**ACTIVITY TYPE LISTS**

For additional information, see [ACTIVITY TYPE
DESCRIPTIONS](#abandoned-mine-restoration) beginning page 30. Note that
Activity Components or Work Elements in this list are linked to Activity
Type Descriptions. (Use CTRL-mouse click)

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Abandoned Mine Restoration**

See Roads and Roads Maintenance AT for road decommissioning; Access and
Equipment Maintenance AT for access and fueling issues; Prescribed Fire
for camps

+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
| **Activity       | **Activity       | **Work Element**               |
| Type**           | Component**      |                                |
+==================+==================+================================+
|                  |                  |                                |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
| **Abandoned Mine | [**Mining Waste  | *Junk Removal*                 |
| Restoration**    | Cleanup          |                                |
|                  | **](#section-17) |                                |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Preliminary assessments,      |
|                  |                  | inventories, analyses*         |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Contaminated soil removal*    |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Barrel removal*               |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Reclamation plan              |
|                  |                  | implementation*                |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  |                                |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  | [**Mine          | *Restore surface               |
|                  | Site/Abandoned   | flow/Floodplain reclamation*   |
|                  | Mine             |                                |
|                  | **](#section-18) |                                |
|                  |                  |                                |
|                  | ## [*Reclamatio  |                                |
|                  | n*](#section-18) |                                |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Mine shaft backfilling*       |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Removal of hazardous waste    |
|                  |                  | (hazmat)*                      |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Close Mine Openings, Adits,   |
|                  |                  | and Stopes -- Gates, Foam      |
|                  |                  | Sealant, Backfilling,          |
|                  |                  | Blasting*                      |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Wetlands reclamation --       |
|                  |                  | Remove Contaminated Soil*      |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Wetlands reclamation --       |
|                  |                  | Restore Stream Channel*        |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Wetlands Reclamation --       |
|                  |                  | Construct Repository*          |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Tailings Impoundment          |
|                  |                  | Rehabilitation -- Water        |
|                  |                  | Management*                    |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Tailings impoundment          |
|                  |                  | Rehabilitation - Cap           |
|                  |                  | impoundment*                   |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | # Dredge tailing               |
|                  |                  | s restoration - Aerial surveys |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | #### Dredge tailings restora   |
|                  |                  | tion - Tailings redistribution |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Dredge tailings restoration - |
|                  |                  | Restore channel flow*          |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Groundwater control -         |
|                  |                  | Reroute*                       |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Groundwater control - Treat*  |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Groundwater control - Test*   |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Mine waste dump removal -     |
|                  |                  | Treat*                         |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Mine waste dump removal -     |
|                  |                  | Test*                          |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Mine waste dump removal -     |
|                  |                  | Inventory and monitor*         |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+
|                  |                  | *Mine waste dump removal --    |
|                  |                  | Re-vegetation* --              |
|                  |                  |                                |
|                  |                  | > FOR aerial seeding, GO      |
|                  |                  | > TO**:** Range Infrastructure |
|                  |                  | > AT**, Rangeland Restoration  |
|                  |                  | > AC,** *Seeding---aerial      |
|                  |                  | > WE***.**                     |
|                  |                  | >                              |
|                  |                  | > FOR non-aerial seeding, GO  |
|                  |                  | > TO: Range Infrastructure     |
|                  |                  | > AT**, Rangeland Restoration  |
|                  |                  | > AC,** *Seeding---disking,    |
|                  |                  | > drilling, fertilizing,       |
|                  |                  | > plowing WE*                  |
|                  |                  | >                              |
|                  |                  | > FOR planting trees/shrubs,  |
|                  |                  | > GO TO: Reforestation AT,     |
|                  |                  | > **Hand plant uplant/riparian |
|                  |                  | > AC**, *Plant trees and       |
|                  |                  | > shrubs with hoe, bar, auger  |
|                  |                  | > WE*.                         |
+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Access and Equipment Maintenance**

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Access and      | [**Access to Work | *Access by foot or pack      |
| Equipment**       | Site**](#access)  | animal*                      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| ### Maintenance   |                   | *Access by vehicle on roads, |
|                   |                   | within normal use patterns*  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Access by vehicle or ATV    |
|                   |                   | off roads or outside of      |
|                   |                   | normal use patterns*         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Access by                   |
|                   |                   | helicopter/aircraft*         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [                 | *Fueling/Maintenance of      |
|                   | **Fueling/Mainten | light equipment on site*     |
|                   | ance**](#fueling) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Fueling/Maintenance of      |
|                   |                   | heavy equipment on site*     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Defensible Space**

See: Mechanical Treatments AT for felling, thinning, and hazard
trees**;** Prescribed Fire AT for fire and camps; Reforestation AT for
planting; Weeds and Chemical Treatments AT; and Access and Equipment
Maintenance AT for access and fueling issues

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Defensible      | [**Fuels          | *Remove plants or plant      |
| Space**           | Reducti           | parts*                       |
|                   | on**](#fuelreduc) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Replace flammable plants    |
|                   |                   | with less flammable plants*  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Structure      | *Replace flammable roof      |
|                   | Modificati        | materials*                   |
|                   | on**](#structmod) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Remove ignitable materials  |
|                   |                   | surrounding structures*      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Forest Products**

See Mechanical Treatments AT for felling, thinning, and hazard
trees**;** Defensible Space AT; Access and Equipment Maintenance for
access and fueling issues; Prescribed Fire AT for fire and camps

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Forest          | [**Firewood       | *Collect firewood from       |
| Products**        | Collectio         | already downed sources (e.g. |
|                   | n**](#section-33) | hazard tree removal, road    |
|                   |                   | maintenance, etc.)*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fruit, Berries  | #### Hand picking            |
|                   | and Nut Harvest** | and raking of edible berries |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Greenery        | #### Digging of              |
|                   | Harvest -- Total  | species for complete removal |
|                   | Removal**         |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Moss            | #### Moss Removal            |
|                   | Harvesting**      |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Mushroom        | *Removal of fungi*           |
|                   | Harvesting**      |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Raking of soil              |
|                   |                   | Substrate/Mycelium*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Seed            |                              |
|                   | Collection**      |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > GO TO          |                              |
|                   | > Reforestation   |                              |
|                   | > AT**,           |                              |
|                   | > Collection of   |                              |
|                   | > Plant           |                              |
|                   | > Propagation     |                              |
|                   | > Materials AC**  |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Tree and Shrub | #### Complete or Partia      |
|                   | Remova            | l Removal of Trees or Shrubs |
|                   | l**](#section-42) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Public Access** | #### Public Access           |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Insect and Disease Suppression**

See Mechanical Treatments AT for felling, thinning, and hazard trees;
Roads and Roads Maintenance AT for snowplowing; Prescribed Fire AT for
fire and camps; Reforestation AT for planting; and Access and Equipment
Maintenance AT for access and fueling issues

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Insect and      | [**Aerial Survey  | *Fixed wing/helicopter       |
| Disease           | and Application   | flights and application less |
| Suppression**     | of Insecticides   | than 1500 feet above ground* |
|                   | and               |                              |
|                   | Pesticide         |                              |
|                   | s**](#section-45) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Fixed wing/helicopter       |
|                   |                   | flights and application      |
|                   |                   | greater than 1500 feed above |
|                   |                   | ground*                      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Fertiliz       | *Hand application of N       |
|                   | ation**](#fertil) | frells*                      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Ground         | *Back-pack spraying or       |
|                   | Application of    | inoculation of individual    |
|                   | Pesticide         | trees with insecticide*      |
|                   | s**](#groundpest) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Borax treatment of freshly  |
|                   |                   | cut stumps*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Ground         | #### Walking survey          |
|                   | Surve             |                              |
|                   | y**](#section-46) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Manual         | # Thin, selectin             |
|                   | Treatment         | g against species/conditions |
|                   | s**](#section-47) |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Mechanical          |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT, **Harvest   |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   |  Prescription/Implementation |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Understory/single   |
|                   |                   | > story treatments: thinning |
|                   |                   | > WE*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Burning infested tree*      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Topping or otherwise        |
|                   |                   | killing, and removing        |
|                   |                   | infested trees*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Slash disposal, lop and     |
|                   |                   | scatter, pile or cover hand  |
|                   |                   | pile and burn*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Pruning*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Mechanical     | *Slash disposal              |
|                   | Treatment         | debark/chip/or fragment,     |
|                   | s**](#section-51) | machine pile and burn*       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Yound stand destruction,    |
|                   |                   | chaining, roller chopping*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Overstory removal       |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Mechanical          |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT, **Harvest   |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   |  Prescription/Implementation |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Overstory           |
|                   |                   | > treatments: Overstory      |
|                   |                   | > removal, partial overstory |
|                   |                   | > removal, sanitation WE*    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Harvest/removal of          |
|                   |                   | fire-damaged or other        |
|                   |                   | high-risk trees*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Thin, selectin          |
|                   |                   | g against species/conditions |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Mechanical          |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT, **Harvest   |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   |  Prescription/Implementation |
|                   |                   | > AC,** *Understory/single   |
|                   |                   | > story treatments: thinning |
|                   |                   | > WE*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Plant           |                              |
|                   | Less-susceptible  |                              |
|                   | Species**         |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > GO TO          |                              |
|                   | > Reforestation   |                              |
|                   | > AT**, Hand      |                              |
|                   | > Plant           |                              |
|                   | > Upland/Riparian |                              |
|                   | > AC**            |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Population     | #### Sampling and trapping   |
|                   | Assessment and    |                              |
|                   | Trappin           |                              |
|                   | g**](#section-59) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Use of         | #### Pulling                 |
|                   | Fir               |  back duff from legacy trees |
|                   | e**](#section-60) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Insect and      | [**Use of         | *Anti-aggregate bubble caps* |
| Disease           | Pherom            |                              |
| Suppression**     | ones**](#usepher) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **(cont.)**       |                   | *Trap tree baiting and       |
|                   |                   | removal*                     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Mechanical Treatments**

See Roads and Roads Maintenance AT for snow removal, opening closed
roads, road work; Access and Equipment Maintenance AT for access and
refueling; Prescribed Fire AT for fire and camps; Weeds/Chemical
Treatment AT for weed prevention actions

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Mechanical      | [**Dust           | #### Chemical palliatives    |
| Treatments**      | Abat              |                              |
|                   | ement**](#dustab) | > GO TO Roads and Road      |
|                   |                   | > Maintenance AT, **Road     |
|                   |                   | > Maintenance AC**, *Dust    |
|                   |                   | > abatement -- water or      |
|                   |                   | > chemical WE*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Water drafting          |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | >  EXCEPT for Salmonids, GO |
|                   |                   | > TO Prescribed Fire AT,     |
|                   |                   | > **Fireline                 |
|                   |                   | > Construction/Holding       |
|                   |                   | > Actions AC**, *Drafting to |
|                   |                   | > fill engines/tenders WE*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Harvest        | *Regeneration harvest:       |
|                   | Prescription /    | clearcut, seed tree,         |
|                   | Implementati      | shelterwood*                 |
|                   | on**](#harvpresc) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Understory/single story     |
|                   |                   | treatments: thinning*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Overstory treatments:       |
|                   |                   | overstory removal, partial   |
|                   |                   | overstory removal,           |
|                   |                   | sanitation*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Dead trees: salvage, hazard |
|                   |                   | tree removal*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Selection harvest -- all    |
|                   |                   | stand layers*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ####              |                              |
|                   | ## [**Killing Sub |                              |
|                   | merchantible Tree |                              |
|                   | s**](#section-62) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > EXCEPT for     |                              |
|                   | > Salmonids, FOR  |                              |
|                   | > killing trees   |                              |
|                   | > by falling GO   |                              |
|                   | > TO Mechanical   |                              |
|                   | > Treatments AT,  |                              |
|                   | > **Tree Felling  |                              |
|                   | > AC**            |                              |
|                   | >                 |                              |
|                   | > EXCEPT for     |                              |
|                   | > Salmonids, FOR  |                              |
|                   | > killing trees   |                              |
|                   | > by burning, GO  |                              |
|                   | > TO Prescribed   |                              |
|                   | > Fire AT         |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Logging        | #### Ground based logging    |
|                   | Systems           |                              |
|                   | an                |                              |
|                   | d**](#section-63) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | ##                |                              |
|                   | #### [**Operation |                              |
|                   | s**](#section-63) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Helicopter*                 |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *High lead*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Skyline*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Hauling*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Loading*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Landing Construction and    |
|                   |                   | Location*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Reducing Soil  | #### Subsoiling              |
|                   | Compacti          |                              |
|                   | on**](#reducsoil) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ###### Refueling  |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Access   |                              |
|                   | > and Equipment   |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance AT, |                              |
|                   | > **Fu            |                              |
|                   | eling/Maintenance |                              |
|                   | > AC**            |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [                 | #### Furrowing               |
|                   | **Rehabilitation, |                              |
|                   | Removal           |                              |
|                   | o                 |                              |
|                   | f**](#rehabremov) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > [**Excess       |                              |
|                   | > Vegetation and  |                              |
|                   | > Slas            |                              |
|                   | h**](#rehabremov) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Patch scarificat        |
|                   |                   | ion, mechanically or by hand |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR hand scarification,   |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Reforestation AT,    |
|                   |                   | > **Site Preparation AC**,   |
|                   |                   | > *Hand scalp/Grubbing WE*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Dozer scarification*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Dozer piling*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Grapple piling*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Hand piling*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Piling at landings*         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Mechanical      | ###### **Ro       |                              |
| Treatments        | ad Construction** |                              |
| (cont.)**         |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Roads    |                              |
|                   | > and Roads       |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance AT, |                              |
|                   | > **New           |                              |
|                   | > Constructi      |                              |
|                   | on/Reconstruction |                              |
|                   | > AC**            |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ######            |                              |
|                   |  Road Maintenance |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Roads    |                              |
|                   | > and Roads       |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance AT, |                              |
|                   | > **Road          |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance     |                              |
|                   | > AC**            |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Skid           | #### Water bars              |
|                   | Trail/Landing     |                              |
|                   | Rehabilitati      |                              |
|                   | on**](#skidtrail) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Tree           | *Hand*                       |
|                   | Fell              |                              |
|                   | ing**](#treefell) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Mechanical*                 |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Prescribed Fire**

## 

## See Roads and Roads Maintenance AT for road opening/closing 

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Prescribed      | [**Fire           | #### Fire/spike camp         |
| Fire**            | Supp              |                              |
|                   | ort**](#firesupp) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Fireline       | #### Machine built fireline  |
|                   | Con               |                              |
|                   | struction/Holding |                              |
|                   | **](#firelinecon) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | ####### [Actio    |                              |
|                   | ns](#firelinecon) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *"Wet" line/foam line*       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Pumping from streams/ponds  |
|                   |                   | using portable pumps*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Drafting to fill            |
|                   |                   | engines/tenders*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Natural barriers            |
|                   |                   | riparian/wetlands*           |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Helicopter dipping*         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Hand built fireline*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Explosive built fireline*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *"Black" line*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Helicopter     | *Helicopter support sites;   |
|                   | Landing Sites and | refuel, alumigel mix sites,  |
|                   | other Operational | etc*.                        |
|                   | Facilitie         |                              |
|                   | s**](#section-70) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Ignitio        | #### Hand ignition           |
|                   | n**](#section-72) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Mechanized ignition*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Aerial ignition*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Mop-u          | *Engine*                     |
|                   | p**](#section-73) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Hand tool*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Hose lays*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | Number range      | *[Number range               |
|                   | CHAPTER**Aspen,   | CHAPTERBroadcast             |
|                   | Fire Regime III** | burn](#aspeniiib), Low       |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Number range               |
|                   |                   | CHAPTERBroadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn](#aspeniiib), Moderate  |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Number range               |
|                   |                   | CHAPTERBroadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn](#aspeniiib), High      |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/Broadcast             |
|                   |                   | Burn](#aspeniiitb), Low      |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/Broadcast             |
|                   |                   | Burn](#aspeniiitb), Moderate |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/Broadcast             |
|                   |                   | Burn](#aspeniiitb), High     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Number range    | *[Number range               |
|                   | CHAPTERCed        | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | ar/Hemlock/Fir,** | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar1iiitm) Low    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 1,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar1iiitm)        |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime     | *[Number range               |
|                   | III**             | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar1iiitm) High   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar1iiitb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar1iiitb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar1iiitb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar1iiitb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar1iiitb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar1iiitb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Number range    | *[Number range               |
|                   | CHAPTERCed        | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | ar/Hemlock/Fir,** | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar-he            |
|                   |                   | mlock-fir-condition-class-2) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 2,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar-he            |
|                   |                   | mlock-fir-condition-class-2) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime     | *[Number range               |
|                   | III**             | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar-he            |
|                   |                   | mlock-fir-condition-class-2) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar2iiitb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar2iiitb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar2iiitb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-2-2) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-2-2) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-2-2) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Prescribed Fire | **Number range    | *[Number range               |
| (cont.)**         | CHAPTERCed        | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | ar/Hemlock/Fir,** | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar-he            |
|                   |                   | mlock-fir-condition-class-3) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 3,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar-he            |
|                   |                   | mlock-fir-condition-class-3) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime     | *[Number range               |
|                   | III**             | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar-he            |
|                   |                   | mlock-fir-condition-class-3) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-3-1) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-3-1) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-3-1) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-3-2) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-3-2) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-3-2) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Number range    | *[Number range               |
|                   | CHAPTERCed        | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | ar/Hemlock/Fir,** | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar-heml          |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-1-1) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 1,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar-heml          |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-1-1) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime IV, | *[Number range               |
|                   | V**               | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar-heml          |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-1-1) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-1-2) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-1-2) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar-heml           |
|                   |                   | ock-fir-condition-class-1-2) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar1ivvbb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar1ivvbb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar1ivvbb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Number range    | *[Number range               |
|                   | CHAPTERCed        | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | ar/Hemlock/Fir,** | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar2ivvtm) Low    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 2,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar2ivvtm)        |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime IV, | *[Number range               |
|                   | V**               | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar2ivvtm) High   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar2ivvtb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar2ivvtb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar2ivvtb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar2ivvbb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar2ivvbb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar2ivvbb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Number range    | *[Number range               |
|                   | CHAPTERCed        | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | ar/Hemlock/Fir,** | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar3ivvtm) Low    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 3,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar3ivvtm)        |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime IV, | *[Number range               |
|                   | V**               | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#cedar3ivvtm) High   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar3ivvtb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar3ivvtb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar3ivvtb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar3ivvbb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar3ivvbb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#cedar3ivvbb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | Number range      | *[Number range               |
|                   | C                 | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | HAPTER**Lodgepole | pile/burn                    |
|                   | Pine/**           | piles,](#lodge1iiitb) Low    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | *                 | *[Number range               |
|                   | *Douglas-fir/True | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | Fir,**            | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge1iiitb)        |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 1,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge1iiitb) High   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime     | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   | III**             | burn,](#lodge1iiitb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge1iiitb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge1iiitb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge1iiibb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge1iiibb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge1iiibb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | Number range      | *[Number range               |
|                   | C                 | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | HAPTER**Lodgepole | pile/burn                    |
|                   | Ppine/**          | piles,](#lodge2iiitm) Low    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | *                 | *[Number range               |
|                   | *Douglas-fir/True | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | Fir,**            | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge2iiitm)        |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 2,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge2iiitm) High   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime     | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   | III**             | burn,](#lodge2iiitb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge2iiitb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge2iiitb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge2iiibb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Prescribed Fire | **Lodgepole . . . | *[Broadcast                  |
| (cont.)**         | Class 2 . . .**   | burn,](#lodge2iiibb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > **Regime III    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | > (cont.)**       | burn,](#lodge2iiibb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | Number range      | *[Number range               |
|                   | C                 | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | HAPTER**Lodgepole | pile/burn                    |
|                   | Pine/**           | piles,](#lodge3iiitm) Low    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | *                 | *[Number range               |
|                   | *Douglas-fir/True | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | Fir,**            | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge3iiitm)        |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 3,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge3iiitm) High   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime     | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   | III**             | burn,](#lodge3iiitb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge3iiitb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge3iiitb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge3iiitb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge3iiitb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge3iiitb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | Number range      | *[Number range               |
|                   | C                 | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | HAPTER**Lodgepole | pile/burn                    |
|                   | Pine/**           | piles,](#lodge1ivvtm) Low    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | *                 | *[Number range               |
|                   | *Douglas-fir/True | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | Fir,**            | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge1ivvtm)        |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 1,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge1ivvtm) High   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime IV, | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   | V**               | burn,](#lodge1ivvbb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge1ivvbb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge1ivvbb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge1ivvbb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge1ivvbb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge1ivvbb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | Number range      | *[Number range               |
|                   | C                 | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | HAPTER**Lodgepole | pile/burn                    |
|                   | Pine/**           | piles,](#lodge2ivvtm) Low    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | *                 | *[Number range               |
|                   | *Douglas-fir/True | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | Fir,**            | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge2ivvtm)        |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 2,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge2ivvtm) High   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime IV, | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   | V**               | burn,](#lodge2ivvtb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge2ivvtb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge2ivvtb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge2ivvbb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge2ivvbb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge2ivvbb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | Number range      | *[Number range               |
|                   | C                 | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | HAPTER**Lodgepole | pile/burn                    |
|                   | Pine/**           | piles,](#lodge3ivvtm) Low    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | *                 | *[Number range               |
|                   | *Douglas-fir/True | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   | Fir,**            | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge3ivvtm)        |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Condition Class | *[Number range               |
|                   | 3,**              | CHAPTERThin/machine          |
|                   |                   | pile/burn                    |
|                   |                   | piles,](#lodge3ivvtm) High   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime IV, | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   | V**               | burn,](#lodge3ivvtb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge3ivvtb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/broadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge3ivvtb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge3ivvbb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge3ivvbb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#lodge3ivvbb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | Number range      | *[Number range               |
|                   | CHAPTE            | CHAPTERBroadcast             |
|                   | R**Pinyon-Juniper | burn,](#pinyonpile) Low      |
|                   | and**             | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Juniper         | *[Number range               |
|                   | Woodlands,**      | CHAPTERBroadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pinyonpile) Moderate |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime     | *[Number range               |
|                   | II**              | CHAPTERBroadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pinyonpile) High     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Activity fuels/pile/burn   |
|                   |                   | piles,](#pinyonpile) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Activity fuels/pile/burn   |
|                   |                   | piles,](#pinyonpile)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Activity fuels/pile/burn   |
|                   |                   | piles,](#pinyonpile) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Activity fuels/scattered/  |
|                   |                   | broadcast                    |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pinyonscatt) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Activity fuels/scattered/  |
|                   |                   | broadcast                    |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pinyonscatt)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Activity fuels/scattered/  |
|                   |                   | broadcast                    |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pinyonscatt) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Prescribed Fire | **Number range    | *[Activity fuels/pile/burn   |
| (cont.)**         | CHAPTEROak        | piles,](#oakact) Low         |
|                   | Woodlands/Oak-**  | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | *                 | *[Activity fuels/pile/burn   |
|                   | *Maple/Interior** | piles,](#oakact) Moderate    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **C               | *[Activity fuels/pile/burn   |
|                   | haparral/Mountain | piles,](#oakact) High        |
|                   | Brush,**          | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime     | *[Number range               |
|                   | II**              | CHAPTERBroadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#oakbroad) Low        |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Number range               |
|                   |                   | CHAPTERBroadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#oakbroad) Moderate   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Number range               |
|                   |                   | CHAPTERBroadcast             |
|                   |                   | burn,](#oakbroad) High       |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Number range    | *[Number range               |
|                   | CHAPTERPonderosa  | CHAPTERThin/pile/burn        |
|                   | Pi                | piles,](#ponditp) Low        |
|                   | ne/Douglas-fir/** | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ######### West    | *[Number range               |
|                   | ern Larch/Jeffrey | CHAPTERThin/pile/burn        |
|                   |                   | piles,](#ponditp) Moderate   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Pine/Lodgepole  | *[Number range               |
|                   | Pine,**           | CHAPTERThin/pile/burn        |
|                   |                   | piles,](#ponditp) High       |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime I** | *[Number range               |
|                   |                   | CHAPTERThin/pile/burn        |
|                   |                   | piles,](#ponditp) Riparian   |
|                   |                   | area*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/scatter/broadcast     |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pondibb) Low         |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/scatter/broadcast     |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pondibb) Moderate    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/scatter/broadcast     |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pondibb) High        |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/scatter/broadcast     |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pondibb) Riparian    |
|                   |                   | area*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn,](#pondibb) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn,](#pondibb) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn,](#pondibb) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn,](#pondibb) |
|                   |                   | Riparian areas*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Number range    | *[Number range               |
|                   | CHAPTERPonderosa  | CHAPTERThin/pile/burn        |
|                   | Pi                | piles,](#pondotp) Low        |
|                   | ne/Douglas-fir/** | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ######### West    | *[Number range               |
|                   | ern Larch/Jeffrey | CHAPTERThin/pile/burn        |
|                   |                   | piles,](#pondotp) Moderate   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Pine/Lodgepole  | *[Number range               |
|                   | Pine,**           | CHAPTERThin/pile/burn        |
|                   |                   | piles,](#pondotp) High       |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime     | *[Number range               |
|                   | III,**            | CHAPTERThin/pile/burn        |
|                   |                   | piles,](#pondotp) Riparian   |
|                   |                   | area*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **open forest     | *[Thin/scatter/broadcast     |
|                   | objective**       | burn,](#pondots) Low         |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/scatter/broadcast     |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pondots) Moderate    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/scatter/broadcast     |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pondots) High        |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin/scatter/broadcast     |
|                   |                   | burn,](#pondots) Riparian    |
|                   |                   | area*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn,](#pondobb) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn,](#pondobb) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn,](#pondobb) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn,](#pondobb) |
|                   |                   | Riparian areas*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Number range    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | CHAPTERPonderosa  | burn,](#pondsapling) High    |
|                   | Pi                | intensity*                   |
|                   | ne/Douglas-fir/** |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ######### West    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | ern Larch/Jeffrey | burn,](#pondsapling)         |
|                   |                   | Riparian areas*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Pine/Lodgepole  |                              |
|                   | Pine,**           |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fire Regime     |                              |
|                   | III,**            |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | *                 |                              |
|                   | *seedling/sapling |                              |
|                   | objective**       |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Riparian        | *[Thin small trees/hand      |
|                   | Mid/Upper         | pile/burn piles,](#rip1thin) |
|                   | Elevation,**      | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > **Condition     | *[Thin small trees/hand      |
|                   | > Class 1, Fire   | pile/burn piles,](#rip1thin) |
|                   | > Regimes III,    | Moderate intensity*          |
|                   | > IV, V**         |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin small trees/hand      |
|                   |                   | pile/burn piles,](#rip1thin) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn (thinned or |
|                   |                   | not),](#rip1broad) Low       |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn (thinned or |
|                   |                   | not),](#rip1broad) Moderate  |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn (thinned or |
|                   |                   | not),](#rip1broad) High      |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Riparian        | *[Thin small trees/hand      |
|                   | Mid/Upper         | pile/burn piles,](#rip2thin) |
|                   | Elevation**       | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > **Condition     | *[Thin small trees/hand      |
|                   | > Class 2, Fire   | pile/burn piles,](#rip2thin) |
|                   | > Regimes III,    | Moderate intensity*          |
|                   | > IV, V**         |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin small trees/hand      |
|                   |                   | pile/burn piles,](#rip2thin) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn (thinned or |
|                   |                   | not),](#rip2broad) Low       |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn (thinned or |
|                   |                   | not),](#rip2broad) Moderate  |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn (thinned or |
|                   |                   | not),](#rip2broad) High      |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Prescribed Fire | **Riparian        | *[Thin small trees/hand      |
| (cont.)**         | Mid/Upper         | pile/burn piles,](#rip3thin) |
|                   | Elevation**       | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > **Condition     | *[Thin small trees/hand      |
|                   | > Class 3, Fire   | pile/burn piles,](#rip3thin) |
|                   | > Regimes III,    | Moderate intensity*          |
|                   | > IV, V**         |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Thin small trees/hand      |
|                   |                   | pile/burn piles,](#rip3thin) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn (thinned or |
|                   |                   | not),](#rip3broad) Low       |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn (thinned or |
|                   |                   | not),](#rip3broad) Moderate  |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn (thinned or |
|                   |                   | not),](#rip3broad) High      |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Sagebrush --    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | Mountain Big**    | burn,](#mountiibb) Low       |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ####### Sagebrus  | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | h, Fire Regime II | burn,](#mountiibb) Moderate  |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#mountiibb) High      |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brush                      |
|                   |                   | beating/Mowing,](#mountiibm) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brush                      |
|                   |                   | beating/Mowing,](#mountiibm) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brush                      |
|                   |                   | beating/Mowing,](#mountiibm) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Sagebrush --    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | Mountain Big**    | burn,](#mountiiibb) Low      |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ####### Sagebrush | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | , Fire Regime III | burn,](#mountiiibb) Moderate |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   |                   | burn,](#mountiiibb) High     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brushb                     |
|                   |                   | eating/Mowing,](#mountiiibm) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brushb                     |
|                   |                   | eating/Mowing,](#mountiiibm) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brushb                     |
|                   |                   | eating/Mowing,](#mountiiibm) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Sagebrush --    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | Wyoming Big**     | burn,](#wyomiiibb) Low       |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > **Sagebrush,    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | > Intermountain   | burn,](#wyomiiibb) Moderate  |
|                   | > West,**         | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ######            | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | # Fire Regime III | burn,](#wyomiiibb) High      |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brush                      |
|                   |                   | beating/Mowing,](#wyomiiibm) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brush                      |
|                   |                   | beating/Mowing,](#wyomiiibm) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brush                      |
|                   |                   | beating/Mowing,](#wyomiiibm) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#wyomiiih) Low |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#wyomiiih)     |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#wyomiiih)     |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Sagebrush --    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | Wyoming Big**     | burn,](#wyomivbb) Low        |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > **Sagebrush,    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | > Intermountain   | burn,](#wyomivbb) Moderate   |
|                   | > West,**         | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | #####             | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | ## Fire Regime IV | burn,](#wyomivbb) High       |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brus                       |
|                   |                   | hbeating/Mowing,](#wyomivbm) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brus                       |
|                   |                   | hbeating/Mowing,](#wyomivbm) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brus                       |
|                   |                   | hbeating/Mowing,](#wyomivbm) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#wyomivh) Low  |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#wyomivh)      |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#wyomivh) High |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Sagebrush --    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | Wyoming Big**     | burn,](#wyomgrtivbb) Low     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > **Sagebrush,    | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | > Great Basin,**  | burn,](#wyomgrtivbb)         |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > **Fire Regime   | *[Broadcast                  |
|                   | > IV**            | burn,](#wyomgrtivbb) High    |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brushbe                    |
|                   |                   | ating/Mowing,](#wyomgrtivbm) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brushbe                    |
|                   |                   | ating/Mowing,](#wyomgrtivbm) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Brushbe                    |
|                   |                   | ating/Mowing,](#wyomgrtivbm) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#wyomgrtivh)   |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#wyomgrtivh)   |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#wyomgrtivh)   |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Prescribed Fire | **Sagebrush --    | *[Broadcast burn,](#basinbb) |
| (cont.)**         | Basin Big**       | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ####### Sagebrush | *[Broadcast burn,](#basinbb) |
|                   | , Fire Regime III | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn,](#basinbb) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Bru                        |
|                   |                   | shbeating/Mowing,](#basinbm) |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Bru                        |
|                   |                   | shbeating/Mowing,](#basinbm) |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Bru                        |
|                   |                   | shbeating/Mowing,](#basinbm) |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#basinh) Low   |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#basinh)       |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Herbicide,](#basinh) High  |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Sagebr          | #### Broadcast burn          |
|                   | ush/Cheatgrass,** | /seed (drill), Low intensity |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ####### Fire Re   | *[Broadcast burn/seed        |
|                   | gimes II, III, IV | (drill),](#cheatbbdrill)     |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn/seed        |
|                   |                   | (drill),](#cheatbbdrill)     |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn/seed        |
|                   |                   | (aerial),](#cheatbbaerial)   |
|                   |                   | Low intensity*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn/seed        |
|                   |                   | (aerial),](#cheatbbaerial)   |
|                   |                   | Moderate intensity*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *[Broadcast burn/seed        |
|                   |                   | (aerial),](#cheatbbaerial)   |
|                   |                   | High intensity*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *                            |
|                   |                   | [Brushbeating/mowing/seeding |
|                   |                   | (drill),](#cheatbm) Low      |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *                            |
|                   |                   | [Brushbeating/mowing/seeding |
|                   |                   | (drill),](#cheatbm) Moderate |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *                            |
|                   |                   | [Brushbeating/mowing/seeding |
|                   |                   | (drill),](#cheatbm) High     |
|                   |                   | intensity*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Range Infrastructure**

See Weeds/ and Chemical Treatment AT for weeds; Prescribed Fire AT for
fire and camps; Access and Equipment Maintenance AT for access and
fueling issues

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Range           | [**Fence          | #### Stringing wire          |
| Infrastructure**  | Construction      |                              |
|                   | /**](#fence)      |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | ####### [R        |                              |
|                   | econstruction/Mai |                              |
|                   | ntenance](#fence) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Digging post holes --       |
|                   |                   | manual/mechanical*           |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Clearing right of way*      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Building rock jacks*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Onsite material cutting,    |
|                   |                   | gathering rocks, etc.*       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #                            |
|                   |                   | ### Pre-project weed control |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Weeds and Chemical  |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Spike/work camps        |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Prescribed Fire AT, |
|                   |                   | > **Fire Support AC**,       |
|                   |                   | > *Fire/spike camp WE*       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Rangeland      | #### Seeding -- aerial       |
|                   | Resto             |                              |
|                   | ration**](#range) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Seeding -- disking,         |
|                   |                   | drilling, fertilizing,       |
|                   |                   | plowing*                     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Chaining*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Prescribed fire         |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Prescribed Fire AT  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Water          | ##                           |
|                   | Developm          | ## Rock haul / material haul |
|                   | ent**](#waterdev) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | ####### [Const    |                              |
|                   | ruction/Reconstru |                              |
|                   | ction](#waterdev) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > [**(springs,    |                              |
|                   | > guzzlers,       |                              |
|                   | > tan             |                              |
|                   | ks,**](#waterdev) |                              |
|                   | >                 |                              |
|                   | > [**ponds,       |                              |
|                   | > reservoirs,     |                              |
|                   | > wel             |                              |
|                   | ls)**](#waterdev) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Earthwork -- cat, dragline, |
|                   |                   | scraper*                     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Pipelines -- trenching*     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *All water developments --   |
|                   |                   | Clearing*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *All water developments --   |
|                   |                   | Transporting materials*      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | All water developments --    |
|                   |                   | Installing troughs, storage  |
|                   |                   | tanks, or pits               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | All water developments --    |
|                   |                   | Installing/building fence    |
|                   |                   | around developments          |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Range               |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT, **Fence |
|                   |                   | > Constructio                |
|                   |                   | n/Reconstruction/Maintenance |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *All water developments --   |
|                   |                   | constructing apron --        |
|                   |                   | rubber, metal, asphalt*      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Recreation Facilities and Operations**

## See Range Infrastructure AT for water development; Defensible Space AT; Access and Equipment Maintenance AT for access and fueling issues

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Recreation      | [**Existing       | #### Install site furniture  |
| Facilities and**  | Facilities        |                              |
|                   | Devel             |                              |
|                   | oped**](#exfacil) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > [**and          |                              |
|                   | > Dispe           |                              |
|                   | rsed**](#exfacil) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| ##                |                   | *Remove trees and ground     |
| ###### Operations |                   | vegetation, blade to create  |
|                   |                   | smooth surface, apply        |
|                   |                   | gravel, asphalt or concrete  |
|                   |                   | to harden surface*           |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Install/Remove | *Harden entry to building*   |
|                   | Toile             |                              |
|                   | ts**](#intoilets) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Remove trees, excavate,     |
|                   |                   | construct building*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Collapse building into      |
|                   |                   | vaults or haul structures    |
|                   |                   | off-site*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Installation   | *Remove trees and            |
|                   | of Other Site     | vegetation, excavate,        |
|                   | Ameni             | backfill*                    |
|                   | ties**](#inother) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Obliterati     | *Remove any existing site    |
|                   | on/Rehabilitation | furniture*                   |
|                   | of**](#oblit)     |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > [**Recreation   |                              |
|                   | >                 |                              |
|                   |  Sites**](#oblit) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | Install barriers (boulders,  |
|                   |                   | fencing, signs, etc.)        |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR fencing, GO TO Range  |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT, **Fence |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | Construction/Reconstruction/ |
|                   |                   | > Maintenance AC**           |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Rip surface, re-c       |
|                   |                   | ontour, topsoil, seed, mulch |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | FOR seeding, GO TO Range    |
|                   |                   | Infrastructure AT,           |
|                   |                   | **Rangeland Restoration AC** |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR tree or shrub         |
|                   |                   | > planting, GO TO            |
|                   |                   | > Reforestation AT, **Hand   |
|                   |                   | > Plant Upland/Riparian AC** |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Recreation Site | ####                         |
|                   | Maintenance**     | Road grading, spot graveling |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Roads and Roads     |
|                   |                   | > Maintenance AT, **Road     |
|                   |                   | > Maintenance AC**, *Blading |
|                   |                   | > and grading WE* and        |
|                   |                   | > *Surface rocking (rock     |
|                   |                   | > replacement) WE*           |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Water          | *Excavate hole, pump         |
|                   | Developme         | installation*                |
|                   | nt**](#watdevrec) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Trenching for distribution  |
|                   |                   | line*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Reforestation**

See Access and Equipment Maintenance AT for access and fueling issues;
Range Infrastructure AT for fencing; Prescribed Fire AT for site
preparation, fire and fuels reduction; Roads and Roads Maintenance AT
for road work.

