (Designing the Plan

-   Implementation (Creating the Plan)

-   Testing

-   Maintenance (Updating the Plan) (**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon
    BC Workshop*, 2006, 20)

**Phases of Civil Defense (Nuclear Attack):**

-   Pre-event

-   Trans-event

-   Post-event

**Phases of Continuity Implementation Process:**

-   Readiness and Preparedness

-   Activation and Relocation

-   Continuity of Operations

-   Reconstitution (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, November 2007, p. 12)

**Phases of Continuity of Operations (Nuclear Attack):**

a\. *Pre-attack*:

> That phase that includes all planning and testing of existing
> facilities, plans and Emergency Action Procedures.

b\. *Trans-attack period.*

> From initial attack until civil defense personnel determine that
> radiation levels permit leaving shelters. Essential functions during
> this period would include at a minimum all FOA generated Essential War
> Functions...

c*. Post-attack period*.

> \(1\) Immediate phase. Emphasis on recovery, would include:
>
> \(a\) Continuing survival activities and military operations.
>
> \(b\) Mobilizing military and civilian resources.
>
> \(c\) Restoring essential communications and transportation.
>
> \(d\) Increasing procurement and production of essential items.

*d. Long-term phase.*

> Activities related to rehabilitation, rejuvenation and restructuring
> from remaining resources." (**USACE**, *Planning and Operations
> Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p. V-1)

**Phases of Counterterrorism Information Sharing:**

-   Detection

-   Prevention

-   Disruption

-   Preemption

-   Mitigation (**White House**, *EO 13356*, 2004, p. 1)

**Phases of Domestic \[National\] Incident Management (2003):** "Policy:
(3) To prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from terrorist
attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies, the United States
Government shall establish a single, comprehensive approach to domestic
incident management. The objective of the United States Government is to
ensure that all levels of government across the Nation have the
capability to work efficiently and effectively together, using a
national approach to domestic incident management. In these efforts,
with regard to domestic incidents, the United States Government treats
crisis management and consequence management as a single, integrated
function, rather than as two separate functions." (**White House**,
*Homeland Security Presidential Directive/HSPD-5, Subject: Management of
Domestic Incidents*, February 28, 2003, p. 1)

Thus: **Prevent (Prevention)**

> **Prepare for (Preparedness)**
>
> **Respond to (Response)**
>
> **Recover from (Recovery)**

Annex I, "National Preparedness," to HSPD-5, promulgated in December
2007, struck the "phases" noted above and inserted:

> **Prevent**
>
> **Protect against**
>
> **Respond to**
>
> **Recover from**

**Phases of Domestic \[National\] Incident Management (2007):** "The
National Incident Management System provides a systematic, proactive
approach guiding departments and agencies at all levels of government,
the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations to work seamlessly
to prepare for, prevent, respond to, recover from, and mitigate the
effects of incidents, regardless of cause, size, location, or
complexity, in order to reduce the loss of life, property, and harm to
the environment." (FEMA, National Incident Management System, August
2007 Draft, p. 1)

Thus: **Prepare for (Preparedness)**

> **Prevent (Prevention)**
>
> **Respond to (Response)**
>
> **Recover from (Recovery)**
>
> **Mitigate (Mitigation)**

**Phases of Emergency Management (1978/79), Original "Four Phases"**
(**NGA**, 1978, p. 106):

-   **Mitigation,**

-   **Preparedness,**

-   **Response, and**

-   **Recovery.**

**Phases of Emergency Management (1993):** "Disasters do not just appear
one day. Rather they exist throughout time and have a lifecycle of
occurrence which must be matched by a series of management phases that
include strategies to mitigate hazards, prepare for and respond to
emergencies, and recover from their effects.: (**FEMA**, *The Emergency
Program Manager*, 1993, p. 1-5) Thus:

-   To mitigate (mitigation)

-   Prepare for (preparedness)

-   Respond to (response)

-   Recover from (recovery)

**Phases of Emergency Management (2006):** "In support of the primary
mission of the Agency, the Administrator shall...lead the Nation\'s
efforts to **prepare for**, **protect against**, **respond to**,
**recover from**, and **mitigate against** the risk of natural
disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters, including
catastrophic incidents..." (FEMA 592, June 2007, pp. 94-95; passage from
Title V (National Emergency Management) Sec. 503. Federal Emergency
Management Agency (6 U.S.C. 313), **Department of Homeland Security
Appropriations Act, 2007** (Pub. L. No. 109-295) amending the Homeland
Security Act of 2002; pp. 1396-1397 of DHS Appropriations Act.) Thus:

-   Prepare for (Preparedness)

-   Protect against (Protection)

-   Respond to (Response)

-   Recover from (Recovery)

-   Mitigate against (Mitigation)

**Phases of Emergency Management (2006):** "...the mission of the Agency
\[FEMA\] is to reduce the loss of life and property and protect the
Nation from all hazards by leading and supporting the Nation in a
risk-based, comprehensive emergency management system of (A)
**mitigation**, by taking sustained actions to reduce or eliminate
long-term risks to people and property from hazards and their effects;
(B) **preparedness**, by planning, training, and building the emergency
management profession to prepare effectively for, mitigate against,
respond to, and recover from any hazard; (C) **response**, by conducting
emergency operations to save lives and property through positioning
emergency equipment, personnel, and supplies, through evacuating
potential victims, through providing food, water, shelter, and medical
care to those in need, and through restoring critical public services;
and (D) **recovery**, by rebuilding communities so individuals,
businesses, and governments can function on their own, return to normal
life, and protect against future hazards..." (**Post-Katrina Emergency
Management Reform Act of 2006**, Title VI-National Emergency Management
(Sec. 503., Federal Emergency Management Agency, para. (c)
Administrator, (9) carrying out ...), pp. 1398-1399 of DHS
Appropriations Act, 2007' emphasis added) Thus:

-   **Mitigation**

-   **Preparedness**

-   **Response**

-   **Recovery**

**Phases of Emergency Management (2007):** "The Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) is the federal agency responsible for leading
America's efforts to **prepare for,** **protect and mitigate against**,
**respond to**, and **recover from** the impacts of natural disasters
and man-made incidents or terrorist events. (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*,
2007, p. 3; emphasis added) Thus:

-   Prepare for (**Preparedness**)

-   Protect against (**Protection**)

-   Mitigate against (**Mitigation**)

-   Respond to (**Response**)

-   Recover from (**Recovery**)

**Phases of Emergency Management (2007):** "Our mandate is to reduce the
loss of life and property and protect the Nation from all hazards,
including natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made
disasters, by leading and supporting the Nation in a risk-based,
comprehensive emergency management system of **preparedness**,
**protection**, **response**, **recovery**, and **mitigation**."
(**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, November 2007, p. 5) Thus:

-   **Preparedness**

-   **Protection**

-   **Response**

-   **Recovery**

-   **Mitigation**

**Phases of Emergency Management (2007): "**Provide guidance and federal
resources to states, territories, tribal nations, and local governments
across the Nation to build and sustain the capability **to prevent**,
**protect against**, **respond to**, and **recover from** natural
disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made events or incidents."
(**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, 2007, p. 13; see, also, p. 18) Thus:

-   To Prevent (**Prevention**)

-   Protect against (**Protection**)

-   Respond to (**Response**)

-   Recover from (**Recovery**)

**Phases of Emergency Management:** "The future of homeland security
depends on preparedness initiatives at the local level. In this
collection of contributions from public safety professionals, new
measures fall into one or more of the **four phases of emergency
management,**

> **mitigation,**
>
> **preparedness,**
>
> **response and**
>
> **recovery**."
>
> (From 2007 **ICMA** Press brochure description of *Homeland Security:
> Best Practices for Local Government.*) \[Emphasis added.\]

**Phases of Emergency Management:**

-   **Reduction**

-   **Readiness**

-   **Response**

-   **Recovery**

> (**New Zealand Ministry of Civil Defense & Emergency Management**,
> Personal email, 14Jan2004)

**Phases of Emergency Management and Business Continuity (2004):**

-   **Mitigation**

-   **Preparedness**

-   **Response**

-   **Recovery** (**NFPA**, *NFPA 1600*, 2004)

**Phases of Emergency Management and Business Continuity (2007):**

-   **Prevention**

-   **Mitigation**

-   **Preparedness**

-   **Response**

-   **Recovery** (**NFPA**, *NFPA 1600*, 2007)[^47]

**Phases of Homeland Defense (2005):** "DOD primarily focuses on
"detect, deter, preempt, and defend" when they conduct HD missions.

-   "**Prepare.** Emergency preparedness is a shared responsibility and
    a partnership that includes the Federal government, state and local
    agencies, the private sector, and individual citizens.

-   **Detect.** Early detection of threats is essential. Detection is a
    national effort, which involves maintaining a common operational
    picture and the sharing and fusing of information/intelligence
    through a network of federal, state, and local agencies.

-   **Deter.** An effective deterrence requires the adversary leadership
    to believe the United States has both the ability and will to
    preempt or retaliate promptly with responses that are credible and
    effective.

-   **Preempt.** Preemption consists of proactive measures taken to
    prevent or neutralize a perceived or imminent attack. Preemption may
    include offensive actions such as air strikes, maritime
    interception, or direct action.

-   **Defend.** HD missions are those that protect the Nation's
    sovereignty.

-   **Respond.** Response, as it relates to HS activities, spans both HD
    and CS mission areas." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26),
    2005, p. vi) Thus:

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Prepare**

-   **Detect**

-   **Deter**

-   **Preempt**

-   **Defend**

-   **Respond**

**Phases of Homeland Defense (2007):**

-   **Prepare**

-   **Detect**

-   **Deter**

-   **Prevent**

-   **Defense**

-   **Defeat**

-   **Recover** (**JCS/DOD**, *Homeland Defense*, 2007, p. I-7 (24))

**Phases of Homeland Security (2001):** "The Office \[Homeland
Security\] shall work with executive departments and agencies, State and
local governments, and private entities to ensure the adequacy of the
national strategy for detecting, preparing for, preventing, protecting
against, responding to, and recovering from terrorist threats or attacks
within the United States and shall periodically review and coordinate
revisions to that strategy as necessary." (**White House**, *EO 13228*,
October 8, 2001). Thus:

-   **Detection**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Preparedness**

-   **Prevention**

-   **Protection**

-   **Response**

-   **Recovery**

**Phases of Homeland Security (2002):** "The *National Strategy for
Homeland Security*... creates a comprehensive plan...to enhance our
protection and reduce our vulnerability to terrorist attacks.... The
strategic objectives of homeland security in order of priority are to:

> • Prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;
>
> • Reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism; and
>
> • Minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur."

(**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, 2002, pp.
vi-vii) Thus:

-   **Pre-event** \-- Prevent **terrorist** attacks Prevention

-   **Pre**-**event** \-- Reduce vulnerability to **terrorism**
    Mitigation & Preparedness

-   **Trans-event** \-- Respond to **terrorist** attacks Response

-   **Post-event** \-- Recover from **terrorist** attacks Recovery

**Phases of Homeland Security (2004):** "We will lead the unified
national effort to secure America. We will prevent and deter terrorist
attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the
nation. We will ensure safe and secure borders, welcome lawful
immigrants and visitors, and promote the free-flow of commerce."
(**DHS**, *Strategic Plan* (Mission Statement) 2004) Thus:

-   Prevent and deter terrorist attacks (**Prevention**)

-   Protect against threats and hazards (**Protection)**

-   Respond to threats and hazards (**Response**)

**Phases of Homeland Security (2004):**

-   "**Awareness** \-- Identify and understand threats, assess
    vulnerabilities, determine potential impacts and disseminate timely
    information to our homeland security partners and the American
    public.

-   **Prevention** --- Detect, deter and mitigate threats to our
    homeland.

-   **Protection** --- Safeguard our people and their freedoms, critical
    infrastructure, property and the economy of our Nation from acts of
    terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.

-   **Response** --- Lead, manage and coordinate the national response
    to acts of terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.

-   **Recovery** --- Lead national, state, local and private sector
    efforts to restore services and rebuild communities after acts of
    terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies. (**DHS**,
    *Securing Our Homeland: U.S. Department of Homeland Security
    Strategic Plan 2004*.)

Thus: **Awareness**

> **Prevention**
>
> **Protection**
>
> **Response**
>
> **Recovery**

**Phases of Homeland Security (2005):** "This document summarizes the
initial results of significant work completed since December 17, 2003,
when President Bush issued Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8:
*National Preparedness* (HSPD-8). This approach transforms how the
Federal government proposes to strengthen the preparedness of the United
States to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from
terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies and how the
Federal government proposes to invest homeland security resources in
order to achieve the greatest return on investment for our Nation's
homeland security. It is animated by a sense of urgency and by a
commitment to risk-based priorities." (**DHS**, *Interim National
Preparedness Goal*, March 2005, Preface)

\[Thus: **Prevent (Prevention)**

**Protect against (Protection)**

**Respond to (Response)**

**Recover from (Recovery)**\]

**Phases of Homeland Security (2007):** "Homeland Security is a
concerted national effort to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks,
protect against man-made and natural hazards, and respond to and recover
from incidents that do occur." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September
2007, p. 6) Thus:

-   Prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks (**Prevention**)

-   Protect against man-made and natural hazards (**Protection**)

-   Respond to incidents that do occur (**Response**)

-   Recover from incidents that do occur (**Recovery**)

**Phases of Incident Management:** "...phases of incident management:

-   prevention,

-   preparedness,

-   response,

-   recovery, and

-   mitigation." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, March 2004, p. 2)

**Phases of Incident Management:** "Incident phases are based on the
National Response Framework (NRF) and National Planning and Execution
System (NPES) of incident management: prepare, respond and recover
aligned with the National Operations Center (NOC) and National Response
Coordination Center (NRCC) Operational Phases." (**FEMA**, *DHS/FEMA
2008 Federal Interagency Hurricane Contingency Plan* (Draft). Oct. 31,
2007, p. 2)

Thus: **Preparedness**

> **Response**
>
> **Recovery**

**Phases of Incidents:**

-   Awareness

-   Readiness

-   Response

-   Recovery

> (**FEMA**, *IS 250*, *Emergency Support Function 15 (ESF15) External
> Affairs: A New Approach to Emergency Communication and Information
> Distribution*, 2007, p. 46 and Test Question 23)

**Phases of Incidents of National Significance:** "The *National
Response Plan* (NRP) establishes three operational phases: Pre-Incident,
Incident, and Post-Incident for all Incidents of National Significance.
These phases and their associated steps are driven by events that occur
and resultant decisions and not specifically by time." (**DHS**, 2007
forthcoming) Thus:

-   Pre- Incident

-   Incident

-   Post-Incident \[See Phases of Civil Defense (Nuclear Attack)\]

**Phases of National Incident Management:** "Common approach to national
incident management:

> **Prevention**
>
> **Protection**
>
> **Response**
>
> **Recovery**
>
> **Preparedness**" (**DHS**, *Interim National Preparedness Goal*,
> March 2005, p. 2 (Figure 1)

**Phases of National Preparedness for All-Hazards (2007):**

-   **To Prevent**

-   **Protect Against**

-   **Respond To**

-   **Recover From (White House**, *Annex I, "National Preparedness,"
    HSPD-8*, 2007, 2)

**Phases of Weapons of Mass Effect Prevention of U.W. Border Penetration
System:**

-   **Dissuasion**

-   **Deterrence**

-   **Detection**

-   **Denial**

-   **Disruption**

-   **Interdiction**

-   **Elimination (HSAC,** *WME Task Force*, January 10, 2006, pp.
    14-17**)**

**PHEMC:** Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise,
HHS.

**PHEP:** Public Health Emergency Preparedness, CDC, HHS.

**PHIN:** Public Health Information Network, CDC, HHS.

**PHS:** Public Health Service. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, 633)

**PHSAC:** President's Homeland Security Advisory Council.

**PI:** Pandemic Influenza. (**FEMA**, *FEMA Pandemic Influenza
Contingency Plan*, 2007)

**PI:** Public Information. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and Definitions*,
1971, p. 4)

**PIA:** Professional Insurance Agents (association). (**FEMA**, *Call
for Issues...Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**PID:** Photo Ionization Detector. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, B-3)

**PIF:** Policies in Force. (**FEMA.NFIP**, *Call for Issues Status
Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**PII:** Personally Identifiable Medical Information. (**ACLU**,
*Pandemic Preparedness*, 2008, 28)

**Pinnacle Exercise:** Federal continuity of operations (COOP) exercise,
June 20-24, 2005, designed "to test and improve our ability to perform
essential governmental functions during threats and emergencies.
(**DHS**, *DHS Announces Pinnacle Exercise to Test COOP*, June 2005)
Generally, Pinnacle Exercises, as the name might imply, are high level
exercise involving the White House Military Office. (**DHS**, *DNDO
Exercises*, 2007)

**PIO:** Public Information Officer. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 4)

**PIR(s):** Priority Intelligence Requirement(s): (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, p. 4-6)

**PKEMRA:** Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act. (**Stafford
Act**, 2007, p. 75)

**PL:** Public Law. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and Definitions*, 1971, p.
4)

**Plan:** "A proposed or intended method of getting from one set of
circumstances to another. A plan is often used to move from the present
situation towards the achievement of one or more objectives or goals."
(**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, P-8)

**Plan, Common Communication Plan** -- See Common Communication Plan.

**Plan, Concept** \-- See Concept Plan.

**Plan, Concept of Operations (CONOPS)** -- See Concept of Operations
Plan.

**Plan, Contingency** -- See Contingency Planning.

**Plan, Continuity of Operations (COOP Plan)** -- See Continuity of
Operations Plan

**Plan, Continuity of Operations-Essential (COP-E)** -- See Continuity
of Ops Plan-Essential.

**Plan, Crisis Action** -- See Crisis Action Planning

**Plan, Crisis Management** -- See Crisis Management Planning.

**Plan, Operational/Operations** \-- \-- See Operations Plan.

**Plan, Strategic** -- See Strategic Plan.

**Plan, Tactical** -- See Tactical Plan.

**Planning:** "Plans describe how personnel, equipment, and other
resources are used to support incident management response activities.
Plans provide mechanisms and systems for setting priorities, integrating
multiple entities and functions, and ensuring that communications and
other systems are available and integrated in support of a full spectrum
of incident management requirements." (**DHS**, *National Incident
Management System*, March 2004, p. 4)

**Planning:** "Outcome: Plans incorporate an accurate threat analysis
and risk assessment and ensure that capabilities required to prevent,
protect against, respond to, and recover from all-hazards events are
available when and where they are needed. Plans are vertically and
horizontally integrated with appropriate departments, agencies, and
jurisdictions. Where appropriate, emergency plans incorporate a
mechanism for requesting State and Federal assistance and include a
clearly delineated process for seeking and requesting assistance from
appropriate agency(ies)." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*,
September 13, 2007, p. 6)

**Planning:** "Planning is the mechanism through which Federal, State,
local and tribal governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
the private sector develop, validate, and maintain plans, policies, and
procedures describing how they will prioritize, coordinate, manage, and
support personnel, information, equipment, and resources to prevent,
protect and mitigate against, respond to, and recover from Catastrophic
events. Preparedness plans are drafted by a litany of organizations,
agencies, and/or departments at all levels of government and within the
private sector. Preparedness plans are not limited to those plans
drafted by emergency management planners. The planning capability sets
forth many of the activities and tasks undertaken by an Emergency
Management planner when drafting (or updating) emergency management
(preparedness) plans." (**DHS**, *Target Capabilities List*, 2007, p.
21)

**Planning, Adaptive (AP):** See "Planning, Adaptive."

**Planning, Business Continuity --** See Business Continuity Planning

**Planning, Capabilities-Based \--** See Capabilities-Based Planning
Process.

**Planning, Catastrophic Disaster Response** -- See Catastrophic
Disaster Response Planning.

**Planning, Catastrophic Incident** -- See Catastrophic Incident
Planning.

**Planning, Concept** -- See Concept Plan.

**Planning, Concept of Operations**-- See Concept of Operations
Planning.

**Planning, Contingency** -- See Contingency Planning.

**Planning, Continuity** -- See Continuity Planning.

**Planning, Crisis Action** -- See Crisis Action Planning.

**Planning, Crisis Relocation** -- See Crisis Relocation Planning.

**Planning, Deliberate** -- See Deliberate Planning.

**Planning, Devolution of Operations** -- See Devolution of Operations
Plan/Plan.

**Planning, Disaster** -- See Disaster Plans and Planning.

**Planning, Disaster Recovery** -- See Disaster Recovery Planning.

**Planning, Domestic Incident Response** -- See DHS, National Domestic
IR Planning.

**Planning, Emergency** -- See Emergency Planning.

**Planning, Emergency Operations** -- See Emergency Operations Plan.

**Planning, Implementation** -- See, for example, National
Implementation Plan.

**Planning, Incident** -- See Department of Homeland Security Incident
Planning.

**Planning, Incident Action** -- See Incident Action Plan.

**Planning, Incident Management** -- See Incident Management Planning
Team (DHS), National Incident Management Planning, National Incident
Management System Planning.

**Planning, Integrated Federal Support** -- See Integrated Federal
Support Plan.

**Planning, Multi-Year Development** -- See Multi-Year Development
Plan/Planning.

**Planning, Operational/Operations** -- See Operational/Operations Plan.

**Planning, Strategic** -- See Strategic Plan.

**Planning, Tactical** -- See Tactical Plan.

**Planning Capability:** "The TCL includes a Planning Capability
designed to establish and maintain the ability to develop, update, and
test plans. In addition, each capability contains both preparedness and
performance tasks and measures that support the capability outcome and
serve as a guide for preparedness planning. The preparedness tasks and
measures describe major elements or issues that should be addressed in
plans, procedures, and systems, as well as authorities, relationships,
and agreements that need to be in place to prepare to use the
capability. The performance tasks and measures also inform the planning
process." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2006, viii)

**Planning Capability Element: "**Collection and analysis of
intelligence and information, and development of policies, plans,
procedures, mutual aid agreements, strategies, and other publications
that comply with relevant laws, regulations, and guidance necessary to
perform assigned missions and tasks." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 9)

**Planning Process:** See, also, "Emergency Operations Plan, Planning
Process."

**Planning Process:** "There are many ways to produce an EOP. The
planning process that follows has enough flexibility for each community
to adapt it to its unique characteristics and

situation....The steps of this process are to:

1\. Form a collaborative planning team;

2\. Conduct research;

3\. Analyze the information;

4\. Determine goals and objectives;

5\. Develop and analyze courses of action,, identify resources;.

6\. Write the plan;

7\. Approve and implement the plan;

8\. Exercise the plan and evaluate its effectiveness; and.

9\. Review, revise, and maintain the plan."

**Planning Process:**

1.  Ascertain Authority

2.  Ascertain Hazards

3.  Ascertain Jurisdiction Assignment

4.  Determine local government Structure and Operations

5.  Determine capability of:

    1.  Local Government

    2.  Support Agencies

6.  Analyze functions required in each hazard applicable.

7.  Assign functions to appropriate department of government by order of
    Executive.

8.  Prepare plan with the assistance of department specialists.

9.  Obtain approval of plan by executives.

10. Meet with all departments. Revise plan. Distribute.

11. Periodically review, update, amend plan. Distribute changes.
    (**DCPA,** *Local Disaster Preparedness Course Syllabus*, 1973, p.
    59)

**Planning Process:** Incident Decision Making Process (IDMP) is a five
phase -- nine step process:

-   Phase 1 -- Understand the Situation

    -   Mission Identification

-   Phase 2 -- Determine Objectives and Strategies

    -   Mission Analysis

    -   Course of Action Development

-   Phase 3 -- Plan Development

    -   Course of Action Analysis

    -   Course of Action Comparison

    -   Course of Action Approval

-   Phase 4 -- Plan Preparation

    -   Plan/Order Preparation

    -   Rehearsal/Training

-   Phase 5 -- Plan Refinement

    -   Plan Refinement (**DHS**, *Interagency Planning Workshop*,
        November 29, 2007, slides 4 and 8)

**Planning Process:** "*Emergency planning is an orderly, analytical
problem-solving process.* It follows a set of logical steps from

> plan initiation and analysis of an objective; to
>
> development and comparison of ways to achieve that objective; and
>
> selection and description of the proposed solution.

Rather than concentrating on every detail, an effective plan provides
basic structure and supports insight, creativity and initiative in the
face of an uncertain and fluid environment. While using a prescribed
planning process cannot guarantee success, inadequate plans and planning
are proven contributors to failure. Effective planning assigns clear
tasks and purposes, promotes frequent interaction among stakeholders,
guides preparedness activities, establishes procedures for
implementation, provides measures to synchronize actions and allocates
or reallocates resources." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September
2007, p. 69)

**Planning Process:**

-   Form Local Emergency Planning Committee

-   Begin to Plan

    -   Review and Coordinate Existing Plans

    -   Assess Response Capabilities

        -   Assess Industry Response Capabilities

        -   Assess Community Response Capabilities

    -   Conduct Hazards Analysis

-   Develop plan

-   Seek Plan Concurrence through State Emergency Response Commission

-   Revise, Test, and Maintain Plan (**EPA**, *Technical Guidance for
    Hazards* Analysis, 1987, p. 1-2)

**Planning Process**: "The four steps of the planning process are:

-   Hazard Analysis.

-   EOP Development.

-   Testing the Plan.

-   Plan Maintenance and Revision." (**FEMA**, *Emergency Planning*
    IS-235, 2007, p. 2.16)

**Planning Process:** "Through the planning process, you can identify
the hazards that threaten your community, assess your vulnerability to
them, and build consensus on approaches to mitigating them. This process
leads to the identification of cost-effective, environmentally sound
mitigation measures. In fact, the planning process is so critical to
implementation of effective mitigation measures that some of the
programs, described previously, that are intended to fund mitigation
measures, require a mitigation plan as a condition of such funding. The
planning process is as important as the plan itself. Your community can
follow a general 10-step process that incorporates the classic planning
approach of gathering information, setting goals, reviewing
alternatives, and deciding upon which actions to take. The steps are:

**1. Organize to prepare the plan.** Selecting the right person to lead
the planning effort is important.

**2. Involve the public.** Emphasize participation of key stakeholders,
including at-risk homeowners, business owners, managers of critical
facilities, and technical staff.

**3. Coordinate with other agencies and organizations.** They can
provide technical assistance and inform the community of relevant
activities and programs that can support your efforts.

**4. Assess the hazard.** Identify the particular hazards affecting your
community and the risks they pose to your community's critical
infrastructure.

**5. Evaluate the problem.** Getting participants to agree on a problem
statement is the first step in reaching consensus on solutions to the
problem.

**6. Set goals.** Establish goals as positive and achievable statements
that people can work towards.

**7. Review possible strategies and measures.** Include a range of
hazard mitigation measures for consideration. While some measures may be
quickly eliminated, others should be evaluated

carefully to determine how they work as well as their costs and
benefits.

**8. Draft an action plan.** Keep it brief. Include sections on how the
plan was prepared, recommended mitigation actions, and a budget and
schedule.

**9. Formally adopt the plan.** Gaining public acceptance is vital to
reducing conflicts, building support for the recommendations, and
getting the plan formally adopted. Keep the public

informed and educated so they will readily accept the plan.

**10. Implement, evaluate, and revise the plan.** Develop procedures to
measure progress, assess strengths and weaknesses, and decide on
necessary changes." (**FEMA**, *The Planning Process: The Foundation of
Disaster Resistance*, September 14, 2006, p.2)

**Planning Process:** "Regardless of which process is used, the basic
procedures are the same for both adaptive, deliberate and crisis action
planning:

> • receive and analyze the task to be accomplished
>
> • review the enemy situation and begin to collect necessary
> intelligence
>
> • develop and compare courses of action
>
> • select a course of action (COA)
>
> • develop and get approval for the selected COA
>
> • prepare a plan
>
> • then document the plan." (**JFSC**, *Joint Transition Course:
> Planning Primer*, 2005, p. 1-7)

**Planning Process:** "Although no one planning tool or template can
provide the breadth of guidance needed, this planning guide is offered
as a multifunctional tool or template. It outlines 13 essential
components of an effective community-based emergency management planning
process and provides multiple planning strategies addressing each
component. The components include the following:

1.  Define the community.

2.  Identify and establish the emergency management preparedness and
    response team.

3.  Determine the risks and hazards the community faces.

4.  Set goals for preparedness and response planning.

5.  Determine current capacities and capabilities.

6.  Develop the integrated plan.

7.  Ensure thorough communication planning.

8.  Ensure thorough mental health planning.

9.  Ensure thorough planning related to vulnerable populations.

10. Identify, cultivate, and sustain funding sources.

11. Train, exercise, and drill collaboratively.

12. Critique and improve the integrated community plan.

13. Sustain collaboration, communication, and coordination. (**The Joint
    Commission**, *Standing* Together, 2005, p. 6)

**Planning Section:** "The section that is responsible for the
collection, evaluation, and dissemination of tactical information
related to the incident, and for the preparation and documentation of
incident action plans. The section also maintains information on the
current

and forecasted situation, and on the status of resources assigned to the
incident." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-19)

**Planning Process (Adaptive Planning):**

-   Strategic Guidance

-   Concept Development

-   Plan Development

-   Plan Refinement/Supporting Plan Development (**JFSC**, *JTC Planning
    Primer*, 2005, 1-35)

Planning Team: "An effective EOP planning team displays the following
characteristics:

-   A common goal (development of the EOP)

-   A leader who provides direction and guidance

-   Open communication

-   Constructive conflict resolution

-   Mutual trust

-   Respect for each individual and his or her contributions." (FEMA,
    *Emergency Planning* IS-235, May 24, 2007, p. 2.16)

**Plate Tectonics:** "The scientific theory that the Earth's outer shell
is composed of several large, thin, relatively strong "plates" that move
relative to one another. Movements on the faults that define plate
boundaries produce most earthquakes." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots*,
2007, Glossary)

**PLE:** Principles-Level Exercises. (**FEMA**, *Statement of Dennis
Schrader*, October 2007, p. 3)

**Plume:** Identifiable stream of air with a temperature or composition
different from that of its environment. Examples are a smoke plume from
a chimney and a buoyant plume rising by convection from heated ground.
(**WMO** 1992, 456)

**PMCS:** Preventative Maintenance Checks and Services. (**DA**,
*WMD-CST Operations*, 2007, Glossary-5)

**PMEFs:** Primary Mission Essential Functions. (**White House,**
*HSPD-20*, May 9, 2007)

**PM ISE:** Program Manager, Information Sharing Environment.
http://www.ise.gov/

**PMF:** Probable Maximum Flood. (**USACE**, *Digest of Water Resources
Policies*..., 1999)

**PMO:** Property Management Officer. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment
SOPs*, July 2007, p. 6)

**PMP:** Probable Maximum Precipitation (**USACE**, *Water Resources
Policies...*, 1999, 13-2)

**PMTL:** Protective Measures Target List.

**PNPs:** Private Nonprofit Organizations. (**FEMA**, *Public Assistance
Guide*, June 2007)

**POC:** Point of Contact. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. O-2)

**POD:** Pacific Ocean Division, United States Army Corps of Engineers.

**PODs:** Points of Distribution Sites. (**FEMA**, *Logistics Supply
Chain*, 2006)

**POI:** Plan of Instruction. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and Definitions*,
1971, p. 4)

**POE:** Port of Entry. (**DHS**, *Opening Statement of Vayl Oxford
(DNDO)*, March 8, 2007)

**Points of Distribution (PODs) Sites:** "Temporary local facilities at
which commodities are distributed directly to disaster victims. PODs are
operated by the affected state." (**FEMA**, *Logistics Supply Chain*,
2006)

**Political Jurisdictions in the United States** (See "Governments in
the United States").

**Political Will:** "The greatest challenge facing emergency
preparedness is one of political

will: Mustering the courage to spend political capital and scarce
dollars on stopping a problem before it appears. In the past,
policy-makers have preferred to wait for problems to develop and then
fund solutions instead of prevention. But Hurricane Katrina has shown
that that gamble is not worth the risks." (**Little Hoover Commission**,
*Safeguarding the Golden State*, 2006, 64)

**PONAST:** Post Nuclear Attack Study.

**Population at Risk:** "A well-defined population whose lives,
property, and livelihoods are threatened by given hazards. Used as a
denominator." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 58)

**Population Threat Assessment (PTA) DHS:** "The PTA estimates the size
of the population exposed by the agents identified in the MTDs to gauge
the impact on the population and national infrastructure if that
particular agent was released for a given high consequence plausible
scenario." (**DHS**, *Statement for the Record by Runge*, April 18,
2007) \[Note: see Material Threat Determination.\]

**Port Security Assessment (PSA) Program.** "The mission of the Coast
Guard Port Security Assessment (PSA) Program is to improve port
security. We will do this by making federal, state, and local
governmental agencies and other appropriate port stakeholders aware of
the susceptibility of maritime critical infrastructure and key assets to
negative consequences from subversive acts of terrorism, and to
recommend mitigation strategies to protect our national port system and
the United States public." (USCG, *Port Security Assessment Program*)

**Port Security Grant Program (PSG):** "PSG funds owners and operators
of ports, terminals, as well as port authorities and state and local
agencies that provide a layered approach, U.S. inspected passenger
vessels and ferries, as well as port authorities and State and local
agencies to improve security for operators and passengers through
physical security enhancements. The Program strives to create a
sustainable, risk-based effort for the protection of critical
infrastructure from any incident that would cause major disruption to
commerce and significant loss of life." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY 2006 EMPG
Program Guidance*, November 2005, p. 10)

**Position Task Books (FEMA):** "FEMA Task Book is a list of tasks for a
defined position /function in the FEMA JFO Organizational structure.
Task Books are created in 2 formats:

Job Aid (downloaded or handed to employee at check-in); Assessment Guide
(supervisor/employee assessment at completion of assignment). The Task
Book (in either format) describes your functions in a disaster
operation; the Tasks in the Job Aid are identical to those in the
Assessment Guide. As mentioned above, every employee should receive the
Job Aid when they check-in at the JFO or other Field site. The employee
should review the tasks in the Job Aid with their supervisor to ensure
all position-specific tasks (or only some of them) will be performed on
that assignment. The Job Aid is intended to be used during his/her
assignment, as a desk reference. When the employee completes their
assignment, the supervisor and employee will assess the task performance
of the employee; this is when the Assessment Guide is used. In the
Assessment Guide, there are 3 indicators:

-   Performed

-   Needs Improvement

-   N/A (Not Applicable for this assignment)...

that allow the supervisor to evaluate task performance against each
task. The supervisor will rate the employee's performance of every task
in the Position Task Book... The assessment process: documents your
performance of required tasks; helps you plan for development and
improvement of your work performance." (**FEMA**, *Position Task Book*,
2007)

**Position Task Books (Purpose): ** "Position task books have been
developed for positions within the FEMA Disaster Workforce.  Each task
book lists the essential tasks for the specific position. Task books are
designed to: Describe the tasks to be performed for a given position;
Determine training needs of individual employees; Serve as a tool for
promoting task-related." (**FEMA**, *Position Task Book Purpose*, 2007)

**Positive Pressure Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA):** "This
apparatus provides

a constant, positive pressure flow of air within the facepiece, even if
one inhales deeply while

doing heavy work. Use apparatus certified by NIOSH and the Department of
Labor/Mine

Safety and Health Administration in accordance with 42 CFR Part 84. Use
it in accordance

with the requirements for respiratory protection specified in OSHA 29
CFR 1910.134

(Respiratory Protection) and/or 29 CFR 1910.156 (f) (Fire Brigades
Standard). Chemical-cartridge respirators or other filtering masks are
not acceptable substitutes for positive pressure

self-contained breathing apparatus. Demand-type SCBA does not meet the
OSHA 29 CFR

1910.156 (f)(1)(i) of the Fire Brigades Standard." (**DOT**, *Emergency
Response Guidebook*, 2004, p. 350)

**Posse Comitatus Act:** "The PCA prohibits the U.S. military from
providing direct support to domestic civilian law enforcement.[^48]
Therefore, as a general rule, the PCA restricts Marines from acting in a
civilian law enforcement capacity, allowing neither execution of
civilian law nor direct participation in civilian searches, seizures, or
arrests. The PCA does not bar *all* military support to civilian law
enforcement. Statutory exceptions allow military assistance to law
enforcement in certain limited scenarios. One such scenario is a civil
disturbance mission most recently played out during the 1992 Los Angeles
riots. Under the Insurrection Act,[^49] Congress authorized the
President to use the federal military to restore order during times of
civil disturbance, to include fulfilling a law enforcement function,
without running afoul of the PCA. The civil disturbance Garden Plot
RUF[^50] reflect this more permissive legal background. For example,
Garden Plot allows the military to restore order by apprehending
civilians who have committed crimes.[^51] Moreover, while not firmly
settled, it is generally agreed that the PCA does not apply outside the
United States. The military, therefore, can, unhindered by the PCA,
develop overseas operational ROE that permit a significant military role
in host-nation civilian law enforcement if the mission so requires."
(**Center for Law and Military Operations and HQ Marine Corps, Judge
Advocate Division**..., *ROE v. RUF*, 2006)

**Posse Comitatus Act: "**The **Posse Comitatus Act**, 18 U.S.C. 1385,
prohibits the use of the Army or the Air Force for law enforcement
purposes, except as otherwise authorized by the Constitution or statute.
This prohibition applies to Navy and Marine Corps personnel as a matter
of DOD policy. The primary prohibition of the Posse Comitatus Act is
against direct involvement by active duty military personnel (to include
Reservists on active duty and National Guard personnel in Federal
service) in traditional law enforcement activities (to include
interdiction of vehicle, vessel, aircraft, or other similar activity; a
search or seizure; an arrest, apprehension, stop and frisk, or similar
activity)." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25,
2004, p. 69)

**Posse Comitatus Act (Title 18 USC, Section 1385):** "This federal
statute places strict

limits on the use of federal military personnel for law enforcement.
Enacted in 1878, the PCA

prohibits the willful use of the US Army (and later, the US Air Force)
to execute the laws, except

as authorized by the Congress or the US Constitution. Although the PCA,
by its terms, refers

only to the Army and Air Force, DOD policy extends the prohibitions of
the Act to US Navy and

Marine Corps forces, as well. Specifically prohibited activities
include: interdiction of a vehicle,

vessel, aircraft, or similar activity; search and/or seizure; arrest,
apprehension, "stop-and-frisk"

detentions, and similar activities; and use of military personnel for
surveillance or pursuit of

individuals, or as undercover agents, informants, investigators, or
interrogators. Additionally,

federal courts have recognized exceptions to the PCA. These common law
exceptions are

known as the "military purpose doctrine" and the "indirect assistance"
exceptions. Exceptions

and/or circumstances not falling under PCA include:

\(1\) Actions that are taken for the primary purpose of furthering a
military or foreign affairs function of the United States.

\(2\) Federal troops acting pursuant to the President's Constitutional
and statutory authority to respond to civil disorder.

\(3\) Actions taken under express statutory authority to assist
officials in executing the laws, subject to applicable limitations.

\(4\) CD operations authorized by statute. The PCA does not apply to NG
forces operating in state active duty or Title 32 USC status, nor to the
USCG, which operates under Title 14 USC authority." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil
Support*, 2007, p. F-2)

**Posse Comitatus Act:** "The Posse Comitatus Act does not apply to the
National Guard when in state active duty or federal Title 32 service
because the Guard is under the command and control of the Governor and
the Adjutant General in both statuses. It does apply to the Guard when
in Title 10 service, however, because when the Guard is federalized
under Title 10 it becomes an indistinguishable part of the federal
forces and is under federal as opposed to state control."
(**Lowenberg**, "Statement by Major General Timothy Lowenberg," April
24, 2007)

**Post-Disaster Sustainability Mission Statement:** "To promote and
facilitate sustainable redevelopment at the local level by integrating
the principles and practices of sustainable

development into the broader goals of the post-disaster recovery
process. This is accomplished in partnership with the state and in
coordination with OFAs, local agencies, and NGOs." (**FEMA**,
*Rebuilding For A More Sustainable Future: An Operational Framework*,
Nov. 2000, p. 1-1)

**Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act (PKEMRA)** (Title VI of
the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007, Pub. L.
109-295, 120 Stat. 1355 (2006)): The PKEMRA "clarified and modified the
Homeland Security Act with respect to the organizational structure,
authorities, and responsibilities of FEMA and the FEMA Administrator. In
addition to these modifications, PKEMRA made changes -- some appearing
in the Homeland Security Act and the Stafford Act -- directing FEMA,
among other things, to:

• Establish a Disability Coordinator and develop guidelines to
accommodate individuals with disabilities;

• Add disability and English proficiency to the list of provisions
requiring nondiscrimination in relief and assistance activities;

• Establish the National Emergency Family Registry and Locator System to
reunify separated family members and assist in establishing the National
Emergency Child Locator Center to locate missing children after a major
disaster or emergency;

• Coordinate and support precautionary evacuations and recovery efforts;

• Provide transportation assistance for relocating and returning
individuals displaced from their residences in a major disaster;

• Provide rescue, care, shelter, and essential needs assistance to
individuals with household pets and service animals as well as to such
pets and animals;

• Provide case management assistance to identify and address unmet needs
of victims of major disasters;

:

• Note: Federal agencies shall not: deny or impede access to the
disaster site to an essential service provider whose access is necessary
to restore and repair an essential service; or impede the restoration or
repair of essential services, to include telecommunications service,
electrical power, natural gas, water and sewer services, or any other
essential service, as determined by the President; and

• Receive input from a National Advisory Council, including State and
private sector members, about the development and revision of the
National Response Framework and other related plans or strategies."
(**DHS**, *National Response Framework List of Authorities and
References* (Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 4) \[Note: See References
section for URL for the Post Katrina...Act.\]

**Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act (PKEMRA):**

-   "FEMA is responsible for leading the nation efforts to prepare for,
    protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate against the
    risk of natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made
    disasters, including catastrophic incidents.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Develop a Federal disaster response capability that can act
    effectively and rapidly to deliver assistance essential to saving
    lives and protecting or preserving property or public health and
    safety.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Provide funding, training, exercises, technical assistance,
    planning, and other assistance to build Tribal, State, regional, and
    national disaster response capabilities.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Develop and coordinate the implementation of a risk-based,
    all-hazards national strategy for preparedness." (**FEMA**,
    *Catastrophic Disaster Planning 2007 IAEM Presentation*, 2)

**Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act (PKEMRA): "**In September
2006, Congress passed the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act
of 2006 ("the Act"), which President Bush signed into law in October
2006.\
\
The Act, which implemented many of the recommendations from the
Committee's investigation, creates a new FEMA - with responsibilities,
missions, capabilities, and resources far exceeding those of FEMA at the
time of Hurricane Katrina -- by vesting greater autonomy and elevating
the status of FEMA and its leaders within the Department. Among other
things, unlike its predecessor, the new FEMA is: (1) a distinct entity
within DHS, with protections similar to those afforded the U.S. Coast
Guard; (2) focused on all-hazards preparedness, protection, mitigation,
response, and recovery; and (3) responsible for the entire cycle of
emergency management, including the management of close to \$2 billion
in grants to help State and local officials and first responders prepare
for terrorist attacks and natural disasters.\
\
In debating the Act, Congress decided to strengthen FEMA within the
Department of Homeland Security in recognition of the fact that the
kinds of catastrophic disasters the nation must prepare for requires
resources far beyond what FEMA can effectively marshal standing alone.
The Act's goal is to better enable FEMA to coordinate effectively the
substantial response resources in other components within the
Department, such as the Coast Guard, as well as to enable FEMA to be
more effective in coordinating the response assets of the rest of the
Federal government.

....the Act gave FEMA and its Administrator elevated and expanded roles
in leading the nation's efforts to prepare for, protect against, respond
to, recover from, and mitigate against the risk of natural disasters,
acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters. It made the FEMA
Administrator an Executive Level II official (equivalent to the level of
Deputy Secretary) and the principal advisor to the President, the
Homeland Security Council, and the Secretary of Homeland Security on
emergency management. It also gave the President the authority to make
the FEMA Administrator a cabinet member during disasters. These changes
are designed to ensure that FEMA has the political authority and clout
to direct and coordinate the appropriate personnel and resources within
DHS (which are substantial) and to coordinate across the Federal
government when needed." (**Lieberman**, "Letter to DHS Secretary
Chertoff," Oct. 22, 2007)

**POTUS:** President of the United States.

**PP:** Program Paper. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and Definitions*, 1971,
p. 4)

**PPE:** Personal Protective Equipment.

**PRC:** Primary Receiving Center.

**Precaution:** "Action taken to anticipate, identify and reduce the
impact of \'surprises\' (unknown impacts and therefore unknown
probabilities)." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Environmental
Glossary*; cites: **EEA**, *Late Lessons From Early Warnings: The
Precautionary Principle 1896-2000*, 1991)

**Precautionary Approach:** "A decision to take action, based on the
possibility of significant environmental damage, even before there is
conclusive, scientific evidence, that the damage will occur."
(**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*; cites:
**European Commission** (Brussels), *Integrating Environmental Concerns
into Development and Economic Cooperation*, 1999.

**Precautionary Prevention:** "Action taken to reduce potential
hazards." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Environmental
Glossary*; cites: **EEA**, *Late Lessons From Early Warnings: The
Precautionary Principle 1896-2000*, 1991)

**Precautionary Principle:** "(1) Principle adopted by the UN Conference
on the Environment and Development (1992) that in order to protect the
environment, a precautionary approach should be widely applied, meaning
that where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage to the
environment, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a
reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental
degradation. (2) The precautionary principle permits a lower level of
proof of harm to be used in policy-making whenever the consequences of
waiting for higher levels of proof may be very costly and/or
irreversible." (**European Environmental Agency**, *EEA Environmental
Glossary*; cites: 1) **ETC/CDS,** *General Environmental Multilingual
Thesaurus* (GEMET 2000); 2) **EEA**, 1999, *Environment in the European
Union at the turn of the century*, p. 278. Environmental assessment
report No 2)

**Precursor:** "Phenomenon indicating a probable occurrence of an
earthquake or a volcanic eruption." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 58)

**Pre-declaration Department of Defense (DOD) Mission Assignment:**
"Also known as 403(c) assistance. FEMA may direct DoD to use its
personnel and equipment for removal of debris and wreckage and temporary
restoration of essential public facilities and services, when requested
by the Governor of an affected State within 48 hours of the incident.
The Assistant Administrator, Disaster Operations Directorate, may
authorize 403(c) assistance." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 57)

**Pre-Designated Incident Locations & Facilities (NIMS):** "Various
types of operational locations and support facilities are established in
the vicinity of the incident to accomplish a variety of purposes.
Typical pre-designated facilities include command post, bases, camps,
staging areas, mass casualty triage areas, and others as required."
(**FEMA**, *National Incident*

*Management System National Standard Curriculum Training Development
Guidance*, 2005, p.8)

**Pre-Designated Principal Federal Official (PFO):** "In certain
scenarios, a PFO may be pre-designated by the Secretary of Homeland
Security to facilitate Federal domestic incident planning and
coordination at the local level outside the context of a specific threat
or incident. A PFO also may be designated in a pre-incident mode for a
specific geographic area based on threat and other considerations.
(**DHS**, *Notice of Change to the National Response Plan* (Version
5.0), May 25, 2006, p. 5)

**Pre-Disaster Hazard Mitigation (42 U.S.C. 5133):** "The President may
establish a program to provide technical and financial assistance to
States and local governments to assist in the implementation of
predisaster hazard mitigation measures that are cost-effective and are
designed to reduce injuries, loss of life, and damage and destruction of
property, including damage to critical services and facilities under the
jurisdiction of the States or local governments." (**Stafford Act**,
June 2007 (FEMA 592), p. 17)

**Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Program:** "The Pre-Disaster Mitigation
(PDM) program provides funds to states, territories, Indian tribal
governments, communities, and universities for hazard mitigation
planning and the implementation of mitigation projects prior to a
disaster event. Funding these plans and projects reduces overall risks
to the population and structures, while also reducing reliance on
funding from actual disaster declarations. PDM grants are to be awarded
on a competitive basis and without reference to state allocations,
quotas, or other formula-based allocation of funds." (**FEMA**,
*Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program*, September 12, 2007 update)

**Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Program Eligible Activities:**

Mitigation planning activities:

-   New plan development;

-   Comprehensive review and update.

Mitigation project activities:

-   Voluntary acquisition of real property (*i.e*. structures and land,
    where necessary) for conversion to open space in perpetuity;

-   Relocation of public or private structures;

-   Elevation of existing public or private structures to avoid coastal
    or riverine flooding;

-   Structural retrofitting and non-structural retrofitting (*e.g.*,
    storm shutters, hurricane clips, bracing systems) of existing public
    or private structures to meet or exceed applicable building codes
    relative to hazard mitigation;

-   Construction of safe rooms (*e.g.,* tornado and severe wind
    shelters) for public and private structures that meet the FEMA
    construction criteria in FEMA 320 "Taking Shelter from the Storm"
    and FEMA 361 "Design and Construction Guidance for Community
    Shelters";

-   Hydrologic and Hydraulic studies/analyses, engineering studies, and
    drainage studies for the purpose of project design and feasibility
    determination included as part of a project subapplication;

-   Vegetation management for natural dune restoration, wildfire or snow
    avalanche;

-   Protective measures for utilities (*e.g.,* electric and gas), water
    and sanitary sewer systems and/or other infrastructure (*e.g.,*
    roads and bridges);

-   Storm water management projects (*e.g.,* culverts and retention
    basins) to reduce or eliminate long-term risk from flood hazards;
    and

-   Localized flood control projects, such as certain ring levees and
    floodwall systems that are designed specifically to protect critical
    facilities (defined as Hazardous Materials Facilities, Emergency
    Operation Centers, Power Facilities, Water Facilities, Sewer and
    Wastewater Treatment Facilities, Communications Facilities,
    Emergency Medical Care Facilities, Fire Protection, and Emergency
    Facilities) and that do not constitute a section of a larger flood
    control system.

Any of the above mitigation projects for a critical facility, as defined
above, may include the purchase of a generator or related equipment
purchases (*i.e*., generator hook-ups) as a functional portion to the
larger eligible mitigation project subapplication, as long as the
generator or related equipment purchase directly relates to the
hazard(s) that threatens the critical facility." (**FEMA**,
*Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Program Guidance Fiscal Year 2008*, 2007,
p. vi.)

**Preferred Risk Policy (PRP):** "The Preferred Risk Policy (PRP) offers
low-cost coverage to owners and tenants of eligible buildings located in
the moderate-risk B, C, and X Zones in NFIP Regular Program
communities." The Preferred Risk Policy covers one- to four-family
buildings. (**FEMA**, *Preferred Risk Flood Insurance -- A Smart Buy*,
2003)

**Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA):** "A mechanism used to determine
the impact and magnitude of damage and the resulting unmet needs of
individuals, businesses, the public sector, and the community as a
whole. Information collected is used by the State as a basis for the
Governor's request for a Presidential declaration, and by FEMA to
document the recommendation made to the President in response to the
Governor's request. PDAs are made by at least one State and one Federal
representative. A local government representative familiar with the
extent and location of damage in the community often participates; other
State and Federal

agencies and voluntary relief organizations also may be asked to
participate, as needed." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency
Operations Planning* (SLG 101), 1996, p. GLO-8)

**Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA):** A process used to determine the
impact and magnitude of damage and the resulting unmet needs of
individuals, businesses, the public sector, and the community as a
whole. Information collected as a result of the PDA process is used by
the State as a basis for the Governor's request for Federal assistance
under the Stafford Act, and by FEMA to document the recommendation made
to the President in response to the Governor's request. In a
particularly fast-moving or clearly devastating disaster, the PDA
process may be deferred until after the declaration." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs*, 2007, p. 58; see 44 CFR 206.33)

**Preliminary Hazard Analysis:** (See "Hazard Analysis, Preliminary")

**Preparation:** "Activities undertaken in advance of an emergency,
including developing operational capabilities, training, preparing plans
and improving public information and communications systems." (**Little
Hoover Com**., *Safeguarding the Golden State*, 2006, 6)

**Preparedness:** "Preparedness within the field of emergency management
can best be defined as a state of readiness to respond to a disaster,
crisis, or any other type of emergency situation. It includes that
activities, programs, and systems that exist before an emergency that
are used to support and enhance response to an emergency or disaster."
(**Bullock & Haddow** 2005, 181)

**Preparedness:** "Definition: activities necessary to build, sustain,
and improve readiness capabilities to prevent, protect against, respond
to, and recover from natural or man-made incidents.

"Extended Definition: activities and measures designed or undertaken to
prepare for or minimize the effects of a natural or man-made hazard upon
the civilian population, to deal with the immediate emergency conditions
that would be created by the hazard, and to effectuate emergency repairs
to, or the emergency restoration of, vital utilities and facilities
destroyed or damaged by the hazard; is a continuous operationally
focused process for establishing guidelines, protocols, and standards
for planning, training and exercises, personnel qualification and
certification, equipment certification, and publication management.

"Annotation: Preparedness is a continuous process involving efforts at
all levels of government and between government and private sector and
nongovernmental organizations to identify threats, determine
vulnerabilities, and identify required resources to prevent, respond to,
and recover from major incidents. Preparedness refers to the existence
of plans, procedures, policies, training, and the resources and
equipment necessary at the Federal, State, local and tribal level to
maximize the ability to prevent, respond to, and recover from
incidents." (**DHS**, *Lexicon*, **2007**, p. 19-20)

**Preparedness (NIMS): "**Under NIMS, Preparedness encompasses the full
range of deliberate, critical tasks and activities necessary to build,
sustain and improve the operational capability to prevent, protect
against, respond to and recover from domestic incidents. Preparedness,
in the context of an actual or potential incident, involves actions to
enhance readiness and minimize impacts. This includes hazard mitigation
measures to save lives and protect property from the impacts of
terrorism, natural disasters and other events. Additional examples of
preparedness activities include:

1.  Pre-deployment of response resources;

2.  Pre-establishment of incident command posts, mobilization centers,
    staging areas and other facilities;

3.  Evacuation and protective sheltering;

> 4\. Implementation structural and non-structural mitigation measures;

1.  5\. Use of remote sensing technology, risk assessment, predictive
    and plume

    modeling tools;

    6\. Private sector implementation of business and continuity of
    operations plans."

(**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, **2004**,
pp. 15-16; **DHS**, *National Incident Management System*, March 1,
2004, p. 146))

**Preparedness**: "The range of deliberate critical tasks and activities
necessary to build, sustain, and improve the operational capability to
prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from domestic
incidents. Preparedness is a continuous process involving efforts at all
levels of government and between government and private sector and
nongovernmental organizations to identify threats, determine
vulnerabilities, and identify required activities and resources to
mitigate risk." (**DHS,** *National Infrastructure Protection Plan*,
**2006**, p. 104)

**Preparedness:** "Preparedness is discussed in the National Response
Plan thusly: "the NRP focuses on those activities that are directly
related to an evolving incident or potential incident rather than
steady-state preparedness or readiness activities conducted in the
absence of a specific threat or hazard." (**DHS**, *National Response
Framework Draft*, September **2007**, 26)

**Preparedness (Incidence Management):** "...preparedness or readiness
activities conducted in the absence of a specific threat or hazard."
(**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September **2007**, p. 68)

**Preparedness (Steady-State):** "*A national focus on steady-state
readiness is imperative***.** The *Framework* \[NRF\] focuses on
preparedness activities that are *directly related to an evolving
incident or potential incident.* The *National Preparedness Guidelines*
and the *NIPP* focus on *steady-state preparedness or readiness
activities* conducted in the absence of a specific threat or hazard.
This [response]{.underline} *Framework* does not try to subsume all of
these larger efforts; instead, it integrates these efforts and brings
them to bear in managing incidents." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*,
September **2007**, p. 68)

**Preparedness (2nd of Six NIMS Major Components, 2004):** "Effective
incident management begins with a host of preparedness activities
conducted on a 'steady-state' basis, well in advance of any potential
incident. Preparedness involves an integrated combination of planning,
training, exercises, personnel qualification and certification
standards, equipment acquisition and certification standards, and
publication processes and activities." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, March 2004, p.
4)

**Preparedness:** "Build, sustain and improve the operational capability
to prevent, protect against,

respond to, and recover from domestic incidents. Preparedness includes:

• Planning, training, and exercises.

• Personnel qualification and certification standards.

• Equipment acquisition and certification standards.

• Publication management processes and activities." (**DHS**, *UTL 2.1*,
2005, p. 8)

**Preparedness:** Those activities, programs, and systems that exist
prior to an emergency that are used to support and enhance response to
an emergency or disaster. (**FEMA**, **1992**)

**Preparedness:** "Preparedness involves establishing authorities and
responsibilities for emergency actions and garnering the resources to
support them: a jurisdiction must assign or recruit staff for emergency
management duties and designate or procure facilities, equipment, and
other resources for carrying out assigned duties. This investment in
emergency management requires upkeep: the staff must receive training
and the facilities and equipment must be maintained in working order. To
ensure that the jurisdiction\'s investment in emergency management
personnel and resources can be relied upon when needed, there must be a
program of tests, drills, and exercises. Consideration also must be
given to reducing or eliminating the vulnerability of the jurisdiction's
emergency response organizations and resources to the hazards that
threaten the jurisdiction. Accordingly, preparedness measures should not
be improvised or handled on an *ad hoc* basis. A key element of
preparedness is the development of plans that link the many aspects of a
jurisdiction\'s commitment to emergency management." (**FEMA**, *Guide
For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning* (SLG 101), **1996**, pp.
1-3 and 1- 4)

**Preparedness:** "Building the emergency management profession to
prepare for, mitigate, respond to, and recover from natural and man-made
hazards and terrorist acts through planning, training, education, and
exercising." (**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared -- FEMA Strategic Plan*,
**2002**, p. 59)

**Preparedness (NIMS):** "A continuous cycle of planning, organizing,
training, equipping, exercising, evaluating, and taking corrective
action in an effort to ensure effective coordination during incident
response. Within NIMS preparedness focuses on the following elements:
planning, procedures and protocols, training and exercises, personnel
qualification and certification, and equipment certification."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), **2007**, p. 156)

**Preparedness:** "The range of deliberate, critical tasks and
activities necessary to build, sustain, and improve the capability to
protect against, respond to, and recover from hazard impacts.
Preparedness is a continuous process. Within NIMS, preparedness involves
efforts at all levels of

government and the private sector to identify threats, to determine
vulnerabilities, and to identify required response plans and resources.
NIMS preparedness focuses on establishing guidelines, protocols, and
standards for planning, training and exercise, personnel qualifications
and certification, equipment certification, and publication management."
(**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity and Capability Handbook*, August 2004,
p. D-9, Glossary)

**Preparedness:** "The ability to plan, organize, equip, train, and
exercise homeland security personnel to perform their assigned missions
to nationally accepted standards---this mission area includes public
education and awareness." (**Homeland Security Council**, *National
Planning Scenarios* Final Draft, March 2006, p. vi)

**Preparedness:** "Build, sustain, and improve the operational
capability to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from
domestic incidents. Preparedness includes:

-   Planning, training, and exercises

-   Personnel qualification and certification standards

-   Equipment acquisition and certification standards

-   Publication management processes and activities

-   Mutual aid agreements and Emergency Management Assistance Compacts
    (EMACS)." (**Homeland Security Institute**, *HS Strategic Planning
    MAA* (for DHS), Appendix B: MAA Common Task Definitions, p. 61)
    \[Note: See DHS, NIMS, 2004, pp. 4-5, not cited, and DHS, UTL, 2005,
    8.\]

**Preparedness:** Establishing and delineating authorities and
responsibilities for emergency actions and making provisions for having
the people, equipment, and facilities in place to respond when the need
arises. Preparedness involves planning, training, exercising, procuring
and maintaining equipment, and designating facilities for shelters and
other emergency purposes. (**Michigan DEM**, 1998, 7)

**Preparedness:** "Preparedness is the range of deliberate, critical
tasks and activities necessary to build, sustain, and improve the
operational capability to prevent, protect against, respond to, and
recover from domestic incidents. Preparedness is a continuous process
involving efforts at all levels of government as well as between
government and private-sector and nongovernmental

organizations to identify threats, determine vulnerabilities, and
identify required resources." (**NCR**, *National Capital Region
Homeland Security Strategic Plan 2007-2009 -- Overview*, August 2006, p.
4)

**Preparedness:** "Activities, tasks, programs, and systems developed
and implemented prior to an emergency that are used to support the
prevention of, mitigation of, response to, and recovery from
emergencies." (**NFPA,** *NFPA 1600*, 2007, p. 8)

**Preparedness:** "Preparedness activities are necessary to the extent
that mitigation measures have not, or cannot, prevent disasters. In the
preparedness phase, governments, organizations, and individuals develop
plans to save lives and minimize disaster damage (for example, compiling
state resource inventories, mounting training exercises, or installing
warning systems). Preparedness measures also seek to enhance disaster
response operations (for example, by stockpiling vital food and medical
supplies, through training exercises, and by mobilizing emergency
personnel on a standby basis)." (**NGA**, *CEM Governors' Guide*, 1979,
p. 13)

**Preparedness:** "Preparedness represents actions that are undertaken
to reduce the negative consequences of events where there is
insufficient human control to institute mitigation measures."
(**Peterson and Perry** 1999, 242)

**Preparedness:** "...planning, training, and building the emergency
management profession to prepare effectively for, mitigate against,
respond to, and recover from any hazard." (**Post-Katrina Emergency
Management Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1399)

**Preparedness:** "Part of the problem is the lack of a common
definition of "preparedness." When PricewaterhouseCoopers' Health
Research Institute (HRI) asked industry leaders to define preparedness,
they agreed on only two things: (1) there is currently no universally
accepted definition of preparedness; and (2) we must continue getting
"better prepared." Without a definition, it's hard to develop
benchmarks. Noted Irwin Redlener, M.D., associate dean and director of
the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at the Columbia University
Mailman School of Public Health, 'Whatever you think about being
prepared as an individual or family, extrapolate that to a hospital CEO.
They have no idea of what the end point is because there are no
satisfactory benchmarks to establish what we mean by '*prepared.*'"
(**PricewaterhouseCoopers**, 2007, p. 5)

**Preparedness:** involves the development and regular testing of
warning systems (linked to forecasting systems) and plans for evacuation
or other measures to be taken during a disaster alert period to minimize
potential loss of life and physical damage; the education and training
of officials and the population at risk; the establishment of policies,
standards, organizational arrangements and operational plans to be
applied following a disaster impact; the securing of resources (possibly
including the stockpiling of supplies and the earmarking of funds); and
the training of intervention teams. It must be supported by enabling
legislation. (**Simeon Institute** 1998)

**Preparedness:** "Activities designed to minimize loss of life and
damage, to organize the temporary removal of people and property from a
threatened location and facilitate timely and effective rescue, relief
and rehabilitation. See also 'prevention'." (**UNDHA**, *Internationally
Agreed Glossary...'* 1992, 59)

**Preparedness:** "Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure
effective response to the impact of disasters, including the issuance of
timely and effective early warnings and the temporary removal of people
and property from a threatened location." (**UN/ISDR** 2002, 25)

**Preparedness**: "(c) Preparedness. The Office of Homeland Security
shall coordinate national efforts to prepare for and mitigate the
consequences of terrorist threats or attacks within the United States.
 In performing this function, the Office shall work with Federal, State,
and local agencies, and private entities, as appropriate, to:

          (i)  review and assess the adequacy of the portions of all
Federal emergency response plans that pertain to terrorist threats or
attacks within the United States;

          (ii)  coordinate domestic exercises and simulations designed
to assess and practice systems that would be called upon to respond to a
terrorist threat or attack within the United States and coordinate
programs and activities for training Federal, State, and local employees
who would be called upon to respond to such a threat or attack;

          (iii)  coordinate national efforts to ensure public health
preparedness for a terrorist attack, including reviewing vaccination
policies and reviewing the adequacy of and, if necessary, increasing
vaccine and pharmaceutical stockpiles and hospital capacity;

          (iv)  coordinate Federal assistance to State and local
authorities and nongovernmental organizations to prepare for and respond
to terrorist threats or attacks within the United States;

          (v)  ensure that national preparedness programs and activities
for terrorist threats or attacks are developed and are regularly
evaluated under appropriate standards and that resources are allocated
to improving and sustaining preparedness based on such evaluations; and

          (vi) ensure the readiness and coordinated deployment of
Federal response teams to respond to terrorist threats or attacks,
working with the Assistant to the President for National Security
Affairs, when appropriate." (**White House**, *EO 13228*, October 8,
2001)

**Preparedness:** "The term 'preparedness' refers to the existence of
plans, procedures, policies, training, and equipment necessary at the
Federal, State, and local level to maximize the ability to prevent,
respond to, and recover from major events. The term 'readiness' is used
interchangeably with preparedness." (**White House**, *HSPD-8*, December
2003)

Preparedness Capability (Elements):

-   *Planning*: Collection and analysis of intelligence and information,
    and development of policies, plans, procedures, mutual aid
    agreements, strategies, and other publications that comply with
    relevant laws, regulations, and guidance necessary to perform
    assigned missions and tasks.

-   *Organization and Leadership*: Individual teams, an overall
    organizational structure, and leadership at each level in the
    structure that comply with relevant laws, regulations, and guidance
    necessary to perform assigned missions and tasks.

-   *Personnel:* Paid and volunteer staff who meet relevant
    qualification and certification standards necessary to perform
    assigned missions and tasks.

-   *Equipment and Systems*: Major items of equipment, supplies,
    facilities, and systems that comply with relevant standards
    necessary to perform assigned missions and tasks.

-   *Training*: Content and methods of delivery that comply with
    relevant training standards necessary to perform assigned missions
    and tasks.

-   *Exercises, Evaluations, and Corrective Actions:* Exercises,
    self-assessments, peer-assessments, outside reviews, compliance
    monitoring, and actual major events that provide opportunities to
    demonstrate, evaluate, and improve the combined capability and
    interoperability of the other elements to perform assigned missions
    and tasks to standards necessary to achieve successful outcomes."
    (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*, September 13, 2007, p.
    5)

**Preparedness Cycle:**

-   Conduct Risk Assessment

-   Conduct Capabilities Assessment

-   Develop Strategy

-   Plan and Resource Programs

-   Identify/Purchase Equipment

-   Develop Multi-year Training and Exercise Plan and Schedule

-   Conduct Training

-   Conduct Exercises to Validate Training and Plans

-   Assign Corrective Actions resulting from Exercise Evaluation and
    Improvement Plans

-   Track/Implement Corrective Actions

-   Update Capabilities Assessment/Strategy/Multi-year Plans (**DHS**,
    *TCL*, 2007, p. 13)

**Preparedness Goal:** "The best way to protect against the effects of
harmful incidents is to be prepared. Preparedness and mitigation are
important elements in reducing the impacts of acts of terror and other
disasters. We will ensure all levels of public safety and emergency
management are capable of rapid and effective response by establishing a
unified, capabilities-based preparedness strategy incorporating
all-hazards assessments, training, exercises and assistance for federal,
state, tribal and local governments, first responders and communities.
We will establish, implement and evaluate capabilities through a system
of national standards, mutual aid systems and credentialing protocols,
and supply technologies for rapid and interoperable communications,
personal protection and incident management. We will implement and
sustain a national citizen preparedness movement that includes private
sector involvement. We will expand the Nation's community risk
management capabilities and reduce the Nation's vulnerability to acts of
terrorism and other disasters through effective vulnerability
assessments and risk management programs." (**DHS**, *Securing the
Homeland Strategic Plan*, **2004**, p. 26)

**Preparedness Organizations:** "Preparedness is the responsibility of
individual jurisdictions; this responsibility includes coordinating
various preparedness activities among all appropriate agencies within a
jurisdiction, as well as across jurisdictions and with private
organizations. This coordination is effected by mechanisms that range
from individuals to small committees to large standing organizations.
These mechanisms are referred to in this document as 'preparedness
organizations,' in that they serve as ongoing forums for coordinating
preparedness activities in advance of an incident. Preparedness
organizations represent a wide variety of committees, planning groups,
and other organizations that meet regularly and coordinate with one
another to ensure an appropriate focus on planning, training, equipping,
and other preparedness requirements within a jurisdiction and/or across
jurisdictions. The needs of the jurisdictions involved will dictate how
frequently such organizations must conduct their business, as well as
how they are structured. When preparedness activities routinely need to
be accomplished across jurisdictions, preparedness organizations should
be multijurisdictional. Preparedness organizations at all jurisdictional
levels should

-   Establish and coordinate emergency plans and protocols including
    public communications and awareness;

-   Integrate and coordinate the activities of the jurisdictions and
    functions within their purview;

-   Establish the standards, guidelines, and protocols necessary to
    promote interoperability among member jurisdictions and agencies;

-   Adopt standards, guideline, and protocols for providing resources to
    requesting organizations, including protocols for incident support
    organizations;

-   Set priorities for resources and other requirements; and

-   Ensure the establishment and maintenance of multiagency coordination
    mechanisms, including EOCs, mutual-aid agreements, incident
    information systems, nongovernmental organization and private-sector
    outreach, public awareness and information systems, and mechanisms
    to deal with information and operations security." (**DHS**, *NIMS*,
    2005, pp. 34-35)

**Preparedness Planning:** "Plans must be realistic, scalable, and
applicable to all types of incidents, from daily occurrences to
incidents requiring the activation of interstate mutual aid, and to
those requiring a coordinated Federal response. Plans, including
emergency operations plans, should form the basis of training and be
exercised periodically to ensure that all individuals involved in
response are able to execute their assigned tasks. It is essential that
plans address training and exercising and allow for the incorporation of
after-action reviews, lessons learned and corrective actions with
responsibility agreements following any major incidents or exercises.
Plans should be updated periodically to reflect changes in the emergency
management and incident response environment, as well as any
institutional or organizational changes.

Plans describe how personnel, equipment, and other governmental and
nongovernmental resources will be used to support emergency management
and incident response requirements. They represent the operational core
of preparedness and provide mechanisms for setting priorities,
integrating multiple jurisdictions/organizations and functions,
establishing collaborative relationships, and ensuring that
communications and other systems effectively support the full spectrum
of emergency management and incident response activities. Plans should
also incorporate strategies for maintaining continuity of government and
continuity of operations during and after incidents, provide mechanisms
to ensure resiliency of critical infrastructure and economic stability
of communities, and incorporate the advance planning associated with
resource management, and communications and information management.

Plans should integrate all relevant departments, agencies, and
organizations (including the private sector and NGOs, where appropriate)
to facilitate coordinated emergency management and incident response
activities. Where appropriate, these plans should incorporate a clearly
defined process for seeking and requesting assistance from necessary
department(s), agency(ies), and/or organizations. The Federal Government
has defined plans by which Federal response resources will be deployed
prior to or during incidents. Jurisdictions should be aware of these
plans in order to accommodate Federal resources when necessary and
should integrate them into their plans as appropriate. While it is
recognized that jurisdictions and/or organizations will develop multiple
types of plans, such as response, mitigation, and recovery plans, it is
essential that these plans be coordinated and complement one another."
(**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft),
August 2007, p. 16)

**Preparedness Planning (Procedures and Protocols):** "Procedures and
protocols should detail the specific actions that can be taken to
implement a plan or system. All emergency management/response personnel
and their affiliated organizations should develop procedures and
protocols that translate into specific action-oriented checklists for
use during incident response operations, including how the organizations
will accomplish their assigned tasks.

Procedures are documented and implemented with: checklists; resource
listings; maps, charts, and other pertinent data; mechanisms for
notifying staff; processes for obtaining and using equipment, supplies,
and vehicles; methods of obtaining mutual aid agreements and/or
assistance agreements; mechanisms for reporting information to
Department Operations Centers (DOC) and EOCs; and communications
operating instructions, including connectivity among governments, the
private sector, and NGOs. There are four standard levels of procedural
documents:

*Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) or Operations Manual*: Complete
reference document that provides the purpose, authorities, duration, and
details for the preferred method of performing a single function or a
number of interrelated functions in a uniform manner.

*Field Operations Guide or Incident Management Handbook*: Durable pocket
or desk guide that contains essential information required to perform
specific assignments or functions.

*Mobilization Guide*: Reference document used by agencies/organizations
outlining agreements, processes, and procedures used by all
participating organizations for activating, assembling, and transporting
resources.

*Job Aid*: Checklist or other visual aid intended to ensure that
specific steps of completing a task or assignment are accomplished. Job
aids may also serve as training aids to teach how to complete specific
job tasks.

Protocols are sets of established guidelines for actions (which may be
designated by individuals, teams, functions, or capabilities) under
various specified conditions. Establishing protocols provides for the
standing orders, authorizations, and delegations necessary to permit the
rapid execution of a task, function, or a number of interrelated
functions without seeking permission to do so. Based on training and
delegation of authority, protocols permit specific personnel to assess
the situation presented, take immediate steps to intervene, and escalate
their efforts to a specific level before further guidance or
authorizations are required." (**FEMA**, *National Incident Management
System* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 19)

**Preparedness Plans (Operational):** "Operational plans identify and
direct the agencies/organizations and resources required to execute the
tasks and objectives necessary based on the strategic planning.
Operational plans often include (but are not limited to) contingency and
tactical plans." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 17)

**Preparedness Plans (Strategic):** "Strategic plans define and develop
programmatic priorities that address requirements, goals, objectives,
milestones, and resources that ensure interoperable and integrated
actions among all levels of government, the private sector, and NGOs to
manage all-hazard emergency management and incident response activities.
Strategic planning involves the adoption of long-range goals and
objectives, the setting of priorities, the establishment of budgets and
other fiscal decisions, policy development, and the application of
measures of performance or effectiveness." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA
501/Draft), August 2007, p. 17)

**Preparedness Priorities:** "PREPAREDNESS PRIORITIES.---In establishing
the guidelines under subsection (a), the Administrator shall establish
preparedness priorities that appropriately balance the risk of all
hazards, including natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other
man-made

disasters, with the resources required to prevent, respond to, recover
from, and mitigate against the hazards." (**Post-Katrina Emergency
Management Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1426)

**Preparedness Strategy:** "The FEMA preparedness strategy is to build
and maintain a collaborative framework of Federal, state, local and
private sector resources that can ensure effective response to all
hazards. The centerpiece of this preparedness strategy is the
establishment of emergency management performance objectives to guide
continuous capability enhancement at all levels of government.

"FEMA, in partnership with the states, will foster innovation and
improvement by facilitating emergency management professional
development training; assisting in the establishment of performance
standards and assessment through tests, exercises and real world
experiences; supporting planning and public education; and by forming
partnerships with the private sector and other nations to support a
robust emergency management capability. The strategy will foster a
decentralized capability for state and local preparedness and response
for all but the most catastrophic disasters." (**FEMA** *Strategic Plan
FY 1998-2002*, 1997, p. 25)

**Preparedness Tasks (DHS Target Capabilities List):** "Preparedness
activities and tasks are those things that should be done prior to the
demand for the capability. Development of plans, procedures, protocols,
and systems; establishment of mutual aid agreements and authorities;
provision of training; and the conduct of exercises are all examples of
preparedness tasks." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 6)

**PREPnet:** "The Preparedness Network (PREPnet) is a satellite-based
distance learning system used by...\[FEMA/National Emergency Training
Center\] to bring interactive training programs into virtually any
community nationwide." (**FEMA,** *About the National Preparedness
Network*)

**Pre-Positioned Disaster Supplies (PPDS) Program:** "The Pre-Positioned
Disaster Supplies (PPDS) Program was developed to position life saving
and life sustaining disaster equipment and supplies as close to a
potential disaster site as possible. The goal is to substantially
shorten the response time from incident to delivery of these initial
critical assets... The strategy is to place PPDS containers in
hurricane/typhoon-prone states first, then earthquake-prone, then highly
populous metropolitan areas.... PPDS containers are also stockpiled at
various locations where containers are staged and ready for transport as
threats arise." (**FEMA**. "Homeland Security's Pre-Positioned Disaster
Supplies (PPDS) Program," May 16, 2006)

**Pre-positioned Equipment Program (PEP):** "The PEP consists of caches
of standardized equipment pods, deployable to support State and local
governments facing a major chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear,
or explosives (CBRNE) event. PEP pods are supported by specialized teams
of emergency responders and contain personal protective,
decontamination, detection, technical search and rescue, law
enforcement, interoperable communications and other emergency response
equipment. The pods are available to State and local governments through
formal requests and deployment procedures that are initiated by the
Governors. In addition to State and local government support, PEP is
used on the Federal level to supplement response operations including
the National Disaster Medical System and Urban Search & Rescue."
(**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*, November 15, 2007, p. 9)

**Pre-positioned Equipment Program (PEP):** "Each PEP unit consists of a
\$2.2 million cache of standardized equipment pods and a Special Events
Pod (SEP). The pods are deployable to state and local governments facing
a major chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosives or
natural hazard event of national emergency within 10 to 12 hours."
(**FEMA**, *NEMA Initiatives and Issues From the Disaster Operations
Directorate*, August 20, 2007, p. 11)

**Pre-Scripted Mission Assignment(s) (PSMAs):** "In order to expedite
the delivery of Federal assistance, FEMA is developing "Pre-Scripted"
Mission Assignments (PSMAs) that provide standard "Statements of Work"
to other departments and agencies prior to an actual disaster or
emergency. The use of PSMAs is expected to streamline the process and to
provide a planning base for the Federal agencies. However, not all
mission assignments are intended to be pre-scripted and those that are
may be modified to meet event-specific needs. FEMA may use PSMAs as
templates for statements of work to expedite planning and execution.
FEMA and the Federal departments and agencies will develop PSMAs
jointly. All PSMAs will include cost estimates. PSMAs will not
automatically be issued unless requested and necessary. The Statements
of Work (SOWs) for "Pre-Scripted" missions may be adjusted to meet event
specific needs." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*,
July 25, 2007, p. 1; also 58)

**Presidential Decision 41, 1978, on Civil Defense Policy:** PD 41 was
the result of an "interagency study of U.S. civil defense policy,
directed by the President in September 1977...conducted over a period of
about a year...\[drawing upon\] studies of Soviet and U.S. civil defense
programs... Among the specific questions addressed were: 'What is the
role of civil defense in strategic policy?' 'Can civil defense make a
significant difference in the outcome of a nuclear exchange?' 'What
civil defense measures would be most useful?' and finally, 'If a role is
identified, what should it be?' Hence, the study looked not only at
whether civil defense would make a difference in nuclear war, but also
at whether it could play a role in a preattack crisis.

"The study examined a range of CD program options for the United States,
and was presented to the Policy Review Committee of the NSC and then to
the President. The options were essentially the same as those analyzed
in...\[an\] earlier study for the Secretary of Defense: 91) essentially
no program; (2) the current program; (3) a program providing for
evacuating the population of larger U.S. cities and other risk areas,
should time permit during a period of strategic warning resulting from
an international crisis; and (4) a short warning time program to protect
the population in-place, including construction of blast shelters in
cities.

"In September 1978, the President directed in Presidential Decision (PD)
41 that a new civil defense policy be implemented along the following
lines:

-   That the United States civil defense program should enhance the
    survivability of the American people and its leadership in the event
    of nuclear war, thereby improving the basis for eventual recovery,
    as well as reducing vulnerability to a major Soviet attack;

-   That the program should enhance deterrence and stability, and
    contribute to perceptions of the overall U.S./Soviet strategic
    balance and to crisis stability, and also reduce the possibility
    that the Soviets could coerce us in times of increased tension;

-   That the CD policy not suggest any change in the U.S. policy of
    relying on strategic nuclear forces as the preponderant factor in
    maintaining deterrence; and,

-   That the program include planning for population relocation during
    times of international crisis as well as be adaptable to help deal
    with natural disasters and other peacetime emergencies."
    (**Chipman**, *CD For the 1980's*, 1979, pp. 24-25)

**Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 39, 1995:** "Presidential
Decision Directive 39, U.S. Policy on Counterterrorism, June 21, 1995,
establishes policy to reduce the Nation's vulnerability to terrorism,
deter and respond to terrorism, and strengthen capabilities to detect,
prevent, defeat and manage the consequences of terrorist use of WMD and
assigns agency responsibilities. Portions of the PDD, to include the
distinction between crisis and consequence management, have been
superceded by the President's direction in HSPD-5." (**DHS**, *National
Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 72)

**Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 39, US Policy on
Counterterrorism, 1995:** "PDD-39...designates DOJ, specifically the
FBI, as the LFA \[Lead Federal Agency\] for CrM \[Crisis Management\].
(**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. IV-8)

**Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 39, US Policy on
Counterterrorism, 1995: "**PDD-39

validates and reaffirms existing federal lead agency responsibilities
for counterterrorism, which are assigned to DOJ, as delegated to the
FBI, for threats or acts of terrorism within the United States. The FBI
as the LFA for CrM will involve only those federal agencies required and
designated. The Directive further states that DHS/FEMA with the support
of all agencies in the NRP, will support the FBI until the Attorney
General transfers lead agency to DHS/FEMA. DHS/FEMA retains
responsibility for CM throughout the response." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland
Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. A-3)

**Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 62, 1998:** "Presidential
Decision Directive 62, Combating Terrorism, May 22, 1998, reinforces the
missions of Federal departments and agencies charged with roles in
defeating terrorism. Portions of the PDD have been superceded."
(**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p. 72)

**Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 62, 1998:** *Protection Against
Unconventional Threats to the Homeland and Americans Overseas*, May 22,
1998. "PDD-62, issued by President Clinton on May 22, 1998, directs the
establishment of an integrated program to increase U.S. effectiveness in
countering terrorist threats and to prepare to manage the consequences
of attacks against U.S. citizens or infrastructures. Lead agencies
responsible for supporting the program... must designate a Senior
Program Coordinator who is responsible for coordinating this effort
within the U.S. government. This PDD reaffirms and complements the
directives contained in PDD 39.... PDD 62 also requires each agency to
maintain a Continuity of Operations Plan as outlined in Executive Order
12656. This plan must ensure the operation of essential agency functions
following an attack that incapacitates headquarters facilities and key
leadership." (**EPA,** *Presidential Decision Directives*, 2007)

**Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 63** (1998) **\-- Critical
Infrastructure Protection** (superseded by HSPD-7, Critical
Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection): "The
goal of PDD 63, issued by President Clinton in 1998, is that public and
private organizations be able to maintain continuity of the U.S.
critical infrastructure in the event of a terrorist attack. Critical
infrastructure includes the physical and cyber-based systems that are
essential for the economy and the government to operate at a minimum
level. Because these systems are highly automated and interconnected,
they are vulnerable to physical and cyber attack. Examples of critical
infrastructure systems are telecommunications, banking, energy,
transportation, water systems, and emergency services.

Minimum operation of the economy and government includes the following:

-   The federal government performs essential national security missions
    and ensures public health and safety.

-   State and local governments maintain order and deliver minimum
    essential public services.

-   The private sector ensures the orderly functioning of the economy
    and delivery of essential services.

The Role of Federal Agencies \-- Each agency has specific
responsibilities for maintaining continuity of government operations:

-   protect its own critical infrastructure, \"including but not limited
    to its cyber-based systems\"

-   make the Chief Information Officer responsible for keeping agency
    information accessible

-   appoint a Critical Infrastructure Assurance Officer to protect all
    other critical infrastructure

-   develop and implement a Critical Infrastructures Protection Plan
    (CIPP) by May of 2000.

Agencies also participate in the Critical Infrastructures Coordination
Group created under this directive." (**EPA**, *Presidential Decision
Directives*)

**Presidential Decision Directive (PDD/NSC) 67:** *Enduring
Constitutional Government and Continuity of Government Operations***,**
October 21, 1998: "PDD 67 succeeded NSD 69 \"Enduring Constitutional
Government\" of June 1992. PDD 67, among other things, requires federal
agencies to develop COOP plans for essential operations. These COOP
plans were viewed as a unifying concept not to replace existing plans
but, instead, to be superimposed if and when a problem threatens a
serious disruption of agency operations.\
\
"Several Federal Preparedness Circulars (FPCs) that detail a series of
government policies specific to COOP planning and national security
emergency preparedness have been written under the authority of PDD 67.
The focus of these documents includes succession, vital records,
training, COOP requirements, alternative facility requirements, and
communications. They are associated with supporting all Federal
organizations with viable COOP programs.\
\
"FPC 65 provides guidance to all Federal Executive Branch departments,
agencies, and independent organizations on the development of viable and
executable COOP plans.\
FPC 66 further supports COOP efforts by providing guidance on the
development of test, training, and exercise programs to support the
implementation and validation of COOP plans.\
\
"FPC 67, designed as a supplement to FPC 65, provides guidance on
implementing COOP plans, specifically in locating alternate facilities
to support COOP efforts." (**White House**, PDD 67)

**Presidential Decision Directive (PDD/NSC) 67:** "PDD 67, issued in
1998, addressed enduring constitutional government and introduced
continuity of operations plan (COOP) and continuity of government
operations. PDD 67 succeeded NSD 69 \"Enduring Constitutional
Government\" of June 1992. PDD 67, among other things, requires federal
agencies to develop COOP plans for essential operations. These COOP
plans were viewed as a unifying concept not to replace existing plans
but, instead, to be superimposed if and when a problem threatens a
serious disruption of agency operations. Several Federal Preparedness
Circulars (FPCs) that detail a series of government policies specific to
COOP planning and national security emergency preparedness have been
written under the authority of PDD 67. The focus of these documents
includes succession, vital records, training, COOP requirements,
alternative facility requirements, and communications. They are
associated with supporting all Federal organizations with viable COOP
programs. FPC 65 provides guidance to all Federal Executive Branch
departments, agencies, and independent organizations on the development
of viable and executable COOP plans. FPC 66 further supports COOP
efforts by providing guidance on the development of test, training, and
exercise programs to support the implementation and validation of COOP
plans. FPC 67, designed as a supplement to FPC 65, provides guidance on
implementing COOP plans, specifically in locating alternate facilities
to support COOP efforts." (**White House**, *Presidential Decision
Directive 67 (PDD 67): Enduring Constitutional Government and Continuity
of Government*. October 1998)

**President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection(PCCIP):**
"The PCCIP was established July 15, 1996, and charged with developing a
national policy and the implementation strategies for protecting our
critical infrastructures from both physical and cyber threats. The goal,
of course, was to assure the infrastructures' continued operation. The
President identified eight infrastructures (Figure 1)---or our nation's
life support systems, as I view them---for study. The incapacity or
destruction of these systems would have a debilitating effect on the
defense and/or economic security of the United States.

> Telecommunications
>
> Banking & Finance
>
> Electric Power
>
> Water
>
> Transportation
>
> Emergency Services
>
> Oil & Gas Delivery & Storage
>
> Government Services....

The Commission was uniquely tailored for its task. Recognizing that the
infrastructures are largely owned and operated by the private sector,
the Commission was established as a joint, public-and-private
undertaking. Therefore, half the commissioners came from the private
sector and the other half were detailed from the affected agencies of
government. A Steering Committee made up of senior government officials
oversaw the work of the commissioners and guided us through myriad
government concerns. A Presidentially appointed Advisory Committee made
up of key industry leaders provided the unique perspective of
infrastructure owners and operators. Finally, there was an
Infrastructure Protection Task Force, established at the same time as
the Commission, and intended to support infrastructure protection and
coordinate the activities of government should a problem develop prior
to the completion of the Commission's efforts and implementation of its
recommendations." (**Marsh**, *Critical Foundations,* 12Nov97)

**Pressure and Release (PAR) Model**: "The PAR model (described in an
analytical framework (Blaikie et al., 1994, Wisner et al.,
2003)identifies a disaster as the outcome of, on one side, natural
hazards, such as the Indian Ocean tsunami, and on the other, a
progression of driving forces which shapes the degree of *people's
vulnerability* to these hazards. These driving forces, which are
primarily socio-economic and political, determine the extent to which
people can protect themselves and recover from the occurrence of a
"natural" disaster. These slower acting, often insidious and tacitly
acknowledged, aspects of political and economic life which shape
people's vulnerability are brutally exposed upon the sudden onset of a
natural event, such as a tsunami, but can also include earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, wild fires, riverine and coastal floods, and storms.
So people's vulnerability and ecosystem vulnerability are shaped by long
term and slow acting processes.... until a sudden event occurs, the
impact of which is partly determined by long term processes which
produce vulnerability of people and ecosystems." (**Blaikie**, *The
Indian Ocean Tsunami*, 2005)

**Pressure and Release (PAR) Model**: "The starting point of the
pressure and release model is that a disaster is the intersection of two
opposing forces: the process generating vulnerability on one side, and
the physical exposure to hazard on the other.  Increasing pressure can
come from either side but vulnerability has to be reduced to relieve the
pressure.  Vulnerability is considered in three levels: root causes,
dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions. The strengths of the model are
that it provides a broad view of vulnerability, it gives weight to
natural hazards, and it provides a framework for looking at livelihoods
and vulnerability. The limitation of the model, is that it is a tool for
explaining vulnerability, not for measuring it.  The model cannot be
applied operationally without a great deal of data collection and
analysis." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques*, 2008)

**Prevent: "**Actions to avoid an incident or to intervene or stop an
incident from occurring. Prevention involves actions taken to protect
lives and property. It involves applying intelligence and other
information to a range of activities that may include such
countermeasures as deterrence operations; heightened inspections;
improved surveillance and security operations; investigations to
determine the full nature and source of the threat; public health and
agricultural

surveillance and testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or
quarantine; and, as appropriate, specific law enforcement operations
aimed at deterring, preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal
activity and apprehending potential perpetrators and bringing them to
justice" (**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area HS Strategy: Guidance*,
June 2005, p. 3 (citing DHS, NIMS, March 2004).

**Prevent:** "Actions to avoid an incident or to intervene to stop an
incident from occurring. Prevention involves actions taken to protect
lives and property, including: intelligence and deterrence operations;
heightened inspections; improved surveillance and security operations;
investigations; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing
processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and certain law
enforcement operations. Public announcements, evacuation planning,
infrastructure improvements and citizen disaster preparation also are
important especially when considering an "all hazards" approach."
(**DHS**, *Fiscal Year 2006 Homeland Security Grant Program: Application
Kit and Program*, October 5, **2005**, pp. 1-2)

**Prevent:** "Deter all potential terrorists from attacking America,
detect terrorists before they strike, prevent them and their instruments
of terror from entering our country, and take decisive action to
eliminate the threat they pose." (**DHS**, *UTL* 2.1, 2005, p. 20)

**Preventative Measures:** "Controls aimed at deterring or Mitigating
undesirable events form taking place." (**DigitalCare**, *State of
Oregon Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006, p. 61)

**Prevention:** "Definition: actions taken and measures put in place for
the continual assessment and readiness of necessary actions to reduce
risk of threats and vulnerabilities, to intervene and stop an
occurrence, or to mitigate effects. Extended definition: involves
prescribed actions and measures put in place to impede the success of a
natural or man-made disaster from adversely affecting the safety,
security, or continuity of the Nation, critical infrastructures its
citizens, and citizen's civil rights or civil liberties." (**DHS**,
*Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, October 19, **2007**, p. 20)

**Prevention:** "Prevention involves actions to interdict, disrupt,
pre-empt or avert a potential incident. This includes homeland security
and law enforcement efforts to prevent terrorist attacks. Prevention
includes actions to:

1.  1\. Collect, analyze, and apply intelligence and other information;

    2\. Conduct investigations to determine the full nature and source
    of the threat;

    3\. Implement countermeasures such as inspections, surveillance,
    security and infrastructure protection;

    4\. Conduct tactical operations to interdict, preempt, or disrupt
    illegal activity; and to apprehend and prosecute the perpetrators;

    5\. Conduct public health surveillance and testing processes,
    immunizations, and isolation or quarantine for biological and
    agricultural threats; and

    6\. Deter, defeat, detect, deny access or entry, and take decisive
    action to eliminate threats." (**DHS,** *National Response Plan*
    (Draft #1), February 25, **2004**)

**Prevention. "**Actions to avoid an incident or to intervene to stop an
incident from occurring.

Prevention involves actions taken to protect lives and property. It
involves applying intelligence and other information to a range of
activities that may include such countermeasures as deterrence
operations; heightened inspections; improved surveillance and security
operations; investigations to determine the full nature and source of
the threat; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing
processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and, as appropriate,
specific law enforcement operations aimed at deterring, preempting,
interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity and apprehending potential
perpetrators and bringing them to justice. (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, pp.
134-135)

**Prevention:** "Actions taken to avoid an incident or to intervene to
stop an incident from occurring. Prevention involves actions taken to
protect lives and property. Involves applying intelligence and other
information to a range of activities that may include such
countermeasures as deterrence operations; heightened inspections;
improved surveillance and security operations; investigations to
determine the full nature and source of the threat; immunizations,
isolation, or quarantine; public health and agricultural surveillance
and testing processes; and, as appropriate, specific law enforcement
operations aimed at deterring, preempting, interdicting, or disrupting
illegal activity and apprehending potential perpetrators and bringing
them to justice." (**DHS,** *NIPP* **2006**, p. 104; **FEMA** *NIMS*
2007, 156)

**Prevention:** "Prevention consists of those activities that serve to
detect, deter, and disrupt terrorist threats or actions against the
United States and its interests. These activities decrease the
perpetrators' chance of success, mitigate attack impact, minimize attack
visibility, increase the chance of apprehension or detection, and
obstruct perpetrators' access to resources. Tasks in this area are
important regardless of a single type of threat, adversary capability,
time or location of incident. Similarly, these capabilities reflect many
tasks routinely undertaken by law enforcement and related organizations
as they conduct traditional all-hazards, all-crimes activities. This
capability applies to all potential terrorist incidents and is
applicable to all 12 terrorism-related National Planning Scenarios.
Initial planning, however, has been focused on bombing using improvised
explosives device, chlorine tank explosion, aerosol anthrax, improvised
nuclear device, and a radiological dispersal.

"Effective prevention depends on timely, accurate, and actionable
information about the adversary, their operations, their support,
potential targets, and methods of attack. Homeland security
intelligence/information fusion is the overarching process of managing
the development and flow of information and intelligence across all
levels and sectors of government and the private sector on a continual
basis. Although the primary emphasis of fusion is to identify, deter,
and respond to emerging terrorism-related threats and risks, a
collateral benefit to Federal, State, local, and tribal entities is that
it will support ongoing efforts to address non-terrorism-related,
all-hazards, all-crimes issues." (**DHS**, *TCL*, **2007**, p. 76)

**Prevention:** "Prevention is a broad term that is often contextually
defined. In the context of

terrorism employing weapons of mass destruction (WMD), the *National
Strategy for Homeland Security* includes the following elements that
comprise prevention:

> • "...deter all potential terrorists from attacking America through
> our uncompromising commitment to defeating terrorism wherever it
> appears."
>
> • "...detect terrorists before they strike."
>
> • "...prevent them and their instruments of terror from entering our
> country."
>
> • "...take decisive action to eliminate the threat they pose."
> (**DHS**, *The ODP Guidelines for HS: Prevention and Deterrence*,
> 2003, p. 2)

**Prevention:** "Deter all potential terrorists from attacking America,
detect terrorists before they

strike, prevent them and their instruments of terror from entering our
country, and take decisive

action to eliminate the threat they pose." (**DHS**, *Universal Task
List 2.1*, 2005, p. B-3)

**Prevention:** "The security procedures undertaken by the public and
private sectors in order to discourage terrorist acts." (**DoD**, *DOD
Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Prevention:** "Action taken to reduce known risks." (**EEA**, *EEA
Environmental Glossary*; cites: **EEA**. 1991. Late lessons from early
warnings: the precautionary principle 1896-2000)

**Prevention:** "Actions to avoid a hazard occurrence, or to avoid or
minimize the hazard impact (consequences) if it does occur. Prevention
involves actions to protect lives and property. Under HSPD-5, it
involves applying intelligence and other information to a range of
activities that may include such countermeasures as deterrence
operations; heightened inspections; improved surveillance and security
operations; investigations to determine the full nature and source of
the threat; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing
processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and as appropriate
specific law enforcement operations aimed at deterring, preempting,
interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity, and apprehending potential
perpetrators and bringing them to justice." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge
Capacity and Capability Handbook*, August 2004, p. D-9, Glossary)

**Prevention/Deterrence:** "The ability to detect, prevent, preempt, and
deter terrorist attacks and other manmade emergencies." (**Homeland
Security Council**, *National Planning Scenarios*, March 2006 Final
Draft, p. vi)

**Prevention:** "Measures that enable an organization to avoid,
preclude, or limit the impact of a disruption." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security*..., 2007, 5)

**Prevention:** "Activities to avoid an incident or to stop an emergency
from occurring." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 8)

"Activities, tasks, programs, and systems intended to avoid or intervene
in order to stop an incident from occurring. Prevention can apply both
to human-caused incidents (such as terrorism, vandalism, sabotage, or
human error) as well as to naturally occurring incidents. Prevention of
human-caused incidents can include applying intelligence and other
information to a range of activities that includes such countermeasures
as deterrence operations, heightened inspections, improved surveillance
and security operations, investigations to determine the nature and
source of the threat, and law enforcement operations directed at
deterrence, preemption, interdiction, or disruption." (**NFPA 1600**,
2007, p. 11)

**Prevention:** "The term 'prevention' means any activity undertaken to
avoid, prevent, or stop a threatened or actual act of terrorism."
(**Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1424)

**Prevention:** "Encompasses activities designed to provide permanent
protection from disasters. It includes engineering and other physical
protective measures, and also legislative measures controlling land use
and urban planning. See also 'preparedness'." (**UNDHA**.
*Internationally Agreed Glossary...*, 1992, 59)

**Prevention:** "Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse
impact of hazards and related environmental, technological and
biological disasters." (**UN**/**ISDR** 2002, 25)

**Prevention:** "(d) Prevention.  The Office \[Homeland Security\] shall
coordinate efforts to prevent terrorist attacks within the United
States.  In performing this function, the Office shall work with
Federal, State, and local agencies, and private entities, as
appropriate, to:

          (i)  facilitate the exchange of information among such
agencies relating to immigration and visa matters and shipments of
cargo; and, working with the Assistant to the President for National
Security Affairs, ensure coordination among such agencies to prevent the
entry of terrorists and terrorist materials and supplies into the United
States and facilitate removal of such terrorists from the United States,
when appropriate;

          (ii)  coordinate efforts to investigate terrorist threats and
attacks within the United States; and

          (iii) coordinate efforts to improve the security of United
States borders, territorial waters, and airspace in order to prevent
acts of terrorism within the United States, working with the Assistant
to the President for National Security Affairs, when appropriate."
(**White House**, *EO 13228, Establishing Office of Homeland Security*,
October 8, 2001)

**Prevention:** "The term 'prevention' refers to activities undertaken
by the first responder community during the early stages of an incident
to reduce the likelihood or consequences of threatened or actual
terrorist attacks." (**White House**, *HSPD-8*, December 2003)

**Prevention:** "The first priority of homeland security is to prevent
terrorist attacks. The United States aims to deter all potential
terrorists from attacking America through our uncompromising commitment
to defeating terrorism wherever it appears. We also strive to detect
terrorists before they strike, to prevent them and their instruments of
terror from entering our country, and to take decisive action to
eliminate the threat they pose. These efforts---which will be described
in both the *National Strategy for Homeland Security* and the *National
Strategy for Combating Terrorism*---take place both at home and abroad.
The nature of modern terrorism requires a global approach to
prevention." (**White House**, *National Strategy for HS*, 2002, p. 2)

**Prevention:** "The term 'prevention' refers to activities undertaken
by the first responder community during the early stages of an incident
to reduce the likelihood or consequences of threatened or actual
terrorist attacks." (**White House**, *HSPD-8*, December 2003)

**Prevention Exercise Program (PEP):** "The Prevention Exercise Program
(PEP) is dedicated to provide participants at the Federal, State,
tribal, and local levels the tools through which to test and improve
their ability to prevent terrorism. Exercises are intended to produce
comprehensive and valuable analyses of prevention capabilities in order
to ultimately enhance the Nation's ability to prevent terrorism by
preparing information sharing environment stakeholders at the State and
local levels to fuse local and National information and intelligence and
produce predictive analysis." (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V, 2005, p. 5)

**Prevention Principle:** "This principle allows action to be taken to
protect the environment at an early stage. It is now not only a question
of repairing damages after they have occurred, but to prevent those
damages occurring at all. This principle is not as far-reaching as the
precautionary principle. It means in short terms: it is better to
prevent than repair." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA
Environmental Glossary*, 2007)

**Primary Agencies:** "The NRP identifies primary agencies based on
authorities, resources and capabilities. When a Federal agency is
activated in response to an Incident of National Significance, the
primary Federal agency is responsible for orchestrating Federal support
within its functional area for an affected State. The primary agency
provides staff for the operations functions at fixed and field
facilities; notifies and requests assistance from support agencies;
manages mission assignments and coordinates with support agencies; plans
for short-term and long-term incident management and recovery
operations; and, ensures financial and property accountability for ESF
activities." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Draft*, 2007, p. 58)

**Primary Agency:** "The federal department or agency assigned primary
responsibility for managing and coordinating a specific emergency
support function in the National Response Plan." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil
Support*, 2007, p. GL-11)

**Primary Joint Field Office (JFO):** "When incidents impact the entire
nation or multiple States or localities, multiple JFOs may be
established regionally... In these situations, one of the JFOs may be
identified (typically in the most heavily impacted area) to serve as the
primary JFO and provide strategic leadership and coordination for the
overall incident management effort, as designated by the Secretary."
(DHS, *Notice of Change to the National Response Plan* (Version 5.0),
May 25, 2006, p. 5)

**Primary Mission Essential Functions (PMEFs):** "Those department and
agency Mission Essential Functions, validated by the NCC, which must be
performed in order to support the performance of NEFs before, during,
and in the aftermath of an emergency. PMEFs need to be continuous or
resumed within 12 hours after an event and maintained for up to 30 days
or until normal operations can be resumed." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov.
2007, P-8)

**Primary Mission Essential Functions (PMEFs):** "\`Primary Mission
Essential Functions,' or 'PMEFs,' means those Government Functions that
must be performed in order to support or implement the performance of
NEFs before, during, and in the aftermath of an emergency." (**White
House,** *HSPD-20***,** May 9, 2007)

**Primary Mission Essential Functions (PMEFs) Identification:** "PMEF
identification is an iterative process performed by each department and
agency in coordination with the NCC. In order to identify and analyze
PMEFs, the following actions will take place...:

-   Upon MEF approval by each department or agency head, a joint effort
    between the NCC and each department or agency Continuity Coordinator
    and staff will result in a preliminary identification of PMEFs that
    potentially support NEFs. The joint effort will culminate in the
    department or agency's submission of PMEF identification results to
    the NCC for further interagency analysis.

-   An interagency board (IAB), established by the NCC, conducts a
    review of submitted potential PMEFs and validates PMEFs relationship
    to the NEFs. A risk management methodology (i.e., BIA or BPA) will
    be used to ensure that the PMEFs are appropriate and relevant.

-   Upon confirmation that the IAB has determined that a department or
    agency's MEF shall serve as a PMEF, each department and agency will
    revisit the prioritization of their MEF recovery timelines to ensure
    PMEF criticality.

-   The IAB will conduct a BPA to identify and map interagency PMEF
    processes, workflows, activities, expertise, systems, data, and
    facilities inherent to the interagency execution of each NEF. The
    BPA should also define the PMEF relationship to the NEF. In other
    words, the BPA will define how each NEF is executed via business
    process flow mapping (i.e., NEF serving as the "end product output"
    and interagency PMEF serving as the functional "inputs").

-   The IAB must also conduct an analysis of interagency PMEF
    interdependencies within each NEF to accurately depict each
    department or agency's PMEF execution capability and dependencies.
    The IAB will conduct NEF-specific BIAs to: (1) identify potential
    single points of failure(s) that may adversely affect the execution
    of the interagency PMEF support to NEFs; (2) define the impact of
    downtime (i.e., impact of delayed PMEF recovery on NEF execution);
    and (3) define potential PMEF process alternatives/work-around(s)
    solutions.

-   NEF BPA and BIA and interagency list of PMEFs are submitted to the
    NCC for final approval." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, pp. D-7 &
    D-8)

**Primary Mission Essential Functions (PMEFs) Screening Aid:**

-   Does the function directly support a NEF?

-   Does the function need to be continued uninterrupted or need to be
    resumed within 12 hours, regardless of circumstance?

> The answers to both of these must be 'Yes" for the function to be
> considered a PMEF. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. D-7)

**Principal Advisor on Emergency Management:** "The Administrator
\[FEMA\] is the principal advisor to the President, the Homeland
Security Council, and the Secretary \[DHS\] for all matters relating to
emergency management in the United States." (**FEMA 592**, 2007, p. 96;
passage from Title V (National Emergency Management) Sec. 503. Federal
Emergency Management Agency (6 U.S.C. 313), Department of Homeland
Security Appropriations Act, 2007 (Pub. L. No. 109-295) amending the
Homeland Security Act of 2002)

**Principal Federal Official (PFO):** "For actual or potential national
incidents, the Secretary of Homeland Security may designate a Federal
officer, either a Principal Federal Official (PFO) and/or a Federal
Coordinating Officer (FCO), to serve as his representative locally.
Incidents involving presidential declarations of major disasters or
emergencies under the Stafford Act require the appointment of an FCO.
The PFO provides senior leadership, strategic guidance and operations
integration for catastrophic events, terrorist incidents and other high
visibility, multi-state, multi-jurisdiction events. The FCO, on the
other hand, provides the leadership for managing Federal resource
support in a multi-hazard context. While the Secretary has the authority
to appoint a PFO for any national incident, it is most likely that a PFO
will be appointed only for incidents or high visibility events with
significant national or regional implications such as significant
terrorist events causing considerable destruction, catastrophic natural
disasters, and complex non-Stafford Act emergencies." (**DHS**,
*National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, **2004**, pp. 18-19)

**Principal Federal Official (PFO):** "The Secretary of Homeland
Security is the principal Federal official responsible for domestic
incident management. This includes coordinating Federal operations and
resource deployments within the United States to prepare for, respond to
and recover from terrorist attacks, major disasters or other
emergencies." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September **2007**, p. 52)

**Principal Federal Official (PFO).** "By law and by Presidential
directive, the Secretary of Homeland Security is the principal Federal
official responsible for coordination of all domestic incidents
requiring multi-agency Federal response. *In a catastrophic or unusually
complex incident, the Secretary may elect to designate a single
individual to serve as his or her primary representative and as the lead
Federal official in the field.* Only the most complex incidents will
likely call for appointment of a PFO.

Acting on the Secretary's behalf, the PFO will coordinate the activities
of other Federal officials, acting under their own authorities, to
ensure consistency of Federal support as well as the overall
effectiveness of the Federal incident management. When appointed, such
an individual serves on-scene as the *Principal Federal Official* for
the incident.

The PFO will interface with Federal, State, tribal and local
jurisdictional officials regarding the overall Federal incident
management strategy and act as the primary Federal spokesperson for
coordinated media and public communications. The PFO will serve as a
member of the Unified Coordination Group and provide a primary point of
contact and situational awareness locally for the Secretary of Homeland
Security.

*A PFO is a senior Federal official with proven management experience
and strong leadership capabilities. The PFO deploys with a small,
highly-trained mobile support staff.* Both the PFO and support staff
undergo specific training prior to appointment to their respective
positions. Once formally designated for an ongoing incident, a PFO
relinquishes the conduct of all previous duties to focus exclusively on
his or her incident management responsibilities.

This *Framework* stipulates that *the same individual will not serve as
the Principal Federal Official and the Federal Coordinating Officer...at
the same time for the same incident.* When both positions are assigned,
circumstances will be such that each will have significant,
complementary responsibilities to assist with response to a very
demanding event. The Secretary is not restricted to DHS officials when
selecting a PFO.

*The PFO does not direct or replace the incident command structure
established at the incident.* Nor does the PFO have line authority over
a Federal Coordinating Officer, a Senior Federal Law Enforcement
Official, a DOD Joint Task Force Commander or any State or local
official. Other Federal incident management officials retain their
authorities as defined in existing statutes and directives. Rather, the
PFO promotes cohesion and, as possible, resolves any Federal interagency
conflict that may arise. The PFO identifies and presents to the
Secretary of Homeland Security any policy issues arising from the
particular circumstances that need resolution at a higher level within
the Federal Government." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September
**2007**, pp. 63-64)

**Principal Federal Official (PFO) (Pre-Designated, Delegation
Authority):** "In certain scenarios, a PFO may be pre-designated by the
Secretary of Homeland Security to facilitate Federal domestic incident
planning and coordination at the local level outside the context of a
specific threat or incident. A PFO also may be designated in a
pre-incident mode for a specific geographic area based on threat and
other considerations. In the event of a single incident with national
implications or in the case of multiple incidents, a national-level PFO
may be designated to provide overall coordination of Federal incident
management activities. The PFO may further delegate duties to a Deputy
PFO, the FCO or other designated Federal official as appropriate to
facilitate incident management span of control or after an event
transitions to long-term recovery and/or cleanup operations." (**DHS**,
*Notice of Change to the National Response Plan* (Version 5.0), May 25,
2006, p. 5)

**Principal Federal Official (PFO):** "Once formally designated, PFOs
relinquish the conduct of all normal day-to-day duties and functions.
PFOs typically may not be "dualhatted" with any other roles or
responsibilities that could detract from their overall incident
management responsibilities. However, the Secretary may, in other than
terrorism incidents choose to combine the roles of the PFO and FCO in a
single individual to help ensure synchronized Federal coordination."
(**DHS**, *Notice of Change to the National Response Plan*, May 25,
2006, p. 5)

**Principal Federal Official (PFO):** "The Principal Federal Official
(or the successor thereto) shall not---(A) direct or replace the
incident command structure established at the incident; or

\(B\) have directive authority over the Senior Federal Law Enforcement
Official, Federal Coordinating Officer, or other Federal and State
officials." (**FEMA 592**, 2007, p. 105; passage from Title V (National
Emergency Management) Sec. 509. National Integration Center (6 U.S.C.
319), Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007 (Pub. L.
No. 109-295) amending the Homeland Security Act of 2002)

**Principal Federal Official (PFO): "**Depending upon the scope and
magnitude of the incident, the DHS Secretary may appoint a PFO to be the
Secretary's "point person" on the ground to oversee Department
operations. The PFO may provide suggestions to the Federal Coordinating
Officer (FCO) in coordinating the interagency response that may lead to
issuance of mission assignments." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 5; see also 58)

**Principal Federal Official (PFO):** "The Federal official designated
by the Secretary of Homeland Security to act as his/her representative
locally to oversee, coordinate, and execute the Secretary's incident
management responsibilities under HSPD-5 for Incidents of National
Significance." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-20)

**Principles for Domestic Emergencies (NSDD 47, 1982):** "Emergency
mobilization preparedness programs for domestic emergencies will be
based on the following principles:

-   Preparedness measures must reflect the Constitutional roles of the
    Federal, State and local governments. In peacetime, principal
    responsibility for preparing for, and responding to, domestic
    emergencies rests with State and local governments.

-   Primary emphasis should be placed on natural disasters or other
    domestic emergencies of a catastrophic nature that cannot be managed
    effectively without substantial Federal presence; or, arise within
    spheres of activity in which there is an established Federal
    preeminence.

-   Federal preparedness measures should assist State and local
    jurisdictions in increasing their capabilities to meet their
    responsibilities.

-   Domestic preparedness programs should be developed in close
    coordination with the private sector.

-   Preparedness measures for allocation of resources during domestic
    emergencies should rely on market-based mechanisms.

-   Economic stabilization preparedness measures should provide
    mechanisms that do not rely on the imposition of direct economic
    controls.

-   Preparedness measures for domestic emergencies should facilitate
    responses which may be necessary for only temporary and selective
    departures from established public policies. Equally, such measures
    should aim for the prompt restoration of routine policies and
    programs." (**White House**, *NSDD 47*, 1982, p. 4)

**Principles of Civil Defense (Proposed):**

-   Joint Responsibility of Federal Government/States and Communities

-   Leadership

-   Flexible (peacetime program adaptable to war conditions; federal
    template modified by states; changes with the times)

-   Use Existing Agencies

-   Organize Volunteers

-   Civilian and non-partisan (OCDP, Hopley Report, 1948, pp 14-17)

Principles of Emergency Management:

1.  **Comprehensive** -- emergency managers consider and take into
    account all hazards, all phases, all stakeholders and all impacts
    relevant to disasters.

2.  **Progressive** -- emergency managers anticipate future disasters
    and take preventive and prepara­tory measures to build
    disaster-resistant and disaster-resilient communities.

3.  **Risk-driven** -- emergency managers use sound risk management
    principles (hazard identifica­tion, risk analysis, and impact
    analysis) in assigning priorities and resources.

4.  **Integrated** -- emergency managers ensure unity of effort among
    all levels of government and all elements of a community.

5.  **Collaborative** -- emergency managers create and sustain broad and
    sincere relationships among individuals and organizations to
    encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus, and
    facilitate communication.

6.  **Coordinated** -- emergency managers synchronize the activities of
    all relevant stakeholders to achieve a common purpose.

7.  **Flexible** -- emergency managers use creative and innovative
    approaches in solving disaster challenges.

8.  **Professional** -- emergency managers value a science and
    knowledge-based approach based on education, training, experience,
    ethical practice, public stewardship and continuous improve­ment.
    (**Emergency Management Roundtable**, Sep. 11, 2007, p. 4)

**Principles of Homeland Security:** "Guiding Principles:

-   Make America "*Safer, Stronger, and Better*."

-   Recognize the effects of all terrorist attacks occur locally.

-   Maximize collective efforts to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce
    risks, and respond effectively to attacks that do occur.

-   Assure that efforts are State based but locally focused and
    driven---*flexible, scalable, and adaptable*.

-   Recognize that our enemy is networked and can only be defeated by a
    networked system -- therefore homeland defense must resemble
    networked PCs rather than a mainframe computer.

-   Ensure that our homeland security efforts do not result in
    significant alteration of our federalist form of government.

-   Empower state and local officials' Homeland Security efforts,
    leveraging existing emergency preparedness and response programs and
    capabilities to meet emerging threats to the Nation and its
    citizens.

-   Promote interoperable and reliable telecommunications capabilities
    nationwide.

-   Promote integrated and collective training, exercises and
    evaluations.

-   Facilitate the adoption of best practices from other jurisdictions.

-   Enable government and private sector at all levels the ability to
    carry out its Homeland Security responsibilities.

-   Promote citizen participation in state, local, private sector and
    regional homeland security efforts through volunteer service
    activities, preparedness, education and awareness.

-   Ensure funding follows policy.

-   Process matters---specific measures of performance in plans drive
    clarity, accountability, and success.

-   The *Homeland* will be secure when *Hometowns* are secure.
    (**PHSAC**, *STI*. p. 3)

**Principles of Homeland Security Strategy:** "...eight principles have
shaped the design of the *National Strategy for Homeland Security.*

> Require responsibility and accountability...
>
> Mobilize our entire society...
>
> Manage risk and allocate resources judiciously...
>
> Seek opportunity out of adversity...
>
> Foster flexibility...
>
> Measure preparedness...
>
> Sustain efforts over the long term...
>
> Constrain government spending." (**White House**, *National HS
> Strategy*, 2002, pp. 3-4)

**Principles of Pandemic Preparedness:** "This report calls for a new
paradigm for pandemic preparedness based on the following general
principles:

1\. *Health*---The goal of preparing for a pandemic is to protect the
lives and health of all people in America...

2\. *Justice*---Preparation for a potential pandemic (or any disaster)
should ensure a fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of
precautions and responses and equal respect for the dignity and autonomy
of each individual.

3\. *Transparency*---Pandemic preparedness requires transparent
communication of accurate information among all levels of government and
the public in order to warrant public trust.

4\. *Accountability*---Everyone, including private individuals and
organizations and government agencies and officials, should be
accountable for their actions before, during and after an emergency."
(**ACLU**, *Pandemic Preparedness*, 2008, 7)

Principles of War:

> Objective
>
> Mass
>
> Maneuver
>
> Offensive
>
> Economy of Force
>
> Unity of Command
>
> Simplicity
>
> Surprise
>
> Security (**USCG** *Pub 1*, 2002, p. 64-65)

**Prioritization:** "The ordering of critical activities and their
dependencies are established during the BIA and Strategic-planning
phase. The business continuity plans will be implemented in the order
necessary at the time of the event." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC
Workshop*, 2006, p. 61)

**Private Nonprofit Facility:** "(A) In General - The term "private
nonprofit facility" means private nonprofit educational, utility,
irrigation, emergency, medical, rehabilitational, and

temporary or permanent custodial care facilities (including those for
the aged and disabled) and facilities on Indian reservations, as defined
by the President. (B) Additional Facilities -- In addition to the
facilities described in subparagraph (A), the term "private nonprofit
facility" includes any private nonprofit facility that provides
essential services of a governmental nature to the general public
(including museums, zoos, performing arts facilities, community arts
centers, libraries, homeless shelters, senior citizen centers,
rehabilitation facilities, shelter workshops, and facilities that
provide health and safety services of a governmental nature), as defined
by the President." (**Stafford Act**, June 2006 (FEMA 592), p. 15)

**Private Sector Senior Advisory Committee (PVTSAC):** "The Secretary of
Homeland Security established the PVTSAC as a subcommittee of the HSAC
\[Homeland Security Advisory Committee\] to provide the HSAC with expert
advice from leaders in the private Sector." (**HHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p.
27)

**PRND:** Preventable Radiological Nuclear Detection. (**DHS/OIG**,
*DNDO Progress*, 2007, 39)

**Probable Maximum Flood (PMF):** "...the flood that may be expected
from the most severe combination of critical meteorologic and hydrologic
conditions that are reasonably possible in the drainage basin under
study." (**USACE**, *Engineering Pamphlet EP 1165-2-1*, 1999)

**Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP):** "Theoretically, the PMP is the
greatest depth of precipitation for a given duration that is physically
possible over a given size storm area at a particular geographical
location during a certain time of the year. Development of the PMP
considers all storms of record and the observed precipitation is
increased by maximizing the moisture inflows to the storm system.
Generalized depth-area-duration and seasonal relationships for the
continental U.S. are published by the National Weather Service in a
series of hydrometeorological reports." (**USACE**, *Water Resources
Policies and Authorities*, 1999, 13-2)

**Probability:** "The likelihood that an event will occur." (**FEMA**,
*Hazards Analysis for Emergency Management (Interim Guidance)*, CPG
1-101, September 1983, p. 5)

**Probability:** "Extent to which an event is likely to occur." (**ISO
22399**, 2007, 5)

**Probability:** The likelihood of a specific outcome, measured by the
ratio of specific outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes.
Probability is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, with 0 indicating
an impossible outcome and 1 indicating an outcome is certain.
(**Standards Australia/New Zealand** 1995)

**Probability Analysis:** The derivation of both the likelihood of
incidents occurring and the likelihood of particular outcomes (or
effects) should those events occur. (**NSW** 1989)

**Probability and Frequency:** "Probability and Frequency means a
measure of how often an event is likely to occur. Frequency can be
expressed as the average time between occurrences or exceedances
(non-exceedances) of an event or the percent chance or probability of
the event occurring or being exceeded (not exceeded) in a given year or
a longer time period." (**FEMA**, *Multi Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment*, 1997, p. xxv)

**Proclamation 7463:** *Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of
Certain Terrorist Attacks*. (**White House**, September 18, 2001)

**Professional (Core Principle of Emergency Management):**
"Professional: emergency managers value a science and knowledge-based
approach based on education, training, experience, ethical practice,
public stewardship and continuous improve­ment." (**EM Roundtable**,
2007, p. 4)

**Professionalism -- Continuous Improvement and Accountability:**
"...William Jenkins, the director of Homeland Security and Justice
Issues for the U.S. Government Accountability Office, told the
Commission that California must take on the difficult challenge of
promoting performance. He commented that the basic steps are easy to
list, but extremely difficult to complete:

-   Develop a strategic plan with clear goals, objectives and
    milestones.

-   Develop performance goals that can be used to set desired
    performance baselines.

-   Collect and analyze relevant and reliable data.

-   Assess...results of analyzing...data against performance goals to
    guide priority setting.

-   Take action based on those results.

-   Monitor the effectiveness of actions taken to achieve the designated
    performance goals." (**Little Hoover Com**., *Safeguarding the
    Golden State*, Promote Continuous Improvement and Accountability
    section, 2006, 60-61)

**Program:** "A group of related initiatives managed in a coordinated
way, so as to obtain a level of control and benefits that would not be
possible from the individual management of the initiatives. Programs may
include elements of related work outside the scope of the discrete
initiatives in the program." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, P-8)

**Program:** "NFPA 1600 defines the criteria for development of a
program. According to the standard, the term *program* refers to 'a
system of plans, procedures, and activities designed to achieve a
specific goal.' An emergency management and business continuity program
typically involves many different people, systems, equipment, policies,
plans, and procedures that must be identified, organized, implemented,
reviewed, evaluated, and maintained. An emergency management and
business continuity program should be developed following a systematic
process, then implemented and periodically assessed to ensure that it
meets the evolving needs of the organization." (**NFPA**, *Implementing
NFPA 1600*, 2007, p. 4)

**Program and Capability Enhancement Plan:** "The analytical output of
the Program and Capability Review will be captured in the Program and
Capability Enhancement Plan. The Enhancement Plan is a comprehensive
program management plan that looks at homeland security irrespective of
preparedness funding streams." **(DHS**, *State Homeland Security
Program and Capability Review Guidebook Vol. 1***.** October 2005, p. 5)

**Program and Capability Review:** "In the Program Review, States are
essentially being asked to consider two high-level questions: 1) *Is the
State program executing the appropriate activities to operate and manage
the homeland security program?* and 2) *Has the State organized itself
and established governance structures to effectively manage those
activities?* To answer these questions, States will evaluate current
homeland security program management capacity, baseline operations, and
future program needs. An effective homeland security program requires
sound program management structures that help ensure the program is
capable of conducting business across departments, agencies, and
disciplines at all levels of government. Successful efforts to build
capabilities hinge on effective homeland security program management and
operations. Understanding program management challenges can help address
homeland security needs that support statewide efforts to enhance and
sustain capabilities." **(DHS**, *State Homeland Security Program and
Capability Review Guidebook Vol. 1.* October 2005, p. 5)

**Program for Response Options and Technology Enhancement Against
Chemical/Biological Terrorism (PROTECT), Washington, DC:** "A
partnership was formed in 1999, between the Washington Metropolitan Area
Transit Authority and several Federal agencies to include the U.S.
Departments of Energy (DOE), Justice (DOJ), and Transportation (DOT) to
advance the efforts to improve the safety and security of the Metrorail
system against chemical or biological terrorism. The federal partners
and several National laboratories offered installation direction and
testing of the chemical sensor system. WMATA is utilizing a sensor
system designed to act as an early warning system to safeguard first
responders, employees, and customers on its subway system. WMATA is the
first transit property in the United States to implement a strategic
test program of this nature. The chemical detection system is performing
to specifications. The system will be expanded throughout the Metrorail
system to add additional technology as it becomes available. In addition
to the PROTECT system, the Metro Transit Police Department has provided
small, devices to its officers that they can wear in the Metrorail
system that detect radiation. The devices notify the officer of the
presence of radiation so further investigation may be employed. The
department has also deployed hand held radiation sensor equipment to its
specialized units." (**WMATA**, *PROTECT and the WMATA*) \[**PROTECT**
"was transitioned from DHS support in summer 2003 and has been operated
by WMATA since that time." (**DHS, NCRC**, *First Annual Report, 2005*,
p. 94)\]

**Progressive** (**Core Principle of Emergency Management):**
"Progressive: emergency managers anticipate future disasters and take
preventive and prepara­tory measures to build disaster-resistant and
disaster-resilient communities." (**EM Roundtable**, 2007, p. 4)

**Project BioShield:** "On July 21, 2004, President George W. Bush
signed the Project BioShield Act of 2004 (Project BioShield) into law as
part of a broader strategy to defend America against the threat of
weapons of mass destruction. The purpose of Project BioShield is to
accelerate the research, development, purchase, and availability of
effective medical countermeasures against biological, chemical,
radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents." (**HHS**, *Project BioShield*,
August 30, 2007 revision, p. 1)

**Project BioShield:** "During its first two years of implementation,
Project BioShield acquisitions were guided by requirements derived from
interagency deliberations in 2003 that involved Cabinet-level
Departments and the Executive Office of the President. Under this
initial strategy, HHS pursued acquisitions for those highest priority
threats for which there were candidate products at relatively advanced
stages of development and for which there were opportunities to have a
significant impact on improving preparedness. These products included
medical countermeasures for anthrax, smallpox, botulinum toxins, and
radiological/nuclear agents - the four threat agents initially
determined by DHS to pose a material threat to national security.
Acquisitions under Project BioShield to date include the currently
licensed anthrax vaccine, anthrax therapeutics (monoclonal and human
immune globulin), a pediatric formulation of potassium iodide to protect
against absorption of radioactive iodine, calcium and zinc
diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), chelating agents to treat
ingestion of certain radiological particles, and botulinum antitoxin."
(**HHS**, *HHS PHEMCE Implementation Plan for CBRN Threats*, April 2007,
p. 3)

**Project Impact, Building a Disaster Resistant Community:** "James Lee
Witt, director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),
introduced Project Impact in 1997 \[November 6\][^52] in an effort to
\"protect families, businesses, and communities by reducing the impact
of natural disasters,\" Through its four-pronged program, Project Impact
builds safe communities when individuals, businesses, and community
leaders take the following steps:

-   Identify and recruit Project Impact partners in the community such
    as local government leaders, civic and volunteer groups, businesses,
    and individual citizens.

-   Determine the community\'s risk for falling victim to natural
    disasters.

-   Set priorities and target resources to reduce impact of future
    disasters.

-   Keep the entire community informed and focused on Project Impact\'s
    ability to reduce damage and costs of future disasters." (**FEMA**,
    *Project Impact: Building A Disaster-Resistant Community*, November
    22, 1999)

**Project Impact, Building a Disaster Resistant Community:** "On
November 6, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) launched
Project Impact: Building a Disaster Resistant Community, an initiative
designed to challenge the country to undertake actions that protect
families, businesses and communities by reducing the effects of natural
disasters.

We've got to change the way we deal with disasters. We have to break the
damage-repair, damage-repair cycle. We need to have communities and
businesses come together to reduce the costs and consequences of
disasters. It is our number one priority at FEMA. Project Impact
includes a national awareness campaign, the selection of pilot
communities that demonstrate the benefits of hazard mitigation through a
partnership approach, and an outreach effort to businesses and
communities using a new guidebook that offers a formula for a community
or business to follow to become disaster resistant. *Rationale*: The
increasing number and severity of natural disasters the past decade
demands that action be taken to reduce the threat that hurricanes,
severe storms, earthquakes, floods and wildfires impose upon the
economic stability, economic future and safety of the citizens of the
U.S. As the federal agency responsible for emergency management, FEMA is
committed to reducing disaster losses by focusing the energy of
businesses, citizens, and communities in the U.S. on the importance of
reducing their susceptibility to the impact of natural disasters."
(**Witt**, "Project Impact: Building a Disaster Resistant Community,"
*Disaster Recovery Journal*, Winter 1998)

**Project Impact, Building a Disaster Resistant Community, Business and
Industry:** "Part of what we're trying to address in the Disaster
Resistant Communities process is bringing business and industry into
this partnership \-- not just as a vital member but, more importantly,
to work with business and industry to establish some common denominators
for their protection, the protection of their employees, and increased
involvement in the community. There are three central elements to this
process:

1\. It is critical that business and industry understand the need to
protect themselves. This process is made much easier once risk
identification has been conducted because they can then target specific
threats that could have a significant impact....\
\
2. The second element is for business and industry to take care of their
employees \-- they need to provide them with information on how to
protect their homes and their families and the appropriate steps to take
if disaster strikes....

3\. The third element is for business and industry to be involved in the
community in disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts." (**Witt**,
"Creating Disaster Resistant Communities." 1999)

**Project Impact, Building a Disaster Resistant Community, Four Phases
(Steps):**

"Essentially, *Project Impact* is a planning based approach that
challenges and supports communities to become disaster resistant. FEMA
encourages your community to participate in the four phases of the
Project Impact Initiative.

*Building Community Partnerships.* This initiative is most effective if
it draws upon the experiences, resources, and policies already in place
in your community. Identify and recruit Project Impact Partners that
reflect all sectors: local government leaders, civic and volunteer
organizations, businesses, and individual citizens.

*Assessing Risks.* Identify hazards to determine which areas of your
community are affected by disasters, how likely it is that the disaster
may occur, and the magnitude of the disaster. Assess the vulnerability
of buildings, utilities, and transportation systems serving the
community.

*Prioritizing Mitigation Efforts.* Identify mitigation priorities and
mitigation measures to address these priorities. Determine resources
needed to implement these measures and identify potential sources for
technical and financial assistance.

*Communicating Success.* Use the print, radio, and television media to
build support for the *Project Impact* initiative and to bring the
message of the benefits of mitigation to all residents and businesses in
the community." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Prevention: A Catalyst for Change*
(Chapter 2), p 13)

**Project Impact, Building a Disaster Resistant Community, Rationale:**
"Last week I visited a subdivision of 54 homes in Wichita, Kansas. The
families were going through the wreckage of their homes\...sifting
through the muck and stink left when the Arkansas River overflowed its
banks on Nov. 1 . People were pulling out their carpets and putting
their water soaked furniture on their curb. It was a terrible scene but
one I have witnessed over and over again in the past 5 years. In fact,
it was a scene that had been repeated five times in recent years in this
very subdivision.

The sad truth is, this scene should never have taken place much less
been repeated. The fact is\...we have the opportunity to cut
losses\...the know-how to reduce risks\...and the responsibility to save
lives. But it means we must change the way we think and plan and budget.
It means that instead of responding to disasters\...we must prevent
them\...instead of waiting to react, we prepare NOW for the next flood,
hurricane, fire or earthquake. And that's exactly what we have been
doing at FEMA through our Project Impact initiative to build disaster
resistant communities. We are working with our State and local partners
in 57 communities all across America\...and we are changing the face of
emergency management in this country\...we are shifting to proactive
prevention....

These days, disasters are becoming daily occurrences. Regardless of
whether you believe the cause is global warming or natural changes in
weather patterns, there is no disagreement that the frequency and
severity of what we call \"weather events\" are on the rise." (**Witt**,
*Disaster Recovery Journal*)

**Project Impact, Building a Disaster Resistant Community, Three Primary
Tenets:** "There are three primary tenets of the Project Impact
initiative:

-   Mitigation is a local issue. It is best addressed through a local
    partnership involving government, business and private citizens.

-   Private sector participation is essential. Disasters threaten the
    economic and commercial growth of our cities, towns, villages and
    counties. Without the participation of the private sector,
    comprehensive solutions will not be developed.

-   Mitigation is a long-term effort that requires long-term investment.
    Disaster losses will not be eliminated overnight. (**Witt**,
    "Project Impact: Building a Disaster Resistant Community," *Disaster
    Recovery Journal*, Winter 1998)

**Proposed Statement of Work (PSOW):** "A [preliminary]{.underline}
statement of work prepared by the Primary Department/Agency (D/A) of an
Emergency Support Function prior to an event (e.g., major disaster or
emergency). The key components of a PSOW are the scope of work (e.g.,
specific tasks to be performed, requirements or criteria to be followed)
and a projected cost estimate. Preparation of the PSOW is the first step
in the development of a Pre-Scripted Mission Assignment." (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 58)

**Proposition 127:** Measure passed by California voters in 1990 which
exempts seismic rehabilitation improvements to buildings from property
tax reassessments. (**Financial Services Roundtable**, *Nation
Unprepared for Mega-Catastrophe*, 2007, 37)

**PROTECT:** Program for Response Options and Technology Enhancements
for Chemical

Terrorism, Washington, DC. (**WMATA**, *PROTECT and the WMATA*)

**Protect:** "Actions to reduce the vulnerability of critical
infrastructure or key resources in order to deter, mitigate, or
neutralize terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies
Source---HSPD 7, December 2003). It requires coordinated action on the
part of federal, state, and local governments; the private sector; and
concerned citizens across the country. Protection also includes:
continuity of government and operations planning; awareness elevation
and understanding of threats and vulnerabilities to their critical
facilities, systems, and functions; identification and promotion of
effective sector-specific protection practices and methodologies; and
expansion of voluntary security-related information sharing among
private entities within the sector, as well as between government and
private entities. (Source -- The National Strategy For The Physical
Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets, February 2003)."
(**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy:
Guidance*..., 2005, pp. 3-4)

**Protect:** "Reduce the likelihood of attack on assets or systems and
limit the impact should an attack occur." (**DHS**, *Universal Task
List*, *Version 2.1*, 2005, p. 38)

**Protect:** "The terms 'protect' and 'secure' mean reducing the
vulnerability of critical infrastructure or key resources in order to
deter, mitigate, or neutralize terrorist attacks." (**White House**,
*HSPD-7, Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and
Protection*, December 17, 2003)

**Protected Critical Infrastructure Information (PCII) Accreditation
Program:** "The PCII Accreditation Program was established to uphold
stringent safeguards while facilitating access to vital information for
homeland security professionals. Under the PCII Accreditation Program,
government entities may receive access to PCII after meeting certain
requirements.... Individuals in an accredited entity must complete
training on proper handling and safeguarding procedures and have a need
to know specific PCII in order to gain access to it." (DHS, *PCIIP Fact
Sheet*)

**Protected Critical Infrastructure Information (PCII) Program: "**The
PCII Program, part of the...DHS...is designed to encourage private
industry to share its sensitive security-related business information
with the Federal government. PCII is an information-protection tool that
facilitates information sharing between the government and the private
sector. DHS and other Federal, State and local analysts use PCII in
pursuit of a more secure homeland, focusing primarily on:

> Analyzing and securing critical infrastructure and protected systems,
>
> Identifying vulnerabilities and developing risk assessments, and
>
> Enhancing recovery preparedness measures.

Information submitted, if it satisfies the requirements of the Critical
Infrastructure Information Act of 2002, is protected from public
disclosure under

> The Freedom of Information Act,
>
> State and local disclosure laws, and

Use in civil litigation." (**DHS**, *Protected Critical Infrastructure
Information Pgm*, 2007.

**Protected Critical Infrastructure Information/Sensitive Security
Information:** "...an information-protection tool that facilitates
information sharing between the govern­ment and the private sector, which
is used by DHS and other Federal, State, and local analysts in pursuit
of a more secure homeland, focusing primarily on analyzing and securing
critical infrastructure and protected systems, identifying
vulnerabilities and developing risk assessments, and enhancing recovery
preparedness measures." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Info.
Sharing*, 2007, 23)

**Protection:** "Dictionary definitions for 'protection' and 'protect'
are: 'Protection: the act of protecting; the state of being
protected...Protect: to cover or shield from exposure, injury, or
destruction...' The use of 'protect' in HSPD-7 \[Homeland Security
Presidential Directive\] is aligned with the dictionary definition in
that it maintains the defensive focus...The CITF \[Critical
Infrastructure Task Force\] believes that protection, in isolation, is a
brittle strategy. We cannot protect every potential target against every
conceivable attack; we will never eliminate all vulnerabilities.
Furthermore, it is virtually impossible to define a desired end-state --
to quantify how much protection is enough -- when the goal is to reduce
vulnerabilities. In contrast, a dictionary definition for 'resilience'
is: 'Resilience: an ability to recover from or adjust easily to
misfortune or change'." (**Critical Infrastructure Task Force, HSC,**
2006, 4)

**Protection:** "Protection instills a defender's view (i.e. from the
inside out) and lessens the ability to see and effectively anticipate
what the enemy may see looking from the outside in -- what has been
termed the 'predator's view'." (**Critical Infrastructure Task Force,
HSC,** 2006, 15)

**Protection**: "Definition: actions or measures taken to cover or
shield from exposure, injury, or destruction.

"Extended Definition: includes such actions and measures needed to
ensure protective reactions do not unnecessarily interfere with
citizen's freedoms and liberties.

"Annotation: To take defensive steps designed to provide the last line
of defense to stop an attack if preventative actions are unable to
preclude a terrorist or criminal operation from being initiated; to
shield or safeguard; to keep from harm, injury or attack. To safeguard
our people and their freedoms, critical infrastructure, property and the
economy of our nation from acts of terrorism, natural disasters, or
other emergencies." (**DHS**, *DHS Lexicon*, Oct. 2007, pp. 20-21)

**Protection:** "Actions to mitigate the overall risk to CI/KR assets,
systems, networks, or their interconnecting links resulting from
exposure, injury, destruction, incapacitation, or exploitation. In the
context of the NIPP, protection includes actions to deter the threat,
mitigate vulnerabilities, or minimize consequences associated with a
terrorist attack or other incident. Protection can include a wide range
of activities, such as hardening facilities, building resiliency and
redundancy, incorporating hazard resistance into initial facility
design, initiating active or passive countermeasures, installing
security systems, promoting workforce surety, and implementing cyber
security measures, among various others." (**DHS**, *NIPP***,** 2006, p.
104)

**Protection: [\[Note: The following definition from the *National
Preparedness Guidelines* cites HSPD-7 on Critical Infrastructure as its
"Source." Nothing remotely resembling the following definition is to be
found in that document. Note, instead, the definition of "Protect." The
"definition" below is repeated word for word, including source citation,
in FEMA's November 2007 Strategic Goals document in the glossary
section. Thus far the earliest usage of the wording below I have been
able to find is from a "Revised Illinois Homeland Security Strategy"
document dated September 30, 2005, which, under the heading of "Goal 4:
Protecting Against a Major Event," contains the exact paragraph below,
providing no specific citation. In that the December 2005 draft of the
*National Preparedness Goal* contains the same paragraph as the
definition of "Protection" I suspect that an earlier version of the NPG
was the Illinois source. The December 2005 NPG also incorrectly cites
HSPD-7, December 2003 as its source.\]]{.mark}**

"Actions to reduce the vulnerability of critical infrastructure or key
resources in order to deter, mitigate, or neutralize terrorist attacks,
major disasters, and other emergencies. It requires coordinated action
on the part of Federal, State, and local governments, the private
sector, and concerned citizens across the country. Protection also
includes continuity of government and operations planning; awareness
elevation and understanding of threats and vulnerabilities to their
critical facilities, systems, and functions; identification and
promotion of effective sector-specific protection practices and
methodologies; and expansion of voluntary security-related information
sharing among private entities within the sector as well as between
government and private entities. (Source: HSPD-7, December 17, 2003).
(**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*, 2007, p. 42)

**Protection:** "1. Preservation of the effectiveness and survivability
of mission-related military and nonmilitary personnel, equipment,
facilities, information, and infrastructure deployed or located within
or outside the boundaries of a given operational area. 2. Measures that
are taken to keep nuclear, biological, and chemical hazards from having
an adverse effect on personnel, equipment, or critical assets and
facilities. Protection consists of five groups of activities: hardening
of positions; protecting personnel; assuming mission-oriented protective
posture; using physical defense measures; and reacting to attack."
(**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Protection:** "The protection function focuses on conserving the joint
force's fighting potential in four primary ways --- **active defensive**
measures that protect the joint force, its information, its bases,
necessary infrastructure, and lines of communications from an
adversary's attack; **passive defensive** measures that make friendly
forces, systems, and facilities difficult to locate, strike, and
destroy; applying technology and procedures to reduce the risk of
fratricide; and **emergency management and response** to reduce the loss
of personnel and capabilities due to accidents. It includes, but extends
beyond, FP \[force protection\] to encompass protection of US
noncombatants; the forces, systems, and civil infrastructure of friendly
nations; and other government agencies, IGOs \[intergovernmental
organizations\] and NGOs. The protection function applies domestically
in the context of HD." (**DOD**, *Homeland Defense*, 2007, p. JP 3-27
(31))

**Protection:** "Protection includes all activities to identify CI/KR,
assess vulnerabilities, prioritize CI/KR, and develop protective
programs and measures, since these activities lead to the final act of
implementing such protective strategies to reduce vulnerability.
**Protective actions** include detection mechanisms or programs (e.g.
surveillance systems that indicate a potential threat), deterrence
actions (e.g., enhanced security that reduces the aggressor's likelihood
of success and interest in the target); defensive actions (e.g.,
physical hardening or buffer zones, that prevent or delay an attack);
and actions that reduce the value or incentive to an aggressor to attack
(e.g., creating redundancies in a system and recovery programs that
minimize consequences).

Strategies for response and recovery are also important." (**NIST**,
"CIP Instructions," June 2004)

**Protection:** "(e) Protection.  The Office \[Homeland Security\] shall
coordinate efforts to protect the United States and its critical
infrastructure from the consequences of terrorist attacks.  In
performing this function, the Office shall work with Federal, State, and
local agencies, and private entities, as appropriate, to:

          (i)  strengthen measures for protecting energy production,
transmission, and distribution services and critical facilities; other
utilities; telecommunications; facilities that produce, use, store, or
dispose of nuclear material; and other critical infrastructure services
and critical facilities within the United States from terrorist attack;

          (ii)  coordinate efforts to protect critical public and
privately owned information systems within the United States from
terrorist attack;

          (iii)  develop criteria for reviewing whether appropriate
security measures are in place at major public and privately owned
facilities within the United States;

          (iv)  coordinate domestic efforts to ensure that special
events determined by appropriate senior officials to have national
significance are protected from terrorist attack;

          (v)  coordinate efforts to protect transportation systems
within the United States, including railways, highways, shipping, ports
and waterways, and airports and civilian aircraft, from terrorist
attack;

          (vi)  coordinate efforts to protect United States livestock,
agriculture, and systems for the provision of water and food for human
use and consumption from terrorist attack; and

          (vii) coordinate efforts to prevent unauthorized access to,
development of, and unlawful importation into the United States of,
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosive, or other related
materials that have the potential to be used in terrorist attacks."
(**White House**, *EO 13228, Establishing Office of Homeland Security*,
October 8, 2001)

**Protective Action:** "Definition: step taken before, during, or after
an incident designed to prevent, minimize, or contain impact of incident

"Extended Definition: methods for selecting the best actions within the
time constraints of a fast-moving emergency; measures describe
preparations taken before an emergency situation to ensure
implementation is possible during an emergency; includes decision-making
and implementation issues to rapidly reduce the effects of an emergency
situation or contamination

"Annotation: Protective action involves actions taken to protect lives
and property. It involves applying intelligence and other information to
a range of activities that may include such countermeasures as
deterrence operations; heightened inspections; improved surveillance and
security operations; investigations to determine the full nature and
source of the threat; public health and agricultural surveillance and
testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and, as
appropriate, specific law enforcement operations aimed at deterring,
preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity and
apprehending potential perpetrators and bringing them to justice."
(**DHS,** *Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, October 19, 2007, p. 21)

**Protective Action Guide (PAG):** "The projected dose to reference man,
or other defined individual, from an accidental release of radioactive
material at which a specific protective action to reduce or avoid that
dose is warranted." (**EPA**, *Manual of Protective Action Guides and
Protective Actions For Nuclear Incidents*, 1991, p. A. 3, Glossary)

**Protective Action Implementation:** "Definition: Guard the public from
potentially hazardous effects of an emergency, including evacuation,
shelter-in-place and isolation." (**DHS**, *Universal Task List 2.1*,
2005, p. 80)

**Protective Action Zone:** "The **Protective Action Zone** defines an
area DOWNWIND from the incident in which persons may become
incapacitated and unable to take protective action and/or incur serious
or irreversible health effects. The Table provides specific guidance for
small and

large spills occurring day or night." (**DOT**, *Emergency Response
Guidebook*, 2004, p. 295)

**Protective Actions:** "Protective Actions are those steps taken to
preserve the health and safety of emergency responders and the public
during an incident involving releases of dangerous goods.." (**DOT**,
*Emergency Response Guidebook*, 2004, p. 298)

**Protective Measures Target List** (**PMTL):** "RMD \[Risk Management
Division\] derived the initial 1,849 BZPP \[Buffer Zone Protection
Program\] sites from the Protective Measures Target List developed by
DHS at the request of Congress in 2003." (**DHS/OIG**, *Review of the
Buffer Zone Protection Program*, July 2007, p. 6)

**PRP:** Preferred Risk Policy. (**FEMA**, *Call for Issues Status
Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**PRT:** Planning and Response Team, USACE.

**PS:** Chloropicrin. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007,
Glossary-5)

**PSA:** Port Security Assessment. (**USCG**, *Port Security Assessment
Program*)

**PSA:** Protective Security Advisor. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation
Still Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**PSA:** Public Service Announcement.

**PSAP:** Public Safety Answering Point. (**DHS**, *TCL*, September
2007, p. 30)

**PSEPC:** Public Security and Emergency Preparedness Canada.

**PSG:** Port Security Grant Program.

**PSIC:** Public Safety Interoperable Communications Grant Program.

**PSMA:** Pre-Scripted Mission Assignment(s). (**FEMA**, *Statement of
Glen Cannon*, 2007, p. 4)

**Psychological Operations (PSYOP):** "US law and DOD policy prohibits
DOD from using psychological operations (PSYOP) units to conduct
operations against US citizens. However, these assets can be used to
help disseminate critical information to the civilian population. DOD
may use PSYOP personnel and equipment to support activities such as
information dissemination, printing, reproduction, distribution, and
broadcasting." (**JCS/DoD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP 3-41), 2006, p. viii)

**PTA:** Population Threat Assessments, DHS. (**HHS**, *PHEMCE for CBRN
Threats*, 2007, p. 6)

**PTEE PCC:** Plans, Training, Exercises and Evaluations Policy
Coordination Committee, HSC. (**OMB**, *Detailed Information on FEMA
Grants and Training Office NEP Assessment,* 2007)

**Public Assistance Coordinator (PAC):** "The Public Assistance
Coordinator is a subsection of the Public Assistance Team (PAT). The PAC
is assigned to work with a Public Assistance (PA) applicant from
declaration to funding approval." (**FEMA**, *Typed Resource
Definitions: Incident Management Resources* (FEMA 508-2), p. 29)

**Public Assistance (PA) Program, FEMA Disaster Relief:** "Supplementary
Federal assistance provided pursuant to a Presidential Declaration of
emergency or major disaster under the Stafford Act to State and local
governments or certain private, not-for-profit organizations other than
assistance for the direct benefit of individuals and families."
(**FEMA**/EMI 1996) "FEMA's public *assistance program is typically the
largest source of disaster relief." (***GAO***, Disaster* *Assistance:*
*Federal Aid to the New York City Area Following the Attacks of
September 11,^th\ ^*2003, p. 5)

**Public Assistance (PA) Program, FEMA Disaster Relief:** "Under a major
disaster declaration, Public Assistance may be approved to fund a
variety of projects, including:

-   Debris clearance, when in the public interest, on public or private
    lands or waters.

-   Emergency protective measures for the preservation of life and
    property.

-   Repair or replacement of public roads, streets, and bridges.

-   Repair or replacement of public water control facilities (dikes,
    levees, irrigation works, and drainage facilities).

-   Repair or replacement of public buildings, utilities, and related
    equipment.

-   Repair or restoration of public recreational facilities and parks."
    (**FEMA**, *Disaster Basics* (IS-292), May 24, 2007 update, p. A-9,
    Glossary)

**Public Assistance (PA) Program, FEMA Disaster Relief:** "Under the PA
Program, which is authorized by the Stafford Act, FEMA awards grants to
assist State and local governments and certain Private Nonprofit (PNP)
entities with the response to and recovery from disasters. Specifically,
the program provides assistance for debris removal, emergency protective
measures, and permanent restoration of infrastructure. The Federal share
of these expenses typically cannot be less than 75 percent of eligible
costs. The program also encourages protection from future damage by
providing assistance for hazard mitigation measures during the recovery
process. The PA Program encourages planning for disaster recovery, but
PA Program funds may not be used for the costs of planning. The costs
incurred implementing the plans are eligible for reimbursement only if
they meet PA Program eligibility criteria. The PA Program is based on a
partnership of FEMA, State, and local officials.

"FEMA is responsible for managing the program, approving grants, and
providing technical assistance to the State and applicants.

"The State, in most cases, acts as the Grantee for the PA Program. FEMA,
the State, and the Applicant are all responsible for grants awarded
under the PA program. The State educates potential applicants, works
with FEMA to manage the program, and is responsible for implementing and
monitoring the grants awarded under the program. In some instances, the
State may take a more active role in overall management of certain
disasters, as discussed later in this chapter under State Management of
Disasters. Some State regulations prohibit the State from acting as
Grantee for an Indian Tribe. In such cases, or upon the Tribe\'s choice,
a Tribal government may act as its own Grantee.

"Local officials are responsible for identifying damage, providing
sufficient data for FEMA to develop an accurate scope and cost estimate
for doing the work and approving grants, and managing the projects
funded under the PA Program.

"The PA Program staff consists of management and field personnel who
assist the applicant during the recovery process. These staff members
include a Public Assistance Group Supervisor (Public Assistance
Officer), Public Assistance Coordination Crew Leader (Public Assistance
Coordinator), Public Assistance Project Specialist (Project Officer),
and Public Assistance Technical Specialists (Specialists)." (**FEMA**,
*Public Assistance Program* (FEMA 322), 2007)

**Public Assistance (PA) Program, FEMA Disaster Relief, PA Group
Supervisor:** "The PA Program is managed at the JFO \[Joint Field
Office\] by the PA Group Supervisor. As the program manager, the PA
Group Supervisor advises the FCO \[Federal Coordinating Officer\] on all
PA Program matters; manages the operation of PA Program staff and any
coordination between the PA Program and other arms of the Federal
disaster recovery effort; works with State counterparts; and ensures
that the PA Program is operating in compliance with all laws,
regulations, and policies." (**FEMA**, *Public Assistance Program* (FEMA
322), June 2007)

**Public Assistance (PA) Program, FEMA Disaster Relief, PA Coordination
(PAC) Crew Leader:** "At the beginning of the disaster recovery process,
FEMA, in coordination with the State, assigns a PAC Crew Leader to each
applicant. The PAC Crew Leader is a customer service manager who works
with the applicant to resolve disaster-related needs and ensure that the
applicant\'s projects are processed as efficiently and expeditiously as
possible. By being involved from the declaration to the obligation of
funds, the PAC Crew Leader ensures continuity of service throughout the
delivery of the PA Program. A PAC Crew Leader generally has
responsibility for more than one applicant." (**FEMA**, *Public
Assistance Program*, 2007)

**Public Assistance (PA) Program, FEMA Disaster Relief, PA Project
Specialists and Technical Specialists:** "Project and Technical
Specialists are resources for the applicant. Typically, Project
Specialists are responsible for assisting with the development of
projects and cost estimates. While a Project Specialist is generally
knowledgeable with regard to the PA Program, a Technical Specialist
usually has a defined area of expertise that a Project Specialist may
call upon in the development of a specific project. Technical
Specialists assigned to a JFO may have experience in such areas as roads
and bridges, utility infrastructure, debris removal and disposal,
environmental and historic preservation compliance, insurance, and cost
estimating." (**FEMA**, *Public Assistance Program* (FEMA 322), June
2007)

**Public Awareness:** "The process of informing the community as to the
nature of the hazard and actions needed to save lives and property prior
to and in the event of disaster." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 60)

**Public Education:** "Public education is the process of making the
public aware of risks and how they can prepare for all hazards in
advance.... Public education may be accomplished through events (safety
fairs) or products such as media releases or packets and the
distribution of brochures. Examples of public education campaigns
include:

> • hurricane preparedness;
>
> • personal preparedness and developing family or business emergency
> plans;
>
> • hazardous materials awareness;
>
> • tornado and severe weather awareness; and
>
> • special needs population awareness." (**FEMA**, *FEMA 517*, Nov
> 2007, 4)

**Public Facility:** "\`Public facility' means the following facilities
owned by a State or local government: (A) Any flood control, navigation,
irrigation, reclamation, public power, sewage

treatment and collection, water supply and distribution, watershed
development, or airport facility. (B) Any non-Federal-aid street, road,
or highway. (C) Any other public building, structure, or system,
including those used for educational, recreational, or cultural
purposes.

\(D\) Any park." (**Stafford Act**, June 2006 (FEMA 592), p, 15)

**Public Health:** "The term 'public health' means the science and
practice of protecting and improving the overall health of the community
through disease prevention and early diagnosis, control of communicable
diseases, health education, injury prevention, sanitation, and
protection from environmental hazards." (**White House**, *HSPD 21*,
October 18, 2001)

**Public Health and Medical Preparedness:** "The term 'public health and
medical preparedness' means the existence of plans, procedures,
policies, training, and equipment necessary to maximize the ability to
prevent, respond to, and recover from major events, including efforts
that result in the capability to render an appropriate public health and
medical response that will mitigate the effects of illness and injury,
limit morbidity and mortality to the maximum extent possible, and
sustain societal, economic, and political infrastructure." (**White
House**, *HSPD 21*, October 18, 2001)

**Public Health and Medical Preparedness Critical Components:** "...the
four most critical components of public health and medical preparedness
are

-   biosurveillance,

-   countermeasure distribution,

-   mass casualty care, and

-   community resilience. 

Although those capabilities do not address all public health and medical
preparedness requirements, they currently hold the greatest potential
for mitigating illness and death and therefore will receive the highest
priority in our public health and medical preparedness efforts.  Those
capabilities constitute the focus and major objectives of this
Strategy."   (**White House**, *HSPD 21*, October 18, 2001)

**Public Health and Medical Preparedness Principles:** "This Strategy
draws key principles from the *National Strategy for Homeland Security*
(October 2007), the *National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass
Destruction* (December 2002), and *Biodefense for the 21st Century*
(April 2004) that can be generally applied to public health and medical
preparedness.  Those key principles are the following:

\(1\) preparedness for all potential catastrophic health events;

\(2\) vertical and horizontal coordination across levels of government,
jurisdictions, and disciplines;

\(3\) a regional approach to health preparedness;

\(4\) engagement of the private sector, academia, and other
nongovernmental entities in preparedness and response efforts; and

\(5\) the important roles of individuals, families, and communities."
(**WH**, *HSPD 21*, 18Oct2001)

**Public Health Emergency:** "Defined by the *Model State Emergency
Health Powers Act* (MSEHPA): An occurrence or imminent threat of an
illness or health condition that is believed to be caused by: (1)
bioterrorism; (2) the appearance of a novel or previously controlled or
eradicated infectious agent or biological toxin; (3) a natural disaster;
(4) a chemical attack or accidental release; or (5) a nuclear attack or
accident. It must pose a high probability of a large number of deaths in
the affected population, or a large number of serious or long-term
disabilities in the affected population, or widespread exposure to an
infectious or toxic agent that poses a significant risk of substantial
future harm to a large number of people in the affected population."
(**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity and Capability Handbook*, August 2004,
p. D-10)

**Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMC),
HHS: "**The HHS Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures
Enterprise (HHS PHEMCE) leads the mission to develop and acquire medical
countermeasures that will improve public health emergency preparedness
as well as prevent and mitigate the adverse health consequences
associated with CBRN and naturally occurring threats. HHS PHEMCE is a
coordinated, intra-agency effort led by the Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) and includes three HHS
internal agencies: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of
Health (NIH). Additionally, HHS PHEMCE collaborates with its *ex
officio* members: the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS), the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and
other interagency stakeholders as appropriate." (**HHS**, *PHEMC
Implementation Plan for CBRN Threats*, April 2007, p. 2)

**Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMC),
HHS, Implementation Plan for CBRN Threats:** "The *HHS PHEMCE
Implementation Plan for CBRN Threats* addresses twelve biological threat
agents, a class of chemical threats (volatile nerve agents) and
radiological and nuclear threats.... The *HHS PHEMCE Implementation Plan
for CBRN Threats* excludes pandemic influenza, which is addressed in the
*HHS Pandemic Influenza Plan....*" (**HHS**, *PHEMC Implementation Plan
for CBRN Threats*, April 2007, p. 2)

**Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE),
HHS Strategic Plan for CBRN Threats:** "The *HHS PHEMCE Strategy,*
published in the *Federal Register* on March 20, 2007, described a
framework of strategic policy goals and objectives for identifying
medical countermeasure requirements and establishing priorities for
medical countermeasure evaluation, development and acquisition. These
strategic policy goals and objectives were used to establish the Four
Pillars upon which this *HHS Public Health Emergency Medical
Countermeasures Enterprise Implementation Plan* (*HHS PHEMCE
Implementation Plan*) is based....

-   **Pillar One: Identify and assess CBRN threats.**

-   **Pillar Two: Assess medical/public health consequences.**

-   **Pillar Three: Establish medical countermeasure requirements that
    incorporate assessments of current levels of preparedness, concepts
    of utilization, and product specifications.**

-   **Pillar Four: Identify and prioritize near-, mid-, and long-term
    development and**

> **acquisition programs informed by assessment of the maturity of the
> product development pipeline and estimated costs. (HHS**, *PHEMCE
> Implementation Plan*, 2007, p. 6)

**Public Health Emergency Preparedness Cooperative Agreement, CDC,
HHS**: "The purpose of the Division of State and Local Readiness\'
cooperative agreement program is to upgrade and integrate State and
local public health jurisdictions\' preparedness for and response to
terrorism and other public health emergencies with Federal, State,
local, and tribal governments, the private sector, and Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs). These emergency preparedness and response efforts
are intended to support the NRP and NIMS. Activities included in the
cooperative agreement are designed to develop emergency-ready public
health departments." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY 2006 EMPG Program Guidance*,
November 2005, p. 11)

**Public Health Information Network:** "The CDC Public Health
Information Network (PHIN) is a national initiative to improve the
capacity of public health to use and exchange information electronically
by promoting the use of standards, defining functional and technical
requirements.

PHIN strives to improve public health by enhancing research and practice
through best practices related to efficient, effective, and
interoperable public health information systems." (**CDC**, *Detailed
Definition of PHIN*, Accessed November 17, 2007)

**Public Health Infrastructure: "**Public health infrastructure refers
to essential public health services, including the people who work in
the field of public health, information and communication systems used
to collect and disseminate accurate data, and public health
organizations at the state and local levels." (**CDC**, *The Laboratory
Response Network*, 2005)

**Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act
of 2002 (Bioterrorism Act):** "Public Law 107-188, 42 U.S.C. 247d and
300hh, June 12, 2002, is designed to improve the ability of the United
States to prevent, prepare for, and respond to bioterrorism and other
public health emergencies. Key provisions of the act address the
development of a national preparedness plan designed to provide
effective assistance to State and local governments in the event of
bioterrorism or other public health emergencies; operation of the
National Disaster Medical System to mobilize and respond to public
health emergencies; grant programs for the education and training of
public health professionals and improving State, local, and hospital
preparedness for and response to bioterrorism and other public health
emergencies; streamlining and clarifying communicable disease quarantine
provisions; enhancing controls on dangerous biological agents and
toxins; and protecting the safety and security of food and drug
supplies." (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25,
2004, p. 68) \[This Act can be accessed at:
<http://www.fda.gov/oc/bioterrorism/bioact.html> \]

**Public Health Service Act:** "The Public Health Service Act provides a
general grant of authority for Federal-State cooperation and authorizes
the Secretary of Health and Human Services to develop and take such
action as may be necessary to implement a plan under which the
personnel. Equipment, medical supplies and other resources of the
Service and other agencies under the jurisdiction of the Secretary may
be effectively used to control epidemics of any disease or condition and
to meet other health emergencies and problems, 42 U.S.C. 243. The
Secretary is further empowered to extend temporary assistance to States
or localities to meet health emergencies. During an emergency proclaimed
by the President, the President has broad authority to direct the
services of the Public Health Service, see 42 U.S.C. 217. Under that
section, the President is authorized to "utilize the \[Public Health\]
Service to such extent and in such manner as shall in his judgment
promote the public interest." Additionally, under 42 U.S.C. 264, the
Surgeon General is authorized to make and enforce quarantine regulations
"necessary to prevent the introduction, transmission, or spread of
communicable diseases" from foreign countries into the states or
possessions, or from one state or possession to another. The diseases
for which a person may be subject to quarantine must be specified by the
President through an Executive Order." (**DHS**, *National Response
Plan* (Draft #1), February 25, 2004, p.71)

**Public Information:** "The term "public information" refers to any
text, voice, video, or other information provided by an authorized
official and includes both general information and crisis and emergency
risk communication (CERC) activities. CERC incorporates the urgency of
disaster communication with risk communication to influence behavior and
adherence to directives." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 421)

**Public Information Officer (PIO):** "The PIO is responsible for
communicating with the public, media, and/or coordinating with other
agencies, as necessary, with incident related information requirements.
The PIO is responsible for developing and releasing information about
the incident to the news media, incident personnel, and other
appropriate agencies and organizations. Depending on the size or
complexity of the incident, a lead PIO should be assigned for each
incident and may have assistants, as necessary, including supporting
PIOs representing other responding agencies or jurisdictions."
(**FEMA**, *FEMA 517*, Nov 2007, p. 2)

**Public Information Planning:** "Public information efforts should
begin well in advance of an incident or planned event and may involve a
combination of planning, resource gathering, organizing, and training
and exercises. Public information planning allows for lifesaving
measures such as evacuation routes, alert systems, and other public
safety information, to be coordinated and communicated to diverse
audiences in a timely, consistent manner. Public

education contributes to preparing citizens to respond to a variety of
hazards." (**FEMA**, *FEMA 517*, Nov 2007, p. 4)

**Public Information Preparedness:** "Public information preparedness
includes developing and maintaining plans and procedures, checklists,
contact lists, and public information materials. Below are some factors
a PIO should consider when developing or planning prior to an incident
or planned event." (**FEMA**, *FEMA 517*, Nov 2007, 4)

**Public Law 80-253:** National Security Act of 1947.

**Public Law 81-516:** Flood Control Act of 1950.

**Public Law 81-774:** Defense Production Act of 1950.

**Public Law 81-875:** *Federal Disaster Act of 1950*.

**Public Law 81-920:** *Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950*, 12Jan1951.
Repealed 1994, by PL 103-337.

**Public Law 84-99:** *Flood Control and Coastal Emergency Act, as
amended*.

**Public Law 85-606** (August 8, 1958): Amends the Federal Civil Defense
Act of 1950, changing responsibilities for civil defense from primarily
State and local government responsibilities to joint responsibilities of
the Federal government in partnership with State and local government,
and expanding the program of Federal financial assistance as well as
providing for the distribution of radiological defense instruments to
State and local units. (**Gessert**, *Federal Civil Defense
Organization*, 1965, p. 71)

**Public Law 93-288**: *Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency
Assistance Act of 1988*.

**Public Law 95-124***: Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1987.*

**Public Law 99-149,** as amended: *Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986.*

**Public Law 99-198**: *The Food Security Act of 1985.*

**Public Law 101-380** (104 Stat. 484): *Oil Pollution Act of 1990.*

**Public Law 103-337:** *National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 1995*. (Title XXXIV -- Civil Defense -- Sec. 3411. "Restatement of
Federal Civil Defense Authorities in the Robert T. Stafford Disaster
Relief and Emergency Assistance Act." \[Abolished Federal CD Act of 1950
and incorporated selected provisions into the Stafford Act.\]

**Public Law 103-191:** *Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act of 1996* (HIPPA)*.*

**Public Law 103-325:** *National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994*.
(**FEMA**, NFIRA)

**Public Law 104-201,** Title XIV: *Defense Against Weapons of Mass
Destruction Act of 1996*.

**Public Law 106-390:** *Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000*. (**U.S.
Congress**, October 30, 2000)

**Public Law 107-56:** *Uniting and Strengthening America By Providing
Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA
Patriot Act) Act of 2001*. October 26, 2001

**Public Law 107-188:** *Public Health Security and Bioterrorism
Preparedness and Response Act of 2002*. June 12, 2002.

**Public Law 107-197:** *Terrorist Bombings Convention Implementation
Act of 2002*. 25Jun2002.

**Public Law 107-295** (116Stat.2064)**:** *Maritime Transportation
Security Act of 2002* (MTSA).

**Public Law 107-296**, as amended: *Homeland Security Act of 2002*
(November 25, 2002).

**Public Law 107-314.** *Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act
for Fiscal Year 2003*. (U.S. Congress, December 2, 2002)

**Public Law 108-7:** *Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003*.

**Public Law 108-20:** *Smallpox Emergency Personnel Protection Act of
2003*. (**U.S. Congress**)

**Public Law 108-264:** *The Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance
Reform Act of 2004*.

**Public Law 108-276:** *Project BioShield Act of 2004.*

**Public Law 108-458:** *Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention
Act of 2004*.

**Public Law 109-59:** *Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient
Transportation Equity Act; A Legacy for Users* (SAFETEA-LU), 2005.

**Public Law 109-295 (Title VI):** *Post-Katrina Emergency Management
Reform Act of 2006.*

**Public Law 109-347:** *Security and Accountability Act for Every
(SAFE) Port Act of 2006*.

**Public Law 109-364:** *John Warner National Defense Authorization
Act.* 2006.

**Public Law 109-417** (December 2006): *The Pandemic and All-Hazards
Preparedness Act.*

**Public-Private Sector Partnerships:** "Public-private partnerships
should be expanded to pursue three opportunities:

*1. Access private sector assets to support response.* Hurricane Katrina
demonstrated that public sector emergency response capacity can be
overwhelmed by large-scale catastrophes. In the Gulf States, local,
state and federal government resources were not sufficient to respond to
immediate needs, but effective partnerships with the private sector were
lacking. Private-sector distribution of essential goods was slowed
because sufficient protocols and contingency plans had not been
established prior to the disaster. To bolster response capacity, public
officials and private sector leaders have called for states and local
agencies to improve public-private partnerships to supplement public
sector responses. To bolster state and local response capacity, the
State must explore opportunities to collaborate with the private sector
and leverage private sector assets for preparedness.

*2. Tap private sector expertise to support preparedness.* Hurricane
Katrina also demonstrated that the public sector has not adopted
state-of-the-art supply chain management and other strategies which
could speed response. Moreover, private sector expertise in management
strategies, communications, networking and other areas could further
enhance public sector capacity. To ensure that emergency managers and
responders are armed with cutting-edge expertise necessary to ensure
quick response, the State must tap the continuously evolving knowledge
of the private sector.

*3. Leverage market opportunities to support preparedness.* The federal
government and some states have called for market-based strategies to
bolster preparedness. Strategies proposed include catastrophic insurance
plans and savings accounts. While some communities have put in place
market-based incentives for preparedness, the State has not aggressively
pursued these or other strategies -- including performance-based
building codes that can create incentives for buildings that exceed
minimum construction standards, tax and regulatory incentives, or
independent certifications of preparedness. To fully leverage the
potential of private sector collaboration, the State must promote market
strategies to improve household, business and public sector
preparedness." (**Little Hoover Com**., *Safeguarding the Golden State*,
2006, 40)

**Public Safety Interoperable Communications Grant Program (PSIC):**
"...assists public safety agencies in the acquisition of, deployment of,
or training for the use of interoperable communications systems that can
utilize reallocated public safety spectrum in the 700 MHz band for radio
communication." (**DHS**, *State Contacts & Grant Award*, July 18, 2007
Update)

**Purchase Order:** "Any unconditional agreement, contract or other
commitment by a state or local government under state and local law for
the acquisition of goods and services." (**FEMA**, *100% Funding for
Direct Federal Assistance and Grant Assistance*, June 9, 2006)

**Push-Pull Distribution Strategy:** "DHS/FEMA uses a Push-Pull Strategy
for distributing materiel. DHS/FEMA will develop a phasing plan for
delivering material during the initial surge response to each incident
scenario. Scenario-tailored resource/materiel packages will be pushed in
phases so the regional logistics teams can focus on establishing the
FOSA \[Federal Operations Staging Area\] and organizing their teams. The
materiel and phased delivery plan will be coordinated for each scenario.
Once the FOSA is established and the JFO \[Joint Field Office\]
functional, the LCs \[Logistics Center\] will revert to a pull strategy
for sustainment that waits for the regional or JFO request before
shipping resources." (**DHS**, *NRF Logistics Management Support Annex*,
September 2007 Draft, p. 11)

**PVK:** Packaged Ventilation Kit. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations*, 1971, p.
4) \[Program defunct.\]

**PVT:** Polyvinyl Toluene "(PVT)-based radiation portal monitors that
are currently deployed at

the Nation's POEs, and select foreign POEs through the DOE Megaports
Initiative." (**DHS**, *Opening Statement of Vayl Oxford*, March 2007,
p. 3)

**PW:** Public Works.

**Pyroclastic Flow:** "High density flow of solid volcanic fragments
suspended in gas which flows downslope from a volcanic vent (at speeds
up to 200 km/h) which may also develop from partial collapse of a
vertical eruption cone, subdivided according to fragment composition and
nature of flowage into: ash flow, glowing avalanche..., pumice flow."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 60)

**Q3 Flood Data:** "Q3 Flood Data are developed by digitizing existing
hardcopy Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) to create a thematic overlay
of flood risks. This product is generally produced in a countywide
format. Q3 Flood Data files contain only certain features from the
existing hardcopy maps. Q3 Flood Data do not replace the existing
hardcopy maps. They are designed to support planning activities, some
Community Rating System (CRS) activities, insurance marketing, mortgage
portfolio review, FEMA\'s Response and Recovery activities, and to
assist in floodplain management activities at a local level. Base Flood
Elevations are not included so its use is limited. Q3 Flood Data do not
include a base map, are not used to produce a new version of the
hardcopy FIRM, and are not reviewed by communities. They are for use
with desk-top mapping and Geographic Information Systems technology."
(**FEMA**, *FAQs: Digital Flood Data and Mapping*, 2007)

**QSII:** Quad State Interoperability Initiative. (**DHS**, *Expanded
Regional Collaboration,* 2006, 19)

**Quad State Interoperability Initiative (QSII):** "The QSII is a
collaborative effort between the states of West Virginia, Virginia,
Maryland, and Pennsylvania to establish a governance structure that will
provide organization, planning, and implementation of policies,
procedures, and projects to assure voice and data interoperable
communications between states. This initiative will establish a
governance structure, plan and coordinate a standardized quad state
baseline, and implement a limited number of specific tangible projects.
The purpose...is to overcome state boundaries and increase connectivity
on the regional level to protect residents within the state, along its
borders, and throughout the region including the National Capital
Region." (**DHS/OGT**, *Expanded Regional Collaboration...FY 2004-2006*,
2006, p. 19)

**Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR):** From the 9/11 Act of
2007 (Public Law 110-53, August 3, 2007, Sec. 707 (6USC 347) Quadrennial
Homeland Security Review): "In fiscal year 2009, and every 4 years
thereafter, the Secretary shall conduct a review of the homeland
security of the Nation (in this section referred to as a 'quadrennial
homeland security review'). ''(2) SCOPE OF REVIEWS.---Each quadrennial
homeland security review shall be a comprehensive examination of the
homeland security strategy of the Nation, including recommendations
regarding the long-term strategy and priorities of the Nation for
homeland security and guidance on the programs, assets, capabilities,
budget, policies, and authorities of the Department \[DHS\]." (**9/11
Act** of 2007, p. 544)

"In each quadrennial homeland security review, the Secretary shall---

\(1\) delineate and update, as appropriate, the national homeland
security strategy, consistent with appropriate national and Department
strategies, strategic plans, and Homeland Security Presidential
Directives, including the National Strategy for Homeland Security, the
National Response Plan, and the Department Security Strategic Plan;

\(2\) outline and prioritize the full range of the critical homeland
security mission areas of the Nation;

\(3\) describe the interagency cooperation, preparedness of Federal
response assets, infrastructure, budget plan, and other elements of the
homeland security program and policies of the Nation associated with the
national homeland security strategy, required to execute successfully
the full range of missions called for in the national homeland security
strategy described in paragraph (1) and the homeland security mission
areas outlined under paragraph (2);

\(4\) identify the budget plan required to provide sufficient resources
to successfully execute the full range of missions called for in the
national homeland security strategy described in paragraph (1) and the
homeland security mission areas outlined under paragraph (2);

\(5\) include an assessment of the organizational alignment of the
Department with the national homeland security strategy referred to in
paragraph (1) and the homeland security mission

areas outlined under paragraph (2); and

\(6\) review and assess the effectiveness of the mechanisms of the
Department for executing the process of turning the requirements
developed in the quadrennial homeland security review into an
acquisition strategy and expenditure plan within the Department."
(**9/11 Act** of 2007, pp. 544-545)

**Qualitative Analysis:** "Analysis that uses words rather than numbers
to describe and measure the magnitude of potential consequences and the
likelihood that those consequences will occur.  These scales can be
adapted or adjusted to suit the circumstances, and different
descriptions may be used for different risks. Qualitative indicators are
preferred as a way to engage as many parties as possible. In addition
they may be used: As an initial screening activity to identify risks
which require more detailed analysis Where this kind of analysis is
appropriate for decisions, or

Where the numerical data or resources are inadequate for a quantitative
analysis. Qualitative analysis should be informed by factual information
and data where available." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in Disaster Risk
Assessment*, 2008)

**Qualitative Assessment:** "The process for evaluating a business
function based on observations and does not involve measures or numbers.
Instead, it uses descriptive categories such as customer service,
regulatory requirements, etc to allow for refinement of the quantitative
assessment. This is normally done during the BIA phase of planning."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 61)

**Quantitative Analysis:** "Analysis that uses numerical values (rather
than the descriptive scales used in qualitative and semi-quantitative
analysis) for both consequences and likelihood.  The quality of the
analysis depends on the accuracy and completeness of the numerical
values and the validity of the models used. Quantification does have
limitations and clearly it is not possible to measure all human
experience. One of the major criticisms regarding the creation of
indicators is that they attempt to encapsulate complex and diverse
processes into numerical form." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in Disaster
Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**Quantitative Assessment:** "The process for placing value on a
business function for risk purposes. It is a systematic method that
evaluates possible financial impact for losing the ability to perform a
business function. It uses numeric values to allow for prioritizations.
This is normally done during the BIA phase of planning."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 61)

**Quarantine:** "Definition: prohibition or restriction on travel or
passage, imposed to keep contagious diseases, or harmful
chemicals/biologicals from spreading. "Annotation: Quarantine is not the
same as isolation. Isolation refers to the separation of persons who
have a specific infectious illness from those who are healthy and the
restriction of their movement to stop the spread of that illness.
Isolation allows for the focused delivery of specialized health care to
people who are ill, and it protects healthy people from getting sick. In
sum, isolation is for treatment of a known illness and quarantine is for
observation of possible exposure to an agent." (**DHS**, *Lexicon; Terms
and Definitions*, October 19, 2007, p. 21)

**Quarantine:** \"\`I\'m concerned about what an avian flu outbreak
could mean for the United States and the world,' he \[the President\]
told reporters during a Rose Garden news conference...Such an event
would raise difficult questions, such as how a quarantine might be
enforced, he said.

'One option is the use of a military that\'s able to plan and move,' he
said. 'So that\'s why I put it on the table. I think it\'s an important
debate for Congress to have'.\" (**CNN.com**, *Military*, 5Oct 05)

**Quarantine:**  A restraint upon the activities or communication (e.g.,
physical separation or restriction of movement within the community/work
setting) of an individual(s) who has been exposed to an infection but is
not yet ill to prevent the spread of disease; quarantine may be applied
voluntarily (preferred) or on compulsory basis dependent on legal
authority. (**HHS**, *Community Strategy for Pandemic Influenza
Mitigation*, 2007, Glossary)

**R2K:** Readiness 2000. (**USACE**, *Readiness 2000 Tested By Storms*,
1998, p. 1)

**R4C:** Regional Four Corners Homeland Security Initiative. (**DHS**,
*Expanded Regional Collaboration...FYs 2004-2006*, 2006, p. 15)

**R/hr:** Roentgens per hour. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and Definitions*,
1971, p. 4)

**RA:** Regional Administrator, FEMA

**RAC:** Regional Advisory Council (**FEMA**, "FEMA Names New England
RAC," 3 Oct 2007)

**RAC:** Regional Assistance Committee. (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glen
Cannon*, No, 15, 2007)

**RACES:** Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service. "The Radio Amateur
Civil Emergency Service (RACES) was established under the Federal
Communications Commission Rules and Regulations, as part of the amateur
radio service. The mission of RACES is to establish and maintain the
leadership and organizational infrastructure necessary to provide
amateur radio communications in support of emergency management entities
throughout the United States and its territories. RACES is employed
during a variety of emergency/disaster situations where normal
governmental communications systems have sustained damage or when
additional communications are required or desired. Situations that RACES
can be used include: natural disasters, technological disasters, civil
disorder, nuclear/chemical incidents, acts of terrorism or enemy attack.
Through its courses and programs, USRACES.org serves as the national
focal point for the development and delivery of emergency communications
training and publications to enhance the Emergency Support Function 2 -
Communications capabilities of federal, state, and local governments,
volunteer organizations, and the public and private sectors to minimize
the impact of disasters on the American public." (**USRACES**, *About
RACES*, 2007)

**Rad:** "A unit of absorbed dose of radiation; it represents the
absorption of 100 ergs of nuclear (or ionizing) radiation per gram of
absorbing material, such as body tissue." (**Glasstone**, *The Effects
of Nuclear Weapons*, 3^rd^ Ed., 1977, Glossary, p. 638)

**RADCON:** Radiological Control. (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006, p.
III-6)

**RADEF:** Radiological Defense. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 4)

**Radiation:** Emission or transfer of energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves or particles. (**WMO** 1992, 492)

**Radiation Sickness:** "An illness resulting from excessive exposure to
ionizing radiation. The earliest symptoms are nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea, which may be followed by loss of hair, hemorrhage,
inflammation of the mouth and throat, and general loss of energy."
(**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Radioactive Fallout:** "Any nuclear blast results in some fallout.
Blasts that occur near the earth's surface create much greater amounts
of fallout than blasts that occur at higher altitudes. This is because
the tremendous heat produced from a nuclear blast causes an up-draft of
air that forms the familiar mushroom cloud. When a blast occurs near the
earth's surface, millions of vaporized dirt particles also are drawn
into the cloud. As the heat diminishes, radioactive materials that have
vaporized condense on the particles and fall back to Earth. The
phenomenon is called radioactive fallout. This fallout material decays
over a long period of time, and is the main source of residual nuclear
radiation.

"Fallout from a nuclear explosion may be carried by wind currents for
hundreds of miles if the right conditions exist. Effects from even a
small portable device exploded at ground level can be potentially
deadly.

"Nuclear radiation cannot be seen, smelled, or otherwise detected by
normal senses. Radiation can only be detected by radiation monitoring
devices. This makes radiological emergencies different from other types
of emergencies, such as floods or hurricanes. Monitoring can project the
fallout arrival times, which will be announced through official warning
channels. However, any increase in surface build-up of gritty dust and
dirt should be a warning for taking protective measures." (**FEMA**,
*Are You Ready? Nuclear Blast*, 2006)

**Radioactive Material:** "material which spontaneously emits ionizing
radiation as a consequence of radioactive decay." (**Commonwealth of
Australia**, *Recommendations for Limiting Exposure to Ionizing
Radiation*, 1995, Glossary, p. r-36)

**Radiological Accident:** "A loss of control over radiation or
radioactive material that presents a hazard to life, health, or property
or that may result in any member of the general population exceeding
exposure limits for ionizing radiation." (**DoD**, *DoD Response to
Radiological Accidents*, 1996, p. 10)

**Radiological and Nuclear Countermeasure System Architectures Analysis
(RNCSAA):** "The Radiological and Nuclear Countermeasure System
Architectures Analysis (RNCSAA) program was initiated in February 2004
to address the threat of terrorist use of a radiological dispersal
device, improvised nuclear device, or nuclear weapon in the U.S. through
a comprehensive systems approach that emphasizes early detection and
effective intervention

capabilities at the federal, State and local levels." (**DHS**, *NCRC
First Annual Report*, 2005, 81)

**Radiological Assistance Program (RAP):** "The U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) created the Radiological Assistance Program (RAP) in the
1950s to make DOE resources and expertise available to organizations
responding to incidents involving radioactive materials. Management
responsibilities and direction for the RAP are primarily contained in
DOE Order 5530.3. RAP provides resources (trained personnel and
equipment) to evaluate, assess, advise, and assist in the mitigation of
actual or perceived radiation hazards and risks to workers, the public,
and the environment.  RAP is divided into eight geographical regions,
each managed by a Regional Coordinating Office. Each region has one or
more RAP response teams... Regional coordination is intended to provide
a timely response capability and to foster a working relationship
between DOE and the emergency response elements of other federal
agencies, states, and tribes." (**DOE**, *RAP Program Information*,
Accessed November 16, 2007).

**Radiological Defense Program:** "A Radiological Defense (RADEF)
Program is essential to minimize effects of radiation hazards in the
event of a nuclear attack and to facilitate recovery

efforts. RADEF provides:

\(1\) Shelter monitoring to assess and evaluate protection of occupants
against radiation.

\(2\) Radiological monitoring for self-protection of personnel engaged
in emergency services functions, operation of primary facilities, and in
recovery operations.

\(3\) Recovery techniques including decontamination and related
countermeasures." (**USACE**, *Planning and Operations Guidelines, Annex
B: Emergency Relocation Sites*, 1985, p. B-6)

**Radiological Dispersion/Dispersal Devise (RDD):** "A Radiological
Dispersion Devise, or "dirty bomb\", is a mix of explosives with
radioactive powder or pellets. When it explodes the blast scatters
radioactive material.

-   A dirty bomb is not the same as an atomic bomb, which produces an
    atomic mushroom cloud.

-   A dirty bomb cannot create an atomic blast. It uses dynamite or
    other explosives to scatter radioactive materials which cause
    radioactive contamination....

The terrorists' purpose is to spread fear. The main danger from a dirty
bomb is the explosion, which can cause serious injuries and damage. The
radioactive materials in a dirty bomb would probably not lead to enough
radiation exposure to cause serious illness immediately, except to those
people who are very close to the blast site. However, the radioactive
dust and smoke that spreads could be dangerous to health if they are
inhaled." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- Dirty Bombs" (FEMA 573), NIMS
Integration Center, June 2007, p. 1)

**Radiological Dispersion/Dispersal Devise (RDD):** "The RDD is a device
or mechanism that spreads radioactive material over an area with intent
to cause harm, from the detonation of conventional explosives or other
means. It is very difficult to construct an RDD that would deliver
radiation doses high enough to cause immediate health effects or
fatalities in a large number of people. However, if these materials are
stolen or otherwise acquired, whether in the US or abroad, they could be
used in an RDD to contaminate facilities, urban areas, or places where
people live, disrupting lives and livelihood causing fear and anxiety,
and leading to significant social and economic damage. The cost to clean
up and recover following a moderately large RDD has been estimated to be
billions of dollars. An RDD could effectively cause an area to be
inaccessible for a long period of time." (**FEMA**, *Statement for the
Record, Glenn M. Cannon*, 2007, p. 2)

**Radiological Dispersion/Dispersal Devise (RDD):** "Radiological
dispersal devices (RDDs) are devices, other than a nuclear explosives
device, designed to disseminate radioactive material in order to cause
destruction, damage, area denial, or injury.

"(a) RDDs are designed to disperse radiation and/or contamination. One
design, called

"dirty bombs," uses explosives to disperse radioactive contamination. A
dirty bomb typically generates its immediate casualties from the direct
effects of the conventional explosion (i.e., blast injuries and trauma).
The main purpose of a dirty bomb is to frighten people by contaminating
their environment with radioactive materials and threatening large
numbers of people with exposure. Their use may also result in area
denial and costly cleanup or decontamination.

"(b) By scattering the radiological material, the RDD may create a large
area of radiological contamination. The actual dose-rate will be
dependent upon the type and quantity of radioactive material spread over
the area. This may not be uniformly distributed. As an area denial
weapon, an RDD can generate significant public fear and economic impact
since the area affected may involve loss of use during a lengthy and
costly decontamination process. The contaminated

area poses a danger to individuals by external or internal radiological
contamination. External

contamination on individuals can usually be removed by surface cleaning,
and by removing contaminated clothing. Internal contamination is much
more dangerous and occurs when contaminants are ingested and/or inhaled
and concentrate in tissue. This may result in prolonged, high intensity
local radiation exposure." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM,* 2006, pp. I-7 and
I-8)

**Radiological Emergency:** A radiological incident that poses an
actual, potential, or perceived hazard to public health or safety or
loss of property. (**FRERP**, *Appendix B*)

**Radiological Emergency Preparedness (REP).**

**Radiological Emergency Preparedness Program (REPP):** "We will assist
State, local, and tribal governments in the development of offsite
radiological emergency preparedness plans within the emergency planning
zones of Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licensees of commercial
nuclear power facilities. REPP will continue to support the development
of offsite radiological emergency preparedness plans for the emergency
planning zones of NRC licensees of commercial nuclear power facilities."
(**FEMA**, *Vision for New FEMA*, 12Dec2006, pp. 24-25)

**Radiological Emergency Response Teams (RERT's):** "Teams provided by
EPA's Office of

Radiation and Indoor Air to support and respond to incidents or sites
containing radiological hazards. These teams provide expertise in
radiation monitoring, radionuclide analyses, radiation health physics,
and risk assessment." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-20)

**Radiological Survey:** "The directed effort to determine the
distribution and dose rates of radiation in the area." (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, December 2007, Glossary-16)

**Radiological Terrorist Event:** "For the purposes of this position
statement a radiological terrorist event is defined as the intentional
release of radioactive material to the environment or use of a source of
radiation for the purpose of harming the health or safety of the public.
It includes any type of device or method used to disperse radioactive
material, including conventional explosive materials (i.e., a dirty
bomb) and improvised nuclear weapons." (**Health Physics Society**,
*Guidance for Protective Actions Following a Radiological Terrorist
Event*, 2004, p. 3)

**RAMCAP:** Risk Analysis and Management for Critical Asset Protection.
(**DHS,** *NIPP* 2006, 102)

**RAMONT:** Radiological Monitoring. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations*, 1971, p.
4) \[Program defunct\]

**RAMP:** Remedial Action Management Plan/Program. (**DHS**, *NRF
Logistics Management Support Annex*, 2007 Draft, p. 4)

**RAP:** Radiological Assistance Program, DOE.

**RapidCom:** "In May 2004, former DHS Secretary Ridge announced the
launch of RapidCom,

an initiative to help improve capabilities for immediate,
incident-level, interoperable emergency

communications in ten high-threat urban areas. The SAFECOM program led
the effort, working

in cooperation with federal partners such as the DHS Office for Domestic
Preparedness (ODP),

Department of Justice (DOJ) 25 Cities program, and the National
Institute of Justice CommTech

program to provide assistance to the following urban areas:

> • Boston, Massachusetts
>
> • Chicago, Illinois
>
> • Houston, Texas
>
> • Jersey City, New Jersey
>
> • Los Angeles, California
>
> • Miami, Florida
>
> • National Capital Region
>
> • New York, New York
>
> • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
>
> • San Francisco, California

Program Description -- RapidCom has provided assistance to incident
commanders to improve

their abilities to adequately communicate with each other and their
respective command center

within one hour of a major incident. RapidCom NCR's main function was to
provide

emergency-level communications interoperability assistance." (**DHS**,
*National Capital Region Coordination First Annual Report*, 2005, p. 82)

**Rapid Deepening:** "A decrease in the minimum sea-level pressure of a
tropical cyclone of 1.75 mb/hr or 42 mb for 24 hours." (**NHC**,
*Glossary of NHC Terms*, 2007)

**Rapid Needs Assessment (RNA) Teams:** "These teams deploy to assess
damages in the affected area as soon as possible. The team is a
composite of State and Federal interagency personnel that are organized
and controlled by the State Coordinating Officer and the Federal
Coordinating Officer---or Emergency Response Team-Advance team leader if
an Federal Coordinating

Officer has not been appointed." (**FEMA**, *Federal Interim Contingency
Plan -- Predecisional Draft: NMSZ*, December 15, 2007, p. 21)

**RCBAP:** Residential Condominium Building Association Policy.
(**FEMA**, *Call for*..., 2000, xxiii)

**RDD:** Radiological Dispersion Device. (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007 Draft, p.
274)

**RDDs:** Radiological Detection Devices. (**DHS**, *NCRC, First Annual
Report*, 2005, p. F-40 (80))

**RDECOM:** United States Army Research, Development and Engineering
Command

**RDO:** Radiological Defense Officer. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance
Appendices*, 1974) \[defunct\]

**RDSTF:** Regional Domestic Security Task Force, Florida.

**RDTE:** Research, Develop, Test, and Evaluate. (**FEMA**, *Compendium
of Federal Terrorism Training Courses*, 2003, p. 12)

**Readiness:** "Readiness is the ability of an organization to respond
to an incident." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, November 2007, p. 4)

**Readiness:** "Definition: condition of being prepared and capable to
act or respond as required." (**DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*,
October 19, 2007, p. 22)

**Readiness Reporting System (RRS):** "Department of Homeland Security
program to collect and manage continuity capability data and assessments
of executive branch departments and

agencies and their status to perform their Priority Mission Essential
Functions (PMEFs) in support of the National Essential Functions (NEFs).
The RRS will be used to conduct assessments and track capabilities at
all times under all conditions, to include natural disasters, manmade
incidents, terrorism, and war." (**Homeland Security Council**, *NCPIP*,
2007, p. 67)

**Rebuilding and Revitalization:** "Rebuilding and revitalization
efforts are distinguished from shorter-term recovery efforts not only by
the length of time involved, but also by the scope and nature of the
incident, the complexity of efforts required to regenerate
infrastructure, and the effect on the social fabric of the commu­nity and
region....

The majority of reconstruction efforts will occur beyond the Federal
Government's purview. However, the Federal Government, in collaboration
with all stakeholders, will draw upon and apply the field's most
innovative thinking, lessons learned, and best practices to create a
com­prehensive framework for our Nation that fully appreciates free
markets and the vast power of incentives and empowers individuals,
businesses, and non-profit groups in the decisions about the future of
their communities. In order to develop this new framework, our Nation
must continue to assess the challenges in this area and provide
recommendations to improve our ability to rebuild and revitalize areas
following a catastrophic natural or man-made disaster. We must determine
how Federal, State, local, and Tribal governments, the private and
non-profit sectors, and communities can improve collaboration and
develop recommendations that further economic renewal and help stabilize
and reconstruct communities. In addressing these challenges, Federal,
State, local, and Tribal governments, the private and nonprofit sectors,
and communities must be focused on citizens -- and not on bureaucracy or
processes -- and be guided by the concepts of compassion, speed,
efficiency, common sense, and the devolution of as many decisions as
reasonably possible to individual citizens, busi­nesses, and
communities." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Homeland
Security*. Washington, DC: Homeland Security Council, October 2007, p.
37-38)

**RECA:** Residual Capability Assessment. (**DoD**, *MSCA* (Directive
3025.1), 1993, p. 22)

**Reception Area (NIMS):** "This refers to a location separate from
staging areas, where resources report in for processing and
out-processing. Reception Areas provide accountability, security,
situational awareness briefings, safety awareness, distribution of IAPs,
supplies and equipment, feeding, and bed down." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004,
p. 136)

**Reconstitute Government Services:** "Definition: Reinstate government
services and operations interrupted by, or in response to, an incident."
(**DHS**, *UTL 2.1*, 2005, p. 110)

**Reconstitution:** "The process by which surviving and or replacement
agency personnel resume normal agency operations from the original or
replacement primary operating facility." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007,
P-9)

**Reconstitution Operations:** "Agencies must identify and outline a
plan to return to normal operations once agency heads or their
successors determine that reconstitution operations for resuming normal
business operations can be initiated. Agencies must

1.  Provide an executable plan for transitioning back to efficient
    normal operational status from continuity of operations status, once
    a threat or disruption has passed

2.  Coordinate and preplan options for agency reconstitution regardless
    of the level of disruption that originally prompted the agency to
    implement its continuity of operations plan. These options must
    include moving operations from the continuity or devolution location
    to either the original operating facility or, if necessary, to a new
    operating facility

3.  Outline the necessary procedures, whether under a standard
    continuity of operations scenario or under a devolution scenario,
    for conducting a smooth transition from the relocation site to a new
    facility." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. M-1)

**Reconstruction:** "Actions taken to re-establish a community after a
period of rehabilitation subsequent to a disaster. Actions would include
construction of permanent housing, full restoration of all services, and
complete resumption of the pre-disaster state." (**UNDHA**, *DM
Glossary*, 1992, 61; cites OFDA)

**Reconstruction: "**Actions taken under the surviving command authority
to reestablish a damaged or destroyed headquarters staffed by survivors
of the attack." (**USACE**, *Planning and Operations Guidelines, Annex
V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p. V-4)

**Recover:** "Activities that include the development, coordination, and
execution of service- and site-restoration plans; the reconstitution of
government operations and services; individual, private- sector,
nongovernmental, and public-assistance programs to provide housing and
to promote restoration; long-term care and treatment of affected
persons; additional measures for social, political, environmental, and
economic restoration; evaluation of the incident to identify

lessons learned; post-incident reporting; and development of initiatives
to mitigate the effects of future incidents (Source---NIMS, March
2004)." (**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy:
Guidance on Aligning Strategies with the NPG*, 2006, p. 4)

**Recover:** "Definition of Recover: Develop, coordinate, and execute
service- and site-restoration plans and reconstitute government
operations and services through individual, private-sector,

nongovernmental, and public assistance programs." (**DHS**, *Universal
Task List 2.1*, 2005, p. 99)

**Recovery:** (See, also, "Response and Recovery" (FEMA 1996).)

**Recovery:** "The implementation of prioritized actions required to
return an organization's processes and support functions to operational
stability following an interruption or disaster." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*,
Nov. 2007, P-9)

**Recovery:** "Recovery involves actions, and the implementation of
programs, needed to help individuals and communities return to normal.
Recovery programs are designed to assist victims and their families,
restore institutions to sustain economic growth and confidence, rebuild
destroyed property, and reconstitute government operations and services.
Recovery actions often extend long after the incident itself. Recovery
programs include mitigation components designed to avoid damage from
future incidents. Typical recovery actions may include:

1.  1\. Repair and replacement of disaster damaged public facilities
    (roads, bridges, municipal buildings, schools, hospitals, qualified
    non-profits);

    2\. Debris cleanup and removal;

    3\. Temporary housing and other assistance for disasters victims and
    their families;

    4\. Low-interest loans to help individuals and businesses with
    long-term rebuilding and mitigation measures;

    5\. Restoration of public services (electric power, water, sewer,
    telephone);

    6\. Crisis counseling and mental health;

    7\. Disaster unemployment; and

    8\. Planning and programs for long-term economic stabilization,
    community recovery and mitigation." (**DHS**, *National Response
    Plan* (Draft #1), Feb. 25, 2004, p. 16)

**Recovery:** "The development, coordination, and execution of service-
and site-restoration plans for impacted communities and the
reconstitution of government operations and services through individual,
private sector, nongovernmental, and public assistance programs that
identify needs and define resources; provide housing and promote
restoration; address long-term care and treatment of affected persons;
implement additional measures and techniques, as feasible; evaluate the
incident to identify lessons learned; and develop initiatives to
mitigate the effects of future incidents." (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p.
104)

**Recovery:** "Implementing the prioritized actions required to return
the processes and support functions to operational stability following
an interruption or disaster." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC
Workshop*, 2006, p. 61)

**Recovery:** The coordinated process of supporting emergency-affected
communities in reconstruction of the physical infrastructure and
restoration of emotional, social, economic and physical well-being.
(**EMI Australia** 1996)

**Recovery:** Those long-term activities and programs beyond the initial
crisis period of an emergency or disaster and designed to return all
systems to normal status or to reconstitute these systems to a new
condition that is less vulnerable. (**FEMA**, **1992**)

**Recovery:** "Recovery is the effort to restore infrastructure and the
social and economic life

of a community to normal, but it should incorporate mitigation as a
goal. For the short term, recovery may mean bringing necessary lifeline
systems (e.g., power, communication, water and sewage, and
transportation) up to an acceptable standard while providing for basic
human needs (e.g., food, clothing, and shelter) and ensuring that the
societal needs of individuals and the

community are met (e.g., maintain the rule of law, provide crisis
counseling, demonstrate that people do care and that help is becoming
available). Once some stability is achieved, the jurisdiction can begin
recovery efforts for the long term, restoring economic activity and
rebuilding community facilities and family housing with attention to
long-term mitigation needs." (**FEMA,** *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency
Operations Planning* (SLG 101), **1996**, p. 9)

**Recovery:** Activities traditionally associated with providing Federal
supplemental disaster recovery assistance under a Presidential major
disaster declaration. These activities usually begin within days after
the event and continue after the response activities' cease. Recovery
includes individual and public assistance programs, which provide
temporary housing assistance, grants and loans to eligible individuals
and government entities to recover from the effects of a disaster.
(**FEMA** *FRP***, 1999**, Appendix B)

**Recovery:** "Rebuilding communities so individuals, businesses, and
government infrastructure can function on their own, return to normalcy,
and are protected against future hazards." (**FEMA**. *A Nation Prepared
-- FEMA Strategic Plan -- Fiscal Years 2003-2008*, **2002**, p. 59
(Glossary))

**Recovery:** "The development, coordination, and execution of service−
and site-restoration plans; the reconstitution of government operations
and services; individual, private sector, nongovernmental, and public
assistance programs to provide housing and to promote restoration;
long-term care and treatment of affected persons; additional measures
for social, political, environmental, and economic restoration;
evaluation of the incident to identify lessons learned; postincident
reporting; and development of initiatives to mitigate the effects of
future incidents." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Goal*, December 2005
draft {citing NIMS March 2004); **FEMA**, *National Incident Management
System* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, pp. 156-157)

**Recovery/Remediation:** "The ability to restore essential services,
businesses, and commerce; cleanup the environment and render the
affected area safe; compensate victims; provide long-term mental health
and other services to victims and the public; and restore a sense of
well-being in the community." (**Homeland Security Council**, *National
Planning Scenarios*, 2006 Final, p. vi)

**Recovery:** "The phase beyond response that addresses physical and
financial restoration of the impacted population and area, including
developing and implementing strategic plans for full restoration,
improvement and growth. Activities include development, coordination,
and execution of service- and site-restoration plans; the reconstitution
of government operations and services; individual, private-sector, and
public-assistance programs to provide housing and to promote
restoration; long-term care and treatment of affected persons;
additional measures for social, political, environmental, and economic
restoration; evaluation of the incident to identify lessons learned; and
post-incident reporting." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity and
Capability Handbook*, August 2004, p. D-10, Glossary)

**Recovery:** "At the onset of an emergency, emergency management
officials begin recovery efforts. Recovery is both short-term activity
intended to restore vital life -support systems, and long-term activity
designed to return infrastructure systems to pre-disaster conditions.
Recovery also includes cost recovery efforts." (**Little Hoover Com**.,
*Safeguarding Golden State*, 2007, 6)

**Recovery:** "The process of restoring community infrastructure and
social and economic systems following an emergency or disaster."
(**Michigan DEM**, 1998, 7)

**Recovery:** "Activities and programs designed to return conditions to
a level that is acceptable to the entity." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 8)

"Recovery programs are designed to assist victims and their families,
restore institutions to suitable economic growth and confidence, rebuild
destroyed property, and reconstitute government operations and services.
Recovery actions often extend long after the incident itself.

Recovery programs include mitigation components designed to avoid damage
from future incidents." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 11-12)

**Recovery:** "Recovery activities continue until all systems return to
normal or better. They include two sets of activities: Short-term
recovery activities return vital life-support systems to minimum
operating standards (for example, cleanup, temporary housing). Long-term
recovery activities may continue for a number of years after a disaster.
Their purpose is to return life to normal, or improved levels (for
example, redevelopment loans, legal assistance, and community
planning)." (**NGA**, *Comprehensive Emergency Management Governors'
Guide*, 1979, p. 13)

**Recovery:** "...recovery measures encompass what has traditionally
been called reconstruction and recovery; ultimately the rebuilding of
the disaster-impacted community." (**Peterson and Perry** 1999, 242;
citing Drabek, 1986)

**Recovery:** "...rebuilding communities so individuals, businesses, and
governments can function on their own, return to normal life, and
protect against future hazards." (**Post-Katrina Emergency Management
Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1399)

**Recovery:** "Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view
to restoring or improving

the pre-disaster living conditions of the stricken community, while
encouraging

and facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk." **World
Health Organization**, *Mass Casualty Management* Systems, April 2007,
p. 31)

**Recovery (Homeland Security):** "As an essential component of homeland
security, the United States will build and maintain various financial,
legal, and social systems to recover from all forms of terrorism. We
must, therefore, be prepared to protect and restore institutions needed
to

sustain economic growth and confidence, rebuild destroyed property,
assist victims and their families, heal psychological wounds, and
demonstrate compassion, recognizing that we cannot automatically return
to the pre-attack norm." (**White House**, *National Strategy for HS*,
2002, 3)

Recovery Objectives (DHS):

"*Objective 5.1 Strengthen nationwide recovery plans and capabilities.*
We will work with our partners to ensure the Nation's capability to
recover from multiple or simultaneous disasters, including terrorist use
of weapons of mass destruction, other man-made hazards and natural
disasters, through the development and maintenance of short- and
long-term plans and capabilities." (**DHS**, *Strategic Plan 2004*, p.
32)

"*Objective 5.2 Provide scalable and robust all-hazard recovery
assistance:* We will lead the Nation's recovery from the impacts of
disasters and emergencies. We will deliver timely and appropriate
assistance to individuals and families following acts of terrorism,
natural disasters and other emergencies, acknowledging the unique
requirements of recovery from catastrophic disasters and weapons of mass
destruction events. We will provide help to restore services and public
facilities, and provide states and other partners with professional,
readily deployable, trained and certified leaders and staff to manage
all levels and types of disasters. We will make assistance available to
states and local governments for the management, mitigation and control
of local hazards and emergencies, which threaten to become major
disasters." (**DHS**, *Strategic Plan 2004*, p. 32)

**Recovery Plan:** "A plan developed by each State, with assistance from
the responding Federal agencies, to restore the affected area."
(**USG**, *USG Interagency Domestic Terrorism CONPLAN*, Appendix B:
Definitions, 2001)

**Recovery Planning (Successful Steps):** "

-   Take advantage of the window of opportunity to develop an overall
    recovery strategy**.** The outside funding and technical assistance
    that becomes available after a disaster can help your community make
    progress on its long-term goals.

-   **Establish community goals and objectives.** Take the time and
    effort to unite the community behind agreed-upon goals and
    objectives.

-   **Consider the planning process as well as the plan itself.**
    Structure the planning process so that it is open and participatory,
    but also quickly leads to agreement on a broad framework for
    recovery.

-   **Employ multi-objective planning.** Look for opportunities to reap
    multiple benefits when incorporating hazard mitigation and
    sustainable redevelopment concepts into your recovery efforts.

-   **Be flexible.** The recovery process evolves rapidly and
    flexibility is mandatory. Keep your options open and take advantage
    of unexpected opportunities.

-   **All sources of funding are fair game.** Don't overlook
    non-disaster related grant programs. If expertise is not locally
    available, seek experienced grant writing assistance from other
    sources, such as regional or State agencies and the private sector.

-   **Maximize community stakeholder involvement.** Recruit local
    corporations, foundations, and nonprofit or civic organizations to
    participate in the planning process.

-   **Maximize the use of non-traditional partners.** Marshal local
    nonprofit groups and organizations to supplement Federal and State
    agency support.