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Reforestation** | [**Access for     | #### Opening closed          |
|                   | Reforestation     | roads, including snowplowing |
|                   | Activities        |                              |
|                   | **](#accessrefor) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Animal Damage  | #### Chemical applica        |
|                   | Cont              | tion, above and below ground |
|                   | rol**](#andamage) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Netting and associated      |
|                   |                   | devices for protection*      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Use of snap traps for       |
|                   |                   | animal removal*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Artificial     | #### Shade cards             |
|                   | Sh                |                              |
|                   | ade**](#artshade) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Aspen           |                              |
|                   | Regenera          |                              |
|                   | tion/Protection** |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | ####### Fencing   |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > FOR fencing,   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Range     |                              |
|                   | > Infrastructure  |                              |
|                   | > AT, **Fence     |                              |
|                   | > Constructio     |                              |
|                   | n/Reconstruction/ |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance     |                              |
|                   | > AC**            |                              |
|                   | >                 |                              |
|                   | > FOR aspen      |                              |
|                   | > restoration, GO |                              |
|                   | > TO Threatened,  |                              |
|                   | > Endangered      |                              |
|                   | > Species Habitat |                              |
|                   | > Restoration AT, |                              |
|                   | > **Aspen         |                              |
|                   | > Restoration     |                              |
|                   | > AC**            |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ###### Camping    |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO          |                              |
|                   | > Prescribed Fire |                              |
|                   | > AT, **Fire      |                              |
|                   | > Support AC**,   |                              |
|                   | > *Fire/spike     |                              |
|                   | > camp WE*        |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Collection of  | #### Climb to acces          |
|                   | Plant             | s or mechanically pick cones |
|                   | Propagati         |                              |
|                   | on**](#collplant) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | ####### [Mater    |                              |
|                   | ials](#collplant) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Firearm use*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Pollen, scion material*     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Collection of seeds or      |
|                   |                   | other vegetation material*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
|                   |                   | Tree felling to access cones |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Mechanical          |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT, **Tree      |
|                   |                   | > Falling AC**               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Fuels           | Burning slashed material,    |
|                   | Reduction**       | including broadcast burning  |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Prescribed Fire AT  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Hand Plant     | #### Plant trees and         |
|                   | Upland/Ripari     |  shrubs with hoe, bar, auger |
|                   | an**](#handplant) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Natural        |                              |
|                   | Regeneration      |                              |
|                   | Surv              |                              |
|                   | eys**](#natregen) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**On-site Tree   | #### Buildin                 |
|                   | Storag            | g and maintaining snow cache |
|                   | e**](#onsitetree) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ###### Pre        |                              |
|                   | -Activity Surveys |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Access   |                              |
|                   | > and Equipment   |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance AT, |                              |
|                   | > **Access to     |                              |
|                   | > Work Site AC**  |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Return Visits  |                              |
|                   | After             |                              |
|                   | Plan              |                              |
|                   | ting**](#returnv) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Reforestation   | ###### Seed Produ | Commercial thin to remove    |
| (cont.)**         | ction Development | undesirable trees, cone crop |
|                   |                   | enhancement                  |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR thinning, GO TO       |
|                   |                   | > Mechanical Treatments AT,  |
|                   |                   | > **Harvest                  |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   |  Prescription/Implementation |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Understory/single   |
|                   |                   | > story treatments: Thinning |
|                   |                   | > WE*                        |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > FOR hand fertilization,   |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Insect and Disease   |
|                   |                   | > Suppression AT,            |
|                   |                   | > **Fertilization AC**,      |
|                   |                   | > *Hand application of N     |
|                   |                   | > frells WE*                 |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > FOR fertilization other   |
|                   |                   | > than by hand, GO TO Weeds  |
|                   |                   | > and Chemical Treatments    |
|                   |                   | > AT, **Cultural Control     |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Fertilize by hand,  |
|                   |                   | > machine or aerial WE*      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Treat s                 |
|                   |                   | lash mechanically or by hand |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Mechanical          |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT,             |
|                   |                   | > **Rehabilitation, removal  |
|                   |                   | > of excess vegetation and   |
|                   |                   | > slash AC**                 |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Site           | #                            |
|                   | Preparat          | ### Mechanical scarification |
|                   | ion**](#siteprep) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Hand scalp/Grubbing*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Hand mechanized scarifier*  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Sp                      |
|                   |                   | ot application of herbicides |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Weeds and Chemical  |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT, **Herbicide |
|                   |                   | > Control AC**               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Roads and Roads Maintenance**

See Access and Equipment Maintenance for access and fueling issues

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Roads and Road  | [                 | #### Revegetation            |
| Maintenance**     | **Decommissioning |                              |
|                   | Roads**](#decom)  | > FOR seeding GO TO Range   |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT,         |
|                   |                   | > **Rangeland Restoration    |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > FOR planting trees and    |
|                   |                   | > shrubs GO TO Reforestation |
|                   |                   | > AT, **Hand Plan            |
|                   |                   | > Upland/Riparian AC**,      |
|                   |                   | > *Plant trees and shrubs    |
|                   |                   | > with hoe, bar, auger WE*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Re-contouring*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Water barring*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Roadbed ripping*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Culvert removal*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Berm/barrier construction*  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Side cast pullback*         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Road           | #### Traffic control         |
|                   | Maintena          |                              |
|                   | nce**](#roadmain) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Blading and grading*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Disposal site use*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Hazard tree removal     |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Mechanical          |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT, **Harvest   |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   |  Prescription/Implementation |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Dead trees:         |
|                   |                   | > salvage, hazard tree       |
|                   |                   | > removal WE*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
|                   |                   |  Adding cross drain culverts |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Bridge maintenance --       |
|                   |                   | riprap, deck cleaning,       |
|                   |                   | guardrail repair, abutment   |
|                   |                   | repair*                      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Dust abatement -- water or  |
|                   |                   | chemical*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Surface rocking (rock       |
|                   |                   | replacement)*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Slide removal*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Roadside brushing*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | Opening closed roads,        |
|                   |                   | including logging out, snow  |
|                   |                   | plowing                      |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR logging out, GO TO    |
|                   |                   | > Mechanical Treatments AT   |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > FOR snowplowing, GO TO    |
|                   |                   | > Reforestation AT, **Access |
|                   |                   | > for Reforestation          |
|                   |                   | > Activities AC**, *Opening  |
|                   |                   | > closed roads, including    |
|                   |                   | > snowplowing WE*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Ditch cleanout*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Culvert maintenance*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Road           | #### Stormproofing           |
|                   | Restorat          |                              |
|                   | ion**](#roadrest) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Bridge replacement*         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Installation of drainage    |
|                   |                   | dips and waterbars*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Culvert installation and    |
|                   |                   | upgrade*                     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Surface shaping and         |
|                   |                   | draining*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Surface material processing |
|                   |                   | -- in place rock crushing*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**New            | #### Vegetation clear        |
|                   | Construction      | ing -- pioneering activities |
|                   | /**](#newconst)   |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | #                 |                              |
|                   | ###### [Reconstru |                              |
|                   | ction](#newconst) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Installation of drainage    |
|                   |                   | features -- includes bridge  |
|                   |                   | construction*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Earthwork*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Finish*                     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Surfacing*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Threatened, Endangered Species Habitat Restoration**

See Range Infrastructure AT for fencing, water source/spring
construction, and reseeding; Roads and Roads Maintenance AT for
decommissioning and obliteration; Prescribed Fire AT for fire;
Mechanical Treatments AT for tree removal; Trails and Trail Maintenance
AT for trail construction; Reforestation AT for seed collection; Access
and Equipment Maintenance AT for access and fueling issues

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Threatened,     | [**Instream       | #### Helicopter operations   |
| Endangered        | Restor            |                              |
| Species Habitat   | ation**](#inrest) | > FOR ground support and    |
| Restoration**     |                   | > maintenance, GO TO         |
|                   |                   | > Prescribed Fire AT,        |
|                   |                   | > **Helicopter Landing Sites |
|                   |                   | > and Other Operational      |
|                   |                   | > Facilities AC**,           |
|                   |                   | > *Helicopter support sites: |
|                   |                   | > refuel, alumigel mix       |
|                   |                   | > sites, etc WE*             |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > FOR helicopter flights,   |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Access and Equipment |
|                   |                   | > Maintenance AT, **Access   |
|                   |                   | > to Work Site AC**, *Access |
|                   |                   | > by helicopter/aircraft WE* |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| ########          |                   | *Hilti drill operation*      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
|                   |                   | Mulching for erosion control |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Watershed           |
|                   |                   | > Restoration AT,            |
|                   |                   | > **Revegetation AC**,       |
|                   |                   | > *Mulch application WE*     |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Watershed           |
|                   |                   | > Restoration AT,            |
|                   |                   | > **Hillslope Erosion        |
|                   |                   | > Control AC**, *Erosion     |
|                   |                   | > control mulch or blankets  |
|                   |                   | > WE*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Placement of boul       |
|                   |                   | ders or large woody material |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Watershed           |
|                   |                   | > Restoration AT, **Sediment |
|                   |                   | > Control AC**, *Instream    |
|                   |                   | > log structure WE*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Power saw operation*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
|                   |                   |  Seeding for erosion control |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Range               |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT,         |
|                   |                   | > **Rangeland Restoration    |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Meadow         | #### Fence construction      |
|                   | Restorat          |                              |
|                   | ion**](#meadrest) | > GO TO Range               |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT, **Fence |
|                   |                   | > Constructio                |
|                   |                   | n/Reconstruction/Maintenance |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Mowing                  |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR mowing in sagebrush,   |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Prescribed Fire AT,  |
|                   |                   | > the appropriate **Sage     |
|                   |                   | > Brush AC** (e.g.           |
|                   |                   | > **Mountain Big Sagebrush,  |
|                   |                   | > Fire Regime III**),        |
|                   |                   | > *Mowing/Brushbeating WE*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Riparian       | #### Native plant seeding    |
|                   | Improv            |                              |
|                   | ement**](#ripimp) | > GO TO Range               |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT,         |
|                   |                   | > **Rangeland Restoration    |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #                            |
|                   |                   | ### Non-native plant seeding |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Range               |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT,         |
|                   |                   | > **Rangeland Restoration    |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Placement of small trees,   |
|                   |                   | shrubs, seedlings*           |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Threatened,     | [**Snag           | #### Tree climbing           |
| Endangered        | C                 |                              |
| Species Habitat   | reation**](#snag) | > GO TO Reforestation AT,   |
| Restoration       |                   | > **Collection of Plant      |
| (cont.)**         |                   | > Propagation Materials      |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Climb to access or  |
|                   |                   | > mechanically pick cones    |
|                   |                   | > WE*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Innoculation            |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Insect and Disease  |
|                   |                   | > Suppression AT, **Ground   |
|                   |                   | > Application of Pesticides  |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Back-pack spraying  |
|                   |                   | > or inoculation of          |
|                   |                   | > individual trees with      |
|                   |                   | > insecticide WE*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Girdling trees*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Tree topping            |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Insect and Disease  |
|                   |                   | > Suppression AT, **Manual   |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AC**, *Topping  |
|                   |                   | > or otherwise killing and   |
|                   |                   | > removing infested trees    |
|                   |                   | > WE*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ###### Brush      | ####                         |
|                   | Pile Construction |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > FOR piling, GO |                              |
|                   | > TO Mechanical   |                              |
|                   | > Treatments AT,  |                              |
|                   | >                 |                              |
|                   | **Rehabilitation, |                              |
|                   | > Removal of      |                              |
|                   | > Excess          |                              |
|                   | > Vegetation and  |                              |
|                   | > Slash AC**      |                              |
|                   | >                 |                              |
|                   | > FOR tree       |                              |
|                   | > falling, GO TO  |                              |
|                   | > Mechanical      |                              |
|                   | > Treatments AT,  |                              |
|                   | > **Tree Felling  |                              |
|                   | > AC**            |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Contour         | ####                         |
|                   | Felling**         |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO          |                              |
|                   | > Watershed       |                              |
|                   | > Restoration AT, |                              |
|                   | > **Hillslope     |                              |
|                   | > Erosion Control |                              |
|                   | > AC**, *Contour  |                              |
|                   | > felling WE*     |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | **Exclosure       |                              |
|                   | Construction and  |                              |
|                   | Maintenance**     |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > FOR fencing,   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Range     |                              |
|                   | > Infrastructure  |                              |
|                   | > AT, **Fence     |                              |
|                   | > Constructi      |                              |
|                   | on/Reconstruction |                              |
|                   | > / Maintenance   |                              |
|                   | > AC**            |                              |
|                   | >                 |                              |
|                   | > FOR equipment  |                              |
|                   | > operation, GO   |                              |
|                   | > TO Access and   |                              |
|                   | > Equipment       |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance AT  |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Fish           | #### Fish bar                |
|                   | Population        | rier installation or removal |
|                   | Recovery          |                              |
|                   | /**](#fi          |                              |
|                   | sh-population-rec |                              |
|                   | overyenhancement) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | #######           |                              |
|                   | [Enhancement](#fi |                              |
|                   | sh-population-rec |                              |
|                   | overyenhancement) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Exotic species removal --   |
|                   |                   | trapping (fish)*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Exotic species removal --   |
|                   |                   | Rotenone and Antimycin A     |
|                   |                   | (Fintrol)*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Inter          | #### Signing                 |
|                   | pretation/Conserv |                              |
|                   | ation**](#interp) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | ####### [Ed       |                              |
|                   | ucation](#interp) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Viewpoint construction  |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Recreation          |
|                   |                   | > Facilities and Operations  |
|                   |                   | > AT, **Existing Facilities  |
|                   |                   | > Developed and Dispersed    |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Recreation          |
|                   |                   | > Facilities and Operations  |
|                   |                   | > AT, **Installation of      |
|                   |                   | > Other Site Amenities AC**  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Trail access/building   |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR trail building, GO TO |
|                   |                   | > Trails and Trail           |
|                   |                   | > Maintenance AT,            |
|                   |                   | > *                          |
|                   |                   | *Construction/Reconstruction |
|                   |                   | > / Heavy Maintenance AC**   |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > FOR access, GO TO Access  |
|                   |                   | > and Equipment Maintenance  |
|                   |                   | > AT, **Access to Work Site  |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Threatened,     | [**Monitoring     | #### Fish sn                 |
| Endangered**      | Fish and          | orkeling or underwater video |
|                   | Wild              |                              |
|                   | life**](#monfish) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| ##                |                   | *Channel condition survey,   |
| ###### Species Ha |                   | fish habitat inventory*      |
| bitat Restoration |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **(cont.)**       |                   | #### Use of snowmobiles      |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Access and          |
|                   |                   | > Equipment maintenance AT,  |
|                   |                   | > **Access to Work Site      |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Access by vehicle   |
|                   |                   | > or ATV off roads or        |
|                   |                   | > outside of normal use      |
|                   |                   | > patterns WE*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Wildlife and fish           |
|                   |                   | telemetry*                   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Wildlife denning/nesting    |
|                   |                   | surveys*                     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Direct wildlife             |
|                   |                   | observation*                 |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Aerial wildlife counts*     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Redd counts*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Fish electroshocking*       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Quarry         | #### Waste storage           |
|                   | Restor            |                              |
|                   | ation**](#quarry) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Seeding                 |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Range               |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT,         |
|                   |                   | > **Rangeland Restoration    |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ###### Roa        |                              |
|                   | d Decommissioning |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Roads    |                              |
|                   | > and Roads       |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance AT, |                              |
|                   | >                 |                              |
|                   | **Decommissioning |                              |
|                   | > Roads AC**      |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| ########          |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ######            |                              |
|                   | Road Obliteration |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Roads    |                              |
|                   | > and Roads       |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance AT, |                              |
|                   | >                 |                              |
|                   | **Decommissioning |                              |
|                   | > Roads AC**      |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ##                |                              |
|                   | #### Spring Resto |                              |
|                   | ration and Repair |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Range    |                              |
|                   | > Infrastructure  |                              |
|                   | > AT, **Water     |                              |
|                   | > Development     |                              |
|                   | > Constructi      |                              |
|                   | on/Reconstruction |                              |
|                   | > (springs,       |                              |
|                   | > guzzlers,       |                              |
|                   | > tanks, ponds,   |                              |
|                   | > reservoirs,     |                              |
|                   | > wells) AC**     |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ###### Thinning   |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO          |                              |
|                   | > Mechanical      |                              |
|                   | > Treatments AT,  |                              |
|                   | > **Harvest       |                              |
|                   | > Prescription /  |                              |
|                   | > Implementation  |                              |
|                   | > AC**,           |                              |
|                   | > *               |                              |
|                   | Understory/single |                              |
|                   | > story           |                              |
|                   | > treatments:     |                              |
|                   | > thinning WE*    |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ###### Water So   |                              |
|                   | urce Construction |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Range    |                              |
|                   | > Infrastructure  |                              |
|                   | > AT, **Water     |                              |
|                   | > Development     |                              |
|                   | > Constructi      |                              |
|                   | on/Reconstruction |                              |
|                   | > (springs,       |                              |
|                   | > guzzlers,       |                              |
|                   | > tanks, ponds,   |                              |
|                   | > reservoirs,     |                              |
|                   | > wells) AC**     |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Aspen          | #                            |
|                   | Resto             | ### Mechanical root shearing |
|                   | ration**](#aspen) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | > FOR fencing,   | #### Prescribed fire         |
|                   | > GO TO Range     |                              |
|                   | > Infrastructure  | GO TO Prescribed Fire AT    |
|                   | > AT, **Fence     |                              |
|                   | > Constructio     |                              |
|                   | n/Reconstruction/ |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance     |                              |
|                   | > AC**            |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Trails and Trail Maintenance**

## See Mechanical Treatments AT for tree felling; Access and Equipment Maintenance AT for access and fueling issues

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Trails and      | [Construction /   | #### Horses/weed-free hay    |
| Trail             | Reconstruct       |                              |
| Maintenance**     | ion](#section-98) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | ####### [*        |                              |
|                   | *Heavy Maintenanc |                              |
|                   | e**](#section-98) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Camping                 |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Prescribed Fire AT, |
|                   |                   | > **Fire Support AC**,       |
|                   |                   | > *Fire/spike camp WE*       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Trail decommissioning*      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Ford                        |
|                   |                   | maintenance/construction*    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Gravel borrowing/borrow     |
|                   |                   | pit*                         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Reseeding edges/banks*      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Tread construction*         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Bridge building*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Trail relocation away from  |
|                   |                   | meadows*                     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Puncheon/turnpike           |
|                   |                   | construction*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Culvert installation*       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Blasting -- surface,        |
|                   |                   | subsurface and aerial*       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Major tread reconstruction  |
|                   |                   | (blowout repair, large       |
|                   |                   | cribbing projects)*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Light          | #### Hazard tree removal     |
|                   | Maintenance       |                              |
|                   | **](#section-100) | > GO TO Mechanical          |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT, **Harvest   |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   |  Prescription/Implementation |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Dead trees:         |
|                   |                   | > salvage, hazard tree       |
|                   |                   | > removal WE*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Installation, clean out,    |
|                   |                   | and repair of drainage       |
|                   |                   | features (waterbars, dips,   |
|                   |                   | etc)*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Signing (blazes, rock       |
|                   |                   | cairns, sign posts)*         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Repair of structures near   |
|                   |                   | water (bridges, stream       |
|                   |                   | fords)*                      |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Repair of land structures   |
|                   |                   | (punches, turnpike, steps)*  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Minor tread reconstruction* |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Log clearing and brushing   |
|                   |                   | -- non-mechanical*           |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Log clearing and brushing   |
|                   |                   | -- mechanical*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Excavating material near    |
|                   |                   | water (gravel bar)*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Excavating material (borrow |
|                   |                   | pits, trenches)*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Debris removal*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Watershed Restoration**

## 

## See Roads and Roads Maintenance AT for obliteration; Access and Equipment Maintenance AT for access and fueling issues

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Watershed       | [**Hillslope      | *Gully check structures:     |
| Restoration**     | Erosion           | install straw bales, logs,   |
|                   | Control           | silt fences*                 |
|                   | **](#section-101) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Trenching*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Terracing*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ###                          |
|                   |                   | # Slope ripping, sub-soiling |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Mechanical          |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT, **Reducing  |
|                   |                   | > Soil Compaction AC**,      |
|                   |                   | > *Subsoiling WE*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Erosion control mulch or    |
|                   |                   | blankets*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Contour felling*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Road/landing ripping*       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Install wattles*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**In-Channel     | #### Log, root wad,          |
|                   | Erosion           |  or willow bundle revetments |
|                   | Co                |                              |
|                   | ntrol**](#ineros) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Reshape stream banks and    |
|                   |                   | incised channels*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Lay back vertical banks*    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Install barbs*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Structural bank controls    |
|                   |                   | (riprap, etc)*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Re-vegetation  | #### Seeding -               |
|                   | **](#section-103) | - aerial or hand application |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR aerial seeding, GO TO |
|                   |                   | > Range Infrastructure AT,   |
|                   |                   | > **Rangeland Restoration    |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Seeding -- aerial   |
|                   |                   | > WE*                        |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > FOR non-aerial seeding,   |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Range Infrastructure |
|                   |                   | > AT, **Rangeland            |
|                   |                   | > Restoration AC**, *Seeding |
|                   |                   | > -- disking, drilling,      |
|                   |                   | > fertilizing, plowing WE*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #                            |
|                   |                   | ### Site prep -- surface sca |
|                   |                   | rification, tilling, ripping |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > EXCEPT for salmonids, FOR |
|                   |                   | > tilling, GO TO Range       |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT,         |
|                   |                   | > **Rangeland Restoration    |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Seeding -- disking, |
|                   |                   | > drilling, fertilizing,     |
|                   |                   | > plowing WE*                |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > EXCEPT for salmonids, FOR |
|                   |                   | > scarification, GO TO       |
|                   |                   | > Reforestation AT, **Site   |
|                   |                   | > Preparation AC**           |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > EXCEPT for salmonids, FOR |
|                   |                   | > ripping, GO TO Mechanical  |
|                   |                   | > Treatments AT, **Reducing  |
|                   |                   | > Soil Compaction AC**,      |
|                   |                   | > *Subsoiling WE*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | Planting, upland and         |
|                   |                   | riparian -- grass, forb,     |
|                   |                   | shrub, tree                  |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR seeding, GO TO Range  |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT,         |
|                   |                   | > **Rangeland Restoration    |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Mulch application*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Hanson dibble*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | ######            |                              |
|                   | Road Obliteration |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | > GO TO Roads    |                              |
|                   | > and Roads       |                              |
|                   | > Maintenance AT, |                              |
|                   | >                 |                              |
|                   | **Decommissioning |                              |
|                   | > Roads AC**      |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Sediment       | #### Maintain instream basin |
|                   | Co                |                              |
|                   | ntrol**](#sedcon) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Construct instream basin    |
|                   |                   | (impoundment)*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Instream log structure*     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Watershed       | [**Watershed      | #### Est                     |
| Restoration       | Monitor           | ablish/monitor erosion plots |
| (cont.)**         | ing**](#watermon) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Install gage*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Instream water/sediment     |
|                   |                   | collection*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Manual instream             |
|                   |                   | measurements*                |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Monument plots*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

The following codes are used in the lists: AT = Activity Type; AC =
Activity Component; WE = Work Element

**Activity Type: Weeds and Chemical Treatments**

## See Prescribed Fire AT for fire and camps; Access and Equipment Maintenance AT for access and fueling issues

+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| # *Activity Type* | **Activity        | **Work Element**             |
|                   | Component**       |                              |
+===================+===================+==============================+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Weeds and       | [**Biological     | *Collection/release of       |
| Chemical          | Co                | insects or other biological  |
| Treatments**      | ntrol**](#biocon) | controls*                    |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| ########          |                   | *Monitoring by sweep         |
|                   |                   | netting*                     |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Competitive seeding*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Transport of bio-control    |
|                   |                   | agent by vehicle*            |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Cultural       | #### Chaining                |
|                   | Co                |                              |
|                   | ntrol**](#culcon) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Provide shade           |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Reforestation AT,   |
|                   |                   | > **Artificial Shade AC**,   |
|                   |                   | > *Shade cards WE*           |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Fertilize -- by hand,       |
|                   |                   | machine, or aerial*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Injection/cut stump*        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Grubbing                |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Reforestation AT,   |
|                   |                   | > **Site Preparation AC**,   |
|                   |                   | > *Hand scalp/grubbing WE*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Prescribed fire         |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Prescribed Fire AT  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Use grazing to control      |
|                   |                   | weeds, fencing or herding*   |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Plant native vegetation |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR planting              |
|                   |                   | > trees/shrubs, GO TO        |
|                   |                   | > Reforestation AT, **Hand   |
|                   |                   | > Plant Upland/Riparian      |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Plant trees and     |
|                   |                   | > shrubs with hoe, bar,      |
|                   |                   | > auger WE*                  |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > FOR seeding, GO TO Range  |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT,         |
|                   |                   | > **Rangeland Restoration    |
|                   |                   | > AC**                       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
|                   |                   |  On and off road vehicle use |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Access and          |
|                   |                   | > Equipment Maintenance AT,  |
|                   |                   | > **Access to Work Site AC** |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
|                   |                   |  Mulch -- by hand or machine |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Herbicide      | ####                         |
|                   | Con               | Hand crank granular spreader |
|                   | trol**](#herbcon) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Liquid application*         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Spray from ATV*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Granular application*       |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Back pack sprayer with      |
|                   |                   | spray wand*                  |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Aerial application by fixed |
|                   |                   | wing or helicopter*          |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Spray from truck mounted    |
|                   |                   | boom or spray*               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Hand controlled wand with   |
|                   |                   | soaked wick*                 |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Manual         | #### Hand c                  |
|                   | Control           | lip seed heads or pull weeds |
|                   | **](#section-115) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ####                         |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | #######           |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Weeds and       | [**Mechanical     | #### Weed-whacker use        |
| Chemical**        | Control           |                              |
|                   | /                 |                              |
|                   | **](#section-116) |                              |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   | #                 |                              |
|                   | ###### [Restorati |                              |
|                   | on](#section-116) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| **Treatments      |                   | *Plowing -- transport of     |
| (cont.)**         |                   | heavy equipment*             |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | #### Mowing of weeds         |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > FOR mowing in sagebrush,  |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Prescribed Fire AT,  |
|                   |                   | > the appropriate **Sage     |
|                   |                   | > Brush AC** (e.g.           |
|                   |                   | > **Mountain Big Sagebrush,  |
|                   |                   | > Fire Regime III**),        |
|                   |                   | > *Mowing/Brushbeating WE*   |
|                   |                   | >                            |
|                   |                   | > FOR all other mowing, GO  |
|                   |                   | > TO Threatened, Endangered  |
|                   |                   | > Species Habitat            |
|                   |                   | > Restoration AT, **Meadow   |
|                   |                   | > Restoration AC**, *Mowing  |
|                   |                   | > WE*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | *Drill seeding*              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   | ###                          |
|                   |                   | # Aerial application of seed |
|                   |                   |                              |
|                   |                   | > GO TO Range               |
|                   |                   | > Infrastructure AT,         |
|                   |                   | > **Rangeland Restoration    |
|                   |                   | > AC**, *Seeding -- aerial   |
|                   |                   | > WE*                        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Weed           | #### W                       |
|                   | Prevent           | ash vehicles, water drafting |
|                   | ion**](#weedprev) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   |                   |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+
|                   | [**Information    | #### Education/outreach      |
|                   | **](#section-119) |                              |
+-------------------+-------------------+------------------------------+

# ACTIVITY TYPE DESCRIPTIONS

# Abandoned Mine Restoration

Restoration requires implementation of work activities and elements that
will render an abandoned mine safe for human health and environmental
function. Hard rock abandoned mines and mills typically have several
features that pose a risk to human health, safety, and the environment.
These include waste rock dumps and tailings that contain and release
hazardous substances such as lead, arsenic, copper, zinc and other
metals. Mine and mill sites may also have abandoned hazardous chemicals
that were used to extract metals. Safety problems include hazardous mine
openings (shafts and adits), unstable slopes on open pits, unstable
buildings and other abandoned mining equipment. Dredge piles and
tailings from abandoned placer mines can be major sources sediment and
have the potential to have mercury contamination.

Pre-construction activities include assessments, inventories and site
investigations to determine if mine features such as waste rock dumps
and tailings have a release or threat of a release of a hazardous
substance. If there is a release or threat of release of a hazardous
substance, the Forest Service uses the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) process, as defined
in the National Contingency Plan, for documenting, designing and
reclamation of sites. Reclamation of Non-CERCLA sites follow the NEPA
process. Mine and mill wastes containing CERCLA hazardous materials are
typically removed and placed in an engineered on-site repository or are
treated and reclaimed in place. Non-CERCLA mine features, such as placer
tailings, are typically stabilized to prevent erosion. Mine openings are
closed in a variety of ways depending on the site's location,
environmental features, and concerns for other resources. Other actions
may include restoring hydrological function and stream channels, and
re-vegetating areas.

# ACTIVITY COMPONENTS AND WORK ELEMENTS

# Related work elements may be found in Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type regarding access and heavy equipment use and maintenance. Almost all of the work elements associated with abandoned restoration requires the use of heavy and mechanized equipment. Related work elements may be found in Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity Type regarding Roads and Roads maintenance that may be needed for abandoned mine restoration. Related work elements may be found in Prescribed Fire Activity Type regarding camping that may be needed for abandoned mine restoration.

# Mining Waste Cleanup

# 

# Abandoned mines features, such as waste rock dumps or mill tailings may contain hazardous substances as defined by CERCLA. Leachate produced from waste rock and tailings may contaminate soils and streams. Waste rock dumps, mill tailings and contaminated soils are typically excavated and removed to an on-site engineered repository. Repositories are typically excavated in a geologically suitable area and may or may not have a bottom liner. The repositories are typically capped using a geosynthetic clay liner and soil cover to minimize rainwater and snow melt infiltration. Restoration consists of standardized practices that include the following activity components and their associated work elements:

*Junk Removal* - Mining waste cleanup may require removal of
non-hazardous wastes in the form of wood, metals, household junk, and
other trash left at the site after the mining operations ceased. These
wastes can be collected and transported to a landfill.

*Preliminary Assessments, Inventories, Analyses* (e.g., Site
Investigations, Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis and Design) -
Assessments, inventories, and site investigations of abandoned mines are
performed to characterize and identify hazardous substances that may be
present in the mining wastes and other abandoned mine features. If the
site is identified as a CERCLA site, an *Engineering Evaluation/Cost
Analysis and Design* is performed to determine the appropriate
reclamation alternative.

*Contaminated Soil Removal* -- Soils contaminated from leachate from
mine wastes such as waste rock dumps or tailings, are typically
excavated and removed to an on-site engineered repository. Repositories
are typically excavated in a geologically suitable area and may or may
not have a bottom liner. The repositories are typically capped using a
geosynthetic clay liner and soil cover to minimize rainwater and snow
melt infiltration.

*Barrel Removal* - Sampling may be required to determine the presence
and identify of hazardous substances within abandoned barrels/drums. If
hazardous substances are present, removal typically involves
over-packing the barrel in a larger, plastic drum. Barrels are then
removed from the site to an appropriate disposal site.

*Reclamation Plan Implementation* -- This includes the implementation of
the prepared reclamation plan and design. It may require all of a
combination of all of the work elements included within this activity
type.

# Mine Site/Abandoned Mine Reclamation

# 

# Abandoned mines may have mill tailings (crushed ore waste piles) left over from the extraction of desired economic minerals. Prior to regulation, tailings were typically disposed into streams or drainage ways adjacent to the mill. Typical reclamation includes excavation of tailings and contaminated soil and placed in an engineered repository. The stream is then reconstructed to as near as natural conditions as feasible. 

# 

Related work elements may be found in **Roads and Roads Maintenance
Activity Type** regarding Roads and Roads maintenance that may be needed
for abandoned mine sites.

*Restore Surface Flow*/*Floodplain Reclamation* - Reclamation includes
excavation of tailings or waste rock possible reestablishment of water
flow into historic floodplains, replacing cover soils, and re-vegetation
with appropriate native species.

*Mine Shaft Backfilling* -- If bat habitat is not an issue, mine shafts
are typically backfilled using non-contaminated local materials. Use of
polyurethane foam is commonly used in remote areas. If the shaft cannot
be effectively backfilled, an engineered plug is often used to close the
opening.

*Removal Of Hazardous Waste (Hazmat) --* The removal of Hazmat materials
and garbage removal is consistent with **Mining Waste Clean-Up**
**Activity Component** described above. Typical reclamation includes
excavation of tailings and contaminated soil and placement in an
engineered repository.

## 

## Close Mine Openings, Adits, and Stopes - Gates, Foam Sealant, Backfilling, Blasting -- This is the process of physically blocking an opening used for mining operations leading underground. Mine openings may be closed with bat-friendly gates if the mine has bat habitat, or the closure can be completely blocked with the use of a foam sealant, or backfill (see Mine Shaft Backfilling above). Explosives may be used to blast surrounding rock to create a rock fall in front of the opening.

*Wetlands Reclamation - Remove Contaminated Soil* - Soils that are
contaminated from leachate from mine wastes, such as waste rock dumps or
tailings, are typically excavated and removed to an on-site engineered
repository. Repositories are typically excavated in a geologically
suitable area and may or may not have a bottom liner. The repositories
are typically capped using a geosynthetic clay liner and soil cover to
minimize rainwater and snow melt infiltration. Reclamation also includes
re-vegetation with appropriate native species.

## 

## Wetlands Reclamation - Restore Stream Channel --Large surface mining operations, placer mining activities, and the dumping of waste rock or tailings from hardrock mining can alter stream channels. To restore proper channel flow, mining wastes are typically excavated and removed from the stream channel. Wastes that contain hazardous substances are placed in an engineered repository. Non-hazardous wastes are typically reshaped and used for stream reconstruction. The stream channel is reconstructed with design features to ensure a properly functioning stream system. 

*Wetlands Reclamation -- Construct Repository -* Repositories are
typically not located in wetlands. Repositories are typically excavated
in a geologically suitable area and may or may not have a bottom liner.
The repositories are typically capped using a geosynthetic clay liner
and soil cover to minimize rainwater and snow melt infiltration.

## 

*Tailings Impoundment Rehabilitation - Water Management **-
***Rehabilitation by *s*tabilization of large, constructed tailings
piles that were formed like a reservoir; a dam is placed at the lower
end, with tailings flowing out in the form of slurry behind the dam*.*

## Reclamation of tailings dams includes stabilizing existing dam features or replacing features to within acceptable risk factors, reshaping , stabilizing and capping the tailings in place, and complete excavation of tailings to and engineered repository. 

## 

## Tailings Impoundment Rehabilitation - Cap Impoundment -- This typically includes reshaping piles, installation of water management system, and placing a cap that includes cover soil and may include an impermeable liner.

*Dredge Tailings Restoration - Aerial surveys* (including Photography
and Hydrologic Analysis) -- Determination of the extent of dredge
tailings piles from placer mining and analysis of the original stream
functions.

*Dredge Tailings Restoration - Tailings Redistribution* - Redistribution
of dredge tailings from placer mining, according to plans, is a major
activity associated with this type of restoration. This activity is used
to stabilize large, undulating piles of unsorted cobbles, gravels, and
rocks usually found in, and adjacent to old stream channels left from
large floating dredges used for gold mining.

*Dredge Tailings Restoration - Restore Channel Flow* -- Large surface
mining operations, placer mining activities, and the dumping of waste
rock or tailings from hardrock mining can alter stream channels. To
restore proper channel flow, placer tailings are typically excavated and
removed from the stream channel and may be reshaped and used for stream
reconstruction. The stream channel is reconstructed with design features
to ensure a properly functioning stream system

*Groundwater Control - Reroute* - Rerouting contaminated surface waters
through a water treatment facility, either active or passive, can
mitigate further groundwater contamination, or prevent possible
contamination if none currently exists.

*Groundwater Control - Treat -* Treatment can include capturing the
contaminated ground water through trenching or drilling and then
installing above ground facilities to treat the contaminated water.
Another method includes the installation of reactive barriers to
remediate contaminated ground water by removing the toxic materials.
This usually involves construction of a trench in the path of the
groundwater and filling it with reactive materials (e.g., carbon-based
materials, such as horse manure, that extract toxic metals).

*Groundwater Control - Test* - Groundwater must be *investigated* that
includes sampling and chemical analysis and geohydrologic analysis to
determine extent of any contamination.

*Mine Waste Dump Removal - Treat* -- Perform a site investigation of the
waste rock to characterize and identify hazardous substances that may be
present. If the site is identified as a CERCLA site, an *Engineering
Evaluation/Cost Analysis and Design* is performed to determine the
appropriate reclamation alternative. Reclamation alternatives include
removal of waste rock and associated contaminated soils to an engineered
repository and reclaiming in place by stabilizing waste piles, treating
waste rock, placing cover soil, and re-vegetating using appropriate
native species. Non-CERCLA waste rock dumps are typically reclaimed to
prevent erosion of the material.

*Mine Waste Dump Removal -- Test* -- Removal involves first testing
materials to determine if contents are hazardous.

*Mine Waste Dump Removal - Inventory and Monitor* (including Preliminary
Assessments) -- Abandoned mine site inventories and preliminary
assessments provide information to begin prioritization of projects.
Where advantageous, AML watershed characterizations are performed to
assess the AML impacts to a watershed, to determine each mines
contribution to the impacts, and to assess and perform monitoring
activities. Monitoring activities begin prior to abandoned mine
reclamation and continue for several years after reclamation.