-   **Stay out of the weeds.** The recovery plan should be brief.
    Prioritize immediate, short-term, and long-term recovery actions;
    detailed design, architectural, and engineering plans can follow
    later." (**FEMA**, *Rebuilding For A More Sustainable Future: An
    Operational Framework*, November 1, 2000, p. 3-3

**Recovery Point Objective (RTO):** "From a business perspective RPO is
the maximum amount of data loss the business can incur in an event. The
targeted point in time to which systems and data must be recovered after
an outage as determined by the business unit." (**DigitalCare**, *State
of OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 62)

**Recovery (Short Term):** "Short-term recovery is immediate and
overlaps with response. It includes actions such as providing essential
public health and safety services, restoring interrupted utility and
other essential services, reestablishing transportation routes and
providing food and shelter for those displaced by the disaster. Although
called "short term," some of these activities may last for weeks."
(**DHS,** *National Response Framework \-- Federal Partner Guide*
(Comment Draft), September10, 2007, p. 18)

**Recovery (Short Term):** "Even as the immediate imperatives for
response to an incident are being addressed, the need to begin recovery
operations emerges. In an almost imperceptible evolution, response
efforts will transition to short-term recovery operations, such as the
restoration of interrupted util­ity services, reestablishment of
transportation routes, and the provision of food and shelter for those
displaced by the disaster -- actions that will help individuals,
communities, and the Nation return to a general state of normalcy. While
short-term recovery efforts are the pri­mary responsibility of States and
communities, they also involve significant contributions from all
sectors of our society -- Federal, State, local, and Tribal governments,
the private sec­tor, nonprofit partners, as well as individual citizens.
As the priorities and needs of an incident evolve, people, assets, and
resources will be reassigned or demobilized to provide a flexible and
scalable response, evolving as needs evolve, changing as the incident
priorities change. As immediate life-saving and life-sustaining
activities subside, and short-term recovery decisions are made over a
period of weeks or even months, we must recognize that these efforts are
steps to an effective transition to long-term rebuilding and
revitalization efforts." (**White House**, *National Strategy for
Homeland Security*, Homeland Security Council, October 2007, p. 37)

**Recovery Site:** "A designated site for the recovery of business unit,
technology, or other operations, which are critical to the enterprise.
Related Terms: Alternate Site, Cold Site, Hot Site, Interim Site,
Internal Hot Site, and Warm Site." (**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon BC
Workshop*, 2006, p. 62)

**Recovery Strategy:** "The recovery strategy should include provisions
for the return of the following services, as applicable:

> \(1\) Critical infrastructure (water, gas, electricity, and waste
> management)

\(2\) Telecommunications and cyber systems

> \(3\) Distribution systems or networks for essential goods (food,
> clothing, personal supplies, and services)
>
> \(4\) Transportation systems, networks and infrastructure
>
> \(5\) Built environment (including residential, commercial, and
> industrial uses)
>
> \(6\) Psychosocial services
>
> \(7\) Health services
>
> \(8\) Continuity of governance systems." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 16)

**Recovery Time Objective (RTO):** "The period of time within which
systems, applications, or functions must be recovered after an outage
(e.g. one business day). RTO's are often used as the basis for the
development of recovery strategies, and as a determinant as to whether
or not to implement the recovery strategies during a disaster situation.
Similar Terms: Maximum Allowable Downtime." (**DigitalCare**, *State of
Oregon Business Cont. Workshop*, 2006, p. 62)

**Recovery Time Objective (RTO):** "Time goal for the restoration and
recovery of functions or resources based on the acceptable down time in
case of a disruption of operations." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security*..., 2007, 5)

**Red Book:** *Interagency Standards for Fire and Aviation Operations,*
NIFC Boise, ID.

**Red Team/Red Teaming:** "Analytical Red Teaming uses an adversary
perspective to advance security by providing an alternative view of
threats, vulnerabilities, and countermeasures. Without testing the
physical limitations of antiterrorism measures analytical red teaming
can offer insight to challenge prevailing views, prevent surprise, help
allocate resources, and expand the bounds of imagination. Analytical Red
Teaming may occur as part of a discussion-based exercise (e.g., TTX) or
as a stand-alone activity. This process indoctrinates participants into
the mind-set of a specific adversary, modeled upon the results of the
threat analysis. Once this perspective has been viably gained,
participants use it to build a threat or attack that assaults the
plan(s), policy(s), or procedure(s) under examination." **(DHS**,
*HSEEP*, Vol. V, p. 43)

**Red Team/Red Teaming:** "a technique for assessing vulnerability that
involves viewing a potential target from the perspective of an attacker
to identify its hidden vulnerabilities, and to anticipate possible modes
of attack." (**DHS**, *The ODP Guidelines*..., 2003, Glossary, p. 3 (30)

**Red Team/Red Teaming:** "A group of subject-matter experts (SME), with
various appropriate disciplinary backgrounds, that provides an
independent peer review of plans and processes, acts as a devil's
advocate, and knowledgeably role-plays the adversary, using a
controlled, realistic interactive process during operations planning,
training, and exercising." (**DHS**, *TOPOFF 3 FAQ,* 2005)

**Red Team/Red Teaming:** "Purposefully testing a system, people, and
equipment to probe for weaknesses can improve their security by
mimicking the techniques the adversary would use to carry out an attack.
When done at the system (rather than component) level, management can
identify system improvements." (**DHS**, *HSAC WEF Task Force*, January
10, 2006, p. 9)

**Red Zone:** See "Hot Zone."

**Refugees:** "According to international legislation persons having a
well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or political
opinion mostly outside the country of nationality and unable to return
or avail himself of the protection of that country. Includes mass exodus
of peoples for reasons of conflict and natural disasters moving outside
their country of origin." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 62)

**Refuges of Last Resort:** "Refuges of last resort are sites that are
opened when an evacuation cannot be completed. These are not shelters
and will not have the same resources available to shelterees." (**New
England Center for Emergency Preparedness**, *Community Planning Guide*,
2007, p. 42)

**Region:** "The term 'region' means---''(A) any geographic area
consisting of all or parts of 2 or more contiguous States that have a
combined population of at least 1,650,000 or have an area of not less
than 20,000 square miles, and that, for purposes of an application for a
covered grant, is represented by 1 or more governments or governmental
agencies within such geographic area, and that is established by law or
by agreement 1 of 2 or more such governments or governmental agencies in
a mutual aid agreement; or ''(B) any other combination of contiguous
local government units (including such a combination established by law
or agreement of two or more governments or governmental agencies in a
mutual aid agreement) that is formally certified by the Secretary as a
region for purposes 9 of this Act with the consent of---''(i) the State
or States in which they are located, including a multi-State entity
established by a compact between two or

13 more States; and ''(ii) the incorporated municipalities, counties,
and parishes that they encompass." (**US Congress**, *Implementing the
9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007*, August 7, 2007)

**Regional:** "A region is any area that is defined as such by resident
stakeholders responsible for disaster preparedness and management. A
region can be a municipality, a single state (or province), or a portion
of a state and may be multi-jurisdictional or cross national borders.
Regions generally have certain accepted cultural characteristics and
geographic boundaries and tend to coincide with the service areas of the
infrastructures that serve them." (**TISP**, *Regional Disaster
Resilience*, 2006, p. 2)

**Regional Administrator (RA):** "The new title for the executive in
charge of a Regional Office of FEMA or his/her designated
representative. According to the CFR, the term Regional Director
(Administrator) also means the Disaster Recovery Manager who has been
appointed to exercise the authority of the FEMA Regional Administrator
for a particular emergency or major disaster. *NOTE: To date, the CFR
has not been updated to reflect organizational or position title
changes.*" (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July
25, 2007, pp. 57-58)

**Regional Approach:** "A multi-disciplinary, multijurisdictional group
of stakeholders within the State come together to conduct a program and
capability review and develop Regional/Jurisdictional Projects." Arizona
Department of Homeland Security. *Arizona Department of Homeland
Security: An Overview*. December 6-12, 2006, p. 5)

**Regional Assistance Committees (RACs):** "The Federal Radiological
Preparedness Coordinating Committee (FRPCC) is an interagency body
consisting of the coordinating and cooperating agencies discussed in the
Radiological Incident Annex; it is chaired by DHS/FEMA. The FRPCC
provides a national-level forum for the development and coordination for
radiological prevention and preparedness policies and procedures. It
also provides policy guidance for Federal radiological incident
management activities in support of State, local and Tribal government
radiological emergency planning and preparedness activities. At the
Federal regional level, Regional Assistance Committees (RACs) in the
DHS/FEMA Regions serve as the primary coordinating structure. RAC
membership mirrors that of the FRPCC and RACS are chaired by a DHS/FEMA
regional representative. Additionally, state emergency management
agencies send representatives to RAC meetings and participate in
regional exercise and training activities. The RACs provide a forum for
information sharing, consultation, and coordination of Federal regional
awareness, prevention, response, and recovery activities. The RACs
provide technical assistance to State and local governments and
evaluating radiological plans and exercises." (**FEMA**, *Prepared
Statement of Glen Cannon*, November 15, 2007, p. 4)

**Regional Collaboration National Priority:**

**Regional Emergency Transportation Coordinator (RETCO):** "A
senior-level executive from a DOT operating administration who is
predesignated by DOT order to serve as the regional representative of
the Secretary of Transportation for emergency transportation
preparedness and response, including oversight of ESF #1. Depending upon
the nature and extent of the disaster or major incident, the Secretary
may designate another official in this capacity." (**FEMA**, *Mission
Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 59)

**Regional Four Corners Homeland Security Initiative (R4C):**
Description: "To develop collaboration when multiple sovereign
jurisdictions are co-located in the same area as is the case in the
"Four Corners" region where Arizona\*, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah
converge with the Navajo, Hopi, Ute Mountain Ute, Southern Ute,
Jicarilla Apache, and numerous Pueblo Tribal lands. The SAA in each
state, Tribes, and US DHS officials have established a collaborative
partnership to support planning efforts of an all hazards approach to
Homeland Security for the Four Corner States.

"The R-4C was created in collaboration with the National Native American
Law Enforcement Association (NNALEA) and the National Congress of
American Indians (NCAI). Outcomes: The R-4C will establish a holistic
planning process resulting in the creation and implementation of
standardized operating procedures, consistent response plans, and
development of comprehensive training and exercise programs. This model
for interstate and intrastate cooperation will serve as a national
blueprint for replication in other interested regions throughout the
USA." (**DHS**, *Expanded Regional Collaboration...FYs 2004-2006*, 2006,
p. 15)

**Regional Interagency Steering Committee (RISC):** "RISCs are
responsible for multi-agency coordination under the NRP on a
steady-state basis. The RISCs support the national-level groups by
coordinating issues and solutions that are unique to the regions. RISCs
also coordinate preparedness efforts with other regional-level
preparedness organizations (such as the Regional Response Teams (RRTs)
that coordinate regional ESF #10 efforts). At a minimum, the RISC is
comprised of representatives from each State in the region and, where
appropriate, regional-level representatives from ESF primary and support
agencies. RISCs meet at least quarterly and provide an operational-level
forum for regional planning, interagency information-sharing, and
coordination. Each RISC includes an executive-level committee that meets
at least twice yearly to provide executive-level guidance and
oversight." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July
2007, p. 59)

**Regional Military Emergency Coordinator (RMEC):** "An individual,
designated on behalf of the Secretary of Defense and the DoD Executive
Agent, to perform coordination, information exchange, and liaison
functions on behalf of the Department of Defense with any Federal
emergency management structure established at the Region level.
Alternate RMECs are designated by other DoD Components, as required, in
accordance with this Directive; and the RMECs and alternates
collectively are referred to as \"RMEC Teams.\" (**DoD**, *MSCA*, 1993,
22)

**Regional Operations Center:** "The temporary operations facility for
the coordination of Federal response and recovery activities, located at
the FEMA Regional Office (or Federal Regional

Center) and led by the FEMA Regional Director or Deputy Director until
the DFO becomes operational. Once the ERT-A is deployed, the ROC
performs a support role for Federal staff at the disaster scene."
(**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Ops Planning*, 1996, GLO-9)

**Regional Preparedness Committee (RPC):** :The primary regional
organization to assist FEMA Regional Directors with implementing
national preparedness policy at the regional level. It serves as the
regional counterpart to the Interagency Emergency Coordinating Group
(IECG) which has been established at the national level to perform
coordinating functions and provide assistance to the Director, FEMA, on
national emergency preparedness matters. (**USACE**, *Planning and
Operations Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions and Common* Terms, 1985, p.
V-4)

**Regional Rapid Support and Response Team** **(R-RSRT)**. (**DHS**,
*Budget-in-Brief FY2008*, 68)

**Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC):** "The RRCCs Coordinate
initial regional and field activities; Deploy regional teams to assess
the impact of the event, gauge immediate State needs and make
preliminary arrangements to set up operational field facilities;
Coordinate Federal support until a JFO is established; Establish a JIC
to provide a central point for coordinating emergency public information
activities." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, 2007, 42)

**Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC): "**The RRCC is the
regional interagency coordination center and has primary responsibility
for operations until a JFO(s) is established and operational. The RRCC
may support operations in several of the States in the Region and is
directly involved in the coordination and issuing of mission assignments
until the JFO becomes operational. Normally, the RRCC issues the mission
assignments to activate the ESFs at the regional level, establish
logistical and operational support facilities, and to stage teams and
resources. Close coordination is maintained with the Emergency Response
Team--Advanced Element (ERT--A) to ensure that any needs identified by
the State are being addressed." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 4; also p. 59)

**Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC):** "The RRCCs are
regionally-based multi-agency coordination centers that perform a
complementary role to the NRCC \[National Response Coordination Center,
FEMA HQ\]. Operating in the ten FEMA Regions, the RRCCs provide
situational awareness information, identify and coordinate response
requirements, perform capabilities analysis, and report on the status of
Federal disaster response operations. The RRCCs deploy liaison officers
and Emergency Response Teams-Advanced (ERT-A) \[Emergency Response
Team\] to initiate Federal support, facilitate initial delivery of goods
and services to save lives and property and to stabilize local
infrastructures. They facilitate prioritizing "in theater" interagency
resource allocation and coordination. NRCC and RRCC activations and
operations are scalable and adjustable to most effectively address the
nature, scope, magnitude, and potential impacts of an incident."
(**FEMA**, *Statement of Cannon*, 2007, 6)

**Regional Response Coordination Centers (RRCC):** "A standing facility
operated by

DHS/EPR/FEMA that is activated to coordinate regional response efforts,
establish Federal priorities, and implement local Federal program
support until a JFO is established in the field and/or the PFO, FCO or
FRC can assume their NRP coordination responsibilities." (**USCG**, *IM
Handbook*, 2006. Glossary 25-21)

**Regional Response Teams (RRT's):** "Regional counterparts to the
National Response Team, the RRT's comprise regional representatives of
the Federal agencies on the NRT and representatives of each State within
the region. The RRT's serve as planning and preparedness bodies before a
response, and provide coordination and advice to the Federal OSC during

response actions." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-20/21)

**Regulatory Floodway:** The area regulated by federal, state or local
requirements to provide for the discharge of the base flood so the
cumulative increase in water surface elevation is no more than a
designated amount (not to exceed one foot as set by the National Flood
Insurance Program).

**Regulatory Floodway:** "As defined under the NFIP, the channel of a
river or other watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be
reserved in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively
increasing the water surface elevation more than a designated height."
(**APA**, Planning For A Disaster-Resistant Community, 2005, p. 84)

**Rehabilitation:** "The operations and decisions taken after a disaster
with a view to restoring a stricken community to its former living
conditions, whilst encouraging and facilitating the necessary
adjustments to the changes caused by the disaster." (**UNDHA**, *DM
Glossary*, 1992, 62)

**Rehearsal:** The purpose of the rehearsal is to ensure that all
participants understand their tasks and to identify any changes that
need to be made prior to execution of the plan. CONPLANs and OPLANs may
or may not lend themselves to conducting a rehearsal. (**DHS**, 2007)

**Reinsurance:** Insurance for insurance companies. (**GAO**, *Natural
Disasters: Public Policy Options*..., Nov. 2007, p. 12)

**Relief:** Assistance and/or intervention during or after disaster to
meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs. It can be of
emergency or protracted duration. (**UNDHA,** *DM Glossary*, 1992, 63)

**Relief:** "The provision of assistance during or immediately after a
disaster to meet the life

preservation and basic subsistence needs of those people affected. It
can be of

an immediate, short-term, or protracted duration." (**World Health
Organization**, *Mass Casualty Management* Systems, April 2007, p. 31)

**REM:** Roentgen Equivalent Man. "A unit of biological dose of
radiation... The number of rems of radiation is equal to the number of
rads absorbed multiplied by the RBE of the given radiation (for a
specified effect). The rem is also the unit of dose equivalent, which is
equal to the product of the number of rads absorbed and the 'quality
factor' of the radiation." (**Glasstone**, *The Effects of Nuclear
Weapons*, 3^rd^ Ed., 1977, Glossary, p. 638)

**Remedial Action Management Program (RAMP):** A "program that will
identify and remedy operational and programmatic issues encountered in
disaster response and recovery operations and exercises.... it will also
capture lessons learned and smart practices that will become part of a
Web-based national library accessible to all levels of government....
The RAMP replaces the Disaster Corrective Action Program and involves
restructured procedures and new issue-management authorities." (FEMA,
*New Remedial Action Management Program Launched*. Press Release, July
23, 2003)

**Remediation:** "Actions taken to correct known deficiencies and
weaknesses. These actions are undertaken once a vulnerability has been
identified." (**DoD**, *DCIP*, DODD 3020.40, 2005, p. 13)

**Remote Sensing:** "Remote sensing refers to the process of recording
information from sensors mounted either on aircraft or on satellites.
The technique is applicable to natural hazards management because nearly
all geologic, hydrologic, and atmospheric phenomena are recurring events
or processes that leave evidence of their previous occurrence. The
benefits of the technique are that revealing the location of previous
occurrences and/or distinguishing the conditions under which they are
likely to occur makes it possible to identify areas of potential
exposure to natural hazards.  It additionally provides comprehensive
displays of disaster information to assess vulnerability, enhance
mapping, and monitor threatened areas. The limitations of the technique
include the requirement for expert science writers and graphics
designers to translate and package the resulting information into images
and explanations that can be easily understood by a wide variety of
users; and while space technology has advanced rapidly in recent years,
a number of countries still lack the human, technical and financial
resources required to conduct even the most basic space-related
activities." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in Disaster Risk Assessment*,
2008)

**Remote Sensing:** "The observation and/or study of an area, object or
phenomenon from an aerial distance, frequently using data collected by
satellite." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 63)

**Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958:** Sent by President Eisenhower to
Congress on April 24, 1958. Transferred all responsibilities of the
Federal Civil Defense Administrator and of the Director of the Office of
Defense Mobilization to the President, who consolidated the FCDA and ODM
into the new Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization in the
Executive Office of the President. Became law on July 1, 1958.
(**Gessert**, *Federal Civil Defense Organization*, 1965, p. 70)

**REP:** Radiological Emergency Preparedness.

**Repetitive Flood Claims (RFC) Grant Program:** "The Repetitive Flood
Claims (RFC) grant program provides funding to reduce or eliminate the
long-term risk of flood damage to structures insured under the National
Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) that have had one or more claim payments
for flood damages. RFC funds may only mitigate structures that are
located within a State or community that can not meet the requirements
of the Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) program for either cost share
or capacity to manage the activities. The long-term goal of the RFC
program is to reduce or eliminate flood claims under the NFIP through
mitigation activities that are in the best interest of the National
Flood Insurance Fund (NFIF)." (**FEMA**, *Repetitive Flood Claims
Program Guidance* (Fiscal Year 2008), October 30, 2007, p. 4)

**Repetitive Loss:** "Under the National Flood Insurance Program, the
payment of at least \$1,000 twice or more since 1978 for flood damages
to the same property. Thus, such a property would be a repetitive loss
property; a community with one or more such properties is a repetitive
loss community. Repetitive loss projects are mandatory for such
communities when participating in CRS." (**APA**, *Planning For A
Disaster-Resistant Community*, 2005, p. 84)

**Repetitive Loss:** "Repetitive loss refers to an NFIP-insured property
where two or more claim payments of more than \$1,000 have been paid
within a 10-year period since 1978. About 20 to 25 percent of repetitive
loss properties are rated as being in B, C, or X Zones." (FEMA,
*Reducing Damage from Localized Flooding* *-- A Guide for Communities*,
2005, viii)

**Reportable Quantity (RQ):** "The quantity of a hazardous substance
that triggers reporting under CERCLA; if a substance is released in a
quantity that exceeds its RQ, the release must be reported to the
National Response Center (NRC), as well as to the State emergency
response commission (SERC) and the community emergency coordinator for
areas likely to be affected by the release." (**EPA**, *Technical
Guidance for Hazards Analysis*, 1987, p. A-7)

**REPP:** Radiological Emergency Preparedness Program.

**RERO:** Radiological Emergency Response Operations. (**FEMA**,
*Compendium of Federal Terrorism Training Courses*, 2003, p. 290)

**Rescue Street:** In 1952 the civil defense training center in Olney,
MD "was reorganized and equipped for basic and advanced rescue training
for wardens, firemen, and rescue squads.... Trainees learn rescue
methods and perform actual rescue operations in five buildings build to
duplicate conditions of collapse or ruin such as might result from enemy
attack or natural disaster...Exercised performed by the students include
rescue of 'victims' from upper stories of multistory buildings, from
flooded basements, and from beneath collapsed floors and piles of
rubble. Rescue methods under special hazards such as fire and exposed
live electric wires also are studied." (**FCDA**, *Annual Report for
1952*, p. 69)

**Residual Capability Assessment (RECA):** "An assessment of the effects
of a nuclear or conventional attack on U.S. resources, or of a major
peacetime disaster that results in the declaration of a national
security emergency. Such an assessment is made (through all appropriate
means) to determine the remaining capabilities of the United States with
emphasis on military preparedness." (**DoD**, *MSCA* (Directive 3025.1),
1993, p. 22)

**Residual Market Facilities (Insurance):** "The intensity and frequency
of hurricanes has led

some states to establish certain insurance facilities to fund hurricane
losses. Some of these facilities provide primary coverage directly to
homeowners who cannot or will not purchase coverage from private
insurers in the 'voluntary market.' These state-sponsored plans are
known as 'residual markets' facilities."[^53]
(**FinancialServicesRoundtable**, *Nation Unprepared* 2007,46)

"There are at least two policy problems posed by these facilities,
however. One issue relates to the fact that residual market insurers
tend to offer catastrophe coverage at subsidized rates, which means that
states (and thus taxpayers) can be frequently called upon to pay a
portion of the claims losses that exceed the insurer's reserves. In
addition, subsidized rates reduce incentives for mitigation (since they
typically do not reward such investments with actuarially appropriate
insurance premium discounts). A second issue is one of fairness:
typically, anyone can purchase

insurance from the residual facility, which in the past has meant that
some homeowners who could easily afford coverage in the voluntary market
have been able to take advantage of subsidized rates in the residual
market." (Ibid, p. 49)

**Residual Nuclear Radiation:** "Nuclear radiation, chiefly beta
particles and gamma rays, which persists for some time following a
nuclear (or atomic) explosion. The radiation is emitted mainly by the
fission products and other bomb residues in the fallout, and to some
extent by earth and water constituents, and other materials, in which
radioactivity has been induced by the capture of neutrons."
(**Glasstone**, *The Effects of Nuclear Weapons*, 3^rd^ Ed., 1977,
Glossary, p. 638)

**Residual Risk:** "Risk remaining after risk treatment." (**ISO
22399**, *Societal Security*, 2007, 5)

**Resilience:** "Resiliency is defined as the capability of a system to
maintaining its functions and structure in the face of internal and
external change and to degrade gracefully when it must." (**Allenby and
Fink** 2005, 1034)

**Resilience:** "...the ability of social units (e.g., organizations,
communities) to mitigate hazards, contain the effects of disasters when
they occur, and carry out recovery activities in ways that minimize
social disruption and mitigate the effects of future disasters."
(**Bruneau**, et al, *A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and
Enhance... Seismic Resilience...*, 2003)

**Resilience:** The capacity to recover successfully from loss and
damage. The central features of resilience appear to be access to
resources (particularly finance), access to information and services,
the capacity to manage one's own affairs and the capacity to deal with
the stress and emotions generated by the disaster. (**Buckle** 1995, 13)

**Resilience:** "...a dictionary definition \[Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary\] for 'resilience' is: 'an ability to recover from or adjust
easily to misfortune or change'. Strategies based on resilience accept
that efforts to prevent attacks (reduce threats) and to defend against
those attacks (reduce vulnerabilities), albeit necessary, will
inevitably prove insufficient. Strategies based on resilience address
all three components of the risk equation in an integrated fashion."
(**Critical Infrastructure Task Force** 2006, 4-5).

**Resilience:** "Definition: the ability to recover from, or adjust to,
adversity or change.

"Extended definition: the ability of systems, infrastructures,
government, business, and citizenry to absorb and/or quickly recover
from an adverse event or series of events caused by attack or natural
disaster which may cause harm, destruction, or loss of national
significance and to restore minimum essential operations and reduce the
consequences of its degradation or failure regardless of its cause

"Annotation: Resilience is determined by the degree to which the social
system is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity for
learning from past disasters for better future protection and to improve
risk reduction measures. Includes: 1) immediate efforts to coordinate,
execute, and plan to restore operations and services for various
reasons, and 2) immediate evaluation of an incident to identify lessons
learned, post incident reporting and development of initiatives to
mitigate the effects of future incidents. (**DHS**, *Lexicon*, October
19, 2007, p. 23)

**Resilience:** "...Resilience is key \[to a determination of
vulnerability\] since it refers to our coping capacity to absorb events,
adapt, and respond to and recover from its effects." (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 13)

**Resilience:** "The ability of an organization to absorb the impact of
a business interruption, and continue to provide a minimum acceptable
level of service." (**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon Business Cont.
Workshop*, 2006, p. 62)

**Resilience:** "The ability at every level to detect, prevent, prepare
for and if necessary handle and recover from disruptive challenges."
(**Great Britain** 2004, 1)

**Resilience:** "Ability of an organization to resist being affected by
an event." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security...*, 2007, 5)

**Resilience:** "Resilience as a concept was initially used in ecology
to describe the ability of ecosystems to resist and recover from
external negative impacts (Blaikie and Brookfield, 1985). The term is
increasingly used in the disaster management sphere and reflects a trend
towards a holistic and proactive approach that has the community, and
its ability to resist and recover as its focus. The term resilience
brings together the components of the disaster cycle -- response,
recovery, mitigation and preparedness, utilizing a range of structural
and non-structural approaches." (**O'Brien and Read** 2005, 354)

**Resilience:** "In examining the attributes and determinants of
resilience, MCEER investigators \[Bruneau et al, above\] developed the
R4 framework of resilience:

-   *Robustness --* the ability of systems, system elements, and other
    units of analysis to withstand disaster forces without significant
    degradation or loss of performance;

-   *Redundancy* -- the extent to which systems, system elements, or
    other units are substitutable, that is, capable of satisfying
    functional requirements, if significant degradation or loss of
    functionality occurs;

-   *Resourcefulness* -- the ability to diagnose and prioritize problems
    and to initiate solutions by identifying and mobilizing material,
    monetary, informational, technological, and human resources; and

-   *Rapidity* -- the capacity to restore functionality in a timely way,
    containing losses and avoiding disruptions." (**Tierney and
    Bruneau**, 2007, p. 15)

**Resilience:** "Many attempts have been made to define 'resilience'.
The variety of academic definitions and concepts can be confusing. For
operational purposes it is more useful to work with broad definitions
and commonly understood characteristics. Using this approach, system or
community resilience can be understood as:

-   capacity to absorb stress or destructive forces through resistance
    or adaptation

-   capacity to manage, or maintain certain basic functions and
    structures, during disastrous events

-   capacity to recover or 'bounce back' after an event.

'Resilience' is generally seen as a broader concept than 'capacity'
because it goes beyond the specific behaviour, strategies and measures
for risk reduction and management that are normally understood as
capacities. However, it is difficult to separate the concepts clearly.
In everyday usage, 'capacity' and 'coping capacity' often mean the same
as 'resilience'.

A focus on resilience means putting greater emphasis on what communities
can do for themselves and how to strengthen their capacities, rather
than concentrating on their vulnerability to disaster or their needs in
an emergency.

The terms 'resilience' and 'vulnerability' are opposite sides of the
same coin, but both are relative terms. One has to ask what individuals,
communities and systems are vulnerable or resilient to, and to what
extent." (**Twigg**, *Characteristics of a Disaster-resilient*
Community, August 2007, p. 6)

**Resilience/Resilient:** "The capacity of a system, community or
society to resist or to change in order that it may obtain an acceptable
level in functioning and structure. This is determined by the degree to
which the social system is capable of organizing itself, and the ability
to increase its capacity for learning and adaptation, including the
capacity to recover from a disaster." (**UN**/**ISDR** 2002, 24)

**Resiliency:** "In the context of the NIPP, resiliency is the
capability of an asset, system, or network to maintain its function
during or to recover from a terrorist attack or other incident." (**DHS,
NIPP** 2006, p. 104)

**Resistance, Disaster:** "Disaster resistance emphasizes the importance
of predisaster mitigation measures that enhance the performance of
structures, infrastructure elements, and institutions in reducing losses
from a disaster." (**Tierney and Bruneau**, "Conceptualizing and
Measuring Resilience," *TR News*, May/June 2007, p. 14) \[Note: See
"Resilience.\]

**Resource Analysis:** The systematic identification and analysis of
available resources and authorities for managing these potential
resources in an emergency.

**Resource Management:** "Coordination and oversight of tools,
processes, and systems that provide incident managers with timely and
appropriate resources during an incident.... Resources are defined as
personnel and major items of equipment supplies, and facilities
available for assignments to incident operations and for which status is
maintained." (**DHS**, *UTL 2.1*, 2005, p. 14)

**Resource Management:** "Efficient emergency management and incident
response requires a system for identifying available resources at all
jurisdictional levels to enable timely and unimpeded access to resources
needed to prepare for, respond to, or recover from an incident. Resource
management under NIMS includes mutual aid agreements and assistance
agreements; the use of special Federal, State, tribal, and local teams;
and resource mobilization protocols." (**FEMA**, *National Incident
Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 157)

**Resource Management:** "Resource management involves the systematic
development of methodologies for the prompt and effective
identification, acquisition, distribution, accounting, and use of
personnel and major items of equipment for essential emergency
functions." (**Idaho Bureau of Disaster Services**. *Local Capability
Assessment for Readiness (CAR) Version 2*. January 2000, p. 5)

**Resource Management:** "A system for identifying available resources
to enable timely and unimpeded access to resources needed to prevent,
mitigate, prepare for, respond to, or recover from an incident." (**NFPA
1600**, 2007, p. 8)

**A.5.6** The five key principles of resource management that underpin
effective resource management are as follows:

\(1\) Advance Planning. Entities work together in advance of an incident
to develop plans for managing and employing resources in a variety of
possible emergency circumstances.

\(2\) Resource Identification and Ordering. Entities use standardized
processes and methodologies to order, identify, mobilize, dispatch, and
track the resources required to support incident management activities.

\(3\) Categorizing Resources. Resources are categorized by size,
capacity, capability, skill, and other characteristics.

\(4\) Use of Agreements. Mutual aid/assistance agreements and
pre-incident agreements among all parties providing or requesting
resources are necessary to enable effective and efficient resource
management during incident operations.

\(5\) Effective Management of Resources. Resource managers use validated
practices to perform the following key resource management tasks
systematically and efficiently:

\(a\) Acquisition Procedures. Used to obtain resources to support
operational requirements.

\(b\) Management Information Systems. Used to collect, update, and
process data; track resources; and display their readiness status.

\(c\) Ordering, Mobilization, Dispatching, and Demobilization Protocols.
Used to request resources, prioritize requests, activate and dispatch
resources to incidents, and return resources to normal status.

To the extent practical and feasible, an entity should type resources
according to established definitions, such as utilizing the Department
of Homeland Security/FEMA's National

Mutual Aid and Resource Management Initiative Resource Type Definitions.

Resources for program administration as well as emergency operations
should be specifically identified. These resources include, but are not
limited to, the following:

\(1\) The locations, quantities, accessibility, operability, and
maintenance of equipment (heavy duty, protective, transportation,
monitoring, decontamination, response, personal protective equipment)

\(2\) Supplies (medical, personal hygiene, consumable, administrative,
ice)

\(3\) Sources of energy (electrical, fuel)

\(4\) Emergency power production (generators)

\(5\) Communications systems

\(6\) Food and water

\(7\) Technical information

\(8\) Clothing

\(9\) Shelter

\(10\) Specialized personnel (medical, religious, volunteer
organizations, emergency management staff, utility workers, morticians,
and private contractors)

\(11\) Specialized volunteer groups \[Red Cross, amateur radio,
religious relief organizations, charitable agencies, VOAD (Volunteer
Organization Active in Disaster), COAD (Community Organization Active in
Disaster), CERT (Community Emergency Response Team)\]

\(12\) External federal, state, provincial, tribal, territorial, and
local agencies A resource should be available in a timely manner and
should have the capability to do its intended function. Restriction on
the use of the resource should be taken into account, and application of
the resource should not incur more liability than would failure to use
the resource. Finally, the cost of the resource should not outweigh the
benefit." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, pp.15-16)

**Resource Management Concepts and Principles in DHS**: "The core
concepts and principles of resource management as taught by DHS (and as
defined in the NIMS Document) incorporate the following components:
Resource management involves coordination and overseeing the application
of tools, processes, and systems that provide incident managers with
timely and appropriate resources during an incident. Resources include
personnel, teams, facilities, equipment, and supplies. Resource
management involves the four primary tasks noted below.

-   The establishment of systems for describing, inventorying,
    requesting, and tracking resources.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   The activation of these systems prior to and during an incident.

-   The dispatching of resources prior to and during an incident.

-   The deactivating or recalling of resources during or after an
    incident.

The underlying concepts that shall be included in NIMS resources
management training include the following:

-   Resource management provides a uniform method of identifying,
    acquiring, allocating, and tracking resources.

-   Resource management uses effective mutual-aid and donor assistance
    and is enable by the standardized classification of kinds and types
    of resources required to support the incident management
    organization.

-   Resource management uses a credentialing system tied to uniform
    training and certification standards to ensure the requested
    personnel resources are successfully integrated into on-going
    incident operations.

-   Resource management coordination is the responsibility of the EOCs
    and/or multi-agency coordination entities, as well as specific
    elements of the ICS structure (e.g., the Resources Unit).

-   Resource management should encompass resources contributed by the
    private-sector and non-governmental organizations.

-   Training dealing with NIMS resource management shall describe to
    participants the components of resource management and establish
    relationships between all elements of resource management with the
    multi-agency coordination system under NIMS." (FEMA, *National
    Incident Management System National Standard Curriculum Training
    Development Guidance*, October 2005, pp. 25-26)

**Resource Management Objectives:** "...resource management objectives
established shall

include the following: (1) Personnel, equipment, training, facilities,
funding, expert knowledge, materials, technology, information,
intelligence, and the time frames within which they will be needed (2)
Quantity, response time, capability, limitations, cost, and liability
connected with using the involved resources (3) Resources and any needed
partnership arrangements essential

to the program." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 8)

**Resource Management Tasks:** "Resource management shall include the
following tasks:

\(1\) Establishing processes for describing, inventorying, requesting,
and tracking resources

\(2\) Activating these processes prior to and during an incident

\(3\) Dispatching resources prior to and during an incident

\(4\) Deactivating or recalling resources during or after incidents

\(5\) Contingency planning for shortfalls of resources." (**NFPA 1600**,
2007, p. 8)

**Resource Tracking:** "A standardized, integrated process conducted
prior to, during, and after an incident by all emergency
management/response personnel and their associated organizations."
(**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System Draft*, August 2007, p.
157)

**Resource Typing:** "Resource typing is the categorization and
description of response resources that are commonly exchanged in
disasters through mutual aid agreements. Use of these standard
definitions enables emergency management personnel to identify, locate,
request, order, and track outside resources quickly and effectively and
facilitate the response of these resources to the requesting
jurisdiction." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 8)

**Resource Typing:** "Categorizing by capability the resources that
incident managers commonly request, deploy, and employ. Measurable
standards identifying the capabilities and performance levels of
resources serve as the basis for categories. Resource users at all
levels identify these standards and then type resources on a consensus
basis, with a national-level entity taking the coordinating lead.
Resource kinds may be divided into subcategories (types) to define more
precisely the resource capabilities needed to meet specific
requirements. Resource typing is a continuous process designed to be as
simple as possible to facilitate frequent use and accuracy in obtaining
needed resources. To allow resources to be deployed and used on a
national basis, the NIMS Integration Center is responsible for defining
national resource typing standards." (**DHS**, *The National Incident
Management System*, March 2004, pp. 45-46.)

**Resource Typing:** "Resource typing is categorizing, by capability,
the resources requested, deployed, and used in incidents. Measurable
standards identifying the capabilities and performance levels of
resources serve as the basis for categories. Resource users at all
levels utilize these standards to identify and inventory resources.
Resource kinds may be divided into subcategories to define more
precisely the resource capabilities needed to meet specific
requirements. Resource typing is a continuous process designed to be as
simple as possible to facilitate frequent use and accuracy in obtaining
needed resources. To allow resources to be deployed and used on a
national basis, the NIC (with input from Federal, State, tribal, local,
private sector, NGOs, and national professional organizations) is
responsible for facilitating the development and issuance of national
standards for the typing of resources and ensuring that these typed
resources reflect operational capabilities." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*,
Aug. 2007, p. 41)

**Resource Typing (Measures):** "Measures are standards. The measures
used will depend on the kind of resource being typed. The mission
envisioned determines the specific measure selected. The measure must be
useful in describing a resource's capability to support the mission.
Measures should identify capability and/or capacity. As an example, one
measure for a disaster medical assistance team is the number of patients
it can care for per day. An appropriate measure for a hose might be the
number of gallons of water per hour that can flow through it."
(**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft),
August 2007, p. 42)

**Resource Typing (National Categories):**

Transportation

Communications

Public Works and Engineering

Firefighting

Information and Planning

Law Enforcement and Security

Mass Care

Resource Management

Health and Medical

Search and Rescue

Hazardous Materials Response

Food and Water

Energy

Public Information

Animals and Agricultural Issues

Volunteers and Donations

(**FEMA**, *National Incident Management System* (**FEMA** *501/Draft*),
August 2007, p. 41)

**Resource Typing Standards:** "Categorization and description of
response resources that are commonly exchanged in disasters through
mutual aid agreements. The FEMA/NIMS Integration Center Resource typing
definitions provide emergency responders with the information and
terminology they need to request and receive the appropriate resources
during an emergency or disaster." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics
Terms of Reference* (FY 2007), Oct. 23, 2006, p8)

**Respond:** "Activities that address the short-term, direct effects of
an incident. Response includes immediate actions to save lives, protect
property, and meet basic human needs. Response also includes the
execution of emergency operations plans and of mitigation activities
designed to limit the loss of life, personal injury, property damage,
and other unfavorable outcomes. As indicated by the situation, response
activities include applying intelligence and other information to lessen
the effects or consequences of an incident; increased security
operations; continuing investigations into nature and source of the
threat; ongoing public health and agricultural surveillance and testing
processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and specific law
enforcement operations aimed at preempting, interdicting, or disrupting
illegal activity, and apprehending actual perpetrators and bringing them
to justice (Source---NIMS, March 2004)." (**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban
Area Homeland Security Strategy Guidance on Aligning Strategies with the
NPG*, 2005, p. 4)

**Respond:** "Definition of Respond: Implement immediate actions to save
lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs." (**DHS**,
*Universal Task List 2.1*, 2005, p. 61)

**Respond to Hazard:** "Definition: Reduce or eliminate risks to persons
or to lessen the actual or potential effects or consequences of an
incident, including removing contamination to acceptable levels from
individuals, animals, equipment, and facilities." (**DHS**, *UTL 2.1*,
2005, p. 73)

**Response:** "Response includes activities to address the immediate and
short-term actions to preserve life, property, environment, and the
social, economic, and political structure of the community. Response
activities include:

1.  1\. Emergency shelter, housing, food, water and ice;

    2\. Search and rescue;

    3\. Emergency medical and mortuary services;

    4\. Public health and safety;

    5\. Decontamination following a chemical, biological or radiological
    attack;

    6\. Removal of threats to the environment;

    7\. Emergency restoration of critical services (electric power,
    water, sewer, telephone);

    8\. Transportation, logistics, and other emergency services;

    9\. Private sector provision of needed goods and services through
    contracts or donations; and

    10\. Secure crime scene, investigate and collect evidence."
    (**DHS**, *National Response Plan* (Draft #1), February 25,
    **2004**, p. 16)

**Response:** "Activities that address the short-term, direct effects of
an incident, including immediate actions to save lives, protect
property, and meet basic human needs. Response also includes the
execution of emergency operations plans and incident mitigation
activities designed to limit the loss of life, personal injury, property
damage, and other unfavorable outcomes. As indicated by the situation,
response activities include applying intelligence and other information
to lessen the effects or consequences of an incident; increased security
operations; continuing investigations into the nature and source of the
threat; ongoing surveillance and testing processes; immunizations,
isolation, or quarantine; and specific law enforcement operations aimed
at preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity, and
apprehending actual perpetrators and bringing them to justice."
(**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 136; **DHS,** *National Infrastructure
Protection Plan*, **2006**, pp. 104-105)

**Response:** "Activities that address the short-term, direct effects of
an incident. Response includes immediate actions to save lives, protect
property, and meet basic human needs. Response also includes the
execution of emergency operations plans and of mitigation activities
designed to limit the loss of life, personal injury, property damage,
and other unfavorable outcomes. As indicated by the situation, response
activities include applying intelligence and other information to lessen
the effects or consequences of an incident; increased security
operations; continuing investigations into nature and source of the
threat; ongoing public health and agricultural surveillance and testing
processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and specific law
enforcement operations aimed at preempting, interdicting, or disrupting
illegal activity, and apprehending actual perpetrators and bringing them
to justice." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Goal*, December 2005
draft, p. A-3 (citing *NIMS*, March 2004); also **HHS**, *Medical Surge
Capacity and Capability Handbook*, August 2004, p. D-10, Glossary
(citing **DHS**, *NPG*; **FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*, August 2007, p. 157)

**Response:** "The term 'response' as used in this *Framework* includes
immediate actions to save lives, protect property and meet basic human
needs. Response also includes the execution of emergency operations
plans, actions to support short-term recovery and some short-term
mitigation activities. The *Framework* is always in effect and can be
implemented as needed on a flexible, scalable basis that can help
improve response. Response does not include prevention, protection or
long-term recovery and restoration activities needed by communities to
rebuild their way of life." (**DHS**, *National Response Framework*
Comment Draft, **2007**, p. 7)

**Response:** "The reaction to an incident or emergency to assess the
damage or impact and to ascertain the level of containment and control
activity required. In addition to addressing matters of life safety and
evacuation, Response also addresses the policies, procedures and actions
to be followed in the event of an emergency. . SIMILAR TERMS: Emergency
Response, Disaster Response, Immediate Response, and Damage Assessment."
(**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon Business Continuity Workshop*, 2006,
p. 62)

**Response:** "The efforts to minimize the risks created in an emergency
by protecting the people, the environment, and property, and the efforts
to return the scene to normal pre-emergency conditions." (**EPA**,
*Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis*, 1987, p. A-7)

**Response:** "Those activities and programs designed to address the
immediate and short-term effects of the onset of an emergency or
disaster." (**FEMA**, *Federal Response Plan*, 1992; See also, **USG**
*CONPLAN*, 2001))

**Response and Recovery:** "Response and recovery efforts include those
of many State and other Federal agencies, private, public, and
non-profit organizations, and individuals, coordinated by FEMA. The
extensive response effort initially ensures safe water, food, and
shelter to disaster victims and assists in the restoration of basic
community services from electricity to telephone service. The complex
recovery effort assists in the long-range restoration of services
including contributing to the rebuilding of roads, bridges, and
hospitals.

FEMA's response and recovery activities together reduce human suffering
and work toward the restoration of the community. Through such means as
pre-positioned capabilities, community outreach, the teleregistration
process, information centers, and town meetings, FEMA signifies its
commitment to provide to the fullest extent it can human and financial
support to its customers. This is accomplished by response and recovery
actions to:

-   Collect and provide information to the President in the
    determination of a disaster declaration;

-   Conduct emergency operations to save lives and property by
    positioning emergency equipment, supplies, and personnel;

-   Provide accurate, timely public information;

-   Gather, analyze, and use data for the determination of applicant
    eligibility;

-   In collaboration with its partners, provide individual and public
    assistance for immediate needs and long-term recovery;

-   Manage loan and grant application, approval, and disbursement;

-   Assist in the restoration of communities so that individuals,
    businesses, and governments can function on their own; and,

-   Manage response and recovery operations to assure compliance with
    laws and regulations." (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan FY 1988 -- FY
    2002*, 1997, p. 27)

**Response:** "The onset of an emergency creates a need for
time-sensitive actions to save lives and property, as well as for action
to begin stabilizing the situation so that the jurisdiction can regroup.
Such response actions include notifying emergency management personnel
of the crisis, warning and evacuating or sheltering the population if
possible, keeping the population informed, rescuing individuals and
providing medical treatment, maintaining the rule of law, assessing
damage, addressing mitigation issues that arise from response
activities, and even

requesting help from outside the jurisdiction." (**FEMA**, *Guide For
All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning* (SLG 101), September **1996**,
p. 1-4)

**Response:** Activities to address the immediate and short-term effects
of an emergency or disaster. Response includes immediate actions to save
lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs. Based on the
requirements of the situation, response assistance will be provided to
an affected State under the Federal Response Plan using a partial
activation of selected Emergency Support Functions (ESF's) or the full
activation of all 12 ESF's to meet the needs of the situation.
(**FEMA**, *FRP*, **1999**, Appendix B)

**Response:** "Conducting emergency operations to save lives and
property, including positioning emergency equipment and supplies;
evacuating potential victims; providing food, water, shelter, and
medical care to those in need; and restoring critical public services."
(**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared -- FEMA Strategic Plan -- Fiscal Years
2003-2008*, **2002**, p. 59 (Glossary))

**Response:** "Those actions taken to save lives and protect property
during an emergency event." (**Little Hoover Commission**, *Safeguarding
the Golden State*..., 2006, p. 6)

**Response:** "Carrying out time-sensitive actions to save lives and
protect property during an emergency or disaster. In addition to
managing the response, actions can include fire fighting, protective
actions by law enforcement, warning, evacuation, mass care, emergency
public information, search and rescue, health and medical care, resource
management, and other activities." (**Michigan DEM** 1998, 7)

**Response:** "That portion of incident management in which personnel
are involved in controlling (defensively or offensively) a hazardous
materials incident. The activities in the response portion of a
hazardous materials incident include analyzing the incident, planning
the response, implementing the planned response, and evaluating
progress." (**NFPA 471**, 1997, p. 8)

**Response:** "Immediate and ongoing activities, tasks, programs, and
systems to manage the effects of an incident that threatens life,
property, operations, or the environment." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 8)

"The response of an entity to a disaster or other significant event that
might impact the entity. Activities, tasks, programs, and systems can
include the preservation of life, meeting basic human needs, preserving
business operations, and protecting property and the environment. An
incident response can include evacuating a facility, initiating a
disaster recovery plan, performing damage assessment, and any other
measures necessary." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 8)

**Response:** "Response activities follow an emergency or disaster.
Generally, they are designed to provide emergency assistance for
casualties (for example, search and rescue, emergency shelter, medical
care, mass feeding). They also seek to reduce the probability of
secondary damage (for example, shutting off contaminated water supply
sources, cordoning off and patrolling looting-prone areas) and to speed
recovery operations (for example, damage assessment)." (**NGA**,
*Comprehensive Emergency Management Governors Guide*, 1979, p. 13)

**Response:** "Response refers to actions undertaken immediately before
and during impact to reduce primary and secondary negative effects."
(**Peterson and Perry** 1999, 242)

**Response:** "...emergency operations to save lives and property
through positioning emergency

equipment, personnel, and supplies, through evacuating potential
victims, through providing food, water, shelter, and medical care to
those in need, and through restoring critical public services."
(**Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1399)

**Response:** "Within this *Strategy*, "response" refers to actions
taken in the immediate aftermath of an incident to save lives, meet
basic human needs, and reduce the loss of property." (**White House**,
*National Strategy for Homeland Security*, Homeland Security Council,
Oct. 2007, p. 31)

**Response (and Recovery):** "Response and Recovery.  The Office
\[Homeland Security\] shall coordinate efforts to respond to and promote
recovery from terrorist threats or attacks within the United States.  In
performing this function, the Office shall work with Federal, State, and
local agencies, and private entities, as appropriate, to:

          (i)  coordinate efforts to ensure rapid restoration of
transportation systems, energy production, transmission, and
distribution systems; telecommunications; other utilities; and other
critical infrastructure facilities after disruption by a terrorist
threat or attack;

          (ii)  coordinate efforts to ensure rapid restoration of public
and private critical information systems after disruption by a terrorist
threat or attack;

          (iii)  work with the National Economic Council to coordinate
efforts to stabilize United States financial markets after a terrorist
threat or attack and manage the immediate economic and financial
consequences of the incident;

          (iv)  coordinate Federal plans and programs to provide
medical, financial, and other assistance to victims of terrorist attacks
and their families; and

          (v) coordinate containment and removal of biological,
chemical, radiological, explosive, or other hazardous materials in the
event of a terrorist threat or attack involving such hazards and
coordinate efforts to mitigate the effects of such an attack." (**White
House**, *EO 13228*, 2001)

**Response Asset Inventory (NIMS):** "An inventory of the jurisdiction's
resources that have been identified and typed according to NIMS Resource
Typing Standards. Development of a Response Asset Inventory requires
resource typing of equipment, personnel, and supplies identified in the
inventories of State resources." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics
Terms of Reference* (For Fiscal Year 2007), October 23, 2006, p. 9)

**Response Assets:** Resources that include equipment, personnel and
supplies that are used in activities that address the effect of an
incident. (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference* (For
Fiscal Year 2007), October 23, 2006, p. 9)

**Response Doctrine:** "*Our national response doctrine defines basic
roles, responsibilities and operational concepts for incident response
across all levels of government and with the private sector.* The
overarching objective of response activities centers upon saving lives
and protecting property. Five elemental principles of operations animate
incident response actions in support of the nation's response mission.
Taken together, these five principles of operation constitute *national
response doctrine*.

*Our response doctrine is rooted in America's federal system and our
Constitution's division of responsibilities between Federal and State
governments***.** Because this doctrine reflects the history of
emergency management and the distilled wisdom of first responders and
leaders at all levels, it gives elemental form to the *Framework.*

But our response doctrine "evolves in response to changes in the
political and strategic landscape, lessons learned from operations, and
the introduction of new technologies. Doctrine influences the way in
which policy and plans are developed, forces are organized and trained,
and equipment is procured. It promotes unity of purpose, guides
professional judgment and enables \[first responders\] to fulfill their
responsibilities."[^54] (**DHS**, NRF Draft, Sep 2007, p. 8)

Response Doctrine (NSF): Key Principles: (DHS, *Introducing the NRF*,
2007, p. 4)

Engaged Partnerships. Leaders at all levels must communicate and
actively support engaged partnerships to develop shared goals and align
capabilities so that none allows the other to be overwhelmed in times of
crisis.

Tiered Response. Incidents must be managed at the lowest possible
jurisdictional level and supported by additional response capabilities
when needed.

Scalable, Flexible and Adaptable Operational Capabilities. As incidents
change in size, scope and complexity, the response must adapt to meet
requirements.

Unity of Effort Through Unified Command. Effective unified command is
indispensable to all response activities and requires clear
understanding of the roles and responsibilities of each participating
organization.

Readiness To Act. Effective incident response requires readiness to act
balanced with an understanding of risk. From individuals, families and
communities to local, State and Federal agencies, national response
depends on the instinct and ability to act.

**Response Management Plan (RMP):** National Guard Bureau plan for
National Guard Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team
Operations. (**DA**, *WMD CST Operations*, 2007)

**Response Planning Guide:** "Purpose: This regulation establishes
policy, provides planning guidance and assigns responsibilities to
ensure timely execution of ESF #3, Public Works and Engineering, in
support of the Federal Response Plan (FRP), and for high impact, low
probability catastrophic events, as determined by Headquarters, USACE
(HQUSACE). USACE is the lead Federal agency for execution of planning
and ESF #3 missions." (**USACE**, E*mergency Employment of Army and
Other Resources Response Planning Guide\...*, 1995, p. 1-1)

**Response Program:** "Plan, processes, and resources to perform the
activities and services necessary to preserve and protect life,
property, operations, and critical assets. Note: Response steps
generally include incident recognition, notification, assessment,
declaration, plan execution, communications, and resources management."
(**ISO 22399**, *Societal*..., 2007, 5)

Response, DHS Response Objectives:

*Objective 4.1 Reduce the loss of life and property by strengthening
nationwide response readiness:* "The Nation must have a vigorous
capability to respond when disaster strikes. We will strengthen the
national capability to respond to disasters of all types, including
terrorism, through the integration of Department of Homeland Security
response systems and teams and the completion of catastrophic all-hazard
plans for the Nation's most vulnerable communities and geographic areas,
including tactical elements to ensure coordinated response operations,
logistics and support. We will provide health and medical response
readiness through integrated planning, surge capacity to address health
and medical emergencies or acts of terrorism and will develop the
logistical capacity to provide intermediate emergency housing to large
displaced populations following major disasters." (**DHS**, *Strategic
Plan 2004*, p. 28)

*Objective 4.2 Provide scalable and robust all-hazard response
capability:* The Nation will know it can rely on us to respond in time
of need. We will provide and coordinate a quick and effective response
when state, local and tribal resources are overwhelmed by disasters and
emergencies. We will bring the right people and resources to bear where
and when they are needed most, including medical, urban search and
rescue, and incident management capabilities, and will assist all
mariners in peril. We will provide integrated logistical support to
ensure a rapid and effective response and coordinate among Department of
Homeland Security and other federal, state and local operations centers
consistent with national incident command protocols. We will work with
our partners to create and implement a National Incident Management
System and a single, all-discipline National Response Plan that will
strengthen the Nation's ability to respond to catastrophic events of all
types, including terrorism. (**DHS**, *Strategic Plan 2004*, p. 29)

**Response, Roles and Responsibilities of Key Actors:** "Disaster
response has traditionally been handled by State, local, and Tribal
governments, with the Federal Government and pri­vate and non-profit
sectors playing supporting and *ad hoc* roles, respectively. A lack of
clarity regarding roles and responsibilities across these levels can
lead to gaps and seams in our national response and delay our ability to
provide life-saving support when needed. Accordingly, we must better
articulate how roles, responsibilities, and lines of authority for all
response stakeholders are fulfilled across all levels of government and
among the private and nonprofit sectors so that each understands how it
supports the broader national response. We will continue to base our
Federal planning and response efforts on the premise that the vast
majority of incidents will be handled at the lowest jurisdictional level
possible, with the Federal Government anticipating needs and assist­ing
State, local, and Tribal authorities upon request, when their
capabilities are insuffi­cient, or in special circumstances where Federal
interests are directly implicated. Public-private partnerships also are
essential, and we will work together to better define the roles that the
private and non-profit sectors can play, particularly in their local
communities, to achieve a more successful response." (**White House**,
*National Strategy for Homeland Security*, Homeland Security Council,
October 2007, p. 32)

**Restoration:** "Process of planning for and/or implementing procedures
for the repair of hardware, relocation of the primary site and its
contents, and returning to normal operations at the permanent
operational location." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*,
2006, p. 63)

**Restore Lifelines:** "Definition: Ensure the restoration of service
for any public utility interrupted by, or in response to an incident."
(**DHS**,, *UTL 2.1*, 2005, p. 114)

**Restricted Zone (Hazardous Materials Incident):** See "Hot Zone."

**Resumption:** "The process of planning for and/or implementing the
restarting of defined business processes and operations following a
disaster. This process commonly addresses the most critical business
functions within BIA specified timeframes." (**DigitalCare**, *State of
OR BC Workshop*, 2006, p. 63)

**Retrofit:** "Strengthening an existing structure to improve its
resistance to the effects of earthquakes." (**USGS**, *Putting Down
Roots in Earthquake Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**Retrofitting:** "Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant
and resilient to the forces of natural hazards.

*Retrofitting involves consideration of changes in the mass, stiffness,
damping, load path and ductility of materials, as well as radical
changes such as the introduction of energy absorbing dampers and base
isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting includes the consideration
of wind loading to strengthen and minimize the wind force, or in
earthquake prone areas, the strengthening of structures*." (**UN/ISDR**,
*Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction*, March 31, 2004)

**Retrograde Operations:** "*Retrograde operations* refers to any
movement of a command to the rear or away from the enemy. In the context
of a WMD-CST response, a retrograde operation is a movement away from
the source of contamination, the spread of contamination, or another
hazard. A commander primarily executes retrograde operations to preserve
the force and avoid hazards. There are many factors that may cause a
WMD-CST to relocate after initial occupation of the WMD-CST footprint.
Situations that may result in retrograde operations include substantial
wind direction shifts or the expansion of the hazard area around an
incident." (**Dept, of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007,
p. 5-8)

**RFA:** Request for Assistance. (**DA**, *WMD CST Operations*, 2007, p.
2-4)

**RFC:** Repetitive Flood Claims.

**RFI:** Request for Information. (**DA**, *WMD CST Operations*, 2007,
p. 2-4; Figure G-2)

**Richter Scale:** "A logarithmic scale for measuring the magnitude of
an earthquake through the measurement of seismic waves recorded by
seismographs at a point 60 miles from the epicenter. This measurement is
very different from the severity of an earthquake\'s effects, measured
on the Modified Mercalli Scale (defined above). Magnitude is related to
wave amplitude and is recorded on a logarithmic scale. Each single-unit
jump in magnitude reflects a 32-fold increase in seismic energy
generated by the event." (**APA**, *Planning For A Disaster-Resistant
Community*, 2005, p. 84)

**Richter Scale:** Logarithmic magnitude scale of earthquake energy,
illustrated by typical impacts.

**Energies of earthquakes (Richter-scale Magnitude):**

**Magnitude Energies (TNT)**

1 = 1.7 Kg

2 = 5.9 Kg

3 = 180 Kg

4 = 6 tons

5 = 199 tons

6 = 6,270 tons

7 = 100,000 tons

8 = 6,270,000 tons

9 = 199,000,000 tons (**Reference Center** 1998)

**RID:** Register of Interpreters for the Deaf. (**CDC**, *Reaching At
Risk Populations*, 2007, p. 16)

**RISC:** Regional Interagency Steering Committee(s). (**FEMA**,
*Mission Assignment* SOPs, 2007, p. 59)

**Risk:** A measure of the probability of damage to life, property,
and/or the environment, which could occur if a hazard manifests itself,
including the anticipated severity of consequences to people. (**Unknown
source**)

**Risk:** "Risk is the product of hazard (H) and vulnerability (V) as
they affect a series of elements (E) comprising the population,
properties, economic activities, public services, and so on, under the
threat of disaster in a given area....Risk is estimated by combining the
probability of events and the consequences (usually conceptualized as
losses) that would arise if the events take place." (**Alexander**, No
Date, 1)

**Risk:** "The economics literature is intrinsically important to
articulating an epistemological definition of risk in its
characterization of risk being something different from uncertainty. The
idea is that risk and uncertainty both relate to the unknown, but that
risk is an attempt to 'control' the unknown by applying knowledge based
on the orderliness of the world. Uncertainty, on the other hand,
represents the totally random unknown and thus cannot be controlled or
predicted." (**Althaus** 2005, 568)

**Risk:** Risk = Likelihood x Consequence. (**Ansell and Wharton** 1992,
100)

**Risk:** Risk is defined as: Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability divided by
Disaster Management, where "Risk is defined as the scope of consequences
(loss of life, damage to property or the environment.... Hazard is
defined as the 'Punch of Nature' (external forces)...Vulnerability is
defined as the weakness/strength of the element at risk...Disaster
Management is defined as a comprehensive strategy based on a set of
activities to reduce the risk by: 1. Reduction of the vulnerability of
the elements at risk. 2. Ensuring that adequate measures are implemented
before disaster strikes. 3. Responding as efficiently and effectively as
possible to disasters when they occur. 4. Assuring a sustainable
development of the region stricken." (**Benouar and Mimi** 2001, 6)

**Risk:** "Risk is nothing more than the consequences of hazard."
(**Bezek** 2002)

**Risk:** "We...need to identify and understand the links between risk,
vulnerability, resilience and capacity that go beyond the iconic (though
simplistic and misleading) formula of Risk = Vulnerability multiplied by
Resilience and divided by Hazard." (**Buckle** 2004, 8)

**Risk:** "...risk is when you know the possible range of things that
may happen following a choice; uncertainty is when you don't....Risk in
its general form is when it is possible, at least in principle, to
estimate the likelihood that an event (or set of events) will occur; the
specific forms of those estimates are the probabilities of adverse
consequences." (**Clarke** 1999, 11)

**Risk:** The possibility of suffering harm from a hazard. (**Cohrssen
and Covello** 1989, 7)

**Risk:** "...the three components of risk: threat, vulnerability, and
consequence." (**Critical Infrastructure Task Force** 2006, p. 4).

**Risk:** "...the measure of likelihood of occurrence of the hazard"
(**Cutter** 1993, 2).

**Risk:** "*Risk* is the probability of an event occurring, or the
likelihood of a hazard happening (Presidential/Congressional Commission
on Risk Assessment and Risk Management 1997). Risk emphasizes the
estimation and quantification of probability in order to determine
appropriate levels of safety or the acceptability of a technology or
course of action. Risk is a component of hazard." (**Cutter** 2001, 3)

**Risk:** The probability that a hazardous event will occur and the
expected loss of lives and goods due to vulnerability to prevailing
hazards. (**D&E** Reference Center 1998)

**Risk:** The possibility of suffering harm from a hazard. (**Deyle**,
et al. 1998, 121)

**Risk:** "Risk is the product of threat, vulnerability, consequences,
and likelihood of occurrence." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Goal*,
December 2005 Draft, p. A-3)

**Risk:** "Risk is generally defined as the combination of the frequency
of occurrence, vulnerability, and the consequence of a specified
hazardous event." (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p. 29)

**Risk:** "A measure of potential harm that encompasses threat,
vulnerability, and consequence. In the context of the NIPP, risk is the
expected magnitude of loss due to a terrorist attack, natural disaster,
or other incident, along with the likelihood of such an event occurring
and causing that loss." (**DHS**, *National Infrastructure Protection
Plan*, 2006, p. 105)

## **Risk:** "...Congress directed the Department of Homeland Security to identify and secure those chemical facilities that present the greatest security risk. Security risk is a function of the following:

-   the consequence of a successful attack on a facility (consequence),

-   the likelihood that an attack on a facility will be successful
    (vulnerability), and

-   the intent and capability of an adversary in respect to attacking a
    facility (threat)." (**DHS**, "Risk for Chemical Facility
    Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS), November 2, 2007)

**Risk:** "Risk is a combination of credible threat, vulnerability, and
consequence." (**DHS**, *Target Capabilities List*, 2007, p. 10)

**Risk:** "Probability and severity of loss linked to threats or
hazards." (**DoD**, *DCIP*, 2005, p. 13)

**Risk:** "Potential for exposure to loss. Risks, either man-made or
natural, are constant. The potential is usually measured by its
probability in years." (**DigitalCare**, *State of OR BC Workshop*,
2006, p. 63)

**Risk:** "A measure of the probability that damage to life, property,
and/or the environment will occur if a hazard manifests itself: this
measure includes the severity of anticipated consequences to people."
(**EPA**, *Technical Guidance for Hazards* Analysis, 1987, p. A-7)

**Risk:** "...the potential losses associated with a hazard and, defined
in terms of expected probability and frequency, exposure, and
consequences" (**FEMA** 1997, *Multi Hazard...Risk Assessment,* xxi).

**Risk:** The estimated impact that a hazard would have on people,
services, facilities, and structures in a community; the likelihood of a
hazard event resulting in an adverse condition that causes injury or
damage. Risk is often expressed in relative terms such as a high,
moderate, or low likelihood of sustaining damage above a particular
threshold due to a specific type of hazard event. It also can be
expressed in terms of potential monetary losses associated with the
intensity of the hazard (**FEMA** 2001 (August), a-6)

**Risk (flood example):** "There are two sides to this risk: the
probability of flooding, and the consequences that would follow. An area
could have a high probability of flooding but minimal

consequences because the area subject to flooding is forested and
contains no infrastructure or people, so the risk is low. Conversely, a
highly urbanized community that has a moderate or low probability of
flooding would be considered high risk, because the consequences of a
flood in that location (loss of life, livelihood, property, health and
human suffering) would be very high. We manage the probability side of
risk with levees and other structures to control flooding. We manage the
consequences side by making land-use decisions that keep infrastructure
out of harm's way, or by reducing the consequences to existing
infrastructure using a multitude of floodplain management methods."
(**Galloway**, *A California Challenge*, 2007, iii)

**Risk:** Risk "is the probability that a hazard will occur during a
particular time period." (**Godschalk** 1991, 132)

**Risk:** The potential for realization of unwanted, adverse
consequences to human life, health, property, or the environment;
estimation of risk is usually based on the expected result of the
conditional probability of the event occurring times the consequence of
the event given that it has occurred. (**Gratt** 1987, 244)

**Risk:** "The expected number of lives lost, persons injured, damage to
property, and disruption of economic activity due to a particular
natural phenomenon, and consequently the product of specific risk and
elements at risk -- UNDRO." (**Gunn** 1990, 374.

**Risk:** Risk is an expression or possible loss over a specific period
of time or number of operational cycles. It may be indicated by the
probability of an accident times the damage in dollars, lives, or
operating units. (**Hammer** 1972)

**Risk:** "Risk can be defined as the combination of the probability of
an event and its

Consequences." (**IRM**, *A Risk Management Standard*, 2002, 2; citing
**ISO/IEC Guide 73**)

**Risk:** "Combination of the probability of an event and its
consequences. Note 1: The term 'risk' is generally used only when there
is at least the possibility of negative consequences. Note 2: In some
situations, risk arises from the possibility of deviation from the
expected outcome or event." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*...,
2007, 5)

**Risk:** "A disaster risk is the probability of injury, loss of life,
damage to property, disruption of services and activities, and negative
environmental effects. The extent to which risk either increases or
decreases is the result of interactions within a multiple chain of
events." (**Jegillos** 1999, 12)

**Risk:** "...a measure of the probability of deviation from the
expected." (**Kloman** 2001, 24)

**Risk:** "The western approach defines risk as the probability of
physical harm due to technological or natural processes. However, we
know that physical risks are always created and effected in social
systems. Therefore, understanding risk means considering the social
systems within which risk occur. Furthermore, within a social system,
individuals do not necessarily share the same perceptions or risk and
underlying risk factors.... In the expert knowledge system, disasters
are seen as being driven primarily by hazard patters. By contrast, in a
people-centered approach, the emphasis shifts from the hazard to a focus
on socioeconomic vulnerability." (**Kotze** 1999, 35)

**Risk:** "Risk refers to the probability that death, injury, illness,
property damage, and other undesirable consequences will stem from a
hazard" (**Lerbinger** 1997, 267).

**Risk:** "There are as many definitions of 'vulnerability' and 'risk'
as there are agencies in federal, state, and local governments
combined....Currently, there is no universally accepted definition of
the most basic measures of criticality -- vulnerability and risk.

"For example, the intelligence community typically defines 'risk' as R =
T + V 9Threat plus Vulnerability). The FBI says 'risk' is R = I x T x V
(probability of an incident times threat times vulnerability).[^55] A
number of other methodologies use arbitrary metrics to gauge risk. The
most popular method of gauging criticality of an asset such as a port,
telecommunications center, water treatment plant, or transportation
terminal is to assign numbers to each asset and then add them together.
In ranked ordering systems such as the U.S. Coast Guard's port security
and risk assessment tool, risk is computed by summing assigned numbers
to various properties such as damage, casualties, vulnerability, and
threat. These numbers are provided by subject matter experts who, in
turn, rely on their individual judgment when rating 'vulnerability' and
'risk'. The port asset with the highest total is declared the most
critical.

"The validity of this approach relies on subject matter experts, which
does not address the problem of inconsistency across experts. This leads
to uneven ranking, because every expert has a different idea of how to
assign numbers. It also leads to meaningless totals, because of the
different interpretations of what the numbers mean.

"The intelligence community's risk equation is difficult to apply
because it is not clear how one compares a low-threat,
high-vulnerability asset with a high-threat, low-vulnerability asset. If
we add threat and vulnerability together and get the same total, what is
the difference? Clearly, a high-threat condition deserves closer
scrutiny than a low-threat condition, regardless of the vulnerability,
and yet R = T + V produces indistinguishable totals....

"We need a standard, scientifically exact method of assessing
vulnerability and risk. Only then will we be able to define
vulnerability and risk. A standard definition means that states and
localities will be able to compare apples to oranges, and that the
result of vulnerability analysis will mean something -- across the 50
states....

"Suppose for example, 'vulnerability' is defined as the *probability
that an attack will succeed* and 'risk' is defined as the *expected
value of the damage caused by a successful attack* Vulnerability is a
probability (a number from zero to 100% and risk is a cost (a number
that represents the impact of an attack on an asset or entire sector).
Mathematically, risk is V x D, where V = vulnerability and D is
typically in units of dollars, casualties, or some other loss." (**Lewis
and Darken** 2005, 4-5)

**Risk:** "There are three components of risk -- the magnitude of loss,
the chance of loss, and the exposure of loss." (**MacCrimmon and
Wehrung** 1986, 10)

> "The main definition of the verb 'risk' in the *Oxford English
> Dictionary*, is 'to expose to the chance of injury or loss.' ...First,
> it is necessary that there be a potential loss of some amount (we will
> use 'loss' as a general expression to include 'injury'). Second, there
> must be a chance of loss. A sure loss is not a risk. Third, the notion
> 'to expose' means that the decision maker can take actions that can
> increase (or decrease) the magnitude or chance of loss. Therefore 'to
> risk' implies the availability of choice." (MacCrimmon and Wehrung
> 1986, 9)

**Risk:** Risk is when there is "accurate knowledge of a probability
distribution of the consequences that will follow on each alternative."
(**March and Simon**, 1993)

**Risk:** Risk can be related directly to the concept of disaster, given
that it includes the total losses and damages that can be suffered after
a natural hazard: dead and injured people, damage to property and
interruption of activities. Risk implies a future potential condition, a
function of the magnitude of the natural hazard and of the vulnerability
of all the exposed elements in a determined moment. (**Maskrey** 1989,
1)

**Risk:** "The term 'risk' is used in two ways. The first is to identify
what is **at risk** from the threats generated by the hazard. The second
is to identify **the probability** of losing community assets..."
(**May**, *Concepts and Terminology*, 2000. p. 6)

**Risk:** The probability of an event or condition occurring.
(**Mileti**, *Disasters By Design*, 1999, 106)

**Risk. "**A measure of the probability and severity of adverse effects
that result from an exposure to a hazard." (**NFPA 1561**, 2002, p. 8)

**Risk:** Technical definition as follows: Risk (consequence/unit time)
= Frequency (events/unit time) x Magnitude (consequence/event).
(**Nuclear Regulatory Commission**, *Reactor Safety Study* 1975)

**Risk:** "The probability, based on available data and scientific
knowledge, of a disaster occurring in a particular place." (**Pearce**
2000, Chapter 5, p. 27)

**Risk:** Defined in three ways:

> 1\. With regard solely to the occurrence probability of the damaging
> event -- a
>
> statistical concept.
>
> 2\. With regard to both event probability and the degree and type of
> damage or potential damage (here, risk is seen as the product of event
> probability and severity of impact).

3.  With regard to the distribution of power within society as well as
    to the

distribution of costs and benefits. In other words, who bears and who
imposes the risk? (**Penning-Rowsell** and Handmer 1990, 6; cited in
Pearce 2000, Chapter 2, 20)

**Risk:** A function of two major factors: (a) the probability that an
event, or series of events of various magnitudes, will occur, and (b)
the consequences of the event(s). (**Petak and Atkinson** 1982)

**Risk:** (From **Risky Thinking**, *Risk Glossary*, 2007)

*(ISO/IEC Guide 73)*. The combination of the probability of an event and
its consequences.

*(Business Continuity)*. The probability that an asset will be harmed
due to a specific cause.

*(Insurance)*. An asset which is insured. For example, if you have a
life assurance policy and a homeowner\'s policy, the industry considers
you and your house to be *risks*.

**Risk:** The potential for unwanted negative consequences of an event
or activity. (**Rowe** 1997)

**Risk:** "...three components...make up a standard risk equation --
scenario, probability and consequence...the first component, scenario,
challenges the imagination; and the second, probability, defies
knowledge. But the third component of risk -- consequence -- is the
outcome of the first two and the most important place to focus one's
energy." (**Scalet** 2006)

**Risk:** The potential losses associated with a hazard, defined in
terms of expected probability and frequency, exposure, and consequences.
(**Schwab**, et al. 1998, 329)

**Risk:** For engineering purposes, risk is defined as the expected
losses (lives lost, persons injured, damage to property, and disruption
of economic activity) caused by a particular phenomenon. Risk is a
function of the probability of particular occurrences and the losses
each would cause. Other analysts use the term to mean the probability of
a disaster occurring and resulting in a particular level of loss. A
societal element is said to be at "risk", or "vulnerable", when it is
exposed to known disaster hazards and is likely to be adversely affected
by the impact of those hazards if and when they occur. The communities,
structures, services, or activities concerned are described as elements
at "risk". Also, the FEMA damage and casualty production model for
simultaneously handling multiple nuclear attacks to produce the spectrum
of likely attack results and determine their associated possibilities. A
pre-attack planning tool. (**Simeon Institute** 1992)

**Risk:** Risk is an integral part of life. Indeed, the Chinese word for
risk "weij-ji" combines the characters meaning 'opportunity/chance' and
'danger' to imply that uncertainty always involves some balance between
profit and loss. Since risk cannot be completely eliminated, the only
option is to manage it. (**Smith** 1996, 54)

**Risk:** The probability per unit time of the occurrence of a unit cost
burden. The cost burden may be measured in terms of injuries (fatalities
or days of disability) or other damage penalties (expense incurred) or
total social costs (including environmental intangibles). Risk thus
involves the integrated combination of (a) the probability of
occurrences, (b) the spectrum of event magnitudes, and (c) the spectrum
of resultant personal injuries and related costs. (**Starr**, Rudman,
Whipple, 1976)

**Risk**: The product of probability and consequences. (**Tarrant**
1997--98, 20)

**Risk:** "...the chance that some event that affects us adversely will
occur." (**Terry** 2001, 330) "...the chance of an adverse event
happening and the consequences of that event taken together." (331)

**Risk:** "Expected losses (of lives, persons injured, property damaged
and economic activity disrupted) due to a particular hazard for a given
area and reference period. Based on mathematical calculations, risk is
the product of hazard and vulnerability. (**UNDHA**, *Internationally
Agreed Glossary of Basic Terms Related to Disaster Management*, 1992, p.
64)

**Risk:** "The probability of harmful consequences, or expected loss (of
lives, people injured, property, livelihoods, economic activity
disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between
natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable/capable conditions.
Conventionally risk is expressed by the equation Risk = Hazards x
Vulnerability/Capacity." (**UN/ISDR** 2002, 24)

**Risk:** The possibility of loss, injury, disadvantage or destruction;
to expose to hazard or danger; to incur risk or danger. (**Webster's**
1981)

**Risk:** Risk if the product of the probability of the occurrence of a
hazard and its societal consequences. (Pearce 2000, Chapter 2, 21;
citing **Whyte** and Burton, 1980)

**Risk Acceptance:** "Decision to accept risk." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security*..., 2007, 6)

**Risk, Actual:** "Actual risk reflects the combination of...two
factors...(1) probability, the likelihood, quantitative or qualitative,
that an adverse event would occur; and (2) consequences, the damage
resulting from the event, should it occur." (**GAO**, *Protection of
Chemical and Water Infrastructure*, 2005, p. 24-25)

**Risk Analysis:** Assesses probability of damage (or injury) and actual
damage (or injury) that might occur, in light of a hazard and
vulnerability analysis. (**Unknown source**)

**Risk Analysis:** "Risk analysis involves identifying, measuring or
estimating and evaluating risk. There has been considerable debate
between engineers and social scientists about whether risk can
profitably and successfully be quantified, indeed, whether it is
necessary to quantify it al all (**Kleindorfer and Kunreuther** 1987).
Engineers (e.g. **Lind** 1987) regard risk analysis as a formal means of
quantitatively evaluating the possible misfunctioning of a system by
assigning probabilities to a set of predicted outcomes. Social
scientists (e.g. **Slovic** 1987) argue that risk need not be quantified
to be analyzed and that it is often sufficient to conceptualize a risk
in order to know the magnitude of a problem. In general types of risk
analysis, comparisons are often more meaningful than absolute numbers or
probabilities, especially when the values are quite small, as people
tend not to understand likelihoods expressed as small fractions."
(**Alexander**, no date, 2) "Formal risk analysis is based upon the
creation of an ensemble of scenarios which express what might happen as
a chain of occurrences." (**Alexander**, p. 3)

**Risk Analysis:** "The term risk analysis is often used synonymously
with risk assessment. In this book, however, risk assessment refers to
the technical assessment of the nature and magnitude of a risk. Risk
analysis includes those functions, as well as methods to best use the
resulting information. Risk analysis includes methods for:

-   Hazard identification

-   Risk assessment

-   Determining the significance of risk

-   Communicating risk information." (**Cohrssen and Covello** 1989,
    355)

**Risk Analysis:** Estimates of the probability of various levels of
injury and damage to provide a more complete description of the risk
from the full range of possible hazard events in the area. (**Deyle**,
et al. 1998, 121-122) Risk analysis makes "a quantitative estimate of
damage, injuries, and costs likely to be experienced within a specified
geographic area over a specific period of time." (**Deyle**, et al.
1998, 133-134)

**Risk Analysis:** "...incorporates estimates of the probability of
various levels of injury and damage to provide a more complete
description of the risk from the full range of possible hazard events in
the area" (**Deyle, French, Olshansky, and Paterson** 1998, 121--122).

**Risk Analysis:** Risk analysis is the most sophisticated level of
hazard assessment. It involves making quantitative estimates of the
damage, injuries, and costs likely to be experienced within a specified
geographic area over a specific period of time. Risk, therefore, has two
measurable components: (1) the magnitude of the harm that may result
(defined through vulnerability assessment); and (2) the likelihood or
probability of the harm occurring in any particular location within any
specified period of time (risk = magnitude x probability). A
comprehensive risk analysis includes a full probability assessment of
various levels of the hazard as well as probability assessments of
impacts on structures and populations. (**Deyle, French, Olshansky, and
Paterson** 1998, 134.)

**Risk Analysis:** "The process by which risks are identified and
evaluated." (**DHS***, FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, P-9)

**Risk Analysis:** "Objective: Provide a basis to judge the relative
likelihood (probability) and severity of various possible events. Risks
can be expressed in qualitative terms (high, medium, low) based on
subjective, common-sense evaluations, or in quantitative terms
(numerical and statistical calculations)." (**EPA**, *Technical Guidance
for Hazards Analysis*, 1987, p. K-9)

**Risk Analysis:** "Method of evaluating the probability of the adverse
effects of a substance, industrial process, technology or natural
process." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Environmental
Glossary*, 2007; cites: United Nations. Glossary of Environment
Statistics)

**Risk Analysis:** "*Risk Analysis* promotes disaster resilience by
enabling individuals and communities to recover more rapidly from floods
and other disasters through effective risk analysis and hazard
mitigation planning. To achieve this objective, we will:

-   Expand our coastal mapping activity which will improve accuracy of
    flood hazard maps for coastal areas as part of FEMA's Flood Map
    Modernization effort.

-   Provide data to assist State and local officials to prepare
    up-to-date hurricane evacuation plans and assess the accuracy of
    current plans through the Hurricane Evacuation Studies Program.

-   Develop tools to ensure that efforts are made to properly address
    the vulnerabilities associated with the Nation's at-risk dams; that
    States and local communities have current information about the
    safety of dams affecting their localities; and that emergency action
    plans are in place for high-risk dams.

.

-   Provide technical assistance for conducting risk assessments to
    evaluate all hazards impacts on communities. These risk assessments
    are key supporting components of local and State mitigation plans,
    which raise risk awareness; enable State, local, and tribal
    officials to take advantage of mitigation resources and the full
    suite of post-disaster assistance; and help them comply with the
    Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 which requires each State to have an
    approved hazard mitigation plan to receive Hazard Mitigation
    Assistance." (**FEMA**, *Vision for New FEMA*, December 12,
    **2006**, p. 27)

**Risk Analysis:** "Risk Analysis applies engineering, planning, and
advanced technology to determine the potential impact of natural hazard
events and to develop strategies to manage the risks associated with
these hazards. Risk Analysis includes assessing critical information
both before and after a disaster strikes, developing and maintaining a
state-of-the art inventory of flood maps, and supporting mitigation
planning." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- FEMA's Mitigation Directorate,"
August 2007, p. 1)

**Risk Analysis:** A detailed examination performed to understand the
nature of unwanted, negative consequences to human life, health,
property, or the environment; an analytical process to provide
information regarding undesirable events; the process of quantification
of the probabilities and expected consequences for identified risks.
(**Gratt** 1987, 244)

**Risk Analysis:** "The analysis of an environment for risks. Each risk
is evaluated according to the losses it may cause, probability of
occurrence, the cost of countermeasures to mitigate the risk, and the
likely loss if those countermeasures were implemented. The output from a
risk analysis is typically a prioritized list of risks together with a
cost/benefit analysis for possible countermeasures." (**Risky
Thinking**, *Risk Glossary*. 2007.)

**Risk Analysis:** The systematic use of available information to
characterize risk. (**Salter**, 1997--98, p. 24)

**Risk Analysis:** "Systematic use of available information to determine
how often specified events may occur and the magnitude of their likely
consequences." (**World Health Organization**, *Mass Casualty
Management* Systems, April 2007, p. 31)

**Risk Analysis and Management for Critical Asset Protection (RAMCAP):**
"Created and developed by ASME-ITI and adopted by DHS, RAMCAP is a
framework for analyzing and managing the risks associated with terrorist
attacks against critical infrastructures.  The purpose of RAMCAP is to
provide essential information to government decision makers about
consequences and vulnerabilities in the private sector, which owns 85
percent of the nation's critical infrastructure. RAMCAP is unique in
that it facilitates the comparison of risks within a sector and across
multiple sectors by employing a common terminology and standardized
measurement metrics.  The RAMCAP methodology is a 7-step process for
assets analysis -- asset characterization, threat characterization,
consequence analysis, vulnerability analysis, threat assessment, risk
assessment, and risk management.  The process is then tailored to
specific aspects of various sectors of the critical infrastructure in
documents called Sector-Specific Guidance documents (SSGs). The SSGs
will enable companies to identify and report on the vulnerabilities and
potential consequences of terrorism by providing guidance on how to
complete both preliminary and in-depth assessments." (**ASME**, *Aiding
the Fight Against Terrorism*, September 14, 2006)

"RAMCAP is intended to provide asset owners and operators a means to
calculate the potential

consequences and vulnerability to an attack using a common and
consistent system of measurements, or the means to convert the results
from prior assessments performed with select approved methodologies into
results that can be compared to those obtained using RAMCAP
methodologies." (**DHS OIG**, *Fiscal Year 2008 Annual Performance
Plan*, 2007, pp. 21-22)

**Risk Assessment:** "A process by which the results of a risk analysis
(i.e., risk estimates) are prepared for use in decisions, either through
the relative ranking of risk reduction strategies or through comparison
with risk criteria." (**Center for Chemical Process Safety** 1995, xvii)

**Risk Assessment**: "refers to the technical assessment of the nature
and magnitude of risk". (**Cohrssen** and Covello, 1989)

**Risk Assessment:** "...emphasizes the estimation and quantification of
risk in order to determine acceptable levels of risk and safety; in
other words to balance the risks of a technology or activity against its
social benefits in order to determine its overall social acceptability"
(**Cutter** 1993, 2).

**Risk Assessment:** Determination of vulnerabilities and hazards in
certain location to establish risks and risk probabilities. (**D&E**
**Reference Center** 1998)

**Risk Assessment: "**The identification and assessment of hazards."
(**DHS**, *FCD 1*, 2007, P-9)

**Risk Assessment: "**The determination of risk includes identification
and characterization of threats, their consequences, and our
vulnerabilities. While each is important for capabilities-based planning
and national preparedness, determinations of vulnerability are important
since they include not only exposure and sensitivity, but resilience.
Resilience is key since it refers to our coping capacity to absorb
events, adapt, respond to, and recover from its effects....The
completion of a risk assessment, the first step in the preparedness
cycle, helps us understand the *types of threats and hazards we face*."
(**DHS**, *Target Capabilities List*, 2007, p. vii and 13)

"Risk assessment does not focus on single incidents but rather assesses
risk across a number of viable threats and critical assets." (**DHS**,
*Target Capabilities List*, 2007, p. 52)

**Risk Assessment:** "A systematic examination of risk, using
disciplined processes, methods, and tools. It provides an environment
for decision making to continuously evaluate and prioritize risks and
recommend strategies to remediate or mitigate those risks." (**DoD**,
*DCIP*, 2005. p. 13)

**Risk Assessment:** "Risk assessment includes one or more of the
following components:

-   Hazard identification,

-   Dose-response assessment,

-   Exposure assessment,

-   Risk characterization." (**Environmental Protection Agency** 1986)

**Risk Assessment:** "The procedure in which the risks posed by inherent
hazards involved in processes or situations are estimated either
quantitatively or qualitatively." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA
Environmental Glossary*, 2007)

**Risk Assessment:** The process of identifying the likelihood and
consequences of an event to provide the basis for informed decisions on
a course of action. (**FEMA**, *FRP,* **1992**)

**Risk Assessment:** "Risk Assessment means a process or method for
evaluating risk associated with a specific hazard and defined in terms
of probability and frequency of occurrence, magnitude and severity,
exposure, and consequences" (**FEMA**, *Multi Hazard Identification...,*
**1997**, p. xxv)

**Risk Assessment:** "Risk Assessment defines the potential consequences
of a disaster based upon a combination of the community's hazard and
vulnerability identification." (**FEMA** *Project Impact*, **1998**, 17)

**Risk Assessment:** "Risk assessment is the process of measuring the
potential loss of life, personal injury, economic injury, and property
damage resulting from natural hazards by assessing the vulnerability of
people, buildings, and infrastructure to natural hazards.

Risk assessment answers the fundamental question that fuels the natural
hazard mitigation process: 'What would happen if a natural hazard event
occurred in your community.'"

A risk assessment tells you:

-   "The hazards to which your state or community is susceptible;

-   What these hazards can do to physical, social, and economic assets;

-   Which areas are most vulnerable to damage from these hazards; and

-   The resulting cost of damages or costs avoided through future
    mitigation projects." (**FEMA**, *Guide for All-Hazard Emergency
    Operations Planning* (SLG 101), **2001**, iii)

**Risk Assessment:** "Risk assessment, a critical step in the \[risk
management framework\] approach, helps decision makers identify and
evaluate potential risks so that countermeasures can be designed and
implemented to prevent or mitigate the effects of risk. Risk assessment
is a qualitative and/or quantitative determination of the likelihood of
an adverse event occurring and the severity, or impact, of its
consequences. Risk assessment in a homeland security application often
involves assessing three key elements---threat, criticality, and
vulnerability:

• A threat assessment identifies and evaluates potential threats on the
basis of factors such as capabilities, intentions, and past activities.

• A criticality or consequence assessment evaluates and prioritizes
assets and functions in terms of specific criteria, such as their
importance to public safety and the economy, as a basis for identifying
which structures or processes are relatively more important to protect
from attack.

• A vulnerability assessment identifies weaknesses that may be exploited
by identified threats and suggests options to address those weaknesses.

Information from these three assessments contributes to an overall risk
assessment that characterizes risks on a scale such as high, medium, or
low and provides input for evaluating alternatives and management
prioritization of security initiatives." (**GAO**, *Maritime Security*,
Dec. 2007, p. 91)

**Risk Assessment:** Risk assessment estimates the probable degree of
injury and property damage in a given area over a specific time interval
(**Godschalk**, Kaiser, and Berke 1998, 99.)

**Risk Assessment:** The process, including both risk analysis and risk
management alternatives, of establishing information regarding and
acceptable levels of that risk for an individual, group, society, or the
environment. (**Gratt** 1987, 244)

**Risk Assessment:** "A risk assessment is an objective scientific
assessment of the chance of experiencing loss or adverse consequences
when physical and social elements are exposed to potentially harmful
natural and technological hazards, environmental impact, morbidity, and
mortality." (**Hays and Ryland** 2001)

**Risk Assessment:** "Risk assessment, is a systematic characterization
of the probability of an adverse event and the nature and severity of
that event (Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and
Risk Management 1997). Risk assessments are most often used to determine
the human health or ecological impacts of specific chemical substances,
microorganisms, radiation, or natural events....In the natural-hazards
field, risk assessment has a broader meaning, and involves a systematic
process of defining the probability of an adverse event (e.g., flood)
and where that event is most likely to occur." (**Hill and** **Cutter**
2001, 15-16)

**Risk Assessment:** "Overall process of risk identification, analysis
and evaluation. Note: Risk assessment involves the process of
identifying internal and external threats and vulnerabilities,
identifying the likelihood of an event arising from such threats or
vulnerabilities, defining critical functions necessary to reduce
exposure, and evaluating the cost of such controls." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security...,* 2007, 6)

**Risk Assessment:** "...the quantitative evaluation of the likelihood
of undesired events and the likelihood of harm or damage being caused
together with the value judgments made concerning the significance of
the results." (**Jones** 1992, 27)

**Risk Assessment:** "...a basic risk assessment:

-   Identifies the hazard,

-   Profiles the hazard event,

-   Inventories the assets that would be impacted (affected), and

-   Estimates the losses that would result from events (floods) of
    different probability." (**Larson and Emmer** 2004, Session 16, page
    11)

**Risk Assessment:** "The entity shall identify hazards, monitor those
hazards, the likelihood of their occurrence, and the vulnerability of
people, property, the environment, and the entity itself to those
hazards." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 8)

"A comprehensive risk assessment identifies the range of possible
hazards, threats, or perils that have or might impact the entity,
surrounding area, or critical infrastructure supporting the entity. The
potential impact of each hazard, threat, or peril is determined by the
severity of each and the vulnerability of people, property, operations,
the environment, and the entity to each threat, hazard, or peril. The
risk assessment should categorize threats, hazards, or perils by both
their relative frequency and severity, keeping in mind that there might
be many possible combinations of frequency and severity for each. The
entity should attempt to mitigate, prepare for, plan to respond to, and
recover from those threats, hazards, or perils that are able to
significantly impact people, property, operations, the environment, or
the entity itself.

**A.5.3.1** A number of methodologies and techniques for risk assessment
exist that range from simple to complex. These techniques and associated
amplifying information include, but are not limited to, the following:
(1) "What-if": The purpose of the what-if analysis is to identify

specific hazards or hazardous situations that could result in
undesirable consequences. This technique has limited structure but
relies on knowledgeable individuals who are familiar

with the areas/operations/processes. The value of the end result is
dependent on the team and the exhaustive nature of the questions they
ask regarding the hazards. (2) Checklist: A specific list of items is
used to identify hazards and hazardous situations by comparing the
current or projected situations with accepted standards. The value of
the end result is dependent on the quality of the checklist and the
experience/credentials of the checklist user. (3) What-if/checklist:
This technique is a combination of the what-if and checklist techniques,
and uses the strength of both techniques to complete the risk
assessment. The what-if questions are developed and the checklist(s)
used to encourage the creativity of the what-if process, as well as fill
in any

gaps in the process of developing questions. The value of the end result
is dependent on the team and exhaustive nature of the questions they ask
regarding the hazards. (4) Hazard and operability study (HAZOP): This
technique requires an interdisciplinary team that is very knowledgeable
of the areas/operations/processes to be assessed. This approach is
thorough, time-consuming, and costly. The value of the end result
depends on the qualifications/experience

of the team, the quality of the reference material available, the
ability of the team to function as a team, and strong, positive
leadership. (5) Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA): Each element
in a system is examined individually and collectively to determine the
effect when one or more elements fail. This is a bottom-up approach;
that is, the elements are examined

and the effect of failure on the overall system is predicted. A small
interdisciplinary team is required. This technique is best suited for
assessing potential equipment failures. The value of the end result is
dependent on the credentials of the team and scope of the system to be
examined. (6) Fault-tree analysis (FTA): This is a top-down approach
where an undesirable event is identified and the range of potential
causes that could lead to the undesirable event

is identified. The value of the end result is dependent on the
competence in using the FTA process, on the credentials of the team, and
on the depth of the team's analysis." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 13-14)

**Risk Assessment:** "Risk assessment should be recognized as a process
which consists of a number of steps. Whilst there is great diversity in
the detailed approaches and methodologies used, all risk assessments
share some common characteristics. The essential steps are hazard
identification including information gathering, an estimation of
consequences and frequencies, a characterizations of risk and an
evaluation of the significance of the results, which then forms an input
to a decision-making process." (**OECD Working Group** 1995, 12)

**Risk Assessment:** "Risk assessment involves the clarification of the
nature of a risk, including its probability of occurrence and likely
intensity, and measuring its potential impact on people, property and
the environment." (**Pine and Waugh** 2005, 16-9)

**Risk Assessment:** A five-step process comprised of:

\(1\) Identification of undesired events.

\(2\) Analysis of the mechanisms by which undesired events could occur.

\(3\) Consideration of the extent of any harmful effects.

> \(4\) Consideration of the likelihood of the undesired events and the
> likelihood of
>
> specific detrimental outcomes. Likelihood may be expressed as
> probability or
>
> frequency.
>
> \(5\) Judgements about the significance of the identified hazards and
> estimated
>
> risks. (**Royal Society Study Group** 1983)

**Risk Assessment:** (sometimes Risk Analysis) The process of
determining the nature and scale of the losses (due to disasters) which
can be anticipated in particular areas during a specified time period.
Risk assessment involves an analysis and combination of both theoretical
and empirical data concerning the probabilities of known disaster
hazards of particular force or intensities occurring in each area
("hazard mapping"); and the losses (both physical and functional)
expected to result to each element at risk in each area from the impact
of each potential disaster hazard ("vulnerability analysis and expected
loss estimation"). (**Simeon Institute** 1992)

**Risk Assessment:** ...*\[R\]isk Assessment*...is undertaken to find
out what the problems are. It involves evaluating the significance of a
given quantitative (if necessary, qualitative) measure or risk in an
integrated way...Generally speaking, risk assessment is such a complex
concept that a single, scientifically repeatable, solution will rarely
satisfy all the political and social realities of the decision-making
process. (**Smith** 1996, 54)

**Risk Assessment:** "The statistical analysis of risk...based on
mathematical theories of probability and scientific methods for
identifying causal links between different types of hazardous activity
and the resulting adverse consequences" (**Smith** 1996, 57).

According to **Kates and Kasperson** (1983), risk assessment comprises
three distinct steps:

1.  An identification of hazards likely to result in disasters, i.e.
    what hazardous events may occur?

2.  An estimation of the risks of such events, i.e. what is the
    probability of each event?

3.  An evaluation of the social consequences of the derived risk, i.e.
    what is the loss created by each event?" (**Smith** 1996, 58)

**Risk Assessment/Analysis:** "A process to determine the nature and
extent of risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing
conditions of vulnerability/capacity that could pose a potential threat
or harm to people, property, livelihoods and the environment on which
they depend." (**UN/ISDR** 2002, 24

**Risk Assessment:** "The term risk analysis is often used synonymously
with risk assessment. In this book, however, risk assessment refers to
the technical assessment of the nature and magnitude of a risk." (**US
Council on Environmental Quality**, 1989, 355)

**Risk Assessment: (**See, also, "Community Risk Assessment")

**Risk Aversion:** "...the value people place directly on reducing their
own and others' risk of death and injury..." (**Smith** 1996, 72).

**Risk-Based:** "The *Guidelines* \[NPG\] establish a risk-based
approach to preparedness. Risk is a function of three variables: threat,
vulnerability, and consequence. Both threat and vulnerability are
influenced by the probabilities of events that are highly uncertain. In
order to compensate for that uncertainty, the *Guidelines* provide a set
of National planning Scenarios that represent a range of threats that
warrant national attention. The National Planning Scenarios establish
common assumptions to guide planning nationwide regarding potential
vulnerabilities and consequences (or impacts) of major incidents.
Analysis of the range of potential impacts is essential for defining
capabilities in terms of both capacity (i.e., how many are needed) and
proficiency (i.e., how well must they be able to perform). These
capabilities must be reflected in emergency operations plans (for the
near-term) and in preparedness strategies (for the long-term). Federal,
State, local, tribal, and territorial officials supplement this approach
with risk assessments that provide additional data on their specific
threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences. As a result, officials can
tailor their approach according to differences in risk across the
Nation." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness Guidelines*, September 13,
2007, p. 3)

**Risk-Based Allocation (DHS):** "The risk model used for UASI, SHSP,
and LETPP considers the potential risk of terrorism to people, critical
infrastructure, and the economy to estimate the relative risk of
terrorism faced by a given area. Risk is defined as the product of three
principal

variables: threat -- the likelihood of an attack occurring,
vulnerability -- the relative exposure to attack, and consequence -- the
expected impact of an attack." (**DHS**, *Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland
Security Grant Program*, July 18, 2007, p. 3)

**Risk-Based Analysis:** "The risk-based analysis framework is defined
as an approach to evaluation and decision making that explicitly, and to
the extent practical, analytically, incorporates considerations of risk
and uncertainty. These risks and uncertainties arise from measurement
errors, short data records, and from the innate variability of complex
physical, social, and economic situations, particularly those dealing
with future occurrences. Because it

captures and quantifies the extent of the risk and uncertainty in the
various planning and design components of an investment project, this
approach has been found very useful. Each of the components can be
examined and conscious decisions made reflecting an explicit tradeoff

between risk and costs. Risk-based analysis can identify which plans are
more robust and can be used to compare plans in terms of their likely
physical performance and economic success." (**USACE**, *Water Resources
Policies and Authorities - Digest of Water* Resources\..., 1999, 13-3)

**Risk Categorization (Likelihood of Event) Example:**

> 0 = No Event
>
> 1 = Rare Event
>
> 2 = Occasional Event
>
> 3 = Frequent Event (**DigitalCare, Inc**., *State of OR BC Training
> Workshop*, 2006, p. 44)

**Risk Characterization:** "Integration of evidence, reasoning, and
conclusions collected in hazard identification, dose-response
assessment, and exposure assessment and the estimation of the
probability, including attendant uncertainties, of occurrence of an
adverse effect if an agent is administered, taken, or absorbed by a
particular organism or population. It is the last step of risk
assessment." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Environmental
Glossary*, 2007)

**Risk Characterization:** "Risk characterization is a synthesis and
summary of information about a potentially hazardous situation that
addresses the needs and interests of decision makers and of interested
and affected parties. Risk characterization is a prelude to decision
making and depends on an interactive, analytical-deliberate process."
(**National Research Council**, 1996, p. 27)

**Risk Communication:** "According to acclaimed risk communication
experts Baruch Fischhoff, McGranger Morgan, Ann Bostrom, and Cynthia
Atman, risk communication is 'communication intended to supply laypeople
with the information they need to make informed, independent judgments
about risks to health, safety, and the environment'." (**Bullock &
Haddow** 2005, 295)

**Risk Communication:** "Risk communication is a field that has
flourished in the area of environmental health. Through risk
communication, the communicator hopes to provide the receiver with
information about the expected type (good or bad) and magnitude (weak or
strong) of an outcome from a behavior or exposure. Typically, it is a
discussion about an adverse outcome and the probability of that outcome
occurring. In some instances, risk communication has been employed to
help an individual make a choice about whether or not to undergo a
medical treatment, continue to live next to a nuclear power plant, pass
on genetic risks, or elect to vaccinate a healthy baby against whooping
cough. In some cases, risk communication is used to help individuals
adjust to the knowledge that something that has already occurred, such
as an exposure to harmful carcinogens, may put them at greater risk for
a negative health outcome, such as cancer, in the future. Risk
communication would prepare people for that possibility and, if
warranted, give them appropriate steps to monitor for the health risk,
such as regular cancer screening." (**CDC**, *Crisis and Emergency Risk
Communication*, 2002, p. 6)

**Risk Communication:** "...risk communication: the effective
understanding of risks and the transfer of risk information to the
public, and the transfer of information from the public to
decisionmakers....Risk management decisions should not simply be made by
technical experts and public officials and then imposed on, and
justified to, the public after the fact. Risk Communication involves a
dialogue among interested parties -- risk experts, policy makers, and
affected citizens." (**Committee on Risk-Based Analysis**...2000, 37)

**Risk Communication:** "Interactive exchange of information about risks
among risk assessors, managers, news media, interested groups, and the
general public." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Environmental
Glossary*, 2007)

**Risk Communication:** "Exchange or sharing of information about risk
between the decision-maker and other stakeholders. Note: The information
can relate to the existence, nature, form, probability, severity,
acceptability, treatment or other aspects of risk." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security*..., 2007, 6)

**Risk Communication:** "...an interactive process of exchange of
information and opinion among individuals, groups and institutions....We
construe risk communication to be successful to the extent that it
raises the level of understanding of relevant issues or actions for
those involved and satisfies them that they are adequately informed
within the limits of available knowledge." (**NRC** 1989, 2)

"The NRC (1989, 149) concludes that four objectives are key to improving
risk communications: (1) goal setting, (2) openness, (3) balance, and
(4) competence. As a means of achieving these objectives, it is
important, at the start of any given project, to determine:

-   what the public know, believe, and do not believe about the subject
    risk and ways to control it;

-   what quantitative and qualitative information participants need to
    know to make critical decisions;

-   and how they think about and conceptualize the risk. (NRC 1989,
    153)." (**Pearce** 2000, Chapter 3, 16)

"**Pidgeon** et al. (cited in **Horlick-Jones and Jones** 1993, 31)
conclude that there are

> four different conceptual approaches to risk communication:

-   Scientific communications -- 'top-down' or one-way transmission of
    some message about a hazard from a particular 'expert' source to a
    target 'non-expert' audience.

-   Two-way exchange -- an interactive process that recognizes the
    important role that feedback plays in any complex communication.

-   Wider institutional and cultural contexts stressed -- communicator
    takes account of the actions of risk management institutions,
    possible conflicting messages, and the history of the hazard in
    question.

-   Risk communication as part of a wider political process -- the
    process as a prerequisite to the enabling and empowerment of
    risk-bearing groups." (**Pearce** 2000, Chapter 3, 16)

**Risk Communication Principles (EPA's Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk
Communication):**

**Risk Communication Principles: Rule 1. Accept and involve the public
as a legitimate partner.**

Two basic tenets of risk communication in a democracy are generally
understood and accepted. First, people and communities have a right to
participate in decisions that affect their lives, their property, and
the things they value. Second, the goal of risk communication should not
be to diffuse public concerns or avoid action. The goal should be to
produce an informed public that is involved, interested, reasonable,
thoughtful, solution-oriented, and collaborative.

*Guidelines*: Demonstrate respect for the public by involving the
community early, before important decisions are made. Clarify that
decisions about risks will be based not only on the magnitude of the
risk but on factors of concern to the public. Involve all parties that
have an interest or a stake in the particular risk in question. Adhere
to highest moral and ethical standards: recognize that people hold you
accountable.

**Risk Communication Principles: Rule 2. Listen to the audience.**

People are often more concerned about issues such as trust, credibility,
control, benefits, competence, voluntariness, fairness, empathy, caring,
courtesy, and compassion than about mortality statistics and the details
of quantitative risk assessment. If people feel or perceive that they
are not being heard, they cannot be expected to listen. Effective risk
communication is a two-way activity.

*Guidelines*: Do not make assumptions about what people know, think or
want done about risks. Take the time to find out what people are
thinking: use techniques such as interviews, facilitated discussion
groups, advisory groups, toll-free numbers, and surveys. Let all parties
that have an interest or a stake in the issue be heard. Identify with
your audience and try to put yourself in their place. Recognize people's
emotions. Let people know that what they said has been understood,
addressing their concerns as well as yours. Recognize the "hidden
agendas," symbolic meanings, and broader social, cultural, economic or
political considerations that

often underlie and complicate the task of risk communication.

**Risk Communication Principles: Rule 3. Be honest, frank, and open.**

Before a risk communication can be accepted, the messenger must be
perceived as trustworthy and credible. Therefore, the first goal of risk
communication is to establish trust and credibility. Trust and
credibility judgments are resistant to change once made. Short-term
judgments of trust and credibility are based largely on verbal and
nonverbal communications. Long term judgments of trust and credibility
are based largely on actions and performance. In communicating risk
information, trust and credibility are a spokesperson's most precious
assets. Trust and credibility are difficult to obtain. Once lost they
are almost impossible to regain.

*Guidelines*: State credentials; but do not ask or expect to be trusted
by the public. If an answer is unknown or uncertain, express willingness
to get back to the questioner with answers.

Make corrections if errors are made. Disclose risk information as soon
as possible (emphasizing appropriate reservations about reliability). Do
not minimize or exaggerate the level of risk. Speculate only with great
caution. If in doubt, lean toward sharing more information, not
less---or people may think something significant is being hidden.
Discuss data uncertainties, strengths and weaknesses---including the
ones identified by other credible sources. Identify worst-case estimates
as such, and cite ranges of risk estimates when appropriate.

**Risk Communication Principles: Rule 4. Coordinate and collaborate with
other credible sources**

Allies can be effective in helping communicate risk information. Few
things make risk communication more difficult than conflicts or public
disagreements with other credible sources.

*Guidelines*: Take time to coordinate all inter-organizational and
intra-organizational communications. Devote effort and resources to the
slow, hard work of building bridges, partnerships, and alliances with
other organizations. Use credible and authoritative intermediaries.
Consult with others to determine who is best able to answer questions
about risk. Try to issue communications jointly with other trustworthy
sources such as credible university scientists, physicians, citizen
advisory groups, trusted local officials, and national or local

opinion leaders.

**Risk Communication Principles: Rule 5. Meet the needs of the media.**

The media are a prime transmitter of information on risks. They play a
critical role in setting agendas and in determining outcomes. The media
are generally more interested in politics than in risk; more interested
in simplicity than in complexity; and more interested in wrongdoing,
blame and danger than in safety.

*Guidelines*: Be open with and accessible to reporters. Respect their
deadlines. Provide information tailored to the needs of each type of
media, such as sound bites, graphics and other visual aids for
television. Agree with the reporter in advance about the specific topic
of the interview; stick to the topic in the interview. Prepare a limited
number of positive key messages in advance and repeat the messages
several times during the interview. Provide background material on
complex risk issues. Do not speculate. Say only those things that you
are willing to have repeated: everything you say in an interview is on
the record. Keep interviews short.

Follow up on stories with praise or criticism, as warranted. Try to
establish long-term relationships of trust with specific editors and
reporters.

**Risk Communication Principles: Rule 6. Speak clearly and with
compassion.**

Technical language and jargon are useful as professional shorthand. But
they are barriers to successful communication with the public. In low
trust, high concern situations, empathy and caring often carry more
weight than numbers and technical facts.

*Guidelines*: Use clear, nontechnical language. Be sensitive to local
norms, such as speech and dress. Strive for brevity, but respect
people's information needs and offer to provide more information. Use
graphics and other pictorial material to clarify messages. Personalize
risk data: use stories, examples, and anecdotes that make technical data
come alive. Avoid distant, abstract, unfeeling language about deaths,
injuries and illnesses. Acknowledge and respond (both in words and with
actions) to emotions that people express, such as anxiety, fear, anger,
outrage, and helplessness. Acknowledge and respond to the distinctions
that the public views as

important in evaluating risks. Use risk comparisons to help put risks in
perspective; but avoid comparisons that ignore distinctions that people
consider important. Always try to include a discussion of actions that
are under way or can be taken. Promise only that which can be delivered,
and follow through. Acknowledge, and say, that any illness, injury or
death is a tragedy and to be avoided.

**Risk Communication Principles: Rule 7. Plan carefully and evaluate
performance.**

Different goals, audiences, and media require different risk
communication strategies. Risk communication will be successful only if
carefully planned and evaluated.

*Guidelines*: Begin with clear, explicit objectives---such as providing
information to the public, providing reassurance, encouraging protective
action and behavior change, stimulating emergency response, or involving
stakeholders in dialogue and joint problem solving. Evaluate technical
information about risks and know its strengths and weaknesses. Identify
important stakeholders and subgroups within the audience. Aim
communications at specific stakeholders and subgroups in the audience.
Recruit spokespersons with effective presentation and human interaction
skills. Train staff---including technical staff---in communication
skills: recognize and reward outstanding performance. Pretest messages.
Carefully evaluate efforts and learn from

mistakes." (EPA Document OPA-87-020, April 1988. Drafted by Vincent T.
Covello and Frederick W. Allen)" (CDC, CERC, 2002, pp. 18-20)

**Risk Communication Principles:**

1.  "Risk communication should involve the open, two-way exchange of
    information between professionals, including both policy makers and
    "experts" in relevant disciplines, and the public....

2.  Risk management goals should be stated clearly, and risk assessments
    and risk management decisions should be communicated accurately and
    objectively in a meaningful manner....

To maximize public understanding and participation in risk-related
decisions, agencies should:

a.  explain the basis for significant assumptions, data, models, and
    inferences used or relied upon in the assessment or decision;

b.  describe the sources, extent and magnitude of significant
    uncertainties associated with the assessment or decision;

c.  make appropriate risk comparisons, taking into account, for example,
    public attitudes with respect to voluntary versus involuntary risk;
    and,

d.  provide timely, public access to relevant supporting documents and a
    reasonable opportunity for public comment." (**OMB and OSTP**,
    *Updated Principles for Risk Analysis*, September 9, 2007, pp.
    10-13.

**Risk Criteria:** "Terms of reference by which the significance of risk
is assessed. Note: Risk criteria can include associated cost and
benefits, legal and statutory requirements, socio-economic and
environmental aspects, the concerns of stakeholders, priorities and
other inputs to the assessment." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*...,
2007, 6)

**Risk-Driven** **(Core Principle of Emergency Management):**
"Risk-driven: emergency managers use sound risk management principles
(hazard identifica­tion, risk analysis, and impact analysis) in assigning
priorities and resources." (**EM Roundtable**, 2007, p. 4)

**Risk Evaluation:** "Establishment of a qualitative or quantitative
relationship between risks and benefits, involving the complex process
of determining the significance of the identified hazards and estimated
risks to those organisms or people concerned with or affected by them.
It is the first step in risk management." (**European Environment
Agency**, *EEA Environmental Glossary*; cites: International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry. Risk Assessment Terminology. Chemistry
International Vol. 23, No. 2. March 2001. John H. Duffus.)

**Risk Evaluation and Control:** "Determine the events and environmental
surroundings that can adversely affect an organization, the damage that
such events can cause, and the controls needed to prevent or minimize
the effects of potential loss. (This includes understanding loss
potentials; determining the organization's vulnerability to loss
potentials; identifying controls and safeguards to prevent or minimize
the effect of the loss potential; and evaluating the effectiveness of
controls and safeguards.)" (**DRJ & DRII**, *GAP for DC Practitioners*,
2007, 15)

**Risk Factors:** Frequency of Occurrence

Location

Spatial Area (% of jurisdiction hazard likely to impact)

Duration

Secondary Effects

Seasonality

Speed of onset

Warning availability

**Risk Factors (TCL):** "Risk factors that affect capability need and
placement include:

-   population and population density,

-   the presence of critical infrastructure and key resources,

-   location in high terrorist threat or high risk natural disaster
    areas, and

-   capabilities to prevent, protect against, or mitigate a threat."
    (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 10)

**Risk Management:** "Risk management is recognized as an integral part
of good management practice. It is an iterative process consisting of
steps, which, when undertaken in sequence, enable continual improvement
in decision-making. Risk management is the term applied to a logical and
systematic method of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, treating,
monitoring and communicating risks associated with any activity,
function or process in a way that will enable organizations to minimize
losses and maximize opportunities. Risk management is as much about
identifying opportunities as avoiding or mitigating losses. This
Standard may be applied at all stages in the life of an activity,
function, project or asset. The maximum benefit is usually obtained by
applying the risk management process from the beginning. Often a number
of differing studies are carried out at different stages of a project.
NOTE: This Standard may be applied to a very wide range of activities or
operations of any public, private or community enterprise, or group."
(**Australia/New Zealand Standards**, *Risk Management*, 1999 (2^nd^
Ed.))

**Risk Management:** "The essence of risk management lies in maximizing
the areas that we have some control over the outcome while minimizing
the areas where we have absolutely no control over the outcome and the
linkage between cause and effect is hidden from us." (**Berstein**)

**Risk Management:** "Public Risk management is a process that is used
to decide what to do where a risk has been determined to exist. It
involves identifying the level of tolerance the community has for a
specific risk or set of risks and determines what risk assessment
options are acceptable within a social, economic, cultural and political
context. To achieve this, the process must be open since it has to
factor in benefits, costs of control and any statutory or socially
approved requirements needed to manage the risk. Hence, it requires
communicating and consulting with the public-at-large, either directly
or through appropriate representation as well as with specialists"
(**Britton** 1998, 1).

**Risk Management:** "Risk management is about playing the odds. It is
figuring out which attacks are worth worrying about and spending money
on and which are better left ignored. It is spending more resources on
the serious attacks -- defined as being very likely or if successful
having devastating effects -- and spending less on the trivial ones. It
is taking a finite security budget and making the best use of it.. In
other words, homeland security should be about wise choices, not just
increased spending." (**De Rugy** 2004, 20)

**Risk Management:** "Risk management is the process to identify,
control, and minimize the impact of uncertain events." (**DHS**, *FCD
1*, November 2007, p. 4)

**Risk Management:** "The process of identifying, controlling, and
minimizing the impact of events whose consequences are or may be
unknown, or events that are themselves fraught with uncertainty."
(**DHS**, *FCD 1*, November 2007, P-9)

**Risk Management:** "Definition: a process of measuring or assessing
the vulnerability to hazards, threats, or dangers, and subsequent
development of strategies to minimize the overall levels of each.
Extended Definition: process includes identification, analysis,
mitigation plan development, testing, evaluation of safeguards, security
review, and monitoring. Annotation: Risk management primarily strives to
reduce or eliminate risk through mitigative measures (avoiding the risk
or reducing the negative effect of the risk), but also includes the
concepts of acceptance and/or transfer of responsibility for the risk as
appropriate. Risk management principles acknowledge that, while risk
often cannot be eliminated, actions can usually be taken to reduce risk.
Example: Risk management framework establishes the process for combining
consequence, vulnerability, and threat information to produce a
comprehensive, systematic, and rational assessment of risk that drives
risk reduction activities." (**DHS**, *Lexicon*, 19Oct07, 23-24)

**Risk Management:** "Federal, State, local, tribal, territorial, and
private-sector entities identify and assess risks, prioritize and select
appropriate protection, prevention, and mitigation solutions based on
reduction of risk, monitor the outcomes of allocation decisions, and
undertake corrective actions. Additionally, Risk Management is
integrated as a planning construct for effective prioritization and
oversight of all homeland security investments." (**DHS**, *National
Preparedness Guidelines*, September 13, 2007, p. 6)

**Risk Management:** "Risk Management is defined by the Government
Accountability Office (GAO) as "A continuous process of
managing---through a series of mitigating actions that permeate an
entity's activities---the likelihood of an adverse event and its
negative impact." Risk Management is founded in the capacity for all
levels of government to identify and measure risk prior to an event,
based on credible threats/hazards, vulnerabilities, and consequences,
and to manage the exposure to that risk through the prioritization and
implementation of risk-reduction strategies. The actions to perform Risk
Management may well vary among government entities; however, the
foundation of Risk Management is constant." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p.
43)

**Risk Management:** "A process by which decision makers accept, reduce,
or offset risk." (**DoD**, *Defense Critical Infrastructure Program*,
DODD 3020.40, August 2005, p. 13)

**Risk Management:** "The process of identifying, assessing, and
controlling, risks arising from operational factors and making decisions
that balance risk cost with mission benefits." (**DoD**, *DOD Dictionary
of Military and Related Terms*, 2007)

**Risk Management:** "A holistic risk management strategy implementation
should address the following components:

-   Threat assessment, both capability and intent;

-   Vulnerability assessment;

-   Consequence assessment;

-   Mitigation options (cost/benefit) analysis; and

-   Mitigation implementation.

"The Risk Management process involves Risk Assessment (the combination
of the first three risk elements -- threat, vulnerability, and
consequence) and Risk Mitigation (development and analysis of mitigation
options and implementation of the preferred options). The first three
risk elements are strongly interdependent for malevolent threats and
must be considered collectively. The success of the Risk Assessment
process depends strongly upon good planning, a screening process based
upon a preliminary analysis of consequences, and the development of a
good baseline description (from which the mitigation options can be
developed). The output of the Risk Assessment provides the degree of
risk that is to be managed. Various mitigation options can then be
analyzed in a holistic context that considers other operational
parameters such as life-cycle cost, operational impact, safety, policy,
public opinion, and personal freedoms. These options provide input to
the next round of risk assessments that result in risk/operational
pairs. For each option there is a reduction in risk and an associated
operational 'cost' -- a real cost (e.g., life-cycle security,
productivity, safety), and a virtual cost (e.g., public opinion, loss of
personal freedoms). Only then does the decision-maker have the necessary
data to determine which risks should be mitigated and which risks should
be accepted."

"Furthermore, all involved in the process must understand the
perishability of any risk assessment. With time, all factors can change:
the threat may become more or less capable or 'threatening';
vulnerabilities can become more pronounced or less so )because of the
implementation of mitigation options, or lack thereof); and consequences
may be higher or lower depending on intervening developments involving
the asset in question or related assets that may or may not be robust
substitutes should something happen to the asset in question. As such,
commitment to a risk management strategy also carries a commitment to a
continuing process." (**Defense Science Board**, *Report of the DSB Task
Force on CHIP*, 2007, p. 15)

**Risk Management:** "Process of evaluating alternative regulatory and
non-regulatory responses to risk and selecting among them. The selection
process necessarily requires the consideration of legal, economic and
social factors." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Multilingual
Environmental Glossary*, 2007; cites: United Nations. Glossary of
Environment Statistics)

**Risk Management:** "Risk management is the deliberate process of
understanding 'risk' -- the likelihood that a threat will harm an asset
with some severity of consequences -- and deciding on and implementing
actions to reduce it." (**FEMA**, *Building Design for Homeland
Security*, January 2004, Unit V-3)

**Risk Management:** "Risk management---the process for measuring or
assessing risk and developing strategies to manage it---is an essential
aspect of mitigation. Risk management strategies may include avoiding
the risk (e.g., removing structures in floodplains), reducing the
negative effect of the risk (e.g., hardening buildings by placing
barriers around them), or accepting some or all of the consequences of a
particular risk." (**FEMA**. *National Incident Management System* (FEMA
501/Draft), August 2007, p. 21)

**Risk Management:** "Risk management is a systematic approach for
analyzing risk and deciding how best to address it. Because resources
are limited and cannot eliminate all risks, careful choices need to be
made in deciding which actions yield the greatest benefit." (**GAO**,
*Maritime Security*, Dec. 2007, p. 90)

**Risk Management:** "Coordinated activities to direct and control an
organization with regard to risk. Note: Risk management generally
includes risk assessment, risk treatment, risk acceptance and risk
communication." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, 6)

**Risk Management:** "Risk management is the process of determining the
most beneficial combination of countermeasures and mitigation strategies
that can be employed within the constraints of available resources."
(**Jones**, *ASME Critical Assets Protection Initiative*, 2004, 11)

**Risk Management:** "Risk Management is a discipline for dealing with
uncertainty." (**Kloman** 2001, 24)

**Risk Management:** "Risk management is a broad field encompassing all
risks including day to day concerns such as safety and liability."
(**Manitoba Emergency Measures Organization** (Canada), *Business
Resumption Planning*, 1996, p. 8)

**Risk Management:** The art or act of handling the possibility of loss
or injury. Involves four components of (1) Indexing critical operations,
(2) Assessing risk exposure for those operations designated as "vital"
or "high," (3) Developing mitigation plan outlining who, what, when and
how the corrective and preventive actions will be implemented, and (4)
Testing and measurement of the effectiveness of the corrective and
preventive actions. (**Schaming** 1998, 26-28.)

**Risk Management:** The process of intervening to reduce risk---the
making of public and private decisions regarding protective policies and
actions that reduce the threat to life, property, and the environment
posed by hazards. Generally, the risk management process attempts to
answer the following questions:

1.  What can be done?

2.  What options or alternatives are available and what are their
    associated tradeoffs in terms of costs, benefits, and other (current
    and future risks?

3.  What are the effects of current decisions on future options?
    (**Shaw**, 1999.)

**Risk Management:** The process whereby decisions are made and actions
implemented to eliminate or reduce the effects of identified hazards.
(**Simeon Institute** 1992)

**Risk Management:** *Risk Management* means reducing the threats to
life and property (and the environment) posed by known hazards, whilst
simultaneously accepting unmanageable risks and maximizing any
associated benefits. (**Smith** 1996, 54)

**Risk Management:** A Framework for the systematic application of
management policies, procedures and practices to the tasks of
identifying, analyzing, evaluating, treating and monitoring risk.
(**Standards Australia/New Zealand** 1995, 4360; quoted in Salter
(1997--98, 22)

**Risk Management:** "The systematic management of administrative
decisions, organizations, operational skills and responsibilities to
apply policies, strategies and practices for disaster risk reduction."
(**UN ISDR** 2002, 25)

**Risk Management:** "Process of deciding what should be done about a
hazard; deciding which hazards at what scale (intensity, occurrence
interval) should be managed and in what priority." (**Williamson and
Lawless**, 2001)

**Risk Management, National Level:** "Currently, government bodies play
a four-part role in risk management at the national level.

• *Action*: from identification of risks to crisis management and risk
communication

• *Regulation*: the use of legislation to help prevent the emergence of
risks and to protect against the consequences of risks should they arise

• *Economic continuity*: the use of measures (such as release of
financial reserves or strategic energy reserves) which ensure economic
robustness in the face of a wide range of risk events

• *Insurance*: acting as an insurer of last resort.

"The group established five principles of country risk management which
could be applied across the spectrum of governments to guide country
risk officers, whether the officer is an individual, a coordinating
committee or takes some other institutional form.

• *Accountability*: The need for accountability of risk assessment is
seen as a fundamental condition of the legitimacy of assessment as a
basis for concerted government action both vertically (within
departments of government) and horizontally (across branches of
government).

Clarity of accountability would increase the incentives for effective
mitigation measures.

• *Integrated assessment*: Establishing common procedures across
government departments to assess risks, cross-disciplinary scenarios and
the language of risk would provide a basis not only for better crisis
management but also for defining more effective prevention and
mitigation of global risks. Too often positive externalities are
overlooked and negative externalities are exaggerated by lack of an
integrated assessment of risk.

• *Devolved implementation*: Integrated assessment should not imply
centralized implementation. Devolved implementation of risk mitigation
strategies should allow flexible and adaptive responses to common risks.

• *Separation of analysis and policy*: The case for devolved
implementation is strengthened by the argument in favour of separation
of analysis and policy. Analysis is better kept within a separate
structure, so as to prevent bureaucratic pressures impinging upon
independence of analysis.

• *Disclosure and transparency (if possible)*: Governments are
constantly caught between pressure to disclose risk assessments and the
need to keep some assessments confidential so as to avoid panic, protect
sources and maintain resilience. But even the maintenance of
confidential information can create the conditions for incomplete or
inaccurate information leading to an "infodemic" situation in a crisis,
where the consequences of popular reaction to a perceived risk far
outweigh the risk itself. The development of much more granular risk
communication

strategies will ensure a culture of maximum disclosure and transparency,
while safeguarding against information overload." (World Economic Forum,
*Global Risks 2008: A Global Risk Network Report*. January 2008, pp.
36-37)

**Risk Management Framework:** "A planning methodology that outlines the
process for setting security goals; identifying assets, systems,
networks, and functions; assessing risks; prioritizing and implementing
protective programs; measuring performance; and taking corrective
action. Public and private sector entities often include risk management
frameworks in their business continuity plans." (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006,
p. 105)

**Risk Management Framework:** "As shown in figure 5 \[modified below\]
a risk management framework represents a series of analytical and
managerial steps, basically sequential, that can be used to assess risk,
assess alternatives for reducing risks, choose among those alternatives,
implement the alternatives, monitor their implementation, and
continually use new information to adjust and revise the assessments and
actions, as needed. Adoption of a risk management framework can aid in
assessing risk by determining which vulnerabilities should be addressed
in what ways within available resources." (**GAO**, *Protection of
Chemical and Water Infrastructure*, 2005, 24)

-   Strategic Goals, Objectives, and Constraints

-   Risk Assessment

-   Alternative Evaluation

-   Management Selection

-   Implementation and Monitoring

**Risk Mapping:** "A risk map is a map of a community or geographical
zone that identifies the places and the structures that might be
adversely affected in the event of a hazard. The production of a risk
map requires consideration of areas and features threatened within the
community or geographical zone, consultation with people and groups of
varying expertise, and the discussion of possible solutions to reduce
risk. The benefits of this technique are that it helps to locate the
major hazards; they can create shared criteria for decision-making, they
can provide a record of historical events that have had a negative
impact on the community, and they identify risks so a community may find
solutions or take precautions." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques*, 2008)

**Risk Monitoring:** "Process of following up the decisions and actions
within risk management in order to ascertain that risk containment or
reduction with respect to a particular hazard is assured." (**European
Environmental Agency**, *EEA Multilingual Environmental Glossary*;
cites: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Risk
Assessment Terminology. Chemistry International Vol. 23, No. 2. March
2001. John H. Duffus)

**Risk Perception:** "Slovic (cited in Slaymaker 1995, 3) defines risk
perception as 'the 'common sense' understanding of hazards, exposure and
risk, arrived at by a community through intuitive reasoning ...usually
expressed...as 'safe' or 'unsafe'.' He goes on the mention that 'policy
decisions are almost always driven by perceived risk among the
population affected and among decision makers \[and that\] these
perceptions are commonly at variance with 'technical' risk
assessments.'" (**Pearce** 2000, Chapter 3, 18)

**Risk Mitigation: "**Risk Mitigation covers efforts taken to reduce
either the probability or consequences of a threat. These may range from
physical measures (protective fences) to financial measures (stockpiling
cash, insurance)." (**Risky Thinking**, *Risk Glossary*, 2007)

**Risk Reduction:** "Risk Reduction creates safer communities by
proactively reducing risk and enhancing the capability of States and
local communities to reduce their risk from natural hazards." (**FEMA**,
*Vision for New* FEMA, December 12, **2006**, p. 28)

**Risk Reduction:** "Risk Reduction works to reduce risk to life and
property through land use planning, floodplain management, the adoption
of sound building practices, and a variety of grant programs that
support these activities. Mitigation projects that reduce risk include
elevating, relocating, or acquiring properties located in floodplains
and returning them to open space, and the reinforcing of buildings in
earthquake-prone areas." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- FEMA's Mitigation
Directorate," August **2007**, p. 1)

**Risk Reduction:** "Actions taken to lessen the probability, negative
consequences, or both, associated with a risk." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security*..., 2007, 6)

**Risk Reduction:** Long-term measures to reduce the scale and/or the
duration eventual adverse effects of unavoidable or unpreventable
disaster hazards on a society which is at risk, by reducing the
vulnerability of its people, structures, services, and economic
activities to the impact of known disaster hazards. Typical risk
reduction measures include improved building standards, flood plain
zoning and land-use planning, crop diversification, and planting
windbreaks. The measures are frequently subdivided into "structural" and
"non-structural", " active" and "passive" measures. N.B. A number of
sources have used " disaster mitigation" in this context, while others
have used "disaster prevention." (**Simeon Institute** 1992)

**Risk Tolerance:** "Total amount of risk that an organization is
prepared to accept, tolerate, or be exposed to at any point in time."
(**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, 7)

**Risk Tolerance:** "The ability of an organization to survive the
losses associated with risks." (**Risky Thinking**, *Risk Glossary*,
2007)

**Risk Transfer:** "Sharing with another party the burden of loss or
benefit or gain for a risk." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*...,
2007, 6)

**Risk Treatment:** "Process of selection and implementation of measures
to modify risk. Note 1: The term 'risk treatment' is sometimes used for
the measures themselves. Note 2: Risk treatment measures can include
avoiding, optimizing, transferring or retaining risk." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security...*, 2007, 7)

**Risk Typologies:**

1\. *Subjective risk*: The mental state of an individual who experiences
uncertainty or doubt or worry as to the outcome of a given event.

2\. *Objective risk*. The variation that occurs when actual losses
differ from expected losses.

3\. *Real risk*. The combination of probability and negative consequence
that exists in the real world.

4\. *Observed risk:* The measurement of that combination obtained by
constructing a model of the real world.

4.  *Perceived risk:* The rough estimate of real risk made by an
    untrained member of the general public. (**Thompson**, 1986)

**RM:** Radiological Monitoring/Monitor. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance
Appendices*, 1974, p. B-9)

**RMEC:** Regional Military Emergency Coordinator. (**DoD**, *MSCA*,
1993, p. 1)

**RMOC:** Regional Medical Operations Center. (**Robinson**,
*Proceedings...*, Dec. 2007, p. 5)

**RMP:** Response Management Plan. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD CST
Operations*, 2007, p. 2-1)

**RN:** Radiological/Nuclear. (**DHS**, *DNDO Exercises*, 2007)

**RNA:** Rapid Needs Assessment.

**RNCSAA:** Radiological and Nuclear Countermeasure System Architectures
Analysis. (**DHS**, *HSSTAC (Minutes of February 23-24, 2005 Meeting*)
p. 4)

**Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act**
(Stafford Act). " The Stafford Act authorizes the President to provide
financial and other forms of assistance to State and local governments,
certain private nonprofit organizations and individuals to support
response, recovery and mitigation efforts following Presidential
emergency or disaster declarations." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*,
September 2007, p. 38). See also, "Stafford Act." Additional information
about the Stafford Act's disaster process and disaster aid programs is
available at <http://www.fema.gov/hazard/dproc.shtm>.

"Pub. L. No. 93-288, 88 Stat. 143 (1974), codified in 42 U.S.C. §§
5121-5206 (2005), was also amended in the Department of Homeland
Security Appropriations Act of 2007, Pub. L. No. 109-295, 120 Stat. 1355
(2006), particularly Title VI, the Post-Katrina Emergency Management
Reform Act of 2006 (discussed below). The Stafford Act describes the
programs and processes by which the Federal Government provides disaster
and emergency assistance to State and local governments, tribal nations,
eligible private nonprofit organizations, and individuals affected by a
declared major disaster or emergency. The Stafford Act covers all
hazards, including natural disasters and terrorist events." (**DHS**,
*National Response Framework List of Authorities and References*
(Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 2)

**Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act:
Vesting of Responsibilities:**

"The purpose of this title is to provide a system of emergency
preparedness for the protection of life and property in the United
States from hazards and to vest responsibility for emergency
preparedness jointly in the Federal Government and the States and their
political subdivisions. The Congress recognizes that the organizational
structure established jointly by the Federal Government and the States
and their political subdivisions for emergency preparedness purposes can
be effectively utilized to provide relief and assistance to people in
areas of the United States struck by a hazard. The Federal Government
shall provide necessary direction, coordination, and guidance, and shall
provide necessary assistance, as authorized in this title so that a
comprehensive emergency preparedness system exists for all hazards.
(Robert T. Stafford Act, Title VI \-- Emergency Preparedness Sec. 601.
Declaration of policy (42 U.S.C. 5195))

\[Thus, it is not, as is often stated, the case that emergency
management or disaster preparedness, is primarily the responsibility of
State and Local government, with the role of the Federal government as a
secondary role of supporting and assisting State and local governments.
Emergency management/disaster preparedness is a "joint" \[equal\]
responsibility of Federal, State and local political subdivisions.\]

**ROE:** Rules of Engagement. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-6)

**Roentgen:** "A unit of exposure to gamma (or X) radiation....An
exposure of 1 roentgen results in the deposition of about 94 ergs of
energy in 1 gram of soft body tissue. Hence, an exposure of 1 roentgen
is approximately equivalent to an absorbed dose of 1 rad in soft
tissue." (**Glasstone**, *The Effects of Nuclear Weapons*, 3^rd^ Ed.,
1977, Glossary, p. 638)

**ROEP:** Rules of Exercise Play. (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V, 2005, p.
54)

**RPA:** Requests for Public Assistance. (**FEMA**, *Disaster
Assistance*..., October 12, 1999)

**RPC:** Regional Planning Committee. (**DHS/OEC**, *Statewide
Communication Interoperability Plans FAQs*, September 2007, p. 4)

**RTO:** Recovery Time Objective. (**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon BC
Workshop*, 2006, p. 62)

**RRCC:** Regional Response Coordination Center. (**DHS**, *NRF Comment
Draft*, 2007)

**RRI:** Response to Request for Information. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec 2007, Glossary-6)

**RRS:** Readiness Reporting System. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov 2007, p. 16)

**R-RSRT:** Regional Rapid Support and Response Team. (**DHS**,
*Budget-in-Brief FY 2008*, p. 68)

**RSFI:** Risk Specific Facility Inventory. (**FL DEM**, *CFI-RSFI, SOG,
GIS-SOG 2289.01*, 2003)

**RSOI:** Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, and Integration. (**DA**,
*WMD-CST Ops*, 2007, Glossary-6)

**RTF:** Response Task Force. (**DoD**, *DoD Response to Radiological
Accidents*, 1996, p. 10)

**RTO:** Recovery Time Objective. (**DigitalCare**, *State of Oregon BC
Workshop*, 2006, p. 62)

**RTO:** Regional Training Officer, FEMA.

**RUF:** Rules for the use of force for domestic support to civil
authority missions. (**Center for Law and Military Operations and HQ
Marine Corps, Judge Advocate Division**, *ROE v. RUF*, 2006)

**Rules for the Use of Force and Weapons for US Forces:** "CJCSI
3125.01A, *Military Assistance to Domestic Consequence Management
Operations in Response to a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear,
or High-Yield Explosive Situation*, Enclosure E, establishes a

presumption that units deployed to sites of a CBRNE situation will not
carry arms. Units may deploy to sites of CBRNE situations with their
weapons in storage in the event that the unit is subsequently authorized
to carry arms by the SecDef or is deployed from the CBRNE site to an
assignment where weapons are authorized. Military commanders are
responsible to ensure that weapons and ammunition are properly stored
and physically secured. Military members providing security for stored
weapons and ammunition at military facilities during CBRNE CM operations
may carry their weapons while performing their normal security duties.
In accordance with CJCSI 3121.01B, *Standing Rules of
Engagement/Standing Rules for the Use of Force for US Forces* (S),
mission-specific RUF for CBRNE CM operations are set forth in CJCS
Contingency Plan (CONPLAN) 0500-98 (U), Annex C. National and local
decisions about force protection conditions (FPCON) may have an impact
on the arming policy. The decision to implement a particular FPCON is a
command decision and the JTF commander may set a higher FPCON if
warranted by threat level assessments for the joint operations area
(JOA). FPCON is based on an assessment of the vulnerability of JTF
personnel or facilities, criticality of personnel or facilities,
availability of security resources, impact on operations and morale,
damage control considerations, and other international or US actions.
Because the CBRNE CM mission is most likely in response to a terrorist
attack, it is highly likely that deterrent measures may include
requesting SecDef authorization to arm the response forces along with
taking other additional

security measures based on local FPCON." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, 2006,
pp. II-4 and II-5; see, also, **Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, December 2007, p. A-1)

**Rules for the Use of Force for US Forces:** "CJCSI 3121.01B, *Standing
Rules of Engagement/Standing Rules for the Use of Force for US Forces*,
establishes fundamental policies and procedures governing the actions to
be taken by US commanders and their forces during all DOD CS \[Civil
Support\] and routine military department functions occurring within the
US territory or US territorial seas. SRUF also apply to land HD missions
occurring within US territory.... Unless otherwise directed by a unit
commander (IAW CJCSI 3121.01B, *Standing Rules of Engagement/Standing
Rules for the Use of Force for US Forces*), military personnel have the
right under law to use force that is reasonably necessary under the
circumstances to defend themselves against violent, dangerous or
life-threatening personal attack. In addition, military personnel are
authorized to use force to discharge certain duties." (**JCS/DoD**,
*Civil Support*, 2007, p. B-1; see, also, **Dept. of the Army**,
*WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007, p. A-1)

**Rupture Zone:** "The area of the Earth through which fault movement
occurred during an earthquake. For large quakes, the section of the
fault that ruptured may be several hundred miles in length. Ruptures may
or may not extend to the ground surface." (**USGS**, *Putting Down
Roots*, 2007, Glossary)

**Rural Domestic Preparedness Consortium:** "Recognizing that Emergency
Services Sector (ESS) departments and agencies in rural communities
across the country face unique challenges, the U.S. Congress authorized
the development of the Rural Domestic Preparedness Consortium (RDPC) in
2004, to create and deliver all-hazards training in support of rural
homeland security. The RDPC is now offering responder organizations
throughout the nation a free resource to bolster critical incident
protection and maintain response capabilities: Department of Homeland
Security (DHS)-certified hands-on training. Eastern Kentucky University
subsequently received funding from DHS to establish such a consortium.
In 2006, the Consortium conducted a training needs assessment. The
assessment instrument was organized based on the DHS Target Capabilities
List with input from law enforcement, fire, EMS, public health, and
local officials. From the standpoint of the number of personnel needing
training, each discipline named a different Target Capability as its
greatest training need: law enforcement (responder safety and health);
fire service (citizen preparedness and participation); EMS (CBRNE
detection); public health (planning for terrorism events); and, general
government (WMD/hazmat response and decontamination). For information at
the EKU College of Justice and Safety website, go to:
<http://www.jsc.eku.edu/news_2007.05.08.asp>

**SA:** Situational Awareness. (**DA**, *WMD CST Operations*, 2007, p.
2-4)

**SAA:** State Administrative/Administering Agency.

**SAC:** Special Agent in Charge, FBI, DOJ. (**HSGAC**, A *Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act; A
Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), 2005:** Signed by President George W.
Bush on August 10, 2005. This act states that:

> "The Secretary \[of Transportation\] and the Secretary of Homeland
> Security, in
>
> coordination with Gulf Coast States and contiguous States, shall
> jointly review and assess
>
> Federal and State evacuation plans for catastrophic hurricanes
> impacting the Gulf Coast
>
> Region and report its findings and recommendations to Congress. ...The
> Secretaries
>
> shall consult with appropriate Federal, State, and local
> transportation and emergency
>
> management agencies...and consider, at a minimum, all practical modes
> of transportation
>
> available for evacuations; the extent to which evacuation plans are
> coordinated with
>
> neighboring States; methods of communicating evacuation plans and
> preparing citizens in
>
> advance of evacuations; and methods of coordinating communication with
> evacuees
>
> during plan execution."

In response, the DHS initiated the Nationwide Plan review of 2005-2006.
(**DHS**, *Nationwide Plan Review Phase 1 Report*. February 10, 2006,
pp. 2-3)

**SAFE Port Act:** Security and Accountability for Every Port Act of
2006. (**GAO**, Dec 2007)

**Safe School Initiative:** "Established in collaboration by the U.S.
Secret Service and the U.S. Department of Education's Safe and Drug Free
Schools Program, the Safe School Initiative (SSI) focuses on prevention
and provides useful information about the thinking and behavior of
students who commit acts of targeted violence in our nation's schools.
One of the key recommendations of the SSI was that schools form
multidisciplinary threat assessment teams to assist with identifying,
assessing and managing students who may pose a threat of targeted
violence. An interactive CD-ROM, titled A Safe School and Threat
Assessment Experience: Scenarios Exploring the Findings of the Safe
School Initiative, complements the published documents of the Safe
School Initiative. The CD is available to law enforcement and school
safety personnel across the country and can be ordered via the
Department of Education website at <http://www.edpubs.org/>." (**DHS**,
"Fact Sheet: Creating a Culture of Preparedness Among Schools." October
30, 2007.)

**SAFECOM:** "SAFECOM, a communications program of the Department of
Homeland Security\'s Office for Interoperability and Compatibility
(OIC), with its Federal partners, provides research, development,
testing and evaluation, guidance, tools, and templates on
communications-related issues to local, tribal, state, and Federal
emergency response agencies.  OIC is managed by the Science and
Technology Directorate. As an emergency responder driven program,
SAFECOM is working with existing Federal communications initiatives and
key emergency response stakeholders to address the need to develop
better technologies and processes for the multi-jurisdictional and
cross-disciplinary coordination of existing systems and future
networks.  SAFECOM harnesses diverse Federal resources in service of
the emergency response community." (**DHS**, *Welcome to SAFECOM*,
accessed October 22, 2007)

**Safety:** Safety, in the traditional sense, refers to monitoring and
reducing the risk of personnel casualties (injuries and deaths) to some
acceptable level. (**Shaw** forthcoming)

**Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale:** A scale for expressing the relative
intensity of hurricanes, consisting of five levels of increasing
intensity---Categories 1 through 5. (**Notification Manual**)

# Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale[^56]

[Storm Category Wind Speed (mph) Storm Surge (ft)]{.underline}

1 74-95 4-5

2 96-110 6-8

3 111-130 9-12

4 131-155 13-18

5 \> 155 \> 18

**Sanitary Cordon:** "A form of quarantine that restricts movement into
or out of a region." (**ACLU**, *Pandemic Preparedness*, 2008, 30)

**SANS:** Ship Arrival Notification System. (**USCG**, *Port Security
Assessment Program*)

**SAO:** State Approving Official. (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Operating Draft*, 2007, 2)

**SAR:** Search and Rescue. (**HSGAC**, *Hurricane Katrina:* A *Nation
Still Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**SAR On-Scene Coordinator (SAR OSC):** "The SAR OSC coordinates the SAR
mission on-scene using the resources made available by SMC and should
safely carry out the SAR Action Plan. The SAR OSC may serve as a Branch
Director or Group Supervisor to manage on-scene operations after the SAR
mission is concluded and other missions continue, such as search

and recovery." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-21)

**SARBOO:** Search and Rescue Base of Operations. (**HSGAC**, *Nation
Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**SARA:** Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986.

**Sarin:** "Sarin is a human-made chemical warfare agent classified as a
nerve agent. Nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the
known chemical warfare agents. They are similar to certain kinds of
pesticides (insect killers) called organophosphates in terms of how they
work and what kind of harmful effects they cause. However, nerve agents
are much more potent than organophosphate pesticides. Sarin originally
was developed in 1938 in Germany as a pesticide.

Sarin is a clear, colorless, and tasteless liquid that has no odor in
its pure form. However, sarin can evaporate into a vapor (gas) and
spread into the environment. Sarin is also known as GB." (**CDC**,
*Facts About Sarin*, May 17, 2004 Update)

**SARS:** Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.

**Satellite Joint Information Center (JIC):** "A satellite JIC is
smaller in scale than other JICs. It is established primarily to support
the incident JIC and to operate under their direction. These are
subordinate JICs, which are typically located closer to the scene.
(**FEMA**, *Basic Guidance for PIOs*, Nov 2007, 16)

**SAVER:** System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders.
(**DHS**, *SAVER*, 2006)

**SBA.** Small Business Administration.

**SBCCI**: Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc.

**SBCCOM:** Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, U.S. Army.

**SBU:** Sensitive but Unclassified. (**DHS**, *Procedural
Manual...CVI*, June 2007, p. 4)

**Scalability:** "The ability of incident managers to adapt to incidents
by either expanding or reducing the resources necessary to adequately
manage the incident, including the ability to incorporate multiple
jurisdictions and multiple responder disciplines." (**FEMA**, *NIMS
Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference* (For Fiscal Year 2007), October
23, 2006, p. 9)

**SCBA:** Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, 2007, Glossary-6)

**SCCs:** Sector Coordinating Councils -- "...comprised of private
sector representatives." Relate to the National Infrastructure
Protection Plan. (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p. 4)

**Scenario-Driven Catastrophic Response Plan Development Process
Concept:** "The Scenario-Driven Catastrophic Response Plan Development
Process, which will be used in the NMSZ Catastrophic Planning effort, is
unique. This process places operators in the same room with planners to
develop plans based on real-world modeling. In other words, the people
who respond to a disaster are integrally involved in writing the plan
that they will eventually use. Representatives from the entire spectrum
of emergency management, first responders from the local level, state
emergency management officials, and the Federal responders that staff
the Joint Field Offices and other field offices, collaborate to develop
the plan in a manner similar to the way that they work together in
responding to an incident.

"The scenario-driven planning concept combines the planning and exercise
phases of plan development through a workshop format. Breakout rooms and
action rooms are used to develop topic-specific plans. The accelerated
process results in functional plans ready for immediate use. Examples of
the diverse functional planning areas addressed in the breakout rooms
include Direction and Control; Search and Rescue; Temporary Medical
Care; Evacuation; Temporary Housing; and Security. The Scenario-Driven
Catastrophic Planning process promotes communication and builds stronger
relationships between Federal, State, local, and volunteer agencies that
ultimately enhances the interoperability of plans. Participants at all
levels of government take ownership of the plans, and the operational
knowledge and experience captured make those plans more viable."
(**FEMA**, *NMSZ Catastrophic Planning Project Overview*, 2007)

**Scenario-Driven Exercise/Planning Process versus Traditional
Exercise/Planning Process:**

-   Traditional Exercise Process

    -   Exercise Planning

    -   Conduct and Evaluate the Exercise

    -   Analyze Exercise Data

    -   Issue After Action Report

    -   Implement Recommendations and Update Plans

        -   Can Take Months for Updates, etc.

-   Scenario Based Workshops

    -   Workshop Planning

    -   Conduct the Workshop

    -   Issue Functional Plans

    -   Implement Functional Plans

        -   Less Steps -- Faster Results

        -   The Scenario-Driven Planning Process produces functional
            plans "On the Spot." (**FEMA** *Catastrophic Disaster
            Planning IAEM Conf. Pre*sentation, 12Nov2007, slides 61-62)

**Scenario Planning:** "One time-tested tool available to companies to
deal with the prevailing uncertainty is scenario planning. A powerful
risk management technique originally developed by Royal Dutch/Shell to
deal with oil production and price shocks, scenario planning involves
imagining different versions of the future and mapping out strategic
responses should one or more of those versions become reality. The goal
of scenario planning is not to predict the future; it is to anticipate
more than one possible future and prepare plans to cope with it. Bain &
Co., a consulting firm, says scenario planning 'allows users to explore
the implications of several alternative futures. This avoids the dangers
of single-point forecasts. Having examined the full range of possible
futures, a company can more rapidly modify its strategic direction as
actual event unfold'.\" (**Knowledge Wharton**, *Using Scenario
Planning*..., December 5, 2001)

**Scenario Planning:** "Scenario planning is best described as creating
stories of equally plausible futures and planning as though any one
could move forward. Key indicators are built in to signal movement of
one option over another. This is not a new phenomenon but one that has
taken on added importance with the volatility of today\'s environment.
The use of scenarios dates back to post-World War II strategy in which
the military tried to determine what opponents might do and how the
United States would respond." (**Tucker**, *Scenario Planning*,
Association Mgmt., 1999)

**SCH:** Shelter Complex Headquarters. (OCD, Abbreviations, 1971, 4)
\[Program defunct\]

**SCIP:** Statewide Communication Interoperability Plan. (**DHS/OEC**,
*OEC Slide Presentation*, Communications Interoperability Policy
Academy, 2007)

**SCIP:** Strategy for Catastrophic Incident Planning. (**FEMA**,
*Strategic Plan*, Oct.10, 2007, p. 3)

**SCM:** Survivable Crisis Management. (**FEMA**, *An Introduction to
SCM*, September 1992).

**SCO:** State Coordinating Officer.

**SDME:** Strategic Decision Making Exercise. (**Army War College**,
Carlisle, PA)

**Sea, Lake, Overland, Surge from Hurricanes (SLOSH) Model:** "...a
computerized model developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and the National
Weather Service (NWS) to estimate storm surge depths resulting from
historical, hypothetical, or predicted hurricanes by taking into account
a storm\'s pressure, size, forward speed, forecast track, wind speeds,
and topographical data. SLOSH is used to evaluate the threat from storm
surge, and Emergency managers use this data to determine which areas
must be evacuated. SLOSH output is used by the National Hurricane
Program (NHP) when conducting Hurricane Evacuation Studies as a hazard
analysis tool for assisting with the creation of state and local
hurricane evacuation plans or zones. SLOSH model results are combined
with roadway network and traffic flow information, rainfall amounts,
river flow, or wind-driven waves to determine a final analysis of
at-risk areas. Storm surge also can affect rivers and inland lakes,
potentially increasing the area that must be evacuated." (**FEMA**,
*SLOSH*, Nov 27, 2007)

**Sea Surge:** "A rise in sea level that results in the inundation of
areas along coastlines. These phenomena are caused by the movement of
ocean and sea currents, winds and major storms." (**UNDHA**, *DM
Glossary*, 1992, 66; cites OFDA)

**SEAR:** Special Event Assessment Report. (**DHS**, *Interagency
Planning Workshop*, Nov. 29, 2007)

**Search and Rescue:** "The process of locating and recovering disaster
victims and the application of first aid and basic medical assistance as
may be required." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 66)

**SECDEF:** Secretary of Defense. (**OCD**, *Abbreviations and
Definitions*, 1971, p. 4)

**SECDHS:** Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security.

**Second Line of Defense Program, DOE:** "DOE's Second Line of Defense
Program...seeks to prevent smuggling of nuclear warheads overseas."
(**DHS/OIG**, *DHS DNDO Progress*, 2007, 10)

**Secondary Hazards:** "Those hazards that occur as a result of another
hazard or disaster, i.e., fires or landslides following earthquakes,
epidemics following famines, food shortages following drought or
floods." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 66)

**Secretary of Homeland Security:** "The Secretary of Homeland Security
is the principal Federal official for domestic incident management.
Pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002 the Secretary is
responsible for coordinating Federal operations within the United States
to prepare for, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks, major
disasters, and other emergencies. The Secretary shall coordinate the
Federal Government's resources utilized in response to or recovery from
terrorist attacks, major disasters or other emergencies if and when any
one of the following four conditions applies: (1*)* a Federal department
or agency acting under its own authority has requested the assistance of
the Secretary; (2) the resources of State and local authorities are
overwhelmed and Federal assistance has been requested by the appropriate
State and local authorities; (3) more than one Federal department or
agency has become substantially involved in responding to the incident;
or (4) the Secretary has been directed to assume responsibility for
managing the domestic incident by the President.\" (**White House**,
*HSPD-5*, February 28, 2003)

**Secretary's Playbooks (NRF):** "...CONPLANs form the basis for the
\[DHS\] Secretary's *Playbooks*, detailed checklists for executives that
the Secretary of Homeland Security uses to ensure a coordinated response
to domestic incidents. The Secretary's *Playbooks* are designed for the
Secretary of Homeland Security, as the principal Federal official for
domestic incident management, to monitor the response to the threats
described in the 15 National Planning Scenarios, ensure coordination
among Federal departments and agencies, detect potential shortfalls in
response efforts or interagency coordination and surface anticipated
policy issues to Federal department and agency executive leadership and
the President for resolution." (**DHS** *NRF Comment Draft*, September
2007, p. 72)

**Section:** \[In ICS/NIMS\] "That organization level having functional
responsibility for primary segments of an incident such as: Operations,
Planning, Logistics and Finance. The Section level is organizationally
between Branch and Incident Commander." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook* 2006,
Glossary 25-22)

**Sector Coordinating Council:** "The private sector counterpart to the
GCCs, these councils are self-organized, self-run, and self-governed
organizations that are representative of a spectrum of key stakeholders
within a sector. SCCs serve as the government's principal point of entry
into each sector for developing and coordinating a wide range of CI/KR
protection activities and issues." (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, 105)

**Sector-Specific Agency:** "Federal departments and agencies identified
in HSPD-7 as responsible for CI/KR protection activities in specified
CI/KR sectors." (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p. 105)

**Sector-Specific Plan:** Augmenting plans that complement and extend
the NIPP Base Plan and detail the application of the NIPP framework
specific to each CI/KR sector. SSPs are developed by the SSAs I close
collaboration with other security partners." (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p.
105)

# Securing the Cities Initiative (DHS): "...we are now looking in our strategy to go beyond the question of securing our borders, to look at the issue of how do we secure the interior:  How do we protect cities, major urban areas in this country from a nuclear or a radiological bomb that was fabricated inside the country?  How do we prevent someone from getting a hold of radioactive material in the U.S., making a dirty bomb, and then trying to detonate it in New York, or Chicago, or Los Angeles?\...to address that next level of concern, we are unveiling our Securing the Cities Initiative, which is a program to see how we can deploy this kind of detection equipment \[Advanced Spectroscopic Portal Program\] not only at seaports and ports of entry by land, but in cities and around cities, so we could detect a truck coming into a city with a dirty bomb, even if it didn't cross an international border... we are currently working with the city of New York, with the police department...to begin the process of planning and deploying a pilot of this Securing the Cities system of internal radiation-detection equipment, so we can move to this comprehensive coverage of protection against nuclear threats.  That, I think, is one of the highest priorities for this Department and for this administration." (DHS, *Remarks by Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and DNDO Director Vayl Oxford at a Press Conference to Announce Spectroscopic Portal (ASP) Program Contracts*, July 14, 2006)

**Security:** Security in the traditional sense refers to monitoring and
reducing the risk of human induced events that adversely affect people
or property (intrusion of unauthorized personnel, theft, sabotage,
assault, etc.), to some acceptable level. (**Shaw** 1999)

**Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP) of North America, Homeland
Security Aspect:** "The SPP is a US Presidential initiative with DOD
equities. The SPP agreement, designed to reduce barriers on trade and
facilitate economic growth while improving the security of the
continent, was signed on 23 March 2005 by the President of the United
States, the Prime Minister of Canada, and the President of Mexico. DHS
and the Homeland Security Council are the lead agencies for the
agreement's security components, with DOD as a supporting agency. The
SPP Action Plan addresses goals and objectives associated with homeland
security to include "Protection, Prevention, and Response." One of the
goals of the agreement is to "develop and implement a common approach to
critical infrastructure protection, response to cross-border terrorist
incidents, and as applicable, natural disasters." This includes a
dual-binational (US/Canada and US/Mexico) objective on emergency
management cooperation to develop and implement joint plans for
cooperation in incident response, as well as conduct joint training and
exercises in emergency response. This includes the development of a plan
to build and strengthen mechanisms, protocols, and agreements for
communicating and coordinating emergency response for mutual assistance
and cooperation in the event of natural and technological/industrial
disasters or malicious acts involving chemical, biological,
radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosives devices and hazards."
(**JCS/DOD,** *CBRNE CM*, 2006, IV-16)

**Security Vulnerability Assessment (SVA):** The Security Vulnerability
Assessment (SVA) is a new application of the CSAT \[Chemical Security
Assessment Tool\]. The SVA is a tool used for the evaluation of the
potential consequences and vulnerabilities of specific critical Privacy
Impact Assessment Update National Protection & Programs Directorate
facility assets against a standard set of potential attack scenarios.
The CSAT Top-Screen collects information, but not PII, and uses it to
identify critical assets selected for the SVA. CSAT uses the SVA results
to assign the facility a tier level and identify security gaps that the
facility will need to address in the SSP." (**DHS**, *Privacy Impact
Assessment Update for the Chemical Security Assessment Tool (CSAT)*, May
25, 2007, pp. 3-4)

**SEHS:** Special Event(s) for Homeland Security. (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil
Support*, 2007, p. GL-11)

**Seiche:** "A free or standing wave oscillation of the surface of water
in an enclosed basin that is initiated by local atmospheric changes,
tidal currents or earthquakes." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 66)

**Seismic Belt:** "An elongated earthquake zone, usually located along
the boundaries of tectonic plates." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 67)

**Seismic Hazard:** "The potential for damaging effects caused by
earthquakes. The level of hazard depends on the magnitude of likely
quakes, the distance from the fault that could cause quakes, and the
type of ground materials at a site." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots*,
2007, Glossary)

**Seismic Risk:** "The chance of injury, damage, or loss resulting from
seismic hazards. There is no risk, even in a region of high seismic
hazard, if there are no people or property that could be injured or
damaged by a quake." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots*, 2007, Glossary)

**Seismicity:** "The distribution of earthquakes in space and time
(UNDRO)." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 67)

**Seismograph:** "An instrument for recording vibratory motion of the
ground (OFDA)." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 67)

**SEL:** Standard Equipment List.

**Semi-Quantitative Analysis:** "In semi-quantitative analysis,
qualitative scales are given values. The objective is to produce a more
expanded ranking scale than is usually achieved in qualitative analysis,
not to suggest realistic values for risk such as is attempted in
quantitative analysis.  However, since the value allocated to each
description may not bear an accurate relationship to the actual
magnitude of consequences or likelihood, the numbers should only be
combined using a formula that recognizes the limitations of the kinds of
scales used. The limitations of the approach are that the numbers chosen
may not properly reflect relativities and this can lead to inconsistent
or inappropriate outcomes and semi-quantitative analysis may not
differentiate properly between risks, particularly when either
consequences or likelihood are extreme." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used in
Disaster Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**SEMS:** Standardized Emergency Management System (California).
(**Little Hoover**, 2007, 8)

**Senior Federal Law Enforcement Official (SFLEO):** "The SFLEO is an
official appointed by the Attorney General during an incident requiring
a coordinated Federal response to coordinate all law enforcement, public
safety and security operations with intelligence or investigative law
enforcement operations directly related to the incident. The SFLEO is a
member of the Unified Coordination Group and, as such, is responsible to
ensure that allocation of law enforcement requirements and resource
allocations are coordinated as appropriate with all other members of the
Group. In the event of a terrorist incident, the SFLEO will normally be
a senior FBI official, who has coordinating authority over all law
enforcement activities related to the incident, both those falling
within the Attorney General's explicit authority as recognized in HSPD-5
and those otherwise directly related to the incident itself**.**"
(**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, Sep. 2007, p. 65)

**Senior Federal Official (SFO):** "An individual representing a Federal
department or agency with primary statutory responsibility for incident
management. SFOs utilize existing authorities, expertise and
capabilities to aid in management of the incident working in
coordination with other members of the JFO Coordination Group."
(**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs*, 2007, 60)

**Senior Federal Official (SFO):** "A SFO is an individual representing
a Federal department or agency with primary statutory responsibility for
incident management." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-22)

**Sensible Security:** "Sensible security is the level of protection
achieved through design, construction, and operation that mitigates
adverse impact to systems, facilities, and assets in proportion to their
value to society and their likelihood of being affected by natural
and/or man-made events." (**TISP**, *Regional Disaster Resilience*,
2006, p. 2)

**SEOC:** State Emergency Operations Center.

**SEP:** Special Events Planning.

**SERC:** State Emergency Response Commission. (EPA, *Technical Guidance
for Hazards Analysis*, 1987, p. 1-4)

**Serious Incident Report (SIR):** Used "to convey flash traffic to the
commander and command post relating to an accident or serious incident
within the command." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec. 2007, p. G-12)

**SERT:** Secretary's Emergency Response Team, HHS. (**FEMA**, *Federal
Interim CONPLAN NMSZ,* December 2007, p. B-3)

**Service Animal:** "Any guide dog, signal dog, or other animal
individually trained to provide assistance to an individual with a
disability including, but not limited to, guiding individuals with
impaired vision, alerting individuals with impaired hearing to intruders
or sounds, providing minimal protection or rescue work, pulling a
wheelchair, or fetching dropped items." (**FEMA**, *Eligible Costs
Related to Pet Evacuations and Sheltering*, 2007)

**SE&T:** Supplies, Equipment and Training. (OCD, Abbreviations, 1971,
p. 4) \[Program defunct\]

**Seven National Priorities, National Preparedness Goal:** "These seven
priorities reflect a limited number of the cross-cutting initiatives and
critical capabilities that should drive near-term planning and resource
allocation efforts. The National Priorities are intended to guide the
Nation's preparedness efforts to meet its most urgent needs, and fall
into two categories: (1)

overarching priorities that contribute to the development of multiple
capabilities, and (2)

capability-specific priorities that build selected capabilities for
which the nation has the greatest need:

*National Priorities Overarching Priorities*

• Implement the National Incident Management System and National
Response Plan

• Expanded Regional Collaboration

• Implement the Interim National Infrastructure Protection Plan

*Capability-Specific Priorities*

• Strengthen Information Sharing and Collaboration capabilities

• Strengthen Interoperable Communications capabilities

• Strengthen CBRNE Detection, Response, and Decontamination capabilities

• Strengthen Medical Surge and Mass Prophylaxis capabilities."
(**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy: Guidance
on Aligning Strategies with the NPG*, 2005, p. 6)

**Severe Weather:** Any atmospheric condition potentially destructive or
hazardous form human beings. It is often associated with extreme
convective weather (tropical cyclones, tornadoes, severe thunderstorms,
squalls, etc.) and with storms of freezing precipitation or blizzard
conditions. (**WMO** 1992, 544)

**SFHA:** Special Flood Hazard Area. (**FEMA**, *SFHA*, 2007)

**SFIP:** Standard Flood Insurance Policy. (**FEMA**, *Call for Issues
Status Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**SFLEO:** Senior Federal Law Enforcement Official. (**HSGAC**, A
*Nation Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**SFPC:** Structural Fire Fighters' Protective Clothing.

**Shear Wall:** "A structural element which resists lateral forces."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 68)

**Shelter:** "Physical protection requirements of disaster victims who
no longer have access to normal habitation facilities. Immediate
post-disaster needs are met by the use of tents. Alternatives may
include polypropylene houses, plastic sheeting, geodesic domes and other
similar types of temporary housing." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992,
68)

**Shelter-in-Place:** "Definition: taking emergency refuge within the
nearest designated safe area until notification or determination that
the situation has been resolved

"Extended definition: a precaution intended to keep people safe while
remaining indoors where the shelter area is preferably a small interior
room with no windows and may require efforts of sealing all cracks or
openings with tape or other materials

"Annotation: Sheltering-in-place is used when evacuating the public
would cause greater risk than staying where they are, or when an
evacuation cannot be performed.

"Example: The preferred locations for any shelter-in-place action are
interior rooms of the building that have no windows." (**DHS**,
*Lexicon*, October 19, 2007, p. 24)

**Shelter-in-Place:** "Depending on the nature and timing of a
catastrophe, emergency managers may warn people of whether it is safer
to evacuate or to shelter in place. In an evacuation, people leave their
homes and businesses and travel to a safe location away from danger. In
some instances, it is safer for people to quickly seek shelter
indoors---in homes, schools, businesses, or public buildings---than to
try to travel. Shelter-in-place would be used when there is little time
to react to an incident and it would be more dangerous to be outside
trying to evacuate than to stay indoors for a short period of time.
Additional protective actions that the emergency managers may recommend
would include turning off air conditioners and ventilation systems and
closing all windows and doors. Sheltering-in-place might be used, for
example, in the event of a chemical accident. FEMA recommends people
have food, water, and medical supplies and be prepared to stay indoors
for at least three days." (**DOT**, *Catastrophic Hurricane Evacuation
Plan Evaluation: Report to Congress*, June 1, 2006, p. 2-2)

**Sheltering:** "Taking shelter is critical in times of disaster.
Sheltering is appropriate when conditions require that you seek
protection in your home, place of employment, or other location where
you are when disaster strikes. Sheltering outside the hazard area would
include staying with friends and relatives, seeking commercial lodging,
or staying in a mass care facility operated by disaster relief groups in
conjunction with local authorities. To effectively shelter, you must
first consider the hazard and then choose a place in your home or other
building that is safe for that hazard. For example, for a tornado, a
room should be selected that is in a basement or an interior room on the
lowest level away from corners, windows, doors and outside walls.
Because the safest locations to seek shelter vary by hazard, sheltering
is discussed in the various

hazard sections. These discussions include recommendations for sealing
the shelter if the hazards warrant this type of protection." (**FEMA**,
*Are You Ready?* May 24, 2007 update, p. 38)

**Sheriff:** "The Office of the Sheriff plays a distinctive role in the
nation's criminal justice and

homeland security system and reflects a uniquely American tradition of a
law enforcement leader

who is elected. Over 99% of the nation's sheriffs are elected and
generally serve as the highest

law enforcement officer in their respective counties." (**Kamatchus,**
"Statement of... on 'Insurrection Act Rider' and State Control of the
National Guard"," April 24, 2007, p. 1)

**Shielding:** "Any material or obstruction which absorbs (or
attenuates) radiation and thus tends to protect personnel or materials
from the effects of a nuclear (or atomic) explosion. A moderately thick
layer of any opaque material will provide satisfactory shielding from
thermal radiation, but a considerable thickness of material of high
density many be needed for nuclear radiation shielding. Electrically
continuous housing for a facility, area, or component, attenuates
impinging electric and magnetic fields." (**Glasstone**, *The Effects of
Nuclear Weapons* (3^rd^ Ed.), 1977, Glossary, p. 639)

**SHMO:** State Hazard Mitigation Officer. (**FEMA**, *Call for Issues
Status Report*, 2000, xxiii)

**SHOC:** State Health Operations Center. (Alabama, for example.)

**Shock Wave:** "The sudden liberation of energy causes a considerable
increase of temperature and pressure, so that all the materials present
are converted into hot, compressed gases. Since these gases are at very
high temperatures and pressures, they expand rapidly and thus initiate a
pressure wave, called a 'shock wave,' in the surrounding medium -- air,
water, or earth. The characteristic of a shock wave is that there is
(ideally) a sudden increase of pressure at the front, with a gradual
decrease behind it\...." (**Glasstone**, *The Effects of Nuclear
Weapons* (3^rd^ Ed.), 1977, p. 1)

**Short Term Recovery:** "Short-term recovery is immediate and overlaps
with response. It includes actions such as providing essential public
health and safety services, restoring interrupted utility and other
essential services, reestablishing transportation routes and providing
food and shelter for those displaced by the disaster. Although called
"short term," some of these activities may last for weeks." (**DHS,**
*National Response Framework \-- Federal Partner Guide* (Comment Draft),
September10, 2007, p. 18) \[Note: See, also, "Recovery: Short Term"\]

**SHSGP:** State Homeland Security Grant Program, DHS.

**SHSP:** State Homeland Security Program. (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p.
102)

**SICCL:** State Incident Communication Line. (**FEMA**, *IS 250*,
*Emergency Support Function 15 (ESF15) External* Affairs, 2007, p. 6,
Acronyms and Abbreviations)

**Significant Flood Event:** A significant event is one with 1,500 or
more paid losses, or occasionally one added for other reasons.
(**FEMA**, *Significant Flood Events1978 - November 30, 2007*, Jan 4,
2008 mod.)

**Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START): "**The START system,
developed by Hoag Hospital and the Newport Beach Fire Department
(Newport Beach, CA), helps prepare emergency personnel to quickly
organize their resources to handle multi-casualty emergencies. Using
START, various agencies and individuals assume predetermined roles in
managing the emergency, on-scene personnel quickly evaluate the
situation and call in the appropriate extra resources and assign them
specific tasks. Because of the planning and training that are the core
of the START system, agencies and individuals know what they are
expected to do when they arrive at the scene.... The START triage
system....relies on making a rapid assessment (taking less than a
minute) of every patient, determining which of four categories patients
should be in \[Minor, Deceased, Immediate, Delayed\], and visibly
identifying the categories for rescuers who will treat the patients....
If you are the initial START rescuer, you DO NOT stop to do other than
the most basic intervention. If you attempt to treat every patient
before completing the triage, you cannot assess the rest of the patients
and identify the top priorities." (**Critical Illness and Trauma
Foundation, Inc.)**

**Simulation Exercise:** "Test performed under conditions as close as
practicable to real world conditions." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security*..., 2007, 7)

**Simulation Exercise:** "Decision making exercise and disaster drills
within threatened communities in order to represent disaster situations
to promote more effective coordination of response from relevant
authorities and the population." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 68)

**SIOP:** Single Integrated Operational Plan.

**SIR:** Serious Incident Report. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, p. G-6)

**SitRep:** Situation Report. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-6)

**Situation Assessment:** "Definition: Manage, monitor, evaluate, and
anticipate specific threat information in a dynamic incident
environment, and communicate contingencies so that appropriate
protective operations can be conducted." (**DHS**, *UTL 2.1*, 2005, p.
44)

**Situation Assessment:** "The evaluation and interpretation of
information gathered from a variety of sources (including weather
information and forecasts, computerized models, GIS data mapping, remote
sensing sources, ground surveys, etc.) that, when communicated to
emergency managers and decision makers, can provide a basis for incident
management decision making." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary
25-22/23)

**Situation Awareness:** "The process of evaluating the severity and
consequences of an incident and communicating the results." (**NFPA
1600**, 2007, p. 8) \[See Situational Awareness\]

**Situation Report:** "Often contain confirmed or verified information
regarding the specific details relating to the incident." (**FEMA**,
*NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 157)

**Situational Awareness:** "In this section, the term 'situational
awareness' means information gathered from a variety of sources that,
when communicated to emergency managers and decision makers, can form
the basis for incident management decisionmaking." (**Post-Katrina
Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006,** p. 1409)

**Situational Awareness:** "Maintaining situational awareness is
essential to assess­ing emerging incidents as well as conducting
operations and ultimately ensuring the effective management of inci­dent
response. It demands that we prioritize information and develop a common
operating picture, both of which require a well-developed national
information management system and effective multi-agency coordination
centers to support decision-making during incidents." (**White House**,
*National Strategy for Homeland Security*, HSC, October 2007, p. 34)

**Situational Awareness:** "The maintenance of situational aware­ness
through timely and accurate infor­mation is a fifth core principle
integral to incident management. It requires con­tinuous sharing,
monitoring, verification, and synthesis of information to support
informed decisions on how to best man­age threats, potential threats,
disasters, or events of concern." (**White House**, *National Strategy
for Homeland Security*, HSC, October 2007, p. 47)

**SLATT:** State and Local Anti-Terrorism Training.

**SLBM:** Sub or Sea Launched Ballistic Missile. (**OCD**,
*Abbreviations*, 1971, p. 4)

**SLOSH Model**: Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes Model.

**SLTGCC:** State, Local, and Tribal Government Cross-Sector Council.
(**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p. 5)

**SM:** Shelter Manager/Management. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance
Appendices*, 1974, p. B.9)

**SM:** Student Manual (FEMA Emergency Management Institute).

**SMD:** State Management of Disasters Initiative. (**FEMA**, *Public
Assistance Program*, 2007)

**SME:** Small and Medium Enterprise. (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security*..., 2007, p. v)

**SME:** Subject Matter Expert. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-6)

**SNL:** Sandia National Laboratories.

**SNM:** Special Nuclear Material. (**August, Jr**.,
*Technology-Independent Metrics*..., Jan 2008)

**SNP:** Special Needs Planning.

**SNS:** Strategic National Stockpile (CDC, HHS). (**HSGAC**, A *Nation
Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**SO:** Safety Officer, ICS. (DHS, NIMS, 2004, p. 13)

**Social Capital:** "consists of the stock of active connections among
people: the trust, mutual understanding, and shared values and behaviors
that bind the members of human networks and communities and make
cooperative action possible."[^57] (**DHS**, *The ODP Guidelines*, 2003,
31)

**Social Distancing (Pandemic):** "Within the workplace, social
distancing measures could take the form of: modifying the frequency and
type of face-to-face employee encounters (e.g., placing moratoriums on
hand-shaking, substituting teleconferences for face-to-face meetings,
staggering breaks, posting infection control guidelines); establishing
flexible work hours or worksite, (e.g., telecommuting); promoting social
distancing between employees and customers to maintain three-feet
spatial separation between individuals; and implementing strategies that
request and enable employees with influenza to stay home at the first
sign of symptoms." (**DHS**, *Pandemic Influenza \-- Preparedness,
Response, and Recovery: Guide for CIKR*, 2006, p. 14)

**Social Survey:** "A survey to provide information to establish the
context in which the risk assessment will take place and the criteria
against which risk will be evaluated. Decisions concerning whether risk
treatment is required may also be based on operational, technical,
financial, legal, environmental, humanitarian or other criteria for
which additional surveys will be required." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques Used
in Disaster Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**Soft Story:** "A building story that has significantly less stiffness
than the story above. Some buildings with parking at ground level (and
thus fewer walls or columns) or an otherwise open ground story have this
condition. The term is sometimes also applied to a story that has less
strength than the one above, a condition that is more precisely termed a
'weak story'." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country*,
2007, Glossary)

**SOG:** Standard Operating Guidelines. (**Florida Division of Emergency
Management**, 2003)

**SOLIC:** Special Operations & Low Intensity Conflict, DOD. (**GAO**,
*Maritime Security*, Dec. 2007)

**Soman:** "Soman is a human-made chemical warfare agent classified as a
nerve agent. Nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the
known chemical warfare agents. They are similar to pesticides (insect
killers) called organophosphates in terms of how they work and the kinds
of harmful effects they cause. However, nerve agents are much more
potent than organophosphate pesticides. Soman was originally developed
as an insecticide in Germany in 1944. Soman is also known as "GD." Soman
is a clear, colorless, tasteless liquid with a slight camphor odor (for
example, Vicks Vapo-Rub®) or rotting fruit odor. It can become a vapor
if heated." (**CDC**, *Facts About Soman*, March 7, 2003 Update)

**SONS:** Spill of National Significance. (**Spill of National
Significance Website**, *SONS FAQs*, 2007, p. 1)

**SOP:** Standing Operating Instructions. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec. 2007, Glossary-6)

**SOP:** Standard Operating Procedures. (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance
Appendices*, 1974, p. B-10)

**SOSINK:** Southwestern Ohio, Southeastern Indiana, Northern Kentucky.
(**DHS/OGT**, 2006, 21)

**Source:** "Item or activity having a potential for a consequence.
Note: In the context of safety, source is a hazard." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security*..., 2007, 7)

**South Carolina Wind and Hail Underwriting Association:** "The South
Carolina General Assembly authorized the creation of the South Carolina
Wind and Hail Underwriting Association (South Carolina Windpool) in
1971. All admitted property and casualty companies licensed by the South
Carolina Department of Insurance are members of and are required to
participate in the South Carolina Windpool. The Windpool provides wind
and hail coverage in the coastal areas of the state, which are
specifically designated by statute." (**GAO**, *Natural Disasters:
Public Policy Options...*, Nov 2007, p. 72)

**Southwestern Ohio, Southeastern Indiana, Northern Kentucky (SOSINK)
Expanded Regional Collaboration:** "The purpose...is to strengthen
regional and interstate relationships by providing new linkages among
Southwestern Ohio-Southeastern Indiana-Northern Kentucky (SOSINK)
regional partners to achieve six critical outcomes, which are: to create
a Regional Emergency Operations Plan (REOP). This will facilitate
partners working off identical plans and enhance efforts for the
National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) implementation; to ensure
mutual aid compacts are multidisciplinary and multi-jurisdictional (both
intrastate and interstate); to link Emergency Operation Centers (EOCs),
via electronic/web-based systems, ensuring real time access to threat
and resource availability information.

"This will allow the 'common picture' of an incident to be regionally
shared; to establish regional participation in the design, production
and evaluation of training programs and exercises, ensuring a regional
approach to response coordination; to ensure regional collaboration and
coordination by holding multi-jurisdictional quarterly meetings to
oversee implementation of investments and other priorities; and to
collaborate with other Ohio UASI regions." (**DHS/OGT**, *Expanded
Regional Collaboration...FY 2004-2006*, 2006, p. 21)

**SOW:** Statement of Work.

**SPA:** Standard Project Hurricane, USACE. (**HSGAC**, A *Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**Span of Control:** Span of control is key to effective and efficient
incident management. Within ICS, the span of control of any individual
with incident management supervisory responsibility should range from
three to seven subordinates. The type of incident, nature of the task,
hazards and safety factors, and distances between personnel and
resources all influence span-of-control considerations." (**DHS**,
*NIMS*, 2004, p. 10)

**Span of Control:** "The number of resources for which a supervisor is
responsible, usually expressed as the ratio of supervisors to
individuals. (Under NIMS, an appropriate span of control is between 1:3
and 1:7, with optimal being 1:5.)." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*) August
2007, p. 158)

**Span of Control** \[ICS/NIMS\]: "A Command and Control term that means
how many organizational elements may be directly managed by one person.
Span of Control may

vary from one to seven, and a ratio of five reporting elements is
optimum." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-23)

**Special Flood Hazard Area:** "Land in the floodplain within a
community subject to one

percent or greater chance of flooding in any given year." (**APA**,
2005, p. 84)

**Special Flood Hazard Area:** "SFHA is the...A and V Zones as depicted
on the Flood Insurance Rate Map. B, C, and X Zones are outside of the
SFHA." (FEMA, *Reducing Damage from Localized Flooding* *-- A Guide for
Communities*, 2005, viii)

**Special Events for Homeland Security (SEHS):** "Those special events
designated as having an impact on homeland security." (**JCS/DoD**,
*Civil Support*, 2007, p. GL-11) \[Note: Replaced by the Special Event
Assessment Report. (DHS, Office of Operations Coordination, Interagency
Planning Workshop, November 29, 2007, slide \# 26)

**Special Event Homeland Security (SEHS) Levels:** "Managed by the
Department of Homeland Security, the Interagency Special Events Working
Group **(**SEWG) is the core of an interagency process that involves
various agencies of the Federal government. Within the Special Events
Working Group (SEWG), Federal departments and agencies provide input and
recommendations concerning Special Events based on their respective
authorities, responsibilities, and fields of expertise. The SEWG is
co-chaired by designees from DHS Headquarters, the U.S. Secret Service,
FEMA, and the FBI, and is currently composed of representatives from
over 40 Federal departments and agencies that have responsibilities
and/or association with Special Events security and incident management.
The SEWG develops the *Prioritized List of Special Events*, recommends
Special Event Homeland Security (SEHS) Levels, and is the single forum
that ensures comprehensive and coordinated Federal interagency awareness
of and support to designated Special Events.

"The *Prioritized List of Special Events* is the single interagency
resource delineating domestic

events, activities, or meetings that do not rise to the level of a
National Security Special Event

(NSSE), but which nevertheless are significant. Using a risk-based
approach to weigh

vulnerabilities and consequences against threats, the SEWG develops the
*Prioritized List of*

*Special Events* from event recommendations submitted by each state,
territory and the District of

Columbia. The events are categorized into one of the four SEHS levels
using objective criteria

including but not limited to: size; threat; symbolic or political
significance; duration; location;

number and type of attendees; media coverage; dignitary participation;
proximity of critical

infrastructure; and state and local capabilities. Federal support is
scaled according to the SEHS

level. SEHS-IV only requires maintaining Federal situational awareness
of the event while a

wide variety of Federal prevention, protection, and response resources
may be provided for

SEHS-I events. Events that do not reach the threshold of SEHS-IV are not
included on the list.

Each SEHS level is defined as:

> 1\. SEHS-I: An event of large magnitude and significant national
> and/or international
>
> importance requiring significant Federal support and situational
> awareness. This
>
> designation requires the appointment of a Federal Coordinator and the
> development
>
> of an Integrated Federal Support Plan.
>
> 2\. SEHS-II: An event of medium magnitude and average national and/or
> international
>
> importance requiring Federal support and situational awareness. This
> designation
>
> also requires the appointment of a Federal Coordinator and the
> development of an
>
> Integrated Federal Support Plan.
>
> 3\. SEHS-III: An event of low magnitude and low national and/or
> international
>
> importance requiring limited Federal support and situational
> awareness. Monitoring
>
> and Federal coordination for support are accomplished through the
> Homeland
>
> Security Operations Center (HSOC) and the SEWG.
>
> 4\. SEHS-IV: An event that requires Federal awareness but does not
> warrant direct
>
> Federal support or involvement. DHS may assist state and local
> jurisdictions by
>
> providing training and exercise opportunities through existing and/or
> tailored
>
> programs. The HSOC will maintain awareness of the event." (**MO SEMA**
> (Department of Public Security), *Missouri Hazard Analysis, Annex Q:
> Special Events Considerations*, October 2006, p. Q-7). \[Note:
> Replaced by Special Event Assessment Report events. (**DHS**, Office
> of Operations Coordination, *Interagency Planning Workshop*, November
> 29, 2007, slide #26).\]

**Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA), NFIP:** "The land area covered by
the floodwaters of the base flood is the Special Flood Hazard Area
(SFHA) on NFIP maps. The SFHA is the area where the NFIP\'s floodplain
management regulations must be enforced and the area where the mandatory
purchase of flood insurance applies. The SFHA includes Zones A, AO, AH,
A1-30, AE, A99, AR, AR/A1-30, AR/AE, AR/AO, AR/AH, AR/A, VO, V1-30, VE,
and V." (**FEMA**, *SFHA*, 2007)

**Special Needs Population:** "Pertaining to a population whose members
may have additional needs before, during, and after an incident in one
or more of the following functional areas: maintaining independence,
communication, transportation, supervision, and medical care.
Individuals in need of additional response assistance may include those
who have disabilities; who live in institutionalized settings; who are
elderly; who are children; who are from diverse cultures, who have
limited English proficiency, or who are non-English speaking; or who are
transportation disadvantaged." (**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft),
August 2007, p. 158)

**Special Needs Shelters: "**Special needs shelters are distinct
shelters or portions of general shelters that are designed to care for
people with special needs, including assistance with maintaining the
activities of daily living and monitoring minor health and medical
conditions. The intent of special needs shelters is to provide an
environment in which the health of shelterees with special needs can be
sustained with available resources. Medical eligibility for a special
needs shelter is based on a leveling system, which accounts for the
individual's condition and the skills required to provide care. (**New
England Center for Emergency Preparedness**, *Community Planning Guide*,
2007, p. 42)

**Special Nuclear Material (SNM):** "According to the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, special nuclear material is plutonium, uranium-233, or
uranium enriched in the isotopes uranium-233 or uranium-235."
(**DHS/OIG**, *DNDO Progress*..., Dec 2007, p. 8)

**Special Population:** "A targeted group in a disaster-impacted
community or area with needs that require specific attention by the
crisis counseling program. Special populations include children,
adolescents, older adults, elderly persons, members of ethnic and
cultural groups, migrant workers, disaster relief workers, persons who
are severely mentally ill, persons with disabilities, and homeless
persons. Other special populations may be unique to the area being
served by the crisis counseling program." (**HHS**, 2003, p. 62)

**SPF:** Standard Project Flood. (**Galloway**, *A California
Challenge*, 2007, v)

**Spill of National Significance: "**The Oil Pollution Act 90 (OPA 90)
was drafted in response to the catastrophic oil spill in Valdez, AK with
the intent of improving readiness for the threat of future oil spills.
The law required the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution
Contingency Plan, also known as the National Contingency Plan (NCP), to
be amended to include a section that addressed a Spill of National
Significance (SONS). A SONS is defined as: "a spill that, due to its
severity, size, location, actual or potential impact on the public
health and welfare or the environment, or the necessary response effort,
is so complex that it requires extraordinary coordination of federal,
state, local, and responsible party resources to contain and clean up
the discharge" (40 CFR 300.5)." (**Spill of National Significance
Website**, *SONS FAQs*, December 14, 2007 Update, p. 1)

**SPIREP:** Spot Intelligence Report. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-6)

**Spontaneous Evacuation:** "Residents or citizens in the threatened
areas observe an emergency event or receive unofficial word of an actual
or perceived threat and without receiving instructions to do so, elect
to evacuate the area. Their movement, means, and direction of

travel is unorganized and unsupervised." (**FEMA**, *Guide For
All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning* (State and Local Guide (SLG)
101), September 1996, p. GLO-5)

**Spontaneous Volunteers:** (See, "Volunteers, Spontaneous")

**SPOT Report:** "A concise narrative report of essential information
covering events or conditions that may have an immediate and significant
effect on current planning and operations that is afforded the most
expeditious means of transmission consistent with requisite security."
(DOD)

**SPP:** Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America. (**DHS**,
*NIPP*, 2006, p. 102)

**SRUF:** Standing Rules for the Use of Force for US Forces.
(**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007. B-1)

**SSAs:** Sector-Specific Agencies, National Infrastructure Protection
Plan. See following reference for examples. (**DHS**, *NIPP,* 2006, p.
3)

**SSP:** Sector-Specific Plan, National Infrastructure Protection
Program. (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p. 102)

**SSI:** Sensitive Security Information.

**S&T:** Science and Technology Directorate, DHS.

**Stafford Act:** 1) The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and
Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-288, as amended. 2) The Stafford
Act provides an orderly and continuing means of assistance by the
Federal Government to State and local governments in carrying out their
responsibilities to alleviate the suffering and damage which result from
disaster. The President, in response to a State Governor's request, may
declare and "emergency" or "major disaster" in order to provide Federal
assistance under the Act. The President, in Executive Order 12148,
delegated all functions, except those in Sections 301, 401, and 409, to
the Director, of FEMA. The Act provides for the appointment of a Federal
Coordinating Officer who will operate in the designated area with a
State Coordinating Officer for the purpose of coordinating state and
local disaster assistance efforts with those of the Federal Government.
(**44 CFR 206.2**)

**Stafford Act:** "Federal support to State and local jurisdictions
takes many forms. The most widely known authority under which assistance
is provided for major incidents is the Stafford Act. When it is clear
that State or tribal capabilities will be exceeded or may be exhausted,
the Governor can request Federal assistance under the Stafford Act. The
Stafford Act authorizes the President to provide financial and other
forms of assistance to State and local governments, certain private
nonprofit organizations and individuals to support response, recovery
and mitigation efforts following Presidentially-declared major disasters
and emergencies. Most incidents are not of sufficient magnitude to merit
a Presidential emergency or major disaster declaration. However, when
State and local resources are insufficient, a Governor may ask the
President to declare a Federal disaster or emergency. Before making a
declaration request, the Governor normally must activate the State's
emergency plan and ensure that all appropriate State and local actions
have been taken, including:

Surveying the affected areas to determine the extent of private and
public damage.

Conducting joint Preliminary Damage Assessments with DHS/FEMA officials
to estimate the types and extent of Federal disaster assistance
required.

Only the Governor can initiate a request for a Presidential emergency or
major disaster declaration. This request is made through the DHS/FEMA
Regional Administrator and is based on a finding that Federal assistance
is needed because the situation exceeds State and local response
capabilities due to its severity and magnitude. The request includes:

Information on the extent and nature of State resources that have been
or will be used to address the consequences of the disaster.

A certification by the Governor that State and local governments will
assume all

applicable non-Federal costs required by the Stafford Act.

An estimate of the types and amounts of supplementary Federal assistance
required.

Designation of the State Coordinating Officer.

The Governor addresses the request to the President and forwards it to
the DHS/FEMA Regional Administrator, who makes a recommendation to the
DHS/FEMA Administrator. The DHS/FEMA Administrator then recommends a
course of action to the President. The Governor, appropriate members of
Congress and Federal agencies are immediately notified of a Presidential
declaration. Federal support to States under the Stafford Act is
coordinated by DHS." (**DHS**, *NRF \-- Federal Partner Guide* (Comment
Draft), September 10, 2007, p. 19)

**Stafford Act Congressional Intent:** "It is the intent of the
Congress, by this Act, to provide an orderly and continuing means of
assistance by the Federal Government to State and local governments in
carrying out their responsibilities to alleviate the suffering and
damage which result from such disasters by -

\(1\) revising and broadening the scope of existing disaster relief
programs;

\(2\) encouraging the development of comprehensive disaster preparedness
and assistance plans, programs, capabilities, and organizations by the
States and by local governments;

\(3\) achieving greater coordination and responsiveness of disaster
preparedness and relief programs;

\(4\) encouraging individuals, States, and local governments to protect
themselves by obtaining insurance coverage to supplement or replace
governmental assistance;

\(5\) encouraging hazard mitigation measures to reduce losses from
disasters, including development of land use and construction
regulations; and

\(6\) providing Federal assistance programs for both public and private
losses sustained in disasters. (**FEMA**, *Robert T. Stafford
Disaster...Act...,* June 2007, p. 13)

**Staging Area (ICS):** Staging areas are established for temporary
location of available resources. Staging Areas will be established by
the Operations Section Chief to enable positioning of and accounting for
resources not immediately assigned. A Staging Area can be any location
in which personnel, supplies, and equipment can be temporarily housed or
parked while awaiting operational assignment. Staging Areas may include
temporary feeding, fueling, and sanitation services. The Operations
Section Chief assigns a manager for each Staging Area, who checks in all
incoming resources, dispatches resources at the Operations Section
Chief's request, and requests Logistics Section Support, as necessary,
for resources located in the Staging Area. Personnel check in with the
Resources Unit at the Staging Area, while supplies and equipment are
checked in with the Supply Unit. If neither of these functions is
activated, resources report to the Staging Area Manager for direction."
(**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, ICS Annex, p. 96)

**Staging Area:** "Established for the temporary location of available
resources. A Staging Area can be any location in which personnel,
supplies, and equipment can be temporarily housed or parked while
awaiting operational assignment." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*, August 2007,
p. 158)

**Staging Area:** \[ICS/NIMS\] "That location where incident personnel
and equipment are assigned awaiting tactical assignment. Staging Areas
are managed by the OSC." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook* 2006, Glossary 25-23)

**Stakeholder:** "Stakeholder (interested party) -- person or group
having an interest in the performance or success of an organization."
(**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, 7)

**Stakeholder:** "Any individual, group, or organization that might
affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by the
emergency." (**NFPA 1600**, 2007, p. 8)

**Stakeholders:** "Any person, group, or organization affected by and
having a vested interest in the incident and/or the response operation."
(**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-23)

**Standard Equipment List (SEL):** "A list issued annually to promote
interoperability and standardization across the response community at
the local, state, and federal levels by offering a standard reference
and a common set of terminology. It is provided to the responder
community by the Inter-Agency Board for Equipment Standardization and
Interoperability (IAB). The SEL contains a list of generic equipment
recommended by the IAB to organizations in preparing for and responding
to all-hazards." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference*
(For Fiscal Year 2007), October 23, 2006, p. 9)

**Standard Flood Insurance Policy Forms:** "The NFIP offers three
Standard Flood Insurance Policy forms. These forms provide policyholders
with a description of their coverage and other important coverage
information"

-   Dwelling Policy Form

-   General Property Policy Form

-   Residential Condominium Building Association Policy (RCBAP) Form.
    (**FEMA**, *Standard Flood Insurance Policy Forms*, 2006)

**Standard Operating Guidelines:** "A set of instructions having the
force of a directive, covering those features of operations which lend
themselves to a definite or standardized procedure without loss of
effectiveness." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*, August 2007, p. 158)

**Standard Operating Procedure (SOP):** "SOPs provide the means to
translate organizational tasking into specific action-oriented
checklists that are very useful during emergency operations. They tell
how each tasked organization or agency will accomplish its assigned
tasks. Normally, SOPs include checklists, call- down rosters, resource
listings, maps, charts, etc. and give **step-by-step procedures** for
notifying staff, obtaining and using equipment, supplies, vehicles,
obtaining mutual aid, reporting information to organizational work
centers and the emergency operating center (EOC), communicating with
staff members that are operating from more than

one location, etc." (**FEMA**, *SLG 101*, 1996, p. 1-7)

**Standard Operating Procedure (SOP):** "Complete reference document or
an operations manual that provides the purpose, authorities, duration,
and details for the preferred method of performing a single function or
a number of interrelated functions in a uniform manner." (**FEMA**,
*National Incident Management System* (FEMA 501/Draft) August 2007, p.
158)

**Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). "**An organizational directive
that establishes a course of action or policy." (**NFPA 1561**, 2002, p.
8)

**Standard Operating Procedures (SOP):** "A complete reference document
that details the procedures for performing a single function or a number
of interdependent functions." (**DHS**, *National Incident Management
System*, March 2004, p. 36)

**Standard Project Flood (SPF):** "The Standard Project Flood, a
"derived discharge" estimate,

represents a flood that can be expected from the most severe combination
of meteorologic and hydrologic conditions that are considered
*reasonably characteristic* of the region. Where floods are
predominantly the result of melting snow, the SPF is based on estimates
of the most critical combinations of meteorological events (snow, rain,
temperature, etc.) considered reasonably characteristic of the region.
Since it is based on estimates of typical meteorological events, the
Standard Project Flood is not associated with a specific return interval
(as is the 100-year flood)." (**Galloway**, *A California Challenge*...,
2007, pp. 15-16)

"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers indicates that the Standard Project
Flood, "is intended as a practicable expression of the degree of
protection to be considered for situations where protection of human
life and high-valued property is required, such as for an urban levee or
floodwall."32 It was the de facto U.S. Army Corps of Engineers standard
until the 1980's when the institution of local-federal cost sharing for
levee construction began. At that time, it became economically
beneficial for communities to build only to the 100-year standard, given
that achievement of 100-year protection removed the community behind the
levee from the

insurance and land-use requirements (and costs) of the National Flood
Insurance Program and reduced the size (and the local costs) of the
levee construction." (**Galloway**, 2007, 16)

**Standard Project Flood (SPF):** "The SPF is the flood that can be
expected from the most severe combination of meteorologic and hydrologic
conditions that are considered reasonably characteristic of the region
in which the study basin is located. The SPF, which provides a
performance standard for potential major floods, is based on the
Standard Project Storm (SPS)." (**USACE**, *Engineering and Design --
Hydrologic Engineering Requirements for Reservoirs*, Chapter 7,
Flood-Runoff Analysis, 1997, p. 7-2)

**Standard Project Storm (SPS):** "The SPS is a hypothetical storm
having the most severe flood-producing rainfall depth-area-duration
relationship and areal distribution pattern that is

considered reasonably characteristic of the region in which the drainage
area is located. It is developed by studying the major storm events in
the region, excluding the most extreme. Development of the SPS may
involve transposition and adjustment of a large storm from its

observed location to the locality of concern..." (**USACE**, *Water
Resources Policies and Authorities...*, 1999, 13-2)

**Standards for Civil Preparedness:** "...Standards provide guidelines
-- not a 'bible' -- for developing an improving civil preparedness.
Local, State, and Regional Civil Preparedness professionals should use
them as a primary reference in the preparation and review of Local
Program Papers, and in On-Site Assistance projects.... Standards outline
the work that each jurisdiction should do to build emergency readiness"
(**DCPA**, *Standards for Local Civil Preparedness*, 1978, p. 2)

**Standards for Civil Preparedness (1978):**

1.  Organization and Administration of Civil Preparedness

    1.  Statement of Purpose

    2.  Joint-Action vs. Individual Jurisdiction Approach

    3.  Organizing Local Civil Preparedness Action

    4.  Administration of Local Civil Preparedness Program

2.  The Local Civil Preparedness Director/Coordinator

    1.  Position and Responsibilities of the Local Director/Coordinator

    2.  Civil Preparedness Staffing for Jurisdictions of Various Sizes

    3.  Selection, Qualifications, and Salary of Local
        Director/Coordinator

    4.  Professional Training and Growth

3.  Tangible Components of Emergency Readiness: Local Government
    Emergency Plans

    1.  Need for Local Emergency Plans

    2.  Local Planning Process

    3.  Hazard Analysis

    4.  Organization and Content of Local Government Emergency Plans

    5.  Nuclear Civil Protection Planning

        1.  Fully-Qualified Emergency Planning Standard

        2.  Minimum-Level Emergency Planning Standard

4.  Tangible Components of Emergency Readiness: Facilities and Equipment

    1.  Emergency Operating Center

    2.  Shelter

    3.  Radiological Defense

    4.  Warning System

    5.  Emergency Communications

    6.  Emergency Public Information

    7.  Law Enforcement

    8.  Fire Service

    9.  Rescue

    10. Emergency Medical

    11. Public Works Engineering

    12. Emergency Welfare

    13. Schools

5.  Tangible Components of Emergency Readiness: Trained Personnel

    1.  Training Required for Local Government Personnel

    2.  Training for Personnel Required to Supplement/Extend Government
        Capabilities

    3.  Training for the Public

6.  Intangible Components of Emergency Readiness: Ability to Execute
    Emergency Plans

    1.  Evaluating Local Ability to Execute Plans

        1.  Fully-Qualified Readiness Standard

        2.  Minimum-Level Readiness Standard

(**DCPA**, *Standards For Local Civil Preparedness* (CPG-1-5), April
1978, pp. iii-iv)

**Standards for Local Civil Preparedness:** "During the fiscal year
\[1973\], Standards were developed jointly by local, State, and Federal
civil preparedness officials, and were distributed as an aid to local
officials for improving their ability to save lives and preserve
property in all kinds of disasters. In addition, a Summary of the
Standards stressing the 'why' of local civil preparedness was prepared
and distributed to local officials. The Standards and Summary were
prepared in cooperation with the Council of State Governments, the
National Association of Counties, the National League of Cities and U.S.
Conference of Mayors, and the International City Management
Association." (**DCPA**, *Foresight, DCPA Annual Report FY 73*, 1974, p.
11)

**Standardization:** "A principle of the NIMS that provides a set of
standardized organizational structures---such as the Incident Command
System (ICS), multi-agency coordination systems, and public information
systems---as well as requirements for processes, procedures, and systems
designed to improve interoperability among jurisdictions and disciplines
in various area, including: training; resource management; personnel
qualification and certification; equipment certification; communications
and information management; technology support; and continuous system
improvement." (**DHS**, *National Incident Management* System, March
2004, p. 2)

**Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) California:** "In
1991, the Oakland Hills fires lasted three days, and destroyed some
1,600 acres, over 2,700 structures and killed 25 people. Damages were
estimated at more than \$1.68 billion.22 Emergency management experts
criticized the handling of the fires because disparate agencies were
poorly prepared to work together. In response, State and local officials
developed SEMS as a management structure for coordinating and
integrating emergency responses that involve multiple agencies and
multiple jurisdictions. SEMS was developed to provide a standardized but
flexible strategy for

coordinating responses and integrating management efforts. SEMS can
operate at five levels, though only the levels required to respond to a
particular emergency are activated.

-   *Field:* Refers to the incident level, where local officials manage
    responders and resources to meet needs. During large-scale events,
    there may be multiple field sites.

-   *Local:* The local level refers to city, county or special
    districts. The local level coordinates and manages response within
    its jurisdiction.

-   *Operational Area:* The operational area refers to the boundaries of
    a county. At the operational area, incident commanders manage
    response and serve as coordination and communication links between
    local and regional levels. Operational areas reflect county
    boundaries, but county officials do not necessarily lead operational
    area emergency management efforts.

-   *Regional:* The State has six emergency management regions. The
    regional level coordinates information and resource movement among
    operational areas within the mutual aid region and between
    operational areas and the State.

-   *State:* State resources are managed in response to the needs of
    other levels. State officials manage and coordinate assistance
    between the five local and state levels and the federal disaster
    response system. " (**Little Hoover**, *Safeguarding the Golden
    State*, 2007, 8-9)

**Standardized National Planning Process and Integration System:**
"There is established a planning process involving three levels of
planning: (a) strategic; (b) operational; and (c) tactical. The planning
process will result in the development of a family of related planning
documents to include strategic guidance statements, strategic plans,
concepts of operations, operations plans, and as appropriate, tactical
plans." (**White House**, *Annex I, "National Planning," to HSPD-8*,
2007, p. 2)

**Standardized Terminology:** "Commonly accepted language that is
consistent with policies, plans, or procedures in the NIMS and NRP to
facilitate multi-agency, multi-disciplinary or multi-jurisdictional
communications during an incident." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics
Terms of Reference* (For Fiscal Year 2007), October 23, 2006, p. 10)

**Standing Rules for the Use of Force for US Forces (SRUF):** "Normally,
force is to be used only as a last resort, and should be the minimum
necessary. The use of force must be reasonable in intensity, duration,
and magnitude based on the totality of the circumstances to counter the
threat. If force is required, nonlethal force is authorized and may be
used to control a situation and accomplish the mission, or to provide
self-defense of DOD forces, defense of non-DOD persons in the vicinity
if directly related to the assigned mission, or in defense of the
protected property, when doing so is reasonable under the circumstances.
Lethal force is authorized only when all lesser means have failed or
cannot reasonably be employed and the circumstances otherwise justify
the use of lethal force." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*, 2007, p. B-2)

**STARC:** State Area Command, Army National Guard. (**DoD**, *MSCA*,
1993, p. 23)

**START:** Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment. (Critical Illness and
Trauma Foundation, Inc.)

**State and Local Anti-Terrorism Training (SLATT):** "The...SLATT
program's primary objective is the delivery of specialized
terrorism/extremism orientation, interdiction, investigation, and
prevention training to law enforcement executives, command personnel,
intelligence officers, investigators, analytical personnel, training
directors, and prosecutors. Each

course is specifically designed to meet the needs of the target
audience, from the street level

officer to the executive." (**FEMA**, *Technical Assistance:
Preparedness & Program Management: Technical Assistance Catalog*, no
date, p. 8)

**State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategies:** "...State and
Urban Area Homeland Security Strategies provide a context for performing
the strategic exercise of asking *"How are we organized?"* and *"How are
we managing our homeland security programs?"* This evaluation will
enable us as a Nation to think about how we build our preparedness
programs and capabilities within and across State boundaries.... States
and Urban Areas were recently required to update their strategies to
bring them into alignment with the seven National Priorities included in
the Goal. The updated strategies address the four homeland security
mission areas: prevent, protect, respond, and recover." (**DHS/ODP**,
*FY 2006 EMPG Program Guidance*, 2005, p. 8)

**State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategies Focus:** "The
current State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategies address 2004,
2005, and 2006, and are mostly terrorism focused. In updating their
strategies this year, States and Urban Areas should begin the process of
evolving their strategies to address not only terrorism, but a broad
range of other threats and hazards, founded on a capabilities-based
planning approach. In the future, States and Urban Areas will be asked
to develop enterprise-wide homeland security strategies for 2007, 2008
and 2009 that reflect the necessary integration and collaboration across
all mission areas and support the establishment of the National
Preparedness System and realization of the Goal."

(**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy: Guidance
on Aligning Strategies with the NPG*, 2005, p. 8)

**State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategies Purpose:** "The
purpose of Homeland Security Strategies is to:

-   Provide a blueprint for comprehensive, enterprise-wide planning for
    homeland

> security efforts;

-   Provide a strategic plan for the use of related Federal, State,
    local, and private

> resources within the State and/or Urban Area before, during, and after
> threatened
>
> or actual domestic terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other
> emergencies."

(**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy: Guidance
on Aligning Strategies with the NPG*, 2005, p. 2)

**State and Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy Core Elements:** "The
core elements of the strategy -- the purpose, vision, and goals --
rarely change over time." (**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area HS
Strategy: Guidance on Aligning Strategies with the NPG*, 2005, p. 28)

**State Approving Official (SAO):** "The person delegated the authority
to request DFA and TA and commits the State cost-share for mission
assignments, when applicable." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs
Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 60)

**State Coordinating Officer (SCO):** "The SCO plays a critical role in
managing the State response and recovery operations following Stafford
Act declarations. The Governor of the affected State appoints the SCO,
and lines of authority flow from the Governor to the SCO, following the
State's policies and laws. For certain anticipated events in which a
Stafford Act declaration is expected, such as an approaching hurricane,
the Secretary of Homeland Security or the FEMA Administrator may
pre-designate one or more Federal officials to coordinate with the SCO
to determine resources and actions that will likely be required, and
begin pre-deployment of assets. The specific roles and responsibilities
of the SCO include:

> Serve as the primary representative of the Governor for the affected
> State or locality with the RRCC or within the JFO once it is
> established.
>
> Work with the Federal Coordinating Officer to formulate State
> requirements, including those that are beyond State capability, and
> set priorities for employment of Federal resources provided to the
> State.
>
> Ensure coordination of resources provided to the State via mutual aid
> and assistance compacts.
>
> Provide a linkage to local government.
>
> Serve in the Unified Coordination Group in the JFO." (**DHS**, *NRF
> Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 50)

**State Emergency Management Agency Director:** "All States have laws
mandating establishment of a State emergency management agency and the
emergency operations plan coordinated by that agency. *The Director of
the State emergency management agency ensures that the State is prepared
to deal with large-scale emergencies and is responsible for coordinating
the State response in any major emergency or disaster.* This includes
supporting local governments as needed or requested, and coordinating
assistance with the Federal Government." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*,
September 2007, p. 19)

**State Emergency Plan:** "The State Plan which is designated
specifically for State-level response to emergencies or major disasters
and which sets forth actions to be taken by the State and local
governments, including those for implementing Federal disaster
assistance." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July
2007, p. 61)

**State Emergency Response Commission (SERC):** "Commission appointed by
each State governor according to the requirements of Title Ill of SARA:
duties of the commission include designating emergency planning
districts, appointing local emergency planning committees (LEPCs),
supervising and coordinating the activities of planning committees,
reviewing emergency plans, receiving chemical release notifications, and
establishing procedures for receiving and processing requests from the
public for information. (**EPA**, *Technical Guidance for Hazards
Analysis*, 1987, p. A-7)

**State Homeland Security Advisor:** "The State Homeland Security
Advisor serves as counsel to the Governor on homeland security issues
and *serves as a liaison between the Governor's office, the State
homeland security structure, DHS* and other organizations both inside
and outside of the State. The advisor often chairs a committee comprised
of representatives of relevant State agencies, including public safety,
the National Guard, emergency management, public health and others
charged with developing preparedness and response strategies." (**DHS**,
*NRF Comment Draft,* September 2007, p. 19)

**State Homeland Security Grant Program:** (See "Homeland Security Grant
Program")

**State Homeland Security Program:** "State Homeland Security Grant
Program supports the implementation of the State Homeland Security
Strategy to address the identified planning, equipment, training, and
exercise needs for acts of terrorism. In addition, SHSP supports the
implementation of the National Preparedness Goal, the National Incident
Management System (NIMS), and the National Response Plan." (**DHS**,
S*tate Contacts & Grant Award Information*, July 18, 2007 Update.)