*Mine Waste Dump Removal - Re-vegetation* -- GO TO **Range
Infrastructure Activity Type, Rangeland Restoration Activity
Component,** *Seeding -- aerial Work Element* for a description of
aerial seeding. GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Rangeland
Restoration Activity Component,** *Seeding -- disking, drilling,
fertilizing, plowing Work Element* for a description of non-aerial
seeding. GO TO **Reforestation Activity Type, Hand plant upland/riparian
Activity Component,** *Plant trees and shrubs with hoe, bar, auger Work
Element* for a description of planting trees and shrubs. Other
activities covered by this Work Element are described as follows:
Re-vegetation is a component for most reclamation activities. Typically,
cover soil is placed over excavated areas or placed or mixed in with
treated wastes/soils. These areas are seeded and/or planted with
appropriate native species. See **Weeds and Chemical Treatments Activity
Type** for additional information concerning re-vegetation activities.

# 

# ACTIVITY TYPE: Access and Equipment Maintenance

# ACTIVTY COMPONENTS AND WORK ELEMENTS

## Access to Work Site

[]{#access .anchor}

All activity types require some form of access to the work site and
travel within the site. Access refers to mobilizing work crews, and the
delivery and hauling of equipment, materials, and supplies needed to
carry out the activity components and their associated work elements.

*Access by Foot or Pack Animal* - Access and mobilization to reach and
maneuver around the work site would be accomplished on foot, or with
pack animals (e.g., horses, mules, llamas and even goats). Pack animals
or travel by foot may be needed to access areas that cannot physically
be accessed by a road system or by mechanized vehicles. These areas may
include but are not limited to, wilderness and roadless areas, areas
with seasonal or year round access restrictions (e.g., wildlife
concerns), or watersheds with erosive or unstable soils. Roads often
have seasonal closures to protect lambing and calving, or during wet
periods when roads are subject to damage by erosion. Pack animals and
travel by foot can only be used, however, when the work activity does
not require the use of heavy equipment or large quantities of material
(e.g., fencing supplies, gravel, soil, or large structures).

## 

## Access by Vehicle on Roads, within Normal Use Patterns -- Access by vehicles within normal use patterns may include travel with passenger vehicles (for crews); all terrain vehicles (ATVs); snowmobiles and other over-the-snow machinery; large and small sized trucks; and trucks hauling heavy machinery, logs, or other materials that require the use of a dump truck (e.g., soil, gravel, poles, or any number of other supplies). Vehicular use on system roads and designated off road areas would generate expected and more predictable levels of disturbance or risk to other resources. 

## 

## Access by Vehicle or ATV Off Roads or Outside of Normal Use Patterns -- All of the mechanized vehicles mentioned in the previous Work Element may be used under this activity as well. This type of travel includes travel on closed roads, travel off of designated roads and trails, and use of roads and trails outside of normal restrictions. The frequency, duration and level of disturbance generated from mechanized vehicle, heavy equipment and power tools outside of what is considered normal, may cause erratic, continuous, or higher levels of disturbance and increased damage to certain resources. For example, travel off-roads and onto undesignated trails or areas with no trails, may alter normal wildlife use patterns, increase soil erosion and compaction in susceptible areas (e.g., wet meadows, streams, or sensitive plant communities), or spread weeds into previously unoccupied areas. 

## 

## Work activities during fire suppression, prescribed fire, or any other work activity related to rehabilitation may need to occur outside of normal use patterns. In some cases, salvage efforts post fire may require access and associated road or off road use for long periods of time, may require higher numbers of log hauling trucks, larger crews, or road maintenance (e.g., grading and dust management) at high frequency intervals.

Rangeland rehabilitation efforts may require off-road access, larger
crews and the hauling of materials to rebuild fences or water
developments.

*Access by helicopter/aircraft **-- ***Some work sites or distribution
points may need to be accessed by helicopter or aircraft for
transporting crews, aircraft equipment, materials and supplies. Aerial
access may occur for any number of reasons including emergency
situations and the immediacy of work needed, or the sites location
relative to roads or trails. No construction of new landing strips for
fixed-wing aircraft would occur.

# Fueling/Maintenance

[]{#fueling .anchor}

Vehicles used to travel to worksites, and heavy equipment and power
tools used at worksites may need re-fueling and maintenance throughout
the duration of the work activities. It is not always practical or
possible to re-fuel and conduct maintenance at a development such as a
warehouse.

### Fueling/maintenance of Light Equipment on Site - Chain saws, augers, and other lighter power tools can be refueled and serviced at the site with little to no risk to other resources. 

### 

### Fueling/maintenance of Heavy Equipment on Site -- Bulldozers, graders, backhoes and other heavy machinery and equipment will need re-fueling and maintenance during work activities, and it may not always be practical to do this at a development such as a warehouse. Heavy equipment may require the use of high volumes of fuel, and repair and maintenance may be frequent. The risk of spilling substantial amounts of fuel or cleaning substances, and/or accidental release of other toxic substances, may increase. 

### 

### Normally, a site is designated where these activities can safely occur. Sometimes it may not always be possible to reach these sites if equipment runs out of fuel or if equipment fails and needs immediate repair. In all circumstances certain habitats should be avoided, including wetlands, streamside riparian areas and habitats with sensitive plants, to name a few. 

ACTIVITY TYPE: Defensible Space

Defensible space is an area, typically 30 to 120 feet wide that lies
between improved property with human structures, and potential wildland
fire areas. It is within this space that combustible materials are
removed or modified making them safer for fire operations to defend and
protect the structures.

The threat to life and property from wildfire is a significant issue for
federal, state, and local fire planning agencies responsible for
protecting residential areas (and their associated structures) in close
proximity to wildlands. This issue is currently at the forefront of fire
management and protection policies at national and local levels. Areas
determined susceptible to threat of wildland fire are called
wildland-urban interfaces (WUI).

The WUI consists of areas with human populations and structures, as well
as other areas of special significance that lie within or adjacent to
wildland areas. Developed areas on private, state and federal lands that
may need fuel reduction treatments include but are **not** limited to:
private residences, recreation and business centers, campgrounds,
communication towers, high voltage transmission lines, church camps,
scout camps, research facilities, summer homes or ranger stations,
ranches, outbuildings, and municipal watersheds.

Treatments that may be used to reduce the risk of wildland fire or
create defensible space are not limited in application to communities,
private residences, or other private structures. These treatment
applications may be implemented for any public facility or structure, or
area of special significance that occurs on state or federal lands.

Related work elements may be found in: **Mechanical Treatments Activity
Type** regarding tree felling, hazard tree removal, thinning, and
piling; **Prescribed Fire Activity Type** regarding fire and camping;
**Reforestation Activity Type** regarding planting; **Weeds and Chemical
Treatments Activity Type** regarding weeds; and **Access and Equipment
Maintenance Activity Type** regarding access and fueling issues.

# ACTIVITY COMPONENTS AND WORK ELEMENTS 

# 

# Fuels Reduction 

[]{#fuelreduc .anchor}*Remove Plants or Plant Parts* -- The removal
and/or reduction of flammable plants and plant parts such as dead trees,
branches, flammable brush, grasses and leaves is a common practice.
Fuels reduction treatments may include under or overstory thinning,
selective tree harvest or complete removal of dense forest stands. Other
important treatments include pruning dead wood from shrubs, removing low
tree branches, mowing dried grass, and/or piling brush and down trees
for removal or subsequent burning under safe conditions.

*Replace Flammable Plants with Less Flammable Plants* -- An example of
this work element is replacing highly flammable shrubs with irrigated
and well-maintained flowerbeds and lawns.

[]{#structmod .anchor}**Structure Modifications**

Structures would include homes and their associated buildings,
developments and structures within administrative sites, or any others
that may or may not be listed above.

*Replace Flammable Roof Materials* -- Replace flammable roof materials
(e.g., cedar shingles) with "Class C" fire resistant roofing (metal or
asphalt) or better.

*Remove Ignitable Materials Surrounding Structures* -- Some examples
include: removing ignitable materials from around chimneys, within
gutters, off sidewalks or any other home, lawn, or structural features
and attachments that may collect ignitable materials.

# ACTIVITY TYPE: Forest Products 

Activities include collection and gathering of products other than those
related to mineral or saw-timber removal operations. All activities
require collection permits whether for personal or commercial uses.
Activity levels vary from minimal, to potentially disturbing, depending
on the density and collection locations across a unit. Activities may
require the use of heavy equipment and power tools as well as off-road
travel and/or increased access to previously undisturbed sites. These
activities will not require new road construction or reconstruction, but
in rare circumstances, opening a closed road may be needed. Related Work
Elements may be found in **Mechanical Treatments Activity Type**
regarding felling, thinning and hazard trees, **Access and Equipment
Maintenance Activity Type** regarding access and fueling, **Prescribed
Fire Activity Type** regarding fire and camping, and **Defensible Space
Activity Type**.

To manage activities of potentially high densities of people and to
minimize resource damage, appropriate campsites and sanitation
facilities must be provided. Soil and plant compaction, and/or road
closure violations may occur. Campers located near water sources should
be kept from having an impact on riparian areas, fish and efforts made
to minimize potential effects to listed species such as bald eagles.
Proper camp location, law enforcement involvement, and education should
help avoid any adverse effects.

### 

### **ACTIVITY TYPES AND WORK COMPONENTS**

# 

# Firewood Collection 

# 

# *Collect Firewood from Already Downed Sources (e.g., hazard tree removal, road maintenance, etc.) -* Firewood collection may require the use of heavy equipment. Access and hauling activities may pose concerns. Firewood collection for both personal and commercial use will require a permit. Although commercial operations are managed, personal collection may or may not be managed, depending on the geographic area. Personal firewood permits allow for the collection of ten cords of wood per year / per person. These cords may be sold under one or more permits. The number of cords of wood allowed for collection under a commercial permit will vary by administering unit. The amount of woody material taken from a site should not exceed amounts required by the administering units' standards and guidelines for dead and down material. See the Access and Equipment Maintenance and Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity Types for additional information 

## 

# Fruits, Berries and Nut Harvest 

# *Hand Picking and Raking of Edible Berries -* Post-disturbance there may be an increase in the availability of fruits, berries, and nuts, depending upon the site, habitat type, and extent of a burn. The scope of activity is similar to that identified under mushroom harvest relative to campsites, human densities and potential resource damage apply (see Mushroom Harvesting Activity Component below). 

## 

# Greenery Harvest -- Total Removal

*Digging of Species for Complete Removal* **--** Collection of boughs,
ferns, or any other plants used in ornamental commodities is allowed
under permit for personal and commercial operators. No significant
increase in any additional management is expected. In burned areas, no
harvest is expected.

# 

# Moss Harvesting 

# 

# *Moss Removal* -- Moss collection is not expected to increase above normal levels or to occur in burned areas. 

## Mushroom Harvesting

## 

## Removal of Fungi -- Large numbers of people can be expected, under permit, to personally or commercially harvest mushrooms such as morels, Morchella esculenta, in burned areas. Morels come in after disturbance and usually last three to four years each spring for approximately a three-week period. 

## 

## Raking of Soil Substrate/Mycelium - Harvest techniques do not require raking for detection or collection. Therefore, soil substrate disturbance will be minimal.

# 

# Seed Collection

GO TO **Reforestation Activity Type*,* Collection of Plant Propagation
Materials Activity Component** for a description of work elements
related to collecting seed or other plant propagation materials.

# 

# Tree and Shrub Removal 

# 

*Complete or Partial Removal of Trees or Shrubs* **-** Collection of
whole or partial plant parts used in ornamental commodities (e.g.,
scorched bark, root wads, picture frames, fence posts, landscape design)
is allowed under permit for personal and commercial operators in areas
previously impacted by wildland fires. The amount of trees or shrubs
removed would be small and scattered in nature. See the **Mechanical
Treatments Activity Type** for additional information.

# Public Access

*Public Access* **-** See the **Access and Equipment Maintenance
Activity Type** for implementation information

# ACTIVITY TYPE: Insect and Disease Suppression

# ACTIVITY COMPONENTS AND WORK ELEMENTS

# 

# These projects cover a wide variety of insect and disease prevention and suppression activities. Insects and diseases can increase stand flammability by causing mortality and increasing slash. In addition to increased mortality, dwarf mistletoe infestations increase stand flammability by creating ladder fuels. Some of the work elements that have primary objectives covered by other activity types and components are not detailed here (e.g., reforestation; thinning of forested stands; prescribed fire). 

# Related Work Elements may be found in: Mechanical Treatments Activity Type for felling, thinning, and hazard trees; Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity Type for snowplowing; Prescribed Fire Activity Type for fire and camping; Reforestation Activity Type for planting; and Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type for access and fueling activities.

# 

# Aerial Survey and Application of Insecticides and Pesticides 

# 

# Aerial surveys are used to determine status, extent, and intensity of defoliation or mortality from insects, diseases, or other agents (i.e. bear damage). . 

*Fixed Wing/Helicopter Flights and Application less than 1500 feet above
ground --* Special surveys that require close inspection by helicopters
are typically conducted 100 to 500 feet above treetops. Fixed wing
aircraft or helicopters flying within 50 feet of the treetops and in
swaths of about 150 feet apply insecticide. Only Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) approved insecticides are used and all
applications follow label directions and precautions. Mitigating actions
required by an Environmental Assessment (NEPA document), or Record of
Decision (ROD), are included in the contract. Bulk tankers transport
insecticide over forest roads. Water, if needed, is pumped from rivers
or streams (see the Prescribed Fire Type for water drafting and water
pumping).

*Fixed Wing/Helicopter Flights and Application greater than 1500 feet
above ground* - Fixed wing flights are typically conducted about 1,500
feet above treetops, traversing the area in a grid with 4-mile wide
swaths, or by contour flying in deeply dissected terrain.

# Fertilization

[]{#fertil .anchor}

*Hand Application of N-Frells -* Fertilization can enhance stand vigor
and promote resistance to insect and disease-related mortality, and
subsequent risk of fire. Nitrogenous compounds in the form of pellets
*(N Pellets)* or frells *(N Frells)* can be applied by hand using a
hand-crank fertilizer spreader.

# Ground Applications of Pesticides

[]{#groundpest .anchor}

*Back-pack Spraying or Inoculation of Individual Trees with Insecticide*
-- Insecticide is applied to protect individual high-value trees using
backpack or hydraulic sprayers. Only EPA registered insecticides are
used and all applications follow label directions and precautions.
Mitigating actions required by the NEPA document or Record of Decision
(ROD), are included in the contract. Insecticide in small quantities
(less than 50 gallons) is transported by small truck to the treatment
sites. Occasionally, implants of a systemic insecticide are placed by
hand into individual trees.

*Borax Treatment of Freshly Cut Stumps* - To prevent the spread of
annosus root disease, large freshly cut stumps are covered with a thin
film of borax powder to prevent germination of *Heterobasidion*
*annosum* spores. Borax may be applied manually or mechanically, using
an attachment to the felling equipment.

# Ground Survey

# 

# *Walking Survey* - Walking surveys are used to determine status of insects and diseases, or to "hazard rate" stands to identify those susceptible to insects or diseases before and after fire. A survey of stands is conducted in a manner similar to a forest inventory. One or two people traverse stands and take non-destructive measurements of the vegetation and site. Occasionally roots or boles are chopped to detect or verify insects or diseases. Some surveys establish semi-permanent plots. These surveys are conducted where areas are fully accessible on foot. See the Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type, Access to work site Activity Component for additional information.

# Manual Treatments 

# 

# Manual and mechanical treatments (see Mechanical Treatments Activity Component below) reduce stand susceptibility to insect and disease-caused mortality and consequently reduce fire risk. Treatments reduce stand density, remove infested trees, remove trees at high risk of becoming infected (for example scorched trees), alter stand structure, or convert stands to less susceptible species. Slash disposal prevents bark beetle build-up in downed material. For treatment to be effective against bark beetles, most of the material larger than about 4" in diameter must be physically removed from the site, debarked, cut into smaller pieces, chipped, or burned, before beetle flight.

# 

*Thin, Selecting Against Species/Conditions* -- Manually thinning
involves a crew using chainsaws to cut undesirable trees close to the
ground. Susceptible species and trees infected with dwarf mistletoe,
western gall rust, or other insects or diseases are selected against. GO
TO the **Mechanical Treatments Activity Type, Harvest
Prescription/Implementation Activity Component,** *Understory / single
story treatments: thinning Work Element* for the description of this
Work Element.

# 

*Burning Infested Tree* - Individually infested trees can be burned in
place. Slash can also be burned in place, or pushed into piles with
large rubber-tired or tracked tractors, and burned (*machine pile and
burning*). See **Mechanical Treatments Activity Type, Rehabilitation,
removal of excess vegetation and slash Activity Component,** and
**Prescribed Fire Activity Type** for additional work elements used to
accomplish these objectives.

### Topping or Otherwise Killing, and Removing Infested Trees - Individual trees can be burned in place, or the tops may be removed to kill the tree. Treetops are removed with a chain saw, or by setting an explosive charge below the live crown. Girdling, cutting off the bark and cambium in a strip 4 inches wide all the way around the tree, is less reliable. 

*Slash Disposal, Lop and Scatter, Pile or Cover Hand Pile and Burn -*
Disposing of slash helps prevent bark beetle build-up in downed
material. Manual slash disposal requires cutting slash into smaller
pieces and scattering them on the ground (lop and scatter), or putting
the pieces in piles not more than approximately 6 feet high. Piles may
be placed in the sun and covered with transparent plastic to kill any
bark beetles (pile and cover), or burned (pile and burn). Slash can also
be broadcast burned in place. See the **Prescribed Fire Activity Type**
and **Mechanical Treatments Activity Type, Rehabilitation, removal of
excess vegetation and slash Activity Component** for additional work
elements used to conduct these activities.

## Pruning - In some cases, dwarf mistletoe brooms can be pruned from the lower crown to increase tree vigor and/or reduce a safety hazard. Pruning also reduces white pine blister rust infection and mortality. Pruning is usually done with a chain saw or pole-pruner and pruned branches are lopped and scattered on the ground.

# 

# Mechanical Treatments 

# 

# *A*lso, see general description in Manual Treatments Activity Component, above.

# 

# *Slash Disposal Debark/Chip/ or Fragment, Machine Pile, and Burn -* Disposing of slash helps prevent bark beetle build-up in downed material. For treatments to be effective against bark beetle outbreaks, most of the material must be reduced to less than about 4 inches in diameter. Slash can be chipped and spread around the site. Slash can also be burned in place, or pushed into piles with large rubber-tired or tracked tractors, and burned. Large logs can be debarked by machine. See Prescribed Fire Activity Type and Mechanical Treatments Activity Type, Rehabilitation, removal of excess vegetation and slash Activity Component for additional work elements used to conduct these activities

# 

*Young Stand Destruction, Chaining, Roller Chopping* -- Where a young
stand has become heavily infected and stand management objectives will
not be met, stand destruction can be accomplished by chaining, roller
chopping, or manual whip felling. Chaining and roller chopping require
the use and transportation of heavy equipment. Chaining requires two
bulldozers moving together over the stand with a heavy chain stretched
between them; the chain knocks down and pulls up the young trees. Roller
chopping is done with a bulldozer pulling a large rolling drum over the
stand. The drum has protruding flanges to aid in cutting and crushing
the young trees. For added weight, the drum is filled with water (often
drafted from a stream -see **Prescribed Fire Activity Type, Fireline
Construction/Holding Actions Activity Component,** *Pumping from
streams/ponds using portable pumps Work Element* and *Drafting to fill
engines/tenders Work Element* for this activity) from a water tender or
engine, and drained on site. Under freezing conditions, the drums may be
filled with antifreeze. Slash may be lopped and scattered or burned in
place. Manual whip felling involves crews using chainsaws to cut the
infested trees as close to the ground as possible.

### Overstory Removal -- When previous partial cutting has left an overstory heavily infected with dwarf mistletoe, timely overstory removal prevents infestation of the young understory. Overstory removal can be accomplished mechanically. Felled trees can be removed or left on site with appropriate slash disposal. GO TO **Mechanical Treatments Activity Type, Harvest Prescription/Implementation Activity Component,** Overstory treatments: Overstory removal, partial overstory removal, sanitation Work Element for the description of this work element.

## 

# *Harvest/Removal of Fire Damaged or Other High Risk Trees --* Fire killed or heavily damaged trees, trees infected with mistletoe, or trees with extensive decay may be a safety hazard to vehicles on roads, to a campsite, parking area, or building. Such trees are typically felled by chainsaw, and subsequently removed or left on site with appropriate slash disposal. An old dense, heavily damaged or heavily infested stand may not be capable of meeting management objectives, or it may be a fire risk. Regeneration harvest can return a forest stand to dominance by seral species that are less susceptible to some insects and diseases. Regeneration harvest is designed to completely replace a stand by clearcut, seed tree or shelterwood cut. Seed tree and shelterwood cuts require multiple entries before the old stand is completely removed from the newly regenerated stand. See the Mechanical Treatments Activity Type, Harvest Prescription/Implementation Activity Component for additional details and work element descriptions. 

## 

# *Thin, Selecting Against Species/Conditions -* Thinning from below and thinning with selection against certain species or conditions, reduces stand density and alters stand structure and composition. This reduces the stands susceptibility to insects and disease. Mechanical thinning requires the use of heavy equipment and power tools. GO TO Mechanical Treatments Activity Type, Harvest Prescription/Implementation Activity Component, *Understory/single story treatments: thinning Work Element* for the description of this Work Element. 

# 

# Plant Less-Susceptible Species

# 

# Many insects and diseases are host specific or preferentially attack certain kinds of trees. The dwarf mistletoes and some bark beetles have limited host ranges. Climax species tend to be more susceptible to root diseases. Planting less-susceptible species can ensure continuous forest vegetation conditions while other tree species are under decline. GO TO Reforestation Activity Type, Hand Plant Upland/Riparian Activity Component for the description of this work element. 

# 

# Population Assessment and Trapping 

# 

# In some instances, population assessments are conducted prior to the roads being passable because of snow. In these cases, roads must be plowed to gain access to remote areas requiring analyses. For some insects, the placement of bubble caps (see below), may be done over snow. In these situations, roads may need to be plowed or travel with snow machines may be necessary. See the Access and Equipment Maintenance, Roads and Roads Maintenance, and Mechanical Treatments Activity Types for work elements related to snowplowing, over the snow travel or other associated activities. 

*Sampling and Trapping* **-** Population assessment of defoliators is
sometimes done over a large landscape to determine if populations
warrant suppression. Larval populations are sampled prior to application
of pesticides. This usually consists of clipping 18-inch branch tips and
counting larvae. Larvae can also be sampled by beating the lower
branches of a crown; this dislodges the larvae onto a canvas where they
are counted. For cocoon and/or egg mass sampling, visual observations
are made of the lower crown of trees, or lower branches are cut and
examined. Adult populations of defoliating insects are sampled using
pheromone-baited traps placed in accessible areas to catch flying males.

# Use of Fire 

# 

# Prescribed underburning can accomplish some of the same objectives as thinning from below, thinning with selection against certain species, and young stand destruction. See the Prescribed Fire Activity Type for related work elements. 

# *Pulling back duff from legacy trees* - Large legacy trees may be protected from bark beetle attack by removing competing vegetation and pulling back duff from the base of the tree. Thick duff at the base of large trees is pulled away by hand crews using rakes or shovels. The duff is then redistributed well away from the large trees. 

[]{#usepher .anchor}**Use of Pheromones**

Pheromone treatments may be used to collect massive numbers of beetles
in baited traps or trap trees, or to disrupt the behavior of beetles to
prevent their infestation of other susceptible stands.

*Anti-aggregate Bubble Caps* - Anti-aggregate pheromones are used to
disrupt the behavior of beetles to prevent infesting susceptible stands.
Pheromone bubble caps (packets containing an EPA-registered pheromone)
are stapled to trees in a 10 x 10 meter grid pattern over the treatment
area. After the flight period, the bubble caps are removed from the
trees.

*Trap Tree Baiting* *and Removal*- Attracting and collecting massive
numbers of beetles in pheromones-baited "trap trees" can reduce bark
beetle populations. Trap trees are removed from the area before the next
beetle flight period. When removing trap trees is infeasible,
pheromone-baited traps might be effective in some instances.

ACTIVITY TYPE: Mechanical Treatments

Work elements are typical of timber harvest operations, however,
implementation of certain work elements may be needed for reasons other
than timber production. For example, thinning forested areas may be used
to reduce fuels in the wildland-urban interface (WUI) and create
"defensible space" near human developments or agency administrative
sites. Most work elements in this activity type require the use of power
tools, heavy equipment, and crews.

Related Work Elements may be found in: **Roads and Roads Maintenance
Activity Type** regarding snow removal, opening closed roads, and road
work; **Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type** regarding
access, the use of heavy equipment, and mechanized tools; **Prescribed
Fire Activity Type** regarding fire and camping; and **Weeds and
Chemical Treatments Activity Type** regarding weed prevention actions.

# ACTIVITY COMPONENTS AND WORK ELEMENTS

[]{#dustab .anchor}**Dust Abatement**

*Chemical Palliatives* **--**GO TO **Roads and Roads Maintenance
Activity Type, Road Maintenance Activity Component,** *Dust abatement --
water or chemical Work Element* for the description of this Work
Element.

*Water Drafting* -- For salmonids, criteria will be found under this
Work Element; for all other species, criteria will be found under
**Prescribed Fire Activity Type, Fireline Construction/Holding Actions
Activity Component,** *Drafting to fill engines/tenders Work Element.*
GO TO **Prescribed Fire Activity Type, Fireline Construction/Holding
Actions Activity Component,** *Drafting to fill engines/tenders Work
Element* for the description of this Work Element.

[]{#harvpresc .anchor}**Harvest Prescriptions/Implementation**

Prescriptions contain rationale (or need) for treating forested habitats
and identify implementation tactics needed in advance of harvest
activity. For assessing potential effects of harvest treatments on
certain species, activities include both the description of the
treatment to be enacted and actual implementation procedures. Harvest
units are either marked as leave or cut trees, designated by a diameter
limit, or designated by a species for harvest in the timber sale
contract.

## Regeneration Harvest: Clearcut, Seed Tree, Shelterwood - Treatments are used to create a forest stand with one or two age classes in an exposed microclimate. Treatments are most suited for shade intolerant species. Clearcutting removes all trees in a single harvest thereby preparing the site for planting or natural regeneration. Seed tree harvest removes all except a small number of seed trees to provide for regeneration. Shelterwood operations remove most of the trees except those needed to provide shade and/or seed for establishing a new stand. 

## 

## Traditionally the shelterwood and seed trees that remain are removed once the new stand is established. However, it is now common to leave seed trees, shelterwood trees, and other designated trees as "reserve" trees, to promote forest stand diversity, and meet other resource needs. Reserve trees may comprise 40 % of a forest stand following harvest, occurring in groups or uniformly throughout the stand. Trees are managed with the developing young stand to produce a two-aged stand. During shelterwood and seed tree harvest treatments, the majority of undesirable small trees are typically slashed so they do not compete with establishing trees. 

*Understory/Single Story Treatments: Thinning --* Thinning may occur in
any age or structure of stand and involve removal of various components
of the stand, depending on the purpose of the thinning. It may be
applied in single-story or multi-storied stands. Thinning is a common
tool for decreasing fuel in stands that are considered overstocked or as
a pre-treatment for prescribed fire. In these cases, thinning often
targets understory trees. Thinning is also used to break the continuity
of the tree canopy to limit fire spread in the canopy. In other cases,
thinning may remove some of the overstory trees to reduce competition
and increase growth or to remove larger trees when they overtopped,
malformed, or otherwise are undesirable dominants.

*Overstory Treatments: Overstory Removal, Partial Overstory Removal,
Sanitation -* In uneven-aged forest stands, all or some portion of the
larger, dominant trees in the overstory may be removed leaving the
understory trees intact. This is referred to as partial or complete
overstory removal. This can be accomplished by selective tree and group
harvest procedures.

# Sanitation cutting removes dead, diseased and damaged trees, or those live trees susceptible to the actual or anticipated spread of pests and/or pathogens. This treatment is used to promote forest growth and health. The liberation method removes trees that are overtopping young trees in the sapling stage. The improvement method is similar to commercial thinning where less desirable trees are removed to improve stand composition and quality. A timber sale contract refers to these systems as commercial thin and overstory removals.

*Dead Trees: Salvage, Hazard Tree Removal --* Salvaging dead and dying
trees or deteriorating stands typically occurs before the wood becomes
economically unfeasible to harvest. When all or nearly all of the trees
in a stand are dead, a regeneration system is prescribed. When a small
portion of the stand is dead, a salvage operation is prescribed that
leaves residual live trees. Salvage operations are the most common
treatments used in areas to remove dying and damaged trees following
fire, insect or pathogen outbreaks, or weather related events such as
winterkill.

Hazard trees occur in a variety of situations and result from several
disturbances, such as fire, insects, pathogens, age, or human-caused
injuries. Hazard trees are removed when they pose a risk to campsites,
administrative sites, along roadways or other areas where the trees pose
a danger to the public. Hazard trees also pose a danger to the health
and welfare of people at the sites. These trees may be obstacles to
safely working equipment, or they may be snags or weakened trees with
the potential to topple during work operations. Such trees are typically
felled by chainsaw, and subsequently removed or left on site with
appropriate slash disposal. Removing hazard trees following fires,
insect, or disease outbreaks is often done through the timber sale
process or by contract.

*Selection Harvest* *- All Stand Layers* - Selection harvest is used to
"regenerate", create and retain at least three distinct age classes.
Several harvest entries are made over the rotation period of the stand.
Traditionally, treatments have been designed to maximize timber yield
and establish a new crop of trees with an irregular species and
structure constitution. Selection treatments may be designed to remove
individually dispersed, and/or groups of trees. Individual tree
selection is limited to the removal of shade tolerant species and no
distinct openings are created.

Forest stand opening are established where groups of trees are removed.
Group selection harvesting can be used on any forest type. The size of
the opening is dependent on whether the primary re-vegetation species is
seral (shade intolerant or semi-shade tolerant) or climax (shade
tolerant). For example, openings can range from one-fourth to four
acres. New trees become established in the openings and this promotes
the development and maintenance of a structurally diverse forest stand.
This type of treatment is suitable for both shade intolerant and shade
intolerant species. Harvest entries may occur at intervals of twenty
years or longer depending on the rotation life of the stand.

# Killing Sub-merchantable Trees 

# 

# For salmonids, criteria will be found under this Activity Component; for all other species, criteria will be found under Tree Felling Activity Component (below in this Activity Type) for killing trees by falling or Prescribed Fire Activity Type for killing trees by burning. GO TO Tree Felling Activity Component (below in this Activity Type) for killing trees by falling. GO TO Prescribed Fire Activity Type for killing trees by burning.

## Logging Systems and Operations 

## 

## These are mechanical methods of getting the tree/log from the harvest unit to the landing. The logging system used for stand treatment depends on harvest objectives, terrain, and concerns for other resources. 

G*round Based Logging*-- Number range CHAPTERGround based logging
systems use tractors, feller-bunchers, forwarders, and some types of
cable systems. During this operation, logs are moved (skidded) more or
less wholly along the ground. This type of system usually involves the
creation of skid trails from the individual trees to the landing.
Depending on the stand conditions and contract specifications, skid
trails may occur throughout the logging unit or may be designated to
specific areas. Soil disturbance along skid trails and within the stand
varies from high to low depending on condition, time of operation,
equipment, etc.

*Helicopter* -- An aerial yarding operation lifts and flies logs to a
landing, resulting in minimal soil disturbance. Aerial operations are
used where access is limited, yarding distances are one-half mile or
less, or other resource concerns must be met.

*High Lead* -- Powered cable logging consists of main-line blocks,
fastened high on a spar tree or equivalent, that enable the front end of
logs to be lifted clear of the ground. Generally this system is powered
by a 3-drum power-unit carrying main haul-back and straw lines. Although
this logging system requires the use of heavy equipment, ground
disturbance is relatively low.

*Skyline* -- Powered cable logging is where a heavy cable, "the
skyline", is stretched between two spar-trees (or their equivalents):
the head-spar, close to the landing and power unit, and the
tail-spar**.** Spar trees function as an overhead track for a
load-carrying trolley, or skyline carriage. The carriage traverses along
the skyline under the control of a main-line and a haul-back line. Under
some operations, logs travel clear of the ground for minimal impacts on
soils. Most skyline operations do not provide for full suspension and
therefore the logs would be trailed on the ground

Number range CHAPTER*Hauling --* This is a general term for the
transport of loads from one point to another, (e.g., logs from stump to
landing or from landing to mill or shipping point). Logs are loaded onto
a logging truck and transported on a main road designated as the haul
road. Log truck travel along haul routes may have short-term impacts in
the area by generating dust or creating disturbances.

*Number range CHAPTERLoading* - Process of moving the log from a deck
onto a truck (usually). The process involves heavy equipment.

Number range CHAPTER*Landing Construction and Location --* A landing is
a place where timber is assembled for further transport. Landings are
generally "constructed" by clearing away existing vegetation (trees and
brush), however, no soil is removed or plowed up. Logging activities
often center around landings and most heavy equipment is used there.
Landings must be constructed to complement the yarding system; comply
with safety codes and other environmental standards; accommodate the
size and type of machinery needed; and, the amount of material to be
yarded.

[]{#reducsoil .anchor}**Reducing Soil Compaction**

*Subsoiling* **--** This requires the use of a machine attached to a
small bulldozer to dig into the ground and uplift soil to reduce subsoil
compaction caused by logging or other mechanized equipment. While this
is a surface disturbing action, it provides soil that is better suited
for tree establishment and water penetration.

# Refueling 

# 

# GO TO Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type, Fueling/Maintenance Activity Component for the description of this activity.

[]{#rehabremov .anchor}**Rehabilitation, Removal of Excess Vegetation
and Slash**

After harvest, fire, or other disturbance, treatments are needed to
prepare the affected site for regeneration and reduce high fuel loads.
Operations should be conducted in a manner to minimize topsoil
disturbance, and still maintain the desired level of woody debris on the
site.

*Furrowing -* A dozer with a blade at an angle is used to create a
furrow oriented on the horizontal. Furrowing is done to accomplish
scarification on steeper slopes, and used to minimize erosion.

*Patch Scarification, Mechanically or by Hand --* GO TO **Reforestation
Activity Type, Site Preparation Activity Component,** *Hand
scalp/Grubbing WorkElement* for the description of hand scarification.
Other activities covered by this Work Element are described as follows.
Scarification is achieved with attachments to dozers which scrape the
ground surface to expose mineral soil at specified distances to create
planting spots. Generally, patch scarification is only used where
competing vegetation is very dense. See **Reforestation Activity Type,
Site Preparation Activity Component** for additional information on
mechanical scarification activities.

*Dozer Scarification -* A bulldozer with a brush blade or similar
attachment is used to rip topsoil pulling out bunch grasses or similar
competing vegetation in various patterns on 20 to 40% of the unit.

*Dozer Piling -* Bulldozer is used to collect and pile woody material
throughout the unit for later burning. Piling may also utilize
rubber-tired equipment.

*Grapple Piling* - The grapple piler lifts fuels up and lays it in a
pile. Less topsoil is disturbed in grapple piling, as opposed to dozer
piling.

*Hand Piling --* Excess slash from a harvest or thinning operation may
be piled to reduce. This process does not scarify and no soil
disturbance occurs.

*Piling at landings* -- If a cutting unit is tree-length yarded, tops
and limbs are piled for later treatment, usually by burning.

# Road Construction 

# 

# GO TO Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity Type, New Construction/Reconstruction Activity Component for the description of this activity.

**Road Maintenance**

GO TO **Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity Type, Road Maintenance
Activity Component** for the description of this activity.

# Skid Trail/Landing Rehab

[]{#skidtrail .anchor}

*Waterbars* -- Shallow channels (cross-drains) or raised barriers (e.g.,
a ridge of packed earth or a thin pole), are laid diagonally across the
road surface to direct water (particularly storm water) from roads and
trails. This will reduce potential sediment from reaching streams, wet
meadows or other moist areas of areas of concern.

# 

# Tree Felling

[]{#treefell .anchor}

*Hand* -- Standing trees are primarily cut down with hand tools such as
a chainsaw (see *Mechanical* below). In wilderness areas, however, a
cross cut saw is used.

*Mechanical* -- This involves cutting down a tree with a chain saw
and/or feller-buncher. A feller-buncher is a tracked vehicle with a boom
and chainsaw or clippers attached to the end of the boom for cutting
trees. A feller-buncher lays down a slash mat on which to operate for
minimal soil disturbance. Skidding equipment also moves over slash mats
built by the feller-buncher to reduce soil movement.

# [Additional Information for Harvest Treatments]{.underline} -- 

# 

# These are not "stand alone" work components or work elements. They are included here to help further describe the harvest prescriptions described above. These are common treatments used for the management of forested areas for timber productions.

[Intermediate/Commercial Treatments]{.underline} **-** Intermediate
harvest (or sometimes known as commercial thinning) is the harvest of
trees in an immature stand to reduce tree numbers, and/or select for
favored tree qualities. Trees are generally removed in a dispersed
manner and regeneration is not the goal. These treatments promote the
growth and vigor of the remaining trees, or may be used to alter the
species composition of the stand. Sanitation harvest may be the goal of
these operations as well. A manageable stand remains following harvest.
Post and pole sales (the harvest of trees from 4 -- 7 inches at diameter
breast height) are generally considered intermediate operations. These
treatments are also common in lodgepole pine stands and where the demand
is high for fence material and other uses.

[Pre-commercial Thinning/Commercial and Non-Commercial]{.underline} --
Pre-commercial thinning generally refers to the harvest of trees ranging
in diameter breast height from 1 -- 4 inches. Generally, the purpose of
this activity is to reduce competition among the trees in the target
forest stand. Tree densities in pre-commercially thinned stands will
vary from 150 to 400 trees per acre; this depends on species growth
patterns and management objectives. Release thinning is similar,
although generally involves the felling of trees overtopping young
regeneration in a non-commercial operation. Pre-commercial thinning is
typically conducted with a service contract. During periods of poor
market conditions or treatments involving species with little or no
market value, trees larger than 4 inches in diameter may be cut and not
sold.