**State Incident Communications Conference Line (SICCL):** "The SICCL
was created primarily to bring States together to share information and
discuss issues that have an effect on all of them following an incident.
This line is typically used during a multiple State disaster such as a
hurricane where impacted States may request support from other States.
The SICCL is not a 24/7 line. Instead, it is a scheduled conference
call, which would be set up as needed to address issues. In summary, the
SICCL is:

• used for the transmission and exchange of information primarily
targeted to State and local communicators; and

• typically activated with a multiple State incident, and there is need
for cross border coordination." (**FEMA**, *Basic Guidance for PIOs
(FEMA 517)*, Nov 2007, 25)

**State Management of Disasters Initiative (SMD), FEMA:** "Under the
State Management of Disasters (SMD) initiative, in some cases an
interested and capable State, or Tribal government acting as its own
Grantee, may manage the PA field operation, including project
eligibility reviews, process control, and resource allocation on small
disasters. The participating State voluntarily enters into an
Operational Agreement with FEMA, which entrusts many aspects of program
management to the State. FEMA retains obligation authority, ensures
compliance with environmental and historic preservation laws,
participates in quality control reviews with the State, and provides
technical assistance as requested by the State.

"Small disasters are disasters that warrant a major disaster declaration
by the President, but are limited in scope and size generally as defined
by the following:

-   statewide infrastructure damage up to \$2 per capita, or

-   limited to debris removal and emergency protective measures.

For a State to be eligible to manage a disaster under this initiative,
the State must have:

-   recent disaster experience;

-   adequate State staff;

-   an SMD Addendum to the State Administrative Plan for Public
    Assistance;

-   a fiscal accounting system that can track specific projects, prepare
    for and undergo audit, and be used to evaluate appeals;

-   an established record of having met deadlines for grant management
    activities; and approval by FEMA. (**FEMA**, *Public Assistance
    Program*, June 2007)

**State Preparedness Report:** "The Secretary \[DHS\] shall require that
any State applying to the Secretary for a covered grant must submit
State Preparedness Report specified in section 652(c) of the Department
of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007 (Public Law 109-295)."
(**US Congress**, *Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations
Act...*, August 7, 2007, p. 13)

**State Template Initiative:** "The Template was built by state and
local officials - those responsible for preventing, responding to, and
recovering from the spectrum of terrorist threats and Homeland Security
challenges that face the Nation in the 21st Century. The Template
provides a common foundation for identifying and addressing key state
and local vulnerability and capability shortfalls. This Template will be
a useful tool in our effort to build and sustain the operational means
by which we will make the Nation safer, stronger, and better."

"The initiative provides states a foundation for preparing comprehensive
and compatible state, local and tribal Homeland Security plans. The
*Template* is consistent with and supports implementation of the
"*National Strategy for Homeland Security*." It was designed "*from the
bottom up*," recognizes that "*one size does not fit all*," and enables
the emergency responders and state and local officials who bear the
responsibility of preventing terrorist attacks and protecting the Nation
and its citizens." (**PHSAC**, *Statewide Template Initiative*, March
2003, p. 1)

**Statewide Communication Interoperability Plan (SCIP):** "The purpose
of a locally-driven SCIP is to establish a future vision for
communications interoperability and align emergency response agencies
with that vision and the goals, objectives, and initiatives for
achieving that vision across the State. DHS understands that different
States, regions, and localities are at different stages in enhancing
interoperability. As such, elements of many SCIPs will amount to a .plan
to plan.. Some States. have processes, procedures, and other plans in
place that allow them to easily address SCIP elements. Others do not and
will through the SCIP show how they plan to do so in the future. Most
States will have elements that have not addressed

by the submission deadline and so will describe in the SCIP how they
will be addressed

in the future....

"The primary audience of SCIPs is officials at local, regional, tribal,
and State levels of government responsible for ensuring interoperable
communications for the emergency

response community. A SCIP should define a strategic vision and set of
goals and

objectives for improving interoperable communications statewide. It
should be a living

document, updated as frequently as needed and at least annually, that
provides strategic

direction and alignment for those responsible for interoperable
communications at the

local, regional, and State level. The SCIP also must be written with
peer reviewers and Federal officials in mind, as the Public Safety
Interoperable Communications (PSIC) Grant Program and the Homeland
Security Grant Program have required the development of SCIPs"
(**DHS/OEC**, *Statewide Communication Interoperability Plan FAQs*,
September 2007, p. 1)

**Steady State Plans.** "Steady state plans are normally the result of
crisis contingency operations that have evolved to a rotational
operation. CJCS orders to the supported commander, supporting
commanders, and Services initiate such operations. These orders define
plan details and requirements to accomplish the mission and authority to
deploy forces. Such orders generally identify specific weapons systems,
but not the ECS forces needed to sustain the operation." (**Vermont Air
National Guard**, *Mobilization Activation*)

**Steady-State Preparedness/Readiness:** "*A national focus on
steady-state readiness is imperative***.** The *Framework* \[NRF\]
focuses on preparedness activities that are *directly related to an
evolving incident or potential incident.* The *National Preparedness
Guidelines* and the *NIPP* focus on *steady-state preparedness or
readiness activities* conducted in the absence of a specific threat or
hazard. This [response]{.underline} *Framework* does not try to subsume
all of these larger efforts; instead, it integrates these efforts and
brings them to bear in managing incidents." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment
Draft*, September 2007, p. 68) \[DHS, NIMS, 2004, at p. 33 notes that
preparedness for incident management should be developed "on a
steady-state" basis, presumably meaning maintained rather than not
maintained.\]

**STI:** State Template Initiative.

**STO:** State Training Officer.

**Storm:** "1. An atmospheric disturbance involving perturbations of the
prevailing pressure and wind fields, on scales ranging from tornadoes (1
km across) to extratropical cyclones (2000-3000 km across).

2\. Wind with a speed between 48 and 55 knots (Beaufort scale wind force
10)." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 71)

**Storm Surge:** "An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane
or other intense storm, and whose height is the difference between the
observed level of the sea surface and the level that would have occurred
in the absence of the cyclone. Storm surge is usually estimated by
subtracting the normal or astronomic high tide from the observed storm
tide." (**NHC**, *Glossary of NHC Terms*, 2007)

**Storm Surge:** The difference between the actual water level under
influence of a meteorological disturbance (storm tide) and the level
which would have been attained in the absence of the meteorological
disturbance (i.e. astronomical tide). (**WMO** 1992, 584)

**STQ:** Screening Threshold Quantities. (**DHS**, "Fact Sheet: CFATS"
November 2, 2007)

**Strategic Decision Making Exercise (SDME):** "The SDME is a
political-military decision-making collective simulation exercise
designed to provide USAWC \[US Army War College\] students an
opportunity to role-play strategic leaders and staffs as they integrate
and apply knowledge acquired previously in the USAWC core curriculum...
The SDME is a joint and multinational exercise that includes political
and military play at the high operational and strategic levels... It is
intended to place students in a volatile, uncertain, complex, and
ambiguous virtual environment, aided by appropriate information
technology tools and models, in which they apply service and joint
doctrine within the framework of the interagency, military contingency
planning and execution, military resourcing, and multinational
coordination processes. Students will develop strategic policy
recommendations for employing the diplomatic, informational, military,
and economic elements of power, while considering multiple scenarios.
Those scenarios include major combat operations, lesser contingencies,
stability operations, global terrorism, disaster relief, and
humanitarian assistance, and model crises in every Geographic Combatant
Command, to include the new US Africa Command.

"The exercise involves the entire USAWC student body, USAWC staff and
faculty members, subject matter experts, and invited guests. Students
role-play leaders of selected elements of the interagency community at
the strategic level which include the Deputy National Security Advisor,
the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, the Under Secretary of State
for Political Affairs, and the Deputy Secretary for Homeland Security.
In addition, students...assume military leadership and staff roles
across the Geographic Combatant Commands and the Joint and Service
staffs. Students engage in policy coordination and deputies committee
meetings to formulate and implement national security policy that
involves the use of all elements of national power. During the SDME,
they also execute Congressional testimony, conduct press briefings and
short notice interviews with media representatives, and brief senior
officials from the government, business, military and academic
communities... The SDME is the capstone exercise event for the USAWC
students. It serves not only as a critical learning vehicle but also as
an instrument to review and refine future decisions regarding the
overall USAWC curriculum." (**USAWC**, *Information Paper: The Strategic
Decision Making Exercise*, Nov. 8, 2007)

**Strategic Goal:** "A broad target that defines how the Agency will
carry out its mission over a five to seven year period of time."
(**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared -- FEMA Strategic* Plan, 2002, p. 60)

**Strategic Goals:** "Strategic goals are broad, general statements of
intent." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-23)

**Strategic Guidance Statement:** "The term 'strategic guidance
statement' refers to a document that outlines strategic priorities,
broad national strategic objectives, and basic assumptions; describes
the envisioned end-state; and establishes the general means necessary to
accomplish that end." (**White House**, *Annex I "National Planning" to
HSPD-8*, December 2007, p. 1)

**Strategic Information Operations Center (SIOC). "**The SIOC is the
focal point and operational control center for all Federal intelligence,
law enforcement, and investigative law enforcement activities related to
domestic terrorist incidents or credible threats, including leading
attribution investigations. The SIOC serves as an information
clearinghouse to help collect, process, vet, and disseminate information
relevant to law enforcement and criminal investigation efforts in a
timely manner. The SIOC maintains direct connectivity with the NOC \[DHS
HQ\]." (**DHS**, *National Planning and Execution System*, 2007 Draft,
p. 3-6)

**Strategic National Stockpile (SNS):** "CDC\'s Strategic National
Stockpile (SNS) has large quantities of medicine and medical supplies to
protect the American public if there is a public health emergency
(terrorist attack, flu outbreak, earthquake) severe enough to cause
local supplies to run out. Once Federal and local authorities agree that
the SNS is needed, medicines will be delivered to any state in the U.S.
within 12 hours. Each state has plans to receive and distribute SNS
medicine and medical supplies to local communities as quickly as
possible....

The medicine in the SNS is FREE for everyone. The SNS has stockpiled
enough medicine to protect people in several large cities at the same
time. Federal, state and local community planners are working together
to ensure that the SNS medicines will be delivered to the affected area
to protect you and your family if there is a terrorist attack."
(**CDC**, *Strategic National Stockpile*, April 2005, p. 1)

**Strategic National Stockpile (SNS):** "The SNS is positioned in
undisclosed locations throughout the United States and configured to
provide a flexible response strategy. Included in the formulary are a
dozen 12-hour Push Packages which contain over 50 tons of broad spectrum
antibiotics and medical materiel. These assets are pre-configured in
deployable containers and strategically located to enable rapid delivery
to the site of a national emergency within 12 hours of the federal
decision to deploy. The majority of the SNS formulary is maintained in
managed inventory. Like the 12-hour Push Packages, these assets are also
strategically located around the nation and provide the ability to
configure and deliver significant quantities of pharmaceuticals and
medical materiel as an initial response if the nature of the public
health emergency is well defined, or as follow-on to a "push package"
delivery. Delivery of assets from managed inventory are planned to begin
arriving within 24 to 36 hours after the federal decision to deploy
them. Quantities in the SNS change based on national planning guidance
and prioritization, modeling scenarios, and standard inventory
management procedures. Some of the contents of the national stockpile
include:

■ Enough smallpox vaccine to protect 300 million people, or every man,
woman, and child in America;

■ Over 41 million regimens of countermeasures against anthrax;

■ Therapeutic anthrax antitoxins to treat symptomatic patients;

■ Countermeasures to address radiation exposure including over 460,000
combined doses of

Calcium-DTPA (Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate) and Zinc-DTPA; and

■ 1.7 million doses of liquid potassium iodide (KI) in a formulation
that is more suitable for

young children for use in the event of a release of radioiodines.

"The SNS also has been increasing its supply of countermeasures that
could be used during an

influenza pandemic." (**Trust for America's Health**, *Ready or Not?*
2007. p. 22)

**Strategic Objective:** "...a strategic objective is a specific
statement of desired achievement that supports a strategic goal, and
sets a target level of performance over time expressed as a tangible,
measurable objective, against which actual achievement can be compared."
(DHS, *Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland Security Grant Program: Investment
Justification Reference Guide*, January 2007, P. 54)

**Strategic Objective:** "A specific step necessary to achieve a
strategic goal." (**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared -- FEMA Strategic Plan --
Fiscal Years 2003-2008*, 2002, p. 60 (Glossary))

**Strategic Objectives of Homeland Security:** "The strategic objectives
of homeland security in order of priority are to:

• Prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;

• Reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism; and

• Minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur." (**White
House**, *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, 2002, p. vi)

**Strategic Partnership Program Agroterrorism (SPPA) Initiative:** "The
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) will collaborate with private industry and the
States in a joint initiative, the Strategic Partnership Program
Agroterrorism (SPPA) Initiative. The SPPA Initiative will be a true
partnership program, where an industry member or trade association or
State may volunteer to participate. To volunteer, the industry or State
member must submit a completed response form. Program Objectives:

The federal government members in partnership with industry and State
volunteers, plan to:

-   Validate or identify sector-wide vulnerabilities by conducting
    critical infrastructure/key resources (CI/KR) assessments in order
    to:

    -   Identify gaps;

    -   Inform Centers of Excellence and Sector Specific Agencies (SSA)
        of identified research needs; and

    -   Catalog lessons-learned.

-   Identify indicators and warnings that could signify planning for an
    attack.

-   Develop mitigation strategies to reduce the threat/prevent an
    attack. Strategies may include actions that either industry or
    government may take to reduce vulnerabilities.

-   Validate assessments conducted by the United States Government (USG)
    for food and agriculture sectors.

-   Gather information to enhance existing tools that both USG and
    industry employ.

-   Provide the USG and the industry with comprehensive reports
    including warnings and indicators, key vulnerabilities, and
    potential mitigation strategies.

-   Provide sub-sector reports for the USG that combines assessment
    results to determine national critical infrastructure vulnerability
    points to support the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP)
    and national preparedness goals.

-   Establish and/or strengthen relationships between Federal, State,
    and local law enforcement and the food and agriculture industry
    along with the critical food/agriculture sites visited. (**FDA**,
    *Strategic Partnership Program Agroterrorism (SPPA) Initiative*...,
    August 2005, p. 1)

**Strategic Plan:** "A long-range planning document that defines the
mission of the Agency and broadly identifies how it will be
accomplished, and that provides the framework for more detailed annual
and operational plans." (**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared*,, 2002, p. 60
(Glossary))

**Strategic Plan:** "Is a plan that addresses long-term issues such as
impact of weather forecasts, time--phased resource requirements, and
problems such as permanent housing for displaced disaster victims,
environmental pollution, and infrastructure restoration." (**USCG**,
*Incident Management Handbook*, 2006, Glossary, p. 25-23)

**Strategic Plan:** "The term 'strategic plan' refers to a plan that
defines the mission, identifies authorities, delineates roles and
responsibilities, establishes mission essential tasks, determines
required and priority capabilities, and develops performance and
effectiveness measures." (**White House**, *Annex I "National Planning"
to HSPD-8*, December 2007, p. 2)

**Strategic Planning:** "...a framework for carrying out strategic
thinking, direction, and action leading to the achievement of consistent
and planned results. Seven specific elements comprise this framework:
organization mission, strategic analysis; strategy, long-term
objectives, integrated programs, financial projections \[and\] executive
summary.... A distinctive aspect of this process is its emphasis on team
planning. It is this process that builds organizationwide belief and
commitment to the strategic plan because the participants have
ownership." (**Below**, 1987)

**Strategic Planning**: Interagency Definition \-- "The process by which
requirements are generated, long-range goals, priorities, and
responsibilities are agreed upon, and performance and effectiveness
measures are developed and applied in order to execute National policy."
"Responsible Organization: Secretary of DHS under HSPD 5 supported by
IMPT." (**DHS**, *Interagency Planning Workshop* (slide #22), November
29, 2007)

**Strategic Planning:** "Strategic planning involves the adoption of
long-range goals and objectives, the setting of priorities, the
establishment of budgets and other fiscal decisions, policy development,
and the application of measures of performance or effectiveness."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 17)

**Strategic Planning for Homeland Security Preparedness:** "Definition:
The art and science of developing and employing instruments of national
and State/territorial power (information, technology, economic,
intelligence, and military) in a synchronized and integrated fashion to
achieve the objectives of the National Strategy for Homeland Security,
the National Preparedness Guidelines, the NRP, and supporting
State/territorial and local strategic direction and guidance. Strategic
planning uses gap analysis to develop programmatic priorities that
address the mission requirements, goals, objectives, milestones, and
resources to ensure interoperable and integrated synchronization
throughout all levels of government and nongovernmental organizations
for all hazards, incident-related prevent, protect, respond and recover
activities." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, pp. 21-22)

**Strategic Vision for the War on Terror:** "From the beginning, the War
on Terror has been both a battle of arms and a battle of ideas -- a
fight against the terrorists and their murderous ideology. In the short
run, the fight involves the application of all instruments of national
power and influence to kill or capture the terrorists; deny them
safehaven and control of any nation; prevent them from gaining access to
WMD; render potential terrorist targets less attractive by strengthening
security; and cut off their sources of funding and other resources they
need to operate and survive. In the long run, winning the War on Terror
means winning the battle of ideas. Ideas can transform the embittered
and disillusioned either into murderers willing to kill innocents, or
into free peoples living harmoniously in a diverse society.

The battle of ideas helps to define the strategic intent of our National
Strategy for Combating

Terrorism. The United States will continue to lead an expansive
international effort in pursuit of a two-pronged vision:

• The defeat of violent extremism as a threat to our way of life as a
free and open society; and

• The creation of a global environment inhospitable to violent
extremists and all who support

them." (**White House**, *National Strategy for Combating Terrorism*,
September 2006, p. 7)

**Strategy:** "Definition: statement for a course of action or actions
to be taken in order to achieve objective(s). Annotation: Doctrine
encompasses the fundamental principles which guide an organization and
"shapes the effort." Policy includes the process implemented through
plans and procedures towards realization of [doctrine]{.underline} and
"guides the effort." Strategy is the course of action to achieve
[policy]{.underline} goals and 'accomplishes the effort'." (**DHS**,
*Lexicon*, Oct. 2007, p. 25)

**Strategy:** "The general direction selected to accomplish incident
objectives set by the Incident Commander." (**DHS**, *National Incident
Management System*, March 2004, p. 137)

**Strategy:** "A description of how a strategic objective will be
achieved." (**FEMA**, *A Nation Prepared -- FEMA Strategic Plan --
Fiscal Years 2003-2008*, 2002, p. 60 (Glossary))

**Strategy:** "The general plan or direction selected to accomplish
incident objectives." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*, August 2007, p. 158)

**Strategy:** "A goal or set of goals used to manage incident scene
operations from which an incident action plan is developed." (**NFPA
1561**, 2002, p. 8)

**Strategy:** "The general plan or direction selected to accomplish
incident objectives." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-23)

**Strategy for Catastrophic Incident Planning:** "Achieving a robust and
sustainable national capability to rapidly and successfully meet the
immense challenges posed by an incident of catastrophic magnitude will
require a unified strategy supported by aggressive leadership, joint
collaboration, innovative thinking, significant funding, and national
resolve. To that end, this Strategy for Catastrophic Incident Planning
(SCIP) establishes a comprehensive and ambitious set of unified goals
and objectives, and will provide a baseline against which to identify,
validate, align and prioritize necessary capability-building
initiatives.... There is agreement throughout the emergency management
community that the existing plans, policies, procedures, and resources
are not fully adequate or appropriate to address the destruction caused
by a catastrophic hurricane, an earthquake, or a terrorist attack using
a weapon of mass destruction" (**FEMA**, *Strategic Plan*, October 10.
2007, p. 4)

**Strategy for Homeland Defense and Civil Support: "**Directed by the
Strategic Planning Guidance (March 2004), the Strategy for Homeland
Defense and Civil Support integrates the objectives and guidance
expressed in the National Security Strategy, the National Strategy for
Homeland Security, and the National Defense Strategy to guide Department
of Defense operations to protect the US homeland." (**DoD**, *Strategy
for HD and Civil Support*, 2005, p. 6)

"The *Strategy for Homeland Defense and Civil Support* calls for
securing the United States from attack through an active, layered
defense in depth. This active layered defense seamlessly integrates US
capabilities in the forward regions of the world, in the geographic
approaches to US territory, and within the US homeland." (**JCS**,
*Homeland Defense*, 2007, I-5)

**Strengthen Planning and Citizen Preparedness Capabilities, A National
Priority (DHS):**

"Objective: Educate, train, organize and involve citizens with emergency
preparedness and homeland security efforts by June, 2008.

Objective: Develop a Statewide Citizen Corps Marketing Campaign for
implementation by September, 2008.

Objective: Establish a Neighborhood Watch program in every county
statewide and expand the program to larger cities/towns by December
2007. (**Tennessee OEM**, *FY 2007 Tennessee Strategy -- Goals and
Objectives*, p. 4)

**Strike-Slip Fault:** "A generally vertical fault along which the two
sides move horizontally past each other. The most famous example is
California's San Andreas Fault." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots in
Earthquake Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**Strike Team:** "A set number of resources of the same kind and type
that have an established minimum number of personnel." (DHS, NIMS, 2004,
p. 137)

**Strike Team:** "A set number of resources of the same kind and type
that have an established minimum number of personnel, common
communications, and a leader." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*, August 2007, p.
158)

**Strike Team:** \[ICS/NIMS\] "Are specified combinations of the **same
kind and type** of resources with common communications and a leader."
(**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-23)

**Structural Fire Fighters' Protective Clothing (SFPC):** "This category
of clothing, often

called turnout or bunker gear, means the protective clothing normally
worn by fire fighters

during structural fire fighting operations. It includes a helmet, coat,
pants, boots, gloves and

a hood to cover parts of the head not protected by the helmet and
facepiece. This clothing

must be used with full-facepiece positive pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA).

This protective clothing should, at a minimum, meet the OSHA Fire
Brigades Standard (29

CFR 1910.156). Structural fire fighters' protective clothing provides
limited protection from

heat and cold, but may not provide adequate protection from the harmful
vapors or liquids

that are encountered during dangerous goods incidents." (**DOT**,
*Emergency Response Guidebook*, 2004, p. 350)

**Structural Flood Mitigation:** "Structural system for reduction of the
effects of floods using physical solutions, including reservoirs,
levees, dredging, diversions, and flood-proofing." (**UNDHA**, *DM
Glossary*, 1992, 72)

**SU:** Surge Account, FEMA.

**SUASI:** Super Urban Areas Security Initiative. (**DHS**, January 3,
2006 Press Release)

**Subduction Zone:** "A boundary along which one plate of the Earth's
outer shell descends (subducts) at an angle beneath another. A
subduction zone is usually marked by a deep trench on the sea floor. An
example is the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore of Washington, Oregon,
and northern California. Most tsunamis are generated by subduction-zone
earthquakes." (**USGS**, *Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country*,
2007, Glossary)

**Subsidence:** "Collapse of a considerable area of land surface, due to
the removal of liquid or solid underlying or removal of soluble material
by means of water." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 72)

**Succession: "**Designated Successor to Authority. An individual, who
by virtue of the position held, is designated by law or executive order
to succeed to the position of and act as a particular statutory official
in the event of the death, disability, or absence of that official. Such
succession to office is on a temporary or interim basis and does not
vacate the statutory position currently held by the incumbent."
(**USACE**, *Planning and Operations Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions
and Common* Terms, 1985, p. V-2)

**Sulfur Mustard (Mustard Gas):** "Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical
warfare agent. These kinds of agents are called vesicants or blistering
agents, because they cause blistering of the skin and mucous membranes
on contact. Sulfur mustard is also known as "mustard gas or mustard
agent," or by the military designations H, HD, and HT. Sulfur mustard
sometimes smells like garlic, onions, or mustard and sometimes has no
odor. It can be a vapor (the gaseous form of a liquid), an oily-textured
liquid, or a solid. Sulfur mustard can be clear to yellow or brown when
it is in liquid or solid form." (**CDC**, *Facts About Sulfur Mustard*,
March 12, 2003 Modification)

**Super Urban Areas Security Initiative (SUASI):** "In fiscal year 2006,
the department identified 35 areas eligible to apply for and receive
funding.  These 35 areas encompass 95 cities with populations of 100,000
or more.  This year's formula promotes a "super" UASI concept that is
designed to build greater regional capabilities across a geographic
area." (**DHS**, "DHS Introduces Risk-Based Formula for Urban Areas
Security Initiative Grants," January 3, 2006)

**Superfund: "**The trust fund established initially under the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
and extended under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act to
provide money that can be used during cleanups associated with inactive
hazardous waste disposal sites." (**FEMA** 1992)

**Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA):** "In
October 1986... SARA was enacted. Title Ill of SARA is also known as the
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. Section 303 of SARA
required the NRT to publish guidance to assist local emergency planning
committees (LEPCs) with the development and implementation of
comprehensive hazardous materials emergency response plans." (**EPA**,
*Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis*, 1987, p. i)

**Support Joint Information Center (JIC)** "A support JIC is established
to supplement the efforts of several Incident JICs in multiple States.
It offers additional staff and resources outside of the disaster area.
(**FEMA**, *Basic Guidance for PIOs (FEMA 517)*, Nov 2007, p. 16)

**Supply Chain Management Approach:** "DHS/FEMA Logistics has adopted a
Supply Chain Management approach to managing Federal Logistics
processes. Supply Chain Management focuses on integrating the end-to-end
supply chain processes, beginning with planning of customer-driven
requirements for materiel and services, delivery to disaster victims as
requested by the State or tribe, and ending with replenishment of agency
inventories." (**DHS**, *NRF Logistics Management Support Annex*,
September 2007 Draft, p. 5)

**Support Agency.** "A federal department or agency designated to assist
a specific primary agency with available resources, capabilities, or
expertise in support of emergency support response operations, as
coordinated by the representative of the primary agency." (**JCS/DoD**,
*Civil Support*, 2007, p. GL-12)

**Support Annexes (NRF):** "...*Support Annexes* describe essential
supporting aspects of the Federal response that are common to all
incidents, such as financial management, volunteer and donations
management and private sector coordination." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment
Draft*, September 2007, p. 71)

**Surface Burst:** "The explosion of a nuclear (or atomic) weapon at the
surface of the land or water at a height above the surface less than the
radius of the fireball at maximum luminosity (in the second thermal
pulse). An explosion in which the weapon is detonated actually on the
surface...is called a *contact surface burst or a true surface burst*."
(**Glasstone**, *The Effects of Nuclear Weapons*, 3^rd^ Ed., 1977,
Glossary, p. 640)

**Surge Account:** "An account established by the FEMA Office of
Financial Management to provide funds to support pre-declaration
disaster activation." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating
Draft*, July 2007, p. 61)

**Surge Capacity:** "the ability to expand capabilities in response to
sudden or more prolonged

Demand..." (**JCAHO**, *Health Care at the Crossroads*, 2003, p. 19)

**Surge Capacity Force**: "SEC. 624. SURGE CAPACITY FORCE. (a)
ESTABLISHMENT.---

\(1\) IN GENERAL.---Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment
of this Act, the Administrator shall prepare and submit to the
appropriate committees of Congress a plan to

establish and implement a Surge Capacity Force for deployment of
individuals to respond to natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and
other man-made disasters, including catastrophic incidents. (2)
AUTHORITY. (A) IN GENERAL.---Except as provided in subparagraph

(B), the plan shall provide for individuals in the Surge Capacity Force
to be trained and deployed under the authorities set forth in the Robert
T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act.... (b)
EMPLOYEES DESIGNATED TO SERVE.---The plan shall include

procedures under which the Secretary shall designate employees of the
Department who are not employees of the Agency and shall, in conjunction
with the heads of other Executive agencies, designate employees of those
other Executive agencies, as appropriate, to serve on the Surge Capacity
Force. (c) CAPABILITIES.---The plan shall ensure that the Surge Capacity
Force---

\(1\) includes a sufficient number of individuals credentialed in
accordance with section 510 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, as
amended by this Act, that are capable of deploying rapidly and
efficiently after activation to prepare for, respond to, and recover
from natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters,
including catastrophic incidents; and (2) includes a sufficient number
of full-time, highly trained individuals credentialed in accordance with
section 510 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, as amended by this
Act, to lead and manage the Surge Capacity Force...." (**Post-Katrina
Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1419-1420)

**Surplus Lines of Insurance:** "1Surplus lines' refers to any type of
insurance for which there is no available market within a state and
which the state allows nonadmitted insurers to offer. A 'nonadmitted'
insurer is not licensed to do standard business in the state." (**GAO**,
*Natural Disasters; Public Policy Options*..., Nov 2007, p. 12)

**Survivable Communications:** "The establishment and maintenance of an
assured end-to-end communications path during all phases of a nuclear
event." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, P-9)

**Survivable Crisis Management** **(SCM):** "Survivable Crisis
Management (SCM) is an operational capability the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) seeks to achieve in the States and Territories.
The SCM capability FEMA seeks to achieve is the ability of each of the
States and Territories to survive a catastrophic emergency and be able
to direct, control, and coordinate emergency operations within the State
and in coordination and cooperation with other States and the Federal
Government. The objective of the SCM initiative is to develop a network
of survivable capabilities within each State, nationwide among the
States, and between the States and the Federal Government to ensure that
States can continue to govern." (**FEMA**, *An Introduction to
Survivable Crisis Management*, September 1992).

**Susceptibility:** "Once the risk has been determined, the likelihood
of an attack being successful can be assessed. In determining the
susceptibility of an attack or "vulnerability to attack" it is assumed
that the asset has been targeted, that the terrorists have the required
weapon(s) and equipment, and that the attack will take place. The
susceptibility then measures the probability that the attack would
achieve its desired result given the constraints that are in place at
the target, including physical constraints, operational constraints, and
security measures.

"There are a number of methods that can be used to calculate or estimate
susceptibility. These range from simple ratings of security capabilities
to complex, simulation-based evaluations of detailed attack scenarios.
The most appropriate method will depend on the type of asset and the
goals of the risk assessment. In general, however, an appropriate
assessment of susceptibility would include an evaluation of physical
features, security capabilities, and response capabilities that serve to
prevent an attack from being successful. These activities can also be
categorized as those that serve to deny, detect, delay, or defend
against the attack, and are addressed by other capabilities in the TCL."
(**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 52)

**Sustain:** "Definition: to support, supply, and maintain the necessary
level and duration of activity to achieve a given objective.

"Extended Definition: to maintain operations in the event of an attack,
natural disaster, or other type of incident of national significance,
either malicious or unintentional; and to provide, on a continual basis,
the resources (people, funding, etc.) necessary to build, maintain and
employ emergency response capabilities, as well as maintaining civil
rights and liberties.

"Annotation: To physically maintain the integrity and operational
capacity of the nation's critical systems, infrastructures, and their
ability to function properly under any circumstances particularly during
a period of recovery associated with and immediately following an
adverse event or series of events caused by attack or natural disaster.
Maintain effective support at critical or alternate locations in spite
of natural or man-made disasters.

"Example: DHS will be a driving force to sustain and/or restore critical
infrastructure." (**DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*, October 19,
2007, p. 25)

**Sustainable Communities:** "Sustainable communities make more
efficient use of their land. They emphasize open space planning where
appropriate by promoting greenways, parks, and

landscaping. The effective use of open space can prevent development
from encroaching upon floodplains, active fault zones, and other hazard
areas. Sustainable communities also take advantage of underutilized
urban areas and encourage infill and "brownfield" development. Energy
and resource conservation are high priorities. Emphasis is placed on
public transit and creating mixed-use environments that are less
dependent on automobiles. An essential characteristic of a sustainable
community is its resilience to natural disasters." (**FEMA**,
*Rebuilding For A More Sustainable Future: An Operational Framework*,
Nov. 2000, p. 1-3)

**Sustainable Communities:** ...where people and property are kept out
of the way of natural hazards, where the inherently mitigating qualities
of natural environmental systems are maintained, and where development
is designed to be resilient in the face of natural forces..."
(**Godschalk, Kaiser, and Berke** 1998, 86)

**Sustainable Development:** "In its broader sense, sustainability is
defined as development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
In the context of emergency management, this meaning remains and it is
linked to creating places that are less vulnerable to natural and
technological hazards and that are resilient to those events.
Sustainable hazard management has five components: environmental
quality; quality of life; disaster resilience; economic vitality; and
inter- and intra-generational equity. Reducing the risk from hazards,
reducing losses from disasters and working toward sustainable
communities go hand-in-hand" (**Britton** 1998, 1).

**Sustainable Development:** "...the reconciliation of society's
development goals with Planet Earth's environmental limits over the long
term." (**Carrido and Hays** 2001, 1)

**Sustainable Development:** A strategy for improving the quality of
life while preserving the environmental potential for the future, of
living off interest rather than consuming natural capital. Sustainable
development mandates that the present generation must not narrow the
choices of future generations but must strive to expand them by passing
on an environment and an accumulation of resources that will allow its
children to live at least as well as, and preferably better than, people
today. Sustainable development is premised on living within the Earth's
means. (**National Commission** 1993, 2)

**Sustainable Development:** "Sustainable development -- which meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs -- is generally understood to
require (1) economic growth, (2) protection of the environment, and (3)
sustainable use of ecological systems. There is, however, a fourth
criterion of equal importance: Sustainable development must be resilient
with respect to the natural variability of the Earth and the solar
system." (**NSTC** 1996, 4)

**Sustainable Development:** Development in the present that does not
destroy the resources needed for future development (**Simeon
Institute** 1998[^58]).

**Sustainable Development:** Sustainable development is that which
"meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs." (**UN World Commission**
1987, 8)

**Sustainable Planner:** "The Sustainability Planner acts as a catalyst
for sustainability and promotes a sustainable redevelopment component
into the overall reconstruction effort. The

Sustainability Planner evaluates opportunities for implementing
sustainable redevelopment, presents these findings, and helps to build
consensus on the appropriate level of effort to be pursued by FEMA,
other Federal agencies (OFAs), state and local agencies, and
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).... The goal of the sustainability
initiative is to reduce the potential for disaster losses and to help
communities realize opportunities to implement sustainable redevelopment
during the recovery process. Although the goals and responsibilities of
the Sustainability Planner are in many ways similar to FEMA's overall
hazard mitigation goal, it is necessary to draw some distinctions. The
Sustainability Planner focuses on developing comprehensive, long-term
planning solutions and identifying opportunities to incorporate
sustainable and livable community objectives. The mitigation specialist
focuses on specific structural or nonstructural mitigation measures,
such as buy-out or elevation of structures, National Flood Insurance
Program (NFIP) compliance, building code enforcement, flood protection
measures, and seismic and wind retrofit. The Sustainability Planner is
more involved with comprehensive plans, zoning and subdivision
regulations, and watershed and basin planning initiatives. The
Sustainability Planner and the mitigation specialist are partners in
building more

disaster-resistant and sustainable communities, and their respective
areas of emphasis complement each other." (**FEMA**, *Rebuilding For A
More Sustainable Future: An Operational Framework*, November 1, 2000, p.
1-1, 1-2)

**Sustainable Redevelopment:** "The term "sustainable redevelopment"
refers to applying the concepts and practices of sustainable development
to the disaster recovery process. The post-disaster environment presents
a unique opportunity to implement sustainability initiatives and

to increase the quality of the built environment. If reconstruction is a
major element of the recovery process, affected communities are
presented with an opportunity to address such issues as the
compatibility of development with the environment and natural hazards,
the use of renewable resources, and improved community planning and
physical design." (**FEMA**, *Rebuilding For A More Sustainable Future:
An Operational Framework*, Nov. 2000, p. 1-3)

**Sustainability:** "Essentially, sustainability means that decisions
made today should not reduce the options of future generations, but pass
on to them a natural, economic, and social environment that provides a
high quality of life." (**FEMA**, *Rebuilding For A More Sustainable
Future: An Operational Framework*, November 1, 2000, p. 1-3)

**Sustainability Initiative (FEMA):** "The goal of the sustainability
initiative is to reduce the potential for disaster losses and to help
communities realize opportunities to implement sustainable redevelopment
during the recovery process.... FEMA's sustainability initiative began
formally in November 1998 when the Associate Director for Mitigation
encouraged Regional Directors to set up a sustainable redevelopment
function in DFOs (see Appendix I). The Associate Director proposed the
establishment of a *sustainability desk* as part of the mitigation
function in DFOs and/or Disaster Recovery Centers (DRCs). Two pilot
efforts were undertaken in Ohio and West Virginia flood declarations
(FEMA-DR-1227-OH and FEMA-DR-1229-WV)." (**FEMA**, *Rebuilding For A
More Sustainable Future: An Operational Framework*, November 1, 2000, p.
1-2, 1-3)

**SVA:** Security Vulnerability Assessment. (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p.
102)

**System:** "As stated in the National Preparedness Goal, 'a system is a
combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and
communications integrated into a common organizational structure to
achieve a mission or outcome'." (**DHS/ODP**, *State and Urban Area
Homeland Security Strategy: Guidance on Aligning Strategies with the
NPG*, 2005, p. 5)

**System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders (SAVER):**
"The mission of the SAVER Program is to

-   Provide impartial, practitioner relevant, and operationally oriented
    assessments and validations of emergency responder equipment.

-   Provide information that enables decision makers and responders to
    better select, procure, use, and maintain emergency responder
    equipment. Assess and validate the performance of products within a
    system, as well as systems within systems. Provide information and
    feedback to the user community through a Web-based database." (DHS,
    SAVER, 2006, p. 1)

**TA:** Technical Assistance.

**Tabletop Exercise (TTX):** "An activity that involves key personnel
discussing simulated scenarios in an informal setting. This type of
exercise can be used to assess plans, policies, and procedures or to
assess the systems needed to guide the prevention of, response to, and
recovery from a defined incident. TTXs typically are aimed at
facilitating understanding of concepts, identifying strengths and
shortfalls, and achieving changes in attitude. Participants are
encouraged to discuss issues in depth and develop decisions through
slow-paced problem solving, rather than the rapid, spontaneous decision
making that occurs under actual or simulated emergency conditions."
(**FEMA**, *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of Reference* (For FY 2007),
Oct.23, 2006, pp. 3-4) \[See "Exercise Types"\]

**Tabletop Exercise (TTX):** "Test method that presents a limited
simulation of a disruption, emergency or crisis scenario in a narrative
format in which participants review and discuss, not perform, the
policy, methods, procedures, coordination, and resource assignments
associated with plan activation." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal
Security*..., 2007, 7)

**Tabun (GA):** Tabun is a man-made chemical warfare agent classified as
a nerve agent. Nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the
known chemical warfare agents. They are similar to pesticides (insect
killers) called organophosphates in terms of how they work and what
kinds of harmful effects they cause. However, nerve agents are much more
potent than organophosphate pesticides.... Tabun is a clear, colorless,
tasteless liquid with a faint fruity odor...can become a vapor if
heated." (**CDC,** *Facts About Tabun*, March 7, 2003 Update)

**TAC:** Technical Assistance Contract/Contractors, FEMA Public
Assistance Program.

**Tactical Interoperable Communications Plan (TICP):** "TICP serves as a
planning tool to help sites exercise interoperable communications and to
meet the Congressional mandate that grant recipients develop a tactical
plan. TICP meets the requirements of Homeland Security Presidential
Directive-5, *Management of Domestic Incidents*, and the DHS *National
Incident Management System (NIMS)*." (**DHS/ODP**, *ODP TICP FAQs*,
September 2005, p. 1)

**Tactical Plan:** "The term 'tactical plan' refers to the detailed
development and identification of individual tasks, actions, and
objectives tailored to specific situations and fact patterns at an
operational level. Tactical planning is meant to support and achieve the
objectives of the operations plan." (**White House**, *Annex I "National
Planning" to HSPD-8*, December 2007, p. 2)

**Tactical Planning:** "Interagency Definition -- The detailed
development and identification of goals, priorities, objectives, and
actions tailored to specific situations and fact patterns at an
operational level. Tactical planning is meant to support and achieve the
objectives of the operational plan." (**DHS**, *Interagency Planning
Workshop*, November 29, 2007, slide #22)

**Tactics:** \[ICS/NIMS\] "Deploying and directing resources during an
incident to accomplish the objectives designated by strategy."
(**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-23)

**TAG:** Technical Assessment Group. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, Dec.
2007, Glossary-6)

**TAG:** The Adjutant Generals. (**FEMA**, *Statement of Glenn Cannon*,
November 2007, p. 12)

**TAI:** Target Area of Interest. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary-6)

**Tangible Elements of Emergency Operational Capability:** "Those
elements which can be measured or tallied, including items such as an
operational EOC facility; documented emergency plans, including a CSP
\[Community Shelter Plan\]; shelters; trained radiological monitors and
necessary equipment; coverage of outdoor warning devices; and trained
fire and police auxiliaries.... Additional items include communications
systems not only to local government agencies and other local sites, but
also to State CD, and current operational equipment and supply inventory
(e.g., location of bulldozers)." (**DCPA**, *On-Site Assistance* (MP
63), 1974, 5)

**Target Capabilities List (TCL):** "**...**defines 37 specific
capabilities that communities, the private sector and all levels of
government should possess in order to respond effectively to disasters."
(**DHS**, *National Response Framework Comment Draft*, September 10,
2007, 68)

**Target Capabilities List (TCL):** "The Target Capabilities List
describes the capabilities related to the four homeland security mission
areas: Prevent, Protect, Respond, and Recover. It defines and provides
the basis for assessing preparedness. It also establishes national
guidance for preparing the Nation for major all-hazards events, such as
those defined by the National Planning Scenarios. The current version of
the TCL contains 37 core capabilities. A "Consensus of the Community"
approach was used to develop the Target Capabilities List. Stakeholders
from Federal, State, local, territorial, and tribal governments, the
private sector, and nongovernmental

organizations came together in four national workshops and capability
working groups to define the capabilities. The Guidelines will serve as
a framework to guide operational readiness planning, priority-setting,
and program implementation at all levels of government. The Guidelines
provide a call to action by all Americans as they consider their
personal and shared responsibility to be part of *A Nation Prepared*.
The Target Capabilities List provides guidance on building and
maintaining capabilities that support the Guidelines" (**DHS,** *TCL*,
Sep 2007, p. iii)

"...the TCL does not address capabilities for routine firefighting or
law enforcement services, or seasonal flooding. Instead, the TCL
addresses capabilities based preparedness to prevent, protect against,
respond to, and recover from terrorism, very large-scale disasters,
pandemic health emergencies, or other major incidents." (**DHS,** *TCL*,
Sep 2007, p. 5)

"The Target Capabilities List should be viewed as a reference document
or guide to preparedness. It should not serve as a prescription for
program requirements or resource commitments. Most users will not use
the TCL document directly and/or may only use one or a subset of
capabilities that are relevant to them. They will use those portions of
the TCL that are relevant to them or to their specific application
through the TCL implementation tools." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 12)

"The TCL is designed to provide the nation with the network of flexible
and adaptive

capabilities across the country to prevent, protect against, respond to,
and recover from incidents similar to those described in the National
Planning Scenarios or other scenarios. Planners and officials at all
levels will assess and determine their greatest risks within this
framework to inform planning efforts and to establish priorities for
addressing resource gaps, training, and exercises." (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 13)

**Target Capabilities List (TCL):** "A component of the National
Preparedness Goal from HSPD-8 which describes and sets targets for the
capabilities required to achieve the four homeland security mission
areas: Prevent, Protect, Respond, and Recover. The List defines and
provides the basis for assessing preparedness. It also establishes
national targets for the capabilities to prepare the Nation for major
all-hazards events, such as those defined by the National Planning
Scenarios. The current version of the TCL contains 37 core
capabilities." (**Homeland Security Council,** *National Continuity
Policy Implementation Plan*, Aug 2007, 67)

**Target Capabilities List Performance Measures:** "Performance measures
are quantitative or qualitative levels against which achievement of a
task or capability outcome can be assessed. They describe how much, how
well, or how quickly an action should be performed and are typically
expressed in ways that can be observed during an exercise or real event.
*The measures and metrics are not standards. They serve as guides and
evaluation tools for planning, training, and exercise activities.*"
(**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 8)

**Target Capabilities List Phase I Core Capabilities (37):** (**DHS,**
*TCL*, Sep 2007, p. viii)

**Common Capabilities**

> Planning
>
> Communications
>
> Community Preparedness and

Participation

> Risk Management
>
> Intelligence and Information Sharing

and Dissemination

**Prevent Mission Capabilities**

> Information Gathering and
>
> Recognition of Indicators and
>
> Warning
>
> Intelligence Analysis and Production
>
> Counter-Terror Investigation and

Law Enforcement

> CBRNE Detection

**Protect Mission Capabilities**

> Critical Infrastructure Protection
>
> Food and Agriculture Safety and
>
> Defense
>
> Epidemiological Surveillance and
>
> Investigation
>
> Laboratory Testing

**Respond Mission Capabilities**

> On-Site Incident Management
>
> Emergency Operations Center
>
> Management
>
> Critical Resource Logistics and
>
> Distribution
>
> Volunteer Management and
>
> Donations
>
> Responder Safety and Health
>
> Emergency Public Safety and
>
> Security
>
> Animal Disease Emergency Support
>
> Environmental Health
>
> Explosive Device Response
>
> Operations
>
> Fire Incident Response Support
>
> WMD and Hazardous Materials
>
> Response and Decontamination
>
> Citizen Evacuation and Shelter-in-
>
> Place
>
> Isolation and Quarantine
>
> Search and Rescue (Land-Based)
>
> Emergency Public Information and
>
> Warning
>
> Emergency Triage and Pre-Hospital

Treatment

> Medical Surge
>
> Medical Supplies Management and
>
> Distribution
>
> Mass Prophylaxis
>
> Mass Care (Sheltering, Feeding and
>
> Related Services)
>
> Fatality Management

**Recover Mission Capabilities**

> Structural Damage Assessment
>
> Restoration of Lifelines
>
> Economic and Community Recovery

(**DHS**, *Target Capabilities List*, September 2007, p. vii)

**Target Capability Preparedness Levels:** "Target preparedness levels
represent suggested levels of capability that may be needed to prevent,
protect against, respond to, and

recover from major events that demand a multi-level,
multi-jurisdictional, multi-disciplinary response. Stakeholder working
groups suggested Target Capability preparedness levels based on an
analysis of the circumstances and consequences described in the National
Planning Scenarios and the planning factors." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p.
9)

*National Preparedness Levels for Capabilities*

-   The Target Capability preparedness levels estimate what may be
    needed should major

> events exceed the capacity of any single jurisdiction.

-   Responsibility for meeting Target Capability preparedness levels can
    be shared across

> government and non-government entities.

-   Many of the resource estimates are not standing requirements -- they
    would be assembled when and where they are needed.

-   Assessments of current capabilities against target levels can
    provide an indication of

> relative preparedness. (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 10)

**Task:** "A discrete action that enables a function to be accomplished
by individuals or organizations." (**Homeland Security Institute**, *HS
Strategic Planning MAA*, March 2007, p. 63)

**Task Force:** "Any combination of resources assembled to support a
specific mission or operational need. All resource elements within a
Task Force must have common communications and a designated leader."
(**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 137)

**Task Force:** \[ICS\] "A group of resources with common communications
and a leader assembled for a specific mission." (**USCG**, *IM
Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-23)

**TAV:** Total Asset Visibility.

**TCL:** Target Capabilities List. (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p. 102)

**TCU:** Tribal Colleges and Universities.

**TDRM:** Total Disaster Risk Management.

**Technical Assistance (TA) (Object Class 2507):** A type of Mission
Assignment defined as "technical expertise provided by the Federal
government to State and/or local jurisdictions when the State has the
resources, but lacks the knowledge and/or skills needed to perform the
work related to the disaster or emergency. TA is 100-percent federally
funded but must be requested and approved by the State.

*Example: A mission assignment issued to the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers to provide TA to affected counties in the writing of debris
contracts.*" (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment*, 2007, p.10)

**Technical Assistance Contractors:** "FEMA awards nationwide, stand-by
technical assistance contracts (TAC) to meet PA \[Public Assistance\]
program needs that typically cannot be met by FEMA staff. PA TAC
employees are specialists that provide services such as assessing and
estimating disaster damages to complex facilities, and providing
insurance adjustment services and historical and environmental reviews.
For disasters occurring in FYs 2004, 2005, and 2006, FEMA spent \$228.3
million, \$1.4 billion, and \$94.9 million, through November 2006,
respectively, for PA TACs. A contracting officer technical
representative located at FEMA Headquarters oversees the master
contracts and task monitors at field and regional offices provide site
monitoring for TAC employees." (**DHS OIG**, *Fiscal Year 2008 Annual
Performance Plan*, 2007, p. 35)

**Technical Attack:** "An attack that can be perpetrated by
circumventing or nullifying hardware

or software protection mechanisms, or exploiting hardware or software
vulnerabilities, rather than physical destruction or by subverting
system personnel or other users." (**DoD**, *CAAP*, 1998)

**Technological Accident:** "An unexpected incident, failure or loss
occurring through the application of practical or mechanical sciences to
industry or commerce that poses potential harm to persons, property or
the environment." (**European Environment Agency**, *EEA Multilingual
Environmental Glossary*, 2007)

**Temporary Housing:** "*Temporary Housing* facilities are intended to
provide living accommodations for an extended period of time, to include
single- and multi-family homes, apartments and manufactured homes."
(**FEMA**, *FEMA Recovery Strategy*, August 2006)

**Tephra:** "Material ejected from a volcano, with the exception of
lava." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 73)

**Terrorism:** "...premeditated, politically motivated violence
perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or
clandestine agents." (**Department of State)**

**Terrorism:** "Definition: premeditated threat or act of violence,
against noncombatant persons, property, environmental, or economic
targets, to induce fear or to intimidate, coerce or affect a government,
the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of
political, social, ideological, or religious objectives.

"Extended definition: usually conducted by an organization with an
identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure, whose
members are considered a sub-national or non-state entity.

"Example: Protecting the United States against acts of terrorism is the
Department of Homeland Security's primary focus." (**DHS**, *Lexicon:
Terms and Definitions*, October 19, 2007, p. 26)

**Terrorism:** "Any activity that (1) involves an act that is (a)
dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critical
infrastructure or key resources, and (b) a violation of the criminal
laws of the United States or of any State or other subdivision of the
United States; and (2) appears to be intended to (a) intimidate or
coerce a civilian population, (b) influence the policy of a government
by intimidation or coercion, or (c) affect the conduct of a government
by mass destruction, assignation, or kidnapping." (**DHS**, *NIPP*,
2006, p. 105)

**Terrorism:** "...the unlawful use of force or violence against persons
or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian
population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or
social objectives." (**FBI**)

**Terrorism:** "The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of
unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate
governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally
political, religious, or ideological." (**FEMA**, *Disaster Dictionary*
2001, 120; citing DoD Joint Pub 1-102)

**Terrorism:** "The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or
property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population,
or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social
objectives. Domestic terrorism involves groups or individuals who are
based and operate entirely within the United States and U.S. territories
without foreign direction and whose acts are directed at elements of the
U.S. government or population." (**FEMA**, *Guide for All-Hazard
Emergency Operations...*, 2001, p. 6-G-F-3)

**Terrorism:** A violent act to attain specific goals. Distinguished
from other types of criminal acts by:

Political aims and motives.

Violent or acts that threaten violence.

Far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond immediate victim or
target.

Conducted by organization with identifiable chain of command or
structure.

Perpetrated by sub-national group or non-state entity. (**Hoffman**,
1998)

**Terrorism:** "...the calculated use of unexpected, shocking, and
unlawful violence against noncombatants (including, in addition to
civilians, off-duty military and security personnel in peaceful
situations) and other symbolic targets perpetrated by a clandestine
member(s) of a subnational group or a clandestine agent(s) for the
psychological purpose of publicizing a political or religious cause
and/or intimidating or coercing a government(s) or civilian population
into accepting demands on behalf of the cause." (**Library of Congress**
1999, 12)

**Terrorism:** Simple definition: Violence or threatened violence
intended to produce fear or change.

Legal definition: Criminal violence violating legal codes and punishable
by the state.

State-sponsored terrorism: National or other groups used to attack other
interests.

State terrorism: Power of the government used to repress its people to
the point of submission. (**Rosie,** 1987)

**Terrorism:** "The word *terrorism* emerged during the French
revolution of the late 1700s to describe efforts by the revolutionary
government to impose its will through widespread violence; the *Academie
Francaise* soon defined terrorism as a 'system or rule of terror.'"
(**Sauter and Carafano** 2005, 64)

"...*terrorism* usually includes most or all of the following central
elements:

-   Conducted by subnational groups

-   Targeted at random noncombatant victims

-   Directed at one set of victims in part to create fear among a larger
    audience

-   Aimed at coercing governments or populations

-   Planned to get publicity

-   Motivated by political, ideological, or religious beliefs

-   Based on criminal actions (actions that would also violate the rules
    of war)." (p. 66)

**Terrorism:** "Terrorism, or the threat of terrorism, involves acts of
violence used in peace, conflict or war and are acts that shock the
senses of reasonable people." (**Simonsen**, 2004)

**Terrorism:** "Terrorism is a special type of violence. While terrorism
often seeks legitimacy as political action, terrorism is a criminal
offense under nearly every national or international legal

code. Although terrorism has not yet caused the physical devastation and
large number of

casualties normally associated with traditional warfare, terrorism can
produce a significant adverse psychological impact and present a threat
greater than a simple compilation of the number of people killed or the
quantity of materiel destroyed." (**US Army TRADOC**, 2007, p. 3) "The
calculated use of violence or threat of violence to inculcate fear;
intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the
pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or
ideological." (**US Army TRADOC**, 2007, p. 151)

**Terrorism:** "Any activity that: (1) involves an act that (a) is
dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critical
infrastructure or key resources and (b) is a violation of the criminal
laws of the United States or of any State or other subdivision of the
United States; and

\(2\) appears to be intended (a) to intimidate or coerce a civilian
population, (b) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation
or coercion, or (c) to affect the conduct of a government by mass
destruction, assassination, or kidnapping." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*
2006 Glossary 25-23)

**Terrorism:** "The *National Strategy for Homeland Security*
characterizes terrorism as any

premeditated, unlawful act dangerous to human life or public welfare
that is intended to intimidate or coerce civilian populations or
governments. This description captures the core concepts shared by the
various definitions of terrorism contained in the U.S. Code, each

crafted to achieve a legal standard of specificity and clarity. This
description covers kidnappings; hijackings; shootings; conventional
bombings; attacks involving chemical, biological, radiological, or
nuclear weapons; cyber attacks; and any number of other forms of
malicious violence. Terrorists can be U.S. citizens or foreigners,
acting in concert with others, on their own, or on behalf of a hostile
state." (**White House**, *National Strategy For HS*, 2002, p. 2)

**Terrorism Information:** "**(**d) the term \"terrorism information\"
means all information, whether collected, produced, or distributed by
intelligence, law enforcement, military, homeland security, or other
United States Government activities, relating to (i) the existence,
organization, capabilities, plans, intentions, vulnerabilities, means of
finance or material support, or activities of foreign or international
terrorist groups or individuals, or of domestic groups or individuals
involved in transnational terrorism; (ii) threats posed by such groups
or individuals to the United States, United States persons, or United
States interests, or to those of other nations; (iii) communications of
or by such groups or individuals; or (iv) information relating to groups
or individuals reasonably believed to be assisting or associated with
such groups or individuals." (**White House**, *EO 13356*, August 27,
2004)

**Terrorism Preparedness:** "The term 'terrorism preparedness' means any
activity designed to improve the ability to prevent, prepare for,
respond to, mitigate against, or recover from threatened or actual
terrorist attacks." (**US Congress**, *Implementing the 9/11 Commission
Recommendations Act of 2007*, August 7, 2007, p. 10)

**Terrorism Prevention:** "Terrorism prevention consists of those
activities that serve to detect and disrupt terrorist threats or actions
against the U.S. and its interests, and decrease the likelihood that a
specific terrorist threat or plan will be culminated or executed. It is
these activities that have been identified and consolidated to make up
the prevention core capabilities." (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V, December
2005 Draft, p. 8)

**Terrorism Risk Assessment:** "TERRORISM RISK ASSESSMENT\--With respect
to analyzing

and assessing the risk of acts of terrorism, the Administrator shall
consider---(1) the variables of threat, vulnerability, and consequences
related to population (including transient commuting and

tourist populations), areas of high population density, critical
infrastructure, coastline, and international borders; and (2) the most
current risk assessment available from the Chief Intelligence Officer of
the Department of the threats of terrorism against the United States."
(**Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006**, p. 1426)

**Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA):** "TRIA and TRIEA established the
federal government as the backstop reinsurer of certain types of
terrorism risk, for most commercial lines carriers, and for certain
types of losses: principally, injury to or death of employees, damage to
commercial properties and operations due to acts of terrorism committed
by foreign nationals. The federal insurance "kicks in" only above
specific "retentions" (or deductibles), and even then pays most, but not
all, of the claims above that level, up to a designated ceiling. The
federal government does not charge for providing this reinsurance
beforehand, as a typical private insurer would do, but TRIA and TRIEA do
require insurers to repay at least some of the government's claims
payouts over an extended period, subject to the discretion of the
Treasury

Secretary, whose department administers the program." (**FSR**, *Nation
Unprepared*, 2007, 60)

**Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA):** Congress passed "the Terrorism
Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) in November 2002. Since then, TRIA has been
reauthorized twice. The latest reauthorization, passed at the end of
2007, extends the law to 2014. TRIA provides a federal backstop for
commercial insurance losses from terrorist acts, making it easier for
insurers to calculate their maximum losses for such a catastrophe and
thus to underwrite the coverage..." (**Insurance Information
Institute**, *Catastrophes*, Jan 2007)

**Terrorist:** Under U.S. law and sentencing guidelines a terrorist is
someone who "appears to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian
population." (**US Code,** Title 18, Part I, Chapter 113b, Section
2331**)**

**Test, Training, and Exercise (TT&E):** "Measures to ensure that an
agency's continuity plan is capable of supporting the continued
execution of the agency's essential functions throughout the duration of
a continuity situation." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, P-9)

**Testing:** "Activity in which some part(s) of the operational
continuity plan(s) is/are followed to ensure that the plan(s) contain(s)
the appropriate information and produces the desired result." (**ISO
22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, 7)

**Texas Windstorm Insurance Association:** "The Texas Windstorm
Insurance Association (Texas Windpool) offers windstorm and hail
coverage for residential and commercial properties in 14 coastal
counties and parts of Harris County (but not Houston). About 25 percent
of the state's population lives along the coast. The membership of the
Texas Windpool includes every property insurer licensed to write
property insurance in the state. Each company's percentage of
participation is based on their statewide sales." (GAO, Natural
Disasters: Public Policy Options, Nov 2007, p. 67; see, also, pp. 68-69)

**TF:** Task Force.

**TFAH:** Trust for America's Health.

**TH:** Transitional Housing.

**The Framework:** National Response Framework. At:
[http://www.fema.gov/NRF]{.underline}

**The Infrastructure Security Partnership (TISP):** "The Infrastructure
Security Partnership (TISP) was established following the tragic events
of September 11, 2001, as a national forum for public and private-sector
organizations to collaborate on issues regarding the resilience of the
nation's critical infrastructure against the adverse impacts of natural
and man-made disasters. TISP members---who represent the design,
construction, operation, and maintenance communities; local, state, and
federal agencies; academe; and other organizations concerned about
disaster preparedness, response, and recovery---work together to
identify and develop cost-effective solutions by leveraging their
collective resources, experience, technical expertise, research and
development capabilities, and knowledge of public policy regarding
natural and man-made disasters. Since its establishment, membership has
grown to more than 100 organizations representing more than 1.5 million
individuals and firms." (**TISP**, *Regional Disaster Resilience: A
Guide for Developing an Action Plan*, June 2006, p. 1)

**Thermal Radiation:** "Electromagnetic radiation emitted (in two pulses
from an airburst) from the fireball as a consequence of its very high
temperature; it consists essentially of ultraviolet, visible, and
infrared radiations. In the early stages (first pulse of an air burst),
when the temperature of the fireball is extremely high, the ultraviolet
radiation predominates; in the second pulse, the temperatures are lower
and most of the thermal radiation lies in the visible and infrared
regions of the spectrum. For high-altitude bursts (above 100,000 feet),
the thermal radiation is emitted as a single pulse, which is of short
duration below about 270,000 feet but increases at greater burst
heights." (**Glasstone**, *The Effects of Nuclear Weapons*, 3^rd^ Ed.,
1977, p. 640)

**Threat:** "*Threat* is the likelihood of a type of attack that might
be attempted, or that the scenario will occur." (**DHS**, *FDC 1*, Nov.
2007, B-2)

**Threat:** "Definition: any entity, action, or occurrence, whether
natural or man-made, that has or indicates the potential to pose
violence or danger to life, information, operations and/or property.
Extended Definition: includes capabilities, intentions, and attack
methods of adversaries used to exploit and circumstances or occurrences
with the intent to cause harm." (**DHS**, *Lexicon: Terms and
Definitions*, October 19, 2007, p. 26)

**Threat:** "The intention and capability of an adversary to undertake
actions that would be detrimental to CI/KR." (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p.
105)

**Threat:** "An indication of possible violence, harm, or danger."
(**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 137)

**Threat:** "The likelihood of a hazard occurring." (**HHS**, *Medical
Surge Capacity and Capability Handbook*, August 2004, p. D-12, Glossary)

**Threat:** "Potential cause of an unwanted incident, which may result
in harm to individuals, a system or organization, the environment or the
community." (**ISO 22399**, *Societal Security*..., 2007, 7)

**Threat Assessment Inquiry:** "The primary purpose of a threat
assessment is to prevent targeted violence. The threat assessment
process is centered upon on analysis of the facts and evidence of
behavior in a given situation. The appraisal of risk in a threat
assessment focuses on actions, communications, and specific
circumstances that might suggest that an individual intends to mount an
attack and is engaged in planning or preparing for that event.

In a situation that becomes the focus of a threat assessment inquiry or
investigation, appropriate authorities gather information, evaluate
facts, and make a determination as to whether a given student *poses* a
threat of violence to a target. If an inquiry indicates that there is a
risk of violence in a specific situation, authorities conducting the
threat assessment collaborate with others to develop and implement a
plan to manage or reduce the threat posed by the student in that
situation.

Six principles form the foundation of the threat assessment process.
These principles are:

-   Targeted violence is the end result of an understandable, and
    oftentimes discernible, process of thinking and behavior.

-   Targeted violence stems from an interaction among the individual,
    the situation, the setting, and the target.

-   An investigative, skeptical, inquisitive mindset is critical to
    successful threat assessment.

-   Effective threat assessment is based upon facts, rather than on
    characteristics or 'traits'.

-   An 'integrated systems approach' should guide threat assessment
    inquiries and investigations.

-   The central question in a threat assessment inquiry or investigation
    is whether a student *poses* a threat, not whether the student has
    *made* a threat." (**US Secret Service and DOE**, *Threat Assessment
    in Schools*, 2002)

**Threat Level System** (**Color-Coded):** The "Color-coded Threat Level
System is used to communicate with public safety officials and the
public at-large through a threat-based, color-coded system so that
protective measures can be implemented to reduce the likelihood or
impact of an attack.  Raising the threat condition has economic,
physical, and psychological effects on the nation; so, the Homeland
Security Advisory System can place specific geographic regions or
industry sectors on a higher alert status than other regions or
industries, based on specific threat information." (**DHS**, *Homeland
Security Advisory System*, 2007)

**Threat-Vulnerability Integration System (TVIS):** Pilot DHS Science &
Technology Program "which combines and fuses data in unique ways to
create and share knowledge of potential

terrorist threats." (DHS/OIG, ADVISE Report, June 2007, p. 5)

**Thunderstorm:** Sudden electrical discharges manifested by a flash of
light (lightning) and a sharp or rumbling sound (thunder). Thunderstorms
are associated with convective clouds (Cumulonimbus) and are, more
often, accompanied by precipitation in the form of rain showers or hail,
or occasionally snow, snow pellets, or ice pellets. (**WMO** 1992, 622)

**TIA:** Terrorism Incident Annex.

**TIB:** Toxic Industrial Biological. (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP 3-41)
2006, p. GL-5)

**TIC:** Toxic Industrial Chemical. (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP 3-41)
2006, p. GL-5)

**TICP:** Tactical Interoperable Communications Plan. (**DHS/ODP**, *ODP
TICP FAQs*, 2005)

**Tidal Bore (Wave):** "An abrupt rise of tidal water (caused by
atmospheric activities) moving rapidly inland from the mouth of an
estuary." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 74)

**Tiered Emergency Response System:** "In the United States, response to
an emergency is primarily a local responsibility.... When local
resources are overwhelmed by an event or if specific required technical
capabilities are not available, local leaders may implement existing
mutual-aid agreements to request additional support from neighboring
communities and seek supplemental assistance through county and state
emergency management systems.... If the state, including its National
Guard (NG), lacks sufficient assets in quantity or technical response
capability to mitigate a disaster, the governor may request outside
(state or federal) assistance." (**DA**, *WMD -- Civil Support Team
Operations*, 2007, p. 1-2)

**Tiered Response:** "*Incidents must be managed at the lowest possible
jurisdictional level and supported by additional response capabilities
when needed*. It is not necessary that each level become overwhelmed, or
fail, prior to surging resources from another level. Just the contrary,
a tiered response will also be a forward-leaning response.

Most incidents begin and end locally and are wholly managed at the
community level. Many incidents require additional resources or support
from across the community, and some require additional support from
neighboring communities or the State. A few require Federal support.
National response protocols recognize this and are structured to provide
additional, tiered levels of support when there is a need for additional
resources or capabilities to support and sustain the response and
initial recovery. During large-scale events, all levels will take
proactive actions to respond, anticipating resources that may be
required." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 9)

**TIH:** Toxic Inhalation Hazard. "...a gas or volatile liquid which is
known to be so toxic to humans as to pose a hazard to health during
transportation, or in the absence of adequate data on human toxicity, is
presumed to be toxic to humans because when tested on laboratory animals
it has an LC50 value of not more than 5000 ppm." (**DOT**, *Emergency
Response Guidebook...Hazardous Materials Incidents*, 2004, pp. 4 and
364)

**TIIDE:** Terrorism Injuries, Information, Dissemination and Exchange
Project.

**TIM:** Toxic Industrial Material. (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP 3-41)
2006, p. GL-5)

**Time, Distance, Shielding: "**Three basic concepts apply to all types
of ionizing radiation. When we develop regulations or standards that
limit how much radiation a person can receive in a particular situation,
we consider how these concepts might affect a person\'s
exposure....**Time**: The amount of radiation exposure increases and
decreases with the time people spend near the source of radiation. In
general, we think of the exposure time as how long a person is near
radioactive material. It\'s easy to understand how to minimize the time
for external (direct) exposure. Gamma and x-rays are the primary concern
for external exposure. However, if radioactive material gets inside your
body, you can\'t move away from it. You have to wait until it decays or
until your body can eliminate it. When this happens, the biological
half-life of the radionuclide controls the time of exposure. Biological
half-life is the amount of time it takes the body to eliminate one half
of the radionuclide initially present. Alpha and beta particles are the
main concern for internal exposure.... **Distance**: The farther away
people are from a radiation source, the less their exposure. How close
to a source of radiation can you be without getting a high exposure? It
depends on the energy of the radiation and the size (or activity) of the
source. Distance is a prime concern when dealing with gamma rays,
because they can travel long distances. Alpha and beta particles don\'t
have enough energy to travel very far. As a rule, if you double the
distance, you reduce the exposure by a factor of four. Halving the
distance, increases the exposure by a factor of four.... **Shielding**:
The greater the shielding around a radiation source, the smaller the
exposure. Shielding simply means having something that will absorb
radiation between you and the source of the radiation (but using another
person to absorb the radiation doesn\'t count as shielding). The amount
of shielding required to protect against different kinds of radiation
depends on how much energy they have... A thin piece of light material,
such as paper, or even the dead cells in the outer layer of human skin
provides adequate shielding because **alpha** **particles** can\'t
penetrate it. However, living tissue inside body, offers no protection
against inhaled or ingested alpha emitters....Additional covering, for
example heavy clothing, is necessary to protect against beta-emitters.
Some **beta** **particles** can penetrate and burn the skin...Thick,
dense shielding, such as lead, is necessary to protect against **gamma
rays**. The higher the energy of the gamma ray, the thicker the lead
must be. X-rays pose a similar challenge, so x-ray technicians often
give patients receiving medical or dental X-rays a lead apron to cover
other parts of their body." (**EPA**, *Radiation Protection Basics*,
2007 Update)

**"Timing" Risks, Insurance:** "...the event happens before sufficient
premiums have been collected to fund payment of claims."[^59]
(**Financial Services Roundtable**, *Nation Unprepared*, 2007, 45)

**TIR:** Toxic Industrial Radiological. (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP
3-41) 2006, p. GL-5)

**TISP**. The Infrastructure Security Partnership.

**Title Ill, SARA:** Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.

**Title 10 Status:** "In rare circumstances, the President would
federalize National Guard forces for domestic duties under Title 10. In
such cases, the forces are no longer under the command of the Governor.
Instead, the Department of Defense assumes full responsibility for all
aspects of the deployment, including command and control over National
Guard forces." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 38)

**Title 32 Status:** "National Guard forces employed under State Active
Duty or Title 32 status are providing support to the Governor of their
State and are not part of Federal military response efforts. When the
National Guard is deployed in State Active Duty status, the Governor
retains command and control of forces inside his or her State or
territory. State Active Duty is based on State statute and policy, and
the State is responsible for all costs relating to the deployment. Title
32 Full-Time National Guard Duty refers to Federal training or other
duty, other than inactive duty, performed by a member of the National
Guard. Title 32 is not subject to *posse comitatus* restrictions and
allows the Governor, with the approval of the President or the Secretary
of Defense, to order a Guard member to duty to: (1) Perform training and
other operational activities. (2) Undertake activities for the military
protection of the territory or domestic population 1 of the United
States, or of the infrastructure or other assets of the United States
determined to be critical to national security, from a threat or
aggression against the United States. (3) Conduct homeland defense
activities that the Secretary of Defense determines to be 6 necessary
and appropriate for participation by the National Guard units or
members." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 37)

**Title 10 USC (Armed Forces):** "Title 10 USC \[US Code\] provides
guidance on the Armed Forces. Guidance is divided into 5 subtitles. One
on general military law and one each for the US Army, US Navy and US
Marine Corps, the US Air Force and the RC. Chapter 18 (sections 371-382)
of Title 10 USC is entitled and governs Military Support for Civilian
LEAs." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support* (JP 3-28), 2007, p. F-2)

**Title 14, USC**, sections 2, 19, 89, 141, and 143 define the statutory
authority of the USCG during HS missions. (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland
Security*, (JP 3-26), 2005, p. A-5)

**Title 18, USC**, Section 1385, *The Posse Comitatus Act,* 1878.

**Title 31, USC**, Section 1535, *The Economy Act*.

**Title 32 USC (National Guard). "**Title 32 USC authorizes the use of
federal funds to train NG

members while they remain under the C2 of their respective state
governors. In certain limited instances, specific statutory or
Presidential authority allows for those forces to perform operational
missions funded by the Federal government, while they remain under the
control of the governor. Examples of those exceptions include the
employment of WMD-CSTs, CD missions, and operations authorized by the
President or SecDef under 32 USC 502(f) (i.e., Airport Security Mission
in 2001 and Southwest Border Security Mission in 2006)." (**JCS/DoD**,
*Civil Support* (JP 3-28), 2007, pp. F-2 and F-3)

**Title 36, US Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1236:** *Management of
Vital Records*, July 1, 2005 Revision.

**Title 41, US Code of Federal Regulations,** 102743.230 through
74.260**:** *Occupant Emergency Program*, July 1, 2005 Revision.

**Title 42** **USC**, Section 5121 et seq, *The Stafford Act, as
amended*.

**Title 44 US Code of Federal Regulations, Part 2, Subpart A:**
*Organization, Functions, and Delegations of Authority*, October 1,
2005.

**TLC:** Training Leaders Council, DHS.

**TMOSA:** Temporary Medical-and-Operations Staging Area. (**HSGAC**,
*Nation Unprepared*)

**Top Management:** "Directors and officers of an organization that can
ensure effective management systems, including financial monitoring and
control systems have been put in place to protect assets, earning
capacity and the reputation of the organization." (**ISO 22399**,
*Societal Security*..., 2007, 7)

**TOPOFF:** Top Officials.

**TOPOFF 1 Full-Scale Exercise (May 2000): "**TOPOFF 2000 was a single,
full-scale exercise conducted over 10 days in three venues:

-   Denver, CO: Bioterrorism attack (Plague).

-   Portsmouth, NH: Chemical attack (Sulfur Mustard).

-   National Capital Region: NCR 2000, concurrent but separate exercise
    (Radiological Dispersal Device).

Exercise TOPOFF (Top Officials) 2000 was a Congressionally mandated,
"no-notice" national exercise held in May 2000. It was designed to
assess the nation's crisis and consequence management capability by
exercising the plans, policies, procedures, systems, and facilities
through local, state, and Federal responses to geographically-dispersed
terrorist threats and acts. The exercise was co-sponsored by the
Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), which were designated as the lead agencies for the exercise by
the Senate Appropriations Committee in Senate Report 105-235. The
exercise was the largest peacetime terrorism exercise ever sponsored by
DOJ or FEMA." (Global Security.org. "TOPOFF 1." August 4, 2006 update)

**TOPOFF 1 Exercise Lessons Learned:** "Top Off 1 showed us that
multiple control centers, numerous liaisons, and an increasing number of
response teams only complicated coordination and unity of effort....
 Top Off 1 also demonstrated that threat information and a common threat
picture need to be shared in a timely manner....We also learned a few
other lessons as well. Educating, exercising, and equipping crisis and
consequence managers and responders remains a national priority.... Just
as important, Top Off 1 proved that the response required of a
large-scale bio-terrorism incident is significantly different from
response to other weapons of mass destruction attacks. Additionally, we
saw the fragility in a public health structure that lacked both adequate
funding to prepare for a bio-terrorist incident and leadership at the
federal level." (**DHS**, "Remarks by Secretary Tom Ridge...on...the
TOPOFF 2 Exercises," May 5, 2003, p. 2)

**TOPOFF 2 Full-Scale Exercise (May 12-16, 2003):** "In order to prepare
for potential attacks, DHS held a Federal interagency ''dirty bomb''
exercise as part of the Top Officials--2 Exercise (TOPOFF--2) in
Seattle, Washington, May 12--16, 2003. The exercise brought to light a
number

of issues in Federal radiological emergency response and recovery. One
of the most important issues raised was how long-term site restoration
and cleanup would be accomplished following an act of radiological
terrorism." (**DHS**, *Application of Protective Action Guides for
Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)
Incidents; Notice, Part II*., *Federal Register*, Vol. 71, No. 1,
January 3, 2006, p. 174)

**TOPOFF 2 Full-Scale Exercise (May 12-16, 2003):** "The goals of TOPOFF
2 are to improve the nation\'s capacity to manage extreme events; create
broader frameworks for the operation of expert crisis and consequence
management systems; validate authorities, strategies, plans, policies,
procedures, and protocols; and build a sustainable, systematic national
exercise program to support the national strategy for homeland
security." (**FEMA**, \"TOPOFF 2" FEMA Press Release, May 5, 2003.)

**TOPOFF 3 Full-Scale Exercise** (**April 4--8, 2005: "**The U.S.
Department of Homeland Security's Top Officials Three Exercise (TOPOFF
3) is a Congressionally mandated exercise designed to strengthen the
nation's capacity to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from
large-scale terrorist attacks involving weapons of mass destruction
(WMDs). The TOPOFF 3 Exercise Program, the most comprehensive terrorism
response exercise ever conducted in the United States,  is made up of a
two-year cycle of seminars, planning events and exercises culminating in
a Full-Scale Exercise that simulates a coordinated terrorist attack
involving biological and chemical weapons. (**DHS**, "TOPOFF 3
Exercise," April 25, 2006.

**TOPOFF 4 Full-Scale Exercise (October 15-20, 2007):** "The TOPOFF 4
Full-Scale Exercise builds on knowledge derived from earlier TOPOFF
exercises and recent real world events, and contains several new
elements:

-   Increased coordination with U.S. Department of Defense exercises to
    combat global terrorism

-   Expanded emphasis on prevention -- the opportunity to piece together
    an intelligence "puzzle" and stop an attack before it occurs

-   Focus on mass decontamination and large-scale recovery and
    remediation issues

-   Focus on coordinating procedures and communications with a U.S.
    territory" (**DHS**, "TOPOFF 4: Exercising National Preparedness,"
    Press Release, September 25, 2007.)

**TOPOFF 4 Full-Scale Exercise (October 15-20, 2007):** "The recent
TOPOFF 4

Exercise specifically focused on responding to RDD \[Radiological
Dispersion Device\] attacks in three different geographic areas."
(**FEMA**, *Statement for the Record*, 2007, p. 2)

**TOPOFF 4 Full-Scale Exercise (October 15-20, 2007):** 'This year's
Tier I NLE {National Level Exercise\] exercise is Top Officials (or
TOPOFF) 4, the National Domestic Counterterrorism Exercise Series that
is the Nation's premier terrorism preparedness exercise program
involving top officials at every level of government, as well as
representatives from the international community and private sector. The
TOPOFF 4 exercise, to be held October 15-20 of this year, is the
cornerstone of the National Exercise Program (NEP) and is a Tier I
National Level Exercise for FY 2008.

"The TOPOFF program in general and TOPOFF 4 in particular are centered
on U.S. Government-wide strategy and policy-related issues. In this
sense, they are designed to address the priorities of the U.S.
government in its entirety, and do not focus on individual issues at the
department or agency level. To achieve this U.S. government-wide goal,
TOPOFF 4 will be organized around *one* of the 15 national planning
scenarios -- Scenario 11, use of a radiological dispersal device (RDD).
TOPOFF 4 will require Federal, State, local, and private sector players
to respond to multiple, simultaneous RDD attacks on American soil.

"The exercise will be executed with the participation of all appropriate
Cabinet-level secretaries or their deputies, and will include the
activation of all necessary operations centers to accurately simulate a
truly national response to these major terrorist incidents. This will
include the utilization of all five elements of the National Operations
Center and the FEMA Region IX and X Regional Response Coordination
Centers. In addition, the FEMA Emergency Response Teams and Federal
Incident Response Support Teams as well as DHS Situational Awareness
Teams will activate in each of the venues and will simulate the
establishment of a Joint Field Office in accordance with the latest
National Response Framework guidance.

"For TOPOFF 4, approximately 15,000 Federal, State, territorial, and
local officials will participate in a robust, full-scale response to a
multi-faceted terrorist threat in three primary venues: Guam, Oregon,
and Arizona. In each of these venues, exercise participants will be
expected to mobilize their prevention and response capabilities, make
difficult decisions, and carry out essential emergency response and
recovery functions.

"In addition, the TOPOFF 4 exercise will use a single, common scenario
in each of the venues to test prevention, response, and recovery
capabilities; it will allow for the synchronization of National,
Federal, State, local, and private sector plans; it will test a common
evaluation standard; and it will incorporate lessons learned, best
practices, and corrective actions identified in previous TOPOFF
exercises.

"*Partners*: Our partners in this exercise include over 40 agencies,
departments, and offices throughout the federal interagency community,
the White House (i.e., Homeland Security Council (HSC) and National
Security Council (NSC)), representatives from Oregon, Guam, and Arizona,
several nongovernmental and private sector organizations, and several
international partners. (Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom have
all agreed to participate in the exercise, and more than 30 other
countries and international organizations will serve as exercise
observers.)

"*Goals*: The goals of TOPOFF 4 are threefold. First and foremost, to
assess the Nation's capability to prevent, respond to, and recover from
realistic and threat-based acts of terrorism. Second, to examine
relationships between Federal, State, local, and Tribal jurisdictions
and the private sector in response to a realistic and challenging series
of integrated, geographically dispersed terrorist threats and attacks.
And third, to use performance-based objectives to evaluate the
interaction between Federal, State, local, and private sector emergency
preparedness, prevention, response, and recovery plans, policies, and
procedures. Achieving each of these goals under the umbrella of one
national-level exercise, allows the U.S. government---and its State,
local, private sector, and international exercise partners---to test its
ability to respond to a major incident, identify gaps in performance and
take concrete steps towards improvement of the Nation's ability to
prevent, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks." (**FEMA**,
*Statement of Schrader*, October 3, 2007, pp. 5-7)

**TOPOFF 4 Full-Scale Exercise (October 15-20, 2007):** "TOPOFF 4 was
conducted this October as a Full Scale Exercise in three locations:
Arizona, Guam and Oregon. In accordance with the NEP, the TOPOFF 4 Full
Scale Exercise was designated as a Tier I National Level Exercise for
Fiscal Year 2008. This exercise centered on White House directed,
government-wide strategy and policy-related issues. It was conducted
with the participation of all appropriate Secretaries (or their
Deputies), other senior officials, and all necessary operations centers.
While the TOPOFF 4 scenario was focused on RDDs \[Radiation Dispersal
Devices\], this exercise reflected USG-wide priorities, not single
department or agency programs.

"Building on knowledge derived from earlier Federal-level exercises and
recent real world events, TOPOFF 4 contained several new elements
including: increased coordination with the

Department of Defense, expanded emphasis on prevention -- the
opportunity to piece together an

intelligence "puzzle" and stop an attack before it occurs, as well as
the focus on mass

decontamination and long-term recovery and remediation issues. The
inclusion of Guam as one

of the three venues also focused efforts on coordinating procedures and
communications with a

U.S. territory. TOPOFF 4 was the first exercise in the series to focus
on one specific event -

RDDs. The selection of this event in all three venues allowed the
Federal Government, in

coordination with State, Territorial, County and City partners to
evaluate capabilities required in

a response to near simultaneous events of a similar type." (**FEMA**,
*Statement of Glenn Cannon*, November 15, 2007, pp. 15-16)

**TOR:** Terms of Reference. (**DSB**, *Report of DSP TF on CHIP*, 2007,
p. 6)

**Tornado:** "Tornadoes are extremely complex wind events that cause
damage ranging from minimal or minor to absolute devastation.... In a
simplified tornado model, there are three regions of wind:

1\. Near the surface, close to the core or vortex of the tornado. In
this region, the winds are complicated and include the peak low level
wind speeds, but are dominated by the tornado's strong rotation. It is
in this region that strong upward motions occur that carry debris
upward, as well as around the tornado.

2\. Near the surface, away from the tornado's core or vortex. In this
region, the flow is dominated by inflow to the tornado. The inflow can
be complicated and is often concentrated into relatively narrow swaths
of strong inflow rather than a uniform flow into the tornado's core
circulation.

3\. Above the surface, typically above the tops of most structures, the
flow tends to become very nearly circular.

In an actual tornado, the diameter of the core or vortex circulation can
change with time, so it is impossible to say precisely where one region
of the tornado's flow ends and another begins. Also, the visible funnel
cloud associated with and typically labeled the vortex of a tornado is
not always the edge of the strong extreme winds. Rather, the visible
funnel cloud boundary is determined by the temperature and moisture
content of the tornado's inflowing air. The highest wind speeds in a
tornado occur at a radius measured from the tornado core that can be
larger than the visible funnel cloud's radius. It is important to
remember that a tornado's wind speeds cannot be determined just by
looking at the tornado." (**FEMA**, *Building Performance Assessment
Report: Midwest Tornadoes of May 3, 1999*, July 13, 1999, p. 2-4)

**Tornado:** A tornado is a violently rotating column of air extending
from a thunderstorm to the ground. The most violent tornadoes are
capable of tremendous destruction with wind speeds of 250 mph or more.
Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide and 50 miles long. In an
average year, 800 tornadoes are reported nationwide. Every state is at
some risk from this hazard." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- Tornadoes,"
January 2007, p. 1)

**Tornado:** A violently rotating storm of small diameter; the most
violent weather phenomenon. It is produced in a very severe thunderstorm
and appears as a funnel cloud extending from the base of a Cumulonimbus
to the ground. (**WMO** 1992, 626)

**Total Asset Visibility (TAV):** "...a system that provides asset and
in-transit visibility as well as electronic order management for all
primary commodities." (**FEMA**, *FEMA's Logistical Planning Efforts*,
2007)

**Total Disaster Risk Management:** "The Asian Disaster Reduction Center
(ADRC) has been promoting a culture of disaster reduction by advocating
disaster reduction as a core part of government policy and raising
public awareness in the Asian Region. ADRC and the Asian Disaster
Response Unit of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs Kobe (UN-OCHA/Kobe) have developed the Total
Disaster Risk Management (TDRM) as an effective and strategic approach
to disaster reduction that is based on many years of

experience in coping with natural disasters worldwide, particularly in
Asia.

The concept of TDRM centers around two crucial principles: \"the
involvement of all stakeholders\" and \"implementation at all phases of
disaster risk management,\" namely the prevention/mitigation,
preparedness, response and rehabilitation/reconstruction phases (Figure
2.1). Since damage stems from the combination of hazards, exposure and
vulnerability, TDRM, as a holistic approach which covers relevant
stakeholders and all phases, is essential in disaster risk management."
(**ADRC**, *TDRM: Good Practices* (Chapter 2, *Outline of TDRM*)*,* 2006
p. 2)

**Total-System Exercises**: "These are locally- tailored exercises
involving all key local officials, and EOC and other personnel, and two
or more such exercises shall have been held- Total-system exercises are
appropriate and useful only when the community has developed its
emergency procedures and organization to the point where all elements
can be exercised and tested together. Total-system exercises are
designed and conducted to meet the following objectives:\
\
(1) Exercising the making of coordinated responses and assignment of
resources under simulated peacetime disaster or attack conditions (a
fallout-only or a fallout-blast-fire situation, as appropriate in the
locality). whether based on a peacetime or attack-caused disaster
scenario, the exercise shall include problems for all elements of the
local emergency organization, requiring maximum use of existing local
capabilities. Half or more of the problems shall be such as to require
operational coordination between at least two services. The exercise
shall be tailored to the jurisdiction\'s actual organization and EOC and
other procedures.

\(2\) Exercising decision-making and operations involving all elements
of the local emergency organization. This shall involve the entire EOC
staff. In addition, it is strongly recommended that all other key
elements of the local emergency organization be involved to the maximum
extent possible (e.g., selected police and fire units, radiological
monitors, shelter managers, Shelter Complex Headquarters staffs,
communications personnel,\' hospital administrators and staffs, welfare
group directors, news media personnel, and others with emergency
assignments outside of the EOC). Hospital disaster plans can be
exercised in conjunction with the exercise involving other elements of
the jurisdiction\'s emergency organization. In cases where it is not
possible to involve the majority of the organization outside the EOC,
simulation techniques may be used to represent such groups. However, any
capability or organization simulated must actually exist, and evaluators
must have reasonable confidence that such group could actually have
carried out the functions that were represented by simulation in the
exercise. (E.g., if the radiological monitoring organization is
simulated, it must be an actual capability even if radiological monitors
were not physically located at monitoring stations of in shelters during
the exercise. Confidence that the RM organization could actually have
carried out the functions simulated shall be based on previous
sub-system exercises or training involving the RN organization.) Thus,
total-system exercises differ from many of the Emergency Operations
Simulation (EOS) exercises that localities have had in that EOS\'s often
simulate emergency organizations and capabilities that do not exist, or
are not fully ready to operate." (**DCPA**, *Standards for Local Civil
Preparedness*, 1978, pp. 35-36)

**Toxic Industrial Biological (TIB):** "This category encompasses any
biological material manufactured, used, transported, or stored by
industrial, medical, or commercial processes which could cause a
potential infectious or toxic threat. It includes those biohazards which
are infectious agents or hazardous biological materials that present a
risk or potential risk to the health of humans, animals or the
environment. The risk can be direct through infection or indirect
through damage to the environment. Biohazardous materials include
certain types of recombinant DNA \[deoxyribonucleic acid\]; organisms
and viruses infectious to humans, animals, or plants (parasites,
viruses, bacteria, fungi, prions, rickettsia); and biologically active
agents (toxins, allergens, venoms) that may cause disease in other
living organisms or cause significant impact to the environment or
community. TIBs are often generated as infectious waste (sharps and body
fluid contaminated material) and as biological samples (biopsies,
diseases for research, etc.)." (**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM*, (JP 3-41),
2006, p. I-7)

**Toxic Industrial Chemical (TIC):** "Toxic industrial chemicals are
industrial chemicals that are manufactured, stored, transported, and
used throughout the world. Toxic industrial chemicals can be in the gas,
liquid, or solid state. They can be chemical hazards (e.g., carcinogens,
reproductive hazards, corrosives, or agents that affect the lungs or
blood) or physical hazards (e.g., flammable, combustible, explosive, or
reactive)." (**OSHA**, *Toxic Industrial Chemicals*, accessed November
21, 2007)

**Toxic Industrial Chemical Scenario (15 National Planning Scenarios):**
"The Toxic Industrial Chemical scenario involves a fire and toxic
industrial chemical release from a petroleum refinery caused by
terrorist attack using rocket-propelled grenades and explosive devices.
There are 350 fatalities, 1,000 hospitalized victims, 10,000 evacuated,
1,000 seeking shelter, 25,000 shelter-in-place, and 100,000
self-evacuating. One-half of the structures at the refinery are damaged
from explosions." (**DHS**, *TCL,* 2007, p. 206)

**Toxic Industrial Radiological (TIR):** "TIRs are any hazardous
radioactive material manufactured, used, transported, or stored by
industrial, medical, or commercial processes. Radioactive waste, such as
spent fuel rods and medical radiological material, is a major source of
these materials. By far the largest quantities of radioactive waste ---
in terms of both radioactivity and volume --- are generated by the
commercial nuclear power and military nuclear weapons production
industries, and by nuclear fuel cycle activities to support these
industries such as uranium mining and processing. Radioactive waste is
classified by origin not on the physical and chemical properties of the
waste that could determine its safe management. Radioactive materials
can produce toxic or long term health effects to personnel, and can
cause contamination. Damaging effects from radiological materials are
caused by neutron, gamma, beta, and alpha ionizing radiation."
(**JCS/DOD**, *CBRNE CM* (JP 4-41), 2006, p. I-8)

**Toxic Inhalation Hazard (TIH):** "Term used to describe gases and
volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. (Same as PIH)." (**DOT**,
*Emergency Response Guidebook*, 2004, p. 364)

**Toxics Release Inventory (TRI):** "Federal law requires certain
facilities that manufacture, process, or use any of 581 toxic chemicals
to report annually to EPA and their state on the amount of those
chemicals released into the air, water, or soil. It also requires EPA to
make this information publicly available through the Toxics Release
Inventory (TRI) database.

Facilities must either (1) submit a detailed TRI Form R for each
designated chemical used in excess of certain thresholds or (2) file a
simpler Form-A certifying that they need not do so." (**GAO**, *Toxic
Chemical Releases*, November 2007, p. 2)

**Toxin:** "Toxins are poisons formed as specific secreting products by
vegetable or animal organisms such as plants, snakes, spiders, and sea
creatures. Toxins act faster and are more stable than live pathogens.
Many toxins can be easily produced." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, 2007, 3-5)

**TPFDL:** Federal Time Phased Force Deployment List, managed by FEMA.
(**USACE**, *CDRP, Anchorage*, 2005, p. v)

**TRADOC:** US Army Training and Doctrine Command. **DA**, *WMD-CST
Ops*, 2007, Glossary-6

**Tragedy:** "An intensely sad, calamitous, or fatal event or course of
events; disaster" (**Funk & Wagnalls** 1996).

> "The word 'tragedy' summons up in one's mind the inevitability not
> only of this event but of other similar events in the past and more to
> follow. Responsibility can be successfully abrogated with the
> application of the label 'tragedy'...One needs to look no further into
> the cause or causes of this event because it has now been lifted
> outside of one's power and into the domain of Greek drama and fate. As
> a tragedy, it was fated to be and the only possible response is to
> accept it (and others of its kind) as part of the inescapable human
> situation. The event may be mourned and one may sympathize briefly
> with the victims. But one is freed (by thinking of it as a tragedy)
> from the need to examine the conceptual apparatus that led to this
> outcome" (**Allinson** 1993, 14).

**Training Capability Element (TCL):** "Content and methods of delivery
that comply with relevant training standards necessary to perform
assigned missions and tasks." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p. 9)

**TRANSCOM:** Transportation Command. (**HSGAC**, A *Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**Transit Security Grant Program (TSGP):** "TSGP provides funding to
support security enhancements for intercity passenger rail
transportation, freight rail, and other security measures. The program
addresses three transit modalities: rail transit, intra-city bus
transit, and ferry systems." (**DHS/ODP**, *FY 2006 EMPG Program
Guidance*, November 2005, p. 10)

**Transitional Shelters:** "*Transitional Shelters* are facilities that
provide short-term lodging and additional privacy, such as hotels or
motels." (**FEMA**, *FEMA Recovery Strategy*, August 2006)

**Transparency:** "Pandemic preparedness requires transparent
communication of accurate information among all levels of government and
the public in order to warrant public trust." (**ACLU**, *Pandemic
Preparedness*, 2008, 7) "People are more likely to cooperate with
reasonable requests when they are confident that government officials
are being honest about the probabilities of risk and outcomes, and are
willing to acknowledge uncertainty and admit mistakes." (**ACLU**,
*Pandemic Preparedness*, 2008, 24)

**Transportation Security Administration (TSA), DHS, Mission:** "The
Transportation Security Administration protects the Nation's
transportation systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and
commerce." (**TSA**, *Mission, Vision, and Core Values*, accessed
November 17, 2007)

**TRC:** Telephone Response Centers. (**FEMA**, *Call for Issues Status
Report*, 2000, xiii)

**Tremor:** "A shaking movement of the ground associated with an
earthquake or explosion." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 75)

**TRI:** Toxic Release Inventory.

**TRIA:** Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (Signed into law on November 26,
2002)

**TRIEA:** Terrorism Risk Insurance Extension Act (2007). (**FSR**,
*Nation Unprepared*, 2007, 9) \[Note: Extended TRIA to 2014. (**III**,
*Catastrophes: Insurance Issues*, Jan 2008)\]

**Triage:** "There are three basic types of triage. Primary triage is
the first triage of patients into the medical system (it may occur
prehospital), at which point patients are assigned an acuity level based
on the severity of their illness/disease. Secondary triage is the
reevaluation of the patient's condition after initial medical care...
This may occur at the hospital following EMS interventions or after
initial interventions in the ED \[Emergency Department\]. Tertiary
triage is the reevaluation of the patients' response to treatment after
further interventions and is ongoing during their hospital stay. This is
the least practiced and least well-defined type of triage.

"Historically, triage has involved four levels of priority for traumatic
injuries:

-   Green -- delayed treatment -- has minor injuries or illness and
    should not pose a threat to life or limb.

-   Yellow -- intermediate -- has injuries or illness that may result in
    death or disability but pose no immediate threat to life or limb.

-   Red -- critical -- has injuries or illness that will result in death
    within the hour unless interventions occur.

-   Black -- expectant or deceased -- is expected to die because of
    severity of illness or injuries or has died.

"An experienced health care provider should be involved in any decision
to classify a patient as "black" during a disaster...all such patients
should have access to palliative care (analgesia, sedation, physical and
behavioral cares) to the extent possible under the circumstances.
Expectant patients should be reassessed regularly for comfort, for
improvements in their situation, or in case resources become available
unexpectedly.

"Studies have shown that experienced health care providers are generally
very accurate at assigning triage levels in the ED on a daily basis,70
though there are no studies to determine to what degree this is true in
disasters." (**AHRQ/HHS**, *Mass Medical Care*..., p. 71)

**Tropical Cyclone:** "A warm-core non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone,
originating over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized deep
convection and a closed surface wind circulation about a well-defined
center. Once formed, a tropical cyclone is maintained by the extraction
of heat energy from the ocean at high temperature and heat export at the
low temperatures of the upper troposphere. In this they differ from
extratropical cyclones, which derive their energy from horizontal
temperature contrasts in the atmosphere (baroclinic effects)." (**NHC**,
*Glossary of NHC Terms*, 2007)

**TS:** Top Secret.

**TS:** Tropical Storm. (**FEMA**, *DHS/FEMA 2008 Hurricane CONPLAN*,
October 2007, p. 7)

**TSA:** Transportation Security Administration, DHS. (**DHS,** *NIPP*,
September 2006, p. 102)

**TSGP:** Transit Security Grant Program.

**TSP:** Transit Security Program.

**Tsunami:** "Tsunamis (pronounced soo-ná-mees), also known as seismic
sea waves (mistakenly called "tidal waves"), are a series of enormous
waves created by an underwater disturbance such as an earthquake,
landslide, volcanic eruption, or meteorite. A tsunami can move hundreds
of miles per hour in the open ocean and smash into land with waves as
high as 100 feet or more.

From the area where the tsunami originates, waves travel outward in all
directions. Once the wave approaches the shore, it builds in height. The
topography of the coastline and the ocean floor will influence the size
of the wave. There may be more than one wave and the succeeding one may
be larger than the one before. That is why a small tsunami at one beach
can be a giant wave a few miles away. Most tsunamis are generated by
earthquake-induced movement of the ocean floor. If a major earthquake or
landslide occurs close to shore, the first wave in a series could reach
the beach in a few minutes, even before a warning is issued. Areas are
at greater risk if they are less than 25 feet above sea level and within
a mile of the shoreline." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet -- Tsunami," June 2007,
p. 1)

**Tsunami:** "A sea wave of local or distant origin that results from
large sea-floor displacements associated with powerful earthquakes,
major submarine landslides, or exploding volcanic islands." (**USGS**,
*Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country*, 2007, Glossary)

**TT&E:** Tests, Training and Exercises. (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, November
2007, p. 2)

**TTIC:** Terrorist Threat Integration Center. \[Superseded by National
Counterterrorism Center (NCTC, August 2004).

**TTP:** Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, December 2007, p. 4-4)

**TTP&E:** Tactics, Techniques, Procedures, and Equipment. (**DA**,
*WMD-CST Ops*, Dec 2007, 5-3)

**TTT:** Train the Trainer.

**TTX:** Tabletop Exercise. (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V, p. 43)

**Turnout Gear:** See "Structural Fire Fighters' Protective Clothing."

**TVIS:** Threat-Vulnerability Integration System. (**DHS/OIG**, *ADVISE
Report*, June 2007, Abbreviations)

**Type (Incident Management Teams):** "An ICS resource classification
that refers to capability. Type 1 is generally considered to be more
capable than Types 2, 3, or 4, respectively, because of size, power,
capacity, or (in the case of incident management teams) experience and
qualifications." (**FEMA**, *NIMS*, 2007, 159)

\[Note: See "Incident Management Teams, Types" for more information.\]

**Typhoon:** Name given to a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained
winds of 64 knots or more near the centre in the western North Pacific.
(**WMO** 1992, 644)

**UA:** Universal Adversary. (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V, December 2005
Draft, p. 20)

**UASI:** Urban Areas Security Initiative. (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p.
102)

**UAWG:** Urban Area Working Group. (**DHS**, *ODP NICP FAQs*, May 2005,
p. 2)

**UC:** Unified Command. (**DHS**, *NIMS,* 2004, p. 14)

**UCG:** Unified Coordination Group. (**FEMA**, *DHS/FEMA Federal
Interagency Hurricane Contingency Plan*, October 31, 2007 Draft, p. 2)

**UCS:** Unified Command Suite. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, p. 4-2)

**UEVHPA:** Uniform Emergency Volunteer Health Practitioners Act.

**UFC:** Unified Coordination Group. (**DHS**, *NRP Comment Draft*,
September 2007, p. 48)

**UHF:** Ultrahigh Frequency. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, Glossary-6)

**UJC:** Unified Joint Command. (**FEMA**, *Federal Interim Contingency
Plan: NMSZ*, 2007, 18)

**UN:** United Nations.

**UNAAF:** Unified Action Armed Forces. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec. 2007, Glossary-6)

**Unacceptable Risk: "**Level of risk as determined by the risk
management process which cannot be mitigated to an acceptable safe
level." (**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-25)

**UNDG:** United Nations Development Group.

**UNDHA**: United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs

**UNDP:** United Nations Development Programme.

**UNDP BDPR:** United Nations Development Programme, Bureau for Crisis
Prevention and Recovery.

**UNDRO:** United Nations Disaster Relief Organization.

**UNEP:** United Nations Environment Programme.

**UNESCO:** United Nations, Education, Scientific and Cultural
Organization.

**UNICEF:** United Nations Children's Fund.

**UNIDNDR:** United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction.

**Unified Approach:** "A major objective of preparedness efforts is to
ensure mission integration and interoperability when responding to
emerging crises that cross functional and jurisdictional lines, as well
as between public and private organizations." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*,
2007, p. 160)

**Unified Area Command (UAC):** "A unified area command is established
when incidents under an area command are multi-jurisdictional."
(**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-25)

**Unified Command (UC):** A method for all agencies or individuals who
have jurisdictional responsibility, or in some cases who have functional
responsibilities at the incident, to contribute to: determination of
overall objectives for the incident, and selection of strategies to
achieve the objectives.

**Unified Command (UC):** "UC is an important element in
multijurisdictional or multiagency domestic incident management.

> It provides guidelines to enable agencies with different legal,
> geographic, and functional responsibilities to coordinate, plan, and
> interact effectively.
>
> As a team effort, UC overcomes much of the inefficiency and
> duplication of effort that can occur when agencies from different
> functional and geographic jurisdictions, or agencies at different
> levels of government, operate without a common system or
> organizational framework.
>
> All agencies with jurisdictional authority or functional
> responsibility for any of all aspects of an incident and those able to
> provide specific resource support participate in the UC structure and
> contribute to the process of determining overall incident strategies;
> selecting objectives; ensuring that joint planning for tactical
> activities is accomplished in accordance with approved incident
> objectives; ensuring the integration of tactical operations; and
> approving, committing, and making optimum use of all assigned
> resources.

"The exact composition of the USC structure will depend on the
location(s) of the incident (i.e., which geographical administrative
jurisdictions are involved) and the type of incident (i.e., which
functional agencies of the involved jurisdiction(x) are required). In
the case of some multijurisdictional incidents, the designation of a
single IC may be considered to promote greater unity of effort and
efficiency." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 14)

**Unified Command (UC):** "The primary differences between the single
command structure and the UC structure are that

> In a single command structure, the IC is solely responsible (within
> the confines of his or her authority) for establishing incident
> management objectives and strategies. The IC is directly responsible
> for ensuring that all functional area activities are directed toward
> accomplishment of the strategy.
>
> In a UC structure, the individuals designated by their jurisdictional
> authorities (or by departments within a single jurisdiction) must
> jointly determine objectives, strategies, plans, and priorities and
> work together to execute integrated incident operations and maximize
> the use of assigned resources." (**DHS**, *NIMS*, 2004, p. 16)

**Unified Command (UC)**: "Effective *unified command* is indispensable
to all incident response activities and requires a clear understanding
of the roles and responsibilities of each participating organization.
Success requires *unity of effort,* which respects the chain of command
of each participating organization while harnessing seamless
coordination across jurisdictions in support of common objectives.
Unified command is an important element across multi-jurisdictional or
multi-agency incident management activities.

> It provides a structure to enable agencies with different legal,
> geographic and functional responsibilities to coordinate, plan and
> interact effectively.
>
> As a team effort, unified command allows all agencies with
> jurisdictional authority or functional responsibility for the incident
> to provide joint support through mutually developed incident
> objectives and strategies established at the command level.
>
> Each participating agency maintains its own authority, responsibility
> and accountability.

This *Framework* \[NRF\] employs the *NIMS* structures and tools that
enable unified command to be effective in incident management."
(**DHS**, *National Response Framework Comment Draft*, September 2007,
p. 10)

**Unified Command (UC):** "The doctrine of *unified command* is applied
at the headquarters, regional and field levels to enable diverse
agencies to work together effectively. Using unified command principles,
participants share common goals and synchronize their activities to
achieve those goals. The Federal Government also works to establish
*engaged partnership* with States, as well as the private sector. Our
national response is more effective when all levels of government work
together well before an incident to develop effective plans and achieve
a heightened state of preparedness." (**DHS**, *National Response
Framework Comment Draft*, Sep. 2007, p. 21)

**Unified Command (UC):** "Under the ICS \[Incident Command System\]
concept of operations, Unified Command is a unified team effort which
allows all agencies with responsibility for an incident, either
geographical or functional, to manage an incident by establishing a
common set of incident objectives and strategies. This Unified Command
effort is accomplished without losing or abdicating agency authority,
responsibility, or accountability." (**FEMA** *Disaster Dictionary*,
**2001**, p.124; citing ICS Glossary)

**Unified Command (UC):** "An ICS application used when more than one
agency has incident jurisdiction or when incidents cross political
jurisdictions. Agencies work together through the designated members of
the UC, often the senior person from agencies and/or disciplines
participating in the UC, to establish a common set of objectives and
strategies and a single IAP." (**FEMA**, *National Incident Management
System* (FEMA 501/Draft), August 2007, p. 160)

**Unified Command (UC):** "A standard method to coordinate command of an
incident where multiple agencies have jurisdiction." (**NFPA 1561**,
2002, p. 8)

**Unified Command (UC)**: "As a term in the Federal application of the
Incident Command System (ICS), defines agencies working together through
their designated Incident Commanders at a single Incident Command Post
(ICP) to establish a common set of objectives and strategies, and a
single Incident Action Plan. This is NOT "unified command" as defined by
the Department of Defense." (**US Army TRADOC**, 2007, p. 152)

**Unified Command (UC):** "An application of ICS used when there is more
than one agency with incident jurisdiction or when incidents cross
political jurisdictions. Agencies work together through the designated
members of the Unified Command to establish their designated Incident
Commanders at a single ICP and to establish a common set of objectives
and strategies and

a single Incident Action Plan. This is accomplished without losing or
abdicating authority, responsibility, or accountability." (**USCG**, *IM
Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-25)

**Unified Command Plan:** "The document, approved by the President, that
sets forth basic guidance to all unified combatant commanders;
establishes their missions, responsibilities, and force structure;
delineates the general geographic area of responsibility for geographic
combatant commanders; and specifies function responsibilities for
functional combatant commanders." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary 18)

**Unified Command Suite:** "A vehicle which is highly mobile,
self-contained, stand-alone C-130 air mobile communications platform
intended to provide both voice and data communications capabilities to
civil support team commanders." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Ops*, 2007, Glossary
18)

**Unified Coordination Group (UCG):** Under the National Response
Framework, "Using unified command principles, a **Unified Coordination
Group** comprised of senior officials from the State and key Federal
departments and agencies is established at the JFO. This group of senior
officials provides the breadth of national support to achieve shared
objectives." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, pp. 49-50)

"The Unified Coordination Group oversees the development of an exit
strategy and demobilization plan. As the need for full-time interagency
response coordination at the JFO wanes, the Unified Coordination Group
plans for selective release of Federal resources, demobilization,
transfer of responsibilities and closeout." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment
Draft*, September 2007, p. 42) See, also, p. 68.

**Unified Coordination Group (UCG):** "The Unified Coordination Group
leads the JFO. The Unified Coordination Group typically consists of the
FCO, SCO, and senior officials from other entities with primary
statutory or jurisdictional responsibility and significant operational
responsibility for an aspect of an incident. This group may meet
initially via conference calls to develop a common set of objectives and
a unified action plan to meet them." (*National Response Framework:
Stafford Act Support to States*, July 27, 2007, p. 1)

**Unified Coordination Staff:** "The JFO structure normally includes a
Unified Coordination Staff. The Unified Coordination Group determines
the extent of staffing based on the type and magnitude of the incident.
(See the JFO Standard Operating Procedure for further details on these
and other Federal staff positions supporting the field operation.)
(**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 66)

**Unified Defense Exercise:** In Jan. 2004, the men and women of
USNORTHCOM supported interagency efforts to deter and defeat any
possible threats against persons attending the Super Bowl. The following
month, USNORTHCOM conducted Exercise Unified Defense 04. This major
exercise allowed the USNORTHCOM, Fifth Army, Joint Task Force Alaska and
associated units to practice the homeland defense and defense support to
civil authorities missions. Unified Defense 04 involved the Department
of Homeland Security and more than 50 federal, state and local
organizations primarily in Texas, Alaska, Colorado, Virginia and the
National Capital Region." (**USNORTHCOM**, *US Northern Command
History*)

**Unified Incident Management:** "*Unified Command:* Also referred to as
Unified Incident Management. An application of ICS/IMS used when there
is more than one agency with incident jurisdiction. Agencies work
together through their designated Incident Commanders or Managers at a
single location to establish a common set of objectives and strategies,
and a single

incident action plan." (**HHS**, *Medical Surge Capacity and Capability
Handbook*, 2004, p. 2-12)

**Unified Joint Command (UJC):** "U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) is a
"unified joint command," which has developed from the concept of the
Rapid Reaction Task Force initiated by President Ronald Reagan. Central
Command is under the direct command of only three men: U.S. President
George W. Bush, the Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and General
Tommy Franks." (2003)

**Unified Joint Command (UJC):** A construct for a multi-state response.
"The chain of command changes...once the Joint Field Office stands up
and a Unified Command is established with the state. It takes about
three to five days from initial deployment to the establishment of a
*fully operational Joint Field Office*. At this point, the Joint Field
Offices are in charge of field operations for their respective states
and report directly to the Unified Joint Command (UJC)...and the regions
convert to a role of support and coordination.

"The UJC serves as a Multiagency Coordination (MAC) Group to support all
JFOs conducting earthquake response and recovery operations. Under this
architecture, a Joint Field Office (JFO) is established in each impacted
state that receives a presidential disaster declaration. The UJC is
established in one state, most likely the hardest hit. The UJC will
provide direction and control for Federal operations for the entire
affected area. Other characteristics:

-   Each affected state will have a representative in the UJC.

-   Resource allocation and adjudication for the incident is conducted
    at the UJC.

-   All JFOs involved in the incident will report directly to the UJC.

-   The UJC senior Federal official---most likely a Principal Federal
    Official---reports to the FEMA Administrator.

-   Regions are responsible for financial management for their assigned
    states and, otherwise, have a supporting/coordination role.
    (**FEMA**, *Federal Interim Contingency Plan -- Predecisional Draft:
    New Madrid Seismic Zone*, December 2007, p. 18)

**United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs:** "The United
Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, established with General
Assembly resolution 46/182, was created to 'mobilize and coordinate the
collective efforts of the international community, in particular those
of the UN system, to meet in a coherent and timely manner the needs of
those exposed to human suffering and material destruction in disasters
and emergencies.  This involves reducing vulnerability, promoting
solutions to root causes and facilitating the smooth transition from
relief to rehabilitation and development'.\" (**UN DHA**, 1996)

**United Nations Development Programme, Bureau for Crisis Prevention and
Recovery:** "As mandated by the UN General Assembly, within its broad
development mandate the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
works in areas where natural disasters and violent conflicts undermine
sustainable development. The Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery
(BCPR) supports efforts to reduce the impact of natural disasters,
prevent armed conflicts, and assist in recovery from crises when they
occur. BCPR is also responsible for consolidating UNDP's crisis
prevention and recovery knowledge and experience, providing a bridge
between humanitarian response and the development work of UNDP, and
advocating for crisis sensitivity in the context of development policy.

In 2001, UNDP's Executive Board strengthened the work of UNDP in crisis
situations by creating the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery
(BCPR). One of nine bureaux, BCPR serves as the practice leader for
crisis prevention and recovery within UNDP. A repository for tools,
methods, and experience, BCPR supports country offices and advises UNDP
Senior Management on issues related to conflict prevention and recovery,
natural disaster risk reduction and recovery, and cross-cutting issues,
such as early recovery and gender equality." (**UNDP BCPR**, *UNDP BCPR
Objective of BCPR*, October 15, 2007, p. 1)

**United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR):**
"The ISDR aims at building disaster resilient communities by promoting
increased awareness of the importance of disaster reduction as an
integral component of sustainable development, with the goal of reducing
human, social, economic and environmental losses due to natural hazards
and related technological and environmental disasters.

Recognising that natural hazards can threaten any one of us, the ISDR
builds on partnerships and takes a global approach to disaster
reduction, seeking to involve every individual and every community
towards the goals of reducing the loss of lives, the socio-economic
setbacks and the environmental damages caused by natural hazards. In
order to achieve these goals, the ISDR promotes four objectives as tools
towards reaching disaster reduction for all:

*Increase public awareness to understand risk, vulnerability and
disaster reduction globally:*\
The more people, regional organizations, governments, non-governmental
organizations, United Nations entities, representatives of civil society
and others know about risk, vulnerability and how to manage the impacts
of natural hazards, the more disaster reduction measures will be
implemented in all sectors of society. Prevention begins with
information.

*Obtain commitment from public authorities to implement disaster
reduction policies and actions:*\
The more decision-makers at all levels commit themselves to disaster
reduction policies and actions, the sooner communities vulnerable to
natural disasters will benefit from applied disaster reduction policies
and actions. This requires, in part, a grassroots approach whereby
communities at risk are fully informed and participate in risk
management initiatives.

*Stimulate interdisciplinary and intersectoral partnerships, including
the expansion of risk reduction networks*:\
The more entities active in disaster reduction share information on
their research and practices, the more useful the global body of
knowledge and experience will progress. By sharing a common purpose and
through collaborative efforts we can ensure a world that is more
resilient to the impact of natural hazards.\
\
*Improve scientific knowledge about disaster reduction*:\
The more we know about the causes and consequences of natural hazards
and related technological and environmental disasters on societies, the
more we are able to be better prepared to reduce risks. Bringing the
scientific community and policy makers together allows them to
contribute to and complement each other\'s work." (**UNISDR**, *Mission
and Objectives*, 2007)

**UNISDR:** United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction.

**UNISDR CADRI:** United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction, Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative.

**United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs:** "In
December 1991, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 46/182, designed
to strengthen the United Nation\'s response to both complex emergencies
and natural disasters.  In addition it aimed at improving the overall
effectiveness of the UN\'s humanitarian operations in the field. The
resolution also created the high level position of Emergency Relief
Coordinator (ERC).  This new function would combine into a single UN
focal point the functions carried out by representatives of the
Secretary-General for major and complex emergencies, as well as the
UN\'s natural disaster functions carried out by the UN Disaster Relief
Coordinator, UNDRO.  Soon after, the Secretary-General established the
Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) and assigned the ERC the status
of Under-Secretary-General (USG) for Humanitarian Affairs with offices
in New York and Geneva to provide institutional support. Resolution
46/182 also created the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), the
Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) and the Central Emergency Revolving
Fund (CERF) as key coordination mechanisms and tools of the ERC.

As part of the Secretary-General\'s programme of reform in 1998, DHA was
reorganized into the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs, OCHA.  Its mandate was expanded to include the coordination of
humanitarian response, policy development and humanitarian advocacy.
OCHA carries out its coordination function primarily through the
Inter-Agency Standing Committee, which is chaired by the ERC. 
Participants include all humanitarian partners, from UN agencies, funds
and programmes to the Red Cross Movement and NGOs. The IASC ensures
inter-agency decision-making in response to complex emergencies.  These
responses include needs assessments, consolidated appeals, field
coordination arrangements and the development of humanitarian policies."
(**UN OCHA**, *A Brief History of OCHA*, 2007, p. 1)

**United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT):** "The
United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) is a
partnership between the Department of Homeland Security and the public
and private sectors. Established in 2003 to protect the nation\'s
Internet infrastructure, US-CERT coordinates defense against and
responses to cyber attacks across the nation." (**DHS**, *Welcome to
US-CERT*, November 2007)

**United States Department of Agriculture (USDA):** "USDA serves as the
primary

support agency to DHS/FEMA for disaster relief and CM for firefighting
and food. USDA

manages and coordinates firefighting activities by providing personnel,
equipment, and supplies

in support of state and local agencies involved in firefighting
operations. During major disasters

and emergencies, USDA is responsible for identifying food assistance
required, securing needed

supplies, and arranging for the transportation of food assistance to
affected areas requiring

emergency rations." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland Security* (JP 3-26), 2005,
p. 2-21)

**United States Fire Administration:** "As an entity of the Department
of Homeland Security\'s Federal Emergency Management Agency, the mission
of the USFA is to reduce life and economic losses due to fire and
related emergencies, through leadership, advocacy, coordination and
support. We serve the Nation independently, in coordination with other
Federal agencies, and in partnership with fire protection and emergency
service communities. With a commitment to excellence, we provide public
education, training, technology, and data initiatives." (**FEMA** *About
the USFA*)

The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) was created in 1974 in response to a
bleak assessment of fire safety in the United States. The report
detailed the loss of nearly 12,000 citizens and 250 firefighters to
fires each year. Through firefighter training, public fire-safety
education and research, the USFA cut fire-related deaths in half by
1998.

**United States Northern Command.** See USNORTHCOM.

**Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools
Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (Patriot) Act of 2001.**

**Unity of Command:** "Unity of command means that every individual has
a designated supervisor to whom they report at the scene of the
incident. These principles clarify reporting relationships and eliminate
the confusion caused by multiple, conflicting directives. Incident
managers at all levels must be able to control the actions of all
personnel under their supervision." (**DHS**, *National Incident
Management System*, 2004, p. 11)

**Unity of Command:** "Each individual involved in incident operations
will be assigned to only one supervisor." (**FEMA**, *National Incident
Management System Draft*, August 2007. p. 160)

**Unity of Effort:** "...respects the chain of command of each
participating organization while harnessing seamless coordination across
jurisdictions in support of common objectives." (**DHS**, *NRF Comment
Draft*, September 2007, p. 10)

**Universal Adversary (UA):** "The UA is a fictionalized adversary
created by compiling known terrorist motivations, doctrine, tactics,
techniques, and procedures (TTPs) in live, virtual, and constructive
simulations. The UA is based on realistic threats, but it is designed
not to compromise actual intelligence. The UA will be utilized for
DHS-sponsored exercises, providing participants with a realistic,
capabilities-based opponent. Prevention exercises will employ an
adaptable, threat-based UA, in some cases represented by physical Red
Teams or analytical opponents. The UA reflects real-world uncertainties
and unpredictability, and evolving terrorist TTPs. The UA is currently
broken into the following five threat groups currently faced by the U.S.
within our borders:

> • **The Anti-Globalization Movement** is mostly non-violent, but some
> anarchist groups
>
> and more extreme activists have used violence. The national Memorial
> Institute for the
>
> Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) has catalogued and attributed 70
> terrorist events to Anti-
>
> Globalization groups from 1998 through 2004, none of which took place
> in the United
>
> States. The Anti-Globalization movement emerged throughout the 1990s
> and became a
>
> serious security threat, as tens of thousands of demonstrators
> protested Great Eight (G8)
>
> Economic Summit in Cologne, the World Trade Organization (WTO) in
> Seattle, and the
>
> International Monetary Fund (IMF) / World Bank in Washington. Police
> were unprepared
>
> for the number of protesters, and unprepared for how well they were
> organized. While
>
> people demonstrated in the streets, companies were suffering thousands
> of cyberattacks.
>
> This mobilization, the sophistication of organization, and highly
> technical cyber skills
>
> overwhelmed law enforcement and security personnel.
>
> • **Domestic Right Wing Extremism**, racist, white-power groups, along
> with militias, have grown in size and prominence throughout the United
> States. The number of groups is rising, but the top groups were in
> decline in 2004. MIPT attributes no terrorist events to
>
> Domestic Right Wing groups from 1998 through 2004. The violence
> perpetrated has been
>
> mostly criminal and harassment in nature -- vandalism, propaganda
> fliers, and the
>
> occasional physical assault. These attacks are not carried out by
> groups, but by random
>
> individuals inspired by groups' rhetoric. The Southern Poverty Law
> Center's Intelligence
>
> Project counted 762 active hate groups and 152 active Patriot groups
> in 2004.
>
> • **The Environmental / Animal Rights Movement** has emerged as a
> serious domestic
>
> terrorist threat. Various sources have catalogued and attributed 133
> terrorist events to
>
> Environmental / Animal Rights groups from 1998 through mid-April 2005.
> Extremists
>
> target government agencies, private companies, academic research
> institutes, and the individuals associated with all three, in direct
> action to stop animal suffering,4 or to stop
>
> the exploitation and destruction of the natural environment.5 More
> recent attacks have
>
> targeted "sprawl."6 Two domestic Environmental / Animal Rights groups
> are designated
>
> as terrorist organizations. The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and the
> Animal Liberation
>
> Front (ALF) are partner organizations in an increasingly violent
> Environmental / Animal
>
> Rights movement. Neither group has a central leader, central location,
> or a defined
>
> organization. There is no official membership. An individual is
> considered a member of

ELF or ALF based on their belief in the central ideology and their
actions.

-   **The Global Salafist Jihad (GSJ) Movement** is the predominant
    threat to the United

> States. GSJ groups are nontraditional terrorist adversaries driven by
> a common idea and
>
> motivation. It is a movement in which al Qaeda ideologues like bin
> Laden, al-Zawahiri
>
> drive followers to pursue physical jihad. Various sources have
> catalogued and attributed
>
> 225 terrorist events to GSJ groups from 1998 through 2004. Bombings
> accounted for 141
>
> of these attacks. The second and third most common tactics are Armed
> Attacks and
>
> Kidnappings. Bombings and explosions far outweigh other forms of GSJ
> groups' attacks,
>
> and are happening more frequently and in higher numbers. VBIEDs and
> IEDs were used
>
> in most bomb/explosives attacks.
>
> • **The Lone Actor / Small Group** is a serious threat to United
> States countermeasures and intelligence capabilities. Acting alone
> defies infiltration, intervention, or intelligence
>
> collection. Various sources have catalogued and attributed 43
> terrorist events to Lone
>
> Actors or Small Groups from 1998 through 2004. Biological Agents
> accounted for 14 of
>
> the 43 attacks. The second most common attacks are Bombings,
> accounting for nine
>
> attacks, and the third most common attacks are Armed Attacks, with
> seven." (**DHS**, *HSEEP*, Vol. V, 2005, pp. 11-12)

**Universal Task List:** "...a menu of some 1,600 unique tasks that can
facilitate efforts to prevent, protect against, respond to and recover
from the major events that are represented by the National Planning
Scenarios. It presents a common vocabulary and identifies key tasks that
support development of essential capabilities among organizations at all
levels. Of course, no entity will perform every task. Instead, this task
list was used to assist in creating the Target Capabilities List."
(**DHS**, *NRF Comment Draft*, September 2007, p. 10)

**Universal Task List:** "The Universal Task List (UTL) is a list of
every unique task that was identified from the suite of Common Scenarios
developed under the leadership of the Homeland Security Council. The
fifteen scenarios address a range of probable threats from terrorists,
natural disasters and other emergencies." (**DHS**, *Universal Task
List*, **July 2004** Draft, Cover)

**Universal Task List:** "The Universal Task List (UTL) is an important
tool in the Capabilities-Based Planning process being implemented under
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8: National Preparedness by
Office for Domestic Preparedness, U.S. Department of Homeland

Security. Fifteen National Planning Scenarios (key risk scenarios),
developed under the leadership of the Homeland Security Council, are
being used as planning tools to define the nature and scope of incidents
for which we must prepare. The scenarios were used to define the tasks
that need to be performed at every level of government to prevent,
respond to, and recover from large-scale incidents. Nationally
representative teams identified tasks based on criticality. Most of the
tasks identified through the scenario analysis are common across
scenarios. All *unique* tasks have been combined into a menu called the
UTL. It defines all the tasks that need to be performed by someone in
response to an Incident of National Significance, but no single
jurisdiction or agency would be expected to perform every task. Subsets
of tasks are selected based on specific roles, missions and functions.
They serve as the foundation for learning and

exercise objectives, as well as for operational planning, evaluations
and assessments of

performance. The UTL will continue to be refined and expanded as
additional activities are addressed, to include those performed by the
private sector." (**DHS**, *UTL 2.0*, **December 2004**, p. iii)

**Universal Task List:** "The Universal Task List (UTL) defines what
tasks need to be performed by Federal, State, local, and tribal
jurisdictions and the private sector to prevent, protect against,
respond to, and recover from events defined in the National Planning
Scenarios. Version 2.1 identifies approximately 1,600 unique tasks. The
UTL is the basis for defining the capabilities found in the Target
Capabilities List (TCL) that are needed to perform the full range of
tasks required to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from
incidents of national significance. The fully developed UTL and TCL will
provide officials at all levels with a framework for assessing their
overall level of preparedness, while targeting resources to address
their greatest needs." (**DHS**, *TCL*, **2005** (Version 2.1), p. 2)

**Universal Task List. Common Tasks:** "Common tasks are those tasks
that cut across the mission areas. They must be performed to achieve
more than one or all of the missions. For example, the common tasks
include broad planning, coordination, training, and communication
tasks.... The common tasks have been grouped into the following
functions:

> A\) Preparedness
>
> B\) Resource Management
>
> C\) Communications and Information Management
>
> D\) Supporting technology" (**DHS**, *UTL 2.1*, 2005, p. 7)

**UNOCHA:** United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs

**Urban Area Working Group (UAWG)**. The UAWG acts "as an executive
steering committee to provide overall governance of the homeland
security program across the regional area encompassed within the defined
urban area. Responsibilities of the UAWG include coordinating
development and implementation of all program initiatives (including
development of the Urban Area Homeland Security Strategy, investment
identification and justification, funding allocation methodologies, in
cooperation with the SSA, and any direct services that are delivered by
G&T). The UAWG is also responsible for ensuring that all programmatic
requirements associated with participation in the UASI Program are
fulfilled." (**DHS**, *UASI Fact Sheet*, June 2006, p. 2)

**Urban Areas:** "...the term "urban areas" refers to the 55 Fiscal Year
2005 Urban Areas Security Initiative program grantees and the 20 major
cities selected for the Nationwide Plan Review by DHS based on an
analysis of 2004 population, risk, and need." (**DHS**, *NPR Phase 2
Report*, 2006, p. vii)

**Urban Areas Security Initiative (UASI):** "In July 2002 the President
approved the *National Strategy for Homeland Security*, a road map for
the national effort to prevent and respond to acts of terrorism in the
United States. The *National Strategy* recognizes the vital role of
state and local public safety agencies in providing for the security of
our homeland. In February 2003 the President signed into law the Fiscal
Year (FY) 2003 Omnibus Appropriations Act which provides state and local
governments with the vital funding they require to participate in the
national effort to combat terrorism.

'The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Office for Domestic
Preparedness (ODP) FY 2003 Urban Areas Security Initiative (UASI)
reflects a confluence of important Presidential initiatives designed to
enhance the preparedness of the nation to combat terrorism. Whereas most
states and municipalities have strengthened their overall capability to
respond to acts of terrorism involving chemical, biological,
radiological, nuclear or explosive (CBRNE) weapons, there continues to
be room for improvement in meeting our national priorities of preventing
and responding to terrorist attacks.

"The Office for Domestic Preparedness is providing financial assistance
directly to selected jurisdictions through the Fiscal Year (FY) 2003
Urban Areas Security Initiative. This financial assistance is being
provided to address the unique equipment, training, planning and
exercise needs of large high threat urban areas, and to assist them in
building an enhanced and sustainable capacity to prevent, respond to,
and recover from threats or acts of terrorism." (**DHS** (DHS Secretary
Tom Ridge Forward to FY 2003 UASI Grant Application)

"UASI funding remains primarily focused on enhancing capabilities to
address CBRNE, agriculture, and cyber-terrorism incidents; however, in
support of national ongoing preparedness initiatives addressing such
issues as pandemic influenza and the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the
allowable scope of UASI Program activities was expanded in FY 2006 to
include Catastrophic events, provided that these activities also build
capabilities that relate to terrorism.

Program Participants may use UASI funding to achieve or enhance all of
the 37 target capabilities, as long as they enhance the capability to
prevent, protect against, respond to, or recover from acts of terrorism.
UASI Program award amounts are determined based on a risk- and
effectiveness-based approach. The grant guidance suggests that Urban
Areas take an inclusive regional approach and involve contiguous
jurisdictions, mutual aid partners, port authorities, rail and transit
authorities, State agencies, Citizen Corps Council(s), and Metropolitan
Medical Response System(s) (MMRS) in their program activities. Each
State develops an Investment Justification detailing the projects they
wish to use UASI Program funding to implement. Proposed Investments
under the UASI Program should focus on the National Priorities and the
most urgent State/local priorities. The UASI Program...has...grown to
include 58 urban areas." (**DHS**, *UASI Fact Sheet*, June 2006
Revision, p. 1)

**Urban Areas Security Initiative (UASI) Nonprofit Security Grant
Program:** "The...Urban Areas Security Initiative (UASI) Nonprofit
Security Grant Program provides funding support for target hardening
activities to nonprofit organizations that are at high risk of
international terrorist attack. While this funding is provided
specifically to high-risk nonprofit organizations, the program seeks to
integrate nonprofit preparedness activities with broader state and local
preparedness efforts. It is also designed to promote coordination and
collaboration in emergency preparedness activities among public and
private community representatives, State and local government agencies,
and Citizen Corps Councils." (**DHS**, *Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland
Security Grant Program Urban Areas Security Initiative: Nonprofit
Security Grant Program\--Program Guidance and Application Kit*, April
2007, p. 1)

**Urban Search and Rescue (US&R):** "Urban search-and-rescue (US&R)
involves the location, rescue (extrication), and initial medical
stabilization of victims trapped in confined spaces. Structural collapse
is most often the cause of victims being trapped, but victims may also
be trapped in transportation accidents, mines and collapsed trenches."
(**FEMA**, *Urban Search-and-Rescue (US&R)*, February 28, 2007 update)

**Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) Task Forces: "**The National US&R
Response System is a framework for structuring local emergency services
personnel into integrated disaster response task forces. The 28 National
US&R Task Forces, complete with the necessary tools, equipment, skills
and techniques, can be deployed by DHS/FEMA to assist State and local
governments in rescuing victims of structural collapse incidents or to
assist in other search and rescue missions. Each task force must have
all its personnel and equipment at the embarkation point within 6 hours
of activation. A task force can be dispatched and en route to its
destination in a matter of hours." (**DHS**, *NRF \-- Federal Partner
Guide* (Comment Draft). September 10, 2007, p. 9)

**Urban/Wildland Interface:** "A developed area, also known as the
\"I-zone,\" occupying the

boundary between an urban or settled area and a wildland characterized
by vegetation

that can serve as fuel for a forest fire." (**APA**, *Planning For A
Disaster*..., 2005, p. 85)

**USA Patriot Act of 2001**, 24 October 2001. "This act enhances
domestic security against terrorism. It eases some of the restrictions
on foreign intelligence gathering within the US and

affords the US intelligence community greater access to information
discovered during a criminal investigation." (**JCS/DoD**, *Homeland
Security* (JP 3-26), 2005, p. A-4)

**USACE:** United States Army Corps of Engineers.

**USAID OFDA:** U.S. Agency for International Development, Office of
Foreign Disaster Assistance.

**USAR:** United States Army Reserves. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec.2007, Glossary-7)

**USAR:** Urban Search and Rescue. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation
Still Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**US-CERT:** United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team. (**DHS,**
*NIPP*, 2006, p. 102)

**USCG:** United States Coast Guard.

**US Coast Guard (USCG):** "The US Coast Guard (USCG) is a Military
Service within the DHS dedicated to protecting the safety and security
of the United States. As such, it operates globally; on the high seas
and in US territorial waters, and has certain federal law enforcement
authorities ashore. It is a federal LEA and an Armed Force of the United
States whose Service secretary is the Secretary of DHS. It is the lead
agency for maritime drug interdiction and the co-lead agency for air
drug interdiction operations, along with US Customs and Border
Protection. The USCG defends the United States' seaward frontier against
illegal drugs and illegal immigrants. The USCG is also the lead agency
for maritime search and rescue. The USCG is the lead agency for
coordinating all maritime security planning and operations in the ports
and inland waterways, including all efforts to prevent attacks and to
mitigate the consequences of an attack should one occur. The USCG's
counterterrorism teams are ready to intercept terrorists before they
ever reach the homeland. In time of war, the USCG could be transferred
to the Department of the Navy for operations. In its maritime law
enforcement role, USCG has jurisdiction in both

US waters and on the high seas. In this capacity, the USCG may make
inquiries, examinations,

inspections, searches, seizures, and arrests upon the high seas and
waters over which the US has

jurisdiction, for prevention, detection, and suppression of violations
of laws of the US. It is unique among the Services in that it has
statutory law enforcement authority." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support*,
2007, pp. II-16-17)

**US&R:** Urban Search and Rescue.

**USFA:** United States Fire Administration, FEMA/DHS, Emmitsburg, MD.

**USFS**: U.S. Forest Service.

**USG:** United States Government.

**USMTF:** U.S. Message Text Format. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec.2007, Glossary-7)

**USNORTHCOM (United States Northern Command):** "U.S. Northern Command
(USNORTHCOM) was established Oct. 1, 2002 to provide command and control
of Department of Defense (DoD) homeland defense efforts and to
coordinate defense support of civil authorities. USNORTHCOM defends
America\'s homeland --- protecting our people, national power, and
freedom of action.... USNORTHCOM's AOR includes air, land and sea
approaches and encompasses the continental United States, Alaska,
Canada, Mexico and the surrounding water out to approximately 500
nautical miles. It also includes the Gulf of Mexico and the Straits of
Florida. The defense of Hawaii and our territories and possessions in
the Pacific is the responsibility of U.S. Pacific Command. The defense
of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands is the responsibility of U.S.
Southern Command. The commander of USNORTHCOM is responsible for theater
security cooperation with Canada and Mexico. USNORTHCOM consolidates
under a single unified command existing missions that were previously
executed by other DoD organizations. This provides unity of command,
which is critical to mission accomplishment. USNORTHCOM plans, organizes
and executes homeland defense and civil support missions, but has few
permanently assigned forces. The command is assigned forces whenever
necessary to execute missions, as ordered by the president and secretary
of defense.

Civil service employees and uniformed members representing all service
branches work at USNORTHCOM's headquarters located at Peterson Air Force
Base in Colorado Springs, Colo.

The commander of USNORTHCOM also commands the North American Aerospace
Defense Command (NORAD), a bi-national command responsible for aerospace
warning and aerospace control for Canada, Alaska and the continental
United States.

"USNORTHCOM's civil support mission includes domestic disaster relief
operations that occur during fires, hurricanes, floods and earthquakes.
Support also includes counter-drug operations and managing the
consequences of a terrorist event employing a weapon of mass
destruction. The command provides assistance to a Lead Agency when
tasked by DoD. Per the Posse Comitatus Act, military forces can provide
civil support, but cannot become directly involved in law enforcement.
In providing civil support, USNORTHCOM generally operates through
established Joint Task Forces subordinate to the command. An emergency
must exceed the capabilities of local, state and federal agencies before
USNORTHCOM becomes involved. In most cases, support will be limited,
localized and specific. When the scope of the disaster is reduced to the
point that the Lead Agency can again assume full control and management
without military assistance, USNORTHCOM will exit, leaving the on-scene
experts to finish the job." (**USNORTHCOM**, *About USNORTHCOM*)

**USNORTHCOM Command Assessment Element (CAE):** "rapidly deployable,
tailored

package that gives the NORTHCOM Commander operational and tactical level
awareness of

the operating environment and assessments of needs. The CAE gathers
information,

develops situational awareness, and conducts assessments with State and
local officials." (FEMA, *Statement of Glen Cannon*, November 15, 2007,
p. 11)

**USNORTHCOM Mission Statement:** "Conduct operations to deter, prevent,
and defeat threats and aggression aimed at the United States, its
territories, and interests within the assigned area of responsibility;
and as directed by the President or Secretary of Defense, provide
defense support of civil authorities including consequence management
operations." (**Keating**, *CDRNORAD-CDRUSNORTHCOM Strategic Guidance*,
November 1, 2006, p. 2)

**USNORTHCOM Strategic Goals and Objectives:**

"Goal *1*: Detect, deter, prevent, and defeat external threats and
aggression....

Goal 2: Provide timely and effective defense support of civil
authorities....

-   Objective 2.1 -- Anticipate requests for civil support

-   Objective 2.2 -- Provide military capabilities at the right place
    and right time

-   Objective 2.3 -- Maintain flexible, executable, rapidly adaptable,
    and regularly-exercised plans

-   Objective 2.4 -- Support efforts to improve capabilities of mission
    partners

-   Objective 2.5 -- Enhance interoperability and information sharing
    with mission partners

Goal 3: Improve unity of effort with our interagency and international
partners...." (**Keating**, *CDRNORAD-CDRUSNORTHCOM Strategic Guidance*,
November 1, 2006, pp. 6-8)

**USNORTHCOM Supporting and Support Relationship with State
Governments:** "I want to spend a moment talking about that supporting
and supported relationship. \
\
"One of the other elements of our mission at USNORTHCOM is a state
engagement program.  We feel it is very important to spend a lot of time
out on the road...preaching the gospel...of USNORTHCOM's role in our
nation's defense, in support of civil authorities, and to support
elements of homeland security. \
\
"Our goal is to get to every governor and every state adjutant general
and every emergency management director...  the message is we are here
to support the needs of the Nation; we are here to support the
requirements of a state when they're in trouble, when a disaster strikes
or when they have a unique security event occurring....our role is to
create those capacities ahead of time so that when a state has a need,
they don't have to decide that they're in trouble and then make a call
and go through the administrative process and then, a week later, the
support shows up.  If you look at how we prepared for Hurricane Dean
just a few weeks ago when we thought a Category Five hurricane was going
to hit Harlingen, Texas, we had people in place well before the event
occurred, well before it turned south and began its movement towards
Mexico.  And they were there to prepare medical evacuation capabilities
so that critical care patients could be moved out of the Harlingen and
Brownsville area of Texas....so we worked very carefully with our FEMA
region partners, our Defense Coordinating Officer, and the state of
Texas to ensure that we knew what their needs were and that we went and
found those capabilities.... So it's that kind of day-to-day interaction
that we've been communicating to the governors, to the adjutants
general, and to the emergency management directors of all the states.

"We're there to help them succeed.  We're not there to be in charge. 
We're there to ensure that the Title 10 forces that come are
professionally trained, equipped, disciplined, and supportive.  We've
done a supporting/supported relationship in our military for many
years.  We understand how to do that.  I understand that the governor
leads the effort in their state.  If the people of a particular state
elected a governor and then felt that that governor couldn't take care
of them when disaster struck, it's a bad message.  Our job is to make
sure the state succeeds....And we're prepared and leaning forward to do
that. I have an execute order that is signed for the hurricane season
that gives me access to about 9,000 military, both in terms of
assessors, responders, security forces, logistics capability,
rotary-wing lift, and the like, that I can begin to move before an event
even occurs.  So that's authority that Tim Keating didn't have as we got
to Katrina.  And certainly it's that authority that we need to consider
expanding as we look to the future.  So that mission of engagement with
the states is critical, and we continue to work on that very, very
hard." (**USNORTHCOM,** *Remarks by General Gene Renuart Homeland
Defense Symposium, Colorado Springs, 3 Oct 07*)

**USNORTHCOM Vision:** "United States Northern Command defends America's
homeland---protecting our people, national power, and freedom of
action." (**Keating**, *CDRNORAD-CDRUSNORTHCOM Strategic Guidance*,
November 1, 2006, p. 3)

**USPHS:** U.S. Public Health Service. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation
Still Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**USTRANSCOM:** US Transportation Command. (**DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, 2007, Glossary-7)

**UTC:** Universal Time Coordinated. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation
Still Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**UTL:** Universal Task List. (**DHS**, *NIPP*, 2006, p. 102)

**UTMOST ENDEAVOR:** Unclassified code word for WMD-CST deployment and
execution order. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December
2007, p. 8-2)

**VA:** Vulnerability Assessment. (**DHS/OIG**, *Water CI/TK SSP
Report*, May 2007, p. iii)

**VDCC:** Volunteer and Donation Coordination Center. (**DHS**, *TCL*,
2007, p. 248)

**Vector-Borne Diseases:** "Diseases spread by vectors, such as insects.
Examples include the West Nile virus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and
malaria." (**TFAH**, *Ready or Not?* 2007, 11)

**Vector Control:** "Measures taken to decrease the number of disease
carrying organisms (vectors) and to diminish the risk of their spreading
infectious diseases." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 76)

**VEOC:** Virtual Emergency Operations Center.

**Vertical Datum:** "A vertical datum is a base measurement point (or
set of points) from which all elevations are determined. Without a
common datum, surveyors would calculate different elevation values for
the same location. Historically, that common set of points has been the
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29). However, as a result
of advances in

technology, an updated vertical datum was created and has been
officially adopted by the Federal Government as a new basis for
measuring heights: the North American Vertical Datum of 1988

(NAVD88). (**FEMA**, *Vertical Datum: New Mapping Studies Convert...,*
July 2007)

**VHF:** Very High Frequency radios. (**USACE**, Response Planning
Guide, 1995, p. 4-1.

**Vigilant Guard:** "...the Vigilant Guard Regional Exercise
Program...is designed by the National Guard Bureau to train and enhance
the preparedness of our state level Joint Force Headquarters and Joint
Task Forces in their mission to support civilian authorities. Each
Vigilant Guard exercise is designed to involve multiple States --
ideally all of the States in a FEMA region. Beginning with an August
2005 exercise in Ohio, at FEMA Region 5, we have conducted seven (7)
exercises thus far.... These exercises have grown from command post
exercises concentrating on the Guard information management tasks to
robust State and local full scale play." (**NGB**, *Statement by Major
General Steven Saunders,* October 3, 2007, p. 2)

**Vigilant Sentry:** "Recognizing the threat and national impacts of a
mass migration from the Caribbean to the U.S., DHS Secretary Tom Ridge
established Homeland Security Task Force Southeast to bring the
resources, skills and capabilities of all the involved agencies under
one umbrella organization to develop the contingency response plan,
Operation Vigilant Sentry. Once completed, this single plan would
replace about a half-dozen independent plans in existence. This
unification measure launched an intense and unprecedented planning
process that involved people from throughout DHS and other impacted
federal agencies, including the

Departments of State, Defense and Justice." (**US Coast Guard
Magazine**, "Operation Able Sentry," June 2004, p. 26)

**Vigilant Shield Exercises:** "VIGILANT SHIELD 2008 is a Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff-designated, North American Aerospace Defense
Command (NORAD) and U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) sponsored, and
U.S. Joint Forces Command-supported Department of Defense exercise for
homeland defense and defense support of civil authorities missions.
Exercise VIGILANT SHIELD 2008 will be conducted concurrent with TOP
OFFICIALS 4 (TOPOFF 4), the nation's premier exercise of terrorism
preparedness sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security, and
several other linked exercises as part of the National Level Exercise
1-08. *Purpose:* Exercise VIGILANT SHIELD 2008 and National Level
Exercise 1-08 will provide local, state, tribal, interagency, Department
of Defense, and nongovernmental organizations and agencies involved in
homeland security and homeland defense the opportunity to participate in
a full range of exercise scenarios that will better prepare participants
to prevent and respond to national crises. The participating
organizations will conduct a multilayered, civilian-led response to a
national crisis." (**US** **NORTHCOM**, *Fact Sheet -- Exercise Vigilant
Shield 2008*, 2007)

**Virtual Emergency Operation Centers (VEOCs):** "A 'Virtual Emergency
Operations Center' (VEOC) is an EOC that exists solely or partially in
cyberspace. A VEOC provides an electronic EOC via a computer network or
the Internet. It can consist of anywhere from one workstation to
thousands of networked computers dispersed throughout the enterprise and
around the globe. The first versions of VEOCs were simple information
systems based on fixed and mobile wireless networks.  Modern VEOCs
utilize the latest Internet technology as well as Virtual Private
Networks, and satellite communications." (**Davis Logic**, *VEOCs*,
2005)

**Virtual Joint Information Center (JIC):** A virtual JIC is established
when a physical co-location is not feasible. It connects PIOs through
e-mail, cell/land-line phones, faxes, video

teleconferencing, web-based information systems, etc. For a pandemic
incident where PIOs at different locations communicate and coordinate
public information electronically, it may be appropriate to establish a
virtual JIC. (**FEMA**, *Basic Guidance for PIOs*, Nov 2007, 16)

**Vision:** "An idealized statement of the best possible future."
(**FEMA** *A Nation Prepared* 2002, 60)

**Vision Statement:** "To develop a society more resilient to natural
disasters, where sustained planning, investment and action results in
more sustainable communities." (**Canadian Risk and Hazards Network**
2005, 11)

**Vital Records:** "Electronic and hardcopy documents, references, and
records that are needed to support essential functions during a
continuity situation. The two basic categories of vital records are (1)
emergency operating records and (2) rights and interests records."
(**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, P-9)

**Vital Records Categories:** "Categories of vital records include the
following;

*Emergency Operating Records.* These include records and databases
essential to the continued functioning or the reconstitution of an
agency during and after a continuity event. Examples of these records
are emergency plans and directives, orders of succession, delegations of
authority, staffing assignments, and related policy or procedural
records. These records provide an agency's continuity personnel with the
guidance they need to conduct operations during a continuity situation
and to resume normal operations at the conclusion of that situation.
Agencies must identify and preposition Emergency Operating Records
needed to continue essential functions.

*Rights and Interests Records*[.]{.underline} These include records
critical to carrying out an agency's essential legal and financial
functions, and vital to the protection of the legal and financial rights
of individuals who are directly affected by that agency's activities.
These records include those with such value that their loss would
significantly impair the execution of essential agency functions, to the
detriment of the legal or financial rights and entitlements of the
agency and the affected individual(s). Examples of these records are
accounts receivable files; contracting and acquisition files; official
personnel records; Social Security, payroll, retirement, and insurance
records; and property management and inventory records. Any Rights and
Interests Records considered critical for continued performance of
essential functions should be included in the Emergency Operating
Records and maintained at the appropriate alternate continuity
facility." (**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, p. I-1)

**VMAT:** Veterinary Medical Assistance Team. (**HSGAC**, A *Nation
Still Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**VOAD:** Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster. (**HSGAC**,
*Nationl Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**VOIP:** Voice Over Internet Protocol.

**Volcanic Eruption:** "The discharge (aerially explosive) of
fragmentary ejecta, lava and gases from a volcanic vent." (**UNDHA**,
*DM Glossary*, 1992, 76)

**Volcano:** "A volcano is a vent through which molten rock escapes to
the earth's surface. When pressure from gases within the molten rock
becomes too great, an eruption occurs. Eruptions can be quiet or
explosive. There may be lava flows, flattened landscapes, poisonous
gases, flying rock and ash, or landslides and mudflows. Because of their
intense heat, lava flows are great fire hazards. Lava flows destroy
everything in their path, but most move slowly enough that people can
move out of the way. Fresh volcanic ash, made of pulverized rock, can be
abrasive, acidic, gritty, gassy, and odorous. While not immediately
dangerous to most adults, the acidic gas and ash can cause lung damage
to small infants, to older adults, and to those suffering from severe
respiratory illnesses. Volcanic ash also can damage machinery, including
engines and electrical equipment. Ash accumulations mixed with water
become heavy and can collapse roofs." (**FEMA**, "Fact Sheet --
Volcanoes," June 2007, p.1)

**Volcanic Dust:** Dust of particles emitted by a volcano during an
eruption. They may remain suspended in the atmosphere for long periods
and be carried by the winds to different regions of the Earth. (**WMO**
1992, 662)

**Voluntary Agencies:** "Non-governmental agencies or organizations that
exist in many countries throughout the world. Some possess personnel
trained to assist when disaster strikes. Some volags have capabilities
that extend from the local to national and international levels."
(**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 77)

**Voluntary Agency Coordinator:** "A designated individual who shares
information with voluntary agencies about Federal and State activities,
and assembles reports on voluntary Federal agency activities, during a
major disaster or emergency. Each FEMA Region has a designated voluntary
Federal agency coordinator." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Draft*,
2007, p. 61)

**Voluntary Evacuation:** "This is a warning to persons within a
designated area that a threat to life and property exists or is likely
to exist in the immediate future. Individuals issued this type of
warning or order are NOT required to evacuate, however it would be to
their advantage to do so." (**FEMA**, *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency
Operations Planning* (State and Local Guide (SLG) 101), September 1996,
GLO-6)

**Voluntary Organization:** "Any charted or otherwise duly recognized
tax-exempt local, State, or national organization or group which has
provided or may provide needed services to the State, local governments,
or individuals in coping with an emergency or a major disaster."
(**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Operating Draft*, July 2007, p. 61)

**Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD):** "An umbrella
organization of voluntary agencies, organized at the State level, whose
representatives meet to prepare for disasters. During the response phase
of disaster operations, each individual VOAD Federal agency functions
independently." (**FEMA**, *Mission Assignment SOPs Draft*, July 2007,
p. 62)

**Volunteer: "**Any individual accepted to perform services by an
agency, which has authority to accept volunteer services when the
individual performs services without promise, expectation, or receipt of
compensation for services performed." (**DHS**, *National Preparedness
Goal*, December 2005 Draft, p. A-4; cites, *NIMS*, March 2004)

**Volunteer: "**For purposes of NIMS, a volunteer is any individual
accepted to perform services by the lead agency (which has authority to
accept volunteer services) when the individual performs services without
promise, expectation, or receipt of compensation for services performed.
See 16 U.S.C. 742f(c) and 29 CFR 553.101." (**FEMA**, *NIMS Draft*, Aug
2007, 160)

**Volunteer Services:** "There are statutory exceptions to the general
statutory prohibition against accepting voluntary services under 31
U.S.C. 1342 that can be used to accept the assistance of volunteer
workers. Such services may be accepted in "emergencies involving the
safety of human life or the protection of property." Additionally,
provisions of the Stafford Act, 42 U.S.C. 5152(a), 5170a(2), authorize
the President to use the personnel of private disaster relief
organizations and to coordinate their activities." (**DHS**, *NRP*
(Draft #1), Feb 25, 2004, p. 71)

**Volunteers (Affiliated):** "*Affiliated volunteers* are attached to a
recognized voluntary or nonprofit organization and are trained for
specific disaster response activities. Their relationship with the
organization precedes the immediate disaster, and they are invited by
that organization

to become involved in a particular aspect of emergency management."
(**Points of Light Foundation**, \~2003, p. 5)

**Volunteers (Convergent):** "A volunteer is *someone who willingly
offers his/her services*

*without expectation of financial compensation.* Volunteers that
spontaneously offer their help in the wake of a disaster are known as
*convergent volunteers.*" (**CA Governor's OES**, *They Will Come*,
2001, p. 3)

**Volunteers (Spontaneous):** "...spontaneous volunteers, are
individuals who offer to help or self-deploy to assist in emergency
situations without fully coordinating their activities. They are
considered "unaffiliated" in that they are not part of a disaster relief
organization. Although unaffiliated volunteers can be significant
resources, because they do not have preestablished relationships with
emergency response organizations, verifying their training or
credentials and matching them with the appropriate service areas can be
difficult." **DHS**, *Overview: ESF and Support Annexes...NRF*.
September 2007, p. 59.)

**Volunteers (Unaffiliated):** "*Unaffiliated volunteers* are not part
of a recognized voluntary agency and often have no formal training in
emergency response. They are not officially invited to become involved
but are motivated by a sudden desire to help others in times of trouble.
They come with a variety of skills. They may come from within the
affected area or from outside the area. (Also known as: "convergent,"
"emergent," "walk-in," or "spontaneous.")" (**Points of Light
Foundation**, \~2003, p. 5)

**VTC:** Video Teleconference. (**HSGAC**, *Hurricane Katrina:* A
*Nation Still Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**Vulnerable Populations and Emergency Preparedness:** "In emergency
preparedness "at-risk individuals," "vulnerable populations," and
"special needs populations" are terms often used interchangeably to
characterize groups whose needs are not fully addressed by traditional
health and social service providers. They include people with physical
and intellectual disabilities, limited or non-English speakers, persons
who are geographically or culturally isolated, substance abusers and
addicts, people who live in poverty or rely on public assistance, people
without private transportation or who rely on public transportation, the
homeless, the elderly and children." (**Trust for America's Health**,
*Ready or Not? 2007*, p. 79)

**Vulnerable Populations Collaboration Group (CDC):**

**Vulnerability:** "People and things are vulnerable to natural hazards,
in that they are susceptible to damage and losses. In this respect,
vulnerability determines the losses \[to disaster\] to a greater degree
than does hazard." (**Alexander**, No Date, 1)

**Vulnerability:** ...the characteristics of a person or group in terms
of their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the
impact of a natural hazard. It involves a combination of factors that
determine the degree to which someone's life and livelihood is put at
risk by a discrete and identifiable event in nature or in society.
(**Blaikie** et al., 9)

**Vulnerability:** The likelihood that a person will be negatively
affected by environmental hazards refers to his or her *vulnerability*
(**Bolin/Stanford** 1998, 9).

**Vulnerability:** A measure of the extent to which a potential event is
likely to deplete or damage available resources such that the
reestablishment of usual living conditions cannot be achieved within a
reasonable period. In this sense vulnerability may be measured as a
ratio of damaged to undamaged resources. (**Buckle** 1995, 11)

"Buckle (1995, 11) adds the concept of resilience to the definition of
vulnerability. He identifies potential social, economic, and
environmental effects and introduces the notion that vulnerability is
associated with an ability to recover (which is not always apparent in
other definitions..." (**Pearce** 2000, Chapter 2, 23)

**Vulnerability:** "...A measure of the degree and type of exposure to
risk generated by different societies in relation to hazards (**Cannon**
1994, 16)."

Vulnerability is a characteristic of individuals and groups of people
who inhabit a given natural, social and economic space, within which
they are differentiated according to their varying position in society
into more or less vulnerable individuals and groups. It is a complex
characteristic produced by a combination of factors derived especially
(but not entirely) from class, gender and ethnicity. Differences in
these socio-economic factors result in hazards having a different degree
of impact. (**Cannon** 1994, 19)

**Vulnerability:** "1. The susceptibility of a nation or military force
to any action by any means through which its war potential or combat
effectiveness may be reduced or its will to fight diminished. 2. The
characteristics of a system that cause it to suffer a definite
degradation (incapability to perform the designated mission) as a result
of having been subjected to a certain level of effects in an unnatural
(manmade) hostile environment. 3. In information operations, a weakness
in information system security design, procedures, implementation, or
internal controls that could be exploited to gain unauthorized access to
information or an information system." (**D**A, *WMD-CST Operations*,
December 2007, Glossary 18-19)

**Vulnerability:** *Vulnerability* is the susceptibility of human
settlements to the harmful impacts of natural hazards. Impacts of
concern include injuries and deaths to human populations; damage to
personal property, housing, public facilities, equipment, and
infrastructure; lost jobs, business earnings, and tax revenues, as well
as indirect losses caused by interruption of business and production;
and the public costs of planning, preparedness, mitigation, response,
and recovery. (**Deyle** et al. 1998, 121)

**Vulnerability:** 1) undefended against, open to attack, disease and
hazards 2) degree of potential loss of people and goods from a damaging
phenomenon. Vulnerability to hazards is the cause of disasters. (**D&E
Reference Center** 1998)

**Vulnerability:** "Definition: weakness, condition or quality of being
open to exploitation, or exposed to natural or man-made threats, harm or
attack.

"Extended definition: considered weaknesses of design, location,
security posture, operation, or any combination thereof, that render an
asset susceptible to disruption, destruction, or exploitation.

"Annotation: Vulnerability can occur in building characteristics,
equipment properties, personnel behavior, locations of
people/equipment/buildings, and/or operational and personnel practices."

"Example: Protecting America's critical infrastructure and key resources
will not only make the United States more secure from terrorist attack,
it will also reduce its vulnerability to natural disasters, organized
crime, and computer hackers." (**DHS**, *Lexicon*, October 13, 2007, p.
27)

**Vulnerability:** "A weakness in the design, implementation, or
operation of an asset, system, or network that can be exploited by an
adversary, or disrupted by a natural hazard or technological

failure." (**DHS,** *National Infrastructure Protection Plan*, 2006, p.
105)

**Vulnerability:** "...determinations of vulnerability are important
since they include not only exposure and sensitivity, but resilience."
(**DHS**, *Target Capabilities List*, 2007, p. 13)

**Vulnerability:** "Risk is derived from a factual event or condition
and the probability of its occurrence multiplied by the consequences it
produces. Vulnerability more often involves a combination of factors
that make up a system. Infrastructure systems such as power supply or
telecommunications or even all of the infrastructures making up a
society as a whole can be analyzed for their vulnerability.
Vulnerability is a measure of how well a system can cope with or sustain
a risk." (**Dymon** 2005, 8)

**Vulnerability:** The vulnerability concept is used to characterize a
system's lack of robustness or resilience with respect to various
threats, both within and outside the boundaries of the system....the
term vulnerability...describe\[s\] the properties of an industrial
system that may weaken its ability to survive and perform its mission in
the presence of threats....The properties of an industrial system; its
premises, facilities, and production equipment, including its human
resources, human organization and all its software, hardware, and
net-ware, that may weaken or limit its ability to endure threats and
survive accidental events that originate both within and outside the
system boundaries. (**Enarson** and Rausand 1998, 535-36)

**Vulnerability:** "Vulnerability (or Risk) -- The degree to which
people, property, the environment, or social and economic activity -- in
short, all elements at risk -- are susceptible to injury, damage,
disruption, or loss." (**FEMA**, *Hazards Analysis for Emergency*
Management, 1983, p. 5)

**Vulnerability:** "Any weakness that can be exploited by an aggressor
or, in a non-terrorist threat environment, make an asset susceptible to
hazard damage." (**FEMA** (BDHS), **2004**)

**Vulnerability:** "\[The\] susceptibility to injury or damage from
hazards." (**Godschalk** 1991, 132)

**Vulnerability:** "The degree of loss to a given element at risk, or
set of such elements resulting from the occurrence of a natural
phenomenon of a given magnitude and expressed in a scale from 0 (= no
damage) to 1 (= total loss) -- UNDRO." (**Gunn** 1990, 374)

**Vulnerability:** "Vulnerability has been variously defined as the
threat of exposure, the capacity to suffer harm, and the degree to which
different social groups are at risk (Cutter 1996)....Perhaps equally
important is the notion that vulnerability varies by location (or space)
and over time -- it has both temporal and spatial dimensions....There
are many types of vulnerability of interest to the hazards community,
but three are the most important: individual, social, and biophysical.
Individual vulnerability is the susceptibility of a person or structure
to potential harm from hazards....social vulnerability...describes the
demographic characteristics of social groups that make them more or less
susceptible to the adverse impacts of hazards. Social vulnerability
suggests that people have created their own vulnerability, largely
through their own decisions and actions....Biophysical
vulnerability...examines the distribution of hazardous conditions
arising from a variety of initiating events such as natural
hazards...chemical contaminants, or industrial accidents." (**Hill and**
**Cutter** 2001, 14-15)

**Vulnerability:** "Vulnerability is a set of prevailing or
consequential conditions composed of physical, socioeconomic and/or
political factors that adversely affect ability to respond to events.
Vulnerabilities can be physical, social, or attitudinal and can be
primary or secondary in nature. Strategies that lower vulnerability also
reduce disaster risk." (**Jegillos** 1999, 12)

**Vulnerability:** "...defined as the difference between response
capacity and service demand." (**Johnson** 2004, 12)

**Vulnerability:** "Risk...should not be confused with vulnerability,
which refers to the resources and coping abilities of a specific
community to a specific hazard...Vulnerability is a reflection of the
community's coping resources and may vary within the smaller social and
economic groups which form a large community." (**Lindsay** 1993, 68)

**Vulnerability:** Vulnerability of any physical, structural or
socioeconomic element to a natural hazard is its probability of being
damaged, destroyed or lost. Vulnerability is not static but must be
considered a dynamic process, integrating changes and developments that
alter and affect the probability of loss and damage of all the exposed
elements. (**Maskrey** 1989, 1)

**Vulnerability:** "Vulnerability is defined as the susceptibility of
life, property, or the environment to damage if a hazard occurs."
(**May**, p. 6)

**Vulnerability:** "For some, particularly natural and physical
scientists, vulnerability is defined as proximity or exposure to natural
hazards or the probability of a disastrous occurrence (including the
potential for losses owing to triggering agents) (see Reynolds
1993).[^60] Engineers, in contrast, define vulnerability as the ability
of a built structure to resist the strain or force exerted by natural or
other disaster agents (Norton and Chantry 1993).[^61] Sociologists,
anthropologists and other social scientists define vulnerability as the
amount of coping capacity, or the degree to which social, cultural,
political and economic factors limit the ability to take steps to
mitigate, prepare for, respond to, or recover from disaster (see Blaikie
and others 1994; Sinha 1992a[^62]; Pelanda 1982[^63])." (**McEntire**
1999, 5)

**Vulnerability:** "...vulnerability is the reactive or dependent
component of disaster which is comprised of both the negative and
positive attributes from the physical and social environments that
increase risk and susceptibility and/or limit resistance and resilience
to triggering events..." (**McEntire** 1999, 5)

**Vulnerability:** "...the potential for loss or the capacity to suffer
harm from a hazard...can generally be applied to individuals, society,
or the environment" (**Mitchell** 1997, 10).

**Vulnerability:** "The susceptibility of people, property, industry,
resources, ecosystems, or historical buildings and artifacts to the
negative impact of a disaster." (**Pearce** 2000, Chapter 5, p. 37). Is
"a function of people, place, preparedness, and time..." (Ibid., p. 44)

**Vulnerability:** "Vulnerability can be defined as the propensity to
incur loss." (**Puente** 1999, 296)

**Vulnerability:** The degree of susceptibility and resilience of the
community and environment to hazards, the characteristics of a community
or system in terms of its capacity to anticipate, cope with, and recover
from events. (**Salter** 1997--98, 28)

**Vulnerability:** The extent to which a community, structure, service,
or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of
a particular disaster hazard, on account of their nature, construction,
and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster-prone area. For
engineering purposes, vulnerability is a mathematical function defined
as the degree of loss to a given element at risk, or set of such
elements, expected to result from the impact of a disaster hazard of a
given magnitude. It is specific to a particular type of structure, and
expressed on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 1 (total damage). For more
general socio-economic purposes and macro-level analyses, vulnerability
is a less-strictly-defined concept. It incorporates considerations of
both the intrinsic value of the elements concerned and their functional
value in contributing to communal well-being in general and to emergency
response and post-disaster recovery in particular. In many cases, it is
necessary (and sufficient) to settle for a qualitative classification in
terms of "high", "medium", and "low"; or explicit statements concerning
the disruption likely to be suffered. (**Simeon Institute**)

**Vulnerability:** "Degree of loss (from 0% to 100%) resulting from a
potentially damaging phenomenon." (**UNDHA,** *DM Glossary*, 1992, 77)

**Vulnerability:** Ability to withstand damage -- expressed on a scale
of 0 (no damage) to 10 (total damage). (**UNDRO** 1991)

**Vulnerability:** "Vulnerability represents the interface between
exposure to the physical threats to human well-being and the capacity of
people and communities to cope with those threats. Threats may arise
from a combination of social and physical processes." (**UNEP**, *GEO-3:
Global Environment Outlook*, Chapter 3, Human Vulnerability to
Environmental Change, p. 302)

**Vulnerability:** "Vulnerability to disasters is a status resulting
from human action. It describes the degree to which a society is either
threatened by or protected from the impact of natural hazards. This
depends on the condition of human settlements and their infrastructure,
the way in which public policy and administration are engaged in
disaster management, the level of information and education about
hazards and how to deal with them." (**UN ISDR** 2001)

**Vulnerability:** "A set of conditions and processes resulting from
physical, social, economical and environmental factors, which increase
the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards." (**UN
ISDR** 2002, 24)

**Vulnerability: "**Vulnerability is...the most elusive component of the
hazard-vulnerability-coping capacity-risk (losses)-recovery cycle. It
needs to be defined as *"vulnerability of what", "vulnerability to
what"* at *"what scale"* to mention but the most important aspects."
(**Villagran**. (UNU-EHS), *Vulnerability: A Conceptual and
Methodological Review*, 2006, p. 5)

**Vulnerability (Homeland Security):** "Homeland security involves a
systematic, comprehensive, and strategic effort to reduce America's
vulnerability to terrorist attack. We must recognize that as a vibrant
and prosperous free society, we present an ever-evolving, ever-changing
target. As we shore up our defenses in one area, the terrorists may
exploit vulnerabilities in others. The *National Strategy for Homeland
Security*, therefore, outlines a way for the government to work

with the private sector to identify and protect our critical
infrastructure and key assets, detect terrorist threats, and augment our
defenses." (**White House**, *National Strategy for HS*, 2002, 2)

**Vulnerability (Infrastructure):** "The characteristics of an
installation, system, asset, application, or its dependencies that could
cause it to suffer a degradation or loss (incapacity to

perform its designated function) as a result of having been subjected to
a certain level of threat or

hazard." (**DoD**, *Defense Critical Infrastructure Program (DCIP)*,
August, 2005, p. 14)

**Vulnerability Analysis:** Identifies what is susceptible to damage.
Should provide information on extent of the vulnerable zone; population,
in terms of size and types that could be expected to be within the
vulnerable zone; private and public property that may be damaged,
including essential support systems and transportation corridors; and
environment that may be affected.

**Vulnerability Analysis:** The process of estimating the vulnerability
to potential disaster hazards of specified elements at risk. For
engineering purposes, vulnerability analysis involves the analysis of
theoretical and empirical data concerning the effects of particular
phenomena on particular types of structures. For more general
socio-economic purposes, it involves consideration of all significant
elements in society, including physical, social and economic
considerations (both short and long-term), and the extent to which
essential services (and traditional and local coping mechanisms) are
able to continue functioning. (**Simeon Institute** 1998)

**Vulnerability Analysis:** The objectives of a vulnerability analysis
of an industrial system may comprise:

To identify potential threats to the system

To verify that the vulnerability of the system is acceptable

To verify that the system's security actions and installations, and
safety functions are

adequate

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a proposed action to improve the
vulnerability

To aid in establishing an emergency preparedness plan

As a design tool---to design a robust system

In a vulnerability analysis we work with open system models, where risk
factors both inside and outside the physical boundaries of the system
are taken into account. A vulnerability analysis and a risk analysis of
the same company will therefore produce quite different sets of
accidental events....

A traditional risk analysis is mainly limited to accidental events
taking place within the physical boundaries of the system, and the
threats studied are often limited to technological hazards within these
boundaries....The actions to mitigate, restore and restart the
activities after an accident are normally not part of a risk
analysis....A vulnerability analysis focuses on the whole disruption
period until a new stable situation is obtained....The focal point of a
vulnerability analysis is the (business) survivability of the system.
(**Einarsson and Raussand** 1998)

**Vulnerabilities Analysis Matrix:** "A practical and diagnostic tool in
the form of a simple matrix which measures vulnerabilities and
capacities in three broad and interrelated areas (i.e.,
physical/material, social/organizational, and motivational/attitudinal)
Other factors are added to the matrix to reflect a complex reality such
as disaggregation by gender or economic factors, changes over time,
different scales etc.). The benefits of the matrix are that it is
practical and broad-based, linking the many different aspects of
vulnerabilities and capacities. Limitations to the approach include that
on its own the matrix does not provide indicators of vulnerabilities and
capacities but only an overarching framework, and that applied alone, it
tends to underestimate the significance of natural hazards by
concentrating on human aspects of disaster." (**UNDAP**, *Techniques
Used in Disaster Risk Assessment*, 2008)

**Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment:**

**Vulnerability Assessment:** Evaluation of the likely degree of loss to
a risk or a set of hazards. (**D&E** **Reference Center** 1998)

**Vulnerability Assessment:** ...characterizes the exposed populations
and property and the extent of injury and damage that may result from a
natural hazard event of a given intensity in a given area. (**Deyle**,
French, Olshansky and Paterson 1998, 121).

**Vulnerability Assessment:** Vulnerability assessment, the second level
of hazard assessment, combines the information from the hazard
identification with an inventory of the existing (or planned) property
and population exposed to a hazard. It provides information on who and
what are vulnerable to a natural hazard within the geographic areas
defined by hazard identification; vulnerability assessment can also
estimate damage and casualties that will result from various intensities
of the hazard." (**Deyle** et al. 1998, 129)

**Vulnerability Assessment:** "Definition: Determine the exposure,
weaknesses, and/or susceptibility to attack of assets and systems. A
vulnerability assessment is a systematic process to measure the
susceptibility of a sector, segment, region, or individual site to
attack. Through a vulnerability assessment, areas of weakness and
potential actions that would exploit those weaknesses are identified,
and the effectiveness of additional security measures is assessed."
(**DHS**, *Universal Task List Version 2.1*, 2005, p. 42)

**Vulnerability Assessment:** A vulnerability assessment presents "the
extent of injury and damage that may result from a hazard event of a
given intensity in a given area. The vulnerability assessment should
address impacts of hazard events on the existing and future built
environment." (**FEMA** 2001 (August), 7)

**Vulnerability Assessment:** Vulnerability assessment estimates the
number of people exposed to hazards (including special populations such
as the elderly, hospitalized, disabled, and concentrated populations
such as children in schools), the property exposed, and the critical
facilities exposed (such as medical care facilities, bridges, sewage
treatment and water pumping and treatment plants, power plants, and
police and fire stations. (**Godschalk**, Kaiser, and Berke 1998,
98-99.)

**Vulnerability Assessment:** "Vulnerability assessments include
risk/hazard information, but also detail the potential population at
risk, the number of structures that might be impacted, or the lifelines,
such as bridges or power lines (Platt 1995), that might be damaged.
Vulnerability assessments describe the potential exposure of people and
the built environment. The concept of vulnerability incorporates the
notion of differential susceptibility and differential impacts." (**Hill
and Cutter**, 2001, 16)

**Vulnerability Assessment:** "Some emergency managers include
geophysical and topographical factors in the vulnerability assessment
process, while others include them in the risk assessment process. For
example, Picket and Block (1991, 278-79), following the work of Terrence
Haney, discuss the development of an earthquake hazard vulnerability
model that utilizes data from five key areas: (1) geophysical, (2)
topographical, (3) transportation and utility infrastructure, (4)
structural facilities (buildings and bridges), and (5) demographic
factors. Pearce et al. (1993, 4) argue that the consideration of
geophysical and topographical factors belongs in the risk assessment
process. For example, an analysis that concludes that the existence of a
fault-line increases the likelihood of an earthquake occurring is part
of risk assessment; however, the proximity of the community to the
fault-line may increase or decrease the vulnerability of the population.
Related to this argument is Anderson's (1992) suggestion that emergency
planners should give special consideration to the growing vulnerability
of metropolitan areas. Anderson makes an important point, as often the
consequences of disasters in metropolitan areas are related to how
geographic and topographic information has been considered. If, for
example, such information is perceived to be part of risk assessment,
then proximity to a fault-line would lead to mitigation measures that
could address the need to reduce risk by zoning against construction
near the line, expropriating existing properties, and so on. If, on the
other hand, such information is perceived to be part of vulnerability
assessment, then the issue becomes not one of reducing the likelihood of
experiencing an earthquake but of how to decrease one's vulnerability by
residing in an earthquake-resistant building, improving the
infrastructure, or whatever." (**Pearce** 2000, Chapter 2, 24-25)

**Vulnerability Assessment (Infrastructure): "**A systematic examination
of the characteristics of an installation, system, asset, application,
or its dependencies to identify vulnerabilities." (DoD, Defense Critical
Infrastructure Program, August 2005, p. 14)

**Wait-And-See Principle:** "A reactive method of dealing with the
environment that places the burden of proof on those who would conserve.
(Opposite: the precautionary principle)." (**European Environment**
Agency, EEA *Environmental Glossary*; cites: European Community
Biodiversity Clearing-House Mechanism. Glossary of terms related to the
CBD)

**Warm Site**: "An alternate facility that is equipped with some
hardware, and communications interfaces, electrical and environmental
conditioning which is capable of providing backup after additional
provisioning, software or customization is performed." (**DHS**, *FCD
1*, 2007, P-10)

**Warm Zone (HazMat):** "Area between Hot and Cold zones where personnel
and equipment decontamination and hot zone support take place. It
includes control points for the access corridor and thus assists in
reducing the spread of contamination. Also referred to as the
contamination reduction corridor (CRC), contamination reduction zone
(CRZ), yellow zone

or limited access zone in other documents. (EPA Standard Operating
Safety Guidelines, OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120, NFPA 472)." (**DOT**,
*Emergency Response Guidebook*, 2004, p. 365)

**Warming**: "The term 'warning' refers to any text, voice, video, or
other information provided by an authorized official to provide
direction to the public and/or private sector about an ongoing emergency
situation that requires immediate actions to protect life, health, and
property. A warning requires immediate actions to protect life, health,
and property and is typically issued when there is a confirmed threat
posing an immediate danger to the public." (**DHS**, *TCL*, 2007, p.
421)

**WARN:** Web Alert Relay Network (**FEMA**, *IPAWS System
Enhancements*, Sep 12, 2007)

**Warning:** A warning is issued by the National Weather Service to let
people know; that a severe weather event is already occurring or is
imminent. People should take immediate safety action. (**Simeon
Institute** 1992)

**Warning:** Dissemination of message signaling imminent hazard which
may include advice on protective measures. See also "alert". (**UN**,
*Internationally Agreed Glossary of Basic Terms Related to Disaster
Management*, 1992, p. 77)

**WARN:** Web Alert and Ready Network, DHS. (**DHS**, *Budget-in Brief,
FY 2008*, 2007, p. 63)

**WARNOs:** Warning Orders. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007, p. 4-7)

**Washington Metropolitan Area Warning System (WAWAS):** "The Washington
Area Warning System (WAWAS), is a portion of the NAWAS, but is not tied
directly to the NAWAS. It is operated and maintained by the FEMA
Operations Center. While the NAWAS is Nationwide, the WAWAS is dedicated
to the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. On a day-to-day basis, the DC
Office of Emergency Management manages the WAWAS due to the amount of
local information disseminated across the system. OPM uses the WAWAS to
pass duty information to the various Federal departments and agencies
located in the Washington, DC, area in the event of bad weather or other
business affecting government operations." (**HSC**, *NCPIP*, 67)

**Watch:** A watch is issued by the National Weather Service to let
people know that conditions are right for a potential disaster to occur.
It does not mean that an event will necessarily occur. People should
listen to their radio or TV to keep informed about changing weather
conditions. A watch is issued for specific geographic areas, such as
counties, for phenomena such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, flash
floods, severe thunderstorms, and winter storms. (**Simeon Institute**
1992)

**Water Sector, National Infrastructure Protection Program:** "There are
approximately 160,000 public drinking water utilities and more than
16,000 wastewater utilities in the United States. About 84 percent of
the U.S. population receives its potable water from these drinking water
utilities and more than 75 percent has its sanitary sewage treated by
these wastewater utilities. The drinking water and wastewater sector
(Water Sector) is vulnerable to a variety of attacks, including
contamination with deadly agents and physical and cyber attacks. If
these attacks were to occur, the result could be large numbers of
illnesses or casualties or denial of service that would also affect
public health and economic vitality. Critical services such as
firefighting and health care (hospitals), and other dependent and
interdependent sectors such as energy, transportation, and food and
agriculture, would suffer negative impacts from a denial of Water Sector
service." (**DHS &** EPA, *Water Critical Infrastructure and Key
Resources Sector Specific Plan as input to the National Infrastructure
Protection Plan*, May 2007)

**Watershed:** "Watershed means an area of any size that drains into a
lake, stream, or other body of water; also known as "basin" or
"catchment area." (FEMA, *Reducing Damage from Localized Flooding* *-- A
Guide for Communities*, 2005, viii)

**Watershed:** "All land within the confines of a drainage divide. This
is also called a \"catchment" or \"drainage basin\". All surface water
has a common outlet." (**UNDHA**, *DM Glossary*, 1992, 78)

**Watershed Management:** "The implementation of a plan or plans for
managing the quality and flow of water within a watershed, the naturally
defined area within which water flows into a particular lake or river or
its tributary. The aims of watershed management are holistic and concern
the maintenance of water quality, the minimization of storm water
runoff, the preservation of natural flood controls such as wetlands and
pervious surface, and the preservation of natural drainage patterns.
Watershed management is, in many ways, an enlargement of most of the
concerns that underlie floodplain management." (**APA**, 2005, p. 85)

**WAWAS:** Washington Area Warning System.

**Weapon Of Mass Destruction (WMD):** "As defined in Title 18, U.S.C. §
2332a: (1) any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas, bomb, grenade,
rocket having a propellant charge of more than 4 ounces, or missile
having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce,
or mine or similar device; (2) any weapon that is designed or intended
to cause death or

serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of
toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors; (3) any weapon
involving a disease organism; or (4) any weapon that is designed to
release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life."
(**USCG**, *IM Handbook*, 2006, Glossary 25-26)

**Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs):** "Weapons that are capable of
killing a lot of people and/or causing a high-order magnitude of
destruction, or weapons that are capable of being used in such a way as
to cause mass casualties or create large-scale destruction. WMDs are
generally considered to be nuclear, biological, chemical, and
radiological devices, but WMDs can also be high-explosive devices."
(**DHS**, *FCD 1*, Nov. 2007, P-10)

**Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): "**(1) Any explosive, incendiary,
or poison gas (i) bomb, (ii) grenade, (iii) rocket having a propellant
charge of more than 4 ounces, (iv) missile having an explosive or
incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, or (v) mine or (vi)
similar device; (2) any weapon that is designed or intended to cause
death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or
impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors; (3) any
weapon involving a disease organism; or (4) any weapon that is designed
to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life
(18 U.S.C. 2332a)." (**DHS,** *NIPP*, 2006, p. 105)

**Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD):** "Any weapon or device that is
intended, or has the capability, to cause death or serious bodily injury
to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or
impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors, a disease
organism, or radiation or radioactivity." (**FEMA**, *Devolution of
Operations Plan Template*)

**Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team (WMD-CST):** "The
WMD-CSTs are NG units designed to provide a specialized capability to
respond to a CBRNE incident primarily in a *Title 32 USC* operational
status within the United States and its territories as established by
*Title 10 USC*. Responding under the authority of the governor, they
provide significant capabilities to assist local and state agencies that
may be overwhelmed by an intentional or unintentional release of CBRNE
or natural or man-made disasters. The WMD-CSTs also have the capability
to provide support for smaller-scale incidents where specific technical
capabilities are required. The WMD-CST may also be federalized and
deployed as a part of a federal response to an incident in or outside
the WMD-CST assigned state." (**DA**, *WMD CST Operations*, 2007, p.
1-3)

**Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team (WMD-CST):** "Joint
National Guard (Army National Guard and Air National Guard) team
established to deploy rapidly to assist a local incident commander in
determining the nature and extent of a weapons of mass destruction
attack or incident; provide expert technical advice on weapons of mass
destruction response operations; and help identify and support the
arrival of follow-on state and federal military response assets. Also
called WMDCST." (**JCS/DoD**, *Civil Support* (JP 3-28), 2007, p. GL-12)

**Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams:** "In a commencement
address at the U.S. Naval Academy in May 1998, President Bill Clinton
announced that the nation would do more to protect its citizens against
the growing threat of chemical and biological terrorism. As part of this
effort, he said, the Department of Defense would form 10 teams to
support state and local authorities in the event of an incident
involving weapons of mass destruction.

"The WMD Civil Support Teams were established to deploy rapidly to
assist a local incident commander in determining the nature and extent
of an attack or incident; provide expert technical advice on WMD
response operations; and help identify and support the arrival of
follow-on state and federal military response assets. They are joint
units and, as such, can consists of both Army National Guard and Air
National Guard personnel, with some of these units commanded by Air
National Guard lieutenant colonels.

"The mission of Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams
(WMD-CST) is to support local and state authorities at domestic WMD/NBC
incident sites by identifying agents and substances, assessing current
and projected consequences, advising on response measures, and assisting
with requests for additional military support.

"The WMD civil support teams are able to deploy rapidly, assist local
first-responders in determining the nature of an attack, provide medical
and technical advice, and pave the way for the identification and
arrival of follow-on state and federal military response assets. They
provide initial advice on what the agent may be, assist first responders
in that detection assessment process, and are the first military
responders on the ground, so that if additional federal resources are
called into the situation, they can serve as an advance party that can
liaise with the Joint Task Force Civil Support.

"The units provide critical protection to the force, from the
pre-deployment phase of an operation at Home Station through
redeployment. They ensure that strategic national interests are
protected against any enemy; foreign or domestic, attempting to employ
chemical, biological, or radiological weapons - regardless the level of
WMD/NBC threat. They are a key element of the Department of Defense\'s
overall program to provide support to civil authorities in the event of
an incident involving weapons of mass destruction in the United States.
They maintain the capability to mitigate the consequences of any WMD/NBC
event, whether natural or man-made. They are experts in WMD effects and
NBC defense operations. These National Guard teams provide DoD\'s unique
expertise and capabilities to assist state governors in preparing for
and responding to chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN)
incidents as part of a state\'s emergency response structure. Each team
consists of 22 highly skilled, full-time National Guard members who are
federally resourced, trained and exercised, and employs federally
approved CBRN response doctrine.

"These units derive their origins in guidance from the US Congress which
stated the need to \"establish and equip small organizations in each of
the 44 states not receiving initial RAID (Rapid Assessment and Initial
Detection) element in 1999 to provide limited chemical/biological
response capability\".

"With RAID teams renamed WMD-CST, the first 10 teams were based in
Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, California, Massachusetts, Missouri, New
York, Pennsylvania, Texas and Washington; with each team being
originally fielded in each of the 10 Federal Emergency Management Agency
regions. An additional 17 teams, were announced in January 2000....

"The WMD Civil Support Teams are unique because of their federal-state
relationship. They are federally resourced, federally trained and
federally evaluated, and they operate under federal doctrine. But they
will perform their mission primarily under the command and control of
the governors of the states in which they are located. They will be,
first and foremost, state assets. Operationally, they fall under the
command and control of the adjutant generals of those states. As a
result, they will be available to respond to an incident as part of a
state response, well before federal response assets would be called upon
to provide assistance.

"If the situation were to evolve into an event that overwhelmed state
and local response assets, the governor could request the president to
issue a declaration of national disaster and to provide federal
assistance. At that point, the team would continue to support local
officials in their state status, but would also assist in channeling
additional military and other federal assets in support of the local
commander....

"WMD-CST units must undergo 15 months of individual and unit training.
Following this, and as mandated by Congress, each WMD-CST units is
evaluated for operational certification by the Secretary of Defense.
Each team has two large pieces of equipment, a mobile analytical
laboratory that it deploys with, that is utilized for field analysis of
chemical or biological agents, and they also have a uniform command
suite that has the ability through multiplexing systems to provide
interoperability of communications to the various and sundry responders
who may be on scene.

"On November 15, 2001, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld announced
the stationing plan for five additional National Guard Weapons of Mass
Destruction Civil Support Teams (WMD-CST) authorized in the National
Defense Authorization Act for fiscal 2001...bringing the total number of
National Guard WMD-CSTs to 32....

"On March 9, 2004, the Department of Defense announced that it had
notified Congress of the fielding plan for 12 additional\...WMD-CSTs.
Congress had directed the establishment of 23 additional teams in the
National Defense Authorization Act for FY03 and funded the establishment
of the first 12 in the Defense Appropriations Act for FY04....

"On November 22, 2004, the Department of Defense announced that it had
notified Congress of the fielding plan for 11 new...WMD-CSTs. The
fielding and certification of these final 11 teams will bring the total
number of WMD-CSTs to 55...." (**Global Security.org**, *Weapons of Mass
Destruction Civil Support Teams*, 2007; See, also, **DA**, *WMD-CST
Operations*, Dec. 2007)

**Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams, National Response
Categories:** "The three response categories and their deployment
standards are as follows:

-   **Priority (gold).** Priority response (gold) requires the
    deployment of an advanced party of the WMD-CST no later than 90
    minutes after the official time of notification (N) and deployment
    of the remaining WMD-CST no later than N + 3 hours to support a
    response anywhere within the Nation.

-   **Ready (silver).** Ready response (silver) requires units to focus
    on preparing for possible priority response missions outside their
    home state. WMD-CSTs in this phase, once directed, must deploy to
    the event no later than N + 24 hours.

-   **Standby (bronze).** Standby response (bronze) requires units to
    focus on areas such as training requirements and leave. WMD-CSTs in
    this category, once directed, must prepare for and deploy no later
    than N + 72 hours.

WMD-CSTs that are not mission-capable (black) are unavailable for
deployment." (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*, December 2007, p. 2-1)

**Weapons of Mass Destruction Medical Countermeasures (WMD MCM)
Subcommittee:**

"This Subcommittee is the focal point for U.S. Government interagency
efforts to prioritize and coordinate medical countermeasure acquisition
programs. The WMD MCM Subcommittee considers a wide range of variables
in their deliberations. These include the credibility and immediacy of
the threat as determined by DHS material threat assessments (MTAs) and
models of potential target populations and the settings in which the
medical countermeasure would be used. It also evaluates the availability
and suitability of current medical countermeasures and the products in
the research and development pipeline. It considers utilization policies
for potential medical countermeasures including the dosing schedule, the
feasibility of deployment in a public health emergency and product shelf
life and storage requirements. These factors, with others, form the
basis of the U.S. Government\'s requirements. The Subcommittee is made
up of Assistant Secretary-level officials from HHS, DoD, and DHS. Four
Working Groups and a Steering Group serve the Subcommittee; these are
the Chemical, Biological, Radiological/Nuclear, and Product Development
Tools Working Groups and the Steering and Integration Group (STIG)."
(**HHS**, *Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act Progress Report*,
November 2007, Appendix 2, WMD MCM Subcommittee)

**Weapons of Mass Effect (WME):** "Weapons of mass effect, or WME, are
weapons capable of inflicting grave destructive, psychological and/or
economic damage to the United States. These include chemical,
biological, nuclear, radiological, or explosive weapons." (**HSAC,**
*Weapons of Mass Effect Task Force* *on Preventing the Entry of Weapons
of Mass Effect Into the United States*, January 10, 2006, p. 3)

\[**Note**: Due to concerns over confusion spawned by attempts to draw
distinctions between the terms "weapons of mass destruction" and
"weapons of mass effect," as well as "CBRN" or "CBRNE" (chemical,
biological, radiological, nuclear, high-explosive) the Department of
Homeland Security ceased referring to "weapons of mass effect" in
2006.[^64]\]

**Web Alert Relay Network (WARN): "**The WARN pilot project provides
emergency operations staffs with web-based collaboration tools and alert
and warning capabilities. The WARN pilot project is also working to
develop a two-way messaging framework based on international standards
that supports emergency messages generated and sent by authorized
emergency officials at the Federal, State, region, county, parish, or
tribal level. In addition, the WARN pilot provides opt-in capabilities
for the public in pilot locations to receive alert and warning messages
on their computers, cell phones, pagers, and other devices." (**FEMA**,
*IPAWS System Enhancements*, Sep 12, 2007)

**WebEOC:** "**...**a common piece of software for situational awareness
and resource tracking used in the emergency management community..."
(**Libby**, *Statement of,* July 19, 2007, p. 4)

**WebEOC:** "WebEOC is a web-based information management system that
provides a single access point for the collection and dissemination of
emergency or event-related information. It was designed to aid decision
making by providing authorized users real-time information in a
user-friendly format. WebEOC can be used during the planning,
mitigation, response and recovery phases of any emergency. It can also
be used by agencies during day-to-day activities to manage routine,
non-emergency related operations. Web EOC integrates data, video,
messaging, and many other types of information. It distributes that
information both to individual terminals and to projection screens. It
also allows for remote access via the Internet for authorized users.

Being able to share real time information with other agencies in the
region can allow for more rapid deployment of the regional resources
available to emergency managers." (**Mid-America Regional Council**,
*Emergency Services & Homeland Security*, 2007)

**Western Training School (Civil Defense), St. Mary's CA:** Opened by
FCDA October 8, 1951 to serve 11 States. (**FCDA**, *Annual Report
1951*, 1952, p. 23)

**Wetlands:** Those areas which are inundated or saturated by surface or
ground water with a frequency sufficient to support, or that under
normal hydrologic conditions does or would support, a prevalence of
vegetation or aquatic life typically adapted for life in saturated or
seasonally saturated soil conditions. Examples of wetlands include, but
are not limited to, swamps, fresh and salt water marshes, estuaries,
bogs, beaches, wet meadows, sloughs, potholes, mud flats, river
overflows, and other similar areas. This definition includes those
wetland areas separated from their natural supply of water as a result
of activities such as the construction of structural flood protection
methods or solid-fill road beds and activities such as mineral
extraction and navigation improvement. This definition is intended to be
consistent with the definition utilized by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service in the publication entitled, Classification of Wetlands and Deep
Water Habitats of the United States (**Cowardin** et al., 1977).
(**FEMA** 1992)

**WFO:** Weather Forecast Office. (**HSGAC**, *Katrina:* A *Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**WH:** White House.

**WHO:** World Health Organization.

**Wildland:** "An area in which development has not occurred with the
exception of some minimal transportation infrastructure such as highways
and railroads, and any structures are widely spaced and serve largely
recreational purposes." (**APA**, 2005, p. 85)

**WLF:** Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. (**HSGAC**, A *Nation
Still Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**WMD:** Weapons of Mass Destruction. (**DA**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec.2007, Glossary-7)

**WMD-CST**: Weapons of Mass Destruction, Civil Support Team. (**DA**,
*WMD-CST Ops*, 2007, Glossary-7)

**WME:** Weapons of Mass Effect.

**WMO:** World Meteorological Organization

**Worst Case Planning:** "Worst-case planning is required. Planning must
mesh \"worst-case\" considerations with an analysis of the risks
involved. Emergency planners generally use \"worst-case\" planning for
those coastal areas that are most likely to be seriously impacted by
hurricane force winds and storm surge. During Hurricane Hugo, the
planning horizons for the *inland* areas were found to be too limited...
Energy emergency planners must continue to include risk analysis and the
likelihood of \"worst-case\" scenarios in the planning process to ensure
a balanced view of their preparedness efforts and the potential risks
involved." (**Badolato**, *Hurricane Hugo: Lessons Learned in Energy
Emergency Preparedness*, 1999, pp. 1-2)

**Worst Case Scenario Planning:** "A major reason why most current plans
(which continue to evolve) are useless is that they assume the worst
case scenario. Worst case scenario planning encourages counterproductive
overreactions in which law-enforcement techniques and drastic anti-civil
liberties measures are used as the first resort, rather than the last
resort. Although it is widely recognized that there were three flu
pandemics in the past century (1918, 1957, and 1968), and that another
pandemic seems inevitable at some point, all plans assume the "worst
case," i.e., that the model to plan for is 1918, and not the more recent
and less catastrophic pandemics of 1957 and 1968. This means there is
little or no planning for measures to help the

population in lesser and more frequent, emergencies." (**ACLU**,
*Pandemic Prep*., 2008, 19)

**Worst Case Scenario Planning:** "Every disaster recovery expert
understands the importance of stressing the potential of the worst-case
scenario when speaking to clients. No matter how much easier it is to
gloss over the possibility, thinking the probability is too low,
organizations can\'t afford to ignore the chance. It\'s vital that all
disaster recovery plans address the worst-case scenario. You must have a
plan for how the company will react to the disaster and begin to
rebuild.... No one likes to contemplate the worst-case scenario.
However, it\'s the responsibility of the IT pros who\'ve developed DR
plans to prepare users and organizations to survive anything we can
perceive may happen. Careful, clear-headed thinking before a disaster
enables everyone to perform the necessary functions both within and
outside of the company if the worst-case scenario does occur."
(**Talon**, "Planning for the Worst Case," *TechRepublic*, June 29,
2005)

**WOT:** War on Terrorism. (**Dept. of the Army**, *WMD-CST Operations*,
Dec. 2007, p. 3-8)

**WRM:** Water Reactive Materials. (**DOT**, *Emergency Response
Guidelines*, 2004, p. 4)

**WSCC:** Waster Sector Coordinating Council, National Infrastructure
Protection Program, DHS.

**WUI:** Wildland Urban Interface. (**III**, *Catastrophes: Insurance
Issues*, Jan 2008)

**WYO:** Write Your Own (FEMA, NFIP)

**X Zone:** "X Zone relates to newer Flood Insurance Rate Maps, which
show B and C Zones (see above) as X Zone. The shaded X Zone corresponds
to a B Zone and the unshaded X Zone corresponds to a C Zone." (FEMA,
*Reducing Damage from Localized Flooding*, 2005, viii)

**XDR-TB:** Extensively Resistant Tuberculosis.

**XOL:** Excess-of-loss catastrophe reinsurance contracts. (**Cummins**,
*Pricing XOL*..., 1998, 1)

**X-Ray:** "ionizing electromagnetic radiation emitted during the
transition of an atomic electron to a lower energy state or during the
rapid deceleration of a charged particle." (**Commonwealth of
Australia**, *Recommendations for Limiting Exposure to Ionizing
Radiation*, 1995, p. r-36)

**Y2K**: Year 2000.

**Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World (Yokohama
Strategy):** "*The Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer
World* (Yokohama strategy), conceived at the World Conference on Natural
Disaster Reduction in Yokohama in 1994, stressed that every country had
the sovereign and primary responsibility to protect its people,
infrastructure and national, social or economic assets from the impact
of natural disasters. The importance given to socio-economic
vulnerability in disaster risk analysis underlined the crucial role of
human actions in reducing the vulnerability of societies to natural
hazards and related technological and environmental disasters." (**UN
ISDR**, *Living With Risk*, 2002, Chapter One, p. 9)

**Yokohama Strategy Principles:** "The Yokohama principles are as
follows:

1\. Risk assessment is a required step for the adoption of adequate and
successful disaster reduction policies and measures.

2\. Disaster prevention and preparedness are of primary importance in
reducing the need for disaster relief.

3\. Disaster prevention and preparedness should be considered integral
aspects of development policy and planning at national, regional,
bilateral, multilateral and international levels.

4\. The development and strengthening of capacities to prevent, reduce
and mitigate disasters is a top priority area to be addressed so as to
provide a strong basis for follow-up activities to IDNDR.

5\. Early warnings of impending disasters and their effective
dissemination are key factors to successful disaster prevention and
preparedness.

6\. Preventive measures are most effective when they involve
participation at all levels from the local community through the
national government to the regional and international level.**x2**

7\. Vulnerability can be reduced by the application of proper design and
patterns of development focused on target groups by appropriate
education and training of the whole community.

8\. The international community accepts the need to share the necessary
technology to prevent, reduce and mitigate disaster.

9\. Environmental protection as a component of sustainable development
consistent with poverty alleviation is imperative in the prevention and
mitigation of natural disasters.

10\. Each country bears the primary responsibility for protecting its
people, infrastructure, and other national assets from the impact of
natural disasters. The international community should demonstrate strong
political determination required to make efficient use of existing
resources, including financial, scientific and technological means, in
the field of natural disaster reduction, bearing in mind the needs of
the developing countries, particularly the least developed countries."
(**UN ISDR**, *Living With Risk*, 2002, Chapter One, p. 10)

**Z:** Zulu Time. (**HSGAC**, *Hurricane Katrina:* A *Nation Still
Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**Zoonotic/Animal-Borne Diseases:** "Animal diseases that can spread to
humans and in some cases can become contagious from human to human.
Examples include Avian flu, rabies, and SARS." (**Trust for America's
Health**, *Ready or Not? 2007*, p. 11)

**Zulu Time:** "**...**also known as Greenwich Mean Time and UTC;
standard time at zero degrees longitude, five hours later than U.S. East
Coast time; usually given on a 24-hour clock basis where 7 a.m. is 0700
hours, noon is 1200 hours, 10:30 p.m. is 2030 hours, etc." (**HSGAC**,
*Hurricane Katrina:* A *Nation Still Unprepared*, 2006, 634)

**References Cited**

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. *Altered Standards of Care
in Mass Casualty Events: Bioterrorism and Other Public Health
Emergencies* . Rockville, MD: AHRQ, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, AHRQ Publication No. 05-0043 (Prepared by Health Systems
Research Inc.(under Contract No. 290-04-0010), April 2005, 53 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.ahrq.gov/research/altstand/altstand.pdf>

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Computer Staffing Model for
Bioterrorism Response, Version 2.0 BERM. Rockville, MD: AHRQ, U.S.
Department of Health & Human Services, September 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.ahrq.gov/research/biomodel.htm>

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. *Emergency Preparedness
Atlas -- U.S. Nursing Home and Hospital Facilities* (AHRQ Publication
No. 07-0029-2). Rockville, MD: AHRQ, U.S. Department of Health & Human
Services, April 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.ahrq.gov/prep/nursinghomes/atlas.htm>

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. *Mass Medical Care with
Scarce Resources: A Community Planning Guide*. Rockville, MD: AHRQ, U.S.
Department of Health & Human Services (AHRQ Publication No. 07-0001),
February 2007, 181 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ahrq.gov/research/mce/mceguide.pdf>

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. *New AHRQ Resources Can
Help States and Local Communities With Disaster Planning and Response
Involving Nursing Homes*. Rockville, MD: AHRQ, U.S. Department of Health
& Human Services, July 19, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2007/nhatlaspr.htm>

Alexander, David. "From Civil Defense to Civil Protection---And Back
Again." *Disaster Prevention and Management* (forthcoming, 2002).

Alexander, David. *Natural Disasters*. NY: Chapman and Hall. 1993.

Alexander, David. "Theoretical Aspects of Risk Estimation, Analysis and
Management."

All Hands Network. *About All Hands Network*. Accessed December 24, 2007
at: <http://www.allhandsnetwork.com/>

Allenby, Brad and Jonathan Fink. "Toward Inherently Secure and Resilient
Societies." *Science*, Vol. 309, August 12, 2005.

Allinson, Robert E. 1993. *Global Disasters: Inquiries Into Management
Ethics*. NY: Prentice Hall.

Althaus, Catherine E. "A Disciplinary Perspective on the Epistemological
Status of Risk." *Risk Analysis*, Vol. 25, No. 3, June 2005, pp.
567-588.

Amateur Radio Disaster Services (ARDS). Accessed October 23, 2007 at:
<http://www.ares.org/>

American Academy of Pediatrics and Trust for America's Health. *Pandemic
Influenza: Warning, Children At-Risk*. Washington, DC: October 2007, 31
pages. Accessed at:
<http://healthyamericans.org/reports/fluchildren/KidsPandemicFlu.pdf>

American Association of Blood Banks, Task Force on Domestic Disasters
and Acts of Terrorism. *Disaster Response*. July 25, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.aabb.org/Content/Programs_and_Services/Disaster_Response/>

American Civil Liberties Union. *Pandemic Preparedness: The Need for a
Public Health -- Not a Law Enforcement/National Security -- Approach*.
New York: ACLU, 41 pages, January 2008. Accessed at:
<http://www.aclu.org/privacy/medical/33642pub20080114.html>

American Hospital Association. *Protecting and Improving Care for
Patients and Communities: Emergency Readiness*. AHA, 2006, 2-page Issue
Paper. Accessed at:
<http://www.aha.org/aha/content/2006/pdf/Iss-Paper-Emergency-Readiness-06.pdf>

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. *Enterprise Risk
Management -- Integrated Framework: Executive Summary*. AICPA, Committee
of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, September 2004,
16 pages. Accessed at:
[www.coso.org/Publications/ERM/COSO_ERM_ExecutiveSummary.pdf](http://www.coso.org/Publications/ERM/COSO_ERM_ExecutiveSummary.pdf)

American Planning Association. *Planning For A Disaster-Resistant
Community: An AICP Professional Development Workshop for City and County
Planners, Elected Officials, and*

*Consultants*. San Francisco, CA: APA Annual Conference, March 19, 2005,
96 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.planning.org/katrina/pdf/PlanDisasterResistant.pdf>

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). *About ASTM
International*, 2007. At:
<http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/ABOUT/aboutASTM.html?L+mystore+ezcw1532+1193353342>

Anderson, William A. *Local Civil Defense in Natural Disaster: From
Local Office to Organization*. Newark, DE, University of Delaware,
Disaster Research Center (Report Series \# 7), 68, pages, 1969
(Originally written at DRC, Ohio State University for the Office of
Civil Defense, Office of the Secretary of the Army, Washington, DC) .
Accessed at:
<http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/19716/1255/1/RS7.pdf>

Anderson, William A. *Military-Civilian Relations in Disaster
Operations*. Newark, DE: University of Delaware, Disaster Research
Center (Report Series \# 5), December 1968, 74 pages (originally
prepared at the Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University under
contract to the Office of Civil Defense, Office of the Secretary of the
Army, Washington, DC). Accessed at:
<http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/19716/1253/1/RS5.pdf>

Ansell, J. and F. Wharton. 1992. *Risk: Analysis, Assessment, and
Management*. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Applied Technology Council. Homepage: <http://www.atcouncil.org/>

Arizona Department of Homeland Security. *Arizona Department of Homeland
Security: An Overview*. Arizona DHS, Slide Presentation by Bob Kimmel,
Assistant Director of Strategic Operations, AZ DHS, December 6-12, 2006,
23 pages. Accessed at:
http://www.homelandsecurity.az.gov/documents/07%20Process1.ppt#498,1,Slide
1

Ashwood, Albert. *Testimony of Albert Ashwood, President, National
Emergency Management Association and Director, Oklahoma Department of
Emergency Management Before the House Committee on Oversight and
Government Reform on "FEMA Preparedness in 2007 and Beyond,"*
Washington, DC: US House of Representatives, July 31, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://oversight.house.gov/documents/20070731140012.pdf>

Asian Disaster Reduction Center. *Total Disaster Risk Management -- Good
Practices*. Kobe, Japan, ADRC, 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.adrc.or.jp/publications/TDRM2005/TDRM_Good_Practices/PDF/>

Asian Disaster Reduction Center. *Total Disaster Risk Management: Good
Practices* (Chapter 2: Concept of Total Disaster Risk Management). Kobe,
Japan, ADRC, 14 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.adrc.or.jp/publications/TDRM2005/TDRM_Good_Practices/PDF/Chapter2_FINAL.pdf>

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers). "Aiding the Fight
Against Terrorism, ASME0ITI Gets Contract to Develop RAMCAP Guidelines
to Protect Critical Infrastructure." Washington, DC: ASME Press Release,
September 14, 2006. At:
<http://www.asme.org/NewsPublicPolicy/PressReleases/Aiding_Fight_Against.cfm>

ASIS International. *About ISIS*. 2007. At:
<http://www.asisonline.org/about/history/index.xml>

Association of State Floodplain Managers (ASFPM). ASFPM website,
accessed October 22, 2007, at: <http://www.floods.org/home/default.asp>

Association of State Floodplain Managers. *National Flood Programs and
Polices in Review---2007*. Madison, WI: ASFPM, 2007, 96 pages. Accessed
at: <http://www.floods.org/PDF/ASFPM_NFPPR_2007.pdf>

Association of State Floodplain Managers (ASFPM). *No Adverse Impact. A
Toolkit for Common Sense Floodplain Management*. Madison WI: ASFPM,
April 2003.

AT&T. *Business Continuity Preparedness Handbook: A Proactive Approach
is Key*. AT&T, April 2007, 28 pages.

Australasian Fire Authorities Council. 1994. *Incident Control System:
The Operating System of AIIMS*.

Australasian Fire Authorities Council. 1996. *Glossary of Rural Fire
Terminology*. Australia.

Australia/New Zealand Standards. *Risk Management* (2^nd^ Ed.) (AS/NZS
4360:1999) . 1999. Accessed at:
<http://www.saiglobal.com/shop/Script/details.asp?DocN=stds000023835>

Australian Government, Department of Transport and Regional Services.
*Natural Disasters in Australia: Reforming Mitigation, Relief and
Recovery Arrangements -- High Level Group Recommendations.* Canberra,
Australia: Department of Transport and Regional Services, August 2002,
23 pages. Downloaded from [http://dotars.gov.au](http://dotars.gov.au/)

Australian National Committee on Large Dams. 1994. *Guidelines on Risk
Assessment*. Australia.

Ayyub, Bilal M. William L. McGill, and Mark Kaminskiy. "Critical Asset
and Portfolio Risk Analysis: An All-Hazards Framework." *Risk Analysis*,
Vol. 27, No. 4, August 2007.

Baker, E.J. 1976. *Toward an Evaluation of Policy Alternatives Governing
Hazard-Zone land-Uses* (Natural Hazard Research Working Ppr. 28).
Boulder: Institute of Behavioral Science, Univ. of CO.

Badolato, Edward V., et al. *Hurricane Hugo: Lessons Learned in Energy
Emergency Preparedness*. Strom Thurmond Institute, SC, 1999, 44 pages.
Accessed at:
[http://www.csc.noaa.gov/hes/docs/general_info/HURRICANE%20HUGO%20LESSONS%20LEARNED%20IN%20ENERGY%20EMERGENCY%20PREPAREDNESS.pdf](http://www.csc.noaa.gov/hes/docs/general_info/HURRICANE HUGO LESSONS LEARNED IN ENERGY EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS.pdf)

Below, Patrick J., George L. Morrisey and Betty L. Acomb. *Executive
Guide to Strategic Planning*. Jossey-Bass, 1987.