# ACTIVITY TYPE: Prescribed Fire

Prescribed fire projects are part of vegetation manipulation projects
that reduce hazardous fuels and restore natural ecosystems. Prescribed
fire projects are often a combination of numerous activity types. The
actual application of fire is often only a small part of the total
project. Prior to ignition of the prescribed fire, other work activities
must occur to prepare the project area for the fire. For example, in
remote locations, camps will be established and supplied. Following
wildland and prescribed fires, rehabilitation work may be needed to
mitigate impacts caused by implementation. Each project has its own
special set of conditions, and its own combination of activities.

# ACTIVITY COMPONENTS AND WORK ELEMENTS

# 

# Fire Support

[]{#firesupp .anchor}

See the **Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity Type** for information
related to road use and maintenance associated with prescribed fire
activities.

*Fire/Spike Camps***-** Some prescribed fire projects are conducted at
remote locations. Personnel conducting the project must camp near the
project area. The size of any particular campsite, and the complexity of
the logistic support operations are determined by the magnitude of the
project.

Large prescribed fire projects in remote locations may require that
personnel camp near the project site. This helps to increase the amount
of time spent on site, and reduces potential hazards to personnel
traveling to and from the project area. This can be especially important
when crews are working long hours and driving prior to sunrise and after
sunset. There will be areas for tents, cooking and dining, restrooms,
parking for vehicles, and sometimes for helibase/helispot activities.
Logistical support of large camps often requires daily shuttles of
supplies and resources. Large camps will often be placed in accessible
areas with good road access.

Spike camps are often set up on less complex prescribed fire projects,
or in the early stages of the project. These camps require less
logistical support and will occupy a smaller total area. Small camps
will have similar components to large camps but total number of
personnel will be less. These camps are also set up in less accessible
areas, are more self-contained and daily supply is not necessary.

[]{#firelinecon .anchor}**Fireline Construction/Holding Actions**

There are numerous techniques used to build fireline. The overall goal
of fireline construction is to remove living and dead vegetation (fuel),
or to create a break in the continuity of the fuel. Fuel breaks help
stop fire spread. Flame lengths and fuel type are used to determine the
width of a fireline.

*Machine Built Fireline* -- This type of fireline is created using
mechanized equipment. Bulldozers, tractors with plows, road graders, or
even four-wheelers can be used for line construction. Machine built
firelines are typically constructed on level terrain having less than a
15 % slope and relatively free of surface rocks. Machine built fireline
is used when a fuel break needs to be wide and/or lengthy, or when
smaller fires have the potential to rapidly grow. The ground must also
be relatively free of large surface rocks. Plows, dozers, blades, or
other implements are pulled or pushed just below the soil surface and
mineral soil is exposed. On ground that is fairly level and has few
surface rocks, a brush beater (heavy duty mower) can be used to create a
fireline. Brush-beat lines do not expose mineral soil and must be
supported by other activities. The width of the line is dependent on the
potential flame length.

*"Wet" Line/Foam Line* -- Water, water with surfactants, or aqueous
firefighting foam (AFFF, or A Triple F) are used to create a fireline.
These substances are sprayed on vegetation to increase moisture content
and limit fire spread. Wet lines are most often used in short vegetation
or fuel (i.e. grass, pine needles) and where flame lengths are short.
Wet lines are also used in conjunction with burnout (burning of fuels
between fire and fireline) or black lining operations (See "*Black" Line
Work Element* below). Vegetation and dead fuel will be sprayed with
water or foam. Wet lines have the lowest impact of any human constructed
fireline. The line will only be effective as long as the vegetation
remains wet. Once the vegetation dries, fire will easily cross the line.
Aqueous firefighting foam (AFFF) helps to stretch water and keep
vegetation wet longer, but its effects are also temporary. Use of wet
lines and foam lines require large amounts of water; a reliable water
source must be in the area to support these operations.

*Pumping from Streams/Ponds Using Portable Pumps* -- Water from ponds
and streams may be drawn using portable pumps. A two-inch suction hose
with a screen on the end is placed in the water source. The water is
then pumped to hose lays on the fireline, into large portable storage
tanks or bladders, and into fire engines and/or water tenders. Under
some circumstances, a dam is constructed in a stream to create a pool
deep enough from which to pull water. Portable pumps are often used in
areas where fire engines or water tenders cannot access the water
source.

## Drafting to Fill Engines / Tenders -- Water from ponds and streams is used to fill water tanks on fire engines and water tenders. Pumps mounted to the engines or tenders are used to pull water from the pond or stream. The water source must be located in an area where vehicles can drive to within 10 to 15 feet of the water's edge. Water sources are often found next to roads or near bridges. A hard suction hose, with a screen over the end, is placed in the water. Water is used by the engine, transported to a portable tank, or pumped through hose lays. Under some circumstances, the water source must be improved to gain adequate depth for the end of the suction hose to be completely submerged.

*Natural Barriers and Riparian Wetlands* -- Natural breaks in vegetation
and fuel are used when available to help contain prescribed fires.
Natural barriers require little if any improvement to stop fire spread.
These areas are often rocky ridges or scab flats where the arrangement
of vegetation is such that fire cannot move through the plant community.
Riparian areas or wetlands are also used as firelines. The vegetation in
these areas is too wet to support combustion and is very effective at
limiting fire spread. Prescribed fires that use these areas for
firelines must conduct activities while these areas are wet. Once they
dry for the season, riparian areas or wetlands are no longer effective
at limiting fire spread.

*Helicopter Dipping* -- Buckets suspended beneath helicopters may be
used for prescribed fires to strengthen the fireline, or to quickly
treat hot spots. The pilot controls the bucket remotely. These buckets
will most often carry from 100 to 250 gallons of water. Water is
obtained from nearby water sources. The helicopter will hover close to
the water surface and allow the bucket to fill. This type of operation
requires a large water source sufficient to supply the needed water.
Lakes, ponds, larger streams, and rivers are the most frequent sites
used to dip water. Helicopter operations require that a helibase or
helispot be located close to the project for support.

*Hand Built Fireline* -- The most common form of fireline is constructed
using hand tools. The goal is the same as with the other types of
fireline: remove the burnable material from the fire. All plant material
and downed dead material are removed and mineral soil is exposed. In
some instances, chainsaws are used to help remove shrubs and trees
and/or branches. Hand built fireline will often be used in conjunction
with other activities, such as black lining, wet lining, and brush
beating. The width of the line is dependent on the type of fuel in the
area and the current or expected flame length. Where lines greater than
2 - 3 feet in width are needed, machinery is often used. Crews of up to
20 people are used to create these lines.

*Explosive Built Fireline* -- In some areas explosives are used to
create fireline. This technique is used only under special circumstances
and is uncommon. An explosive device, similar to a small diameter hose
or small rope, is laid across the ground or used to fall trees. Long
runs can be done very quickly. The explosion will expose mineral soils
and stop fire spread by removing the burnable fuel.

# *"Black" Line* - Black lines are pre-burned areas that are used as firelines. Black lines are often used in conjunction with another type of fireline. The other type of fireline is constructed and the vegetation is ignited on the inside of the fireline. The hand built, machine built or other fireline is used to keep the fire within the boundaries of the prescribed fire unit. In some cases, a second fireline is constructed and all the burnable material between the two lines is burned. This gives the fire managers the greatest control of the black line operation. In other cases, there is no second fireline and the fire is allowed to burn into the unit. Ignition is often done later in the day to take advantage of cooler night conditions and increases in relative humidity. Black lining can provide a wide fireline without the disturbance that occurs with other methods.

# 

# Helicopter Landing Sites and Other Operational Facilities 

# 

# Many prescribed fires use helicopters for some portion of the operation. 

# 

# *Helicopter Support Sites; refuel, alumigel mix sites, etc.* - In remote areas, a temporary facility may be needed to manage the helicopter operations. The size of the helispot will be based on the type of the helicopter, equipment needed, and number of aircraft being used. The helispot will often be located next to a road for ground transport of supplies. The helispot must also have a firm, level surface, and a free line of travel that is clear of obstacles in and out for takeoffs and landings.

A helicopter is used to transport personnel and equipment when an area
is remote and inaccessible. The personnel and equipment may be loaded at
the helibase or on site helispot. Landing areas require a firm level
surface free of obstructions. The size of the landing area will be
dependent on the type of helicopter used. In areas where landing is not
possible, equipment will be delivered via a long-line. Equipment is
attached to a line suspended from beneath the helicopter, then
transported and placed in a designated area. Long-line operations have a
minimal impact because the area needed to drop equipment is much smaller
than that needed to land a helicopter.

-   Helicopter Refuel -- Helicopter refueling is often done at the
    helispot. The fuel truck is driven to the helispot and fuel is
    pumped from the truck's fuel tank to the helicopter. Fuel trucks
    meet all Department of Transportation (DOT), and Federal Aviation
    Administration (FAA) regulations regarding fuel transport and
    transfer.

-   Alumigel Mix Sites -- If a helitorch is used on the project, an area
    to mix alumigel will be established near the helispot. The alumigel
    is the fuel for the helitorch. Transport and mixing is done under
    regulations designated by DOT and FAA. The mixing requires a level
    area in close proximity of the helispot.

# Ignition 

# 

# The actual application of fire to the landscape can be done using a variety of different techniques and equipment. Fire can be applied using drip torches, from a mechanized piece of equipment with an ignition device, or by a firefighter walking through the prescribed fire unit. Fire can also be applied from the air using a helitorch or a device that drops ping-pong ball sized spheres filled with a flammable chemical. These spheres ignite after contact with the ground. 

*Hand Ignition* -- Ignition by ground personnel using drip torches is
one of the most common methods. Fire personnel will walk through the
unit using drip torches to ignite the area in a set pattern. The torches
contain a mixture of gasoline and diesel fuel. Activities associated
with this type of ignition would be minimal. Hand ignition gives the
fire managers the highest level of control over the ignition pattern.

*Mechanized Ignition* -- In relatively flat terrain, or along roads,
mechanized equipment may be used to ignite fuel within the prescribed
fire unit. Larger versions of drip torches are mounted to 4-wheelers,
pickup trucks, or other vehicles and driven along a road or through the
unit igniting the vegetation in a preset pattern. Mechanized ignition
allows large areas to be covered in a shorter time period. This is
important in larger prescribed fire units. Tera-torches (drip torch
capable of applying limited amounts of fire to a unit) are also mounted
on vehicles and can be used in prescribed fire operations.

*Aerial Ignition* -- Helicopters are the principle platform for aerial
application of fire. Application of fire using helicopters allows large,
inaccessible areas to be treated with minimal impacts outside of the
fire on the ground. These operations require support at the airport or
helispot.

-   Helitorch -- Helicopters can carry a large version of a drip torch
    capable of applying large amounts of fire to a unit. Helitorch
    operations are most frequently conducted in areas with large fuels
    (logs, trees, slash); more recently, this tool is being used in
    lighter fuel types. The helitorch allows fire managers to ignite a
    large area relatively short amount of time. The mobility and lack of
    ground impact is making its use more common. These operations are
    supported by an alumigel mixing operation at the helispot or landing
    area.

-   Ping-pong Balls -- Another device commonly used with helicopters is
    a "ping-pong" ball dispenser. These ping-pong ball sized spheres are
    filled with potassium permanganate. Just before the balls are
    dropped from the helicopter, the balls are injected with ethylene
    glycol. The chemical reaction generates heat and the balls will
    ignite after they hit the ground. Balls may be dispensed in a
    pre-determined pattern. This technique allows the fire manager to
    treat a large area in a short time. This technique is used in
    lighter fuels, in both forest and shrub-steppe habitats.

# Mop-Up 

# 

# Once objectives have been achieved and ignition is no longer taking place, fire managers must extinguish hot spots within the prescribed fire unit. This is the mop-up phase of the fire. Hot spots are often stumps, downed logs, or other accumulations of dead material that continue to burn after the majority of the fire in the unit has gone out. Firefighters will use a combination of hand tools, fire engines, and hose lays to make sure the fire is contained within the unit before it is abandoned. Standards of mop-up will vary from unit to unit. In most cases, the burning material is exposed and cooled with water and/or soil.

*Engine* -- Fire engines will be used on flat terrain to bring water to
the hot spots. Areas must also be free of rocks, or downed material that
would limit access by fire engines. Firefighters will use water and hand
tools to cool the hot spot. Engines will drive up to the hot spot, or
use hose lays to bring water from the engine to the hot spot.

*Hand Tools* -- Firefighters will use hand tools to cool hotspots.
Shovels, backpack pumps, and other hand-carried tools (e.g., the
Pulaski), are used in areas inaccessible to vehicles, and laying hose.
Firefighters will use water from backpack pumps, and moisture in the
soil, to cool hot spots. In some circumstances, firefighters will only
use soil to cool hot spots.

*Hose Lays* -- In areas where vehicles cannot travel, hose will be
placed along the ground and supplied by portable pumps, fire engines or
water tenders. Firefighters will use the water and hand tools to cool
the remaining hot spots. Long runs of hose can be laid, but once down it
is difficult to move. In most cases hose lays are limited to the
perimeter of the prescribed fire unit.

**Introduction to the Prescribed Fire Effects Tables**

For any prescribed fire, both the effects of the activities associated
with support and implementation of the fire and the effects of the
actual burn must be analyzed. Support and implementation activities have
been described above (e.g. fireline construction, mop up, and ignition).
The **Activity Components** and *Work Elements* that describe the
effects of an actual fire are organized in a slightly different manner
than elsewhere in this process.

These activities and effects analysis are defined according to fire
regime, existing vegetation type, treatment type, and treatment
intensity. In describing the effects of prescribed fire in this process,
treatment intensity does NOT mean fire intensity. Rather, it is a
qualitative description of the magnitude of the applied fire treatment.
It does not refer to any pre-fire treatment levels. Five combinations of
fire regime, expressed as fire return interval and fire severity, are
defined.

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Fire Regime Group** | **Frequency**         | **Severity**          |
|                       |                       |                       |
|                       | **(Fire Return        |                       |
|                       | Interval)**           |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| # I                   | 0-35 years            | Low severity          |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **II**                | 0-35 years            | Stand replacement     |
|                       |                       | severity              |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **III**               | 35-100+ years         | Mixed severity        |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **IV**                | 35-100+ years         | Stand replacement     |
|                       |                       | severity              |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **V**                 | \>200 years           | Stand replacement     |
|                       |                       | severity              |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

The **Activity Component** is defined by fire regime (e.g., Fire Regime
III) and existing vegetation type (e.g., Aspen). The *Work Element* is
defined according to treatment type (e.g., thin, pile and broadcast
burn) and treatment intensity (e.g., low intensity). For each treatment
intensity, a "post-treatment vegetation description" is provided that
describes the predicted condition of the site after that particular
treatment. This information is provided in the tables below. If a
proposed prescribed fire activity does not fall within a given
**Activity Component** and *Work Element*, then consultation for that
proposed activity would have to occur outside the National Fire Plan
Project Design and Consultation Process.

[]{#aspen .anchor}**Aspen Prescribed Fire Effects-- General Description
and Trends**

Quaking aspen (*Populus tremuloidies*) constitutes a relatively small
proportion of the total land area in the western United States, but
contributes significantly to the biodiversity of wildlife and plant
communities. Quaking aspen stands can be found in a wide variety of
sites ranging from gentle slopes with deep soils to valley bottoms,
riparian areas, and steep high talus ridges. The Intermountain region
contains over 2.5 million acres of aspen forests. Quaking aspen is
associated with montane and subalpine vegetation types along broad
elevational and moisture gradients. The elevational distribution of
quaking aspen is between 2,500 to over 10,000 feet. The stands most
affected by the National Fire Plan projects are, for the most part,
located on north slopes, or in areas where snow accumulates and is held
for extended periods of time. These stands are surrounded by drier
woodland, shrublands or forest types. Their size ranges from a few acres
to over 1,000 acres. Stands are, for the most part, dominated by mature
aspen stems. The understory may or may not have suckers present in
varying quantities. There is a paucity of middle-aged stems or mid level
structure to these communities. Stands are composed of large and small
individuals.

In the Rocky Mountain region there has been an approximate 60% decline
in aspen dominated landscapes due to conifer encroachment. Conifers are
replacing quaking aspen throughout much of its range. The loss of
quaking aspen is resulting in a decrease in water, forage, and
biodiversity. In some areas the conifers have caused a type conversion
from hardwood to conifer.

Fire is a natural event in quaking aspen communities and it plays a role
in the perpetuation of the stands. Fire stimulates suckers by nullifying
apical dominance through the removal of the main stems. The paradox in
the system, quaking aspen stands do not readily burn. Certain conditions
are required for quaking aspen stands to burn. A dense understory of
conifers or shrubs combined with dry conditions favor hot fire with
rapid spread. Prior to European settlement, fire occurred on a fairly
regular basis. Fires that burned through these stands were typically
stand replacing with mixed intensity. The period between fires varied
based on inherent site conditions and general climatic patterns.
Following settlement conifers and shrubs increased in quaking aspen
stands. However, past management practices and public policy did not
permit fires to burn through these stands. Today, many quaking aspen
stands are dominated by conifers or old, decadent quaking aspen trees.

+---+----+---------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| [ |    |               | **WORK |                                   |
| ] |    |               | ELE    |                                   |
| { |    |               | MENT** |                                   |
| # |    |               |        |                                   |
| a |    |               |        |                                   |
| s |    |               |        |                                   |
| p |    |               |        |                                   |
| e |    |               |        |                                   |
| n |    |               |        |                                   |
| i |    |               |        |                                   |
| i |    |               |        |                                   |
| i |    |               |        |                                   |
| b |    |               |        |                                   |
| . |    |               |        |                                   |
| a |    |               |        |                                   |
| n |    |               |        |                                   |
| c |    |               |        |                                   |
| h |    |               |        |                                   |
| o |    |               |        |                                   |
| r |    |               |        |                                   |
| } |    |               |        |                                   |
| * |    |               |        |                                   |
| * |    |               |        |                                   |
| A |    |               |        |                                   |
| C |    |               |        |                                   |
| T |    |               |        |                                   |
| I |    |               |        |                                   |
| V |    |               |        |                                   |
| I |    |               |        |                                   |
| T |    |               |        |                                   |
| Y |    |               |        |                                   |
| C |    |               |        |                                   |
| O |    |               |        |                                   |
| M |    |               |        |                                   |
| P |    |               |        |                                   |
| O |    |               |        |                                   |
| N |    |               |        |                                   |
| E |    |               |        |                                   |
| N |    |               |        |                                   |
| T |    |               |        |                                   |
| * |    |               |        |                                   |
| * |    |               |        |                                   |
+===+====+===============+========+===================================+
| * | ** | **            | **Tre  | **Post-Treatment Vegetation       |
| * | Ex | Pre-Treatment | atment | Description**                     |
| F | is | Vegetation    | Type** |                                   |
| i | ti | Description** |        |                                   |
| r | ng |               |        |                                   |
| e | Ve |               |        |                                   |
| R | ge |               |        |                                   |
| e | ta |               |        |                                   |
| g | ti |               |        |                                   |
| i | on |               |        |                                   |
| m | Ty |               |        |                                   |
| e | pe |               |        |                                   |
| * | ** |               |        |                                   |
| * |    |               |        |                                   |
+---+----+---------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| * | *  | Quaking aspen | **Bro  | **Common to all treatment         |
| * | *A | stands with   | adcast | intensities:** Aboveground stems  |
| I | sp | multiple      | Burn** | of quaking aspen are killed by    |
| I | en | age-class     |        | burning. Fencing the quaking      |
| I | ** | structure.    |        | aspen stand following treatments  |
| * |    | Large aspen   |        | may help to protect aspen suckers |
| * |    | trees         |        | from all large, wild and domestic |
|   |    | dominate the  |        | herbivores.                       |
|   |    | stand with    |        |                                   |
|   |    | subdominant   |        | **Low Treatment Intensity:** Fire |
|   |    | trees present |        | has burned through the stand      |
|   |    | below the     |        | consuming the upper layer of      |
|   |    | canopy of the |        | duff. Small aspen sucker and      |
|   |    | dominant      |        | conifer saplings, if present, are |
|   |    | trees.        |        | killed. Shrubs, herbaceous        |
|   |    | Numerous      |        | vegetation and small downed woody |
|   |    | saplings and  |        | debris is also consumed. Larger   |
|   |    | smaller       |        | standing snags and downed woody   |
|   |    | suckers can   |        | debris is charred, but not        |
|   |    | be found in   |        | consumed in the fire. Little to   |
|   |    | the           |        | no bare ground is exposed.        |
|   |    | understory.   |        | Suckering is patchy following the |
|   |    | On mesic      |        | fire. The greatest response of    |
|   |    | sites the     |        | the understory vegetation occurs  |
|   |    | entire        |        | in open areas of the stand.       |
|   |    | understory    |        |                                   |
|   |    | may have a    |        | **Moderate Treatment Intensity:** |
|   |    | dense cover   |        | Fire has burned smaller           |
|   |    | of saplings   |        | vegetation in the stand, but has  |
|   |    | and suckers.  |        | not killed large dominant trees.  |
|   |    | Drier sites   |        | All but the largest down woody    |
|   |    | would have a  |        | debris has been consumed. Over    |
|   |    | more open     |        | half of the duff has been         |
|   |    | understory    |        | consumed and in areas of high     |
|   |    | with a        |        | fuel concentrations bare ground   |
|   |    | diverse plant |        | occurs. Suckering occurs          |
|   |    | community     |        | vigorously in larger open areas   |
|   |    | comprised of  |        | and around the perimeter of the   |
|   |    | grasses and   |        | stand. Herbaceous vegetation is   |
|   |    | forbs. Shrubs |        | also dense in areas where bare    |
|   |    | may be        |        | ground has been exposed. Areas    |
|   |    | present in    |        | where large down woody debris was |
|   |    | the           |        | consumed may remain unvegetated   |
|   |    | understory,   |        | for 3-5 years.                    |
|   |    | but are       |        |                                   |
|   |    | usually not a |        | **High Treatment Intensity:**     |
|   |    | major         |        | Fire has killed all to most of    |
|   |    | component of  |        | the standing trees (aspen and     |
|   |    | the plant     |        | conifer). Most woody debris on    |
|   |    | community.    |        | the ground has been consumed and  |
|   |    | Some dead     |        | mineral soil has been exposed     |
|   |    | aspen trunks  |        | throughout the majority of the    |
|   |    | may be found  |        | stand. Suckering occurs           |
|   |    | standing or   |        | vigorously throughout most of the |
|   |    | dead on the   |        | stand. Herbaceous vegetation also |
|   |    | ground.       |        | responds vigorously to burning.   |
|   |    | Conifers may  |        | Areas of high fuel concentrations |
|   |    | be present in |        | may remain unvegetated for a few  |
|   |    | varying       |        | years. Some large quaking aspen   |
|   |    | densities.    |        | stems will fall, while others     |
|   |    | Quaking aspen |        | will remain standing for a number |
|   |    | stands are    |        | of yers. In most cases stems with |
|   |    | often         |        | the greatest amount of rot will   |
|   |    | isolated      |        | fall before the more solid        |
|   |    | islands       |        | stemmed individuals.              |
|   |    | within other  |        |                                   |
|   |    | plant         |        |                                   |
|   |    | communities.  |        |                                   |
|   |    | The size of   |        |                                   |
|   |    | the islands   |        |                                   |
|   |    | varies and    |        |                                   |
|   |    | can be less   |        |                                   |
|   |    | than an acre  |        |                                   |
|   |    | to several    |        |                                   |
|   |    | hundred       |        |                                   |
|   |    | acres.        |        |                                   |
+---+----+---------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| # |    | Quaking aspen | **Thin | Common to all treatment           |
|   | *  | stands have   | ning** | intensities: Aboveground stems of |
| I | *A | been          |        | quaking aspen are killed by       |
| I | sp | encroached by | See    | burning. Fencing the quaking      |
| I | en | conifers.     | **Mech | aspen stand following treatments  |
|   | ** | Encroachment  | anical | may help to protect aspen suckers |
|   |    | is            | Tre    | from all large, wild and domestic |
|   |    | significant   | atment | herbivores                        |
|   |    | enough to     | Ac     |                                   |
|   |    | suppress      | tivity | Quaking aspen stands are thinned  |
|   |    | quaking       | Type,  | by removing the associated        |
|   |    | aspen.        | H      | conifer species. Few to no        |
|   |    | Numbers of    | arvest | quaking aspen are cut in the      |
|   |    | conifer       | Prescr | thinning operation. Cut trees are |
|   |    | saplings and  | iption | felled and left in place to       |
|   |    | seedlings may | /      | provide protection quaking aspen  |
|   |    | outnumber     | Im     | suckers. Some soil disturbance    |
|   |    | quaking aspen | plemen | may occur due to the cutting      |
|   |    | suckers. The  | tation | activity. However, these are      |
|   |    | stand may be  | Ac     | usually isolated areas where      |
|   |    | composed of a | tivity | mineral soil is exposed.          |
|   |    | dominant      | Compo  | Herbaceous and associated shrubby |
|   |    | quaking aspen | nent** | vegetation may also respond to    |
|   |    | layer with a  | for    | the removal of the conifer        |
|   |    | subdominant   | infor  | overstory. This is most likely to |
|   |    | layer of      | mation | occur in the open areas of the    |
|   |    | conifers.     | r      | stand where quaking aspen density |
|   |    | Conifers may  | elated | is low. In stands where the       |
|   |    | also dominate | to     | conifer encroachment was severe   |
|   |    | the stand     | thi    | and there was a low number of     |
|   |    | with few live | nning. | larger quaking aspen, suckering   |
|   |    | quaking aspen |        | will be reduced in the first few  |
|   |    | stems left    |        | years following cutting. Fencing  |
|   |    | standing. In  |        | the stand from all herbivores,    |
|   |    | some stands   |        | wild and domestic, will provide   |
|   |    | where the     |        | additional protection for aspen   |
|   |    | conifer       |        | suckers.                          |
|   |    | encroachment  |        |                                   |
|   |    | has been      |        |                                   |
|   |    | significant,  |        |                                   |
|   |    | only a few    |        |                                   |
|   |    | isolated      |        |                                   |
|   |    | quaking aspen |        |                                   |
|   |    | may be        |        |                                   |
|   |    | present and a |        |                                   |
|   |    | large number  |        |                                   |
|   |    | of dead aspen |        |                                   |
|   |    | trunks may be |        |                                   |
|   |    | on the        |        |                                   |
|   |    | ground.       |        |                                   |
|   |    | Understory    |        |                                   |
|   |    | vegetation is |        |                                   |
|   |    | also much     |        |                                   |
|   |    | reduced in    |        |                                   |
|   |    | these stands. |        |                                   |
|   |    | The litter    |        |                                   |
|   |    | layer is      |        |                                   |
|   |    | comprised of  |        |                                   |
|   |    | a combination |        |                                   |
|   |    | of quaking    |        |                                   |
|   |    | aspen leaves  |        |                                   |
|   |    | and conifer   |        |                                   |
|   |    | needles.      |        |                                   |
+---+----+---------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| # | [] | Quaking aspen | *      | **Common to all treatment         |
|   | {# | stands have   | *Thin, | intensities:** Aboveground stems  |
| I | as | been          | Bro    | of quaking aspen are killed by    |
| I | pe | encroached by | adcast | burning. Fencing the quaking      |
| I | ni | conifers.     | Burn** | aspen stand following treatments  |
|   | ii | Encroachment  |        | may help to protect aspen suckers |
|   | tb | is            | See    | from all large, wild and domestic |
|   | .  | significant   | **Mech | herbivores                        |
|   | an | enough to     | anical |                                   |
|   | ch | suppress      | Tre    | Low Treatment Intensity, Moderate |
|   | or | quaking       | atment | Treatment Intensity and High      |
|   | }* | aspen.        | Ac     | Treatment Intensity:              |
|   | *A | Numbers of    | tivity |                                   |
|   | sp | conifer       | Type,  | Conditions will be similar to     |
|   | en | saplings and  | H      | broadcast burning. Intensity will |
|   | ** | seedlings may | arvest | be related to the amount of slash |
|   |    | outnumber     | Prescr | left following the thinning       |
|   |    | quaking aspen | iption | operation. The greater the number |
|   |    | suckers. The  | /      | of trees removed and amount of    |
|   |    | stand may be  | Im     | slash left on site, the higher    |
|   |    | composed of a | plemen | the intensity of treatment.       |
|   |    | dominant      | tation |                                   |
|   |    | quaking aspen | Ac     |                                   |
|   |    | layer with a  | tivity |                                   |
|   |    | subdominant   | Compo  |                                   |
|   |    | layer of      | nent** |                                   |
|   |    | conifers.     | for    |                                   |
|   |    | Conifers may  | infor  |                                   |
|   |    | also dominate | mation |                                   |
|   |    | the stand     | r      |                                   |
|   |    | with few live | elated |                                   |
|   |    | quaking aspen | to     |                                   |
|   |    | stems left    | thi    |                                   |
|   |    | standing. In  | nning. |                                   |
|   |    | some stands   |        |                                   |
|   |    | where the     |        |                                   |
|   |    | conifer       |        |                                   |
|   |    | encroachment  |        |                                   |
|   |    | has been      |        |                                   |
|   |    | significant,  |        |                                   |
|   |    | only a few    |        |                                   |
|   |    | isolated      |        |                                   |
|   |    | quaking aspen |        |                                   |
|   |    | may be        |        |                                   |
|   |    | present and a |        |                                   |
|   |    | large number  |        |                                   |
|   |    | of dead aspen |        |                                   |
|   |    | trunks may be |        |                                   |
|   |    | on the        |        |                                   |
|   |    | ground.       |        |                                   |
|   |    | Understory    |        |                                   |
|   |    | vegetation is |        |                                   |
|   |    | also much     |        |                                   |
|   |    | reduced in    |        |                                   |
|   |    | these stands. |        |                                   |
|   |    | The litter    |        |                                   |
|   |    | layer is      |        |                                   |
|   |    | comprised of  |        |                                   |
|   |    | a combination |        |                                   |
|   |    | of quaking    |        |                                   |
|   |    | aspen leaves  |        |                                   |
|   |    | and conifer   |        |                                   |
|   |    | needles.      |        |                                   |
+---+----+---------------+--------+-----------------------------------+