Benouar, Djillali, and Ahcene Mimi. "Improving Emergency Management in
Algeria." Paper, Global Alliance International Workshop on Disaster
Reduction, August 18-22, 2001, Reston, VA.

Berstein, Peter L. *Against the Gods: The Story of Risk*.

Bezek, Bob. 2002. Moderator Remarks, Session V: From Awareness to
Action: How Do We Motivate Action? Western States Seismic Policy Council
Annual Conference, 17Sep02, Denver.

Biby, Daniel J. "Managing the Mess." *Continuity Insights*, Vol. 4,
Sep-Oct 2005, pp. 62-63.

Bier, M. V., Y.Y. Haimes, J. H. Lambert, N.C. Matalas, and R. Zimmerman.
*Risk Analysis*, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 83-94, 1999.

Birkland, Thomas A. 1997. *After Disaster: Agenda Setting, Public Policy
and Focusing Events*. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Bissell, Richard A. Catastrophe Readiness and Response Workshop,
Emergency Management Higher Education Conference, June 2005.

Bissell, Richard A. "Public Health and Medicine in Emergency
Management." Chapter in *Disciplines, Disasters, and Emergency
Management*, David McEntire (ed.). Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA, Emergency
Management Institute, Higher Education Project, 2005.

Blaikie, Piers, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis, and Ben Wisner. 1994. *At Risk:
Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters*. London:
Routledge.

Blaikie, Piers, Sue Mainka, and Jeff McNeely. "The Indian Ocean Tsunami:
Reducing Risk and Vulnerability to Future Natural Disasters and Loss of
Ecosystem Services." *IUCN, The World Conservation Union, Information
Paper*, February 2005, 8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.iucn.org/tsunami/docs/ip-tsunami-risks-and-services-2.pdf>

Blaikie, Piers M. and P. Brookfield. *The Political Economy of Soil
Erosion in Developing Countries*. London: Longman. 1985.

Blum, H. Steven. "Statement By Lieutenant General H. Steven Blum, Chief,
National Guard Bureau, Before the Senate Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs Committee, July 19, 2007." Washington, DC: Senate
Homeland Security Committee Hearing on *The Military's Role in Disaster
Response: Progress Since Hurricane Katrina*, July 19, 2007, 10 pages.
Accessed at: <http://hsgac.senate.gov/_files/071907Blum.pdf>

Bolin, Robert, with Lois Stanford. 1998. *The Northridge Earthquake:
Vulnerability and Disaster*. London and NY: Routledge.

British Broadcasting Corporation. *Extinction Level Events*. United
Kingdom: BBC, November 23, 1999. Accessed at:
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A207415>

Britton, Neil R. 1998. "Safeguarding New Zealand's Future: Emergency
Management's Role in Shaping the Nation." *Foresight,* September, pp.
1-12.

Bruneau, M.S., S.E. Chang, R.T. Eguchi, G.C. Lee, T.D. O'Rourke, A.M.
Reinhorn, M. Schinozuka, K. Tierney, W.A. Wallace, and D. von
Winterfeldt. "A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the
Seismic Resilience of Communities." *Earthquake Spectra*, Vol. 19, No.
4, 2003, pp. 733-752.

Bryant, E. 1991. *Natural Hazards*. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.

Buckentine, Kelley. "Lean for Service Businesses," *MA Insider*
\[Manufacturers Alliance E-Newsletter\], May 2007.
<http://mfrall.com/newsletter/index.asp?aMonth=5&aYear=2007#227>

Buckle, Philip. 1995. A Framework for Assessing Vulnerability. *The
Australian Journal of Emergency Management* 10, No. 1 (Autumn).

Buckle, Philip. "Guest Editor's Introduction" (Special Issue on New
Perspectives on Vulnerability). *International Journal of Mass
Emergencies and Disasters*, Vol. 22, No. 3, November 2004, pp. 5-8.

Building Seismic Safety Council. *About BSSC*. At:
<http://www.bssconline.org/ab/index.html>

Bullock & Haddow (Jane Bullock, George Haddow, Damon Coppola, Erdem
Ergin, Lisa Westerman, and Sarp Yeletaysi). *Introduction to Homeland
Security*. Amsterdam and other cities: Elsevier, Butterworth Heinemann:
2005.

Burton, Ian, Robert Kates, and Gilbert White. 1993. *The Environment as
Hazard* (2^nd^ ed.). NY: Guilford Press.

Business Continuity Institute. *Good Practice Guidelines 2007: A
Management Guide to Implementing Global Good Practice in Business
Continuity Management*. BCI: 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.thebci.org/gpgdownloadpage.htm>

Business Executives for National Security. "Mission Statement." Accessed
October 31, 2007 at:
<http://www.bens.org/about-us/mission-statement.html>

California Emergency Medical Services Authority. *Hospital Incident
Command System Guidebook*. CA EMSA, August 2006, 103 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.emsa.ca.gov/hics/hics%20guidebook%20and%20glossary.doc](http://www.emsa.ca.gov/hics/hics guidebook and glossary.doc)

California Governor's Office of Emergency Services. *Standardized
Emergency Management System (SEMS) Guidelines*. Sacramento, CA: CA OES,
September 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.oes.ca.gov/Operational/OESHome.nsf/Content/B49435352108954488256C2A0071E038?OpenDocument>

California Governor's Office of Emergency Services. *They Will Come:
Post-Disaster Volunteers and Local Governments*. Sacramento, CA: OES,
November 2001, 74 pages. At:
[http://www.oes.ca.gov/Operational/OESHome.nsf/PDF/They%20Will%20Come%20Post-Disaster%20Volunteers%20and%20Local%20Government/\$file/TheyWillCome.pdf](http://www.oes.ca.gov/Operational/OESHome.nsf/PDF/They Will Come Post-Disaster Volunteers and Local Government/$file/TheyWillCome.pdf)

Canadian Risk and Hazards Network. *Proceedings of the 1^st^ CRHNet
Symposium -- Reducing Risk Through Partnerships*. Winnipeg, Manitoba:
Canadian Risk and Hazards Network. June 2005.

Cannon, Terry. 1994. Vulnerability Analysis and the Explanation of
"Natural" Disasters. Chapter two in *Disasters, Development and
Environment*, edited by A. Varley. London: Wiley.

Carafano, James Jay. "Improving the National Response to Catastrophic
Disaster -- Statement Before the Committee on Government Reform, House
of Representatives." September 15, 2005.

Carafano, James Jay. *New Homeland Security Strategy Misses the Mark*
(Heritage Foundation WebMemo \# 1659). October 10, 2007, 2 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/upload/wm_1659.pdf>

Carr, L. 1932. "Disasters and the Sequence-Pattern Concept of Social
Change." American *Journal of Sociology*. Vol. 38. Pp. 207-218.

Carrido, Mary, and Walter Hays. "Toward Sustainable Business Enterprise
and Development in the 21^st^ Century." Paper delivered at the Global
Alliance International Workshop on Disaster Reduction, Reston, VA,
19-22, 2001.

Carroll, John. 2001. "Emergency Management on a Grand Scale." Chapter
28, pp. 463-480, in Farazmand (ed.) op cit.

Carter, W. N. 1991. *Emergency Management: An Emergency Manager's
Handbook*. Manila: Asian Development Bank.

Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup (CREW). *About the Cascadia Region
Earthquake Group*. Accessed November 4, 2007 at:
<http://www.crew.org/about/about.html>

Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers. 1995. *Tools for Making Acute Risk Decisions*. New York:
Author.

Center for Community Research and Development (CCRD). *A Facilitated
Dialogue about Oklahoma's Mental Health Response to the 2005 Hurricane
Evacuees.* December 6, 2005. At:
<http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:-6P9SdEHO0wJ:www.cas.utulsa.edu/ccrd/Katrinaforumsummary.htm+Difference+between+disaster+and+catastrophe&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=45&gl=us>

Center for Law and Military Operations and HQ Marine Corps, Judge
Advocate Division. *ROE v. RUF*, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.mca-marines.org/Gazette/2006/06CLAMO.html>

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Bioterrorism Overview*.
Atlanta Georgia: CDC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
February 12, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.bt.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/overview.asp>

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Coordination Office for
Terrorism Preparedness and Emergency Response (CG)*. CDC, Department of
Health and Human Services, July 28, 2005, 6 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.cdc.gov/maso/pdf/COTPERfs.pdf>

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Crisis and Emergency Risk
Communication*. Atlanta GA: CDC, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, October 2002, 276 pages. At:
[http://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/erc/CERC%20Course%20Materials/CERC_Book.pdf](http://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/erc/CERC Course Materials/CERC_Book.pdf)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Detailed Definition of
PHIN*. Atlanta, GA: CDC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
accessed November 17, 2007 at: <http://www.cdc.gov/phin/about.html>

Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. *Facts About Lewisite*.
Atlanta, GA: CDC, Emergency Preparedness & Response, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, March 14, 2003 Update. Accessed at:
<http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/lewisite/basics/facts.asp>

Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. *Facts About Sarin*.
Atlanta, GA: CDC, Emergency Preparedness & Response, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, May 17, 2004 Update. Accessed at:
<http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/sarin/basics/facts.asp>

Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. *Facts About Soman*.
Atlanta, GA: CDC, Emergency Preparedness & Response, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, March 7, 2003 Update. Accessed at:
<http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/soman/basics/facts.asp>

Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. *Facts About Sulfur
Mustard*. Atlanta, GA: CDC, Emergency Preparedness & Response, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, March 12, 2003 Update. Accessed
at: <http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/sulfurmustard/basics/facts.asp>

Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. *Facts About Tabun*.
Atlanta, GA: CDC, Emergency Preparedness & Response, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, March 7, 2003 Update. Accessed at:
<http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/tabun/basics/facts.asp>

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Health Alert Network*.
Atlanta, GA: CDC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, January
18, 2002. Accessed at: <http://www2a.cdc.gov/HAN/Index.asp>

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Key Facts about the Cities
Readiness Initiative (CRI).* Atlanta, GA: CDC, U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, July 3, 2007, 1 page. Accessed at:
<http://www.bt.cdc.gov/cri/facts.asp>

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Locating and Reaching
At-Risk Populations in an*

*Emergency*. Atlanta, GA: CDC, Coordinating Office for Terrorism
Preparedness and Emergency Response (COTPER), U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, July 25, 2007, 26 pages. Accessed At:
<http://nydisnet.nydis.org/2007/download/072507_SEND_We_Recommend_At_Risk_Workbook_Manual_2007.pdf>

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *National Electronic Disease
Surveillance System (NEDSS)*. Atlanta, GA: CDC, Department of Health and
Human Services. Accessed December 22, 2007 at:
<http://www.cdc.gov/nedss/>

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *National Strategic
Stockpile*. Atlanta, GA: CDC, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, April 14, 2005 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.bt.cdc.gov/stockpile/>

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Principles of Community
Engagement*. Atlanta, GA: CDC/ATSDR Committee on Community Engagement,
Public Health Practice Program Office, U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, 1997. Accessed at: <http://www.cdc.gov/phppo/pce/>

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *The Laboratory Response
Network: Partners in Preparedness.* Atlanta, GA: CDC, Department of
Health and Human Services, May 13, 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.bt.cdc.gov/lrn/>

Central U.S. Earthquake Consortium. "Catastrophic Planning Initiative
Underway." Memphis, TN: *CUSEC News*, July 2007. At:
<http://www.cusec.org/home/news_announce/News.htm>

Central U.S. Earthquake Consortium. "FEMA & CUSEC Launch New Madrid
Catastrophic

Planning Initiative." *CUSEC News*, Vol. 1, Issue 1, January 2007, pp. 1
& 3. Accessed at:
<http://www.cusec.org/newsletter/2007/01_2007_newsletter.pdf>

Central U.S. Earthquake Consortium. *CUSEC Mission and Goals*. Webpage
accessed at: <http://www.cusec.org/about/index.htm>

CFR (Code of Federal Regulations), 4.2.1, Part 59, Subpart 59.1,
Definitions, 2004.

Chan, Theodore C., et al. "Information Technology and Emergency Medical
Care During Disasters." *Academic Emergency Medicine*, Vol. 11, Issue
11, 2004, pp. 1229-1236. Accessed at:
<http://www.aemj.org/cgi/content/full/11/11/1229>

Chemical/Biological Incident Response Force. "CBIRF Mission." Indian
Head MD: United States Marine Corps, 2007. Accessed at:
[http://www.iimefpublic.usmc.mil/public/InfolineMarines.nsf/DocumentsByID/7841CED4AE7542EE8525721100505E64/\$File/CBIRF%20Mission.pdf?OpenElement](http://www.iimefpublic.usmc.mil/public/InfolineMarines.nsf/DocumentsByID/7841CED4AE7542EE8525721100505E64/$File/CBIRF Mission.pdf?OpenElement)

Chemical/Biological Incident Response Force. "The Background of CBIRF."
Indian Head MD: United States Marine Corps, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.cbirf.usmc.mil/public/iimefpublic.nsf/sites/cbirf>

Chipman, William. *Civil Defense For The 1980's -- Current Issues*.
Washington, DC: Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, July 13, 1979, 69
pages.

Christen, Hank, Paul Maniscalco, Alan Vickery, Frances Winslow. "An
Overview of Incident Management Systems." *Perspectives on
Preparedness*, September 2001, No. 4, 12 pages. At:
<http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/an_overview_of_incident_management_systems.pdf>

Clarke, Lee. 1999. *Mission Improbable: Using Fantasy Documents to Tame
Disaster.* Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

CNN.com. "Bush: Military May Have to Help if Bird Flu Breaks Out --
President Wants Congress to Discuss How to Use Armed Forces." October 5,
2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/10/04/bush.avianflu/index.html>

Cohen, John D. and John A. Hurson. *The State and Local Role in Domestic
Defense* (Policy Brief). Progressive Policy Institute, January 2002, 9
pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ppionline.org/documents/local_home_d.pdf>

Cohrssen, John, and Vincent Covello. 1989. *Risk Analysis: A Guide to
Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and Environmental Risks*.
Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality.

Collaborative Healthcare Urgency Group (CHUG), Chicago
Metropolitan-area.. Accessed January 18, 2008 at:
<http://www.chughurt.com/home.html>

Collins, Susan M.  \"Opening Statement of Senator Susan M. Collins,
Chairman, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs,
Hearing on \'Hurricane Katrina: The Roles of DHS and FEMA
Leadership,\' United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs.\"  Washington, DC:  February 10, 2006.  Accessed
at:  <http://hsgac.senate.gov/_files/021006SMCOpen.pdf>

Colmers, John M. and Daniel M. Fox. The Politics of Emergency Health
Powers and the Isolation of Public Health. *American Journal of Public
Health*, Vol. 93. No. 3, March 2003, pp. 397-399. Accessed at:
<http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1447751>

Committee on Risk-Based Analysis for Flood Damage Reduction, Water
Science and Technology Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment,
and Resources, National Research Council. 2000. *Risk Analysis and
Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies*. Washington, DC: National
Academy Press.

Commonwealth of Australia, National Occupational Health & Safety
Commission. *Recommendations for Limiting Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
and National Standard for Limiting Occupational Exposure to Ionizing
Radiation*. Commonwealth of Australia, NOHSC, Radiation Protection
Series 1, 1995, 83 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/rps/rps1.pdf>

Congress. *Homeland Security Act of 2002*. Washington, DC: 107^th^
Congress, 2^nd^ Session (Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135), November
25, 2002). Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland/bill/hsl-bill.pdf>

Congress. *Project BioShield Act of 2004* (Public Law 108-276), July 21,
2004, 30 pages, (pp. 835-864). Accessed at:
<http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ276.108.pdf>

*Congressional Record -- House*. "Conference Report on H.R. 5441,
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007." September 28,
2007, Pp. H7784-7848. Accessed at:
<http://ogc.fema.net/Federal/Statutes/ReportHR5441.pdf>

Congressional Research Service (Jim Monke). *Agroterrorism: Threats and
Preparedness*. Washington DC: CRS Report for Congress, August 25, 2006,
65 pages. Accessed at:
[[http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32521.pdf]{.underline}](http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32521.pdf)

Congressional Research Service (Keith Bea). *FEMA's Mission: Policy
Directives for the Federal Emergency Management Agency*. DC: CRS Report
for Congress, March 13, 2002, 24 pages. Accessed at:
[http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs//data/2002/upl-meta-crs-2745/RL31285_2002Mar13.pdf?PHPSESSID=d00bbdcb8abaec4c1ad9ff537ba1c213](http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/data/2002/upl-meta-crs-2745/RL31285_2002Mar13.pdf?PHPSESSID=d00bbdcb8abaec4c1ad9ff537ba1c213)

Congressional Research Service. *Pandemic Influenza: An Analysis of
State Preparedness and Response Plans* (CRS report for Congress).
Washington, DC: CRS (RL34190), September 24, 2007, 31 pages. Accessed
at: <http://www.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34190_20070924.pdf>

Conner, Patrick D. *An Assessment of FEMA (Federal Emergency Management
Agency) Today.* Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army Way College. March 20, 1986.
Abstract accessed at:
<http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA166468>

Connecticut General Assembly. Chapter 517, *Civil Preparedness.
Department of Emergency Management and Homeland Security*; citing (P.A.
73-544),

Corporation for National and Community Service. *Our Mission and Guiding
Principles*. Washington, DC: Accessed at:
<http://www.nationalservice.org/about/role_impact/mission.asp>

Critical Illness and Trauma Foundation, Inc. *START Background*.
Accessed December 24, 2007 at:
<http://www.citmt.org/start/background.htm>

*Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002*.
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/CII_Act.pdf>

Critical Infrastructure Task Force. *Report of the Critical
Infrastructure Task Force*. Washington, DC: Homeland Security Advisory
Council, January 2006 (50 pages). Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/HSAC_CITF_Report_v2.pdf>

Cummins, J. David, et a. *Pricing Excess-of-loss Reinsurance Contracts
Against Catastrophic Loss*. University of Pennsylvania, The Wharton
School, Financial Institutions Center, 1998, 68 pages. Accessed at:
<http://fic.wharton.upenn.edu/fic/papers/98/9809.pdf>

Cuny, Fred C. 1998. Principles of Disaster Management Lesson 1:
Introduction. *Prehospital and Disaster Medicine* 13, no. 1:
(January-March).

Cutter, Susan L. *Living With Risk: The Geography of Technological
Hazards*. London and New York: Edward Arnold. 1993.

Cutter, Susan L. 2001. "The Changing Nature of Risks and Hazards."
Chapter 1, in *American Hazardscapes: The Regionalization of Hazards and
Disasters*. Wash., DC: Joseph Henry Press.

Darlington, Rachael A., and Kelly B. Lambert. 2001. "Comparing the
Hurricane Disaster Risk of U.S. Coastal Counties." *Natural Hazards
Review*, Vol. 2, No. 3, August, pp. 132-142.

Davis Logic. *Business Continuity Management*. 30Oct05.
<http://www.davislogic.com/bcm.htm>

Davis Logic Inc. *Comprehensive Emergency Management Programs*. October
30, 2005. Accessed at: <http://www.davislogic.com/CEMP.htm>

Davis Logic Inc. *Disaster Planning: Minimizing Business Interruptions
During Disasters*. October 30, 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.davislogic.com/disasterplanning.htm>

Davis Logic Inc. *Disaster Recovery Planning*. 30Oct05. At:
<http://www.davislogic.com/dr.htm>

Davis Logic. *Virtual Emergency Operation Centers*. 30Oct05.
<http://www.davislogic.com/VEOC.htm>

Dayton-Johnson, Jeff. *Natural Disasters and Adaptive Capacity*. OECD
Development Center Working Paper No. 237, 2004. Accessed at:
<http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/63/33845215.pdf>

De Rugy, Veronique. *What Does Homeland Security Spending Buy?* (AEI
Working Paper #107). Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for
Public Policy Research, 33 pages, October 29, 2004. Downloaded from:
<http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.21483,filter.all/pub_detail.asp>

Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. *DCPA Attack Environment Manual,
Chapter 1: Introduction to Nuclear Emergency Operations*. Washington,
DC: DCPA, Department of Defense, June 1973.

Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. *Disaster Operations* (CPG 1-6).
Washington, DC: DCPA, July 1972, 100 pages.

Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. *Foresight: Defense Civil
Preparedness Agency Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1973*. Washington, DC:
DCPA, Department of Defense, 1974, 69 pages.

Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. *Local Disaster Preparedness Course
Syllabus*. Battle Creek MI: DCPA Staff College (SC-3691.24), June 1973,
232 pages.

Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. *On-Site Assistance: A Guide for
Surveying, Developing, Maintaining Community Disaster Readiness*
(MP-63). Washington, DC: DCPA, September 1974, 52 pages.

Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. *On-Site Assistance: A Guide for
Surveying, Developing, Maintaining Community Disaster Readiness \--
Appendices* (MP-63-1). Washington, DC: DCPA, September 1974.

Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. *Standards for Local Civil
Preparedness* (CPG 1-5). Washington, DC: DCPA, Department of Defense,
April 1978, 38 pages; superseded CPG 1-5, December 1972.

Defense Science Board. *Defense Science Board 2005 Summer Study on
Reducing Vulnerabilities to Weapons of Mass Destruction.* Washington,
DC: Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for
Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, May 2007, 80 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2007-03-Reducing_Vulnerabilities_to_Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction.pdf>

Defense Science Board. *Protecting the Homeland: Report of the Defense
Science Board Task Force on Defensive Information Operations, 2000
Summer Study, Volume II*. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense,
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology,
and Logistics, March 2001, 181 pages. At:
<http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports.htm>

Defense Science Board. *Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force
on Critical Homeland Infrastructure Protection*. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For
Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, January 2007, 45 pages. At:
<http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2007-01-Critical_Homeland_Infrastructure_Protection.pdf>

Defense Threat Reduction Agency. "Assessment of Catastrophic Events
Center (ACE Center Public Page." Fort Belvoir, VA: DTRA, Department of
Defense. Accessed at: <http://www.dtra.mil/rd/programs/acec/hpac.cfm>

Department of Defense. *Critical Asset Assurance Program (CAAP)*
(Directive No. 5160.54). Washington, DC: DoD, January 20, 1998. Accessed
at: <http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dod/d516054p.txt>

Department of Defense. *Defense Critical Infrastructure Program (DCIP)*.
Washington, DC: DoD, DoD Directive 3020.40, August 19, 2005, 14 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/d3020_40.pdf>

Department of Defense. *Defense Critical Infrastructure Program, Full
Spectrum Integrated Vulnerability Assessment Program: Concept of
Operations, Version 1.1*. Dahlgren, VA: DOD, Defense Program Office for
Mission Assurance, November 2004, 14 pages. FOUO.

Department of Defense. *Defense Critical Infrastructure Program (DCIP):
Geospatial Data Strategy*. Washington, DC: DOD, Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense, Critical Infrastructure
Program, September 2006, 61 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.defenselink.mil/policy/sections/policy_offices/hd/assets/downloads/dcip/DCIP_Geospatial_Data_Strategy.pdf>

Department of Defense. *Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and
Associated Terms* (Joint Pub 1-02). Washington, DC: DOD, April 12, 2001
as Amended Through July 12, 2007, 766 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf>

Department of Defense. *DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated
Terms*. Washington, DC: DoD, Joint Doctrine Division, J-7, Joint Staff,
Joint Publication 1-02, October 17, 2007 amendment. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/>

Department of Defense. *DoD Response to Radiological Accidents* (DoD
Directive 3150.8). Washington, DC: DoD, June 13, 1996 ("Certified
Current as of March 8, 2004"), 10 pages. Accessed at:
<http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/dodd/corres/pdf/d31508_061396/d31508p.pdf>

Department of Defense. *FAQ's: Homeland Defense*. DPD, OASD for Homeland
Defense and America's Security Affairs, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.defenselink.mil/policy/sections/policy_offices/hd/faqs/homelandDefense/index.html#q1>

Department of Defense. *Homeland Defense*. Washington, DC: DoD, Joint
Chiefs of Staff , JCS Joint Publication 3-27, July 12, 2007, 181 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_27.pdf>

Department of Defense: *Military Assistance for Civil Disturbances
(MACDIS)* (Directive No. 3025.12). Washington, DC: DoD, February 4,
1994. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/302512p.pdf>

Department of Defense: *Military Assistance to Civil Authorities*
(Directive No. 3025.15): Washington, DC: DoD, February 18, 1997.
Accessed at: <http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/302515p.pdf>

Department of Defense. *Military Support to Civil Authorities (MSCA)*.
Washington, DC: DoD Directive No. 3025.1), January 15, 1993. Accessed
at: <http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/302501p.pdf>

Department of Defense. "Statement by Peter Verga, Acting Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Americas' Security
Affairs, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental
Affairs." Washington, DC: July 19, 2007, 17 pages. Accessed at:
<http://hsgac.senate.gov/_files/071907Verga.pdf>

Department of Defense. *Strategy for Homeland Defense and Civil
Support*. June 2005, 46 pages. At:
<http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jun2005/d20050630homeland.pdf>

Department of Defense. *Welcome to the DoD-GEIS Central Hub*. Silver
Spring, MD: DoD, Walter Reid Army Institute of Research, Division of
Preventive Medicine. Accessed November 4, 2007 at:
<http://www.geis.fhp.osd.mil/>

Department of Energy. *About NNSA* \[National Nuclear Security
Administration\]. Accessed at: <http://www.nnsa.doe.gov/aboutnnsa.htm>

Department of Energy. *Departmental Radiological Emergency Response
Assets* (Order DOE O 153.1). Washington, DC: DOE, June 27, 2007, 26
pages. Accessed at:
[www.directives.doe.gov/pdfs/doe/doetext/neword/153/o1531.pdf](http://www.directives.doe.gov/pdfs/doe/doetext/neword/153/o1531.pdf)

Department of Energy. *DOE Order 100.1D, Subject: Secretarial
Succession, Threat Level Notification, and Successor Tracking*.
Washington, DC: DOE, April 20, 2007, 4 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.directives.doe.gov/pdfs/doe/doetext/neword/100/o1001d.pdf>

Department of Energy. *Nuclear Emergency Support Team* (Website). Las
Vegas, NV: U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security
Administration, November 6, 2007 modification. Accessed at:
<http://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/nest.htm>

Department of Energy. *Radiological Assistance Program: Program
Information*. DOE. Accessed November 16, 2007 at:
<http://www.gjo.doe.gov/rap/program_information.htm>

Department of Energy. *The Federal Radiological Monitoring and
Assessment Center (FRMAC)*. Las Vegas, NV: DOE National Nuclear Security
Administration, October 4, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/frmac.htm>

Department of Health and Human Services. *Biomedical Advanced Research
and Development Authority*. Washington, DC: HHS, Assistant Secretary for
Preparedness and Response, November 2, 2007 revision. Accessed at:
<http://www.hhs.gov/aspr/barda/index.html>

Department of Health and Human Services. *Bioterrorism and Other Public
Health Emergencies: Tools and Models for Planning and Preparedness
Community-Based Mass Prophylaxis \-- A Planning Guide for Public Health
Preparedness*. Washington, DC: HHS, Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality (AHRQ), 2004. Accessed at:
<http://www.ahrq.gov/research/cbmprophyl/>

Department of Health and Human Services. *Community Strategy for
Pandemic Influenza Mitigation.* Washington, DC: HHS, February 2007, 76
pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/community/commitigation.html#I>

Department of Health and Human Services. *Developing Cultural Competence
in Disaster Mental Health Programs: Guiding Principles and
Recommendations.* Rockville, MD: HHS, Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Admin., Ctr. for Mental Health Services, 2003, 68 p.
<http://download.ncadi.samhsa.gov/ken/pdf/SMA03-3828/CulturalCompetence_FINALwithcovers.pdf>

Department of Health and Human Services. *Draft Guidance on Allocating
and Targeting Pandemic Influenza Vaccine.* Washington, DC: HHS, October
23, 2007. Accessed via:
<http://www.pandemicflu.gov/vaccine/prioritization.html>

Department of Health and Human Services. *HHS Pandemic Influenza Plan*.
DC: HHS, Nov. 2005, 396 pages. At:
<http://www.hhs.gov/pandemicflu/plan/pdf/HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan.pdf>

Department of Health and Human Services. *HHS Public Health Emergency
Medical Countermeasure Enterprise Implementation Plan for Chemical,
Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Threats*. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of HHS, Office of the Assistant Secretary fro Preparedness
and Response, Office of Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures,
April 2007. At:
<http://www.hhs.gov/aspr/barda/documents/phemce_implplan_041607final.pdf>

Department of Health and Human Services. *Medical Surge Capacity and
Capability Handbook: A Management System for Integrating Medical and
Health Resources During Large-Scale Emergencies*. HHS, Office of Public
Health Emergency Preparedness, August 2004, 238 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.hhs.gov/aspr/barda/documents/mscc_sept2004.pdf>

Department of Health and Human Services. *National Biodefense Science
Board*. Washington, DC: HHS, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and
Response, 2007. Accessed at: <http://www.hhs.gov/aspr/omsph/nbsb/>

Department of Health and Human Services. *National Disaster Medical
System.* July 17, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.hhs.gov/aspr/opeo/ndms/index.html>

Department of Health and Human Services. *Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR)*. Washington, DC: HHS,
ASPR. Accessed December 22, 2007 at: <http://www.hhs.gov/aspr/>

Department of Health and Human Services. *Pandemic and All-Hazards
Preparedness Act Progress Report.* Washington, DC: HHS, Assistant
Secretary for Preparedness & Response, November 2007, 24 pages. At:
<http://www.hhs.gov/aspr/conference/pahpa/2007/pahpa-progress-report-102907.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *ADVISE Could Support Intelligence
Analysis More Effectively*. Washington, DC: DHS Office of Inspector
General, June 2007 (OIG-07-56), 51 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIG_07-56_Jun07.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Application of Protective Action
Guides for Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear
Device (IND) Incidents; Notice, Part II*. Washington, DC: Federal
Register Notice, DHS Preparedness Directorate, January 3, 2006, 24
pages. Accessed at: <http://homer.ornl.gov/oepa/rules/71/71fr174.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Audit of the State of Colorado
Homeland Security Grant Program*. Washington, DC: DHS, Office of
Inspector General (OIG-08-16), December 2007, 35 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIG_08-16_Dec07.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Budget-in-Brief Fiscal Year 2008*.
Washington, DC: DHS, February 1, 2007, 130 pages. At:
<https://dhsonline.dhs.gov/portal/jhtml/dc/sf.jhtml?doid=67877>

Department of Homeland Security. *Catastrophic Incident Annex* (to the
National Response Plan). Washington, DC: DHS, July 7, 2004 Draft, 8
pages.

Department of Homeland Security. *Catastrophic Incident Annex* (to the
National Response Plan). Washington, DC: DHS, December 2004, 6 pages.

Department of Homeland Security. *Catastrophic Incident Supplement to
the National Response Plan*. Washington, DC: DHS, April 2005, 170 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.pema.state.pa.us/pema/lib/pema/esf/i-b_catastrophic_ver02.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. "Chemical Security Assessment Tool."
November 1, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xprevprot/programs/gc_1169501486197.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Chemical-Terrorism Vulnerability
Information*. November 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/training/cvi/M/010101wrap.htm>

Department of Homeland Security. "Critical Infrastructure: Chemical
Security." November 2, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xprevprot/programs/gc_1169501486179.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Cyber Storm Exercise Report*.
Washington, DC: DHS, National Cyber Security Division, September 12,
2006, 23 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/prep_cyberstormreport_sep06.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Department of Homeland Security
Announces \$91.3 Million in Buffer Zone Protection Program Grants*. DHS
Office of the Press Secretary, March 2, 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0630.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Department of Homeland Security
Announces Pinnacle Exercise to Test Continuity of Operations (COOP)
Plans*. Washington,, DC: DHS, June 20, 2005 Press Release. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0693.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Department of Homeland Security
Management Directive 9500, NIMS Integration Center*. Washington, DC:
DHS, 2004, 20 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.nimsonline.com/docs/NIMS_NIC_Directive_3.doc>

Department of Homeland Security. *Department of Homeland Security
Training Glossary, Version 1.1.* Washington, DC: DHS, November 1, 2006,
73 pages. At:
<https://dhsonline.dhs.gov/portal/jhtml/dc/sf.jhtml?doid=53621>

Department of Homeland Security. *Development of the Capabilities
Assessment Pilots*. Washington, DC: DHS, Grants and Training, September
6, 2006, slide presentation. Accessed at:
<http://www.nlectc.org/training/nij2006/fernandez.ppt#256>

Department of Homeland Security. "DHS Awards \$399 Million in Grants to
Secure the Nation's Critical Infrastructure" (Press Release). Washington
DC: DHS Office of the Press Secretary, September 25, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/display?content=5930>

Department of Homeland Security. *DHS Exhibit 300 Public Release BY08,
DNDO -- Joint Analysis Center (JAC) (2008)*. Washington DC: DHS,
ProSight Portfolios Report, February 12, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/mgmt/e300-dndo-jac2008.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *DHS Exhibit 300 Public Release FY08,
National Bio-Surveillance Integration System (2008)*. Washington, DC:
DHS, February 12, 2007, 4 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/mgmt/e300-prep-nbis2008.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *DHS Lexicon: Terms and Definitions*.
Washington, DC: DHS, October 23, 2007, 28 pages. At:
<https://dhsonline.dhs.gov/portal/jhtml/dc/sf.jhtml?doid=52981>

Department of Homeland Security. *DHS's Domestic Nuclear Detection
Office: Progress in Integrating Detection Capabilities and Response
Protocols*. Washington, DC: DHS, Office of Inspector General
(OIG-98-19), December 2007, 46 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIG_08-19_Dec07.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *DHS' Management of BioWatch Program*
(OIG-07-22). Washington, DC: DHS, Office of Inspector General, January
2007, 30 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIG_07-22_Jan07.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. "DHS Publishes Chemicals of Interest
List for Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards." DHS Office of the
Press Secretary, November 2, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1193971111885.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *DNDO Overview*. Washington, DC: DHS,
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, April 20, 2006 Slide Presentation by
Vayl S. Oxford, DNDO Director, April 20, 2006, 26 slides. Accessed at:
<http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/Forum_2006/oxford.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Domestic Nuclear Detection Office*.
Washington, DC: DHS, October 12, 2007 modification. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/editorial_0766.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Domestic Nuclear Detection Office:
Exercises*. Washington, DC: DHS, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/gc_1192455434596.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Domestic Nuclear Detection Office:
Joint Analysis Center*. Washington, DC: DHS, October 15, 2007
modification. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/gc_1192453282596.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Expanded Regional Collaboration: DHS
Funded Activities*

*Fiscal Years 2004 -- 2006*. Washington, DC: DHS, Preparedness
Directorate, Office of Grants and Training, November 2006, 148 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/NPB_Expanded_Regional_Collaboration.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. "Fact Sheet: Chemical Facility
Anti-Terrorism Standards: Appendix A." November 2, 2007, 2 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1193971307036.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. "Fact Sheet: Creating a Culture of
Preparedness Among Schools." October 30, 2007. At:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1193754645157.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. "Fact Sheet: Cyber Storm Exercise."
Washington, DC: DHS, September 13, 2006. At:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1158340980371.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. "Fact Sheet: Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland
Security National Training Program (HSNTP)." September 28, 2007, 2
pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1191003587343.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Fact Sheet: Homeland Security Science
and Technology Advisory Committee*. Washington, DC: DHS, February 26,
2004. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0356.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. "Fact Sheet: Leadership and Management
Strategies for homeland Security Merger." February 11, 2004. Accessed
at: <http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0345.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. "Fact Sheet: Nationwide Plan Review
Initial Conclusions." Washington, DC: DHS, June 16, 2006. At:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0929.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. "Fact Sheet: Protecting the Homeland
Post September 11." September 8, 2006, 7 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/display?content=5821>

Department of Homeland Security. *Federal Continuity Directive 1 (FCD
1): Federal Executive Branch National Continuity Program*. Washington,
DC: DHS, FEMA Office of National Continuity Programs, November 2007, 87
pages. Accessed at:

<http://www.all-hands.net/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid&509&Itemid=68>

Department of Homeland Security. *Federal Risk Assessment Working
Group*. Washington, DC: DHS, DOD, DOT, October 2006 revision, 2 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/FRAWG_factsheet_2006.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Final Draft: National Response Plan*.
Washington, DC: DHS, June 30, 2004. Accessed at:
<http://www.ema.ohio.gov/PDFs/NRP_Final_Draft.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Fiscal Year 2006 Emergency Management
Performance Grants: Program Guidance and Applications Kit*. DHS, Office
of Domestic Preparedness, November 2005, 40 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/FY06EMPGProgramGuidance.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Fiscal Year 2006 Homeland Security
Grant Program: Application Kit and Program Guidance (Discussion Draft
Version 1.1)*. Washington, DC: DHS, October 5, 2005, 80 pages. Accessed
at:

<http://www.mwcog.org/uploads/committee-documents/tVtYVlk20051031174251.doc>

Department of Homeland Security. *Fiscal Year 2006 Homeland Security
National Training Program: Grant Application Guidance Kit*. April 2006,
8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/FY2006_HSNTP.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland Security
Grant Program*. Washington, DC: DHS, July 18, 2007, 19 pages. Accessed
At: <http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/grants_st-local_fy07.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland Security
Grant Program: Investment Justification Reference Guide*. Washington,
DC: DHS, Preparedness Directorate, Office of Grants and Training,
January 2007, 57 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.tnema.org/Homeland%20Security/ODP%20Files/FY%202007%20HSGP%20Investment%20Justification%20Reference%20Guide.pdf](http://www.tnema.org/Homeland Security/ODP Files/FY 2007 HSGP Investment Justification Reference Guide.pdf)

Department of Homeland Security. *Fiscal Year 2007 Homeland Security
Grant Program Urban Areas Security Initiative: Nonprofit Security Grant
Program\--Program Guidance and Application Kit*. Washington, DC: DHS,
April 2007. 23 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.tnema.org/Homeland%20Security/ODP%20Files/FY%202007%20UASI%20Nonprofit%20Security%20Grant%20Program%20Guidance.pdf](http://www.tnema.org/Homeland Security/ODP Files/FY 2007 UASI Nonprofit Security Grant Program Guidance.pdf)

Department of Homeland Security. *Fiscal Year 2007 Infrastructure
Protection Program: Buffer Zone Protection Program -- Program Guidance
and Application Kit*. Washington, DC: DHS Office of Grants and Training,
January 2007, 40 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/fy07_bzpp_guidance.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Fiscal Year 2008 Annual Performance
Plan*. Washington, DC: DHS Office of Inspector General, 2007, 101 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/OIG_APP_FY08.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Homeland Security Advisory System.*
Last modified December 31, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xinfoshare/programs/Copy_of_press_release_0046.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Homeland Security Exercise and
Evaluation Program, Volume II: Exercise Planning and Context*.
Washington, DC: DHS, Office of Domestic Preparedness, October 2003, 231
pages. Accessed at: <http://www.crcpd.org/Homeland_Security/HSEEPv2.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Homeland Security Exercise and
Evaluation Program, Volume IV: Sample Documents and Formats*.
Washington, DC: DHS, February 2006, 5 pages. Accessed at:
<https://hseep.dhs.gov/hseep_vols/HSEEP_Vol4/IVIntro.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Homeland Security Exercise and
Evaluation Program, Volume V: Prevention Exercises* (Draft). Washington,
DC: DHS, Preparedness Directorate, Office of Grants & Training, December
2005, 64 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.homelandsecurity.alabama.gov/PDFs/HSEEP%20Policy%20and%20Guidance/HSEEP%20Vol%20V_Prev%20Exer%20DRAFT%20(2006).pdf](http://www.homelandsecurity.alabama.gov/PDFs/HSEEP Policy and Guidance/HSEEP Vol V_Prev Exer DRAFT (2006).pdf)

Department of Homeland Security. *Homeland Security Science and
Technology Advisory Committee (HSSTAC)* (Meeting Minutes). Arlington,
VA: DHS, February 23-24, 2005, 10 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/HSSTAC_MtgMinutes_23-24Feb05.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Infrastructure Protection Program*.
Washington DC: DHS Office of Grants and Training, May 10, 2007. Accessed
at: <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/grants_ipp2007.htm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Integrated Planning System
Description* (Predecisional and Deliberative Draft). Washington, DC:
January 3, 2008, 5 pages.

Department of Homeland Security*. Interim National Preparedness Goal \--
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8: "National Preparedness."*
Washington, DC: DHS, March 2005, 36 p. At:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/InterimNationalPreparednessGoal_03-31-05_1.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Introducing...National Response
Framework* (Draft). Washington, DC: DHS, September 2007, 4 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/about_nrf.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Lessons Learned Information Sharing*
(LLIS) Website: <https://www.llis.dhs.gov/>

Department of Homeland Security. *Joint Field Office Activation and
Operations: Interagency Integrated Standard Operating Procedure Version
8.3*. Washington, DC: DHS, April 2006 Interim Approval Version, 72
pages. At: <http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/jfo_sop.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Joint Field Office Activation and
Operations: Interagency Integrated Standard Operating Procedure,*
*Appendixes and Annexes Version 8.3*. Washington, DC: DHS, April 28,
2006 Interim Approval Version, 230 pages. Accessed at:
[www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/jfo_sop_annexes.pdf](http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/jfo_sop_annexes.pdf)

Department of Homeland Security. *National Capital Region Coordination,
First Annual Report (Submitted to Congress)*. Washington, DC: DHS,
September 2005, 94 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NCR_DHS_Congressional_Final_090105.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Cyber Security Division*.
Washington, DC: DHS, September 23, 2006 update. At:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/editorial_0839.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Incident Management System*.
Washington DC: DHS, March 1, 2004, 152 pages. At:
<https://dhsonline.dhs.gov/portal/jhtml/dc/sf.jhtml?doid=22852> or
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/nims/nims_doc_full.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Infrastructure Protection
Plan*. Washington, DC: DHS, June 30, 2006. At:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xprevprot/programs/editorial_0827.shtm> Also:

<http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/editorial/editorial_0827.xml>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Infrastructure Protection
Plan Sector Overview*. Washington, DC: DHS, May 4, 2007, 2 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_SectorOverview.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Interoperability Field
Operations Guide*, Version 1.0. Washington, DC: DHS, Office of Emergency
Communications, September 2007, 78 pages.

Department of Homeland Security. *National Planning and Execution System
(NPES)*. Washington, DC: DHS, July 10, 2007 Draft, 169 pages. For
Official Use Only.

Department of Homeland Security. *National Preparedness Goal* (Draft).
Washington, DC: DHS, December 2005, 61 pages. At:
<http://www.iaem.com/documents/FinalDraftNPG.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Preparedness Guidelines*.
Washington, DC: DHS, September 13, 2007, 51 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1189720458491.shtm> and
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/National_Preparedness_Guidelines.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework*.
Washington, DC: DHS, Sep.10, 2007 (Comment Draft), 84 p. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-base.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework,
Catastrophic Incident Annex*. Washington, DC: DHS, July 2007 Comment
Draft, 8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-incident-catastr.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework List of
Authorities and References*. (Comment Draft). September 10, 2007, 15
pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-authorities.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework*
*Emergency Support Function #1 -- Transportation Annex* (Comment Draft).
September 10, 2007, 10 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-01.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security*.* *National Response Framework
Emergency Support Function #2 -- Communications Annex* (Comment Draft).
September 10, 2007, 10 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-02.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #3 -- Public Works and Engineering Annex* (Comment
Draft). September 10, 2007, 10 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-03.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #4 -- Firefighting Annex* (Comment Draft). September
10, 2007, 6 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-04.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #5 -- Emergency Management Annex* (Comment Draft).
September 10, 2007, 8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-05.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #6 --* *Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing, and
Human Services* *Annex* (Comment Draft). September 10, 2007, 16 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-06.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #7 --Resource Support Annex* (Comment Draft). September
10, 2007, 6 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-07.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #8 --* *Public Health and Medical Services Annex*
(Comment Draft). September 10, 2007, 16 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-08.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #9 --Search and Rescue Annex* (Comment Draft).
September 10, 2007, 8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-09.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #10 -- Oil and Hazardous Materials Response Annex*
(Comment Draft). September 10, 2007, 14 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-10.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #11 -- Agriculture and Natural Resources Annex*
(Comment Draft). September 10, 2007, 14 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-11.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #12 --Energy Annex* (Comment Draft). September 10,
2007, 8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-12.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Emergency
Support Function #13 --Public Safety and Security Annex* (Comment
Draft). September 10, 2007, 12 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-13.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework \--
Federal Partner Guide* (Comment Draft). September 10, 2007, 21 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-federal-partnerguide.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework* (Draft)
*Glossary/Acronyms*. Washington, DC: DHS, September 10, 2007. Accessed
at: <http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nrf/glossary.htm#E>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Framework Logistics
Management Support Annex*. Washington, DC: September 10, 2007 Draft, 16
pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-support-log.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Plan* (Draft #1).
Washington, DC: DHS, February 25, 2004, 88 pages. Accessed at:
<http://csp.state.co.us/downloads/referencelibrary/nrpbase1.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Response Plan*. Washington,
DC: DHS, December 2004, 426 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NRP_FullText.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *National Special Security Events Fact
Sheet*. Washington, DC: DHS, Office of the Press Secretary, July 9,
2003. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0207.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Nationwide Plan Review Phase 1
Report*. Washington DC: DHS, February 10, 2006, 36 pages. Accessed at:
[[http://www.iaem.com/documents/Phase1Report-SubmittedtoCongress.pdf]{.underline}](http://www.iaem.com/documents/Phase1Report-SubmittedtoCongress.pdf)

Department of Homeland Security. *Nationwide Plan Review Phase 2
Report*. Washington DC: DHS, June 16, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Prep_NationwidePlanReview.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Notice of Change to the National
Response Plan* (Version 5.0). Washington, DC: DHS, May 25, 2006, 51
pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NRP_Notice_of_Change_5-22-06.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *ODP Information Bulletin*, No. 172,
June 01, 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/info172.htm>

Department of Homeland Security. *ODP Tactical Interoperable
Communications Plan Frequently Asked Questions*. Washington, DC: DHS,
ODP, May 16, 2005, 5 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/TICP_FAQ.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Office of Emergency Communications*
(Fact Sheet). Washington, DC: DHS, October 24, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/gc_1189774174005.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Office of Emergency Communications*
(Slide Presentation, Communications Interoperability Policy Academy).
October 18, 2007, 9 slides. Accessed at:
<http://www.nlc.org/ASSETS/33CC8108F15544D585274D14E8B36013/Roskind_OECOctAcademy.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Office of Infrastructure Protection*.
Washington, DC: DHS, December 6, 2007 Update. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/gc_1185203138955.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Office of Operations Coordination*.
Washington, DC: DHS, March 27, 2007 modification. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/editorial_0797.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. Opening Statement of Mr. Vayl S. Oxford
Director, Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, Department of Homeland
Security, Before the House Science Committee, Subcommittee on Technology
and Innovation, on "The Department of Homeland Security's R&D Budget
Priorities for Fiscal Year 2008." Washington, DC: March 8, 2007, 10
pages. At:
[http://gop.science.house.gov/hearings/ets07/March%208/oxford.pdf](http://gop.science.house.gov/hearings/ets07/March 8/oxford.pdf)

Department of Homeland Security. Opening Statement of Mr. Vayl S. Oxford
Director, Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, Department of Homeland
Security, Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on
Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security. Washington, DC: July 27,
2006, 8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://kyl.senate.gov/legis_center/subdocs/072706Oxford.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Overview: ESF and Support Annexes
Coordinating Federal Assistance In Support of the National Framework*
(Draft). Washington, DC: DHS, September 10, 2007, 68 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-overview.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Overview: FY 2007 Infrastructure
Protection Program Final Awards*. Washington, DC: DHS, 37 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/grants_ippawardsfy07.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Pandemic Influenza \-- Preparedness,
Response, and Recovery: Guide for Critical Infrastructure and Key
Resources.* Washington DC: DHS, September 19, 2006, 84 pages. Accessed
at:
[[http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/pdf/CIKRpandemicInfluenzaGuide.pdf]{.underline}](http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/pdf/CIKRpandemicInfluenzaGuide.pdf)

Department of Homeland Security. *Performance Budget Overview, Fiscal
Year 2008 Congressional Budget Justification*, Washington, DC: DHS,
March 2007, 93 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget_pbo_fy2008.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Private Sector and Nongovernmental
Organizations Response Partner Guide* (Draft). Washington, DC: DHS,
September 10, 2007, 8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-private-partnerguide.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Procedural Manual Safeguarding
Information Designated as Chemical-Terrorism Vulnerability Information
(CVI)*. Washington, DC: DHS, Chemical Security Compliance Division
(CSCD), 59 pages, June 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/chemsec_cvi_proceduresmanual.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Program Guidance for FY 2003 UASI*.
Washington, DC: DHS, Office of Domestic Preparedness, May 1, 2003, 39
pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/grants_audit_fy03uasigrant.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Progress in Developing the National
Asset Database*. Washington, DC: DHS, Office of Inspector General
(OIG-06-40), June 2006, 54 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIG_06-40_Jun06.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Protected Critical Infrastructure
Information (PCII) Program.* 24 August 2007 update.
<http://www.dhs.gov/xinfoshare/programs/editorial_0404.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Protected Critical Infrastructure
Information (PCII) Program Fact Sheet*. August 23, 2007 update, 1 page,
accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/PCII_Program_Fact_Sheet_8-22.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Protected Critical Infrastructure
Information (PCII) Program: Frequently Asked Questions*. 4 pages,
accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/Frequently_Asked_Questions_All.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Remarks by Homeland Security Secretary
Michael Chertoff and DNDO Director Vayl Oxford at a Press Conference to
Announce Spectroscopic Portal (ASP) Program Contracts*. Washington, DC:
DHS Office of the Press Secretary, July 14, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0953.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Remarks by Homeland Security Secretary
Michael Chertoff at the American Legislative Exchange Council's 2005
States and National Policy Summit*, December 9, 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0807.shtm>

# Department of Homeland Security. *Remarks by Secretary Michael Chertoff at the National League of Cities Congressional City Conference*, Washington, DC: March 14, 2006. Accessed at: [**http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/speeches/speech_0274.shtm**](http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/speeches/speech_0274.shtm)

Department of Homeland Security. *Remarks by Secretary Tom Ridge, Under
Secretary Green, Mayor Nickels, State Director Hawkinson and Ted Macklin
on the Announcement of the TOPOFF 2 Exercises*. Washington, DC: DHS,
Office of the Press Secretary, May 5, 2003, 8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0147.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Review of the Buffer Zone Protection
Program*. Washington, DC: DHS, Office of Inspector General (OIG-07-59),
July 2007, 55 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIG_07-59_Jul07.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Revising the National Strategy for
Homeland Security* (nine-page draft pre-decisional information slide
presentation). September 2007.

Department of Homeland Security. *Risk for Chemical Facility
Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)*. Nov.1, 2007. At:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xprevprot/programs/gc_1185897486043.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *SAVER: System Assessment and
Validation for Emergency Responders*. Washington, DC: DHS, Office of
Grants and Training, October 2006 Revision, 2 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/SAVER_factsheet_2006.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Securing Our Homeland: U.S. Department
of Homeland Security Strategic Plan 2004*. Washington, DC: DHS, February
24, 2004, 31 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/DHS_StratPlan_FINAL_spread.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *State and Local Fusion Centers*
(website). September 14, 2006 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xinfoshare/programs/gc_1156877184684.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *State and Urban Area Homeland Security
Strategy Guidance on Aligning Strategies with the National Preparedness
Goal*. Washington, DC: DHS, Office of Domestic Preparedness, July 22,
2005, 29 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/StrategyGuidance_22JUL2005.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *State Contacts & Grant Award
Information* (Website). Washington, DC: DHS, July 18, 2007 Update. At:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xgovt/grants/index.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *State Homeland Security Program and
Capability Review Guidebook Volume 1*. Washington, DC: DHS, October
2005, 74 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/ProgramAndCapabilityReviewGuidebookVolI.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. "Statement for the Record, Jeffrey W.
Runge, M.D., Acting Assistant Secretary for Health Affairs and Chief
Medical Officer, Office of Health Affairs before the House Committee on
Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Emerging Threats, Cybersecurity, and
Science & Technology." Washington, DC: April 18, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/testimony/testimony_1177000008541.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. "Statement of Mr. Robert Stephan,
Acting Undersecretary for Information Analysis and Infrastructure
Protection, and Assistant Secretary for Infrastructure Protection,
Before Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, June
15, 2005." Accessed at:
<http://hsgac.senate.gov/_files/TestimonyStephan.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. "Statement of VADM Roger Ruff, USCG
(Ret), Director, Office of Operations Coordination, Before Senate
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs." Washington,
DC: July 19, 2007, 5 pages. Accessed at:
<http://hsgac.senate.gov/_files/071907Rufe.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Statewide Communication
Interoperability Plans Frequently Asked Questions*. Washington, DC: DHS,
Office of Emergency Communications, September 8, 2007. 11 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.safecomprogram.gov/NR/rdonlyres/EF6EF325-520E-41CB-BE97-DF0242F56F35/0/StatewidePlanningCriteriaFAQs_FINAL.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Strategic Plan -- Securing Our
Homeland*. Washington, DC: DHS, March 8, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/strategicplan/index.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Target Capabilities List: A Companion
to the National Preparedness Guidelines.* Washington, DC: DHS, September
2007, 590 pages. Accessed at:
<https://www.llis.dhs.gov/getFile.cfm?id=26724>

Department of Homeland Security. *The National Domestic Preparedness
Consortium (NDPC)*. April 3, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/training_ndpc.htm>

Department of Homeland Security. *The Office for Domestic Preparedness
Guidelines For Homeland Security: Prevention and Deterrence*.
Washington, DC: DHS/ Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP), June 2003.
At: <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/ODPPrev1.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. "\"TOPOFF 2\" - Week-Long National
Combating Terrorism Exercise Begins May 12, 2003." Washington, DC: DHS,
Office of the Press Secretary, May 5, 2003. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0146.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. "TOPOFF 3 Exercise." Washington, DC:
DHS, April 25, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xprepresp/training/editorial_0588.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. "TOPOFF 3 Frequently Asked Questions."
Washington, DC: DHS, March 28, 2005. At:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xprepresp/training/editorial_0603.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. "TOPOFF 4: Exercising National
Preparedness." DHS Press Release, September 25, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xprepresp/training/gc_1179350946764.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security. *Training Glossary, Version 1.1.*
Washington, DC: DHS, November 1, 2006, 73 pages. At:
<https://dhsonline.dhs.gov/portal/jhtml/dc/sf.jhtml?doid=53621>

Department of Homeland Security. *Transportation Sector-Specific Plan,
Pipeline Modal Annex*. Washington, DC: DHS, TSA, May 21, 2007, 30 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/Transportation_Pipeline_Modal_Annex_5_21_07.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *UASI Urban Areas Security Initiative*
(Fact Sheet). Washington, DC: DHS, Office of Grants and Training, June
2007 Revision, 2 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/UASI_factsheet_2006.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Universal Task List*. Washington, DC:
DHS, Office for Domestic Preparedness, July 30, 2004 Draft, 90 pages.
Accessed at:
[www.comcare.org/uploads/Universal%20task%20list.pdf](http://www.comcare.org/uploads/Universal task list.pdf)

Department of Homeland Security. *Universal Task List 2.0*. Washington
DC: DHS, Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP), December 21, 2004, 84
pages. Accessed at:
[www.wcdps.org/publicsafety/lib/publicsafety/documents/urbanthunder/universal_task_list_2_0.pdf](http://www.wcdps.org/publicsafety/lib/publicsafety/documents/urbanthunder/universal_task_list_2_0.pdf)

Department of Homeland Security. *Universal Task List 2.1*. Washington
DC: DHS, Office of State and Local Government Coordination and
Preparedness, Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP), May 23, 2005, 148
pages. Accessed at: <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/UTL2_1.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Announces Completion of TOPOFF 4 Command Post Exercise to Address
Counterterrorism Preparedness and Response Capabilities*. Washington,
DC: DHS, Office of the Press Secretary, June 22, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0932.shtm>

Department of Homeland Security, and Environmental Protection Agency.
*Water Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources Sector Specific Plan as
input to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan*. Washington, DC:
DHS & EPA, May 2007. 134 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/Water_SSP_5_21_07.pdf>

Department of Homeland Security. *Welcome to US-CERT*. Washington, DC:
DHS. Accessed November 23, 2007 at: <http://www.us-cert.gov/>

Department of Homeland Security. *Welcome to SAFECOM*. Washington, DC:
DHS. Accessed October 22, 2007 at:
<http://www.safecomprogram.gov/SAFECOM/>

Department of Homeland Security. *Welcome to the Exercise Evaluation
Guide Library*. Accessed at:
<https://hseep.dhs.gov:443/pages/1002_Welco.aspx>

Department of Justice. *Crisis Management Plan*. Washington, DCC: USDOJ,
December 12, 2002, 25 pages. Accessed at:
[www.usdoj.gov/jmd/ps/epm/tab10.pdf](http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/ps/epm/tab10.pdf)

Department of Justice (U.S.). *ODP Fact Sheet: Center For Domestic
Preparedness in Anniston, Alabama*. DOJ, Office of Justice Programs,
Office for State and Local Domestic Preparedness Support, 3 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/fs-cdp.htm>

Department of Justice. *ODP Information Bulletin No. 1*. Washington, DC:
USDOJ, ODP, March 6, 2000. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/info01.txt>

Department of State (U.S.) (Sauter & Carafano cite 22USC, Chapter 113B,
Section 2656f, at p. 82.)

Department of the Army. *Department of the Army Historical Summary: FY
1971* (Chapter II, Operational Forces, Section "Civil Defense").
Washington, DC: United States Army, Center of Military History, 1973.
Accessed at:
<http://www.army.mil/CMH/books/DAHSUM/1971/index.htm#contents>

Department of the Army. *Weapons of Mass Destruction -- Civil Support
Team Operations* (FM 3-11.22). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the
Army, Department of Defense, December 10, 2007, 138 pages. Accessed at:
[[http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-11-22.pdf]{.underline}](http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-11-22.pdf)

Department of Transportation. *Catastrophic Hurricane Evacuation Plan
Evaluation: Report to Congress*. Washington, DC: U.S. DOT, Federal
Highway Administration, June 1, 2006, 189 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/hurricanevacuation/index.htm> and at:
<http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/hurricanevacuation/rtc_chep_eval.pdf>

Department of Transportation (U.S.). *Emergency Response Guidebook*. (P
5800.6). 1993.

Department of Transportation. *Emergency Response Guidebook 2004: A
Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous
Good/Hazardous Materials Incident*. Washington, DC: DOT, 2004, 374
pages. At: <http://hazmat.dot.gov/pubs/erg/erg2004.pdf>

Department of Transportation. *Evacuation Traffic Information System*.
Washington, DC: DOT, TRIS Online, Accessed January 18, 2008 at:
<http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/ntl/24313.html>

Department of Treasury. *Banking and Finance Sector for Critical
Infrastructure Protection as input to the National Infrastructure
Protection Plan*. Washington, DC: Treasury, Dec 2006, 97 pages. Accessed
at: <https://www.fsscc.org/reports/2006/Bank_Finance_SSP_061213.pdf>

Deyle, Robert, Steven French, Robert Olshansky, and Robert Paterson.
1998. Hazard Assessment: The Factual Basis for Planning and Mitigation.
Chapter five in *Cooperating with Nature*, edited by Raymond Burby.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Joseph Henry Press.

DeYoung, Karen. "A Fight Against Terrorism -- and Disorganization."
*Washington Post*, August 9, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/08/AR2006080800964.html?referrer=email>

DigitalCare, Inc. *State of Oregon Business Continuity Training Academy
(Desk Reference, Workshop #1)*. Colorado Springs, CO: 2006, 66 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.oregon.gov/DAS/EISPD/BCP/docs/academy/workshop1_desk_ref.doc>

Disaster and Emergency Reference Center. 1998. *Disaster Management
Glossary*, edited by Krisno Nimpuno. Delft, the Netherlands: Disaster
and Emergency Reference Center.

Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. Public Law 106-390, October 30, 2000,
26 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1935>

Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team. *DMORT (Disaster Mortuary
Operational Response Team): A National Asset Available In Times Of
Need*, October 9, 2007 update. Accessed at: <http://www.dmort.org/>

Disaster Recovery Institute International. *About DRI International*.
Washington, DC: DRII, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.drii.org/DRII/About/About.aspx>

Dombrowsky, Wolf R. 1995. "Again and Again: Is a Disaster What We Call
'Disaster'? Some Conceptual Notes on Conceptualizing the Object of
Disaster Sociology." *International Journal of mass Emergencies and
Disasters* (Nov.), Vol. 13, No.3, 241-254.

Dombrowsky, Wolf R. 1998. "Again and Again -- Is A Disaster What We Call
A 'Disaster'?" Chapter 3 in *What Is A Disaster*?, E.L. Quarantelli
(ed.). London and NY: Routledge.

Drabek, Thomas E., and Gerard J. Hoetmer (eds.). *Emergency Management:
Principles and Practice for Local Government*. Washington, DC:
International City Managers Association, 1991.

Drabek, Thomas. *The Social Dimensions of Disaster* (FEMA Emergency
Management Higher Education Project College Course Instructor Guide).
Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute, September 1996.
Available at: <http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/completeCourses.htm>

Drabek, Thomas. 1997. *See* FEMA. EMI. 1997.

Drabek, Thomas. 2002. *The Social Dimensions of Disaster* (2^nd^ Ed.)
(FEMA Emergency Management Higher Education Project College Course
Instructor Guide). Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute.

Disaster Recovery Journal and DRI International*. Generally Accepted
Practices For Business Continuity Practitioners*. August 20, 2007 Draft,
113 pages. Accessed at: <http://www.drj.com/GAP/gap.pdf>

Dwyer D.M. "Strengthening Community in Education \-- A handbook for
change." *The Progressive Educator,* January 1998.

Dykstra, Eelco H. 2003. "Toward an International System Model in
Emergency Management." Call for Papers -- Public Entity Risk Institute
Symposium on [www.riskinstitute.org](http://www.riskinstitute.org/).
Email communication of July 3, 2003.

Dymon, Ute J. "Session 1, Introduction to and Evolution of Hazard
Mapping and Modeling." *Hazard Mapping and Modeling* (Draft FEMA
Emergency Management Higher Education Project College Course).
Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute, FEMA/DHS, 2004.

Dymon, Ute J., and Nancy L. Winter. "Communicating Risk." Session 2,
*Hazard Mapping and Modeling* ((Draft FEMA Emergency Management Higher
Education Project College Course). Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management
Institute, FEMA/DHS, 2005.

Dynes, Russell R., E.L. Quarantelli, and Gary A. Kreps. *A Perspective
on Disaster Planning* (3^rd^ Edition). Newark, DE: University of
Delaware, Disaster Research Center, Report Series #11, May 1981, 105
pages. Accessed at:
<http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/19716/1259/1/RS11.pdf>

Dynes, Russell R. 1993. "Disaster Reduction: The Importance of Adequate
Assumptions About Social Organization." *Sociological Spectrum*, Vol.
13, 1993, pp. 175-192.

Dynes, Russell R. 1998. "Coming to Terms With Community Disaster."
Chapter 11 (pp. 109-126) in *What Is A Disaster?* E.L. Quarantelli
(ed.). London and NY: Routledge.

*Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977* (42 U.S.C. 7701 et seq), as
amended by Public Laws 101614, 105-47, 106-503, and 108-360. Accessed
at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/pdf/public-law-108-360.pdf>

Easley, Michael F. "Statement of Governor Michael F. Easley, State of
North Caroling, Before Senate Judiciary Committee, Hearing on "\`The
Insurrection Act Rider' and State Control of the National Guard"."
Washington, DC: U.S. Senate, April 24, 2007. Accessed at:
[http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200704/Gov%20Easley%20GUARD%20Senate%20Judiciary%20Testimony%20042407.doc](http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200704/Gov Easley GUARD Senate Judiciary Testimony 042407.doc)

Einarsson, Stefan, and Marvin Rausand. 1998. An Approach to
Vulnerability Analysis of Complex Industrial Systems. *Risk Analysis*
18, no. 5 (October): 541--542.

Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis
Center (EMR-ISC. *EMR-ISC Brochure*. Emmitsburg MD: United States Fire
Administration, FEMA, DHS, March 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/txt/publications/emr-isac.txt>

Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis
Center (EMR-ISC). *Infograms*. Emmitsburg MD: United States Fire
Administration, FEMA, DHS. Website accessed at:
<http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/fireservice/subjects/emr-isac/infograms/index.shtm>

Emergency Management Australia. 1995. *Flood Warning: An Australian
Guide.* Canberra, Australia.

Emergency Management Australia. 1996. *Australian Emergency Manual:
Disaster Recovery.* Canberra, Australia: Emergency Management Australia.

Emergency Management Australia. 2000. *Emergency Risk Management:
Applications Guide*. Canberra, Australia: Emergency Management
Australia.

Emergency Management Ontario. *Incident Management System (IMS) for
Ontario (Doctrine)*. Ontario, Canada: EMO, Ministry of Community Safety
and Correctional Services, Province of Ontario, November 15, 2007 Draft,
141 pages.

Emergency Management Roundtable. *Principles of Emergency Management*.
Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA and the International Association of Emergency
Managers, Sep. 11, 2007, 9 pages. At:
[http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/emprinciples/Principles%20of%20Emergency%20Management%20Brochure.doc](http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/emprinciples/Principles of Emergency Management Brochure.doc)

Environmental Protection Agency. *CERCLA Overview*. Washington, DC: U.S.
EPA, July 17, 2007 Update. Accessed at:
<http://www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/cercla.htm>

Environmental Protection Agency. *Emergency Planning & Community Right
to Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11001 et seq., 1986)*. Accessed at:
<http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/html/epcra.htm> \-- and \--
<http://www.access.gpo.gov/uscode/title42/chapter116_.html>

Environmental Protection Agency. *Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk
Assessment*, 51 Federal Register 33992-34054, 1986.

Environmental Protection Agency. *Integrated Risk Information System
(IRIS)*. Washington, DC: EPA, December 14, 2007 Update. Accessed at:
<http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm>

Environmental Protection Agency. *Local Emergency Planning Committee
(LEPC) Handbook: Region* 6. May 2004, 73 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.epa.gov/region6/6sf/pdffiles/region_6_lepc_handbook_final.pdf>

Environmental Protection Agency. *Manual of Protective Action Guides and
Protective Actions For Nuclear Incidents*. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA,
Office of Radiation Programs, 1991 Revision, 274 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/docs/er/400-r-92-001.pdf?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1991>

Environmental Protection Agency. *National Contingency Plan Overview*.
Washington, DC: EPA, March 9, 2006 Update. Accessed at:
<http://www.epa.gov/oilspill/ncpover.htm>

Environmental Protection Agency. *National Response System*. Washington,
DC: EPA, Emergency Response Program, September 17, 2007 update. Accessed
at: <http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/er/nrs/index.htm>

Environmental Protection Agency. *On Scene Coordinators*. Washington,
DC: EPA, Emergency Response Program, September 17, 2007 update. Accessed
at: <http://www.epa.gov/oerrpage/superfund/programs/er/nrs/nrsosc.htm>

Environmental Protection Agency. *Overview of the National Contingency
Plan*. March 6, 2006 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.epa.gov/oilspill/ncpover.htm>

Environmental Protection Agency. *Radiation Protection Basics*.
Washington, DC: U.S. EPA, November 15, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/understand/protection_basics.html>

Environmental Protection Agency. *Technical Guidance for Hazards
Analysis: Emergency Planning for Extremely Hazardous Substances*.
Washington, DC: EPA, FEMA, DOT, Dec. 1987, 193 pages. Accessed at:
<http://yosemite.epa.gov/oswer/ceppoweb.nsf/vwResourcesByFilename/tech.pdf/$File/tech.pdf>

Environmental Protection Agency. *What is CAMEO?*. Washington, DC: EPA,
February 12, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.epa.gov/ceppo/cameo/what.htm>

Erikson, Kai. *A New Species of Trouble -- The Human Experience of
Modern Disasters*. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1989.

Erikson, Kai. 1976. *Everything In It's Path: Destruction of Community
in the Buffalo Creek Flood*. NY: Simon and Schuster.

European Environmental Agency (EEA). *EEA Multilingual Environmental
Glossary*. Copenhagen, Denmark, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary>

Executive Office of the President. *About the National Tsunami Hazard
Mitigation Program (NTHMP)*. Accessed at:
<http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/about_program.html>

Executive Order 12656. *Assignment of Emergency Preparedness
Responsibilities*. November 18, 1988.

*Facts on the National Disaster Medical System.* June 1992. Washington,
DC: Government Printing Office.

Fagen, Patricia Weiss, and Susan Forbes Martin. *Disaster Management and
Response: Capacity Building for Developing Institutions*. Washington,
DC: Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown
University, 12 pages, November 8, 2005.

Farazmand, Ali (ed.). 2001. *Handbook of Crisis and Emergency
Management*. New York and Basel, Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Farazmand, Ali. "Introduction -- Crisis and Emergency Management."
Chapter 1 in *Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management*, Ali
Farazmand (ed.), NY, Basel, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2001.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. *FBI Policy and Guidelines: FBI Denver
Division: Counterterrorism*. FBI, U.S. Department of Justice. Accessed
June 15, 2005, at: <http://denver.fbi.gov/inteterr.htm>

Federal Civil Defense Administration. *Annual Report for 1951.* DC:
FCDA, 18Apr1952, 117 pages. Accessed at:
[http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/HistoricalInterest/FCDA%20-%201951%20-%20Annual%20Report%20for%201951.pdf](http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/HistoricalInterest/FCDA - 1951 - Annual Report for 1951.pdf)

Federal Civil Defense Administration. *Annual Report for 1952.* DC:
FCDA, 1953, 145 pp. At:
[http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/HistoricalInterest/FCDA%20-%201952%20-%20Annual%20Report%20for%201952.pdf](http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/HistoricalInterest/FCDA - 1952 - Annual Report for 1952.pdf)

# Federal Emergency Management Agency. *100% Funding for Direct Federal Assistance and Grant Assistance, Recovery Policy 9523.9*. Washington, DC: FEMA, June 9, 2006. Accessed at: [**http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/pa/9523_9.shtm**](http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/pa/9523_9.shtm)

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *A Nation Prepared -- FEMA
Strategic Plan -- Fiscal Years 2003-2008*. Washington, DC: FEMA, 2002,
38 pages.

Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema_strat_plan_fy03-08(no_append).pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *About FEMA*. Washington, DC: FEMA,
March 2003, and 2007 Update. <http://www.fema.gov/about/index.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *About FEMA: Community and Family
Preparedness Program*. Wash., DC: April 5, 2006 update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/about/community.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *About FEMA: Federal Insurance
Administration*. April 30, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/about/fedins.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *About the National Preparedness
Network (PREPnet)*. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA/USFA, March 23, 2007 update.
Accessed at:
<http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/fireservice/training/prepnet/about_prepnet.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *About the U.S. Fire
Administration*. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA, USFA, September 27, 2007 Update.
Accessed at: <http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/about/>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Accommodating Individuals With
Disabilities In The Provision Of Disaster Mass Care, Housing, And Human
Services: Reference Guide*. Washington, DC: FEMA, July 13, 2007.
Accessed at: <http://www.fema.gov/oer/reference/>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Acronyms, Abbreviations & Terms: A
Capability Assurance Job Aid* (FEMA-524). Washington, DC: FEMA March
2005, 160 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/prepare/faatlist03_05.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Acronyms, Abbreviations & Terms:
The FAAT List.* Washington, DC: FEMA, June 2002, 51 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/doc/library/faatlist2002.doc>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *All-Hazards Notification
Operations Manual*. Washington, DC: FEMA, 1996.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Alluvial Fan Flooding*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, April 16, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/alluvial_fan_flooding.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Are You Ready? An In-depth Guide
to Citizen Preparedness* (IS-22). Emergency Management Institute,
Independent Study Course, May 24, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is22.asp>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Are You Ready? Nuclear Blast*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, March 23, 2006 modification. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/areyouready/nuclear_blast.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Base Flood*. Washington, DC: FEMA,
April 20, 2007 update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/base_flood.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Base Flood Elevation (BFE)*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, April 16, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/base_flood_elevation.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Basic Guidance for Public
Information Officers (PIOs): National Incident Management System* (FEMA
517). Washington, DC: FEMA, November 2007, 29 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3095>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Becoming a Disaster-Resistant
Community: How and Why*. Washington, DC: FEMA, December 26, 1999.
Accessed at: <http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=9156>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Biological Fact Sheet* (FEMA 570).
Washington, DC: FEMA NIMS Integration Center, June 2007, 2 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3037>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Building Design for Homeland
Security*. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA, Emergency Management Institute, January
2004.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. B*uilding Performance Assessment
Report: Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico* -- *Observations,
Recommendations, and Technical Guidance*. FEMA 339, March 1999, 112
pages. At: <http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1422>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Building Performance Assessment
Report: Midwest Tornadoes of May 3, 1999: Observations, Recommendations,
and Technical Guidance*. Washington, DC, Denton TX, and Kansas City MO:
FEMA Mitigation Directorate, FEMA Region VI, and FEMA Region VII, July
13, 1999, 200 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1423>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Business and Industry Crisis
Management.* Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute, Dr. Greg
Shaw for EM Hi-Ed Pjt., 1999.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *California Statewide Emergency
Planning Committee*. June 6, 2007 Power Point Presentation, 17 pages.
Accessed at:
[http://www.oes.ca.gov/Operational/OESHome.nsf/PDF/SWEPC%20Slides/\$file/NewFEMA6.6.07.pdf](http://www.oes.ca.gov/Operational/OESHome.nsf/PDF/SWEPC Slides/$file/NewFEMA6.6.07.pdf)

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Call for Issues Status Report*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, June 2000, 398 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/nfip/calliss.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Capability Assessment and
Standards for State and Local Government (Interim Guidance)*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, CPG 1-102, November, 1983.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Catastrophic Disaster Planning."
FEMA Disaster Operations Directorate, May 10, 2007.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Catastrophic Disaster Planning:
IAEM 55^th^ Annual Conference & EMEX 2007* (Slide Pres., Michel
Pawlowski). Reno, NV: 12Nov07, 83 slides.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *CBRS History*. Washington, DC:
FEMA, April 17, 2006 modification. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/business/nfip/cbrs/cbrshist.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Chemical Stockpile Emergency
Preparedness Program (CSEPP)*. Website. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/csepp.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Coastal Barrier Resources System
(CBRS)*. Wash. DC: FEMA, 6Feb07. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/cbrs.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Coastal High Hazard Area*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, April 16, 2007.
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/chha.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency*. Community Assistance Program --
State Support Services Element*. Washington, DC: FEMA, CAP-SSSE, January
25, 2007 modification. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/fema_cap-ssse.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Community Assistance Visit.*
Washington, DC: FEMA, April 16, 2007.
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/cav.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Community Compliance Program*.
FEMA, April 16, 2007 modification. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/ccp.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Community Hazards Emergency
Response-Capability Assurance Process (CHER-CAP) Fact Sheet*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, May 8, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prepare/cher_capfs.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Community Rating System*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, September 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/business/nfip/crs.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Compendium of Federal Terrorism
Training for State and Local Audiences*. Washington, DC: FEMA and U.S.
Department of Homeland Security, November 10, 2003. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/compendium/index.jsp>; and
<http://www.dola.state.co.us/dem/publications/FEMA_Training_Compendium.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Consequences of Terrorism
Integrated Emergency Management Course*. Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency
Management Institute, October 2000.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Cooperating Technical Partners
(CTP) Program*. Washington, DC: FEMA, National Flood Insurance Program,
November 29, 2007 Update. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/ctp_main.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Coordinating Environmental and
Historic Preservation Compliance* (IS-253). Emmitsburg, MD: EMI,
Independent Study Course, January, 2004. At:
<http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is253.asp>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *DHS/FEMA 2008 Federal Interagency
Hurricane Contingency Plan (CONPLAN)* (Draft). Washington, DC: FEMA,
31Oct 2007 (V.13), 15 pages.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Definitions of Terms* (Instruction
5000.2). Washington, DC: FEMA, April 4, 1990.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Department/Agency Headquarters
Devolution of Operations Plan Template*. Washington, DC: FEMA. Accessed
December 14, 2007 at:
<http://www.fema.gov/doc/government/coop/devolution_template.doc>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *DHS/FEMA 2008 Federal Interagency
Hurricane Contingency Plan (CONPLAN)* (Draft). Washington, DC: FEMA,
Oct. 31, 2007 (V.13), 15 p.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Disaster Assistance Dollars Triple
in One Week*. News Release #1299-24, 12Oct1999. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=8716>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Disaster Assistance Employees
(Reservists)*. October 11, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/ehp/employment.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Disaster Basics* (IS-292).
Emmitsburg, MD: EMI, Independent Study Course, 24May07 update. At:
<http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is292.asp>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Disaster Response and Recovery
Operations* Instructor Guide. Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management
Institute. 1996.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Donations Management Guidance
Manual.* Washington, DC: FEMA, National Donations Steering Committee,
1995.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Eligible Costs Related to Pet
Evacuations and Sheltering* (Disaster Assistance Policy 9523.19).
Washington, DC: FEMA, December 27, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/pa/9523_19.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Emergency Management Guide for
Business & Industry: A Step-by-Step Approach to Emergency Planning,
Response and Recovery for Companies of All Sizes* (FEMA 141).
Washington, DC: FEMA, October 1993, 67 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/bizindst.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Emergency Management Higher
Education Project*. Website. Accessed at:
<http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/edu/>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Emergency Management Institute
Performance Measures* (Slide Briefing). Emmitsburg, MD: EMI, Version 2
Draft, October 3, 2007.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Emergency Planning* (IS-235).
Emmitsburg, MD: EMI, Independent Study, 24May2007 update. At:
<http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is235.asp>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Emergency Planning Workshop*
Instructor Guide. Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute, 1997.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Emergency Program* \[NFIP\].
12Apr2007 mod. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/emergency_program.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Exercise Design* (IS-139).
Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA, EMI, Independent Study Course, 24May07. At:
<http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is139.asp>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet--Dirty Bombs" (FEMA
573). NIMS Integration Cen., June 2007. 2 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3039>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet--Earthquake" (FEMA
559). NIMS Integration Center, Jan 2007. 2 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3041>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet--Extreme Heat" (FEMA
565). NIMS Integration Cen., June 2007. 2 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3042>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet--FEMA's Mitigation
Directorate." FEMA, Mitigation Directorate, Aug 2007, 2 pp.
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3032>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet -- Fires" (FEMA 563).
NIMS Integration Center, February 2007. 2 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3043>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet -- Floods" (FEMA 555).
NIMS Integration Center, Feb 2007. 2 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3036>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet -- Hurricane" (FEMA
554). NIMS Integration Cen., July 2006. 2 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3046>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet -- Land Slide" (FEMA
562). NIMS Integration Cen., June 2007. 2 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3057>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet--Mitigation's Value to
Society." FEMA, Mitigation Directorate, Aug07, 2 pages.
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3031>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet -- Nuclear Blast" (FEMA
572). NIMS Integration Cen., April 2007, 2 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3048>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet -- Tornadoes" (FEMA
556). NIMS Integration Center, Jan 2007, 2 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3053>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Fact Sheet -- Volcanoes" (FEMA
561). NIMS Integration Cen., June 2007, 2 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3054>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) Pandemic Influenza Contingency Plan* (Draft). Washington,
DC: FEMA, October 31, 2007.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Federal Interim Contingency
Plan---Predecisional Draft: New Madrid Seismic Zone Catastrophic
Earthquake Response Planning Project*. Washington, DC: FEMA, December
15, 2007, 162 pages.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Federal Preparedness Circular (FPC
65) -- Subject: Federal Executive Branch Continuity of Operations
(COOP).* Washington, DC: June 15, 2004. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/txt/government/coop/fpc65_0604.txt>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Federal Radiological Emergency
Response Plan.* Washington, D.C.: May 8, 1996.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Federal Response Plan*. DC, FEMA
Pub. 229, 1992.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Federal Response Plan.* Wash., DC:
FEMA. 1997.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Federal Response Plan* (FRP
9230.1-PL). DC: Apr99.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *FEMA Acronyms, Abbreviations &
Terms: The FAAT List.* FEMA, June 2002, 51 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/doc/library/faatlist2002.doc>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *FEMA Recovery Strategy*. Wash. DC:
FEMA, 3 Aug 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/media/fact_sheets/mass_shelter_housing.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "FEMA Seeks Applicants For The
National Advisory Council." 14 Feb 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=34152>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *FEMA Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years
2008-2013: The Nation's Preeminent Emergency Management and Preparedness
Agency* (Draft). Washington, DC: FEMA, November 5, 2007, 60 pages.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *FEMA Warns Flood Insurance
Policyholders Against 'Anniversary Effect' Complacency*. Washington DC
News Release, June 5, 2002. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=4586>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *FEMA\'S Individuals And Households
Program Provides Full Spectrum Of Recovery Assistance*. Washington, DC:
FEMA, September 4, 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=18639>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *FEMA's Logistical Planning
Efforts*. Washington, DC: FEMA, April 17, 2007. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/media/archives/2007/041707b.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *FEMA's Mission*. October 2007.
Accessed at: <http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/nebraska/oct97fema.html>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "FEMA's National Advisory Council
Holds Initial Meeting." *Homeland Security Today*, Vol. 5, Issue No. 41,
October 29, 2007.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Five U.S. Universities Selected to
Participate in Pilot Phase of FEMA Initiative to Help Universities Avoid
Damage from Natural Disasters*. Wash., DC: FEMA, 28 Sep 2000. Accessed
at: <http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=9967>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Flood Hazards of Special Concern*.
Wash., DC: FEMA, 30 May 2007. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/fhsc.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Flood Map: NFIP Policy Index*.
Wash. DC: FEMA, 19May2007 mod.
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/flood_map.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA)
Program*. September 12, 2007 update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/fma/index.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Floodproofing*. Washington, DC:
FEMA, April 12, 2007 update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/floodproofing.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Floodway.* Washington, DC: FEMA,
May 30 2007 mod. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/floodway.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Flood Zones*. Washington, DC:
FEMA, April 13, 2007 mod. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/flood_zones.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Frequently Asked Questions:
Digital Flood Data and Mapping*. DC: FEMA, 12Oct2007. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/fq_dfdm.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Frequently Asked Questions:
General Information-What is a LODR?* 5 Apr 2006 mod. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/fq_gen12.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Group Flood Insurance Policy-Final
Rule*. Wash., DC: FEMA/NFIP, July 21, 1999. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/business/nfip/grpfnrl.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Guide For All-Hazard Emergency
Operations Planning* (State and Local Guide (SLG) 101). Sep
1996.<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/slg101.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Guide for All-Hazard Emergency
Operations Planning, State and Local Guide (101) -- Chapter 6,
Attachment G---Terrorism.* April, 2001.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Guidelines for Haz Mat/WMD
Response, Planning and Prevention Training: Guidance for Hazardous
Materials Emergency Preparedness (HMEP) Grant Program*. Emmitsburg, MD:
United States Fire Administration, FEMA, April 2003, 453 pages. Accessed
at: <http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/hmep9-1801.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Hazard Mitigation Grant Program*.
Wash.DC: FEMA September 12, 2007 update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/hmgp/index.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Hazards Analysis for Emergency
Management (Interim Guidance)*. CPG 1-101. Washington, DC: FEMA, 44
pages, September 1983.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *HAZUS -- FEMA's Software Program
for Estimating Potential Losses From Disaster.* 20Sep07 update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/hazus/>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "HAZUS User Groups Success Story:
CHUG, Expanding HAZUS Use in FEMA Region 5." Washington, DC: FEMA,
October 22, 2007. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3021>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "HAZUS User Groups Success Story:
ORHUG, Geologic Hazards and Future Earthquake Damage and Loss Estimates
for Six Counties In the Mid/Southern Willamette Valley, Oregon."
Washington, DC: FEMA, October 23, 2007. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3020>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "HAZUS User Groups Success Story:
NVHUG, Loss-Estimation Modeling of Earthquake Scenarios for Each County
in Nevada," Washington, DC: FEMA, October 23, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3019>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "HAZUS User Groups Success Story:
*The Florida HAZUS User Group (FLHUG) -- A Catalyst for Mitigating Risks
and Improving Collaboration Between Florida's Emergency Management
Professionals.* Washington, DC: Jan.10, 2008, 2 pg.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Homeland Security's Pre-Positioned
Disaster Supplies (PPDS) Program." Washington, DC: FEMA, May 16, 2006.
Accessed at: <http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=26252>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *HURREVAC: Evacuation Decision
Assistance Tool for Government Officials*. Washington, DC: FEMA,
November 27, 2007 modification. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/nhp/hurrevac.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *ICS 100 Introduction to Incident
Command System*. Emmitsburg, MD: EMI, August 22, 2007 update.
<http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/Is/is100.asp>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Increased Cost of Compliance
(ICC)*. Wash. DC: 19May07 update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/icc.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Integrated Emergency Management
System: Multi-Year Development Planning (Interim Guidance)*. Wash., DC:
FEMA (CPG 1-103), Jan. 1984.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Integrated Emergency Management
System: Process Overview.* Washington, DC: FEMA (CPG 1-100), September
1983, 15 pages.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Integrated Public Alert and
Warning System (IPAWS)*. Washington, DC: FEMA, 11 Nov 2007. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/emergency/ipaws/>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Integrated Public Alert and
Warning System (IPAWS) System Enhancements.* Washington, DC: FEMA,
November 12, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/emergency/ipaws/systemenhancements.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Introduction to Emergency
Management.* Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute, FEMA, 1995.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *IS* 250, *Emergency Support
Function 15 (ESF15) External Affairs: A New Approach to Emergency
Communication and Information Distribution*. Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency
Management Institute, Independent Study Course, September 4, 2007
update. Accessed at: <http://training.fema.gov/EMIWEB/IS/IS250.asp>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *IS-292*, *Disaster Basics*.
Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA, Emergency Management Institute, Independent Study
Course, May 24, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is292.asp>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Letter of Map Amendment (LOMA) and
Letter of Map Revision-Based on Fill (LOMR-F) Process*. Washington, DC:
FEMA Website, October 17, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/fmc_loma.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Letters of Map Change*.
Washington, DC: FEMA Website, May 23, 2006 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/hazard/map/lomc.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Logistics Supply Chain" (Fact
Sheet).* Wash. DC: FEMA, 19Jun2006 mod. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/media/fact_sheets/logistic-supply-chain.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Looking Toward the NFIP's Future."
*Watermark,* Washington, DC: FEMA National Flood Insurance Program,
August 1, 2007, 3 pages. <http://watermark.nfipstat.com/nfip_future.htm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Map Modernization: Guidelines and
Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners, Vol. 1, Flood Studies
and Mapping*. Washington, DC: FEMA, February 2002, 113 pages. Accessed
at: <http://www.fema.gov/pdf/fhm/frm_gsv102.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Map Modernization, Why Modernize?*
Wash. DC: FEMA, June 6, 2007 update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/mm_why.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Mission Assignment Standard
Operating Procedures Operating Draft.* Washington, DC: FEMA, July, 25,
2007, 133 pages.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Mortgage Portfolio Protection
Program (MPPP)*. Wash., DC: FEMA, 9Aug2005. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/nfip/manual200510/10mppp.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Multi Hazard Identification and
Risk Assessment -- A Cornerstone of the National Mitigation Strategy*.
Washington, DC: FEMA. 1997. At:
<http://www.app1.fema.gov/mit/tsd/dl_mhira.htm> and
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/ft_mhira.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Multi-Year Flood Hazard
Identification Plan (MHIP)* (Version 2.5). Washington, DC: FEMA,
National Flood Insurance Program, April 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2636>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *National Advisory Council*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, October 12, 2007. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/about/nac/>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "National Advisory Council Members
Named." Washington, DC: FEMA, July 18, 2007 News Release. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=37879>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *National Emergency Family Registry
System and Child Locator Center Activated For California Fires*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, October 23, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=41442>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *National Flood Insurance Program
Description*. Wash. DC: FEMA, Aug. 2002, 41 pp.
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1480>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *National Flood Insurance Reform
Act of 1994*. Accessed at: <http://www.fema.gov/pdf/nfip/riegle.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *National Hurricane Program*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, December 3, 2007 modification. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/nhp/index.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *National Incident Management
System* (FEMA 501/Draft). DC: Aug 2007, 176 pp.
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-nims.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *National Incident Management
System National Standard Curriculum Training Development Guidance*.
Washington, DC: FEMA, October 2005, 28 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/nsctd.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *NEMA Initiatives and Issues From
the Disaster Operations Directorate*. Washington, DC: FEMA, August 20,
2007, 14 pages.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *NEW Madrid Seismic Zone
Catastrophic Planning: Project Overview*. Washington, DC: FEMA,
September 25, 2007, 2 pages.

[]{.mark}

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *New Remedial Action Management
Program Launched*. Washington, DC: FEMA, Press Release, July 23, 2003.
Accessed at: <http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=3715>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *NIMS Alert 13-07*. Washington, DC:
FEMA, April 27, 2007, 2 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/nimscast_13_07.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *NIMS Compliance Metrics Terms of
Reference* (For Fiscal Year 2007). Washington, DC: FEMA, October 23,
2006, 10 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/comp_met_terms.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Planning for the 'Big One" -- New
Madrid Seismic Zone*. Michel S. Pawlowski slide presentation, 37 slides,
November 28, 2007.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Position Task Book Standard
Operating Procedures*. Washington, DC: FEMA, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.learningservices.us/FEMA/TaskBooks/SOP.cfm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant
Program.* Washington, DC: FEMA, September 12, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/pdm/index.shtm> \-- see, also,
<http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/pdm/>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM)
Program Guidance* (Fiscal Year 2008). Washington, DC: FEMA, October 30,
2007, 81 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3029>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Preferred Risk Flood Insurance --
A Smart Buy*. Wash., DC: FEMA, 1 Aug 2003. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=3922>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Producing Emergency Plans: A Guide
for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning for State, Territorial,
Local, and Tribal Governments* (CPG 101, Version 0.7.0). Washington, DC:
FEMA, 2007, 176 pages.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Project Impact: Building a
Disaster Resistant Community*. Washington, DC, FEMA, 1998.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Project Impact: Building A
Disaster-Resistant Community* (Press Release). Washington, DC: FEMA,
November 22, 1999. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=8895>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Public Assistance Guide* (FEMA
211). Washington, DC: FEMA, June 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/pa/pag07_1.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Rebuilding For A More Sustainable
Future: An Operational Framework.* Washington, DC: FEMA, November 1,
2000, 172 pages. At: <http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1429>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Reducing Damage from Localized
Flooding* *-- A Guide for Communities* (FEMA 511). Washington, DC: FEMA,
June 2005, 180 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/hazard/flood/pubs/flood-damage.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Repetitive Flood Claims (RFC)
Program Guidance (FY 2008*). DC: 30Oct007, 51 pp. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3028>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Resource: Evacuation Liaison Team
(ELT)*. Apr 2003.
[http://www.nimsonline.com/resource_typing/Evacuation%20Liaison%20Team%20(ELT).htm](http://www.nimsonline.com/resource_typing/Evacuation Liaison Team (ELT).htm)

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Revised Procedure Memorandum No.
38 -- Implementation of Floodplain Boundary Standard (Section 7 of MHIP
V1.0)* (Director, FEMA Risk Analysis Division, Doug Bellomo Memorandum).
Washington, DC: October 17, 2007, 9 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.nfdaflood.com/PDFs/Revised%20PM%2038_10.2007.pdf](http://www.nfdaflood.com/PDFs/Revised PM 38_10.2007.pdf)

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief
and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended, and Related Authorities* (FEMA
592). Washington, DC: FEMA, June 2007, 125 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/stafford_act.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Sea, Lake, Overland, Surge from
Hurricanes (SLOSH Model)*. Wash. DC: 27Nov2007. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/nhp/slosh_link.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Significant Flood Events1978 -
November 30, 2007*. Wash, DC: FEMA, 4Jan08 mod.
<http://www.fema.gov/business/nfip/statistics/sign1000.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA)*.
Wash., DC: FEMA, 20Apr07 mod.
At:<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/sfha.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency Standard Flood Insurance Policy
Forms. Washington, DC: FEMA, May 30, 2006 mod. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/business/nfip/sfip.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *State and Local Guide (SLG) 101):
Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning*. Washington DC:
FEMA, September 1996, 279 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/slg101.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Statement for the Record, Glenn M.
Cannon, Assistant Administrator, Disaster Operations Directorate,
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Department of Homeland Security,
Statement for the Record" (*Hearing*: *"Not A Matter of 'If', But of
'When': The Status of U.S. Response Following an RDD Attack"*).
Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, United States Senate Committee on
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Subcommittee on Oversight of
Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of
Columbia and the Subcommittee on State, Local, and Private Sector
Preparedness and Integration, November 15, 2007." Washington, DC: FEMA,
15Nov07, 16 pp. At:
<http://hsgac.senate.gov/index.cfm?Fuseaction=Hearings.Detail&HearingID=507>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Statement for the Record R. David
Paulison (Before the House Homeland Security Committee, Subcommittee on
Emergency Communications, Preparedness, and Response & Subcommittee on
Management, Investigations, and Oversight." *Hearing on Reforming FEMA:
Are We Making Progress?*). Washington DC: FEMA, 28Feb07, 10 pp. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/paulison/testimony/02-28-07_testimony.pdf>

FEMA. "Statement of Dennis Schrader, Deputy Administrator, National
Preparedness Directorate, Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S.
Department of Homeland Security, Before House Committee on Homeland
Security, Subcommittee on Emergency Communication, Preparedness, and
Response." Washington, DC: House Hearing on *Practicing Like We Play:
Examining Homeland Security* Exercises, October 3, 2007, 8 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20071003131848-98809.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency "Statement for the Record, Glenn M.
Cannon, Assistant Administrator, Disaster Operations Directorate,
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Department of Homeland Security,
Before Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs,
Subcommittee on State, Local, and Private Sector Preparedness and
Integration." Washington, DC: Senate Hearing on *The New Madrid Seismic
Zone: Whose Fault Is It Anyway?*, December 4, 2007. At:
<http://hsgac.senate.gov/_files/CannonStatement0.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Strategic Plan* (Catastrophe
Readiness Initiative). Washington, DC: FEMA, October 10, 2007 Draft, 19
pages.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Strategic Plan, FY 1998 - FY 2002:
Partnership For A Safer Future*. Washington, DC: FEMA, June 14, 1997, 38
pages.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Technical Assistance: Preparedness
& Program Management: Technical Assistance Catalog*. Washington, DC:
FEMA, National Preparedness Directorate, Capabilities Division,
Technical Assistance Division, 62 pages, no date. Accessed at:
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/NPD_Technical_Assistance_Catalog.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Testimony of Craig Conklin, Chief,
Nuclear and Chemical Hazards Branch, FEMA, Before the House Armed
Services Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and
Capabilities*. Washington, DC: FEMA, April 1, 2004. At:
<http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/congress/2004_h/04-04-01conklin.htm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *The Disaster Dictionary -- Common
Terms and Definitions Used in Disaster Operations* (9071.1-JA Job Aid).
Wash., DC: FEMA, May, 2001.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *The Emergency Program Manager*.
Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA, Emergency Management Institute, Independent Study
Course IS-1, Sep.1993.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *The National Flood Insurance
Program*. Wash., DC: FEMA, 29Nov2007 Update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/index.shtm>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *The Planning Process: The
Foundation of Disaster Resistance*. Washington, DC: FEMA, September 14,
2006, 3 pages. Accessed at:
[www.fema.gov/library/file?type=publishedFile&file=364ch4.pdf&fileid=db247810-46ef-11db-a421-000bdba87d5b](http://www.fema.gov/library/file?type=publishedFile&file=364ch4.pdf&fileid=db247810-46ef-11db-a421-000bdba87d5b)

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *The Political and Policy Basis of
Emergency Management.* Written by Richard Sylves for the Higher
Education Project. Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute, FEMA,
1998.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *The Professional in Emergency
Management* (Independent Study IS-513). Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA, EMI,
March, 1999.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *The Social Dimensions of
Disaster.* Written by Thomas Drabek for the Higher Education Project.
Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA, EMI. 1997.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. \"\`TOPOFF 2' - Week-Long National
Combating Terrorism Exercise Begins May 12, 2003." Washington, DC: FEMA
Press Release, May 5, 2003. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=2806>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Typed Resource Definitions, Health
and Medical Resources* (FEMA 508-5). Washington, DC: FEMA, May 2005.
Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/txt/emergency/nims/508_5_health_medical_resources.txt>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Typed Resource Definitions:
Incident Management Resources* (FEMA 508-2). Washington, DC: FEMA, July
2005, 35 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/incident_mgmt.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Understanding Your Risks:
Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses (State and Local Mitigation
Planning How-To Guide* (FEMA 386-2). Washington, DC: FEMA, August 2001.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Urban Search-and-Rescue (US&R)*.
Washington, DC: FEMA Website, February 28, 2007 update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/emergency/usr/>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Urban Search and Rescue Response
System* *Field Operations Guide*. Washington, DC: FEMA, 1993.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Urban Search and Rescue Response
System* *Field Operations Guide.* Washington, DC: FEMA, September 2003,
122 pages. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/usr/usr_fog_sept_25_2003_color_final.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *US&R Incident Support Team
Training* (Instructor Guide Module 1). Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency
Management Institute, FEMA, 21 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/usr/mod1_u1.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Vertical Datum: New Mapping
Studies Convert to Updated Vertical Datum*. Washington, DC: FEMA, July
2007, 3 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.nfdaflood.com/PDFs/Vertical_Datum07-07.pdf>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Vision for New FEMA: The Nation's
Preeminent Emergency Management Agency*. Washington, DC: FEMA, December
12, 2006, 32 pages. Accessed at:
[[http://online.fema.net/documents/FEMA%20Vision%20Doc%2012-12-06.doc]{.underline}](http://online.fema.net/documents/FEMA Vision Doc 12-12-06.doc)

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Weapons of Mass
Destruction---Nuclear Scenario* Instructor Guide. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA,
Emergency Management Institute. 1998.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. *Welcome to the National
Integration Center (NIC) Incident Management Systems Division.*
Washington, DC: FEMA, September 11, 2007 update. At:
<http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/index.shtm>

Federal Register, Vol. 71, No. 4, January 3, 2006). *Protective Action
Guides for Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear
Device (IND) Incidents; Notice* (Department of Homeland Security,
Preparedness Directorate). pp. 173-196.

Financial Services Roundtable. *The Financial Services Roundtable Blue
Ribbon Commission on Mega-Catastrophes: A Call to Action*. Washington,
DC: Financial Services Roundtable, May 2007, 94 pages. At:
<http://www.fsround.org/media/pdfs/FINALmegacat4.pdf>

Financial Services Sector Coordinating Council for Critical
Infrastructure Protection and Homeland Security (FSSCC). About FSSCC,
Accessed 17Jan2008 at: <https://www.fsscc.org/>

Firescope California. *Fire Service Field Operations Guide* (ICS 420-1).
1994.

Florida Office of Agricultural Emergency Preparedness. *About Us*.
Tallahassee FL: OAEP, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer
Services, no date. Accessed October 23, 2007 at:
<http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/aep/>

Food and Drug Administration. *Strategic Partnership Program
Agroterrorism (SPPA) Initiative: A Joint Effort of the FBI, DHS, USDA,
and FDA to Help Secure the Nation\'s Food Supply, Executive Summary*.
Washington, DC: FDA, Department of Health and Human Services, August
2005. Accessed at: <http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/agroterr.html>

Fritz, Charles E. 1961. "Disasters." In R. Merton and R. Nisbet (eds.),
*Contemporary Social*

*Problems*. NY: Harcourt, Brace and World.

Funk & Wagnall. *Standard College Dictionary (Text Edition)* New York:
Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1966.

Galloway, Gerald E., Jr. Chair, Independent Review Panel. *A California
Challenge -- Flooding in the Central Valley: A Report from an
Independent Review Panel to the Department of Water Resources, State of
California.* October 15, 2007, 65 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.eng.umd.edu/media/pressreleases/images/101507challenge.pdf>
\-- or

<http://www.newsdesk.umd.edu/scitech/release.cfm?ArticleID=1582>

GAO (General Accounting Office). *Disaster Assistance:* *Federal Aid to
the New York City Area Following the Attacks of September 11^th^ and
Challenges Confronting FEMA* (Statement of Jay Etta Z. Hecker, Director
Physical Infrastructure Issues, Before the Senate Committee on
Environment and Public Works, Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate Change,
and Nuclear Safety). Washington, DC: GAO (GAO-03-1174T), September 24,
2003, 30 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.gao.gov/**new**.items/d031174t.pdf](http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d031174t.pdf)

GAO (General Accounting Office). *Disaster Management: Recent Disasters
Demonstrate the Need to Improve the Nation's Response Strategy*
(Testimony Before the Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on
Nuclear Deterrence, Arms Control and Defense Intelligence, U.S. Senate.
GAO/T-RDED-93-46). Washington, DC: GAO, May 25, 1993. Accessed at:
<http://archive.gao.gov/d43t14/149256.pdf>)

GAO (Government Accountability Office). *Emergency Preparedness and
Response -- Some Issues and Challenges Associated with Major Emergency
Incidents: Statement of William O. Jenkins, Jr., Director Homeland
Security and Justice Issues; Testimony before the Little Hoover
Commission, State of California.* Washington, DC: GAO (GAO-06-467T), 22
pages, February 23, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06467t.pdf>

GAO (Government Accountability Office). *Homeland Security: Federal
Leadership Needed to Facilitate Interoperable Communications Between
First Responders* (Testimony of William O. Jenkins, Jr., Director,
Homeland Security and Justice Issues, GAO, Before the Subcommittee on
Technology, Information Policy, Intergovernmental Relations and the
Census, House of Representatives). Washington, DC: GAO-04-1057T,
September 8, 2004, 24 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.mipt.org/pdf/gao041057t.pdf>

GAO (Government Accountability Office). *Maritime Security: Federal
Efforts Needed to Address Challenges in Preventing and Responding to
Terrorist Attacks on Energy Commodity Tankers* (GAO Report to
Congressional Requesters). Washington, DC: GAO (GAO-08-141), 112 pages,
December 2007. Accessed at: <http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08141.pdf>

GAO (Government Accountability Office). *Natural Disasters: Public
Policy Options for Changing the Federal Role in Natural Catastrophe
Insurance* (Report to the Ranking Member, Committee on Financial
Services, House of Representatives). Washington, DC: GAO (GAO-08-7), 90
pages, November 2007. Accessed at:
[[http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-08-7]{.underline}](http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-08-7)

GAO (Government Accountability Office). *Protection of Chemical and
Water Infrastructure: Federal Requirements, Actions of Selected
Facilities, and Remaining Challenges* (Report to the Honorable Robert C.
Byrd, Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Homeland Security, Committee on
Appropriations, U.S. Senate). Washington, DC: GAO (GAO-05-327), March
2005, 55 pages. Accessed at: <http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05327.pdf>

GAO (Government Accountability Office). *Toxic Chemical Releases: EPA
Actions Could Reduce Environmental information Available to Many
Communities* (Report to Congressional Requesters). Washington, DC: GAO
(GAO-08-128), November 2007, 90 pages. Accessed at:
[[http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-08-128]{.underline}](http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-08-128)

Gessert, Robert A., Nehemiah Jordan, and John E. Tashjean. *Federal
Civil Defense Organization: The Rationale of Its Development*. Institute
for Defense Analyses (IDA/HQ 65-3480), January 1965, for the Office of
Civil Defense, U.S. Department of Defense.