**Cedar, Hemlock, Fir Prescribed Fire Effects**

+----+---------+------------+--------+--------------------------------+
| ** |         |            | **WORK |                                |
| AC |         |            | ELE    |                                |
| TI |         |            | MENT** |                                |
| VI |         |            |        |                                |
| TY |         |            |        |                                |
| C  |         |            |        |                                |
| OM |         |            |        |                                |
| PO |         |            |        |                                |
| NE |         |            |        |                                |
| NT |         |            |        |                                |
| ** |         |            |        |                                |
+====+=========+============+========+================================+
| ** | **E     | **Pre      | **Tre  | **Post-Treatment Vegetation    |
| Fi | xisting | -Treatment | atment | Description**                  |
| re | Veg     | Vegetation | Type** |                                |
| Re | etation | Des        |        |                                |
| gi | Type**  | cription** |        |                                |
| me |         |            |        |                                |
| ** |         |            |        |                                |
+----+---------+------------+--------+--------------------------------+
| *  | ##      | ##### **C  | *      | **Common to all treatment      |
| *I | ### Ced | ondition C | *Thin, | intensities:** 95% of piles    |
| II | ar, Hem | lass 1 -** | M      | are completely consumed. Up to |
| ** | lock, F |            | achine | 20% of the treatment area      |
|    | ir, Con | Stand has  | pile,  | (area directly under the       |
| M  | dition  | not missed | burn   | piles) will have severe soil   |
| ix | Class 1 | any past   | p      | heating up to several inches   |
| ed |         | fire       | iles** | into the soil profile.         |
| s  | [       | d          |        |                                |
| ev | ]{#ceda | isturbance | M      | **Low Treatment Intensity** =  |
| er | r1iiitm | cycles but | achine | Scorch damage on up to 20% of  |
| it | .       | is nearing | piling | the trees (primarily fire      |
| y, | anchor} | or at      | pre    | sensitive species such as true |
| Le |         | maturity.  | ferred | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
| th | Ranges  | More seral | on     | other species when younger) in |
| al | from    | species    | slopes | the immediate vicinity of the  |
| &  | north   | than       | \<     | burned piles. Up to 20% of     |
| No | of      | higher     | 35-40% | area has been burned (low to   |
| nl | Cle     | condition  | slope. | moderate severity) from fire   |
| et | arwater | classes.   |        | creeping outside the pile      |
| ha | basin   | Large      | See    | boundaries (total of 20% of    |
| l, | in      | trees are  | **Mech | treatment area burned). Most   |
| c  | Idaho   | common in  | anical | likely scenario at mid to      |
| re | to      | the        | Tre    | upper elevations.              |
| at | C       | following  | atment |                                |
| es | anadian | order of   | Ac     | **Moderate Treatment           |
| mo | border, | dominance: | tivity | Intensity** = Scorch damage on |
| sa | W.      | white      | Type,  | 20-30% of the trees (primarily |
| ic | M       | pine,      | H      | fire sensitive species such as |
| of | ontana, | western    | arvest | true firs, hemlock, spruce and |
| pa | NE. &   | larch,     | Prescr | other species when younger) in |
| tt | W.      | Do         | iption | the immediate vicinity of the  |
| er | Wash    | uglas-fir, | /      | burned piles. 20-30% of the    |
| ns | ington, | cedar,     | Im     | area beyond the piles burned   |
|    | NW.     | spruce,    | plemen | (low to moderate severity)     |
|    | Oregon  | true fir,  | tation | from fire creeping outside of  |
|    | & along | western    | Ac     | pile boundaries (up to 50% of  |
|    | OR.     | hemlock,   | tivity | total treatment area burned).  |
|    | Coast,  | with minor | Compo  |                                |
|    | mainly  | amounts of | nent** | **High Treatment Intensity** = |
|    | wet     | ponderosa  | for    | **Not likely to occur** (at    |
|    | areas   | pine,      | infor  | mid to upper elevations) since |
|    | (covers | lodgepole  | mation | piles are normally covered and |
|    | 25% of  | pine and   | r      | burned late in the season      |
|    | area).  | hardwoods. | elated | before winter or early spring. |
|    | Highly  | All stands | to     | Scorch damage on more than 30% |
|    | pro     | have been  | thi    | of the trees (primarily fire   |
|    | ductive | previously | nning. | sensitive species such as true |
|    | sites   | thinned to |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    | w/ more | encourage  | See    | other species when younger) in |
|    | to pile | seral      | **Mech | the immediate vicinity of the  |
|    | & burn, | species.   | anical | burned piles with limited      |
|    | more    | Some tree  | Tre    | immediate mortality from 100%  |
|    | duff &  | limbing    | atment | scorch depending on where and  |
|    | litter  | may be     | Ac     | how large piles are (low       |
|    | to      | part of    | tivity | chance unless large and        |
|    | reduce  | treatment  | Type,  | close). More than 30% of the   |
|    | s       | in         | Reh    | area beyond the piles burned   |
|    | ediment | Wildland   | abilit | (low to moderate severity)     |
|    | de      | Urban      | ation, | from fire creeping outside of  |
|    | livery, | Interface. | r      | pile boundaries (up to 60% of  |
|    | faster  | Small      | emoval | total treatment area burned).  |
|    | regen   | amount of  | of     |                                |
|    | eration | u          | excess |                                |
|    |         | nderstory, | vege   |                                |
|    |         | shade      | tation |                                |
|    |         | tolerant   | and    |                                |
|    |         | conifers   | slash  |                                |
|    |         | scattered  | Ac     |                                |
|    |         | throughout | tivity |                                |
|    |         | unit.      | Compo  |                                |
|    |         | Other      | nent** |                                |
|    |         | understory | for    |                                |
|    |         | vegetation | infor  |                                |
|    |         | includes   | mation |                                |
|    |         | high       | r      |                                |
|    |         | diversity  | elated |                                |
|    |         | of         | to     |                                |
|    |         | grasses,   | p      |                                |
|    |         | forbs, and | iling. |                                |
|    |         | shrubs.    |        |                                |
|    |         | Snags are  |        |                                |
|    |         | low in     |        |                                |
|    |         | number -   |        |                                |
|    |         | up to 5    |        |                                |
|    |         | snags per  |        |                                |
|    |         | acre       |        |                                |
|    |         | present.   |        |                                |
|    |         | Not all    |        |                                |
|    |         | sites have |        |                                |
|    |         | cedar.     |        |                                |
|    |         | Duff and   |        |                                |
|    |         | litter are |        |                                |
|    |         | thicker    |        |                                |
|    |         | than other |        |                                |
|    |         | cover      |        |                                |
|    |         | types, but |        |                                |
|    |         | not as     |        |                                |
|    |         | thick as   |        |                                |
|    |         | higher     |        |                                |
|    |         | condition  |        |                                |
|    |         | classes.   |        |                                |
+----+---------+------------+--------+--------------------------------+
| ## | #####   | ##### **Co | *      | **Low Treatment Intensity** =  |
|  I | Cedar,  | ndition Cl | *Thin, | Up to 10% of remaining         |
| II | Hemlock | ass 1 --** | Bro    | overstory trees (primarily     |
|    | , Fir,  |            | adcast | fire sensitive species such as |
|    |         | Stand has  | Burn** | true firs, hemlock, spruce and |
|    | ##      | not missed |        | other species when younger)    |
|    | ### Con | any past   | See    | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    | dition  | fire       | **Mech | or cambial heating, but        |
|    | Class 1 | d          | anical | relatively little scorch       |
|    |         | isturbance | Tre    | damage on other overstory      |
|    | [       | cycles but | atment | trees. Remaining fire          |
|    | ]{#ceda | is nearing | Ac     | sensitive understory trees     |
|    | r1iiitb | or at      | tivity | likely killed through cambial  |
|    | .       | maturity.  | Type,  | heating or scorch. Other       |
|    | anchor} | More seral | H      | understory vegetation          |
|    |         | species    | arvest | top-killed but resprouting     |
|    |         | than       | Prescr | evident within a few days to   |
|    |         | higher     | iption | up to 3 weeks if soil moisture |
|    |         | condition  | /      | and temperature conditions are |
|    |         | classes.   | Im     | favorable for plant growth. Up |
|    |         | Large      | plemen | to 20% of snags and up to 30%  |
|    |         | trees are  | tation | of large downed logs partially |
|    |         | common in  | Ac     | consumed or consumed. Most     |
|    |         | the        | tivity | likely scenario at mid to      |
|    |         | following  | Compo  | upper elevations.              |
|    |         | order of   | nent** |                                |
|    |         | dominance: | for    | **Moderate Treatment           |
|    |         | white      | infor  | Intensity** = 10-30% of        |
|    |         | pine,      | mation | remaining overstory trees      |
|    |         | western    | r      | (primarily fire sensitive      |
|    |         | larch,     | elated | species such as true firs,     |
|    |         | Do         | to     | hemlock, spruce and other      |
|    |         | uglas-fir, | thi    | species when younger) killed   |
|    |         | cedar,     | nning. | by crown scorch damage or      |
|    |         | spruce,    |        | cambial heating with moderate  |
|    |         | true fir,  |        | scorch damage on most of       |
|    |         | western    |        | remaining overstory trees.     |
|    |         | hemlock,   |        | Remaining fire sensitive       |
|    |         | with minor |        | understory trees likely killed |
|    |         | amounts of |        | through cambial heating or     |
|    |         | ponderosa  |        | scorch. Other understory       |
|    |         | pine,      |        | vegetation top-killed but      |
|    |         | lodgepole  |        | resprouting evident within a   |
|    |         | pine and   |        | few days to up to 3 weeks if   |
|    |         | hardwoods. |        | soil moisture and temperature  |
|    |         | All have   |        | conditions are favorable for   |
|    |         | been       |        | plant growth. Up to 30% of     |
|    |         | previously |        | snags and up to 50% of large   |
|    |         | thinned to |        | downed logs partially consumed |
|    |         | favor      |        | or consumed.                   |
|    |         | seral      |        |                                |
|    |         | species.   |        | **High Treatment Intensity** = |
|    |         | Some tree  |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory  |
|    |         | limbing    |        | trees (primarily fire          |
|    |         | may be     |        | sensitive species such as true |
|    |         | part of    |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    |         | treatment  |        | other species when younger)    |
|    |         | in         |        | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    |         | Wildland   |        | or cambial heating with        |
|    |         | Urban      |        | moderate-high scorch damage on |
|    |         | Interface. |        | almost all remaining overstory |
|    |         | Small      |        | trees. Remaining fire          |
|    |         | amount of  |        | sensitive understory trees     |
|    |         | u          |        | likely killed through cambial  |
|    |         | nderstory, |        | heating or scorch. Other       |
|    |         | shade      |        | understory vegetation          |
|    |         | tolerant   |        | top-killed but resprouting     |
|    |         | conifers   |        | evident within a few days to   |
|    |         | scattered  |        | up to 3 weeks if soil moisture |
|    |         | throughout |        | and temperature conditions are |
|    |         | unit.      |        | favorable for plant growth. Up |
|    |         | Other      |        | to 50% of snags and up to 75%  |
|    |         | understory |        | of large downed logs partially |
|    |         | vegetation |        | consumed or consumed.          |
|    |         | includes   |        |                                |
|    |         | grasses,   |        |                                |
|    |         | forbs, and |        |                                |
|    |         | shrubs.    |        |                                |
|    |         | Snags are  |        |                                |
|    |         | low in     |        |                                |
|    |         | number -   |        |                                |
|    |         | up to 5    |        |                                |
|    |         | snags per  |        |                                |
|    |         | acre       |        |                                |
|    |         | present.   |        |                                |
|    |         | Not all    |        |                                |
|    |         | sites have |        |                                |
|    |         | cedar.     |        |                                |
|    |         | Duff and   |        |                                |
|    |         | litter are |        |                                |
|    |         | thicker    |        |                                |
|    |         | than other |        |                                |
|    |         | cover      |        |                                |
|    |         | types, but |        |                                |
|    |         | not as     |        |                                |
|    |         | thick as   |        |                                |
|    |         | higher     |        |                                |
|    |         | condition  |        |                                |
|    |         | classes.   |        |                                |
+----+---------+------------+--------+--------------------------------+
| *  | ##      | ##### **Co | Thin,  | **Common to all treatment      |
| *I | ### Ced | ndition Cl | M      | intensities:** 95% of piles    |
| II | ar, Hem | ass 2 --** | achine | are completely consumed. Up to |
| ** | lock, F |            | pile,  | 20% of the treatment area      |
|    | ir, Con | Stand has  | burn   | (area directly under the       |
|    | dition  | missed 1   | piles. | piles) will have severe soil   |
|    | Class 2 | or more    |        | heating up to several inches   |
|    |         | past fire  | M      | into the soil profile.         |
|    |         | d          | achine |                                |
|    |         | isturbance | piling | **Low Treatment Intensity** =  |
|    |         | cycles and | pre    | Scorch damage on 20% of the    |
|    |         | if last    | ferred | trees (primarily fire          |
|    |         | fire was   | on     | sensitive species such as true |
|    |         | stand      | slopes | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    |         | replacing, | \<     | other species when younger) in |
|    |         | shad       | 35-40% | the immediate vicinity of the  |
|    |         | e-tolerant | slope. | burned piles. Up to 20% of     |
|    |         | species    |        | area has been burned (low to   |
|    |         | are        | See    | moderate severity (from fire   |
|    |         | i          | **Mech | creeping outside the pile      |
|    |         | ncreasing. | anical | boundaries) total of 20% of    |
|    |         | If last    | Tre    | treatment area burned.         |
|    |         | fire       | atment |                                |
|    |         | severity   | Ac     | **Moderate Treatment           |
|    |         | was        | tivity | Intensity** = Scorch damage on |
|    |         | n          | Type,  | 20-30% of the trees (primarily |
|    |         | on-lethal, | H      | fire sensitive species such as |
|    |         | large      | arvest | true firs, hemlock, spruce and |
|    |         | diameter,  | Prescr | other species when younger) in |
|    |         | over-      | iption | the immediate vicinity of the  |
|    |         | mature     | /      | burned piles. 20-30% of the    |
|    |         | white      | Im     | area beyond the piles burned   |
|    |         | pine,      | plemen | (low to moderate severity)     |
|    |         | western    | tation | from fire creeping outside of  |
|    |         | larch,     | Ac     | pile boundaries (up to 50% of  |
|    |         | Douglas    | tivity | total treatment area burned).  |
|    |         | fir        | Compo  |                                |
|    |         | dominate   | nent** | **High Treatment Intensity** = |
|    |         | with some  | for    | **Not likely** (at mid to      |
|    |         | true fir,  | infor  | upper elevations) since piles  |
|    |         | cedar and  | mation | are normally covered & burned  |
|    |         | western    | r      | late in the season before      |
|    |         | hemlock.   | elated | winter or early spring. Scorch |
|    |         | Otherwise, | to     | damage on more than 30% of the |
|    |         | cedar and  | thi    | trees (primarily fire          |
|    |         | shade      | nning. | sensitive species such as true |
|    |         | tolerant   |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    |         | species    | See    | other species when younger) in |
|    |         | dominate.  | **Mech | the immediate vicinity of the  |
|    |         | Stand may  | anical | burned piles with limited      |
|    |         | be single  | Tre    | immediate mortality from 100%  |
|    |         | or         | atment | scorch depending on where and  |
|    |         | multi-aged | Ac     | how large piles are (low       |
|    |         | depending  | tivity | chance unless large and        |
|    |         | on past    | Type,  | close). More than 30% of the   |
|    |         | fire       | Reh    | area beyond the piles burned   |
|    |         | regime     | abilit | (low to moderate severity)     |
|    |         | intensity. | ation, | from fire creeping outside of  |
|    |         | Stand has  | r      | pile boundaries (up to 60% of  |
|    |         | been       | emoval | total treatment area burned).  |
|    |         | thinned to | of     |                                |
|    |         | favor      | excess |                                |
|    |         | seral      | vege   |                                |
|    |         | species.   | tation |                                |
|    |         | Some tree  | and    |                                |
|    |         | limbing    | slash  |                                |
|    |         | may be     | Ac     |                                |
|    |         | part of    | tivity |                                |
|    |         | treatment  | Compo  |                                |
|    |         | in         | nent** |                                |
|    |         | Wildland   | for    |                                |
|    |         | Urban      | infor  |                                |
|    |         | Interface. | mation |                                |
|    |         | Most       | r      |                                |
|    |         | smaller    | elated |                                |
|    |         | diameter,  | to     |                                |
|    |         | understory | p      |                                |
|    |         | true fir,  | iling. |                                |
|    |         | spruce and |        |                                |
|    |         | hemlock    |        |                                |
|    |         | trees have |        |                                |
|    |         | been cut   |        |                                |
|    |         | and piled. |        |                                |
|    |         | Remaining  |        |                                |
|    |         | understory |        |                                |
|    |         | trees are  |        |                                |
|    |         | scattered  |        |                                |
|    |         | throughout |        |                                |
|    |         | the        |        |                                |
|    |         | treatment  |        |                                |
|    |         | area and   |        |                                |
|    |         | dominated  |        |                                |
|    |         | by         |        |                                |
|    |         | shade      |        |                                |
|    |         | -tolerant, |        |                                |
|    |         | late seral |        |                                |
|    |         | species.   |        |                                |
|    |         | Other      |        |                                |
|    |         | understory |        |                                |
|    |         | vegetation |        |                                |
|    |         | includes   |        |                                |
|    |         | grasses,   |        |                                |
|    |         | forbs, and |        |                                |
|    |         | shrubs. Up |        |                                |
|    |         | to 15-20   |        |                                |
|    |         | snags per  |        |                                |
|    |         | acre       |        |                                |
|    |         | present    |        |                                |
|    |         | (depending |        |                                |
|    |         | on safety  |        |                                |
|    |         | factors).  |        |                                |
|    |         | Not all    |        |                                |
|    |         | sites have |        |                                |
|    |         | cedar.     |        |                                |
|    |         | Duff and   |        |                                |
|    |         | litter are |        |                                |
|    |         | thicker    |        |                                |
|    |         | than other |        |                                |
|    |         | cover      |        |                                |
|    |         | types, but |        |                                |
|    |         | not as     |        |                                |
|    |         | thick as   |        |                                |
|    |         | higher     |        |                                |
|    |         | condition  |        |                                |
|    |         | classes.   |        |                                |
+----+---------+------------+--------+--------------------------------+
| *  | ##      | ##### **Co | *      | **Low Treatment Intensity** =  |
| *I | ### Ced | ndition Cl | *Thin, | Up to 10% of remaining         |
| II | ar, Hem | ass 2 --** | Bro    | overstory trees (primarily     |
| ** | lock, F |            | adcast | fire sensitive species such as |
|    | ir, Con | Stand has  | Burn** | true firs, hemlock, spruce and |
|    | dition  | missed 1   |        | other species when younger)    |
|    | Class 2 | or more    | See    | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    |         | past fire  | **Mech | or cambial heating, but        |
|    | [       | d          | anical | relatively little scorch       |
|    | ]{#ceda | isturbance | Tre    | damage on other overstory      |
|    | r2iiitb | cycles and | atment | trees. Remaining fire          |
|    | .       | if last    | Ac     | sensitive understory trees     |
|    | anchor} | fire was   | tivity | likely killed through cambial  |
|    |         | stand      | Type,  | heating or scorch. Other       |
|    |         | replacing, | H      | understory vegetation          |
|    |         | shad       | arvest | top-killed but resprouting     |
|    |         | e-tolerant | Prescr | evident within a few days to   |
|    |         | species    | iption | up to 3 weeks if soil moisture |
|    |         | are        | /      | and temperature conditions are |
|    |         | i          | Im     | favorable for plant growth. Up |
|    |         | ncreasing. | plemen | to 20% of snags and up to 30%  |
|    |         | If last    | tation | of large downed logs partially |
|    |         | fire       | Ac     | consumed or consumed.          |
|    |         | severity   | tivity |                                |
|    |         | was        | Compo  | **Moderate Treatment           |
|    |         | n          | nent** | Intensity** = 10-30% of        |
|    |         | on-lethal, | for    | remaining overstory trees      |
|    |         | large      | infor  | (primarily fire sensitive      |
|    |         | diameter,  | mation | species such as true firs,     |
|    |         | over-      | r      | hemlock, spruce and other      |
|    |         | mature     | elated | species when younger) killed   |
|    |         | white      | to     | by crown scorch damage or      |
|    |         | pine,      | thi    | cambial heating with moderate  |
|    |         | western    | nning. | scorch damage on most of       |
|    |         | larch,     |        | remaining overstory trees.     |
|    |         | Douglas    |        | Remaining fire sensitive       |
|    |         | fir        |        | understory trees likely killed |
|    |         | dominate   |        | through cambial heating or     |
|    |         | with some  |        | scorch. Other understory       |
|    |         | true fir,  |        | vegetation top-killed but      |
|    |         | cedar and  |        | resprouting evident within a   |
|    |         | western    |        | few days to up to 3 weeks if   |
|    |         | hemlock.   |        | soil moisture and temperature  |
|    |         | Otherwise, |        | conditions are favorable for   |
|    |         | cedar and  |        | plant growth. Up to 30% of     |
|    |         | shade      |        | snags and up to 50% of large   |
|    |         | tolerant   |        | downed logs partially consumed |
|    |         | species    |        | or consumed.                   |
|    |         | dominate.  |        |                                |
|    |         | Stand may  |        | **High Treatment Intensity** = |
|    |         | be single  |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory  |
|    |         | or         |        | trees (primarily fire          |
|    |         | multi-aged |        | sensitive species such as true |
|    |         | depending  |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    |         | on past    |        | other species when younger)    |
|    |         | fire       |        | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    |         | regime     |        | or cambial heating with        |
|    |         | intensity. |        | moderate-high scorch damage on |
|    |         | Stand has  |        | almost all remaining overstory |
|    |         | been       |        | trees. Remaining fire          |
|    |         | thinned to |        | sensitive understory trees     |
|    |         | favor      |        | likely killed through cambial  |
|    |         | seral      |        | heating or scorch. Other       |
|    |         | species.   |        | understory vegetation          |
|    |         | Some tree  |        | top-killed but resprouting     |
|    |         | limbing    |        | evident within a few days to   |
|    |         | may be     |        | up to 3 weeks if soil moisture |
|    |         | part of    |        | and temperature conditions are |
|    |         | treatment  |        | favorable for plant growth. Up |
|    |         | in         |        | to 60% of snags and up to 80%  |
|    |         | Wildland   |        | of large downed logs partially |
|    |         | Urban      |        | consumed or consumed.          |
|    |         | Interface. |        |                                |
|    |         | Most small |        |                                |
|    |         | diameter,  |        |                                |
|    |         | understory |        |                                |
|    |         | true fir,  |        |                                |
|    |         | spruce,    |        |                                |
|    |         | and        |        |                                |
|    |         | hemlock    |        |                                |
|    |         | trees have |        |                                |
|    |         | been cut   |        |                                |
|    |         | and piled. |        |                                |
|    |         | Remaining  |        |                                |
|    |         | understory |        |                                |
|    |         | trees are  |        |                                |
|    |         | scattered  |        |                                |
|    |         | throughout |        |                                |
|    |         | the        |        |                                |
|    |         | treatment  |        |                                |
|    |         | area and   |        |                                |
|    |         | dominated  |        |                                |
|    |         | by         |        |                                |
|    |         | tolerant,  |        |                                |
|    |         | Other      |        |                                |
|    |         | understory |        |                                |
|    |         | vegetation |        |                                |
|    |         | includes   |        |                                |
|    |         | grasses,   |        |                                |
|    |         | forbs, and |        |                                |
|    |         | shrubs. Up |        |                                |
|    |         | to 20      |        |                                |
|    |         | snags per  |        |                                |
|    |         | acre       |        |                                |
|    |         | present.   |        |                                |
|    |         | Not all    |        |                                |
|    |         | sites have |        |                                |
|    |         | cedar.     |        |                                |
|    |         | Duff and   |        |                                |
|    |         | litter are |        |                                |
|    |         | thicker    |        |                                |
|    |         | than other |        |                                |
|    |         | cover      |        |                                |
|    |         | types, but |        |                                |
|    |         | not as     |        |                                |
|    |         | thick as   |        |                                |
|    |         | higher     |        |                                |
|    |         | condition  |        |                                |
|    |         | classes.   |        |                                |
+----+---------+------------+--------+--------------------------------+
| *  | ##      | ##### **Co | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** =  |
| *I | ### Ced | ndition Cl | adcast | Up to 10% of remaining         |
| II | ar, Hem | ass 2 --** | Burn** | overstory trees (primarily     |
| ** | lock, F |            |        | fire sensitive species such as |
|    | ir, Con | Stand has  |        | true firs, hemlock, spruce and |
|    | dition  | missed 1   |        | other species when younger)    |
|    | Class 2 | or more    |        | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    |         | past fire  |        | or cambial heating, but        |
|    |         | d          |        | relatively little scorch       |
|    |         | isturbance |        | damage on other overstory      |
|    |         | cycles and |        | trees. Remaining fire          |
|    |         | if last    |        | sensitive understory trees     |
|    |         | fire was   |        | likely killed through cambial  |
|    |         | stand      |        | heating or scorch. Other       |
|    |         | replacing, |        | understory vegetation          |
|    |         | shad       |        | top-killed but resprouting     |
|    |         | e-tolerant |        | evident within a few days to   |
|    |         | species    |        | up to 3 weeks if soil moisture |
|    |         | are        |        | and temperature conditions are |
|    |         | i          |        | favorable for plant growth. Up |
|    |         | ncreasing. |        | to 20% of snags and up to 30%  |
|    |         | If last    |        | of large downed logs partially |
|    |         | fire       |        | consumed or consumed.          |
|    |         | severity   |        |                                |
|    |         | was        |        | **Moderate Treatment           |
|    |         | n          |        | Intensity** = 10-30% of        |
|    |         | on-lethal, |        | remaining overstory trees      |
|    |         | large      |        | (primarily fire sensitive      |
|    |         | diameter,  |        | species such as true firs,     |
|    |         | over-      |        | hemlock, spruce and other      |
|    |         | mature     |        | species when younger) killed   |
|    |         | white      |        | by crown scorch damage or      |
|    |         | pine,      |        | cambial heating with moderate  |
|    |         | western    |        | scorch damage on most of       |
|    |         | larch,     |        | remaining overstory trees.     |
|    |         | Douglas    |        | Remaining fire sensitive       |
|    |         | fir        |        | understory trees likely killed |
|    |         | dominate   |        | through cambial heating or     |
|    |         | with some  |        | scorch. Other understory       |
|    |         | true fir,  |        | vegetation top-killed but      |
|    |         | cedar and  |        | resprouting evident within a   |
|    |         | western    |        | few days to up to 3 weeks if   |
|    |         | hemlock.   |        | soil moisture and temperature  |
|    |         | Otherwise, |        | conditions are favorable for   |
|    |         | cedar and  |        | plant growth. Up to 30% of     |
|    |         | shade      |        | snags and up to 50% of large   |
|    |         | tolerant   |        | downed logs partially consumed |
|    |         | species    |        | or consumed.                   |
|    |         | dominate.  |        |                                |
|    |         | Stand may  |        | **High Treatment Intensity** = |
|    |         | be single  |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory  |
|    |         | or         |        | trees (primarily fire          |
|    |         | multi-aged |        | sensitive species such as true |
|    |         | depending  |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    |         | on past    |        | other species when younger)    |
|    |         | fire       |        | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    |         | regime     |        | or cambial heating with        |
|    |         | intensity. |        | moderate-high scorch damage on |
|    |         | Many small |        | almost all remaining overstory |
|    |         | diameter,  |        | trees. Remaining fire          |
|    |         | understory |        | sensitive understory trees     |
|    |         | true fir,  |        | likely killed through cambial  |
|    |         | spruce,    |        | heating or scorch. Other       |
|    |         | cedar and  |        | understory vegetation          |
|    |         | hemlock    |        | top-killed but resprouting     |
|    |         | trees are  |        | evident within a few days to   |
|    |         | scattered  |        | up to 3 weeks if soil moisture |
|    |         | throughout |        | and temperature conditions are |
|    |         | the        |        | favorable for plant growth. Up |
|    |         | treatment  |        | to 60% of snags and up to 80%  |
|    |         | area.      |        | of large downed logs partially |
|    |         | Other      |        | consumed or consumed.          |
|    |         | understory |        |                                |
|    |         | vegetation |        |                                |
|    |         | includes   |        |                                |
|    |         | grasses,   |        |                                |
|    |         | forbs, and |        |                                |
|    |         | shrubs. Up |        |                                |
|    |         | to 20      |        |                                |
|    |         | snags per  |        |                                |
|    |         | acre       |        |                                |
|    |         | present.   |        |                                |
|    |         | Not all    |        |                                |
|    |         | sites have |        |                                |
|    |         | cedar.     |        |                                |
|    |         | Duff and   |        |                                |
|    |         | litter are |        |                                |
|    |         | thicker    |        |                                |
|    |         | than other |        |                                |
|    |         | cover      |        |                                |
|    |         | types, but |        |                                |
|    |         | not as     |        |                                |
|    |         | thick as   |        |                                |
|    |         | higher     |        |                                |
|    |         | condition  |        |                                |
|    |         | classes.   |        |                                |
+----+---------+------------+--------+--------------------------------+
| ## | ##      | ##### Con  | *      | **Common to all treatment      |
|  I | ### Ced | dition Cla | *Thin, | intensities** - 95% of piles   |
| II | ar, Hem | ss 3 -- St | M      | are completely consumed. Up to |
|    | lock, F | and has mi | achine | 20% of the treatment area      |
|    | ir, Con | ssed many  | pile,  | (area directly under the       |
|    | dition  | past fire  | burn   | piles) will have severe soil   |
|    | Class 3 | disturbanc | p      | heating up to several inches   |
|    |         | e cycles a | iles** | into the soil profile.         |
|    |         | nd may hav |        |                                |
|    |         | e converte | M      | **Low Treatment Intensity** =  |
|    |         | d to cedar | achine | Scorch damage on 20% of the    |
|    |         | , true fir | piling | trees (primarily fire          |
|    |         | , western  | pre    | sensitive species such as true |
|    |         | hemlock an | ferred | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    |         | d shade-to | on     | other species when younger) in |
|    |         | lerant spe | slopes | the immediate vicinity of the  |
|    |         | cies if la | \<     | burned piles. Up to 20% of     |
|    |         | st fire wa | 35-40% | area has been burned (low to   |
|    |         | s stand re | slope. | moderate severity) from fire   |
|    |         | placing (l |        | creeping outside the pile      |
|    |         | ate seral  | See    | boundaries (total of 20% of    |
|    |         | species th | **Mech | treatment area burned.         |
|    |         | at are mor | anical |                                |
|    |         | e sensitiv | Tre    | **Moderate Treatment           |
|    |         | e to fire) | atment | Intensity** = Scorch damage on |
|    |         | . Stand ma | Ac     | 20-30% of the trees (primarily |
|    |         | y be singl | tivity | fire sensitive species such as |
|    |         | e or multi | Type,  | true firs, hemlock, spruce and |
|    |         | -aged depe | H      | other species when younger) in |
|    |         | nding on p | arvest | the immediate vicinity of the  |
|    |         | ast fire r | Prescr | burned piles. 20-30% of the    |
|    |         | egime inte | iption | area beyond the piles burned   |
|    |         | nsity. If  | /      | (low to moderate severity)     |
|    |         | last fire  | Im     | from fire creeping outside of  |
|    |         | severity w | plemen | pile boundaries (up to 50% of  |
|    |         | as lethal, | tation | total treatment area burned).  |
|    |         |  all-aged, | Ac     |                                |
|    |         |  large-dia | tivity | **High Treatment Intensity** = |
|    |         | meter, ove | Compo  | **Not likely** (at mid to      |
|    |         | r- mature  | nent** | upper elevations) since piles  |
|    |         | cedar, wes | for    | are normally covered & burned  |
|    |         | tern hemlo | infor  | late in the season before      |
|    |         | ck and tru | mation | winter or early spring. Scorch |
|    |         | e fir domi | r      | damage on more than 30% of the |
|    |         | nate with  | elated | trees (primarily fire          |
|    |         | very littl | to     | sensitive species such as true |
|    |         | e white pi | thi    | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    |         | ne, wester | nning. | other species when younger) in |
|    |         | n larch or |        | the immediate vicinity of the  |
|    |         |  Douglas f | See    | burned piles with limited      |
|    |         | ir. Stand  | **Mech | immediate mortality from 100%  |
|    |         | has been t | anical | scorch depending on where and  |
|    |         | hinned to  | Tre    | how large piles are (low       |
|    |         | favor sera | atment | chance unless large and        |
|    |         | l species. | Ac     | close). More than 30% of the   |
|    |         |  Some tree | tivity | area beyond the piles burned   |
|    |         |  limbing m | Type,  | (low to moderate severity)     |
|    |         | ay be part | Reh    | from fire creeping outside of  |
|    |         |  of treatm | abilit | pile boundaries (up to 60% of  |
|    |         | ent in Wil | ation, | total treatment area burned).  |
|    |         | dland Urba | r      |                                |
|    |         | n Interfac | emoval |                                |
|    |         | e. Pathoge | of     |                                |
|    |         | ns and ins | excess |                                |
|    |         | ects have  | vege   |                                |
|    |         | increased  | tation |                                |
|    |         | damage to  | and    |                                |
|    |         | trees and  | slash  |                                |
|    |         | have creat | Ac     |                                |
|    |         | ed excessi | tivity |                                |
|    |         | ve fuels a | Compo  |                                |
|    |         | nd many pi | nent** |                                |
|    |         | les. Many  | for    |                                |
|    |         | understory | infor  |                                |
|    |         |  trees hav | mation |                                |
|    |         | e been cut | r      |                                |
|    |         |  and remai | elated |                                |
|    |         | ning under | to     |                                |
|    |         | story tree | p      |                                |
|    |         | s are scat | iling. |                                |
|    |         | tered thro |        |                                |
|    |         | ughout the |        |                                |
|    |         |  treatment |        |                                |
|    |         |  area and  |        |                                |
|    |         | dominated  |        |                                |
|    |         | by true fi |        |                                |
|    |         | r, spruce  |        |                                |
|    |         | and wester |        |                                |
|    |         | n hemlock. |        |                                |
|    |         |  Other und |        |                                |
|    |         | erstory ve |        |                                |
|    |         | getation i |        |                                |
|    |         | ncludes gr |        |                                |
|    |         | asses, for |        |                                |
|    |         | bs, and sh |        |                                |
|    |         | rubs. Duff |        |                                |
|    |         |  and litte |        |                                |
|    |         | r are thic |        |                                |
|    |         | ker than o |        |                                |
|    |         | ther condi |        |                                |
|    |         | tion class |        |                                |
|    |         | es and cov |        |                                |
|    |         | er types.  |        |                                |
|    |         | Over 20 sn |        |                                |
|    |         | ags per ac |        |                                |
|    |         | re present |        |                                |
|    |         |  depending |        |                                |
|    |         |  on safety |        |                                |
|    |         |  concerns. |        |                                |
|    |         |  Not all s |        |                                |
|    |         | ites have  |        |                                |
|    |         | cedar. Duf |        |                                |
|    |         | f and litt |        |                                |
|    |         | er are thi |        |                                |
|    |         | cker than  |        |                                |
|    |         | other cove |        |                                |
|    |         | r types an |        |                                |
|    |         | d conditio |        |                                |
|    |         | n classes. |        |                                |
+----+---------+------------+--------+--------------------------------+
| ## | ##      | ##### Con  | Thin,  | **Low Treatment Intensity = Up |
|  I | ### Ced | dition Cla | Bro    | to 20% of remaining overstory  |
| II | ar, Hem | ss 3 -- St | adcast | trees (primarily fire          |
|    | lock, F | and has mi | Burn   | sensitive species such as true |
|    | ir, Con | ssed many  |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    | dition  | past fire  |        | other species when younger)    |
|    | Class 3 | disturbanc |        | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    |         | e cycles a |        | or cambial heating, but        |
|    |         | nd may hav |        | relatively little scorch       |
|    |         | e converte |        | damage on other overstory      |
|    |         | d to cedar |        | trees. Remaining fire          |
|    |         | , true fir |        | sensitive understory trees     |
|    |         | , western  |        | likely killed through cambial  |
|    |         | hemlock an |        | heating or scorch. Other       |
|    |         | d shade-to |        | understory vegetation          |
|    |         | lerant spe |        | top-killed but resprouting     |
|    |         | cies if la |        | evident within a few days to   |
|    |         | st fire wa |        | up to 3 weeks if soil moisture |
|    |         | s stand re |        | and temperature conditions are |
|    |         | placing (l |        | favorable for plant growth. Up |
|    |         | ate seral  |        | to 30% of snags and up to 40%  |
|    |         | species th |        | of large downed logs partially |
|    |         | at are mor |        | consumed or consumed.**        |
|    |         | e sensitiv |        |                                |
|    |         | e to fire) |        | **Moderate Treatment Intensity |
|    |         | . Stand ma |        | = 20-40% of remaining          |
|    |         | y be singl |        | overstory trees (primarily     |
|    |         | e or multi |        | fire sensitive species such as |
|    |         | -aged depe |        | true firs, hemlock, spruce and |
|    |         | nding on p |        | other species when younger)    |
|    |         | ast fire r |        | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    |         | egime inte |        | or cambial heating with        |
|    |         | nsity. If  |        | moderate scorch damage on most |
|    |         | last fire  |        | of remaining overstory trees.  |
|    |         | severity w |        | Remaining fire sensitive       |
|    |         | as lethal, |        | understory trees likely killed |
|    |         |  all-aged, |        | through cambial heating or     |
|    |         |  large-dia |        | scorch. Other understory       |
|    |         | meter, ove |        | vegetation top-killed but      |
|    |         | r- mature  |        | resprouting evident within a   |
|    |         | cedar, wes |        | few days to up to 3 weeks if   |
|    |         | tern hemlo |        | soil moisture and temperature  |
|    |         | ck and tru |        | conditions are favorable for   |
|    |         | e fir domi |        | plant growth. Up to 40% of     |
|    |         | nate with  |        | snags and up to 60% of large   |
|    |         | very littl |        | downed logs partially consumed |
|    |         | e white pi |        | or consumed.**                 |
|    |         | ne, wester |        |                                |
|    |         | n larch or |        | **High Treatment Intensity =   |
|    |         |  Douglas f |        | 40-60% of remaining overstory  |
|    |         | ir. Stand  |        | trees (primarily fire          |
|    |         | has been t |        | sensitive species such as true |
|    |         | hinned to  |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    |         | favor sera |        | other species when younger)    |
|    |         | l species. |        | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    |         |  Some tree |        | or cambial heating with        |
|    |         |  limbing m |        | moderate-high scorch damage on |
|    |         | ay be part |        | almost all remaining overstory |
|    |         |  of treatm |        | trees. Remaining fire          |
|    |         | ent in Wil |        | sensitive understory trees     |
|    |         | dland Urba |        | likely killed through cambial  |
|    |         | n Interfac |        | heating or scorch. Other       |
|    |         | e. Pathoge |        | understory vegetation          |
|    |         | ns and ins |        | top-killed but resprouting     |
|    |         | ects have  |        | evident within a few days to   |
|    |         | increased  |        | up to 3 weeks if soil moisture |
|    |         | damage to  |        | and temperature conditions are |
|    |         | trees and  |        | favorable for plant growth. Up |
|    |         | have creat |        | to 60%+ of snags and up to     |
|    |         | ed excessi |        | 80%+ of large downed logs      |
|    |         | ve fuels a |        | partially consumed or          |
|    |         | nd many pi |        | consumed.**                    |
|    |         | les. Many  |        |                                |
|    |         | understory |        |                                |
|    |         |  trees hav |        |                                |
|    |         | e been cut |        |                                |
|    |         |  and remai |        |                                |
|    |         | ning under |        |                                |
|    |         | story tree |        |                                |
|    |         | s are scat |        |                                |
|    |         | tered thro |        |                                |
|    |         | ughout the |        |                                |
|    |         |  treatment |        |                                |
|    |         |  area and  |        |                                |
|    |         | dominated  |        |                                |
|    |         | by true fi |        |                                |
|    |         | r, spruce  |        |                                |
|    |         | and wester |        |                                |
|    |         | n hemlock. |        |                                |
|    |         |  Other und |        |                                |
|    |         | erstory ve |        |                                |
|    |         | getation i |        |                                |
|    |         | ncludes gr |        |                                |
|    |         | asses, for |        |                                |
|    |         | bs, and sh |        |                                |
|    |         | rubs. Duff |        |                                |
|    |         |  and litte |        |                                |
|    |         | r are thic |        |                                |
|    |         | ker than o |        |                                |
|    |         | ther condi |        |                                |
|    |         | tion class |        |                                |
|    |         | es and cov |        |                                |
|    |         | er types.  |        |                                |
|    |         | Over 20 sn |        |                                |
|    |         | ags per ac |        |                                |
|    |         | re present |        |                                |
|    |         |  depending |        |                                |
|    |         |  on safety |        |                                |
|    |         |  concerns. |        |                                |
|    |         |  Not all s |        |                                |
|    |         | ites have  |        |                                |
|    |         | cedar. Duf |        |                                |
|    |         | f and litt |        |                                |
|    |         | er are thi |        |                                |
|    |         | cker than  |        |                                |
|    |         | other cove |        |                                |
|    |         | r types an |        |                                |
|    |         | d conditio |        |                                |
|    |         | n classes. |        |                                |
|    |         |            |        |                                |
|    |         | #####      |        |                                |
+----+---------+------------+--------+--------------------------------+
| *  | ##      | ##### Con  | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** =  |
| II | ### Ced | dition Cla | adcast | Up to 20% of remaining         |
| I* | ar, Hem | ss 3 -- St | Burn** | overstory trees (primarily     |
|    | lock, F | and has mi |        | fire sensitive species such as |
|    | ir, Con | ssed many  |        | true firs, hemlock, spruce and |
|    | dition  | past fire  |        | other species when younger)    |
|    | Class 3 | disturbanc |        | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    |         | e cycles a |        | or cambial heating, but        |
|    |         | nd may hav |        | relatively little scorch       |
|    |         | e converte |        | damage on other overstory      |
|    |         | d to cedar |        | trees. Remaining fire          |
|    |         | , true fir |        | sensitive understory trees     |
|    |         | , western  |        | likely killed through cambial  |
|    |         | hemlock an |        |                                |
|    |         | d shade-to |        | heating or scorch. Other       |
|    |         | lerant spe |        | understory vegetation          |
|    |         | cies if la |        | top-killed but resprouting     |
|    |         | st fire wa |        | evident within a few days to   |
|    |         | s stand re |        | up to 3 weeks if soil moisture |
|    |         | placing (l |        | and temperature conditions are |
|    |         | ate seral  |        | favorable for plant growth. Up |
|    |         | species th |        | to 30% of snags and up to 40%  |
|    |         | at are mor |        | of large downed logs partially |
|    |         | e sensitiv |        | consumed or consumed.          |
|    |         | e to fire) |        |                                |
|    |         | . Stand ma |        | **Moderate Treatment           |
|    |         | y be singl |        | Intensity** = 20-40% of        |
|    |         | e or multi |        | remaining overstory trees      |
|    |         | -aged depe |        | (primarily fire sensitive      |
|    |         | nding on p |        | species such as true firs,     |
|    |         | ast fire r |        | hemlock, spruce and other      |
|    |         | egime inte |        | species when younger) killed   |
|    |         | nsity. If  |        | by crown scorch damage or      |
|    |         | last fire  |        | cambial heating with moderate  |
|    |         | severity w |        | scorch damage on most of       |
|    |         | as lethal, |        | remaining overstory trees.     |
|    |         |  all-aged, |        | Remaining fire sensitive       |
|    |         |  large-dia |        | understory trees likely killed |
|    |         | meter, ove |        | through cambial heating or     |
|    |         | r- mature  |        | scorch. Other understory       |
|    |         | cedar, wes |        | vegetation top-killed but      |
|    |         | tern hemlo |        | resprouting evident within a   |
|    |         | ck and tru |        | few days to up to 3 weeks if   |
|    |         | e fir domi |        | soil moisture and temperature  |
|    |         | nate with  |        | conditions are favorable for   |
|    |         | very littl |        | plant growth. Up to 40% of     |
|    |         | e white pi |        | snags and up to 60% of large   |
|    |         | ne, wester |        | downed logs partiallyconsumed  |
|    |         | n larch or |        | or consumed.                   |
|    |         |  Douglas f |        |                                |
|    |         | ir. Stand  |        | **High Treatment Intensity** = |
|    |         | has been t |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory  |
|    |         | hinned to  |        | trees (primarily fire          |
|    |         | favor sera |        | sensitive species such as true |
|    |         | l species. |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and      |
|    |         |  Some tree |        | other species when younger)    |
|    |         |  limbing m |        | killed by crown scorch damage  |
|    |         | ay be part |        | or cambial heating with        |
|    |         |  of treatm |        | moderate-high scorch damage on |
|    |         | ent in Wil |        | almost all remaining overstory |
|    |         | dland Urba |        | trees. Remaining fire          |
|    |         | n Interfac |        | sensitive understory trees     |
|    |         | e. Pathoge |        | likely killed through cambial  |
|    |         | ns and ins |        | heating or scorch. Other       |
|    |         | ects have  |        | understory vegetation          |
|    |         | increased  |        | top-killed but resprouting     |
|    |         | damage to  |        | evident within a few days to   |
|    |         | trees and  |        | up to 3 weeks if soil moisture |
|    |         | have creat |        | and temperature conditions are |
|    |         | ed excessi |        | favorable for plant growth. Up |
|    |         | ve fuels a |        | to 60% of snags and up to 80%  |
|    |         | nd many pi |        | of large downed logs partially |
|    |         | les. Many  |        | consumed or consumed.          |
|    |         | understory |        |                                |
|    |         |  trees hav |        |                                |
|    |         | e been cut |        |                                |
|    |         |  and remai |        |                                |
|    |         | ning under |        |                                |
|    |         | story tree |        |                                |
|    |         | s are scat |        |                                |
|    |         | tered thro |        |                                |
|    |         | ughout the |        |                                |
|    |         |  treatment |        |                                |
|    |         |  area and  |        |                                |
|    |         | dominated  |        |                                |
|    |         | by true fi |        |                                |
|    |         | r, spruce  |        |                                |
|    |         | and wester |        |                                |
|    |         | n hemlock. |        |                                |
|    |         |  Other und |        |                                |
|    |         | erstory ve |        |                                |
|    |         | getation i |        |                                |
|    |         | ncludes gr |        |                                |
|    |         | asses, for |        |                                |
|    |         | bs, and sh |        |                                |
|    |         | rubs. Duff |        |                                |
|    |         |  and litte |        |                                |
|    |         | r are thic |        |                                |
|    |         | ker than o |        |                                |
|    |         | ther condi |        |                                |
|    |         | tion class |        |                                |
|    |         | es and cov |        |                                |
|    |         | er types.  |        |                                |
|    |         | Over 20 sn |        |                                |
|    |         | ags per ac |        |                                |
|    |         | re present |        |                                |
|    |         |  depending |        |                                |
|    |         |  on safety |        |                                |
|    |         |  concerns. |        |                                |
|    |         |  Not all s |        |                                |
|    |         | ites have  |        |                                |
|    |         | cedar. Duf |        |                                |
|    |         | f and litt |        |                                |
|    |         | er are thi |        |                                |
|    |         | cker than  |        |                                |
|    |         | other cove |        |                                |
|    |         | r types an |        |                                |
|    |         | d conditio |        |                                |
|    |         | n classes. |        |                                |
|    |         |            |        |                                |
|    |         | #####      |        |                                |
+----+---------+------------+--------+--------------------------------+

+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| * |       |               | **WORK |                               |
| * |       |               | ELE    |                               |
| A |       |               | MENT** |                               |
| C |       |               |        |                               |
| T |       |               |        |                               |
| I |       |               |        |                               |
| V |       |               |        |                               |
| I |       |               |        |                               |
| T |       |               |        |                               |
| Y |       |               |        |                               |
| C |       |               |        |                               |
| O |       |               |        |                               |
| M |       |               |        |                               |
| P |       |               |        |                               |
| O |       |               |        |                               |
| N |       |               |        |                               |
| E |       |               |        |                               |
| N |       |               |        |                               |
| T |       |               |        |                               |
| * |       |               |        |                               |
| * |       |               |        |                               |
+===+=======+===============+========+===============================+
| * | **Exi | **            | **Tre  | **Post-Treatment Vegetation   |
| * | sting | Pre-Treatment | atment | Description**                 |
| F | Veget | Vegetation    | Type** |                               |
| i | ation | Description** |        |                               |
| r | T     |               |        |                               |
| e | ype** |               |        |                               |
| R |       |               |        |                               |
| e |       |               |        |                               |
| g |       |               |        |                               |
| i |       |               |        |                               |
| m |       |               |        |                               |
| e |       |               |        |                               |
| * |       |               |        |                               |
| * |       |               |        |                               |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| # | # Ced | ##### Condit  | *      | **Common to all treatment     |
| # | ar, H | ion Class 1 - | *Thin, | intensities:** 95% of piles   |
|   | emloc |               | M      | are completely consumed. Up   |
| I | k, Fi | Stand has not | achine | to 20% of the treatment area  |
| V | r, Co | missed any    | pile,  | (area directly under the      |
|   | nditi | past fire     | burn   | piles) will have severe soil  |
| & | on Cl | disturbance   | p      | heating up to several inches  |
|   | ass 1 | cycles but is | iles** | into the soil profile.        |
| V |       | nearing or at |        |                               |
|   | R     | maturity.     | M      | **Low Treatment Intensity** - |
| F | anges | Large trees   | achine | Scorch damage on up to 20% of |
| i | from  | are common in | piling | the trees (primarily fire     |
| r | north | the following | pre    | sensitive species such as     |
| e | of    | order of      | ferred | true firs, hemlock, spruce    |
| i | Clear | dominance:    | on     | and other species when        |
| n | water | white pine,   | slopes | younger) in the immediate     |
| t | basin | western       | \<     | vicinity of the burned piles. |
| e | in    | larch,        | 35-40% | Up to 20% of area has been    |
| r | Idaho | Douglas-fir,  | slope. | burned (low to moderate       |
| v | to    | spruce, true  |        | severity) from fire creeping  |
| a | Can   | fir, western  | See    | outside the pile boundaries   |
| l | adian | hemlock,      | **Mech | (total of 20% of treatment    |
| s | bo    | cedar, with   | anical | area burned). Most likely     |
| l | rder, | minor amounts | Tre    | scenario at mid to upper      |
| o | W.    | of ponderosa  | atment | elevations.                   |
| n | Mon   | pine,         | Ac     |                               |
| g | tana, | lodgepole     | tivity | **Moderate Treatment          |
|   | NE. & | pine and      | Type,  | Intensity** - Scorch damage   |
| - | W.    | hardwoods.    | H      | on 20-30% of the trees        |
| 2 | W     | More seral    | arvest | (primarily fire sensitive     |
| 0 | ashin | species than  | Prescr | species such as true firs,    |
| 0 | gton, | higher        | iption | hemlock, spruce and other     |
| y | NW.   | condition     | /      | species when younger) in the  |
| r | O     | classes. All  | Im     | immediate vicinity of the     |
| s | regon | have been     | plemen | burned piles. 20-30% of the   |
| ( | &     | previously    | tation | area beyond the piles burned  |
| l | along | thinned to    | Ac     | (low to moderate severity)    |
| o | OR.   | favor seral   | tivity | from fire creeping outside of |
| n | C     | species. Some | Compo  | pile boundaries (up to 50% of |
| g | oast, | tree limbing  | nent** | total treatment area burned). |
| e | m     | may be part   | for    |                               |
| r | ainly | of treatment  | infor  | **High Treatment              |
| & | wet   | in Wildland   | mation | Intensity** - **Not likely**  |
| e | areas | Urban         | r      | (at mid to upper elevations)  |
| p | (c    | Interface.    | elated | since piles are normally      |
| i | overs | Small amount  | to     | covered & burned late in the  |
| s | 25%   | of            | thi    | season before winter or early |
| o | or    | understory,   | nning. | spring. Scorch damage on more |
| d | a     | shade         |        | than 30% of the trees         |
| i | rea). | tolerant      | See    | (primarily fire sensitive     |
| c | H     | conifers      | **Mech | species such as true firs,    |
| i | ighly | scattered     | anical | hemlock, spruce and other     |
| n | produ | throughout    | Tre    | species when younger) in the  |
| r | ctive | unit. Other   | atment | immediate vicinity of the     |
| e | sites | understory    | Ac     | burned piles with limited     |
| g | w/    | vegetation    | tivity | immediate mortality from 100% |
| i | more  | includes high | Type,  | scorch depending on where and |
| m | to    | diversity of  | Reh    | how large piles are (low      |
| e | pile  | grasses,      | abilit | chance unless large & close). |
| V | &     | forbs, and    | ation, | More than 30% of the area     |
| ) | burn, | shrubs. Snags | r      | beyond the piles burned (low  |
| . | more  | are low in    | emoval | to moderate severity) from    |
| O | duff  | number - up   | of     | fire creeping outside of pile |
| f | &     | to 5 snags    | excess | boundaries (up to 60% of      |
| t | l     | per acre      | vege   | total treatment area burned). |
| e | itter | present. Not  | tation |                               |
| n | to    | all sites     | and    |                               |
| s | r     | have cedar.   | slash  |                               |
| t | educe | Duff and      | Ac     |                               |
| a | sed   | litter are    | tivity |                               |
| n | iment | thicker than  | Compo  |                               |
| d | deli  | other cover   | nent** |                               |
| r | very, | types, but    | for    |                               |
| e | &     | not as thick  | infor  |                               |
| p | f     | as higher     | mation |                               |
| l | aster | condition     | r      |                               |
| a | re    | classes.      | elated |                               |
| c | gener |               | to     |                               |
| i | ation |               | p      |                               |
| n |       |               | iling. |                               |
| g |       |               |        |                               |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
|   |       |               |        |                               |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| # | ####  | ####          | *      | **Low Treatment Intensity** - |
| # | # Ced | # **Condition | *Thin, | Up to 10% of remaining        |
| # | ar, H |  Class 1 --** | Bro    | overstory trees (primarily    |
|   | emloc |               | adcast | fire sensitive species such   |
| I | k, Fi | Stand has not | Burn** | as true firs, hemlock, spruce |
| V | r, Co | missed any    | (unde  | and other species when        |
|   | nditi | past fire     | rburn/ | younger) killed by crown      |
| & | on Cl | disturbance   | j      | scorch damage or cambial      |
|   | ass 1 | cycles but is | ackpot | heating, but relatively       |
| V |       | nearing or at | burn)  | little scorch damage on other |
|   |       | maturity.     |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   |       | More seral    | See    | fire sensitive understory     |
|   |       | species than  | **Mech | trees likely killed through   |
|   |       | higher        | anical | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       | condition     | Tre    | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       | classes.      | atment | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | Large trees   | Ac     | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | are common in | tivity | up to 3 weeks if soil         |
|   |       | the following | Type,  | moisture and temperature      |
|   |       | order of      | H      | conditions are favorable for  |
|   |       | dominance:    | arvest | plant growth. Up to 20% of    |
|   |       | white pine,   | Prescr | snags and up to 30% of large  |
|   |       | western       | iption | downed logs heavily damaged   |
|   |       | larch,        | /      | or burned up. Most likely     |
|   |       | Douglas-fir,  | Im     | scenario at mid to upper      |
|   |       | spruce, true  | plemen | elevations.                   |
|   |       | fir, western  | tation |                               |
|   |       | hemlock,      | Ac     | **Moderate Treatment          |
|   |       | cedar, with   | tivity | Intensity** - 10-30% of       |
|   |       | minor amounts | Compo  | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | of ponderosa  | nent** | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | pine,         | for    | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | lodgepole     | infor  | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | pine and      | mation | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | hardwoods.    | r      | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       | All have been | elated | cambial heating with moderate |
|   |       | previously    | to     | scorch damage on most of      |
|   |       | thinned to    | thi    | remaining overstory trees.    |
|   |       | favor seral   | nning. | Remaining fire sensitive      |
|   |       | species. Some |        | understory trees likely       |
|   |       | tree limbing  |        | killed through cambial        |
|   |       | may be part   |        | heating or scorch. Other      |
|   |       | of treatment  |        | understory vegetation         |
|   |       | in Wildland   |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | Urban         |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | Interface.    |        | up to 3 weeks if soil         |
|   |       | Small amount  |        | moisture and temperature      |
|   |       | of            |        | conditions are favorable for  |
|   |       | understory,   |        | plant growth. Up to 30% of    |
|   |       | shade         |        | snags and up to 50% of large  |
|   |       | tolerant      |        | downed logs heavily damaged   |
|   |       | conifers      |        | or burned up.                 |
|   |       | scattered     |        |                               |
|   |       | throughout    |        | High Treatment Intensity -    |
|   |       | unit. Other   |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory |
|   |       | understory    |        | trees (primarily fire         |
|   |       | vegetation    |        | sensitive species such as     |
|   |       | includes      |        | true firs, hemlock, spruce    |
|   |       | grasses,      |        | and other species when        |
|   |       | forbs, and    |        | younger) killed by crown      |
|   |       | shrubs. Snags |        | scorch damage or cambial      |
|   |       | are low in    |        | heating with moderate-high    |
|   |       | number - up   |        | scorch damage on almost all   |
|   |       | to 5 snags    |        | remaining overstory trees.    |
|   |       | per acre      |        | Remaining fire sensitive      |
|   |       | present. .    |        | understory trees likely       |
|   |       | Not all sites |        | killed through cambial        |
|   |       | have cedar.   |        | heating or scorch. Other      |
|   |       | Duff and      |        | understory vegetation         |
|   |       | litter are    |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | thicker than  |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | other cover   |        | up to 3 weeks if soil         |
|   |       | types, but    |        | moisture and temperature      |
|   |       | not as thick  |        | conditions are favorable for  |
|   |       | as higher     |        | plant growth. Up to 50% of    |
|   |       | condition     |        | snags and up to 75% of large  |
|   |       | classes.      |        | downed logs heavily damaged   |
|   |       |               |        | or burned up.                 |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| # | []{#c | Condition     | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - |
| # | edar1 | Class 1 --    | adcast | Up to 10% of remaining        |
| # | ivvbb |               | burn** | overstory trees (primarily    |
|   | .     | Stand has not | (unde  | fire sensitive species such   |
| I | ancho | missed any    | rburn/ | as true firs, hemlock, spruce |
| V | r}**C | past fire     | j      | and other species when        |
|   | edar, | disturbance   | ackpot | younger) killed by crown      |
| & | Hem   | cycles but is | burn)  | scorch damage or cambial      |
|   | lock, | nearing or at |        | heating, but relatively       |
| V | Fir,  | maturity.     |        | little scorch damage on other |
|   | Cond  | Large trees   |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   | ition | are common in |        | fire sensitive understory     |
|   | Class | the following |        | trees likely killed through   |
|   | 1**   | order of      |        | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       | dominance:    |        | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       | white pine,   |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | western       |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | larch,        |        | up to 3 weeks if soil         |
|   |       | Douglas fir,  |        | moisture and temperature      |
|   |       | spruce, true  |        | conditions are favorable for  |
|   |       | fir, western  |        | plant growth. Up to 20% of    |
|   |       | hemlock,      |        | snags and up to 30% of large  |
|   |       | cedar, with   |        | downed logs heavily damaged   |
|   |       | minor amounts |        | or burned up. Most likely     |
|   |       | of ponderosa  |        | scenario at mid to upper      |
|   |       | pine,         |        | elevations.                   |
|   |       | lodgepole     |        |                               |
|   |       | pine and      |        | **Moderate Treatment          |
|   |       | hardwoods.    |        | Intensity** - 10-30% of       |
|   |       | More seral    |        | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | species than  |        | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | higher        |        | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | condition     |        | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | classes.      |        | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | Small amount  |        | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       | of understory |        | cambial heating with moderate |
|   |       | conifers      |        | scorch damage on most of      |
|   |       | (true fir,    |        | remaining overstory trees.    |
|   |       | spruce,       |        | Remaining fire sensitive      |
|   |       | cedar,        |        | understory trees likely       |
|   |       | hemlock)      |        | killed through cambial        |
|   |       | scattered     |        | heating or scorch. Other      |
|   |       | throughout    |        | understory vegetation         |
|   |       | unit. Other   |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | understory    |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | vegetation    |        | up to 3 weeks if soil         |
|   |       | includes      |        | moisture and temperature      |
|   |       | grasses,      |        | conditions are favorable for  |
|   |       | forbs, and    |        | plant growth. Up to 30% of    |
|   |       | shrubs. Snags |        | snags and up to 50% of large  |
|   |       | are low in    |        | downed logs heavily damaged   |
|   |       | number - up   |        | or burned up.                 |
|   |       | to 5 snags    |        |                               |
|   |       | per acre      |        | **High Treatment              |
|   |       | present. Not  |        | Intensity** - 30-50% of       |
|   |       | all sites     |        | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | have cedar.   |        | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | Duff and      |        | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | litter are    |        | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | thicker than  |        | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | other cover   |        | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       | types, but    |        | cambial heating with          |
|   |       | not as thick  |        | moderate-high scorch damage   |
|   |       | as higher     |        | on almost all remaining       |
|   |       | condition     |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   |       | classes.      |        | fire sensitive understory     |
|   |       |               |        | trees likely killed through   |
|   |       |               |        | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       |               |        | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       |               |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       |               |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       |               |        | up to 3 weeks if soil         |
|   |       |               |        | moisture and temperature      |
|   |       |               |        | conditions are favorable for  |
|   |       |               |        | plant growth. Up to 50% of    |
|   |       |               |        | snags and up to 75% of large  |
|   |       |               |        | downed logs heavily damaged   |
|   |       |               |        | or burned up.                 |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| # | []{#c | ####          | *      | **Common to all treatment     |
| # | edar2 | # **Condition | *Thin, | intensities:** 95% of piles   |
| # | ivvtm |  Class 2 --** | M      | are completely consumed. Up   |
|   | .     |               | achine | to 20% of the treatment area  |
| I | ancho | Stand has     | pile,  | (area directly under the      |
| V | r}**C | missed 1 or   | burn   | piles) will have severe soil  |
|   | edar, | more past     | p      | heating up to several inches  |
| & | Hem   | fire          | iles** | into the soil profile.        |
|   | lock, | disturbance   |        |                               |
| V | Fir,  | cycles and is | M      | **Low Treatment Intensity** - |
|   | Cond  | past maturity | achine | Scorch damage on 20% of the   |
|   | ition | with          | piling | trees (primarily fire         |
|   | Class | s             | pre    | sensitive species such as     |
|   | 2**   | hade-tolerant | ferred | true firs, hemlock, spruce    |
|   |       | species       | on     | and other species when        |
|   |       | increasing.   | slopes | younger) in the immediate     |
|   |       | Large         | \<     | vicinity of the burned piles. |
|   |       | diameter,     | 35-40% | Up to 20% of area has been    |
|   |       | over- mature  | slope. | burned (low to moderate       |
|   |       | white pine,   |        | severity) from fire creeping  |
|   |       | western       | See    | outside the pile boundaries   |
|   |       | larch,        | **Mech | (total of 20% of treatment    |
|   |       | Douglas fir   | anical | area burned.                  |
|   |       | dominate with | Tre    |                               |
|   |       | some true     | atment | **Moderate Treatment          |
|   |       | fir, cedar    | Ac     | Intensity** - Scorch damage   |
|   |       | and western   | tivity | on 20-30% of the trees        |
|   |       | hemlock all   | Type,  | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | of which have | H      | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | been thinned  | arvest | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | to favor      | Prescr | species when younger) in the  |
|   |       | seral         | iption | immediate vicinity of the     |
|   |       | species. Some | /      | burned piles. 20-30% of the   |
|   |       | tree limbing  | Im     | area beyond the piles burned  |
|   |       | may be part   | plemen | (low to moderate severity)    |
|   |       | of treatment  | tation | from fire creeping outside of |
|   |       | in Wildland   | Ac     | pile boundaries (up to 50% of |
|   |       | Urban         | tivity | total treatment area burned). |
|   |       | Interface.    | Compo  |                               |
|   |       | Most smaller  | nent** | **High Treatment              |
|   |       | diameter,     | for    | Intensity** - **Not likely**  |
|   |       | understory    | infor  | (at mid to upper elevations)  |
|   |       | true fir,     | mation | since piles are normally      |
|   |       | spruce and    | r      | covered & burned late in the  |
|   |       | hemlock trees | elated | season before winter or early |
|   |       | have been cut | to     | spring. Scorch damage on more |
|   |       | and piled.    | thi    | than 30% of the trees         |
|   |       | Remaining     | nning. | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | understory    |        | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | trees are     | See    | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | scattered     | **Mech | species when younger) in the  |
|   |       | throughout    | anical | immediate vicinity of the     |
|   |       | the treatment | Tre    | burned piles with limited     |
|   |       | area and      | atment | immediate mortality from 100% |
|   |       | dominated by  | Ac     | scorch depending on where and |
|   |       | sh            | tivity | how large piles are (low      |
|   |       | ade-tolerant, | Type,  | chance unless large & close). |
|   |       | late seral    | Reh    | More than 30% of the area     |
|   |       | species.      | abilit | beyond the piles burned (low  |
|   |       | Other         | ation, | to moderate severity) from    |
|   |       | understory    | r      | fire creeping outside of pile |
|   |       | vegetation    | emoval | boundaries (up to 60% of      |
|   |       | includes      | of     | total treatment area burned). |
|   |       | grasses,      | excess |                               |
|   |       | forbs, and    | vege   |                               |
|   |       | shrubs. Up to | tation |                               |
|   |       | 15-20 snags   | and    |                               |
|   |       | per acre      | slash  |                               |
|   |       | present       | Ac     |                               |
|   |       | (depending on | tivity |                               |
|   |       | safety        | Compo  |                               |
|   |       | factors). Not | nent** |                               |
|   |       | all sites     | for    |                               |
|   |       | have cedar.   | infor  |                               |
|   |       | Duff and      | mation |                               |
|   |       | litter are    | r      |                               |
|   |       | thicker than  | elated |                               |
|   |       | other cover   | to     |                               |
|   |       | types but not | p      |                               |
|   |       | as thick as   | iling. |                               |
|   |       | Condition     |        |                               |
|   |       | Class 3.      |        |                               |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| # | []{#c | ####          | *      | **Low Treatment Intensity** - |
| # | edar2 | # **Condition | *Thin, | Up to 10% of remaining        |
| # | ivvtb |  Class 2 --** | Bro    | overstory trees (primarily    |
|   | .     |               | adcast | fire sensitive species such   |
| I | ancho | Stand has     | Burn** | as true firs, hemlock, spruce |
| V | r}**C | missed 1 or   | (unde  | and other species when        |
|   | edar, | more past     | rburn/ | younger) killed by crown      |
| & | Hem   | fire          | j      | scorch damage or cambial      |
|   | lock, | disturbance   | ackpot | heating, but relatively       |
| V | Fir,  | cycles and is | burn)  | little scorch damage on other |
|   | Cond  | past maturity |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   | ition | with          | See    | fire sensitive understory     |
|   | Class | s             | **Mech | trees likely killed through   |
|   | 2**   | hade-tolerant | anical | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       | species       | Tre    | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       | increasing.   | atment | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | Large         | Ac     | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | diameter,     | tivity | up to 3 weeks if soil         |
|   |       | over- mature  | Type,  | moisture and temperature      |
|   |       | white pine,   | H      | conditions are favorable for  |
|   |       | western       | arvest | plant growth. Up to 20% of    |
|   |       | larch,        | Prescr | snags and up to 30% of large  |
|   |       | Douglas fir   | iption | downed logs heavily damaged   |
|   |       | dominate with | /      | or burned up.                 |
|   |       | some true     | Im     |                               |
|   |       | fir, cedar    | plemen | **Moderate Treatment          |
|   |       | and western   | tation | Intensity** - 10-30% of       |
|   |       | hemlock all   | Ac     | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | of which have | tivity | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | been thinned  | Compo  | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | to favor      | nent** | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | seral         | for    | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | species. Some | infor  | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       | tree limbing  | mation | cambial heating with moderate |
|   |       | may be part   | r      | scorch damage on most of      |
|   |       | of treatment  | elated | remaining overstory trees.    |
|   |       | in Wildland   | to     | Remaining fire sensitive      |
|   |       | Urban         | thi    | understory trees likely       |
|   |       | Interface.    | nning. | killed through cambial        |
|   |       | Most small    |        | heating or scorch. Other      |
|   |       | diameter,     |        | understory vegetation         |
|   |       | understory    |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | true fir,     |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | spruce, and   |        | up to 3 weeks if soil         |
|   |       | hemlock trees |        | moisture and temperature      |
|   |       | have been cut |        | conditions are favorable for  |
|   |       | and piled.    |        | plant growth. Up to 30% of    |
|   |       | Remaining     |        | snags and up to 50% of large  |
|   |       | understory    |        | downed logs heavily damaged   |
|   |       | trees are     |        | or burned up.                 |
|   |       | scattered     |        |                               |
|   |       | throughout    |        | **High Treatment              |
|   |       | the treatment |        | Intensity** - 30-50% of       |
|   |       | area and      |        | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | dominated by  |        | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | tolerant,     |        | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | late seral    |        | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | species.      |        | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | Other         |        | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       | understory    |        | cambial heating with          |
|   |       | vegetation    |        | moderate-high scorch damage   |
|   |       | includes      |        | on almost all remaining       |
|   |       | grasses,      |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   |       | forbs, and    |        | fire sensitive understory     |
|   |       | shrubs. Up to |        | trees likely killed through   |
|   |       | 15-20 snags   |        | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       | per acre      |        | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       | present       |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | (depending on |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | safety        |        | up to 3 weeks if soil         |
|   |       | factors). Not |        | moisture and temperature      |
|   |       | all sites     |        | conditions are favorable for  |
|   |       | have cedar.   |        | plant growth. Up to 60% of    |
|   |       | Duff and      |        | snags and up to 80% of large  |
|   |       | litter are    |        | downed logs heavily damaged   |
|   |       | thicker than  |        | or burned up.                 |
|   |       | other cover   |        |                               |
|   |       | types but not |        |                               |
|   |       | as thick as   |        |                               |
|   |       | Condition     |        |                               |
|   |       | Class 3.      |        |                               |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| # | []{#c | ####          | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - |
| # | edar2 | # **Condition | adcast | Up to 10% of remaining        |
| # | ivvbb |  Class 2 --** | Burn** | overstory trees (primarily    |
|   | .     |               | (unde  | fire sensitive species such   |
| I | ancho | Stand has     | rburn/ | as true firs, hemlock, spruce |
| V | r}**C | missed 1 or   | j      | and other species when        |
|   | edar, | more past     | ackpot | younger) killed by crown      |
| & | Hem   | fire          | burn)  | scorch damage or cambial      |
|   | lock, | disturbance   |        | heating, but relatively       |
| V | Fir,  | cycles and is |        | little scorch damage on other |
|   | Cond  | past maturity |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   | ition | with          |        | fire sensitive understory     |
|   | Class | s             |        | trees likely killed through   |
|   | 2**   | hade-tolerant |        | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       | species       |        | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       | increasing.   |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | Large         |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | diameter,     |        | up to 3 weeks if burned in    |
|   |       | over- mature  |        | spring or late summer/early   |
|   |       | white pine,   |        | fall. Up to 20% of snags and  |
|   |       | western       |        | up to 30% of large downed     |
|   |       | larch,        |        | logs heavily damaged or       |
|   |       | Douglas fir   |        | burned up.                    |
|   |       | dominate with |        |                               |
|   |       | some true     |        | **Moderate Treatment          |
|   |       | fir, cedar    |        | Intensity** - 10-30% of       |
|   |       | and western   |        | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | hemlock. Many |        | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | small         |        | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | diameter,     |        | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | understory    |        | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | true fir,     |        | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       | spruce, cedar |        | cambial heating with moderate |
|   |       | and hemlock   |        | scorch damage on most of      |
|   |       | trees are     |        | remaining overstory trees.    |
|   |       | scattered     |        | Remaining fire sensitive      |
|   |       | throughout    |        | understory trees likely       |
|   |       | the treatment |        | killed through cambial        |
|   |       | area. Other   |        | heating or scorch. Other      |
|   |       | understory    |        | understory vegetation         |
|   |       | vegetation    |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | includes      |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | grasses,      |        | up to 3 weeks if burned in    |
|   |       | forbs, and    |        | spring or late summer/early   |
|   |       | shrubs. Up to |        | fall. Up to 30% of snags and  |
|   |       | 20 snags per  |        | up to 50% of large downed     |
|   |       | acre present. |        | logs heavily damaged or       |
|   |       | Not all sites |        | burned up.                    |
|   |       | have cedar.   |        |                               |
|   |       | Duff and      |        | **High Treatment              |
|   |       | litter are    |        | Intensity** - 30-50% of       |
|   |       | thicker than  |        | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | other cover   |        | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | types but not |        | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | as thick as   |        | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | Condition     |        | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | Class 3.      |        | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       |               |        | cambial heating with          |
|   |       |               |        | moderate-high scorch damage   |
|   |       |               |        | on almost all remaining       |
|   |       |               |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   |       |               |        | fire sensitive understory     |
|   |       |               |        | trees likely killed through   |
|   |       |               |        | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       |               |        | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       |               |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       |               |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       |               |        | up to 3 weeks if burned in    |
|   |       |               |        | spring or late summer/early   |
|   |       |               |        | fall. Up to 60% of snags and  |
|   |       |               |        | up to 80% of large downed     |
|   |       |               |        | logs heavily damaged or       |
|   |       |               |        | burned up.                    |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| # | []{#c | ####          | Thin,  | **Common to all treatment     |
| # | edar3 | # **Condition | M      | intensities:** 95% of piles   |
| # | ivvtm |  Class 3 --** | achine | are completely consumed. Up   |
|   | .     |               | pile,  | to 20% of the treatment area  |
| I | ancho | Stand has     | burn   | (area directly under the      |
| V | r}**C | missed many   | piles  | piles) will have severe soil  |
|   | edar, | past fire     |        | heating up to several inches  |
| & | Hem   | disturbance   | M      | into the soil profile.        |
|   | lock, | cycles and    | achine |                               |
| V | Fir,  | has converted | piling | **Low Treatment Intensity** - |
|   | Cond  | to cedar,     | pre    | Scorch damage on 20% of the   |
|   | ition | true firs,    | ferred | trees (primarily fire         |
|   | Class | western       | on     | sensitive species such as     |
|   | 3**   | hemlock,      | slopes | true firs, hemlock, spruce    |
|   |       | s             | \<     | and other species when        |
|   |       | hade-tolerant | 35-40% | younger) in the immediate     |
|   |       | species (late | slope. | vicinity of the burned piles. |
|   |       | seral species |        | Up to 20% of area has been    |
|   |       | that are more | See    | burned (low to moderate       |
|   |       | sensitive to  | **Mech | severity) from fire creeping  |
|   |       | fire). All    | anical | outside the pile boundaries   |
|   |       | aged, large   | Tre    | (total of 20% of treatment    |
|   |       | diameter,     | atment | area burned.                  |
|   |       | over- mature  | Ac     |                               |
|   |       | cedar,        | tivity | **Moderate Treatment          |
|   |       | western       | Type,  | Intensity** - Scorch damage   |
|   |       | hemlock and   | H      | on 20-30% of the trees        |
|   |       | true fir      | arvest | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | dominate with | Prescr | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | very little   | iption | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | white pine,   | /      | species when younger) in the  |
|   |       | western larch | Im     | immediate vicinity of the     |
|   |       | or Douglas    | plemen | burned piles. 20-30% of the   |
|   |       | fir. Stand    | tation | area beyond the piles burned  |
|   |       | has **been    | Ac     | (low to moderate severity)    |
|   |       | thinned** to  | tivity | from fire creeping outside of |
|   |       | favor seral   | Compo  | pile boundaries (up to 50% of |
|   |       | species. Some | nent** | total treatment area burned). |
|   |       | tree limbing  | for    |                               |
|   |       | may be part   | infor  | **High Treatment              |
|   |       | of treatment  | mation | Intensity** - **Not likely**  |
|   |       | in Wildland   | r      | (at mid to upper elevations)  |
|   |       | Urban         | elated | since piles are normally      |
|   |       | Interface.    | to     | covered & burned late in the  |
|   |       | Pathogens and | thi    | season before winter or early |
|   |       | insects have  | nning. | spring. Scorch damage on more |
|   |       | increased     |        | than 30% of the trees         |
|   |       | damage to     | See    | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | trees and     | **Mech | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | have created  | anical | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | excessive     | Tre    | species when younger) in the  |
|   |       | fuels and     | atment | immediate vicinity of the     |
|   |       | many piles.   | Ac     | burned piles with limited     |
|   |       | Many          | tivity | immediate mortality from 100% |
|   |       | understory    | Type,  | scorch depending on where and |
|   |       | trees have    | Reh    | how large piles are (low      |
|   |       | been cut and  | abilit | chance unless large & close). |
|   |       | remaining     | ation, | More than 30% of the area     |
|   |       | understory    | r      | beyond the piles burned (low  |
|   |       | trees are     | emoval | to moderate severity) from    |
|   |       | scattered     | of     | fire creeping outside of pile |
|   |       | throughout    | excess | boundaries (up to 60% of      |
|   |       | the treatment | vege   | total treatment area burned). |
|   |       | area and      | tation |                               |
|   |       | dominated by  | and    |                               |
|   |       | true fir,     | slash  |                               |
|   |       | spruce and    | Ac     |                               |
|   |       | western       | tivity |                               |
|   |       | hemlock.      | Compo  |                               |
|   |       | Other         | nent** |                               |
|   |       | understory    | for    |                               |
|   |       | vegetation    | infor  |                               |
|   |       | includes      | mation |                               |
|   |       | grasses,      | r      |                               |
|   |       | forbs, and    | elated |                               |
|   |       | shrubs. Over  | to     |                               |
|   |       | 20 snags per  | p      |                               |
|   |       | acre present  | iling. |                               |
|   |       | depending on  |        |                               |
|   |       | safety        |        |                               |
|   |       | concerns. Not |        |                               |
|   |       | all sites     |        |                               |
|   |       | have cedar.   |        |                               |
|   |       | Duff and      |        |                               |
|   |       | litter are    |        |                               |
|   |       | thicker than  |        |                               |
|   |       | other         |        |                               |
|   |       | condition     |        |                               |
|   |       | classes and   |        |                               |
|   |       | cover types.  |        |                               |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| # | []{#c | ####          | *      | **Low Treatment Intensity** - |
| # | edar3 | # **Condition | *Thin, | Up to 20% of remaining        |
| # | ivvtb |  Class 3 --** | Bro    | overstory trees (primarily    |
|   | .     |               | adcast | fire sensitive species such   |
| I | ancho | Stand has     | Burn** | as true firs, hemlock, spruce |
| V | r}**C | missed many   | (unde  | and other species when        |
|   | edar, | past fire     | rburn/ | younger) killed by crown      |
| & | Hem   | disturbance   | j      | scorch damage or cambial      |
|   | lock, | cycles and    | ackpot | heating, but relatively       |
| V | Fir,  | has converted | burn)  | little scorch damage on other |
|   | Cond  | to cedar,     |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   | ition | true fir,     | See    | fire sensitive understory     |
|   | Class | western       | **Mech | trees likely killed through   |
|   | 3**   | hemlock and   | anical | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       | s             | Tre    | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       | hade-tolerant | atment | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | species (late | Ac     | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | seral species | tivity | up to 3 weeks if burned in    |
|   |       | that are more | Type,  | spring. Up to 30% of snags    |
|   |       | sensitive to  | H      | and up to 40% of large downed |
|   |       | fire). All    | arvest | logs heavily damaged or       |
|   |       | aged, large   | Prescr | burned up.                    |
|   |       | diameter,     | iption |                               |
|   |       | over- mature  | /      | **Moderate Treatment          |
|   |       | cedar,        | Im     | Intensity** - 20-40% of       |
|   |       | western       | plemen | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | hemlock and   | tation | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | true fir      | Ac     | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | dominate with | tivity | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | very little   | Compo  | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | white pine,   | nent** | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       | western larch | for    | cambial heating with moderate |
|   |       | or Douglas    | infor  | scorch damage on most of      |
|   |       | fir. Stand    | mation | remaining overstory trees.    |
|   |       | has **been    | r      | Remaining fire sensitive      |
|   |       | thinned to    | elated | understory trees likely       |
|   |       | favor seral   | to     | killed through cambial        |
|   |       | species**.    | thi    | heating or scorch. Other      |
|   |       | Some tree     | nning. | understory vegetation         |
|   |       | limbing may   |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | be part of    |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | treatment in  |        | up to 3 weeks if burned in    |
|   |       | Wildland      |        | spring. Up to 40% of snags    |
|   |       | Urban         |        | and up to 60% of large downed |
|   |       | Interface.    |        | logs heavily damaged or       |
|   |       | Pathogens and |        | burned up.                    |
|   |       | insects have  |        |                               |
|   |       | increased     |        | **High Treatment              |
|   |       | damage to     |        | Intensity** - 40-60% of       |
|   |       | trees and     |        | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | have created  |        | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | excessive     |        | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | fuels and     |        | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | many piles.   |        | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | Many          |        | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       | understory    |        | cambial heating with          |
|   |       | trees have    |        | moderate-high scorch damage   |
|   |       | been cut and  |        | on almost all remaining       |
|   |       | remaining     |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   |       | understory    |        | fire sensitive understory     |
|   |       | trees are     |        | trees likely killed through   |
|   |       | scattered     |        | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       | throughout    |        | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       | the treatment |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | area and      |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | dominated by  |        | up to 3 weeks if burned in    |
|   |       | true fir and  |        | spring or late summer/early   |
|   |       | western       |        | fall. Up to 60%+ of snags and |
|   |       | hemlock.      |        | up to 80%+ of large downed    |
|   |       | Other         |        | logs heavily damaged or       |
|   |       | understory    |        | burned up.                    |
|   |       | vegetation    |        |                               |
|   |       | includes      |        |                               |
|   |       | grasses,      |        |                               |
|   |       | forbs, and    |        |                               |
|   |       | shrubs. Over  |        |                               |
|   |       | 20 snags per  |        |                               |
|   |       | acre present  |        |                               |
|   |       | depending on  |        |                               |
|   |       | safety        |        |                               |
|   |       | concerns. Not |        |                               |
|   |       | all sites     |        |                               |
|   |       | have cedar. . |        |                               |
|   |       | Duff and      |        |                               |
|   |       | litter are    |        |                               |
|   |       | thicker than  |        |                               |
|   |       | other         |        |                               |
|   |       | condition     |        |                               |
|   |       | classes and   |        |                               |
|   |       | cover types.  |        |                               |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| # | []{#c | ####          | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - |
| # | edar3 | # **Condition | adcast | Up to 20% of remaining        |
| # | ivvbb |  Class 3 --** | Burn** | overstory trees (primarily    |
|   | .     |               | (unde  | fire sensitive species such   |
| I | ancho | Stand has     | rburn/ | as true firs, hemlock, spruce |
| V | r}**C | missed many   | j      | and other species when        |
|   | edar, | past fire     | ackpot | younger) killed by crown      |
| & | Hem   | disturbance   | burn)  | scorch damage or cambial      |
|   | lock, | cycles and    |        | heating, but relatively       |
| V | Fir,  | has converted |        | little scorch damage on other |
|   | Cond  | to cedar,     |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   | ition | true fir,     |        | fire sensitive understory     |
|   | Class | western       |        | trees likely killed through   |
|   | 3**   | hemlock and   |        | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       | s             |        | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       | hade-tolerant |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | species (late |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | seral species |        | up to 3 weeks if burned in    |
|   |       | that are more |        | spring. Up to 30% of snags    |
|   |       | sensitive to  |        | and up to 40% of large downed |
|   |       | fire). All    |        | logs heavily damaged or       |
|   |       | aged, large   |        | burned up.                    |
|   |       | diameter,     |        |                               |
|   |       | over- mature  |        | **Moderate Treatment          |
|   |       | cedar,        |        | Intensity** - 20-40% of       |
|   |       | western       |        | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | hemlock and   |        | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | true fir      |        | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | dominate with |        | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | very little   |        | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | white pine,   |        | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       | western larch |        | cambial heating with moderate |
|   |       | or            |        | scorch damage on most of      |
|   |       | Douglas-fir.  |        | remaining overstory trees.    |
|   |       | Pathogens and |        | Remaining fire sensitive      |
|   |       | insects have  |        | understory trees likely       |
|   |       | increased     |        | killed through cambial        |
|   |       | damage to     |        | heating or scorch. Other      |
|   |       | trees and     |        | understory vegetation         |
|   |       | have created  |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | excessive     |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | fuels and     |        | up to 3 weeks if burned in    |
|   |       | many piles.   |        | spring or late summer/early   |
|   |       | Understory    |        | fall. Up to 40% of snags and  |
|   |       | trees are     |        | up to 60% of large downed     |
|   |       | heavy and     |        | logs heavily damaged or       |
|   |       | scattered     |        | burned up.                    |
|   |       | throughout    |        |                               |
|   |       | the treatment |        | **High Treatment              |
|   |       | area and      |        | Intensity** - 30-50% of       |
|   |       | dominated by  |        | remaining overstory trees     |
|   |       | true fir,     |        | (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   |       | spruce, cedar |        | species such as true firs,    |
|   |       | and western   |        | hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |       | hemlock.      |        | species when younger) killed  |
|   |       | Other         |        | by crown scorch damage or     |
|   |       | understory    |        | cambial heating with          |
|   |       | vegetation    |        | moderate-high scorch damage   |
|   |       | includes      |        | on almost all remaining       |
|   |       | grasses,      |        | overstory trees. Remaining    |
|   |       | forbs, and    |        | fire sensitive understory     |
|   |       | shrubs. Over  |        | trees likely killed through   |
|   |       | 20 snags per  |        | cambial heating or scorch.    |
|   |       | acre present. |        | Other understory vegetation   |
|   |       | Not all sites |        | top-killed but sprouting      |
|   |       | have cedar.   |        | evident within a few days to  |
|   |       | Duff and      |        | up to 3 weeks if burned in    |
|   |       | litter are    |        | spring or late summer/early   |
|   |       | thicker than  |        | fall. Up to 60% of snags and  |
|   |       | other         |        | up to 80% of large downed     |
|   |       | condition     |        | logs heavily damaged or       |
|   |       | classes and   |        | burned up.                    |
|   |       | cover types.  |        |                               |
+---+-------+---------------+--------+-------------------------------+