Gilbert, C. 1995. "Studying Disaster: A Review of the Main Conceptual
Tools."

*International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters* (November).
Vol. 13, No.3, 231-240.

Glasstone, Samuel, and Philip J. Dolan (eds.). *The Effects of Nuclear
Weapons* (3^rd^ Edition). Washington, DC: United States Department of
Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration, 1977.
Accessed at:
<http://www.princeton.edu/~globsec/publications/effects/effects.shtml>

Glenn, John. "What Is Business Continuity Planning?" *State of Oregon
Business Continuity Training Academy Desk Reference, Workshop #1*,
DigitalCare, Inc., 2006, pp. 15-19. Accessed at:
<http://www.oregon.gov/DAS/EISPD/BCP/docs/academy/workshop1_desk_ref.doc>

Glenn, John. "What Is Business Continuity Planning? How Does It Differ
From Disaster Recovery Planning?" *Disaster Recovery Journal*, Vol. 15,
Issue 1, Winter 2002. Accessed at:
<http://www.drj.com/articles/win02/1501-14.html>

Global Risk Identification Programme (GRIP). *About GRIP*. Accessed
January 11, 2008 at: <http://www.gri-p.net/grip.php?ido=1&lang=eng>

Global Security.org. "TOPOFF 1." August 4, 2006 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/ops/index_topoff1.htm>

Global Security.org. *Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams*.
July, 13, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/wmd-cst.htm>

Godschalk, David R. 1991. "Disaster Mitigation and Hazard Management."
Pp. 131-160

in *Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government*,
Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer (eds.), Washington, DC:
International City Management Association.

Godschalk, David R., Edward Kaiser, and Philip Berke. 1998. Integrating
Hazard

Mitigation and Local Land Use Planning. Chapter four in *Cooperating
with Nature*, edited by Raymond Burby. Washington, DC: National Academy
Press, Joseph Henry Press.

# Government of Canada. *Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the Government of United States of America on Cooperation in Comprehensive Civil Emergency Planning and Management*. Ottawa, Canada, April 28, 1986. Accessed at: [**http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/ca_us/en/cts.1986.36.en.html**](http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/ca_us/en/cts.1986.36.en.html) and 

# [**http://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/ViewTreaty.asp?Treaty_ID=103615**](http://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/ViewTreaty.asp?Treaty_ID=103615)

Gratt, Lawrence B. 1987. Risk Analysis or Risk Assessment; A Proposal
for Consistent

Definitions. In *Uncertainty in Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and
Decision Making,* by V.T. Covello, L.B. Lave, A. Meghissi, and V.R.R.
Uppuluri. New York: Plenum Press.

Great Britain, Cabinet Office Civil Contingencies Secretariat. 2004.
*Dealing With Disasters* (3^rd^ revised edition). London, UK: The
Stationery Office.

Gunn, S.W.A. 1990. "The Language of Disasters." *Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine*, Vol. 5, No. 4, October-December, pp. 373-376.

Haddow, George D. and Jane A. Bullock. *Introduction to Emergency
Management*. Amsterdam, Boston, New York: Butterworth Heinemann, 2003.

Hammer, W. 1972. *Handbook of System and Product Safety*. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ:

Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Harrald, John R. "Needed: A Resilient System for Disasters and
Catastrophes." *By George! GW's Faculty, Staff, and Community
Newspaper*. October 19, 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.gwu.edu/~bygeorge/oct1905/needed.html>

Harriss, Robert, Christoph Hohenemser, and Robert Kates. 1978. "Our
Hazardous

Environment." *Environment*, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 6-15 and 38-41.

Hassol A, Gaumer G, Turel A, Thomas C. *Emergency Preparedness Resource
Inventory (EPRI): A Tool for Local, Regional, and State Planners.
Part 1. Implementation Report*. AHRQ Publication No. 05-0077-1, April
2005. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.
<http://www.ahrq.gov/research/epri/report/>

Hays, Walter, and Harvey Ryland. "Public Private Partnership 2000 (PPP
2000)." Paper presented at Global Alliance International Workshop on
Disaster Reduction, August 19-22, 2001, Reston, VA.

Health Physics Society. *Background Information on "Guidance for
Protective Actions Following a Radiological Terrorist Event" Position
Statement of the Health Physics Society*. McLean, VA: HPS, 2004, 12
pages. Accessed at:
<http://hps.org/documents/rddpags_background_bi019-0.pdf>

Health Physics Society. *Guidance for Protective Actions Following a
Radiological Terrorist Event: Position Statement of the Health Physics
Society*. McLean, VA: HPS, January 2004, 4 pages. Accessed at:
<http://hps.org/documents/RDDPAGs.pdf>

Health Resources and Services Administration (Department of HHS). *About
HRSA*. Accessed November 1, 2007 at:
<http://www.hrsa.gov/about/default.htm>

Heritage Preservation. *About the Task Force*. Washington, DC: Heritage
Emergency National Task Force, August 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.heritagepreservation.org/programs/tfhist.htm>

Hill, Arleen A., and Susan L. Cutter. 2001. "Methods for Determining
Disaster Proneness." Chapter 2, in *American Hazardscapes: The
Regionalization of Hazards and Disasters*, Susan L. Cutter (ed.).
Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.

Hoffman, Bruce. 1998. *Inside Terrorism*. New York: Columbia University
Press.

*Homeland Defense Journal*, Vol. 2, Issue 6, July 2004.

*Homeland Security Act of 2002* (Public Law No. 107-296). 2002, 35
pages. Accessed at: <http://www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland/bill/> and
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland/bill/hsl-bill.pdf>

Homeland Security Advisory Council. *Weapons of Mass Effect Task Force*
*on Preventing the Entry of Weapons of Mass Effect Into the United
States.* Washington, DC: HSAC, WME Task Force, January 10, 2006, 39
pages. Accessed at:

<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/hsac_wme-report_20060110.pdf>

Homeland Security and Defense Education Consortium and Texas A&M
University. *After Action Report, Workshop on National Needs: What
Employers Want from Graduate Education in Homeland Security*. College
Station, TX: HSDEC & TAMU, May 17-18, 2007, 11 pages. Accessed at:
[http://homelandsecurity.tamu.edu/won2-1/won2-reports/WON2%20Final%20After%20Action%20Report%2003.pdf](http://homelandsecurity.tamu.edu/won2-1/won2-reports/WON2 Final After Action Report 03.pdf)

Homeland Security Council. *National Continuity Policy Implementation
Plan* \[NCPIP\]. Washington, DC: August, 2007, 97 pages.

Homeland Security Council. *National Planning Scenarios -- Created for
Use in National, Federal, State, and Local Homeland Security
Preparedness Activities* (Version 21.3 Final Draft)*.* Washington, DC:
The White House, Homeland Security Council (in partnership with the
DHS), March 2006, 161 pages (For Official Use Only). Accessed at:
<https://www.llis.dhs.gov/member/search.do>

Homeland Security Institute. *Welcome to the homeland Security
Institute*. 2007. Accessed at: <http://www.homelandsecurity.org/>

HSPD-8 (Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8). *National
Preparedness*. Washington, DC: The White House, December 17, 2003.

Horlick-Jones, Tom, and D.K.C. Jones. 1993. "Communicating Risk to
Reduce Vulnerability." *Natural Disasters: Protecting Vulnerable
Communities*, P.A. Merriman (ed.) (London: Telford), pp. 25-37.

Horlick-Jones, Tom, and Geoff Peters. 1991a. "Measuring Disaster Trends
Part One: Some Observations on the Bradford Scale." *Disaster
Management*, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 144-148.

Horlick-Jones, Tom, and Geoff Peters. 1991b. "Measuring Disaster Trends
Part Two: Statistics and Underlying Processes." *Disaster Management*,
Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 41-44.

Horlick --Jones, Tom. 1995. "Modern Disasters as Outrage and Betrayal."
*International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters* (November).
Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 305-316.

HSPD 7 (Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7). White House,
December 17, 2005

Hupert N, Cuomo J, Callahan MA, Mushlin AI, Morse SS. *Community-Based
Mass Prophylaxis: A Planning Guide for Public Health Preparedness*. AHRQ
Publication No. 04-0044, August 2004. Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality, Rockville, MD. <http://www.ahrq.gov/research/cbmprophyl/>

ICF International. "Continuity Planning Emphasizes Comprehensive,
All-Hazards Approach." *Perspectives 2005*, Winter 2005, 2 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.icfi.com/Publications/Perspectives-2005/continuity-planning.asp>

Idaho Bureau of Disaster Services. *Local Capability Assessment for
Readiness (CAR) Version 2*. January 2000. 31 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.bhs.idaho.gov/bhslibrary/lcar.pdf>

Ignatowski, A.J. and I. Rosenthal. 2001. "The Chemical Accident Risk
Assessment Thesaurus: A Tool for Analyzing and Comparing Diverse Risk
Assessment processes and Definitions." *Risk Analysis*, Vol. 21, No. 3,
June, pp. 513-532.

Illinois Department of Homeland Security. "Revised Illinois Homeland
Security Strategy." IL, DHS, Illinois Terrorism Task Force, September
30, 2005, pp. 59-65. Accessed at:
<http://www.ready.illinois.gov/ittf/Publications/2006ITTFAnnualReport_StargegicPlan.pdf>

*Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007*.
Washington, DC: U.S. Congress. Signed into law by President George Bush,
August 7, 2007, 278 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.speaker.gov/pdf/HR1.pdf> and
<http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ053.110.pdf>

Indiana Code 10-14-3-2, 2005 (Cited in Nicholson, William. "Emergency
Management Law," in *Disciplines, Disasters, and Emergency Management*,
David McEntire (ed.), FEMA Emergency Management Higher Education Project
Textbook, 2005).

Information Sharing Environment. *National Strategy for Information
Sharing Released*. Washington, DC: Program Manager, ISE, Office of the
Director of National Intelligence, October 31, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.ise.gov/>

Institute for Business & Home Safety. *About the Institute for Business
& Home Safety*. Tampa, FL. Accessed January 21, 2008 at:
<http://www.disastersafety.org/text.asp?id=about_ibhs>

Institute of Risk Management. *A Risk Management Standard*. United
Kingdom: IRM, Association of Insurance and Risk Managers, and ALARM (The
National Forum for Risk Management in the Public Sector), 2002, 17
pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.theirm.org/publications/documents/Risk_Management_Standard_030820.pdf>

Insurance Information Institute. *Catastrophes: Insurance Issues*
(Update). NYNY: III, January 2008. Accessed at:
<http://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/catastrophes/>

Insurance Services Office, Inc., Property Claim Services Unit. 2000.
"Insurers Pay \$8.2 Billion in 1999 Catastrophe Claims, Making Last Year
the Fifth Worst in Half a Century." Downloaded from
<http://www.iso.com/docs/pres151.htm>, February 15, 2000.

Insurance Services Office (ISO). *ISO's Building Code Effectiveness
Grading Schedule (BCEGS)*. Accessed 18Jan2008 at:
<http://www.isomitigation.com/bcegs/0000/bcegs0001.html>

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). *Climate Change 2001:
Synthesis Report*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001
(Robert T. Watson, (Ed.). Accessed at:
<http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/vol4/english/index.htm>

International Code Council. *About ICC: Introduction to the ICC*.
Accessed 18Jan2008 at: <http://www.iccsafe.org/news/about/>

International Standards Organization. *About ISO*. Geneva, Switzerland:
2007. Accessed at: <http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm>

International Standards Organization. *Guidelines for the Inclusion of
Safety Aspects in Standards* (ISO Guide 51). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO,
1990.

International Standards Organization. *Societal Security: Guideline for
Incident Preparedness and Operational Continuity Management*. Geneva
Switzerland: ISO, October 31, 2007 Draft, 31 pages. At:
<http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50295>

Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management Division. "Civil Air
Patrol Assists During Emergencies," *Secure & Prepared*, Vol. 3, Issue
21, December 4, 2007, p. 3. Accessed at:
<http://www.iowahomelandsecurity.org/asp/news_room/newsletters.asp>

ISSA (Information Systems Security Association). *Certifications*. ISSA,
2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.issa.org/Resources/Industry-Certifications.html#MBCP>

Jaffe, Martin, JoAnn Butler, and Charles Thurow. 1981. *Reducing
Earthquake Risks: A Planner's Guide.* PAS Report 364. Chicago: American
Planning Association.

Japan National Committee for IDNDR, *Multi-language Glossary on Natural
Disasters,* March 1993. Accessed at:
<http://image.adrc.or.jp/dbs/trans2.asp?lang=en>

Jegillos, Sanny. 1999. "Fundamentals of Disaster Risk Management: How
Are Southeast Asian Countries Addressing These?" Pp. 7-16 in *Risk,
Sustainable Development and Disasters: Southern Perspectives*, Ailsa
Holloway (ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Periperi Publications.

Johnson, David E. A. "A Call for Dynamic Hazard Assessment."
*International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters*, Vol. 22, No.
3, November 2004, pp. 9-22.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).
*Health Care at the Crossroads: Strategies for Creating and Sustaining
Community-wide Emergency Preparedness Systems.* Oakbrook Terrace, IL:
JCAHO, 2003. At:
<http://www.jcaho.org/news+room/news+release+archives/emergency+prepdrness.pdf>

Joint Chiefs of Staff, DoD. *Chemical, Biological, Radiological,
Nuclear, and High-Yield Explosives Consequence Management.* Washington
DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Publication
3-41. October 2, 2006, 161 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_41.pdf>

Joint Chiefs of Staff (DoD). *Civil Support* Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Defense, JCS, (JCS Joint Publication 3-28). September 14,
2007, 153 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_28.pdf>

Joint Chiefs of Staff (DoD). *Homeland Defense*. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Defense, JCS (JCS Joint Publication 3-27), July 12, 2007,
181 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_27.pdf>

Joint Chiefs of Staff, DoD. *Homeland Security*. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff (Joint Publication 3-26),
August 2, 2005, 117 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp3_26.pdf>

Joint Chiefs of Staff (DoD). *User's Guide for JOPES (Joint Operation
Planning and Execution System*. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Defense, JCS, May 1, 1995, 36 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/other_pubs/jopes.pdf>

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. *Surge
Hospitals: Providing Safe Care in Emergencies.* Tennessee: The Joint
Commission, 2006.

Joint Forces Staff College. *Joint Transition Course: Planning Primer*.
JFSC, June 2005, 97 pages. Accessed at:
[www.jfsc.ndu.edu/SCHOOLS_PROGRAMS/jtc/JTC_Planning_Primer.pdf](http://www.jfsc.ndu.edu/SCHOOLS_PROGRAMS/jtc/JTC_Planning_Primer.pdf)

Jones, D.A. (ed.). 1992. *Nomenclature For Hazard and Risk Assessment in
the Process Industries* (2^nd^ ed.). Rugby, UK: The Institution of
Chemical Engineers.

Jones, James W. *ASME Critical Assets Protection Initiative: ASME Risk
Analysis and Management for Critical Assets Protection (RAMCAP)
Methodology Document*. September 17, 2004, 21 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/PSSIWG/presentations/NSTCPresentation_0917041.pdf>

Kamatchus, Ted. G. "Statement of Ted. G. Kamatchus, Sheriff, Marshall
County, Iowa, President, National Sheriffs' Association, Before Senate
Committee on the Judiciary, Hearing on "\`The Insurrection Act Rider'
and State Control of the National Guard"." Washington, DC: U.S. Senate,
April 24, 2007, 4 pages. Accessed at:
[http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200704/Kamatchus%20Insurrection%20Act%20Written%20Testimony.pdf](http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200704/Kamatchus Insurrection Act Written Testimony.pdf)

Kastrioti, Chrysi. "USA: Katrina - Managing a Catastrophe." *Relief
Web*, November 10, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/EGUA-6VEPYT?OpenDocument>

Kates, R.W. 1978. *Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazard*. SCOPE
Report 8. NY: J. Wiley.

Kates, R.W., and J.X. Kasperson. 1983. Comparative Risk Analysis of
Technological Hazards (A Review). *Proceedings of National Academy of
Science USA* 80: 7027-7038.

Keating, Commander Timothy J. (Admiral USN). *CDRNORAD-CDRUSNORTHCOM
Strategic Guidance*. NORAD/NORTHCOM Command, November 1, 2006, 9 pages.
Accessed at:
[http://hsdec.org/downloads/N-NC%20-%20Strategic%20Guidance%20061101.pdf](http://hsdec.org/downloads/N-NC - Strategic Guidance 061101.pdf)

Kiell, Jonathan. *Continuity of Operations* (Slide Presentation by
National Nuclear Security Administration Continuity Programs Manager).
May 3, 2005, 40 slides. Accessed at:
<http://orise.orau.gov/emi/events/recent/2005/files/Session3A-Kiell.ppt>

Kim, Pan Suk, and Jae Eun Lee. 2001. "Emergency Management in Korea:
Mourning over Tragic Deaths." Chapter 31 in Farazmand, op cit.

Klein, Robert M. "Adaptive Planning: Not Your Great Grandfather's
Schlieffen Plan." *JFQ*, Issue 45, 2d Quarter, 2007. National Defense
University Press, 5 pages. Accessed at:
[www.ndu.edu/inss/Press/jfq_pages/editions/i45/20.pdf](http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Press/jfq_pages/editions/i45/20.pdf)

Kloman, H. Felix. "Four Cubed." *Risk Management*, Vol. 48, No. 9, Sep.,
pp. 23-24, 26, 28 & 30.

Knowledge Wharton. Using Scenario Planning as a Weapon Against
Uncertainty, 5Dec2001. Accessed at:
<http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=470>

Kotze, Astrid von. 1999. "A New Concept of Risk?" Pp. 33-40 in *Risk,
Sustainable Development and Disasters: Southern Perspectives*, Ailsa
Holloway (ed.). Cape Town, SA Periperi Pubs.

Kreps, G. 1995. Disasters as Systemic Event and Social Catalyst: A
Clarification of the Subject Matter. *International Journal of Mass
Emergencies and Disasters* 13, no. 3: 255--284.

Kreps, Gary. 1998. "Disaster As Systemic Event and Social Catalyst."
Chapter 4 in *What Is A Disaster?"* E.L. Quarantelli (ed.). London and
NY: Routledge.

Krimm, Richard W. 1998. Making Mitigation a Reality. *The Australian
Journal of Emergency Management* 13, no. 1 (Autumn).

Kroll-Smith, J. Stephen, and Stephen R. Couch. 1991. "What Is A
Disaster? An Ecological-Symbolic Approach to Resolving the Definitional
Debate." *International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters*
(November), Vol. 9, N0. 3, 355-366.

Lagadec, P. *Major Technical Risk: An Assessment of Industrial
Disasters*. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982.

Lam, C. et al. "The Prospect of Using Alternative Medical Care
Facilities in an Influenza Pandemic." *Biosecurity and Bioterrorism*,
Vol. 4, No. 4, 2006, pp. 385-392.

Largoza, Major Nacian A. "Joint Medical Evacuation," *Army Logistician*,
Jan/Feb 2000. Accessed at:
<http://www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/JanFeb00/MS477.htm>

Larson, Dean. "Program Management." Chapter 2 in *Implementing NFPA 1600
National Preparedness Standard*, Donald L. Schmidt (Ed.). Quincy, MA:
National Fire Protection Association, 2007.

Larson, Eric. V. and John E. Peters. *Preparing for US Army Homeland
Security: Concepts, Issues and Options.* Rand Corp., 2000.

Larson, Larry A., and Rod E. Emmer. Session 16, "What is a Risk?," in
*An Introduction to Floodplain Management* (draft graduate-level college
course developed for the FEMA Emergency Management Higher Education
Project). Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute, FEMA/DHS,
2004. Downloadable from:
<http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/edu/collegecrsbooks.asp>

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. *Global Threats and Security*
(from 2006 Annual Report). Livermore, CA: LLNL, June 2006, 8 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.llnl.gov/annual06/pdfs/threat.pdf>

Leahy, Patrick. "Insurrection Act." *Major Issues*, United States
Senator Patrick Leahy Website, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://leahy.senate.gov/issues/InsurrectionAct/index.html>

Lerbinger, Otto. 1997. *The Crisis Manager---Facing Risk and
Responsibility*. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Lewis, Ted G. and Rudy Darken. "Potholes and Detours in the Road to
Critical Infrastructure Protection Policy." *Homeland Security Affairs*,
Vol. I, Issue 2, Article 1, 2005.

Libby, Major General John W. *Statement by Major General John, W. Libby,
The Adjutant General-Maine National Guard, and Commissioner, Maine
Department of Defense, Veterans and Emergency Management, Before the
Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs on "The
Military's Role in Disaster Response: Progress Since Hurricane Katrina,"
July 19, 2007*. Washington, DC: July 19, 2007, 6 pages. Accessed at:
<http://hsgac.senate.gov/_files/071907Libby.pdf>

Library of Congress (Rex A. Hudson). "The Sociology and Psychology of
Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?" Washington, DC:
Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, September 1999, p.
12).

Lieberman, Senator Joseph I, Susan M. Collins, and Mary L. Landrieu.
"Letter to Michael Chertoff, Secretary of the Department of Homeland
Security (Comments to the Docket on the New National Response
Framework)." Washington, DC: Office of Senator Joseph I. Lieberman,
Chairman, Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, October
22, 2007, 7 pages. Accessed at:
<http://lieberman.senate.gov/newsroom/release.cfm?id=285822&&>

Lindsay, John Roderick. 1993. *Exploring the Interface of Urban Planning
and Disaster Management*. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.

Lipowicz, Alice. "Fine Tuning Needed: Complexity, Lack of Standards
Stymie Common Operating Picture Efforts." *Washington Technology*, Vol.
21, No. 20, October 16, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.washingtontechnology.com/print/21_20/29514-1.html>

Little Hoover Commission. *Safeguarding the Golden State: Preparing for
Catastrophic Events* (Report #184). Sacramento, CA: Little Hoover
Commission, April 27, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.lhc.ca.gov/lhcdir/report184.html>

Lowenberg, Timothy J. "Statement by Major General Timothy Lowenberg,
Adjutant General, Washington National Guard, and Director, Washington
Military Department, Before Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on 'The
Insurrection Act Rider' and State Control of the National Guard."
Washington, DC: U.S. Senate, April 24, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://leahy.senate.gov/issues/InsurrectionAct/LowenbergTestimony.doc>

MacCrimmon, Kenneth R., and Donald Wehrung. *Taking Risks: The
Management of Uncertainty*. New York: The Free Press, 1986.

Maine Emergency Management Agency. *International Emergency Management
Assistance Compact.* Government of Maine, December 7, 2007 Update.
Accessed at:
<http://www.maine.gov/mema/response/mema_response_iemac.shtml>

Manitoba Emergency Measures Organization. *Business Resumption Planning:
A Development Guide*, 2^nd^ Ed. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, April 1996,
67 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.gov.mb.ca/emo/pubinfo/business-resumption-planning.pdf>

March, James G. and Herbert A Simon. 1993. *Organizations* (2^nd^ ed.).
Cambridge: Blackwell.

Marsh, General Robert T. *Critical Foundations: Protection America's
Infrastructures*. Washington, DC: Edited remarks, Washington Roundtable
on Science and Public Policy, November 12, 1997, 16 pages. Accessed at:

<http://cipp.gmu.edu/clib/43_TheMarshallInstitute-CriticalFoundationsProtecting.htm>

Maskrey, Andrew. 1989. *Disaster Mitigation: A Community Based
Approach.* Development Guidelines, No. 3. Oxfam: Oxford England.

Maxwell, David. "Report to NEMA on Disaster Operations Catastrophic
Disaster Planning." NEMA, NEMA 2007 Annual Conference, Sep28- 2Oct2007,
Oklahoma City, OK**,** 10 pages. At:
[http://www.nemaweb.org/docs/Report%20to%20NEMA%20on%20Catastrophic%20Disaster%20Planning%20MSP%20for%20Dave%20Maxwell.doc?CFID=238289&CFTOKEN=14504760](http://www.nemaweb.org/docs/Report to NEMA on Catastrophic Disaster Planning MSP for Dave Maxwell.doc?CFID=238289&CFTOKEN=14504760)

May, Fred. 2000. *Concepts and Terminology: Developing Local Hazard and
Risk Analyses.* Downloaded from
http://www.hazmit.net.SHMO101/HazTerms.htm

Mayer, Matt A. and James Jay Carafano. "National Disaster Planning
Slowed by Inadequate Interagency Process." Washington, DC: The Heritage
Foundation, Backgrounder #2079, October 24, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/bg2079.cfm>

Mayer, Matt A. "Statement of Matt A. Mayer, Acting Executive Director,
Office of State and Local Government Coordination and Preparedness,
Before the Committee on Homeland Security, United States House of
Representatives." Washington, DC: February 10, 2005.

McEntire, David. 1999. *Sustainability or Invulnerable Development:
Justifications for a New Disaster Policy and Paradigm* (Doctoral
Dissertation). Denver: University of Denver.

McIntyre, David. "Definition of Homeland Security." Power Point slide in
personal communication of October 1, 2007.

McLaughlin, Susan B. *Hazard Vulnerability Analysis*. American Society
for Healthcare

Engineering, February 2001, 13 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.gnyha.org/23/File.aspx>

McLoughlin, David. "A Framework for Integrated Emergency Management."
*Public Administration Review*, Volume 45 Special Issue, 1985, pp.
165-172.

MedicineNet.com. *Definition of Epidemic*. May 8, 2003. Accessed October
23, 2007 at:
<http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3273>

MedicineNet.com. *Definition of Pandemic*. March 26, 1998. Accessed
October 24, 2007 at:
<http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4751>

Memorandum of Agreement Among the Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric
Assessment Center of the Department of Homeland Security and the
Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Environmental Protection
Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Nuclear
Regulatory Commission, Department of Interior, US Forestry Service.
September 23, 2004, 8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/2004/secy2004-0221/attachment.pdf>

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. *National Capital Region
Homeland Security Strategic Plan 2007-2009*, August 2006. Accessed at:

<http://www.mwcog.org/uploads/pub-documents/zFlbVg20060918104157.pdf>

Michigan Emergency Management Division, Department of State Police.
1998. *Local Emergency Management Standards* (EMD Pub 206). Michigan
EMD, November.

Mid-America Earthquake Center. *About the Center.* Urbana, IL: MAE
Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.

Mid-America Earthquake Center. *MAEviz Software.* Urbana, IL: MAE
Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://mae.ce.uiuc.edu/software_and_tools/maeviz.html>

Mid-America Regional Council. *Emergency Services & Homeland Security*,
2007. Accessed at: <http://www.marc.org/emergency/webeoc.htm>

Missouri State Office of Emergency Management. *Missouri Hazard
Analysis, Annex Q: Special Events Considerations.* MO SEMA, Department
of Public Security, October 2006, 7 pages. Accessed at:
<http://sema.dps.mo.gov/HazardAnalysis/AnnexQ.pdf>

Mileti, Dennis S. *Disasters By Design: A Reassessment of Natural
Hazards in the United States*. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1999.

Mitchell, Jerry T. and Susan L. Cutter. 1997. *Global Change and
Environmental Hazards: Is the World Becoming More Disastrous?*
Washington, DC: Association of American Geographers.

Moss, Mitchell L., Charles Shalhamer. *The Stafford Act: Priorities for
Reform -- Cities, Communications and Catastrophe: Improving Robustness
and Resiliency*. New York, NY: New York University, Center for
Catastrophe Preparedness and Response, 6 Sep 2007, 29 pages. At:
<http://www.nyu.edu/ccpr/pubs/Report_StaffordActReform_MitchellMoss_10.03.07.pdf>

Mount, Steve. \"Constitutional Topic: Martial Law.\"
*USConstitution.net.* 30 Nov 2001. March 15, 2006 Update accessed at:
<http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_mlaw.html>

Multihazard Mitigation Council. 2002. *Parameters for an Independent
Study To Assess the Future Benefits of Hazard Mitigation Activities*.
Washington, DC: National Institute of Building Sciences (July), 69
pages. Downloaded from:
[http://www.nibs.org/MMC/images/July%202002%20Phase%20I%20Final%20Report.pdf](http://www.nibs.org/MMC/images/July 2002 Phase I Final Report.pdf)

National Archives, Guide to Federal Records. *Records of the Defense
Civil Preparedness Agency* *(DCPA)*. College Park, MD: The U.S. National
Archives and Records Administration. Accessed at:
<http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/397.html>

National Archives*,* Guide to Federal Records*. Records of the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)*, Record Group 311, 1955-89).
Washington, DC. Website accessed June 28, 2007 (6 pages):
<http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/311.html#311.1>

National Capital Region Homeland Security Program. *National Capital
Region Homeland Security Strategic Plan 2007-2009 -- Overview*.
Washington, DC: NCRHSP, August 2006, 11 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.mwcog.org/security/ncr/downloads/overview.pdf>

National Commission on the Environment. *Choosing A Sustainable Future*.
Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993.

National Communications System. "Background and History of the NCD."
March 28, 2007 update. Accessed at: <http://www.ncs.gov/about.html>

National Counterterrorism Center. *About the National Counterterrorism
Center*. Northern Virginia: NCTC, August 6, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.nctc.gov/about_us/about_nctc.html>

National Disasters Organization. 1992. *Australian Emergency
Manual---Community Emergency Planning Guide*. Canberra, Australia.

National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). *Annual Report of
the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program To Accompany the
President's Budget Request to Congress for Fiscal Year 2008*.
Washington, DC: NEHRP, March 2007, 72 pages.
<http://www.nehrp.gov/pdf/2007NEHRPAnnualReport.pdf>

National Emergency Management Association. *NEMA Committee Reports, 2007
Annual Conference*. Oklahoma City, OK, September 28-October 2, 2007, 36
pages. Accessed at: <http://www.nemaweb.org/?2028>

National Emergency Management Association. *2007 EMAC Operational
Manual*. Lexington, KY: NEMA, April 2007.

National Emergency Management Association. *Welcome to NEMA*. Lexington,
KY: NEMA, 2007. Accessed at: <http://www.nemaweb.org/>

National Fire Protection Association. *Implementing NFPA 1600 National
Preparedness Standard*. Donald L. Schmidt (Ed.). Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2007,
379 pages.

National Fire Protection Association. *NFPA 471: Recommended Practice
for Responding to*

*Hazardous Materials Incidents 1997 Edition.* Quincy, MA: NFPA, 1997, 27
pages. Accessed at: <http://safetynet.smis.doi.gov/nfpa471.pdf>

National Fire Protection Association. *NFPA 1561: Standard on Emergency
Services Incident Management System* (2002 Edition). Quincy, MA: NFPA,
2002, 28 pages. Accessed at:
[http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Security/SecurityInitiatives/Top20/1%20\--%20Management%20and%20Accountability/3C%20\--%20Incident%20Command%20System/Additional/NFPA_1561_Emergency_Services_IMS.pdf](http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Security/SecurityInitiatives/Top20/1 -- Management and Accountability/3C -- Incident Command System/Additional/NFPA_1561_Emergency_Services_IMS.pdf)

National Fire Protection Association. *NFPA 1600: Standard on
Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs, 2007
Edition.* Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/product.asp?pid=160007&src=nfpa&order_src=A292>
or
[http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/CodesStandards/1600-2007.pdf](http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/CodesStandards/1600-2007.pdf)

National Flood Determination Association. Welcome. 2006. At:
<http://www.nfdaflood.com/>

National Governors' Association. *Comprehensive Emergency Management --
A Governor's Guide*. DC: NGA Center for Policy Research, for the DCPA,
May, 1979, 56 pages. At:

[http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/Comprehensive%20EM%20-%20NGA.doc](http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/Comprehensive EM - NGA.doc)

National Governors Association. *Governors Homeland Security Advisors
Council*. 31Dec07. At:
<http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.1f41d49be2d3d33eacdcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=93b1ff821d16e010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD>

National Governors Association. *Issue Brief: 2007 State Homeland
Security Directors Survey.* Washington, DC: NGA, December 18, 2007, 10
pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.6c9a8a9ebc6ae07eee28aca9501010a0/?vgnextoid=07833a8930ae6110VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD>

National Governors\' Association (NGA), Hilary Whittaker, Project
Director. 1979 (May). State Comprehensive Emergency Management \-- Final
Report of the Emergency Preparedness Project, Center for Policy
Research, National Governors Association (also referred to as: 1978
Emergency Preparedness Project Final Report). DC: Defense Civil
Preparedness Agency.

National Guard Bureau (DoD). *Chemical, Biological,
Radiological/Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) -- Enhanced Response Force
Package (CERFP)*. Washington, DC: NGB. Accessed 22 Nov 2007 at:
<http://www.ngb.army.mil/features/HomelandDefense/cerfp/factsheet.html>

National Guard Bureau (DoD). *Statement by Major General Steven
Saunders, Director, Doctrine, Training and Force Development, J7,
National Guard Bureau, Before the House of Representatives, Committee on
Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Emergency Communications,
Preparedness and Response, on "Practicing Like We Play: Examining
Homeland Security Exercises."* Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, October 3,
2007, 4 pages. Accessed at:
<http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20071003131829-95404.pdf>

National Hurricane Center. Glossary of NHC Terms. Miami, FL: NHC,
National Weather Service, NOAA, September 10, 2007 Update. At:
<http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutgloss.shtml>

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
*Overview*. NIAID, National Institutes of Health, March 1, 2005 update.
At: <http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/about/overview/>

National Institute of Standards and Technology. "CIP Instructions --
Attachment B: Format of Internal/Department/Agency CIP Plan."
Gaithersburg, MD: NIST, Computer Security Resource Center, Computer
Security Division, June 2004, 6 pages. Accessed at:
<http://csrc.nist.gov/drivers/documents/CIP-Instructions-Attach-B2.pdf>

National Interagency Fire Center. *Interagency Standards for Fire and
Aviation Operations 2007* (Red Book). Boise, ID: NIFC (NFES 2724),
January 2007/ Accessed at: <http://www.nifc.gov/red_book/>

National Nuclear Security Administration, DOE. *Megaports Initiative*.
NNSA, U.S. Department of Energy. Accessed January 12, 2008 at:
<http://www.nnsa.doe.gov/megaports_initiative.htm>

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. *Emergency Managers
Weather Information Network*. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA, National Weather
Service. Accessed at: <http://www.weather.gov/emwin/index.htm>

National Plan for Telecommunications Support in Non-Wartime Emergencies
(47 CFR Ch. II (10--1--05 Edition, at 202.1). Accessed at:
<http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/09nov20051500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2005/octqtr/pdf/47cfr202.1.pdf>

National Research Council. *Frameworks for Higher Education in Homeland
Security*. Washington, DC: NRC, Committee on Educational Paradigms for
Homeland Security Policy and Global Affairs, 2005.

National Research Council (NRC). *Improving Risk Communication*.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.

National Response Center. *NRC Background*. Washington, DC: United
States Coast Guard, NRC, 2002, 3 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.nrc.uscg.mil/nrcback.html>

National Search and Rescue Committee (US GOV). *National Search and
Rescue Plan of the*

*United States*. Washington, DC: 2007, 19 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-o/g-opr/nsarc/NSARC%20-%20Natl%20SAR%20Plan%20(2007%20-%20Final).pdf](http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-o/g-opr/nsarc/NSARC - Natl SAR Plan (2007 - Final).pdf)

National Science and Technology Council. 2005. *Grand Challenges for
Disaster Reduction -- A Report of the Subcommittee on Disaster
Reduction*). Washington, DC: National Science and Technology Council,
Executive Office of the President.

National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Committee on the
Environment and Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Natural Disaster
Reduction). 1996. *Natural Disaster Reduction: A Plan for the Future*.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, December.

National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC). *NSTAC
Report to the President on Emergency Communications and
Interoperability*. Washington, DC: NSTAC, January 16, 2007, 51 pages.
Accessed at:
[http://www.ncs.gov/nstac/reports/2007/NSTAC%20Report%20on%20Emergency%20Communications%20and%20Interoperability.pdf](http://www.ncs.gov/nstac/reports/2007/NSTAC Report on Emergency Communications and Interoperability.pdf)

National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster. *About NOVAD*.
Washington DC: Accessed at: <http://www.nvoad.org/about.php>

National Weather Service. *NWS Participates in Government-Wide Emergency
Drill*. Washington, DC: NWS, NOAA, 2004. Accessed at:
<http://www.nws.noaa.gov/com/nwsfocus/fs052404.htm#NWS_Participates_in_Government-Wide_Emergency_Drill>

National Wildfire Coordinating Group. *About the NWCG -- NWCG
Organization*. Accessed October 13, 2007 at:
<http://www.nwcg.gov/nwcg_admin/organize.htm>

National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG). 1994. *Incident Command
System.* (National Training Curriculum, PMS 202, NFES #2432).

Nehnevajsa, Jiri. *Civil Defense and Society*. Pittsburgh, PA:
University of Pittsburgh, Department of Sociology, 1964, 609 pages
(under contract OCD-OS-62-267, Office of Civil Defense, Office of the
Secretary of the Army).

Nelkin, Dorothy. 1981. "Some Social and Political Dimensions of Nuclear
Power: Examples from Three Mile Island." *American Political Science
Review*, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 132-145.

New England Center for Emergency Preparedness. *Community Planning
Guide*. Lebanon, NH: NECEP, May 29, 2007. 52 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.nnemmrs.org/documents/Community%20Planning%20Guide.pdf](http://www.nnemmrs.org/documents/Community Planning Guide.pdf)

New South Wales Department of Planning. 1989. *Hazardous Industry
Planning Advisory Paper No.2-Fire Safety Study Guidelines*. Sydney,
Australia.

Nice, David C. and Ashley Grosse. 2001. "Crisis Policy Making: Some
Implications for Program Management." Chapter 5, pp. 55-67 in Farazmand,
op cit.

Nigg, Joanne M. 1996. The Social Impacts of Physical Processes: How Do
We Manage What We Can't Control? Newark, DE: University of Delaware,
Disaster Research Center, Preliminary Paper \# 238, 15 pages. At:
<http://www.udel.edu/DRC/prepapers.html>

9/11 Act. *Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of
2007*. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress. Signed into law by President
George Bush, August 7, 2007, 278 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.speaker.gov/pdf/HR1.pdf> and
<http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ053.110.pdf>

NOAA. *The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale*. NOAA, National Weather
Service, National Hurricane Center, August 17, 2007 update. At:
<http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshs.shtml>

Northern Command. *Fact Sheet -- Exercise ARDENT SENTRY -- NORTHERN EDGE
07*. U.S. Northern Command (NORTHCOM), 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.northcom.mil/News/2007/AS-07_fact_sheet.pdf>

Northern Command. *Homeland Security and Defense Educational
Consortium*. U.S. Northern Command (NORTHCOM) Website, no date. Accessed
October 24, 2007, at: <http://www.hsdec.org/>

Nuclear Regulatory Commission. *Federal Radiological Emergency Response
Plan,* FREHP. *May 9, 1996.* Accessed at:
<http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/national/frerp.htm>

Nuclear Energy Institute. *Nuclear Power Plant Security Backgrounder*.
Washington, DC: September 1, 2006, 4 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.cleansafeenergy.org/LinkClick.aspx?link=Nuclear+Plant+Security+9-11+Fifth+Anniversary+Backgrounder+--+Final.pdf&tabid=36>

Nuclear Regulatory Commission. *Information Report*. Washington, DC:
NRC, October 29, 2002. Accessed at:
<http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/2002/secy2002-0193/2002-0193scy.html>

Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 1975. *Reactor Safety Study: Main
Report*. WASH-1400 (NUREG 75/014), Washington, DC: US NRC.

O'Brien, Geoff, and Paul Read. "Future UK Emergency Management: New
Wine, Old Skin?" *Disaster Prevention and Management -- An International
Journal*, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2005, pp. 353-361.

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. *OSHA Best Practices for
Hospital-Based First Receivers of Victims from Mass Casualty Incidents
Involving the Release of Hazardous Substances*. Washington, DC: OSHA,
U.S. Department of Labor, January 2005. Accessed at:
<http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/bestpractices/html/hospital_firstreceivers.html>

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. *Frequently Asked
Questions: HAZWOPER*. Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor,
March 22, 2005 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.osha.gov/html/faq-hazwoper.html>

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. *Toxic Industrial Chemicals
(TICs)*. Washington, DC: OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed
November 21, 2007 at:
<http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/guides/chemical.html>

OECD Working Group on Chemical Accidents. 1995. *Draft Conclusions and
Recommendations Concerning the Sessions on Risk Assessment*. OECD
Workshop on Risk Assessment and Risk Communication in the Context of
Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response. Paris, France.

Office of Civil Defense. *Abbreviations and Definitions of Terms used in
Civil Defense Training* (MP-51). Washington, DC: OCD, Department of
Defense, January 1971, 24 pages.

Office of Civil Defense Planning. *Civil Defense for National Security*
(Report to The Secretary of Defense). Washington, DC: OCDP, National
Military Establishment, October 1, 1948, 319 pages. \[Known as the
Hopley Report\]

Office of Homeland Security. *National Strategy For Homeland Security.*
Washington, DC: Office of Homeland Security, 2002.

Office of Inspector General, DHS. *Information Technology Management
Letter for the FY 2005 DHS Financial Statement Audit (Redacted)*.
Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security, OIG (OIG-06-49), July
2006, 77 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIGr_06-49_Jul06.pdf>

Office of Management and Budget. *Detailed Information on the Federal
Emergency Management Agency: Grants and Training Office National
Exercise Program Assessment*. Washington, DC: The White House, OMB,
August 15, 2007 Update. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/expectmore/detail/10003606.2005.html#improvementPlans>

Office of Management and Budget and Office of Science and Technology
Policy. *Updated Principles for Risk Analysis* (Memorandum for the Heads
of Executive Departments and Agencies). Washington, DC: OMB and OSTP,
September 9, 2007, 13 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ostp.gov/html/m07-24.pdf>

Office Of The Director of National Intelligence. *National
Counterproliferation Center*. Washington, DC: ODNI, 2005. At:
<http://www.dni.gov/aboutODNI/organization/NCPC.htm>

O'Keefe, P., K. Westgate and Ben Wisner. "Taking the Naturalness Out of
Natural Disasters." *Nature*, Vol. 260, 1976.

Oliver-Smith, Anthony. 1998. "Global Changes and the Definition of
Disaster." Chapter 15 (pp. 177-194), in *What Is A Disaster?* E.L.
Quarantelli (ed.). London and NY: Routledge.

Oliver-Smith, Anthony and Susanna M. Hoffman. "Introduction: Why
Anthropologists Should Study Disasters." In *Catastrophe & Culture: The
Anthropology of Disaster*, Susanna M. Hoffman and Anthony Oliver-Smith
(eds.). Santa Fe and Oxford: School of American Research Press, 2002.

*Oxford Canadian Dictionary,* 1998.

Palen, Leysia, and Sophia B. Liu. "Citizen Communications in Crisis:
Anticipating a Future of ICT-Supported Public Participation." *CHI 2007
Proceedings* (Emergency Action). April 28-May 3, 2007, San Jose, CA, 10
pages (727-736).

*Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act.* Washington, DC: 109^th^
U.S. Congress (S.3678), January 3, 2006, 70 pages. At:
<http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s109-3678>

Peacock, Walter Gillis, with A. Kathleen Ragsdale. 1997. "Social
Systems, Ecological Networks and Disasters." Chapter 2 (pp. 20-35) in
*Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender, and the Sociology of Disasters*,
Walter peacock et al. (eds.). London and NY: Routledge.

Pearce, Laurie. 2000. *An Integrated Approach For Community Hazard,
Impact, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis: HIRV*. University of British
Columbia Doctoral Dissertation.

Peltonen, Lasse. *Coping Capacity and Adaptive Capacity*. Finland:
Helsinki University of Technology, Centre for Urban and Regional
Studies, 2005. Accessed at: <http://www.gtk.fi/slr/article.php?id=18>

Penning-Rowsell, Edmund, and John Handmer. 1990. "The Changing Context
of Risk Communication." Pp. 3-15 in *Hazards and the Communication of
Risk*, John Handmer and Edmund Penning-Rowsell (eds.), Vermont: Gower.

Petak, W.J., and Atkisson, A.A. 1982. *Natural Hazard Risk Assessment
and Public Policy*. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Peters, John E. "Understanding Homeland Security." RAND Corp., 2000.

Peterson, Danny M. and Ronald W. Perry. 1999. "The Impacts of Disaster
Exercises on Participants." *Disaster Prevention and Management*, Vol.
8, No. 4, pp. 241-254.

Pine, John C. and William Waugh, Jr. "Modeling the Vulnerability of
Potential Targets to Threats of Terrorism." Session 16, in *Hazard
Mapping and Modeling* (FEMA Emergency Management Higher Education
Project course). Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute,
FEMA/DHS, 2005.

Points of Light Foundation. *Managing Volunteers in Times of Crisis: The
Synergy of Structure and Good Intentions*. Washington, DC: Points of
Light Foundation, circa 2003, 20 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.pointsoflight.org/downloads/pdf/programs/disaster/brochure.pdf>

Porfiriev, B. 1995. "Disaster and Disaster Areas: Methodological Issues
of Definition and Delineation." *International Journal of Mass
Emergencies and Disasters*. Vol. 13, 285-304.

*Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006*, pp. 1394-1433,
Title VI of Public Law 109-295 (120 Stat. 1394), *Department of Homeland
Security Appropriations Act, 2007*. Washington, DC: October 4, 2006, 109
pages. Accessed at:

<http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ295.109.pdf>

President's Homeland Security Advisory Council. *Statewide Template
Initiative*. Washington DC: March 2003, 15 pages. At:
<http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/Statewide_Template_Initiative.pdf>

President's Reorganization Project. *Reorganization of Federal Emergency
Related Programs, Briefing Book*. Washington, DC: Office of Management
and Budget, June 1978, 19 pages.

PricewaterhouseCoopers' Health Research Institute. *Closing the Seams:
Developing an Integrated Approach to Health System Disaster
Preparedness*. October 22, 2007, 56 pages. Accessed at:
<http://pwchealth.com/cgi-local/hregister.cgi?link=reg/closingtheseams.pdf>

ProVention Consortium. *Community Risk Assessment Toolkit*. Geneva,
Switzerland: International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies, May 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.proventionconsortium.org/?pageid=39>

*Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act
of 2002*.

Public Law 106-390. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. Washington, DC:
U.S. Congress, October 30, 2000, 26 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub.%20L.%20106-390.pdf](http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub. L. 106-390.pdf)

Public Law 107-56. *Uniting and Strengthening America By Providing
Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA
Patriot Act) Act of 2001*. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, October 26,
2001, 112 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/USA%20PATRIOT%20Act%20Pub.L.%20107-56.doc](http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/USA PATRIOT Act Pub.L. 107-56.doc)

Public Law 107-188. *Public Health Security and Bioterrorism
Preparedness and Response Act of 2002*. Washington, DC: June 12, 2002,
105 pages. Accessed at: <http://www.fda.gov/oc/bioterrorism/bioact.html>
and at:
[http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub%20L%20107-188.pdf](http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub L 107-188.pdf)

Public Law 107-197 (116 Stat. 721). *Terrorist Bombings Convention
Implementation Act of 2002.* Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, June 25,
2002, 8 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub.%20L.%20107-197.pdf](http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub. L. 107-197.pdf)

Public Law 107-296 (116 Stat. 2135). *Homeland Security Act of 2002*.
Washington, DC: November 25, 2002, 187 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub%20L%20107_296.pdf](http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub L 107_296.pdf)

Public Law 107-314. *Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2003*. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, December 2, 2002, 306
pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub%20L%20107_314.pdf](http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub L 107_314.pdf)

Public Law 108-7. *Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003.*
Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, 375 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub%20L%20108_7.doc](http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/Pub L 108_7.doc)

Public Law 108-20. *Smallpox Emergency Personnel Protection Act of
2003*. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, 9 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/SMALLPOX%20EMERGENCY%20PERSONNEL%20PROTECTION%20ACT%20OF%202003.doc](http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Public_Laws/SMALLPOX EMERGENCY PERSONNEL PROTECTION ACT OF 2003.doc)

Public Law 109-295 (120 Stat. 1394). *Department of Homeland Security
Appropriations Act, 2007* (also referred to as Post-Katrina Emergency
Management Reform Act of 2006). Washington, DC: October 4, 2006, 109
pages. Accessed at:

<http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ295.109.pdf>\
\
Puente, Sergio. 1999. "Social Vulnerability to Disasters in Mexico City:
An Assessment Method." Chapter 9, pp. 295-334, in Mitchell, James K.
(ed.), *Crucibles of Hazard: Mega-Cities and Disasters in Transition*
(Tokyo, New York, Paris: United Nations University Press).

Quarantelli, E.L. *Catastrophes Are Different From Disasters: Some
Implications For Crisis Planning and Managing Drawn From Katrina*.
Newark, DE: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware, September
2005, revised June 11, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Quarantelli/>

Quarantelli, E.L. "Epilogue." Pp. 234-273 in *What Is A Disaster?* E.L.
Quarantelli (ed.). London and NY: Routledge, 1998.

Quarantelli, E.L. *Problems and Difficulties in the Use of Local EOC's
in Natural Disasters* (Working Paper \# 43). Ohio State University,
Disaster Research Center, Department of Sociology, May 1972, 6 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/19716/1194/1/WP43.pdf>

Quarantelli, E.L. "What Is Disaster: The Need for Clarification in
Definition and Conceptualization in Research." Pp. 41-73 in *Disasters
and Mental Health*, Barbara J. Sowder (ed.) Washington, DC: US
Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental
Health, 1985.

Quarantelli, E.L. "What Should We Study? Questions and Suggestions for
Researchers About the Concept of Disasters." *International Journal of
Mass Emergencies and Disasters* (March), Vol. 5, No. 1, 7-32. 1987.

Ramirez, Maurice. "Katrina - Have We Learned Anything at All?" *Ezine
Articles*, 3Aug2007. At:
<http://ezinearticles.com/?Katrina---Have-We-Learned-Anything-at-All?&id=672574>

Raymond, Paul. *Embedded Assessment Plan*. CORE-Embedded Assessment Plan
for Core Council, September 14, 2004, 2 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.usi.edu/libarts/uccore/assessment/Core-EmbeddedAssessmentPlanforCoreCouncil_9-10-04.pdf>

Reisner. M. *Cadillac Desert*. NY: Penguin, 1993.

*Report on Federal Disaster Assistance in 1969*. 16 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/Hurricane_files/Federal%20Disaster%20Report%201969.PDF](http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/Hurricane_files/Federal Disaster Report 1969.PDF)

Risky Thinking (Risk Management, Disaster Recovery, and Business). *A
Glossary of Risk Related Terms*, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.riskythinking.com/glossary/>

Ritchie, G.N., et al. "Perspectives on Disaster Reduction Planning and
Management Processes in Asia." Paper prepared for Global Alliance
International Workshop on Disaster Reduction, Reston VA, pp. 19-22, 2001

*Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of
1974,* P.L. 93-288 as amended by P.L. 100-707 in 1988 \[*U.S. Code,*
Vol. 42, sections 5121-5204c\]. Reprint, Washington, DC: Federal
Emergency Management Agency (May 1995.).

Robinson, Lance. "Proceedings of the Workshop on Preparing for and
Responding to Disasters in North America." *Homeland Security Affairs*,
Supplement No, 1, December 2007, 8 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.hsaj.org/?special:fullarticle=supplement.1.1>

Rollans, John, and Joseph Rowan. *The Homeland Security Academic
Environment: A Review of Current Activities and Issues for
Consideration*. September 2007, 160 pages.

Romig, Lou The JumpSTART Pediatric MCI Triage Tool and Other Pediatric
Disaster and Emergency Medicine Resources. August 7, 2006 Revision.
Accessed at:
<http://www.jumpstarttriage.com/JumpSTART_and_MCI_Triage.php>

Rood, Justin. "Medical Catastrophe -- No One's in Charge, the Plan's
Incomplete and Resources Aren't Sufficient if we Suffer Mass Casualties
in an Overwhelming Disaster." *Government Executive*, November 1, 2005.
At: <http://www.govexec.com/features/1105-01/1105-01s1.htm>

Rosenthal, Paul. "Business Resumption Planning: Justification,
Implementation & Testing." *The Business Forum Whitepapers* (no date).
Accessed at: <http://www.bizforum.org/whitepapers/calstatela.htm>

Rosentahl, Uriel. 1998. "Future Disasters, Future Definitions." Chapter
13 (pp.146-159) in *What Is A Disaster?* E.L. Quarantelli (ed.). London
and NY: Routledge.

Rosie, George. 1987. *The Directory of International Terrorism*. NY:
Paragon House.

Rowe, W. D. 1997. An Anatomy of Risk. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Royal Society Study Group. 1983. *Risk Assessment. A Study Group
Report*. London: The Royal Society.

Rubin, Claire B. *Emergency Management in the 21^st^ Century: Coping
with Bill Gates, Osama bin-Laden, and Hurricane Mitch* (Natural Hazards
Research and Information Center Working Paper 104, based on presentation
at the July 2000 Natural Hazards Workshop, Boulder, CO). Boulder, CO:
Natural Hazards Research and Information Center, University of Colorado
at Boulder, 2000.

Salter, John. "Risk Management in the Emergency Management Context."
*The Australian Journal of Emergency Management*, Vol. 12, No. 4,
Summer1997--98.

Sandia National Laboratories. "Bio-Restoration Demonstration Helps Large
Transportation Facilities Prepare for Bio-Terrorism." Albuquerque, NM:
SNL, February 2, 2006. Accessed at:

<http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2006/def-nonprolif-sec/biorestoration.html>

Sauter, Mark A., and James Jay Carafano. *Homeland Security: A Complete
Guide to Understanding, Preventing, and Surviving Terrorism*. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 2005.

Scalet, Sarah D. "Risk Analysis -- Spinning the Wheel of Misfortune."
*CSO Magazine* (Chief Security Officer), January 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.csoonline.com/read/010106/wheel_misfortune.html?action=print>

Schaming, Joan T. 1998. What Is This Thing Called Risk Management? In
the *Disaster Resource Guide, 1998 Edition* (pp. 26-28).

Schwab, Jim, with Kenneth C. Topping, Charles C. Eadie, Robert E. Deyle,
and Richard A. Smith. 1998. *Planning for Post-Disaster Recovery and
Reconstruction* (Planning Advisory Service Report No. 483/484). Chicago,
IL and Washington, D.C.: American Planning Association, Planning
Advisory Service, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.
*Hurricane Katrina: A Nation Still Unprepared*. Washington, DC: U.S.
Senate, 740 pages, May 2006. Accessed at:
<http://hsgac.senate.gov/_files/Katrina/FullReport.pdf>

Shaw, Greg. Forthcoming. *See* FEMA. EMI. Forthcoming.

Sheehan, L. and K. Hewitt. 1969. *A Pilot Survey of Global Natural
Disasters of the Past Twenty Years*. Working Paper No. 11. Boulder, CO:
Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado; quoted in Smith
1996, 20.

Simeon Institute. 1998. *Penultimate Glossary of Emergency Management
Terms*. Claremont, CA: The Simeon Institute. Downloaded from web site
address: <http://www.cyberg8t.com/simeon/glossary.html>

(Definitions from The Simeon Institute are obtained from "unattributed
sources".)

Simonsen, Clifford E. and Jeremy R. Spindlove. 2004. *Terrorism Today:
The Past, The Players, The Future* (2^nd^ ed.). New Jersey:
Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Skidmore, Susan, et al. *Acute Care Center -- Modular Emergency Medical
System: Concept of Operations for the Acute Care Center (ACC).* Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, U.S. Army
Research, Development and Engineering Cmd., 150p. May03. [[Modular
Emergency Medical System: Concept of Operations for the Acute Care
Center
(ACC)]{.underline}](http://www.ecbc.army.mil/downloads/bwirp/ECBC_acc_conops_200305.pdf)

Slaymaker, Olav. 1995. "A Comprehensive Framework for the Analysis of
Risks due to Geomorphic Hazards." *Proceedings for the Tri-Lateral
Hazards Risk Assessment Conference*, David Etkin (ed.) (Merrickville,
Canada: Environment Canada), pp. 1-215 through 1-222.

Small Business Administration. *Economic Injury Disaster Loans*. Wash.,
DC: SBA, 2007. At:
<http://www.sba.gov/services/disasterassistance/businessesofallsizes/economicinjuryloans/index.html>

Smith, Keith. 1996. *Environmental Hazards---Assessing Risk and Reducing
Disaster.* 2^nd^ ed. London and New York: Routledge.

Spill of National Significance Website. *SONS 07 Frequently Asked
Questions*. December 14, 2007 Update. Accessed at:
<http://sons-program.org/SONS/SONS_07.nsf/FAQs?OpenForm>

Stallings, Robert A. 1998. "Disaster and the Theory of Social Order."
Chapter 12 (pp. 127-145) in *What Is A Disaster?* E.L. Quarantelli
(ed.). London and NY: Routledge.

Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand. 1995. *AS/NZS 3931
(Int)---Risk Analysis of Technological Systems---Application Guide.*
North Sydney, Australia.

Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand. 1995. *AS/NZS 4360---Risk
Management*. North Sydney, Australia.

Starr, C., Rudman R., Whipple C. 1976. Philosophical Basis for Risk
Analysis. In: *Annual Review of Energy 1*, pp. 629-662.

Stephan, Robert. "Statement of Mr. Robert Stephan, Acting Undersecretary
for Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection, and Assistant
Secretary for Infrastructure Protection, DHS, Before Senate Homeland
Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, June 15, 2005." Accessed
at: <http://hsgac.senate.gov/_files/TestimonyStephan.pdf>

Stuart-Black, Jim (Emergency Management Advisor, Ministry of Civil
Defense & Emergency Management, Wellington, New Zealand). Personnel
Communication, January 14, 2004.

Susman, S., P. O'Keefe, and Ben Wisner. "Global Disasters: A Radical
Interpretation." In Kenneth Hewitt (Ed.), *Interpretations of Calamity*.
Allen and Unwin, 1983.

Sylves, Richard. 1998. *See* FEMA. EMI. 1998.

Tarrant, Michael. 1997--98. Risk Communication in the Context of
Emergency Management: Planning "With" Rather than "For" Communities.
*Australian Journal of Emergency Management* 12, no. 4 (Summer).

Taylor, A.J.W. 1989. *Disasters and Disaster Stress* (Stress in Modern
Society Series No. 10). NY: AMS Press.

Tennessee Office of Emergency Management. *FY 2007 Tennessee Strategy --
Goals and Objectives*. TN: Tennessee EMA, 4 pages. Accessed November 3,
2007 at:
[http://www.tnema.org/Homeland%20Security/ODP%20Files/FY%202007%20Goals%20and%20Objectives.pdf](http://www.tnema.org/Homeland Security/ODP Files/FY 2007 Goals and Objectives.pdf)

Terry, Francis R. 2001. "The Role of Technology and Human Factors in
Emergency Management." Chapter 22, pp. 327-338, in Farazmand, op cit.

The Infrastructure Security Partnership (TISP). *Regional Disaster
Resilience: A Guide for Developing an Action Plan*. Reston, VA: American
Society of Civil Engineers, June 2006, 44 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.tisp.org/rdr_guide>

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.
*Standing Together: An Emergency Planning Guide for America's
Communities (Executive Summary)*. Oakbrook Terrace, IL, The Joint
Commission, September 2005, 114 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.jointcommission.org/PublicPolicy/ep_guide.htm>

Thompson, P.B. 1986. "The Philosophical Foundations of Risk." *Southern
Journal of Philosophy*, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 273-286.

Thywissen, Katharina. "Components of Risk: A Comparative Glossary."
United Nations University, Institute for Environment and Human Security,
Studies of the University: Research, Counsel, Education (SOURCE),
Publication Series of UNU-EHS, No. 2. 2006, 52 pages. Accessed at:
[[http://www.ehs.unu.edu/file.php?id=118]{.underline}](http://www.ehs.unu.edu/file.php?id=118)

Thywissen, Katharina. *Core Terminology of Disaster Reduction*. United
Nations University, Institute for Environment and Human Security. Not
dated. Accessed at:
<http://www.ehs.unu.edu/moodle/mod/glossary/view.php?id=1&mode=&hook=ALL&sortkey=&sortorder=&fullsearch=0&page=-1>

Tierney, Kathleen, and Michel Bruneau. "Conceptualizing and Measuring
Resilience: A Key to Disaster Loss Reduction." *TR News* (Transportation
Research Board of the National Academies), May-June, 2007, pp. 14-17.
At: <http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/trnews/trnews250_p14-17.pdf>

Tierney, Kathleen J., Michael K. Lindell, and Ronald W. Perry. 2001.
*Facing the Unexpected -- Disaster Preparedness and Response in the
United States.* Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.

Tierney, Kathleen J. "The 9/11 Commission and Disaster Management:
Little Depth, Less Context, Not Much Guidance." *Contemporary
Sociology*, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2005. Accessed at:
<http://techsociety.com/cal/LittleGuidance_911.pdf>

Title 32, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 185, "Military Support
to Civil Authorities (MSCA)." Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office, July 1, 2000.

Title 44, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), "Emergency Management and
Assistance". Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1,
1999.

Tobin, Graham A. and Burrell E. Montz. 1997. *Natural Hazards:
Explanation and Integration*. NY and London, Guilford Press.

Toft, B. "The Failure of Hindsight." *Disaster Prevention and
Management*, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1992, pp. 48-60.

Tomisek, Steven J. "Homeland Security: The New Role for Defense."
*Strategic Forum*, No. 189, February 2002. Accessed at:
<http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QZY/is_189/ai_n13810047>

Transport Canada. *Cross-Border Emergency Response Guide* (3^rd^
Edition). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Transport Canada, Transport Dangerous
Goods Directorate, (TP 14703E) July 2007, 31 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.tc.gc.ca/tdg/publications/TP14703Eweb.pdf>

Transportation Security Administration. *Mission, Vision, and Core
Values*. Washington, DC: TSA, DHS, Accessed November 17, 2007 at:
<http://www.tsa.gov/who_we_are/mission.shtm>

Trust for America's Health. *Ready or Not? Protecting the Public's
Health From Diseases, Disasters, and Bioterrorism, 2007.* Washington,
DC: Trust for America's Health, December, 2007, 124 pages. At:
<http://healthyamericans.org/reports/bioterror07/bioTerrorReport2007.pdf>

Tucker, Kerry. "Scenario Planning: Visualizing a Broader World of
Possibilities Can Help Associations Anticipate and Prepare for Change."
*Association Management*, April 1, 1999. Accessed at:
<http://www.allbusiness.com/management/change-management/257489-1.html>

Turner, Barry. Quoted by E.L. Quarantelli in The Importance of Thinking
of Disasters as Social Phenomena. *International Civil Defense Journal*
6: 24--25.

Twigg, John. *Characteristics of a Disaster-resilient Community: A
Guidance Note* (Version 1). DFID Disaster Risk Reduction Interagency
Coordination Group, August 2007, 39 pages. At:
<http://www.benfieldhrc.org/disaster_studies/projects/communitydrrindicators/Characteristics_disaster_high_res.pdf>

United Nations CADRI (Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative). *Who
We Are*. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR, CADRI, 2007. At:
<http://www.unisdr.org/cadri/who-we-are.html>

United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA). *Glossary:
International Agreed Glossary of Basic Terms Related to Disaster
Management* (DHA/93/36). Geneva, Switzerland, UN DHA, December 1992, 81
pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900SID/LGEL-5EQNZV/$FILE/dha-glossary-1992.pdf?OpenElement>
-- and at: <http://www.em-dat.net/glossary.htm>

United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. "Welcome to DHA."
August 29, 1996. Accessed at: <http://www.un.org/Depts/dha/>

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). *A Global Report: Reducing
Disaster Risk -- A Challenge For Development*. UNDP, Bureau for Crisis
Prevention and Recovery, 2004, 161 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.undp.org/cpr/whats_new/rdr_english.pdf>

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). *Local Level Risk
Management* (Draft Short Version). Geneva, Switzerland: UNDP Bureau for
Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR), Disaster Recovery Unit, March 15,
2006, 21 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.undp.org/cpr/disred/documents/wedo/ils/LLRMReportShortVersion15March2006.pdf>

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). *United Nations Development
Programme, Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR)*. Geneva
Switzerland, UNDP BCPR, October 15, 2007, 17 pages. At:
<http://www.undp.org/cpr/documents/bcpr-overview.pdf>

United Nations Disaster Assessment Portal (UNDAP). *Techniques Used in
Disaster Risk Assessment*. UN: Accessed 15Jan2008 at:
<http://www.disasterassessment.org/section.asp?ID=20>

United Nations Disaster Relief Organization (UNDRO). *Mitigating Natural
Disasters: Phenomena, Effects and Options -- A Manual for Policy Makers
and Planners*. UN,1991.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).  *GEO-3: Global Environment
Outlook*. London, United Kingdom: Earthscan Publications LTD., 2002, 426
pages. Accessed at: <http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdf.htm>

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR).
*Living With Risk: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives*
(preliminary version). Geneva, Switzerland: UN ISDR, July 2002 and 2004.
At: <http://www.unisdr.org/eng/about_isdr/bd-lwr-2004-eng.htm>

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR).
*Mission and Objectives*. Geneva, Switzerland: UN/ISDR, 2007. Accessed
at:

<http://www.unisdr.org/eng/about_isdr/isdr-mission-objectives-eng.htm>

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR).
*Targeting Vulnerability:* *Guidelines for Local Activities and Events*.
Geneva, Switzerland, UN/ISDR, 2001.
<http://www.unisdr.org/unisdr/camp2001guide.htm>

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR).
*Terminology: Basic Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction.* Geneva,
Switzerland: UN/ISDR, March 31, 2004, 9 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm](http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng home.htm)

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( UN
OCHA). *A Brief History of OCHA*, 2007. At:
<http://ochaonline.un.org/AboutOCHA/tabid/1076/Default.aspx>

United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987.
*Our Common Future* (Brundtland Report). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

United States Army Corps of Engineers. *Catastrophic Disaster Response
Plan for an Anchorage, Alaska Earthquake*. Fort Shafter, Hawaii,
Department of the Army, USACE Pacific Ocean Division, January 11, 2005,
554 pages. Accessed at:
[http://www.poa.usace.army.mil/cdrp/CDRP%20AK.pdf](http://www.poa.usace.army.mil/cdrp/CDRP AK.pdf)

United States Army Corps of Engineers. *Emergency Employment of Army and
Other Resources Response Planning Guide (Emergency Employment)*.
Washington, DC: Department of the Army, USCOE, Regulation No. 500-28,
CECW-OE, ER 500-1-28, June 1, 1995, 24 pages. Supersedes ER 500-1-28,
August 17, 1992. Accessed at:
<http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-regs/er500-1-28/entire.pdf>

United States Army Corps of Engineers. *Information on Hurricane
Evacuation Studies.* 20 pages, no date. At:
[http://www.saw.usace.army.mil/floodplain/Hurricane%20Evacuation.htm](http://www.saw.usace.army.mil/floodplain/Hurricane Evacuation.htm)

United States Army Corps of Engineers. *National Emergency Preparedness
Program (NEPP)*. At:
<http://www.mvm.usace.army.mil/Readiness/national_emergency_preparedness_.htm>

United States Army Corps of Engineers. *Planning and Operations
Guidelines, Annex B: Emergency Relocation Sites* (ER 500-1-18).
Washington, DC: USACE, U.S. Department of Defense, March 30, 1985, 9
pages. Accessed at:

<http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-regs/er500-1-18/an-b.pdf>

United States Army Corps of Engineers. *Planning and Operations
Guidelines, Annex V: Definitions and Common Terms* (ER 500-1-18).
Washington, DC: USACE, U.S. Department of Defense, March 30, 1985, 4
pages. Accessed at:

<http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-regs/er500-1-18/an-v.pdf>

United States Army Corps of Engineers. *Water Resources Policies and
Authorities - Digest of Water Resources Policies and Authorities* (Pub
No. EP 1165-2-1), July 30, 1999. Access at:
<http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-pamphlets/ep1165-2-1/toc.htm>

United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command
(RDECOM). *Homeland Defense*. RDEMOM, Edgewood Chemical Biological
Center. Accessed January 16, 2008 at:
<http://www.ecbc.army.mil:80/hld/mirp.htm>

United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. *Terrorism and WMD in
the Contemporary Operational Environment*. Fort Leavenworth, KS: USA
TRADOC, August 20, 2007, 162 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/terrorism/sup4.pdf>

United States Coast Guard Academy. *Charting a Course for Homeland
Security Strategic Studies*. New London, CT: USCG, November 16-18,2004.
Accessed at: <http://www.apa.org/ppo/issues/homelandsecurityconf04.pdf>

United States Coast Guard. *Incident Management Handbook* (COMDTPUB
P3120.17A). USCG, August 2006, 372 pages. Accessed at:
[http://homeport.uscg.mil/cgi-bin/st/portal/uscg_docs/MyCG/Editorial/20060824/Final%20IMH%2018AUG2006.pdf?id=076465edbdd59d0d94a274fbfa3e57f164bc72d8](http://homeport.uscg.mil/cgi-bin/st/portal/uscg_docs/MyCG/Editorial/20060824/Final IMH 18AUG2006.pdf?id=076465edbdd59d0d94a274fbfa3e57f164bc72d8)

United States Coast Guard. *Port Security Assessment Program*. Accessed
January 9, 2008 at: <http://uscg.mil/hq/g-m/mp/GMPWebpages/PSA.shtml>

United States Code**,** Title 18, Part I, Chapter 113b, Section 2331.

United States Congress. *Implementing the 9/11 Commission
Recommendations Act of 2007*. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress. Signed into
law by President George Bush, August 7, 2007, 278 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.speaker.gov/pdf/HR1.pdf>

United States Government. United States Government Interagency Domestic
Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan. Washington, DC: USG, January 2001,
28 pages. Accessed at: <http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/conplan.html>

United States Joint Forces Command. *Joint Operation Planning and
Execution System Functional Managers Course (JOPES FM).* Norfolk, VA:
US. Department of Defense, USJFCOM. Accessed November 29, 2007 at:
<http://www.jfcom.mil/about/fact_jopesfm.htm>

United States Joint Forces Command. *U.S. Joint Forces Command Supports
Two Exercises That Test the Military's Response to Terrorist Attacks on
U.S. Soil*. Norfolk, VA, U.S. Department of Defense, USJRCOM, August 2,
2004. Accessed at:
<http://www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2004/pa080304.htm>

United States Northern Command. *About USNORTHCOM*. Accessed December
30, 2007 at: <http://www.northcom.mil/About/index.html>

United States Northern Command. "DHS Official Promotes New 'Culture of
Preparedness'." *USNORTHCOM News*, October 4, 2006. At
<http://www.northcom.mil/News/2006/100406.html>

United States Northern Command. *Fact Sheet -- Exercise VIGILANT SHIELD
2008*. NORTHCOM, 2007, 2 pages. At:
<http://www.northcom.mil/News/2007/VS-08_fact_sheet.pdf>

United States Northern Command. *Remarks by General Gene Renuart
Homeland Defense Symposium, Colorado Springs, 3 Oct 07*. Peterson Air
Force Base, CO: USNORTHCOM, October 3, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.northcom.mil/News/Transcripts/100307_a.html>

United States Northern Command. *U.S. Northern Command History*.
Accessed December 5, 2007 at:
<http://www.northcom.mil/About/history_education/history.html>

United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education.
*Threat Assessment in Schools: A Guide to Managing Threatening
Situations and to Creating Safe School Climates.* Washington, DC: May
2002, 95 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/threatassessmentguide.doc>

University Consortium for Infrastructure Protection. *Critical
Infrastructure Protection in the National Capital Region: Risk-Based
Foundations for Resilience and Sustainability*. George Mason University
School of Law, September 2005, 70 pages. Accessed at:

[http://cipp.gmu.edu/archive/Vol-06-Emergency%20Services.pdf](http://cipp.gmu.edu/archive/Vol-06-Emergency Services.pdf)

U. S. Fire Administration. *About Incident Management Teams*.
Emmitsburg, MD: USFA/FEMA/DHS, June 27, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/fireservice/subjects/incident/imt/imt-about.shtm>

U.S. Fire Administration. *About the National Preparedness Network
(PREPnet)*. Emmitsburg, MD: USFA/FEMA/DHS, March 23, 2007 update.
Accessed at:
<http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/fireservice/training/prepnet/about_prepnet.shtm>

U.S. Fire Administration. *About the U.S. Fire Administration*.
Emmitsburg, MD: USFA/FEMA/DHS, September 27, 2007 Update. Accessed at:
<http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/about/>

U.S. Fire Administration. *All-Hazard Incident Management Team (AHIMT)
Technical Assistance Program*. Emmitsburg, MD: USFA/FEMA/DHS, October
12, 2007 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/fireservice/subjects/incident/imt/index.shtm>

U.S. Fire Administration. *Guidelines for Haz Mat/WMD Response, Planning
and Prevention Training: Guidance for Hazardous Materials Emergency
Preparedness (HMEP) Grant Program*. Emmitsburg, MD: USFA/FEMA/DHS, April
2003, 453 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/hmep9-1801.pdf>

U.S. Fire Administration. *Responding to Incidents of National
Consequence: Recommendations for America's Fire and Emergency Services
Based on the Events of September 11, 2001, and Other Similar Incidents*.
Emmitsburg, MD: USFA/FEMA/DHS (FA-282), May 2004, 120 pages. Accessed
at: <http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa-282.pdf>

U.S. Geological Survey. *ANSS-Advanced National Seismic System.* USGS,
June 22, 2007 Update. Accessed at:
<http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/monitoring/anss/>

U.S. Geological Survey. *Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country*.
USGS, May 15, 2007 Update, 32 pages. Accessed at:
<http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2005/15/>

USRACES. *About RACES*. 2007. Accessed at: <http://www.usraces.org/>

Victorian Department of Justice. 1997. *Emergency Management Manual
Victoria*. Melbourne, Australia.

Wainschel, Marv. "Business Continuity Terminology Update." *Continuity
Insights*, Vol. 4, No. 1, January/February 2006, pp. 54-55.

Warheit, George, and Russell R. Dynes. *The Functioning of Established
Organizations in Community Disasters*. Newark DE: University of
Delaware, Disaster Research Center (Report Series No. 1), September,
1968, 55 pages. (Originally prepared at the DRC, Ohio State University
under contract with the Office of Civil Defense). Accessed at:
<http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/19716/1249/1/RS1.pdf>

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. "Program for Response
Options and Technology Enhancement Against Chemical/Biological Terrorism
(PROTECT) and the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority."
Accessed November 17, 2007 at:
<http://www.wmata.com/about/MET_NEWS/pressroom/archived_releases/pr_protect.cfm>

Waugh, William L. Jr. *Living With Hazards, Dealing With Disasters: An
Introduction to Emergency Management*. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe,
2000.

Webster's *New World Dictionary of the American Language.*

*Webster's Unabridged Dictionary*. New York: Random House, 2005.

Weiner, John. "A Note on Closing the Circle: The Last Steps Needed."
*Global Blueprints for Change* (First Edition---Prepared in Conjunction
with the International Workshop on Disaster Reduction Convened on August
19-22, 2001).

White House. *Annex I to Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8,
National Planning*. Washington, DC: The White House, December 2007, 6
pages.

White House. *Emergency Mobilization Preparedness \[NSDD-47\] (U):*
Washington, DC: The White House, National Security Council, July 22,
1982, 12 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-047.htm>

White House. *Executive Order 10346 -- Preparation by Federal Agencies
of Civil Defense Emergency Plans*. Washington, DC: The White House,
President Truman, April 17, 1952.

White House. *Executive* Order 11490 \-- Assigning Emergency
Preparedness Functions to Federal Departments and Agencies. Washington,
DC: The White House, October 28, 1969. Accessed at:
<http://www.disastercenter.com/laworder/11490.htm>

White House. *Executive Order 11988: Floodplain Management* (1977).
Website, August 17, 2006 update. Accessed at:
<http://www.fema.gov/plan/ehp/ehplaws/eo11988.shtm>

White House. *Executive Order 12127 -- Federal Emergency Management
Agency*. Washington, DC: The White House, March 31, 1979. Accessed at:
<http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32127&st=emergency+management&st1>

White House. *Executive Order 12580 -- Superfund Implementation*.
Washington, DC: The White House, January 23, 1987, 7 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Executive_Documents/EO_12580.doc>

White House. *Executive Order 12742 -- National Security Industrial
Responsiveness.* Washington, DC: The White House, 1991, 2 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Executive_Documents/EO_12742.doc>

White House. Executive Order 12777 \-- *Implementation of Section 311 of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of October 18, 1972, as Amended,
and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990*. Washington, DC: The White House,
October 18, 1991. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Executive_Documents/EO_12777.doc>

White House. *Executive Order 12919 -- National Defense Industrial
Resources Preparedness*. Washington, DC: The White House, June 3, 1994,
9 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Executive_Documents/EO_12919.doc>

White House. *Executive Order 13010 -- Critical Infrastructure
Protection*. Washington, DC: The White House, July 15,1996, 4 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Executive_Documents/EO_13010.doc>

White House. *Executive Order 13228 - Establishing the Office of
Homeland Security and the Homeland Security Council*. Washington, DC:
The White House, October 8, 2001. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011008-2.html>

White House. *Executive Order 13295: Revised List of Quarantinable
Communicable Diseases*. Washington, DC: The White House, April 4, 2003,
1 page. Accessed at:
<http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Executive_Documents/EO_13295.doc>

White House: *Executive Order 13356: Strengthening the Sharing of
Terrorism Information to Protect Americans*. Washington, DC: The White
House, Office of the Press Secretary, August 27, 2004. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/08/20040827-4.html>

White House. *Executive Order 13434 \-- National Security Professional
Development.*. Washington DC: White House, Office of the Press
Secretary, May 17, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/05/20070517-6.html>

White House. *Executive Order: Individuals with Disabilities in
Emergency Preparedness.* Washington, DC: White House, Office of the
Press Secretary, July 22, 2004, 2 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/07/20040722-10.html>

White House. *Federal Emergency Management Agency Appointment of Gordon
Vickery as Acting Director*. Washington, DC: The White House, March 31,
1979. Accessed at:
<http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32128&st=emergency+management&st1>=

White House. *Federal Emergency Management Agency Message to the
Congress Transmitting Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978.* Washington,
DC: The White House, June 19^th^ 1978. Accessed at:
<http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30971&st=&st1>=

White House. *Federal Emergency Management Agency Nomination of John W.
Macy, Jr., To Be Director*. Washington, DC: The White House, May 3,
1979. Accessed at:
<http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32273&st=emergency+management&st1>=

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-1) Subject:
Organization and Operation of the Homeland Security Council*.
Washington, DC: Office of the White House, October 29, 2001. At:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011030-1.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-2) Subject:
Combating Terrorism Through Immigration Policies*. Washington, DC:
Office of White House Press Secretary, 29 Oct. 2001.
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011030-2.html>

######## White House. Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-3), Homeland Security Advisory System. Washington, DC: Office of the White House Press Secretary, March 2002. Accessed at: [*http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020312-5.html*](http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020312-5.html)

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-4) National
Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction* (Unclassified version of
HSPD-17, same subject, dated September 17, 2002). Washington, DC: White
House. December 2002. Accessed at:
<http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-17.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-5)*
*Subject: Management of Domestic Incidents*. Washington, DC: Office of
the White House Press Secretary, February 28, 2003. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030228-9.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-6),
Subject: Integration and Use of Screening Information*. Washington, DC:
Office of the White House Press Secretary, September 16, 2003. At:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/09/20030916-5.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-7),
Subject: Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and
Protection.* Washington, DC: Office of the White House Press Secretary,
December 17, 2003. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/12/20031217-5.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-8)*,
*Subject: National Preparedness.* Washington, DC: Office of the White
House Press Secretary, December 17, 2003. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/12/20031217-6.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-9),
Subject: Defense of United States Agriculture and Food*. Washington, DC:
Office of the White House Press Secretary, February 3, 2004. At:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/02/20040203-2.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-10),*
*Biodefense for the 21^st^ Century*. Washington, DC: Office of the White
House Press Secretary, April 28, 2004. At:
<http://209.225.176.11/ceerp/images/stories/documents/RegsPubsSOPs/HSPDs/hspd10.pdf>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-11),
Subject: Comprehensive Terrorist-Related Screening Procedures*.
Washington, DC: The White House, Office of the White House Press
Secretary, 27Aug2004. At:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/08/20040827-7.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-12),
Subject: Policy for a Common Identification Standard for Federal
Employees and Contractors*. Washington DC: The White House, August 27,
2004. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/08/print/20040827-8.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-13)
Maritime Security Policy.* Washington, DC: The White House, December 21,
2004, 9 pages. Accessed at:
<http://209.225.176.11/ceerp/images/stories/documents/RegsPubsSOPs/HSPDs/hspd13.pdf>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-14),
Domestic Nuclear Detection*. Washington, DC: The White House, April 15,
2005. Accessed at:

<http://209.225.176.11/ceerp/images/stories/documents/RegsPubsSOPs/HSPDs/hspd14.pdf>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-15).*
Classified. Known as: "War on Terror" Directive to Improve Government
Coordination. Washington, DC: The White House, March 2006. See:
<http://homelandsecurity.tamu.edu/framework/keyplans/hspd/president-issues-201cwar-on-terror201d-directive-to-improve-government-coordination.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-16),
National Strategy for Aviation Security*. Washington, DC: The White
House, March 26, 2007, 29 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/nstrategy_asecurity.pdf>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-18),
Subject:  Medical Countermeasures against Weapons of Mass Destruction*.
Washington, DC: The White House, Office of the White House Press
Secretary, February 7, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/02/20070207-2.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-19),
Subject:  Combating Terrorist Use of Explosives in the United States*.
Washington, DC: The White House, Office of the White House Press
Secretary, February 12, 2007. At:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/hspd19/>

White House*.* *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-20)*,
*Subject: National Continuity Policy.* Washington, DC: The White House,
Office of the White House Press Secretary, May 9, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/05/20070509-12.html>

White House. *Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-21),
Subject: Public Health and Medical Preparedness*. Washington, DC, The
White House, Office of the Press Secretary, October 18, 2007, 9 pages.
Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071018-10.html>

White House. *National Planning Scenarios -- Created for Use in
National, Federal, State, and Local Homeland Security Preparedness
Activities* (Version 21.3 Final Draft)*.* Washington, DC: The White
House, Homeland Security Council (in partnership with the DHS), March
2006, 161 pages (For Official Use Only). Accessed at:
<https://www.llis.dhs.gov/member/search.do>

White House. *National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 26: US Civil
Defense Policy.* Washington, DC: The White House, National Security
Council, March 16, 1982, 2 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-026.htm>

White House. *National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 47: Emergency
Mobilization Preparedness.* Washington, DC: The White House, National
Security Council, July 22, 1982, 12 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-047.htm>

White House. *National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 259: U.S.
Civil Defense.* Washington, DC: The White House, February 4, 1987, 3
pages. Accessed at: <http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-259.htm>

White House. *National Strategy for Combating Terrorism*. Washington,
DC: The White House, September 2006, 29 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nsct/2006/index.html>

White House. *National Strategy for Homeland Security*. Washington, DC:
The White House, Office of Homeland Security, July 2002, 90 pages.
Accessed at:
[http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/National_Strategies/National%20Strategy%20for%20Homeland%20Security.pdf](http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/National_Strategies/National Strategy for Homeland Security.pdf)

White House. *National Strategy for Information Sharing: Successes and
Challenges In Improving Terrorism-Related Information Sharing*.
Washington, DC: October 2007, 48 pages. Accessed at:
[[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/nspi_implementation.pdf]{.underline}](http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/nspi_implementation.pdf)

White House. *National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction*.
Washington, DC: White House, December 2002, 9 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/12/WMDStrategy.pdf>

White House. "Operation LIBERTY SHIELD." Washington, DC: The White
House, March 17, 2003, 4 pages. At:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030317-9.html>

White House. "President Bush Signs Department of Homeland Security
Appropriations Act." Scottsdale AZ: Office of the Press Secretary,
October 4, 2006. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/10/20061004-2.html>

White House. *Presidential Decision Directive 67 (PDD 67): Enduring
Constitutional Government and Continuity of Government*. Washington, DC:
The White House, October 1998. Accessed at:
<http://www.emergency-management.net/laws_pdd67.htm>

White House. *Proclamation 7463 -- Declaration of National Emergency by
Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks*. Washington, DC: The White House,
September 18, 2001. Accessed at:
[http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Executive_Documents/Proclamation%207463.pdf](http://www.dtra.mil/documents/newsservices/deskbook/full_text/Executive_Documents/Proclamation 7463.pdf)

White House. *Progress Report on The Global War on Terrorism*.
Washington, DC: The White House, September 11, 2003, 24 pages. Accessed
at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/progress/progress_report_0903.pdf>

White House. *The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina -- Lessons
Learned*. Washington, DC: The White House, Francis Fragos Townsend,
Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism,
February, 2006, 228 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned/>

White House. *The National Security Strategy of the United States of
America*. Washington, DC: White House, September 2002, 35 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf>

White House. *The National Security Strategy of the United States of
America*. Washington, DC: March 2006, 54 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/nss2006.pdf>

White House. *The National Strategy for Homeland Security*. Washington,
DC: The White House, Office of Homeland Security, July 2002, 90 pages.
At: <http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/book/nat_strat_hls.pdf>

White House. *The National Strategy for Homeland Security*. Washington,
DC: The White House, Homeland Security Council, October 2007, 62 pages.
Accessed at: <http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeland/nshs/NSHS.pdf>

White House. *The National Strategy for The Physical Protection of
Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets.* Washington, DC: The White
House, February 2003, 96 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/pcipb/physical_strategy.pdf>

White House. *The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace*. Washington,
DC: The White House February 2003, 76 pages. At:
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/pcipb/cyberspace_strategy.pdf>

Whyte, Anne V., and Ian Burton (eds.). 1980. *Environmental Risk
Assessment*. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Williamson, Samuel P. (Federal Coordinator for Meteorology) and Margaret
Lawless (FEMA Mitigation Directorate). 2001. Power Point Slide
Presentation at Forum on Risk Management and Assessments of Natural
Hazards, Washington, DC, February 5-6, 2001.

Witt, James Lee. "Building A Public/Private Partnership in Emergency
Management." *Disaster Recovery Journal*, 1999. Accessed at:
<http://www.drj.com/drworld/content/w4_100.htm>

Witt, James Lee. "Creating Disaster Resistant Communities." *Disaster
Recovery Journal*, Vol. 10, #4, 1999. Accessed at:
<http://www.drj.com/drworld/content/w4_104.htm>

Witt, James Lee. "Project Impact: Building a Disaster Resistant
Community." *Disaster Recovery Journal*, Winter 1998. Accessed at:
<http://www.drj.com/win98/witt.htm>

World Economic Forum. *Global Risks 2008: A Global Risk Network Report*.
Geneva, Switzerland, WEF, January 2008, 54 pages. Accessed at:
<http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/downloads/WEF_Global_Risks_2008.pdf>

World Health Organization. *Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response
(EPR)*. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations, WHO, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.who.int/csr/outbreaknetwork/en/>

World Health Organization. *Mass Casualty Management Systems: Strategies
and Guidelines for Building Health Sector Capacity*. Geneva,
Switzerland: WHO, April 2007, 36 pages. Accessed at:
<http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/MCM_inside_Jul07.pdf>

World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 1992. *International
Meteorological Vocabulary (Second Edition)*. Geneva, Switzerland: World
Meteorological Organization.

Ziaukas, Tim. 2001. "Environmental Public Relations and Crisis
Management." Chapter 16, pp. 245-257, in Farazmand, op cit.

Zymanek, James J. *Comprehensive Emergency Management*. Amherst, NY:
Town of Amherst Director of Emergency Services and Safety, slide
presentation, 158 slides, March 8, 2007. Accessed at:
<http://www.infragard.net/chapters/buffalo/library/ics_dec_presentation.pdf>

[^1]: Cites: C. Lam, et al. "The Prospect of Using Alternative Medical
    Care Facilities in an Influenza Pandemic." *Biosecurity and
    Bioterrorism* 4, no. 4 (2006): 385-392.

[^2]: Cites: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
    Organizations. *Surge Hospitals: Providing Safe Care in
    Emergencies.* Tennessee: The Joint Commission, 2006.

[^3]: Cites: Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Antiterrorism
    Joint Pub 3-07.2. 17 March 1998.

[^4]: The FSR notes, however, that "Unlike the vast majority of
    homeowners in states exposed to hurricanes who purchase coverage for
    this risk (and are typically required to do so by their lenders), no
    more than a third of California homeowners have purchased earthquake
    insurance. Currently, the take-up rate is less than 14 percent. Two
    reasons are generally given for this low rate of purchase:
    Californians generally don't believe they will suffer from
    significant earthquake damage while they own their homes, or if they
    do, that the loss will be small. In addition, the standard
    deductible under the CEA policy is 15 percent of the replacement
    cost of the structure, which for many homes is a large sum of money.
    Given the price even for this coverage (and the even higher premiums
    for a policy with a lower 10 percent deductible), most homeowners
    choose not to purchase the insurance.") (Ibid)

[^5]: E.L. Quarantelli. 1994. *Disaster Stress*. Paper presented at the
    After Everyone Leaves: Preparing for, Managing and Monitoring Mid-
    and Long-Term Effects of Large-Scale Disasters Conference,
    Minneapolis Minnesota.

[^6]: Cited is: CDC. "Chemical Emergencies: Chemical Agents." U.S.
    Department of Health and Human Services.
    http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlistchem.asp

[^7]: The Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 was repealed in 1994, with
    certain functions transferred to FEMA.

[^8]: Citation: For example, see Plaster, Sherry and Stan Carter.
    (1993). *Planning for Prevention: Sarasota, Florida's Approach to
    Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.* Tallahassee: Florida
    Criminal Justice Executive Institute.

[^9]: Cites: Terry Jeggle, "The Evolution of Disaster Reduction as an
    International Strategy: Policy Implications For the Future." Chapter
    20, pages 316-341 in *Managing Crises: Threats, Dilemmas,
    Opportunities*, (Edited by U. Rosenthal, R. Boin, L. Comfort, 2001)

[^10]: Cited is: Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban
    Affairs, Hearings, Civil Defense, 95^th^ Congress, 2d Session
    (January 1979) at 51-52.

[^11]: *Gesetz uber den katastrophenschutz in Schlesig-Holsteni (LkatSG)
    vom 9 Dezember 1974*. Wiesbaden, Germany: Kommunal und Schul-Verlag
    A. Heinig (in German).

[^12]: Kasastrophen-Vorschrift (1988), Bonn: Deuches Rotesse Kreuz (in
    German).

[^13]: *Politique et compexite: Les crises sans ennemi*. Grenoble,
    France: CRISE. (Cited in Porfiriev 1995, 287).

[^14]: Tierney, Lindell and Perry (2001, 14) state that
    "...Horlick-Jones (1995) argued in favor of defining disasters as
    originating in the fundamental social conditions of late-modern
    society and as involving disruptions of cultural expectations and
    the release of existential dread. Such dread or anxiety originates
    in turn in a loss of faith in the institutions that are supposed to
    keep risks under control."

[^15]: C. Pelanda. 1982. *Disaster and Order: Theoretical Problems in
    Disaster Research*. Unpublished paper.

[^16]: K. Hewitt. 1997. *Regions at Risk: A Geographical Introduction to
    Disasters.* London: Longman.

[^17]: A. Varley. 1994. "The Exceptional and the Everyday: Vulnerability
    Analysis in the International Decade for Natural Disaster
    Reduction." In A. Varley (ed.), *Disasters, Development and
    Environment*. London: Wiley.

[^18]: P.Y. Miller and M.R. Fowlkes. 1984 "In Defense of 'Man-Made'
    Disaster." *Natural Hazards Observer*, Vol. 8, p. 11.

[^19]: Cited: California Government Code, Chapter 7. *Emergency Services
    Act*. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov. Also, State of California.
    September 2005. *Emergency Plan*.

[^20]: Effective April 1, 1979 (White House, *Federal Emergency
    Management Agency Appointment of Gordon Vickery as Acting Director*,
    March 31, 1979).

[^21]: White House. *Executive Order 12127 -- Federal Emergency
    Management Agency*. Washington, DC: The White House, March 31, 1979.

[^22]: White House. *Federal Emergency Management Agency Nomination of
    John W. Macy, Jr., To Be Director*. Washington, DC: The White House,
    May 3, 1979.

[^23]: Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1978: "Prepared by the President
    and transmitted to the Senate and the House of Representatives in
    Congress assembled, June 19, 1978, pursuant to the provisions of
    Chapter 9 of Title 5 of the United States Code." (President's
    Reorganization Project, 1979, p.1)

[^24]: President Bush signed the "DHS Appropriations Act, 2007"on
    October 4, 2006; See **White House**, "President Bush Signs...)

[^25]: Referenced is Koenig K. 2003. Strip and shower: the duck and
    cover for the 21^st^ Century. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 42(3):
    391-394. September.

[^26]: D. Okrent. "Comment on Societal Risk." *Science*, Vol. 208, 1980,
    pp. 372-375.

[^27]: C. Southwick. *Global Ecology in Human Perspective*. NY: Oxford
    University Press, 1996.

[^28]: C. Flavin. "Climate Change and Storm Damage: The Insurance Costs
    Keep Rising." *World Watch*, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1997, pp. 10-11.

[^29]: As an aside, the earliest usage of the word "homeland" that this
    chronicler has found in relation to "emergency management" and
    related terms is in the 1965 report *Federal Civil Defense
    Organization: The Rationale of Its Development*, at p. 34: "Civil
    defense is simply viewed as an aspect of the common defense of the
    homeland."

[^30]: White House, National Strategy for Homeland Security, July 2002.

[^31]: Critical Mission Areas: Intelligence and Warning, Border and
    Transportation Security, Domestic Counterterrorism, Protecting
    Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets, Defending Against
    Catastrophic Threats, and

    Emergency Preparedness and Response. Supportive Foundations of
    Homeland Security: Law, Science and

    Technology, Information Sharing and Systems, and International
    Cooperation.

[^32]: The larger the losses from an insured event, the more significant
    the timing risk. For example, according to information supplied by
    the Insurance Information Institute,

    homeowners' losses in Louisiana from Katrina wiped out 25 years of
    insurance premiums collected in the state. In Mississippi, the
    damages from Katrina wiped out 17

[^33]: The Galloway 2007 report notes that "even the most perfectly
    engineered, impeccably maintained levee will be overtopped during a
    flood event that exceeds its design capacity." (At p. 10)

[^34]: Such as New York and Phoenix during 2001 World Series "when the
    threat of anthrax attacks had put security officials on a heightened
    state of alert." See p. 6 in: Cohen, John D. and John A. Hurson.
    *The State and Local Role in Domestic Defense* (Policy Brief).
    Progressive Policy Institute, January 2002, 9 pages. Accessed at:
    <http://www.ppionline.org/documents/local_home_d.pdf>

[^35]: The assumptions for major events mirror those for Catastrophic
    events found in the National Response Plan.

[^36]: As Gessert observes "The 'proclamation of limited martial law by
    President Eisenhower during the Operation Alert exercise of
    1955...prompted broad reexamination of...emergency requirements and
    functions of government." (*Federal Civil Defense Organization*,
    1965, p. 29)

[^37]: Hupert N, Cuomo J, Callahan MA, Mushlin AI, Morse SS.
    *Community-Based Mass Prophylaxis: A Planning Guide for Public
    Health Preparedness*. AHRQ Publication No. 04-0044, August 2004.
    Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.
    <http://www.ahrq.gov/research/cbmprophyl/>

[^38]: The FSR adds a footnote that "There is a limit, however, to
    addressing the adverse selection problem through pricing alone. As
    risk pools narrow to include only those presenting the highest
    risks, the actuarially appropriate premium may be so high that few
    will purchase the insurance. This may so increase the uncertainty
    about the expected loss from the risk pool that insurers become
    unable to price the risks correctly, or even become unwilling to
    provide any coverage at all. This is essentially why private
    insurers dropped out of covering flood risks...) (p. 45)

[^39]: Cited: Guna Selvaduray, Professor and Executive Director,
    Collaborative for Disaster Mitigation, San Jose State University.
    January 26, 2006. Testimony to the Commission.

[^40]: See FEMA, *NIMS Alert*, April 27, 2007, footnote 1.

[^41]: P. 89, White House. *The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina --
    Lessons Learned*. Washington, DC: The White House, Townsend, Francis
    Fragos, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and
    Counterterrorism, February. 2006. At:
    <http://www.whitehouse.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned/>

[^42]: According to a November 29, 2007 "Interagency Planning Workshop"
    slide presentation (#16) the Incident Management Planning Team
    "publishes" the NPES in September 2006.

[^43]: Referenced: "A 2004 Report by the Association of State Floodplain
    Managers Foundation, *Reducing*

    *Flood Losses: Is the 1% Chance Flood Standard Sufficient?*
    concluded that "The prescriptive 1% chance standard oversimplifies
    complicated concepts. Much happens within the floodplain that cannot
    be captured in a simple "in or out" determination. Although such
    simplicity has its appeal, a broader, more flexible approach would
    allow for the reflection of more detail and more accuracy." Because
    of the standard, development has tended to cluster just outside of
    the 1% floodplain boundary, an area not free from flood risk and
    possibly subject to considerable risk where watersheds have been
    urbanized and runoff thereby increased."

[^44]: "Pandemic Influenza: Historical Perspective,'' Center for
    Infectious Disease Research Policy, Univ. of Minnesota.
    http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/panflu/biofacts/panflu.html#Historical_Perspective_1
    8 July 2007.

[^45]: Cited is System Development Corporation, *Final Report: Local
    Planning Project*, April 30, 1970.

[^46]: Cites Donald L. Schmidt, Preparedness, LLC.

[^47]: The NFPA explains the addition of "Prevention" to the "Phases" in
    the last paragraph of the section, \"Origin and Development of NFPA
    1600\" \-- \"The 2007 edition incorporates changes to the 2004
    edition, expanding the conceptual framework for disaster/emergency
    management and business continuity programs. Previous editions of
    the standard focused on the four aspects of mitigation,
    preparedness, response, and recovery. This edition identifies
    prevention as a distinct aspect of the program, in addition to the
    other four. Doing so brings the standard into alignment with related
    disciplines and practices of risk management, security, and loss
    prevention.\"

[^48]: Citation: 18 U.S.C. § 1385 (2002). Congress enacted the PCA in
    1878 as a result of concerns over the military presence in the
    Reconstruction South. On its face the current PCA only applies to
    the Army and Air Force. In 1981, however, Congress directed the
    Secretary of Defense to promulgate regulations to essentially apply
    the PCA to the Navy and Marine Corps. See 10 U.S.C. § 375 (2002).
    The resulting regulation is *DoD Directive 5525.5, DoD Cooperation
    With Civilian Law Enforcement Officials*, 15 January 1986. Of note,
    the PCA does not apply to the members of the National Guard unless
    they have been federalized.

[^49]: Citation: 10 U.S.C. §§ 331--34 (2002).

[^50]: "Rules for the use of force," for domestic support to civil
    authority missions and "nonoperational" force protection.

[^51]: Citation: Garden Plot, supra note 5, at ann. C, app. 1, para.
    (1)(C).

[^52]: Witt, James Lee. "Project Impact: Building a Disaster Resistant
    Community." *Disaster Recovery Journal*, Winter 1998/ Accessed at:
    <http://www.drj.com/win98/witt.htm>

[^53]: See Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (FHCF) as an example.

[^54]: United States Coast Guard: America's Maritime Guardian, Coast
    Guard Publication 1 (Washington, DC: January 2002, second printing),
    p. 3. The term "doctrine" has clear and rich meaning as a guide to
    action within the military services. See also U.S. Department of
    Defense's Joint Operations Planning and Execution System, an
    overview of which is available at
    [http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/other_pubs/jopes.pdf]{.underline}.

[^55]: Dean, W. "Risk Assessments and Future Challenges." *FBI Law
    Enforcement Bulletin*, July 2005.

[^56]: Deyle, French, Olshansky, and Paterson 1998, 124.

[^57]: Cites: Cohen, D. and Prusak, L. (2001) *In Good Company. How
    social capital makes organizations work*, Boston, Ma.: Harvard
    Business School Press. P. 4.

[^58]: Downloaded from web site address:
    http://www.cyberg8t.com/simeon/glossary.html (definitions from The
    Simeon Institute are obtained from "unattributed sources").

[^59]: "The larger the losses from an insured event, the more
    significant the timing risk. For example, according to information
    supplied by the Insurance Information Institute, homeowners' losses
    in Louisiana from Katrina wiped out 25 years of insurance premiums
    collected in the state. In Mississippi, the damages from Katrina
    wiped out 17 years of premiums." (**FSR**, *Mega-Catastrophe*, 2007
    45)

[^60]: Referenced is a chapter in *Natural Disasters: Protecting
    Vulnerable Communities*, edited by P.A. Merriman and C.W. Browitts
    (London: Thomas Telford, 1993).

[^61]: Referenced is chapter by Norton and Chantry in *Natural
    Disasters: Protecting Vulnerable Communities*, edited by P.A.
    Merriman and C.W. Browitts (London: Thomas Telford, 1993).

[^62]: Sinha, D.K. Ed. 1992. Natural Disaster Reduction to the Nineties:
    Perspectives, Aspects and Strategies. Calcutta: International
    Journal Services.

[^63]: Pelanda, Carlo. 1982. "Disastro e vulnerabilita sociosistemica."
    *Rassegna Italian di Sociologia* 22:507-532.

[^64]: Email communication from DHS Lexicographer, December 11, 2007.