Lodgepole Pine, Douglas-fir, True Fir Prescribed Fire Effects

+---+----+-------------+--------+-------------------------------------+
| * |    |             | **WORK |                                     |
| * |    |             | ELE    |                                     |
| A |    |             | MENT** |                                     |
| C |    |             |        |                                     |
| T |    |             |        |                                     |
| I |    |             |        |                                     |
| V |    |             |        |                                     |
| I |    |             |        |                                     |
| T |    |             |        |                                     |
| Y |    |             |        |                                     |
| C |    |             |        |                                     |
| O |    |             |        |                                     |
| M |    |             |        |                                     |
| P |    |             |        |                                     |
| O |    |             |        |                                     |
| N |    |             |        |                                     |
| E |    |             |        |                                     |
| N |    |             |        |                                     |
| T |    |             |        |                                     |
| * |    |             |        |                                     |
| * |    |             |        |                                     |
+===+====+=============+========+=====================================+
| * | ** | **Pr        | **Tre  | **Post-Treatment Vegetation         |
| * | Ex | e-Treatment | atment | Description**                       |
| F | is | Vegetation  | Type** |                                     |
| i | ti | De          |        |                                     |
| r | ng | scription** |        |                                     |
| e | Ve |             |        |                                     |
| R | ge |             |        |                                     |
| e | ta |             |        |                                     |
| g | ti |             |        |                                     |
| i | on |             |        |                                     |
| m | Ty |             |        |                                     |
| e | pe |             |        |                                     |
| * | ** |             |        |                                     |
| * |    |             |        |                                     |
+---+----+-------------+--------+-------------------------------------+
| * | [  | ##### **    | *      | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up to |
| I | ]{ | Condition C | *Thin, | 10% of remaining overstory trees    |
| I | #l | lass 1 -**  | Bro    | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
| I | od |             | adcast | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
| * | ge | Stand has   | Burn** | and other species when younger)     |
|   | 1i | not missed  |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   | ii | any past    | See    | cambial heating, but relatively     |
|   | tb | fire        | **Mech | little scorch damage on other       |
|   | .  | disturbance | anical | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|   | an | cycles but  | Tre    | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|   | ch | is nearing  | atment | killed through cambial heating or   |
|   | or | or at       | Ac     | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|   | }* | maturity.   | tivity | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|   | *L | More seral  | Type,  | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|   | od | species     | H      | if soil moisture and temperature    |
|   | ge | than higher | arvest | conditions are favorable for plant  |
|   | po | condition   | Prescr | growth. Up to 20% of snags and up   |
|   | le | classes.    | iption | to 30% of large downed logs         |
|   | P  | Large pole  | /      | partially consumed or consumed.     |
|   | in | to mature   | Im     | Most likely scenario at mid to      |
|   | e, | size        | plemen | upper elevations. Western larch,    |
|   | D  | lodgepole   | tation | ponderosa pine & Douglas fir less   |
|   | ou | pine alone  | Ac     | sensitive to fire than lodgepole    |
|   | gl | or mixed w/ | tivity | pine, late seral species are most   |
|   | as | Douglas     | Compo  | sensitive & most likely to die.     |
|   | Fi | fir,        | nent** | Lodgepole pine regenerates easily   |
|   | r, | western     | for    | after disturbance.                  |
|   | Tr | larch,      | infor  |                                     |
|   | ue | white pine, | mation | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** -  |
|   | Fi | hardwoods   | r      | 10-30% of remaining overstory trees |
|   | r, | with        | elated | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   | C  | smaller     | to     | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   | on | amounts of  | thi    | and other species when younger)     |
|   | di | spruce,     | nning. | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   | ti | true fir or |        | cambial heating with moderate       |
|   | on | western     | See    | scorch damage on most of remaining  |
|   | C  | hemlock.    | **Mech | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|   | la | Stand may   | anical | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|   | ss | be single   | Tre    | killed through cambial heating or   |
|   | 1  | or          | atment | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|   | ** | multi-aged  | Ac     | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|   |    | depending   | tivity | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|   |    | on past     | Type,  | if soil moisture and temperature    |
|   |    | fire regime | Reh    | conditions are favorable for plant  |
|   |    | intensity.  | abilit | growth. Up to 30% of snags and up   |
|   |    | All have    | ation, | to 50% of large downed logs         |
|   |    | been        | r      | partially consumed or consumed.     |
|   |    | previously  | emoval | Western larch, Douglas-fir and      |
|   |    | thinned to  | of     | ponderosa pine will be favored to   |
|   |    | favor seral | excess | survive where present.              |
|   |    | species.    | vege   |                                     |
|   |    | Some tree   | tation | **High Treatment Intensity** -      |
|   |    | limbing and | and    | 30-50% of remaining overstory trees |
|   |    | understory  | slash  | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   |    | slashing    | Ac     | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   |    | may be part | tivity | and other species when younger)     |
|   |    | of          | Compo  | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   |    | treatment   | nent** | cambial heating with moderate-high  |
|   |    | in Wildland | for    | scorch damage on almost all         |
|   |    | Urban       | infor  | remaining overstory trees.          |
|   |    | Interface.  | mation | Remaining fire sensitive understory |
|   |    | Small       | r      | trees likely killed through cambial |
|   |    | amount of   | elated | heating or scorch. Other understory |
|   |    | understory  | to     | vegetation top-killed but           |
|   |    | conifers    | p      | resprouting evident within a few    |
|   |    | scattered   | iling. | days to up to 3 weeks if soil       |
|   |    | throughout  |        | moisture and temperature conditions |
|   |    | unit. Other |        | are favorable for plant growth. Up  |
|   |    | understory  |        | to 50% of snags and up to 70% of    |
|   |    | vegetation  |        | large downed logs partially         |
|   |    | includes    |        | consumed or consumed. Western       |
|   |    | grasses,    |        | larch, Douglas fir and ponderosa    |
|   |    | forbs, and  |        | pine will be favored to survive     |
|   |    | shrubs.     |        | where present.                      |
|   |    | Snags are   |        |                                     |
|   |    | low in      |        |                                     |
|   |    | number - up |        |                                     |
|   |    | to 5 snags  |        |                                     |
|   |    | per acre    |        |                                     |
|   |    | present.    |        |                                     |
|   |    |             |        |                                     |
|   |    | Restoration |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce true |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir/spruce  |        |                                     |
|   |    | in favor of |        |                                     |
|   |    | western     |        |                                     |
|   |    | larch,      |        |                                     |
|   |    | Douglas     |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir,        |        |                                     |
|   |    | lodgepole   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine or     |        |                                     |
|   |    | ponderosa   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine.       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Wildland    |        |                                     |
|   |    | Urban       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Interface   |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce      |        |                                     |
|   |    | fuels in    |        |                                     |
|   |    | addition to |        |                                     |
|   |    | above.      |        |                                     |
+---+----+-------------+--------+-------------------------------------+
| * | [  | ##### **    | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up to |
| I | ]{ | Condition C | adcast | 10% of remaining overstory trees    |
| I | #l | lass 1 --** | Burn** | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
| I | od |             |        | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
| * | ge | Stand has   |        | and other species when younger)     |
|   | 1i | not missed  |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   | ii | any past    |        | cambial heating, but relatively     |
|   | bb | fire        |        | little scorch damage on other       |
|   | .  | disturbance |        | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|   | an | cycles but  |        | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|   | ch | is nearing  |        | killed through cambial heating or   |
|   | or | or at       |        | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|   | }* | maturity.   |        | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|   | *L | More seral  |        | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|   | od | species     |        | if soil moisture and temperature    |
|   | ge | than higher |        | conditions are favorable for plant  |
|   | po | condition   |        | growth. Up to 20% of snags and up   |
|   | le | classes.    |        | to 30% of large downed logs         |
|   | P  | Large pole  |        | partially consumed or consumed.     |
|   | in | to mature   |        | Most likely scenario at mid to      |
|   | e, | size        |        | upper elevations. Western larch,    |
|   | D  | lodgepole   |        | ponderosa pine & Douglas fir less   |
|   | ou | pine alone  |        | sensitive to fire than lodgepole    |
|   | gl | or mixed    |        | pine, late seral species are most   |
|   | as | with        |        | sensitive & most likely to die.     |
|   | Fi | Douglas     |        | Lodgepole pine regenerates easily   |
|   | r, | fir,        |        | after disturbance.                  |
|   | Tr | western     |        |                                     |
|   | ue | larch,      |        | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** -  |
|   | Fi | white pine, |        | 10-30% of remaining overstory trees |
|   | r, | hardwoods   |        | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   | C  | with        |        | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   | on | smaller     |        | and other species when younger)     |
|   | di | amounts of  |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   | ti | spruce,     |        | cambial heating with moderate       |
|   | on | western     |        | scorch damage on most of remaining  |
|   | C  | hemlock or  |        | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|   | la | true fir.   |        | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|   | ss | Some tree   |        | killed through cambial heating or   |
|   | 1  | limbing and |        | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|   | ** | understory  |        | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|   |    | slashing    |        | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|   |    | may be part |        | if soil moisture and temperature    |
|   |    | of          |        | conditions are favorable for plant  |
|   |    | treatment   |        | growth. Up to 30% of snags and up   |
|   |    | in Wildland |        | to 50% of large downed logs         |
|   |    | Urban       |        | partially consumed or consumed.     |
|   |    | Interface.  |        | Western larch, Douglas fir and      |
|   |    | Stand may   |        | ponderosa pine will be favored to   |
|   |    | be single   |        | survive where present.              |
|   |    | or          |        |                                     |
|   |    | multi-aged  |        | **High Treatment Intensity** -      |
|   |    | depending   |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory trees |
|   |    | on past     |        | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   |    | fire regime |        | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   |    | intensity.  |        | and other species when younger)     |
|   |    | Small       |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   |    | amount of   |        | cambial heating with moderate-high  |
|   |    | understory  |        | scorch damage on almost all         |
|   |    | conifers    |        | remaining overstory trees.          |
|   |    | scattered   |        | Remaining fire sensitive understory |
|   |    | throughout  |        | trees likely killed through cambial |
|   |    | unit. Other |        | heating or scorch. Other understory |
|   |    | understory  |        | vegetation top-killed but           |
|   |    | vegetation  |        | resprouting evident within a few    |
|   |    | includes    |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil       |
|   |    | grasses,    |        | moisture and temperature conditions |
|   |    | forbs, and  |        | are favorable for plant growth. Up  |
|   |    | shrubs.     |        | to 50% of snags and up to 70% of    |
|   |    | Snags are   |        | large downed logs partially         |
|   |    | low in      |        | consumed or consumed. Western       |
|   |    | number - up |        | larch, Douglas fir and ponderosa    |
|   |    | to 5 snags  |        | pine will be favored to survive     |
|   |    | per acre    |        | where                               |
|   |    | present.    |        |                                     |
|   |    |             |        | Present.                            |
|   |    | Restoration |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce true |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir/spruce  |        |                                     |
|   |    | in favor of |        |                                     |
|   |    | western     |        |                                     |
|   |    | larch,      |        |                                     |
|   |    | Douglas     |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir,        |        |                                     |
|   |    | lodgepole   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine or     |        |                                     |
|   |    | ponderosa   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine.       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Wildland    |        |                                     |
|   |    | Urban       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Interface   |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce      |        |                                     |
|   |    | fuels in    |        |                                     |
|   |    | addition to |        |                                     |
|   |    | above.      |        |                                     |
+---+----+-------------+--------+-------------------------------------+
| # | [  | ##### **    | *      | **All Treatment Intensities:** 95%  |
|   | ]{ | Condition C | *Thin, | of piles are completely consumed.   |
| * | #l | lass -- 2** | M      | Up to 20% of the treatment area     |
| I | od |             | achine | (area directly under the piles)     |
| I | ge | Stand has   | pile,  | will have severe soil heating up to |
| I | 2i | missed 1 or | burn   | several inches into the soil        |
| * | ii | more past   | p      | profile. Western larch, ponderosa   |
|   | tm | fire        | iles** | pine & Douglas fir less sensitive   |
|   | .  | disturbance |        | to fire than lodgepole pine, late   |
|   | an | cycles and  | M      | seral species are most sensitive &  |
|   | ch | is past     | achine | most likely to die. Lodgepole pine  |
|   | or | maturity    | piling | regenerates easily after            |
|   | }* | with        | pre    | disturbance.                        |
|   | *L | sha         | ferred |                                     |
|   | od | de-tolerant | on     | **Low Treatment Intensity** -       |
|   | ge | species     | slopes | Scorch damage on 20% of the trees   |
|   | po | increasing. | \<     | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   | le | Stand has   | 35-40% | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   | P  | been        | slope. | and other species when younger) in  |
|   | in | thinned to  |        | the immediate vicinity of the       |
|   | e, | favor       | See    | burned piles. Up to 20% of area has |
|   | D  | Douglas     | **Mech | been burned (low to moderate        |
|   | ou | fir,        | anical | severity) from fire creeping        |
|   | gl | western     | Tre    | outside the pile boundaries (total  |
|   | as | larch,      | atment | of 20% of treatment area burned.    |
|   | Fi | lodgepole   | Ac     |                                     |
|   | r, | pine, or    | tivity | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** -  |
|   | Tr | western     | Type,  | Scorch damage on 20-30% of the      |
|   | ue | white pine  | H      | trees (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   | Fi | with        | arvest | species such as true firs, hemlock, |
|   | r, | minimal     | Prescr | spruce and other species when       |
|   | C  | true fir,   | iption | younger) in the immediate vicinity  |
|   | on | spruce or   | /      | of the burned piles. 20-30% of the  |
|   | di | western     | Im     | area beyond the piles burned (low   |
|   | ti | hemlock     | plemen | to moderate severity) from fire     |
|   | on | scattered.  | tation | creeping outside of pile boundaries |
|   | C  | Some tree   | Ac     | (up to 50% of total treatment area  |
|   | la | limbing may | tivity | burned).                            |
|   | ss | be part of  | Compo  |                                     |
|   | 2  | treatment   | nent** | **High Treatment Intensity** -      |
|   | ** | in Wildland | for    | **Not likely** (at mid to upper     |
|   |    | Urban       | infor  | elevations) since piles are         |
|   |    | Interface.  | mation | normally covered & burned late in   |
|   |    | Stand may   | r      | the season before winter or early   |
|   |    | be single   | elated | spring. Scorch damage on more than  |
|   |    | or          | to     | 30% of the trees (primarily fire    |
|   |    | multi-aged  | thi    | sensitive species such as true      |
|   |    | depending   | nning. | firs, hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |    | on past     |        | species when younger) in the        |
|   |    | fire regime | See    | immediate vicinity of the burned    |
|   |    | intensity.  | **Mech | piles with limited immediate        |
|   |    | Most        | anical | mortality from 100% scorch          |
|   |    | smaller     | Tre    | depending on where and how large    |
|   |    | diameter,   | atment | piles are (less chance unless large |
|   |    | understory  | Ac     | and close). More than 30% of the    |
|   |    | true fir,   | tivity | area beyond the piles burned (low   |
|   |    | spruce and  | Type,  | to moderate severity) from fire     |
|   |    | hemlock     | Reh    | creeping outside of pile boundaries |
|   |    | trees have  | abilit | (up to 60% of total treatment area  |
|   |    | been cut    | ation, | burned).                            |
|   |    | and piled.  | r      |                                     |
|   |    | Remaining   | emoval |                                     |
|   |    | understory  | of     |                                     |
|   |    | trees are   | excess |                                     |
|   |    | scattered   | vege   |                                     |
|   |    | throughout  | tation |                                     |
|   |    | the         | and    |                                     |
|   |    | treatment   | slash  |                                     |
|   |    | area and    | Ac     |                                     |
|   |    | dominated   | tivity |                                     |
|   |    | by          | Compo  |                                     |
|   |    | tolerant,   | nent** |                                     |
|   |    | late seral  | for    |                                     |
|   |    | species.    | infor  |                                     |
|   |    | Other       | mation |                                     |
|   |    | understory  | r      |                                     |
|   |    | vegetation  | elated |                                     |
|   |    | includes    | to     |                                     |
|   |    | grasses,    | p      |                                     |
|   |    | forbs, and  | iling. |                                     |
|   |    | shrubs. Up  |        |                                     |
|   |    | to 15-20    |        |                                     |
|   |    | snags per   |        |                                     |
|   |    | acre        |        |                                     |
|   |    | present     |        |                                     |
|   |    | (depending  |        |                                     |
|   |    | on safety   |        |                                     |
|   |    | factors).   |        |                                     |
|   |    |             |        |                                     |
|   |    | Restoration |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce true |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir/spruce  |        |                                     |
|   |    | in favor of |        |                                     |
|   |    | western     |        |                                     |
|   |    | larch,      |        |                                     |
|   |    | Douglas     |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir,        |        |                                     |
|   |    | lodgepole   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine or     |        |                                     |
|   |    | ponderosa   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine.       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Wildland    |        |                                     |
|   |    | Urban       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Interface   |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce      |        |                                     |
|   |    | fuels in    |        |                                     |
|   |    | addition to |        |                                     |
|   |    | above.      |        |                                     |
+---+----+-------------+--------+-------------------------------------+
| # | [  | ##### **    | *      | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up to |
|   | ]{ | Condition C | *Thin, | 20% of remaining overstory trees    |
| * | #l | lass 2 --** | Bro    | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
| I | od |             | adcast | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
| I | ge | Stand has   | Burn** | and other species when younger)     |
| I | 2i | missed 1 or |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
| * | ii | more past   | See    | cambial heating, but relatively     |
|   | tb | fire        | **Mech | little scorch damage on other       |
|   | .  | disturbance | anical | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|   | an | cycles and  | Tre    | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|   | ch | is past     | atment | killed through cambial heating or   |
|   | or | maturity    | Ac     | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|   | }* | with        | tivity | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|   | *L | sha         | Type,  | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|   | od | de-tolerant | H      | if burned in spring. Up to 30% of   |
|   | ge | species     | arvest | snags and up to 40% of large downed |
|   | po | increasing. | Prescr | logs partially consumed or          |
|   | le | Stand has   | iption | consumed. Western larch, ponderosa  |
|   | P  | been        | /      | pine & Douglas fir less sensitive   |
|   | in | thinned to  | Im     | to fire than lodgepole pine, late   |
|   | e, | favor       | plemen | seral species are most sensitive &  |
|   | D  | Douglas     | tation | most likely to die. Lodgepole pine  |
|   | ou | fir,        | Ac     | regenerates easily after            |
|   | gl | western     | tivity | disturbance.                        |
|   | as | larch,      | Compo  |                                     |
|   | Fi | lodgepole   | nent** | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** -  |
|   | r, | pine, or    | for    | 20-40% of remaining overstory trees |
|   | Tr | western     | infor  | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   | ue | white pine  | mation | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   | Fi | with        | r      | and other species when younger)     |
|   | r, | minimal     | elated | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   | C  | true fir,   | to     | cambial heating with moderate       |
|   | on | spruce or   | thi    | scorch damage on most of remaining  |
|   | di | western     | nning. | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|   | ti | hemlock     |        | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|   | on | scattered.  |        | killed through cambial heating or   |
|   | C  | Some tree   |        | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|   | la | limbing may |        | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|   | ss | be part of  |        | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|   | 2  | treatment   |        | if burned in spring. Up to 40% of   |
|   | ** | in Wildland |        | snags and up to 60% of large downed |
|   |    | Urban       |        | logs partially consumed or          |
|   |    | Interface.  |        | consumed. Western larch, Douglas    |
|   |    | Stand may   |        | fir and ponderosa pine will be      |
|   |    | be single   |        | favored to survive where present.   |
|   |    | or          |        |                                     |
|   |    | multi-aged  |        | **High Treatment Intensity** -      |
|   |    | depending   |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory trees |
|   |    | on past     |        | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   |    | fire regime |        | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   |    | intensity.  |        | and other species when younger)     |
|   |    | Most small  |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   |    | diameter,   |        | cambial heating with moderate-high  |
|   |    | understory  |        | scorch damage on almost all         |
|   |    | true fir,   |        | remaining overstory trees.          |
|   |    | spruce and  |        | Remaining fire sensitive understory |
|   |    | hemlock     |        | trees likely killed through cambial |
|   |    | trees have  |        | heating or scorch. Other understory |
|   |    | been cut    |        | vegetation top-killed but           |
|   |    | and piled.  |        | resprouting evident within a few    |
|   |    | Remaining   |        | days to up to 3 weeks if burned in  |
|   |    | understory  |        | spring. Up to 60% of snags and up   |
|   |    | trees are   |        | to 80% of large downed logs         |
|   |    | scattered   |        | partially consumed or consumed.     |
|   |    | throughout  |        | Western larch, Douglas fir and      |
|   |    | the         |        | ponderosa pine will be favored to   |
|   |    | treatment   |        | survive where present.              |
|   |    | area and    |        |                                     |
|   |    | dominated   |        |                                     |
|   |    | by          |        |                                     |
|   |    | tolerant,   |        |                                     |
|   |    | late seral  |        |                                     |
|   |    | species.    |        |                                     |
|   |    | Other       |        |                                     |
|   |    | understory  |        |                                     |
|   |    | vegetation  |        |                                     |
|   |    | includes    |        |                                     |
|   |    | grasses,    |        |                                     |
|   |    | forbs, and  |        |                                     |
|   |    | shrubs. Up  |        |                                     |
|   |    | to 15-20    |        |                                     |
|   |    | snags per   |        |                                     |
|   |    | acre        |        |                                     |
|   |    | present     |        |                                     |
|   |    | (depending  |        |                                     |
|   |    | on safety   |        |                                     |
|   |    | factors).   |        |                                     |
|   |    |             |        |                                     |
|   |    | Restoration |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce true |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir/spruce  |        |                                     |
|   |    | in favor of |        |                                     |
|   |    | western     |        |                                     |
|   |    | larch,      |        |                                     |
|   |    | Douglas     |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir,        |        |                                     |
|   |    | lodgepole   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine or     |        |                                     |
|   |    | ponderosa   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine.       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Wildland    |        |                                     |
|   |    | Urban       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Interface   |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce      |        |                                     |
|   |    | fuels in    |        |                                     |
|   |    | addition to |        |                                     |
|   |    | above.      |        |                                     |
+---+----+-------------+--------+-------------------------------------+
| # | [  | ##### **    | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up to |
|   | ]{ | Condition C | adcast | 20% of remaining overstory trees    |
| * | #l | lass 2 --** | Burn** | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
| I | od |             |        | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
| I | ge | Stand has   |        | and other species when younger)     |
| I | 2i | missed 1 or |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
| * | ii | more past   |        | cambial heating, but relatively     |
|   | bb | fire        |        | little scorch damage on other       |
|   | .  | disturbance |        | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|   | an | cycles and  |        | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|   | ch | if last     |        | killed through cambial heating or   |
|   | or | fire was    |        | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|   | }* | stand       |        | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|   | *L | replacing,  |        | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|   | od | has         |        | if burned in spring or late         |
|   | ge | sha         |        | summer/early fall. Up to 30% of     |
|   | po | de-tolerant |        | snags and up to 40% of large downed |
|   | le | species     |        | logs partially consumed or          |
|   | P  | increasing. |        | consumed. Western larch, ponderosa  |
|   | in | Stand may   |        | pine & Douglas fir less sensitive   |
|   | e, | be single   |        | to fire than lodgepole pine, late   |
|   | D  | or          |        | seral species are most sensitive &  |
|   | ou | multi-aged  |        | most likely to die. Lodgepole pine  |
|   | gl | depending   |        | regenerates easily after            |
|   | as | on past     |        | disturbance.                        |
|   | Fi | fire regime |        |                                     |
|   | r, | intensity.  |        | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** -  |
|   | Tr | If past     |        | 20-40% of remaining overstory trees |
|   | ue | fire        |        | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   | Fi | severity    |        | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   | r, | was         |        | and other species when younger)     |
|   | C  | non-lethal, |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   | on | large       |        | cambial heating with moderate       |
|   | di | diameter    |        | scorch damage on most of remaining  |
|   | ti | Some tree   |        | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|   | on | limbing and |        | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|   | C  | understory  |        | killed through cambial heating or   |
|   | la | slashing    |        | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|   | ss | may be part |        | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|   | 2  | of          |        | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|   | ** | treatment   |        | if burned in spring or late         |
|   |    | in Wildland |        | summer/early fall. Up to 40% of     |
|   |    | Urban       |        | snags and up to 60% of large downed |
|   |    | Interface.  |        | logs partially consumed or          |
|   |    | Douglas     |        | consumed. Western larch, Douglas    |
|   |    | fir,        |        | fir and ponderosa pine will be      |
|   |    | western     |        | favored to survive where present.   |
|   |    | larch,      |        |                                     |
|   |    | lodgepole   |        | High Treatment Intensity - 30-50%   |
|   |    | pine, or    |        | of remaining overstory trees        |
|   |    | western     |        | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   |    | white pine  |        | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   |    | dominate    |        | and other species when younger)     |
|   |    | with true   |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   |    | fir, spruce |        | cambial heating with moderate-high  |
|   |    | or western  |        | scorch damage on almost all         |
|   |    | hemlock     |        | remaining overstory trees.          |
|   |    | scattered.  |        | Remaining fire sensitive understory |
|   |    | Many small  |        | trees likely killed through cambial |
|   |    | diameter,   |        | heating or scorch. Other understory |
|   |    | understory  |        | vegetation top-killed but           |
|   |    | true fir,   |        | resprouting evident within a few    |
|   |    | spruce and  |        | days to up to 3 weeks if burned in  |
|   |    | hemlock     |        | spring or late summer/early fall.   |
|   |    | trees are   |        | Up to 60% of snags and up to 80% of |
|   |    | scattered   |        | large downed logs partially         |
|   |    | throughout  |        | consumed or consumed. Western       |
|   |    | the         |        | larch, Douglas fir and ponderosa    |
|   |    | treatment   |        | pine will be favored to survive     |
|   |    | area and    |        | where present.                      |
|   |    | dominated   |        |                                     |
|   |    | by          |        |                                     |
|   |    | shad        |        |                                     |
|   |    | e-tolerant, |        |                                     |
|   |    | late seral  |        |                                     |
|   |    | species.    |        |                                     |
|   |    | Other       |        |                                     |
|   |    | understory  |        |                                     |
|   |    | vegetation  |        |                                     |
|   |    | includes    |        |                                     |
|   |    | grasses,    |        |                                     |
|   |    | forbs, and  |        |                                     |
|   |    | shrubs. Up  |        |                                     |
|   |    | to 20 snags |        |                                     |
|   |    | per acre    |        |                                     |
|   |    | present.    |        |                                     |
|   |    |             |        |                                     |
|   |    | Restoration |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce true |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir/spruce  |        |                                     |
|   |    | in favor of |        |                                     |
|   |    | western     |        |                                     |
|   |    | larch,      |        |                                     |
|   |    | Douglas     |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir,        |        |                                     |
|   |    | lodgepole   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine or     |        |                                     |
|   |    | ponderosa   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine.       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Wildland    |        |                                     |
|   |    | Urban       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Interface   |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce      |        |                                     |
|   |    | fuels in    |        |                                     |
|   |    | addition to |        |                                     |
|   |    | above.      |        |                                     |
+---+----+-------------+--------+-------------------------------------+
| # | [  | ####        | *      | **Common to all treatment           |
|   | ]{ | # Condition | *Thin, | intensities**: 95% of piles are     |
| * | #l |  Class 3 -- | M      | completely consumed. Up to 20% of   |
| I | od |  Stand has  | achine | the treatment area (area directly   |
| I | ge | missed many | pile,  | under the piles) will have severe   |
| I | 3i |  past fire  | burn   | soil heating up to several inches   |
| * | ii | disturbance | p      | into the soil profile. Western      |
|   | tm |  cycles and | iles** | larch, ponderosa pine & Douglas fir |
|   | .  |  may have c |        | less sensitive to fire than         |
|   | an | onverted to | M      | lodgepole pine, late seral species  |
|   | ch |  true firs, | achine | are most sensitive & most likely to |
|   | or |  western he | piling | die. Lodgepole pine regenerates     |
|   | }* | mlock and s | pre    | easily after disturbance.           |
|   | *L | hade-tolera | ferred |                                     |
|   | od | nt species  | on     | **Low Intensity** - Scorch damage   |
|   | ge | if last fir | slopes | on up to 20% of the trees           |
|   | po | e was stand | \<     | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   | le |  replacing. | 35-40% | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   | P  |  More late  | slope. | and other species when younger) in  |
|   | in | seral speci |        | the immediate vicinity of the       |
|   | e, | es without  | See    | burned piles. Up to 20% of area has |
|   | D  | disturbance | **Mech | been burned (low to moderate        |
|   | ou |  that are m | anical | severity) from fire creeping        |
|   | gl | ore sensiti | Tre    | outside the pile boundaries (total  |
|   | as | ve to fire. | atment | of 20% of treatment area burned).   |
|   | Fi |  Stand may  | Ac     | Most likely scenario at mid to      |
|   | r, | be single o | tivity | upper elevations.                   |
|   | Tr | r multi-age | Type,  |                                     |
|   | ue | d depending | H      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** -  |
|   | Fi |  on past fi | arvest | Scorch damage on 20-30% of the      |
|   | r, | re regime i | Prescr | trees (primarily fire sensitive     |
|   | C  | ntensity. S | iption | species such as true firs, hemlock, |
|   | on | tand has be | /      | spruce and other species when       |
|   | di | en thinned  | Im     | younger) in the immediate vicinity  |
|   | ti | to favor Do | plemen | of the burned piles. 20-30% of the  |
|   | on | uglas fir,  | tation | area beyond the piles burned (low   |
|   | C  | western lar | Ac     | to moderate severity) from fire     |
|   | la | ch, lodgepo | tivity | creeping outside of pile boundaries |
|   | ss | le pine, or | Compo  | (up to 50% of total treatment area  |
|   | 3  |  western wh | nent** | burned).                            |
|   | ** | ite pine wi | for    |                                     |
|   |    | th minimal  | infor  | **High Treatment Intensity** -      |
|   |    | true fir, s | mation | **Not likely** (at mid to upper     |
|   |    | pruce or we | r      | elevations) since piles are         |
|   |    | stern hemlo | elated | normally covered & burned late in   |
|   |    | ck scattere | to     | the season before winter or early   |
|   |    | d. Some tre | thi    | spring. Scorch damage on more than  |
|   |    | e limbing a | nning. | 30% of the trees (primarily fire    |
|   |    | nd understo |        | sensitive species such as true      |
|   |    | ry slashing | See    | firs, hemlock, spruce and other     |
|   |    |  may be par | **Mech | species when younger) in the        |
|   |    | t of treatm | anical | immediate vicinity of the burned    |
|   |    | ent in Wild | Tre    | piles with limited immediate        |
|   |    | land Urban  | atment | mortality from 100% scorch          |
|   |    | Interface.  | Ac     | depending on where and how large    |
|   |    | Pathogens,  | tivity | piles are (less chance unless large |
|   |    | insects and | Type,  | and close). More than 30% of the    |
|   |    |  possibly p | Reh    | area beyond the piles burned (low   |
|   |    | ast fires h | abilit | to moderate severity) from fire     |
|   |    | ave increas | ation, | creeping outside of pile boundaries |
|   |    | ed some dam | r      | (up to 60% of total treatment area  |
|   |    | age to tree | emoval | burned).                            |
|   |    | s and creat | of     |                                     |
|   |    | ed excessiv | excess |                                     |
|   |    | e fuels. Un | vege   |                                     |
|   |    | derstory tr | tation |                                     |
|   |    | ees are sca | and    |                                     |
|   |    | ttered thro | slash  |                                     |
|   |    | ughout the  | Ac     |                                     |
|   |    | treatment a | tivity |                                     |
|   |    | rea and are | Compo  |                                     |
|   |    |  dominated  | nent** |                                     |
|   |    | by true fir | for    |                                     |
|   |    | , spruce an | infor  |                                     |
|   |    | d western h | mation |                                     |
|   |    | emlock. Und | r      |                                     |
|   |    | erstory pla | elated |                                     |
|   |    | nts also in | to     |                                     |
|   |    | clude grass | p      |                                     |
|   |    | es, forbs,  | iling. |                                     |
|   |    | and shrubs. |        |                                     |
|   |    |  Over 20 sn |        |                                     |
|   |    | ags per acr |        |                                     |
|   |    | e present.  |        |                                     |
|   |    |             |        |                                     |
|   |    | Restoration |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce true |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir/spruce  |        |                                     |
|   |    | in favor of |        |                                     |
|   |    | western     |        |                                     |
|   |    | larch,      |        |                                     |
|   |    | Douglas     |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir,        |        |                                     |
|   |    | lodgepole   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine or     |        |                                     |
|   |    | ponderosa   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine.       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Wildland    |        |                                     |
|   |    | Urban       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Interface   |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce      |        |                                     |
|   |    | fuels in    |        |                                     |
|   |    | addition to |        |                                     |
|   |    | above.      |        |                                     |
+---+----+-------------+--------+-------------------------------------+
| * | [  | Condition   | *      | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up to |
| I | ]{ | Class 3 --  | *Thin, | 20% of remaining overstory trees    |
| I | #l | Stand has   | Bro    | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
| I | od | missed many | adcast | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
| * | ge | past fire   | Burn** | and other species when younger)     |
|   | 3i | disturbance |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   | ii | cycles and  | See    | cambial heating, but relatively     |
|   | tb | may have    | **Mech | little scorch damage on other       |
|   | .  | converted   | anical | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|   | an | to true     | Tre    | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|   | ch | firs,       | atment | killed through cambial heating or   |
|   | or | western     | Ac     | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|   | }* | hemlock and | tivity | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|   | *L | sha         | Type,  | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|   | od | de-tolerant | H      | if soil moisture and temperature    |
|   | ge | species if  | arvest | conditions are favorable for plant  |
|   | po | last fire   | Prescr | growth. Up to 30% of snags and up   |
|   | le | was stand   | iption | to 40% of large downed logs         |
|   | P  | replacing.  | /      | partially consumed or consumed.     |
|   | in | More late   | Im     | Western larch, ponderosa pine &     |
|   | e, | seral       | plemen | Douglas fir less sensitive to fire  |
|   | D  | species     | tation | than lodgepole pine, late seral     |
|   | ou | without     | Ac     | species are most sensitive & most   |
|   | gl | disturbance | tivity | likely to die. Lodgepole pine       |
|   | as | that are    | Compo  | regenerates easily after            |
|   | Fi | more        | nent** | disturbance.                        |
|   | r, | sensitive   | for    |                                     |
|   | Tr | to fire.    | infor  | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** -  |
|   | ue | Stand may   | mation | 20-40% of remaining overstory trees |
|   | Fi | be single   | r      | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   | r, | or          | elated | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   | C  | multi-aged  | to     | and other species when younger)     |
|   | on | depending   | thi    | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   | di | on past     | nning. | cambial heating with moderate       |
|   | ti | fire regime |        | scorch damage on most of remaining  |
|   | on | intensity.  |        | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|   | C  | Stand has   |        | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|   | la | been        |        | killed through cambial heating or   |
|   | ss | thinned to  |        | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|   | 3  | favor       |        | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|   | ** | Douglas     |        | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|   |    | fir,        |        | soil moisture and temperature       |
|   |    | western     |        | conditions are favorable for plant  |
|   |    | larch,      |        | growth. Up to 40% of snags and up   |
|   |    | lodgepole   |        | to 60% of large downed logs         |
|   |    | pine, or    |        | partially consumed or consumed.     |
|   |    | western     |        | Western larch, Douglas fir and      |
|   |    | white pine  |        | ponderosa pine will be favored to   |
|   |    | with        |        | survive where present.              |
|   |    | minimal     |        |                                     |
|   |    | true fir,   |        | **High Treatment Intensity** -      |
|   |    | spruce or   |        | 40-60% of remaining overstory trees |
|   |    | western     |        | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|   |    | hemlock     |        | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|   |    | scattered.  |        | and other species when younger)     |
|   |    | Some tree   |        | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|   |    | limbing and |        | cambial heating with moderate-high  |
|   |    | understory  |        | scorch damage on almost all         |
|   |    | slashing    |        | remaining overstory trees.          |
|   |    | may be part |        | Remaining fire sensitive understory |
|   |    | of          |        | trees likely killed through cambial |
|   |    | treatment   |        | heating or scorch. Other understory |
|   |    | in Wildland |        | vegetation top-killed but           |
|   |    | Urban       |        | resprouting evident within a few    |
|   |    | Interface.  |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil       |
|   |    | Pathogens,  |        | moisture and temperature conditions |
|   |    | insects and |        | are favorable for plant growth. Up  |
|   |    | possibly    |        | to 60%+ of snags and up to 80%+ of  |
|   |    | past fires  |        | large downed logs partially         |
|   |    | have        |        | consumed or consumed. Western       |
|   |    | increased   |        | larch, Douglas fir and ponderosa    |
|   |    | some damage |        | pine will be favored to survive     |
|   |    | to trees    |        | where present.                      |
|   |    | and created |        |                                     |
|   |    | excessive   |        |                                     |
|   |    | fuels.      |        |                                     |
|   |    | Understory  |        |                                     |
|   |    | trees are   |        |                                     |
|   |    | scattered   |        |                                     |
|   |    | throughout  |        |                                     |
|   |    | the         |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatment   |        |                                     |
|   |    | area and    |        |                                     |
|   |    | are         |        |                                     |
|   |    | dominated   |        |                                     |
|   |    | by true     |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir, spruce |        |                                     |
|   |    | and western |        |                                     |
|   |    | hemlock.    |        |                                     |
|   |    | Understory  |        |                                     |
|   |    | plants also |        |                                     |
|   |    | include     |        |                                     |
|   |    | grasses,    |        |                                     |
|   |    | forbs, and  |        |                                     |
|   |    | shrubs.     |        |                                     |
|   |    | Over 20     |        |                                     |
|   |    | snags per   |        |                                     |
|   |    | acre        |        |                                     |
|   |    | present.    |        |                                     |
|   |    |             |        |                                     |
|   |    | Restoration |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce true |        |                                     |
|   |    | fir/spruce  |        |                                     |
|   |    | in favor of |        |                                     |
|   |    | western     |        |                                     |
|   |    | larch,      |        |                                     |
|   |    | Douglas fir |        |                                     |
|   |    | or          |        |                                     |
|   |    | ponderosa   |        |                                     |
|   |    | pine.       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Wildland    |        |                                     |
|   |    | Urban       |        |                                     |
|   |    | Interface   |        |                                     |
|   |    | treatments  |        |                                     |
|   |    | would       |        |                                     |
|   |    | reduce      |        |                                     |
|   |    | fuels in    |        |                                     |
|   |    | addition to |        |                                     |
|   |    | above.      |        |                                     |
+---+----+-------------+--------+-------------------------------------+

+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| * |       |           | **WORK |                                   |
| * |       |           | ELE    |                                   |
| A |       |           | MENT** |                                   |
| C |       |           |        |                                   |
| T |       |           |        |                                   |
| I |       |           |        |                                   |
| V |       |           |        |                                   |
| I |       |           |        |                                   |
| T |       |           |        |                                   |
| Y |       |           |        |                                   |
| C |       |           |        |                                   |
| O |       |           |        |                                   |
| M |       |           |        |                                   |
| P |       |           |        |                                   |
| O |       |           |        |                                   |
| N |       |           |        |                                   |
| E |       |           |        |                                   |
| N |       |           |        |                                   |
| T |       |           |        |                                   |
| * |       |           |        |                                   |
| * |       |           |        |                                   |
+===+=======+===========+========+===================================+
| * | **Exi | **Pre-    | **Tre  | **Post-Treatment Vegetation       |
| * | sting | Treatment | atment | Description**                     |
| F | Veget | V         | Type** |                                   |
| i | ation | egetation |        |                                   |
| r | T     | Desc      |        |                                   |
| e | ype** | ription** |        |                                   |
| R |       |           |        |                                   |
| e |       |           |        |                                   |
| g |       |           |        |                                   |
| i |       |           |        |                                   |
| m |       |           |        |                                   |
| e |       |           |        |                                   |
| * |       |           |        |                                   |
| * |       |           |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#l | ##        | Thin,  | **Common to all treatment         |
| # | odge1 | ### **Con | M      | intensities**: 95% of piles are   |
|   | ivvtm | dition Cl | achine | completely consumed. Up to 20% of |
| I | .anc  | ass 1 -** | pile,  | the treatment area (area directly |
| V | hor}* |           | burn   | under the piles) will have severe |
|   | *Lodg | Stand has | piles  | soil heating up to several inches |
| & | epole | not       |        | into the soil profile. Western    |
|   | Pine, | missed    | M      | larch, ponderosa pine & Douglas   |
| V | Do    | any past  | achine | fir less sensitive to fire than   |
|   | uglas | fire      | piling | lodgepole pine, late seral        |
| L | Fir,  | di        | pre    | species are most sensitive to     |
| e | True  | sturbance | ferred | heating by fire and most likely   |
| t | Fir,  | cycles    | on     | to die. Lodgepole pine            |
| h | Cond  | but is    | slopes | regenerates easily after          |
| a | ition | nearing   | \<     | disturbance.                      |
| l | Class | or at     | 35-40% |                                   |
| , | 1**   | maturity. | slope. | **Low Treatment Intensity** -     |
| s |       | More      |        | Scorch damage on up to 20% of the |
| t | O     | seral     | See    | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
| a | ccurs | species   | **Mech | species such as true firs,        |
| n | in    | than      | anical | hemlock, spruce and other species |
| d | sou   | higher    | Tre    | when younger) in the immediate    |
| r | thern | condition | atment | vicinity of the burned piles. Up  |
| e | Utah  | classes   | Ac     | to 20% of area has been burned    |
| p | to    | large     | tivity | (low to moderate severity) from   |
| l | Ca    | pole to   | Type,  | fire creeping outside the pile    |
| a | nada, | mature    | H      | boundaries (total of 20% of       |
| c | Ro    | size      | arvest | treatment area burned). Most      |
| i | ckies | lodgepole | Prescr | likely scenario at mid to upper   |
| n | to    | pine      | iption | elevations.                       |
| g | crest | alone or  | /      |                                   |
| f | of    | mixed     | Im     | **Moderate Treatment              |
| i | Casc  | with      | plemen | Intensity** - Scorch damage on    |
| r | ades. | Douglas   | tation | 20-30% of the trees (primarily    |
| e | A     | fir,      | Ac     | fire sensitive species such as    |
| s | cross | western   | tivity | true firs, hemlock, spruce and    |
| a | 90%   | larch,    | Compo  | other species when younger) in    |
| t | of    | white     | nent** | the immediate vicinity of the     |
| i | foot  | pine,     | for    | burned piles. 20-30% of the area  |
| n | print | hardwoods | infor  | beyond the piles burned (low to   |
| t | of    | with      | mation | moderate severity) from fire      |
| e | this  | small     | r      | creeping outside of pile          |
| r | pro   | amounts   | elated | boundaries (up to 50% of total    |
| v | cess. | of        | to     | treatment area burned).           |
| a | Mid   | spruce,   | thi    |                                   |
| l | to    | western   | nning. | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
| s | h     | hemlock   |        | **Not likely** (at mid to upper   |
| o | igher | or true   | See    | elevations) since piles are       |
| f | e     | fir. All  | **Mech | normally covered & burned late in |
| 1 | levat | have been | anical | the season before winter or early |
| 0 | ions. | p         | Tre    | spring. Scorch damage on more     |
| 0 | H     | reviously | atment | than 30% of the trees (primarily  |
| o | igher | thinned   | Ac     | fire sensitive species such as    |
| r | moi   | to favor  | tivity | true firs, hemlock, spruce and    |
| 2 | sture | seral     | Type,  | other species when younger) in    |
| 0 | avai  | species.  | Reh    | the immediate vicinity of the     |
| 0 | lable | Some tree | abilit | burned piles with limited         |
| + | than  | limbing   | ation, | immediate mortality from 100%     |
| y | lower | and       | r      | scorch depending on where and how |
| e | pond  | u         | emoval | large piles are (less chance      |
| a | erosa | nderstory | of     | unless large and close). More     |
| r | pine  | slashing  | excess | than 30% of the area beyond the   |
| s | s     | may be    | vege   | piles burned (low to moderate     |
|   | ites. | part of   | tation | severity) from fire creeping      |
|   |       | treatment | and    | outside of pile boundaries (up to |
|   |       | in        | slash  | 60% of total treatment area       |
|   |       | Wildland  | Ac     | burned).                          |
|   |       | Urban     | tivity |                                   |
|   |       | I         | Compo  |                                   |
|   |       | nterface. | nent** |                                   |
|   |       | Small     | for    |                                   |
|   |       | amount of | infor  |                                   |
|   |       | u         | mation |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory | r      |                                   |
|   |       | conifers  | elated |                                   |
|   |       | scattered | to     |                                   |
|   |       | t         | p      |                                   |
|   |       | hroughout | iling. |                                   |
|   |       | unit.     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Other     |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | v         |        |                                   |
|   |       | egetation |        |                                   |
|   |       | includes  |        |                                   |
|   |       | grasses,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | forbs,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | shrubs.   |        |                                   |
|   |       | Snags are |        |                                   |
|   |       | low in    |        |                                   |
|   |       | number -  |        |                                   |
|   |       | up to 5   |        |                                   |
|   |       | snags per |        |                                   |
|   |       | acre      |        |                                   |
|   |       | present.  |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
|   |       |           |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| # | *     | ##        | *      | **Common to all treatment         |
| # | *Lodg | ### **Con | *Thin, | intensities**: 95% of piles are   |
|   | epole | dition Cl | M      | completely consumed. Up to 20% of |
| I | Pine, | ass 1 -** | achine | the treatment area (area directly |
| V | Do    |           | pile,  | under the piles) will have severe |
|   | uglas | Stand has | burn   | soil heating up to several inches |
| & | Fir,  | not       | p      | into the soil profile. Western    |
|   | True  | missed    | iles** | larch, ponderosa pine & Douglas   |
| V | Fir,  | any past  |        | fir less sensitive to fire than   |
|   | Cond  | fire      | M      | lodgepole pine, late seral        |
| L | ition | di        | achine | species are most sensitive to     |
| e | Class | sturbance | piling | heating by fire and most likely   |
| t | 1**   | cycles    | pre    | to die. Lodgepole pine            |
| h |       | but is    | ferred | regenerates easily after          |
| a | O     | nearing   | on     | disturbance.                      |
| l | ccurs | or at     | slopes |                                   |
| , | in    | maturity. | \<     | **Low Treatment Intensity** -     |
| s | sou   | More      | 35-40% | Scorch damage on up to 20% of the |
| t | thern | seral     | slope  | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
| a | Utah  | species   |        | species such as true firs,        |
| n | to    | than      | See    | hemlock, spruce and other species |
| d | Ca    | higher    | **Mech | when younger) in the immediate    |
| r | nada, | condition | anical | vicinity of the burned piles. Up  |
| e | Ro    | classes   | Tre    | to 20% of area has been burned    |
| p | ckies | large     | atment | (low to moderate severity) from   |
| l | to    | pole to   | Ac     | fire creeping outside the pile    |
| a | crest | mature    | tivity | boundaries (total of 20% of       |
| c | of    | size      | Type,  | treatment area burned). Most      |
| i | Casc  | lodgepole | H      | likely scenario at mid to upper   |
| n | ades. | pine      | arvest | elevations.                       |
| g | A     | alone or  | Prescr |                                   |
| f | cross | mixed     | iption | **Moderate Treatment              |
| i | 90%   | with      | /      | Intensity** - Scorch damage on    |
| r | of    | Douglas   | Im     | 20-30% of the trees (primarily    |
| e | foot  | fir,      | plemen | fire sensitive species such as    |
| s | print | western   | tation | true firs, hemlock, spruce and    |
| a | of    | larch,    | Ac     | other species when younger) in    |
| t | this  | white     | tivity | the immediate vicinity of the     |
| i | pro   | pine,     | Compo  | burned piles. 20-30% of the area  |
| n | cess. | hardwoods | nent** | beyond the piles burned (low to   |
| t | Mid   | with      | for    | moderate severity) from fire      |
| e | to    | small     | infor  | creeping outside of pile          |
| r | h     | amounts   | mation | boundaries (up to 50% of total    |
| v | igher | of        | r      | treatment area burned).           |
| a | e     | spruce,   | elated |                                   |
| l | levat | western   | to     | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
| s | ions. | hemlock   | thi    | **Not likely** (at mid to upper   |
| o | H     | or true   | nning. | elevations) since piles are       |
| f | igher | fir. All  |        | normally covered & burned late in |
| 1 | moi   | have been | See    | the season before winter or early |
| 0 | sture | p         | **Mech | spring. Scorch damage on more     |
| 0 | avai  | reviously | anical | than 30% of the trees (primarily  |
| o | lable | thinned   | Tre    | fire sensitive species such as    |
| r | than  | to favor  | atment | true firs, hemlock, spruce and    |
| 2 | lower | seral     | Ac     | other species when younger) in    |
| 0 | pond  | species.  | tivity | the immediate vicinity of the     |
| 0 | erosa | Some tree | Type,  | burned piles with limited         |
| + | pine  | limbing   | Reh    | immediate mortality from 100%     |
| y | s     | and       | abilit | scorch depending on where and how |
| e | ites. | u         | ation, | large piles are (less chance      |
| a |       | nderstory | r      | unless large and close). More     |
| r |       | slashing  | emoval | than 30% of the area beyond the   |
| s |       | may be    | of     | piles burned (low to moderate     |
|   |       | part of   | excess | severity) from fire creeping      |
|   |       | treatment | vege   | outside of pile boundaries (up to |
|   |       | in        | tation | 60% of total treatment area       |
|   |       | Wildland  | and    | burned).                          |
|   |       | Urban     | slash  |                                   |
|   |       | I         | Ac     |                                   |
|   |       | nterface. | tivity |                                   |
|   |       | Small     | Compo  |                                   |
|   |       | amount of | nent** |                                   |
|   |       | u         | for    |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory | infor  |                                   |
|   |       | conifers  | mation |                                   |
|   |       | scattered | r      |                                   |
|   |       | t         | elated |                                   |
|   |       | hroughout | to     |                                   |
|   |       | unit.     | p      |                                   |
|   |       | Other     | iling. |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | v         |        |                                   |
|   |       | egetation |        |                                   |
|   |       | includes  |        |                                   |
|   |       | grasses,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | forbs,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | shrubs.   |        |                                   |
|   |       | Snags are |        |                                   |
|   |       | low in    |        |                                   |
|   |       | number -  |        |                                   |
|   |       | up to 5   |        |                                   |
|   |       | snags per |        |                                   |
|   |       | acre      |        |                                   |
|   |       | present.  |        |                                   |
|   |       |           |        |                                   |
|   |       | Re        |        |                                   |
|   |       | storation |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | true      |        |                                   |
|   |       | f         |        |                                   |
|   |       | ir/spruce |        |                                   |
|   |       | in favor  |        |                                   |
|   |       | of        |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | larch,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | Douglas   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | lodgepole |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine or   |        |                                   |
|   |       | ponderosa |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine.     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Wildland  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Urban     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Interface |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels in  |        |                                   |
|   |       | addition  |        |                                   |
|   |       | to above. |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#l | ###       | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up  |
|   | odge1 | ## **Cond | adcast | to 10% of remaining overstory     |
| * | ivvbb | ition Cla | Burn** | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
| I | .anc  | ss 1 --** |        | species such as true firs,        |
| I | hor}* |           |        | hemlock, spruce and other species |
| I | *Lodg | Stand has |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
| * | epole | not       |        | scorch damage or cambial heating, |
|   | Pine, | missed    |        | but relatively little scorch      |
|   | Do    | any past  |        | damage on other overstory trees.  |
|   | uglas | fire      |        | Remaining fire sensitive          |
|   | Fir,  | di        |        | understory trees likely killed    |
|   | True  | sturbance |        | through cambial heating or        |
|   | Fir,  | cycles    |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   | Cond  | but is    |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   | ition | nearing   |        | resprouting evident within a few  |
|   | Class | or at     |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   | 1**   | maturity. |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | More      |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | seral     |        | plant growth. Up to 20% of snags  |
|   |       | species   |        | and up to 30% of large downed     |
|   |       | than      |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | higher    |        | up. Most likely scenario at mid   |
|   |       | condition |        | to upper elevations. Western      |
|   |       | classes   |        | larch, ponderosa pine & Douglas   |
|   |       | Large     |        | fir less sensitive to fire than   |
|   |       | pole to   |        | lodgepole pine, climax species    |
|   |       | mature    |        | are most sensitive & most likely  |
|   |       | size      |        | to die. Lodgepole pine            |
|   |       | lodgepole |        | regenerates easily after          |
|   |       | pine      |        | disturbance.                      |
|   |       | alone or  |        |                                   |
|   |       | mixed     |        | **Moderate Treatment              |
|   |       | with      |        | Intensity** - 10-30% of remaining |
|   |       | Douglas   |        | overstory trees (primarily fire   |
|   |       | fir,      |        | sensitive species such as true    |
|   |       | western   |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and other   |
|   |       | larch,    |        | species when younger) killed by   |
|   |       | white     |        | crown scorch damage or cambial    |
|   |       | pine,     |        | heating with moderate scorch      |
|   |       | hardwoods |        | damage on most of remaining       |
|   |       | with      |        | overstory trees. Remaining fire   |
|   |       | smaller   |        | sensitive understory trees likely |
|   |       | amounts   |        | killed through cambial heating or |
|   |       | of        |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | spruce,   |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | western   |        | resprouting evident within a few  |
|   |       | hemlock   |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | or true   |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | fir. Some |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | tree      |        | plant growth. Up to 30% of snags  |
|   |       | limbing   |        | and up to 50% of large downed     |
|   |       | and       |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | u         |        | up.                               |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | slashing  |        | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
|   |       | may be    |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory     |
|   |       | part of   |        | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
|   |       | treatment |        | species such as true firs,        |
|   |       | in        |        | hemlock, spruce and other species |
|   |       | Wildland  |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
|   |       | Urban     |        | scorch damage or cambial heating  |
|   |       | I         |        | with moderate-high scorch damage  |
|   |       | nterface. |        | on almost all remaining overstory |
|   |       | Small     |        | trees. Remaining fire sensitive   |
|   |       | amount of |        | understory trees likely killed    |
|   |       | u         |        | through cambial heating or        |
|   |       | nderstory |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | conifers  |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | scattered |        | resprouting evident within a few  |
|   |       | t         |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | hroughout |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | unit.     |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | Other     |        | plant growth. Up to 50% of snags  |
|   |       | u         |        | and up to 70% of large downed     |
|   |       | nderstory |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | v         |        | up.                               |
|   |       | egetation |        |                                   |
|   |       | includes  |        |                                   |
|   |       | grasses,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | forbs,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | shrubs.   |        |                                   |
|   |       | Snags are |        |                                   |
|   |       | low in    |        |                                   |
|   |       | number -  |        |                                   |
|   |       | up to 5   |        |                                   |
|   |       | snags per |        |                                   |
|   |       | acre      |        |                                   |
|   |       | present.  |        |                                   |
|   |       |           |        |                                   |
|   |       | Re        |        |                                   |
|   |       | storation |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | true      |        |                                   |
|   |       | f         |        |                                   |
|   |       | ir/spruce |        |                                   |
|   |       | in favor  |        |                                   |
|   |       | of        |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | larch,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | Douglas   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | lodgepole |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine or   |        |                                   |
|   |       | ponderosa |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine.     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Wildland  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Urban     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Interface |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels in  |        |                                   |
|   |       | addition  |        |                                   |
|   |       | to above. |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| * | []{#l | ###       | *      | **All Treatment Intensities:**    |
| I | odge2 | ## **Cond | *Thin, | 95% of piles are completely       |
| V | ivvtm | ition Cla | M      | consumed. Up to 20% of the        |
| & | .anc  | ss 2 --** | achine | treatment area (area directly     |
| V | hor}* |           | pile,  | under the piles) will have severe |
| * | *Lodg | Stand has | burn   | soil heating up to several inches |
|   | epole | missed 1  | p      | into the soil profile. Western    |
|   | Pine, | or more   | iles** | larch, ponderosa pine & Douglas   |
|   | Do    | past fire |        | fir less sensitive to fire than   |
|   | uglas | di        | M      | lodgepole pine, climax species    |
|   | Fir,  | sturbance | achine | are most sensitive & most likely  |
|   | True  | cycles    | piling | to die. Lodgepole pine            |
|   | Fir,  | and is    | pre    | regenerates easily after          |
|   | Cond  | past      | ferred | disturbance.                      |
|   | ition | maturity  | on     |                                   |
|   | Class | with      | slopes | **Low Treatment Intensity** -     |
|   | 2**   | shade     | \<     | Scorch damage on 20% of the trees |
|   |       | -tolerant | 35-40% | (primarily fire sensitive species |
|   |       | species   | slope. | such as true firs, hemlock,       |
|   |       | in        |        | spruce and other species when     |
|   |       | creasing. | See    | younger) in the immediate         |
|   |       | Large     | **Mech | vicinity of the burned piles. Up  |
|   |       | diameter, | anical | to 20% of area has been burned    |
|   |       | ov        | Tre    | (low to moderate severity) from   |
|   |       | er-mature | atment | fire creeping outside the pile    |
|   |       | lodgepole | Ac     | boundaries (total of 20% of       |
|   |       | pine      | tivity | treatment area burned.            |
|   |       | mixed     | Type,  |                                   |
|   |       | with      | H      | **Moderate Treatment              |
|   |       | Douglas   | arvest | Intensity** - Scorch damage on    |
|   |       | fir,      | Prescr | 20-30% of the trees (primarily    |
|   |       | western   | iption | fire sensitive species such as    |
|   |       | larch,    | /      | true firs, hemlock, spruce and    |
|   |       | white     | Im     | other species when younger) in    |
|   |       | pine,     | plemen | the immediate vicinity of the     |
|   |       | with      | tation | burned piles. 20-30% of the area  |
|   |       | smaller   | Ac     | beyond the piles burned (low to   |
|   |       | amounts   | tivity | moderate severity) from fire      |
|   |       | of        | Compo  | creeping outside of pile          |
|   |       | spruce,   | nent** | boundaries (up to 50% of total    |
|   |       | western   | for    | treatment area burned).           |
|   |       | hemlock   | infor  |                                   |
|   |       | or true   | mation | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
|   |       | fir all   | r      | Not likely (at mid to upper       |
|   |       | of which  | elated | elevations) since piles are       |
|   |       | have been | to     | normally covered & burned late in |
|   |       | thinned   | thi    | the season before winter or early |
|   |       | to favor  | nning. | spring. Scorch damage on more     |
|   |       | seral     |        | than 30% of the trees (primarily  |
|   |       | species.  | See    | fire sensitive species such as    |
|   |       | Some tree | **Mech | true firs, hemlock, spruce and    |
|   |       | limbing   | anical | other species when younger) in    |
|   |       | may be    | Tre    | the immediate vicinity of the     |
|   |       | part of   | atment | burned piles with limited         |
|   |       | treatment | Ac     | immediate mortality from 100%     |
|   |       | in        | tivity | scorch depending on where and how |
|   |       | Wildland  | Type,  | large piles are (less chance      |
|   |       | Urban     | Reh    | unless large and close). More     |
|   |       | I         | abilit | than 30% of the area beyond the   |
|   |       | nterface. | ation, | piles burned (low to moderate     |
|   |       | Smaller   | r      | severity) from fire creeping      |
|   |       | diameter, | emoval | outside of pile boundaries (up to |
|   |       | u         | of     | 60% of total treatment area       |
|   |       | nderstory | excess | burned).                          |
|   |       | true fir, | vege   |                                   |
|   |       | spruce    | tation |                                   |
|   |       | and       | and    |                                   |
|   |       | hemlock   | slash  |                                   |
|   |       | trees     | Ac     |                                   |
|   |       | have been | tivity |                                   |
|   |       | cut and   | Compo  |                                   |
|   |       | piled.    | nent** |                                   |
|   |       | Remaining | for    |                                   |
|   |       | u         | infor  |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory | mation |                                   |
|   |       | trees are | r      |                                   |
|   |       | scattered | elated |                                   |
|   |       | t         | to     |                                   |
|   |       | hroughout | p      |                                   |
|   |       | the       | iling. |                                   |
|   |       | treatment |        |                                   |
|   |       | area and  |        |                                   |
|   |       | dominated |        |                                   |
|   |       | by        |        |                                   |
|   |       | shade-    |        |                                   |
|   |       | tolerant, |        |                                   |
|   |       | late      |        |                                   |
|   |       | serial    |        |                                   |
|   |       | species.  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Other     |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | v         |        |                                   |
|   |       | egetation |        |                                   |
|   |       | includes  |        |                                   |
|   |       | grasses,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | forbs,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | shrubs.   |        |                                   |
|   |       | Up to     |        |                                   |
|   |       | 15-20     |        |                                   |
|   |       | snags per |        |                                   |
|   |       | acre      |        |                                   |
|   |       | present   |        |                                   |
|   |       | (         |        |                                   |
|   |       | depending |        |                                   |
|   |       | on safety |        |                                   |
|   |       | factors). |        |                                   |
|   |       |           |        |                                   |
|   |       | Re        |        |                                   |
|   |       | storation |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | true      |        |                                   |
|   |       | f         |        |                                   |
|   |       | ir/spruce |        |                                   |
|   |       | in favor  |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | larch,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | Douglas   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | lodgepole |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine or   |        |                                   |
|   |       | ponderosa |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine.     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Wildland  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Urban     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Interface |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels in  |        |                                   |
|   |       | addition  |        |                                   |
|   |       | to above. |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#l | ###       | *      | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up  |
|   | odge2 | ## **Cond | *Thin, | to 20% of remaining overstory     |
| * | ivvtb | ition Cla | Bro    | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
| I | .anc  | ss 2 --** | adcast | species such as true firs,        |
| V | hor}* |           | Burn** | hemlock, spruce and other species |
|   | *Lodg | Stand has |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
| & | epole | missed 1  | See    | scorch damage or cambial heating, |
|   | Pine, | or more   | **Mech | but relatively little scorch      |
| V | Do    | past fire | anical | damage on other overstory trees.  |
| * | uglas | di        | Tre    | Remaining fire sensitive          |
|   | Fir,  | sturbance | atment | understory trees likely killed    |
|   | True  | cycles    | Ac     | through cambial heating or        |
|   | Fir,  | and is    | tivity | scorch. Other understory          |
|   | Cond  | past      | Type,  | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   | ition | maturity  | H      | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   | Class | with      | arvest | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   | 2**   | shade     | Prescr | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | -tolerant | iption | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | species   | /      | plant growth. Up to 30% of snags  |
|   |       | in        | Im     | and up to 40% of large downed     |
|   |       | creasing. | plemen | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | Large     | tation | up. Western larch, ponderosa pine |
|   |       | diameter, | Ac     | & Douglas fir less sensitive to   |
|   |       | over-     | tivity | fire than lodgepole pine, late    |
|   |       | mature    | Compo  | seral species are most sensitive  |
|   |       | lodgepole | nent** | & most likely to die. Lodgepole   |
|   |       | pine      | for    | pine regenerates easily after     |
|   |       | mixed     | infor  | disturbance.                      |
|   |       | with      | mation |                                   |
|   |       | Douglas   | r      | **Moderate Treatment              |
|   |       | fir,      | elated | Intensity** - 20-40% of remaining |
|   |       | western   | to     | overstory trees (primarily fire   |
|   |       | larch,    | thi    | sensitive species such as true    |
|   |       | white     | nning. | firs, hemlock, spruce and other   |
|   |       | pine,     |        | species when younger) killed by   |
|   |       | with      |        | crown scorch damage or cambial    |
|   |       | smaller   |        | heating with moderate scorch      |
|   |       | amounts   |        | damage on most of remaining       |
|   |       | of        |        | overstory trees. Remaining fire   |
|   |       | spruce,   |        | sensitive understory trees likely |
|   |       | western   |        | killed through cambial heating or |
|   |       | hemlock   |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | or true   |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | fir all   |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   |       | of which  |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | have been |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | thinned   |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | to favor  |        | plant growth. Up to 40% of snags  |
|   |       | seral     |        | and up to 60% of large downed     |
|   |       | species.  |        | logs may be partially or totally  |
|   |       | Some tree |        | consumed.                         |
|   |       | limbing   |        |                                   |
|   |       | may be    |        | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
|   |       | part of   |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory     |
|   |       | treatment |        | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
|   |       | in        |        | species such as true firs,        |
|   |       | Wildland  |        | hemlock, spruce and other species |
|   |       | Urban     |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
|   |       | I         |        | scorch damage or cambial heating  |
|   |       | nterface. |        | with moderate-high scorch damage  |
|   |       | Most      |        | on almost all remaining overstory |
|   |       | small     |        | trees. Remaining fire sensitive   |
|   |       | diameter, |        | understory trees likely killed    |
|   |       | u         |        | through cambial heating or        |
|   |       | nderstory |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | true fir, |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | spruce    |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   |       | and       |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | hemlock   |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | trees     |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | have been |        | plant growth. Up to 60% of snags  |
|   |       | cut and   |        | and up to 80% of large downed     |
|   |       | piled.    |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | Remaining |        | up.                               |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | trees are |        |                                   |
|   |       | scattered |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | hroughout |        |                                   |
|   |       | the       |        |                                   |
|   |       | treatment |        |                                   |
|   |       | area and  |        |                                   |
|   |       | dominated |        |                                   |
|   |       | by        |        |                                   |
|   |       | tolerant, |        |                                   |
|   |       | late      |        |                                   |
|   |       | seral     |        |                                   |
|   |       | species.  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Other     |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | v         |        |                                   |
|   |       | egetation |        |                                   |
|   |       | includes  |        |                                   |
|   |       | grasses,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | forbs,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | shrubs.   |        |                                   |
|   |       | Up to     |        |                                   |
|   |       | 15-20     |        |                                   |
|   |       | snags per |        |                                   |
|   |       | acre      |        |                                   |
|   |       | present   |        |                                   |
|   |       | (         |        |                                   |
|   |       | depending |        |                                   |
|   |       | on safety |        |                                   |
|   |       | factors). |        |                                   |
|   |       |           |        |                                   |
|   |       | Re        |        |                                   |
|   |       | storation |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | true      |        |                                   |
|   |       | f         |        |                                   |
|   |       | ir/spruce |        |                                   |
|   |       | in favor  |        |                                   |
|   |       | of        |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | larch,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | Douglas   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | lodgepole |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine or   |        |                                   |
|   |       | ponderosa |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine.     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Wildland  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Urban     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Interface |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels in  |        |                                   |
|   |       | addition  |        |                                   |
|   |       | to above. |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| * | []{#l | ###       | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up  |
| I | odge2 | ## **Cond | adcast | to 20% of remaining overstory     |
| V | ivvbb | ition Cla | Burn** | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
| & | .anc  | ss 2 --** |        | species such as true firs,        |
| V | hor}* |           |        | hemlock, spruce and other species |
| * | *Lodg | Stand has |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
|   | epole | missed 1  |        | scorch damage or cambial heating, |
|   | Pine, | or more   |        | but relatively little scorch      |
|   | Do    | past fire |        | damage on other overstory trees.  |
|   | uglas | di        |        | Remaining fire sensitive          |
|   | Fir,  | sturbance |        | understory trees likely killed    |
|   | True  | cycles    |        | through cambial heating or        |
|   | Fir,  | and is    |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   | Cond  | past      |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   | ition | maturity  |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   | Class | with      |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   | 2**   | shade     |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | -tolerant |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | species   |        | plant growth. Up to 30% of snags  |
|   |       | in        |        | and up to 40% of large downed     |
|   |       | creasing. |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | Large     |        | up. Western larch, ponderosa pine |
|   |       | diameter, |        | & Douglas fir less sensitive to   |
|   |       | over-     |        | fire than lodgepole pine, climax  |
|   |       | mature    |        | species are most sensitive & most |
|   |       | lodgepole |        | likely to die. Lodgepole pine     |
|   |       | pine      |        | regenerates easily after          |
|   |       | mixed     |        | disturbance.                      |
|   |       | with      |        |                                   |
|   |       | Douglas   |        | **Moderate Treatment              |
|   |       | fir,      |        | Intensity** - 20-40% of remaining |
|   |       | western   |        | overstory trees (primarily fire   |
|   |       | larch,    |        | sensitive species such as true    |
|   |       | white     |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and other   |
|   |       | pine,     |        | species when younger) killed by   |
|   |       | with      |        | crown scorch damage or cambial    |
|   |       | smaller   |        | heating with moderate scorch      |
|   |       | amounts   |        | damage on most of remaining       |
|   |       | of        |        | overstory trees. Remaining fire   |
|   |       | spruce,   |        | sensitive understory trees likely |
|   |       | western   |        | killed through cambial heating or |
|   |       | hemlock   |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | or true   |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | fir Some  |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   |       | tree      |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | limbing   |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | and       |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | u         |        | plant growth. Up to 40% of snags  |
|   |       | nderstory |        | and up to 60% of large downed     |
|   |       | slashing  |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | may be    |        | up.                               |
|   |       | part of   |        |                                   |
|   |       | treatment |        | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
|   |       | in        |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory     |
|   |       | Wildland  |        | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
|   |       | Urban     |        | species such as true firs,        |
|   |       | I         |        | hemlock, spruce and other species |
|   |       | nterface. |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
|   |       | Many      |        | scorch damage or cambial heating  |
|   |       | small     |        | with moderate-high scorch damage  |
|   |       | diameter, |        | on almost all remaining overstory |
|   |       | u         |        | trees. Remaining fire sensitive   |
|   |       | nderstory |        | understory trees likely killed    |
|   |       | true fir, |        | through cambial heating or        |
|   |       | spruce    |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | and       |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | hemlock   |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   |       | trees are |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | scattered |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | t         |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | hroughout |        | plant growth. Up to 60% of snags  |
|   |       | the       |        | and up to 80% of large downed     |
|   |       | treatment |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | area and  |        | up.                               |
|   |       | dominated |        |                                   |
|   |       | by        |        |                                   |
|   |       | shade-    |        |                                   |
|   |       | tolerant, |        |                                   |
|   |       | climax    |        |                                   |
|   |       | species.  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Other     |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | v         |        |                                   |
|   |       | egetation |        |                                   |
|   |       | includes  |        |                                   |
|   |       | grasses,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | forbs,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | shrubs.   |        |                                   |
|   |       | Up to 20  |        |                                   |
|   |       | snags per |        |                                   |
|   |       | acre      |        |                                   |
|   |       | present.  |        |                                   |
|   |       |           |        |                                   |
|   |       | Re        |        |                                   |
|   |       | storation |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | true      |        |                                   |
|   |       | f         |        |                                   |
|   |       | ir/spruce |        |                                   |
|   |       | in favor  |        |                                   |
|   |       | of        |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | larch,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | Douglas   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | lodgepole |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine or   |        |                                   |
|   |       | ponderosa |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine.     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Wildland  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Urban     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Interface |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels in  |        |                                   |
|   |       | addition  |        |                                   |
|   |       | to above. |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#l | ####      | *      | **Common to all treatment         |
|   | odge3 | # **Condi | *Thin, | intensities**: 95% of piles are   |
| * | ivvtm | tion Clas | M      | completely consumed. Up to 20% of |
| I | .anc  | s 3 --**  | achine | the treatment area (area directly |
| V | hor}* |           | pile,  | under the piles) will have severe |
|   | *Lodg | Stand has | burn   | soil heating up to several inches |
| & | epole | missed    | p      | into the soil profile.            |
|   | Pine, | many past | iles** |                                   |
| V | Do    | fire      |        | **Low Treatment Intensity** -     |
| * | uglas | di        | M      | Scorch damage on up to 20% of the |
|   | Fir,  | sturbance | achine | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
|   | True  | cycles    | piling | species such as true firs,        |
|   | Fir,  | and has   | pre    | hemlock, spruce and other species |
|   | Cond  | converted | ferred | when younger) in the immediate    |
|   | ition | to true   | on     | vicinity of the burned piles. Up  |
|   | Class | firs,     | slopes | to 20% of area has been burned    |
|   | 3**   | western   | \<     | (low to moderate severity) from   |
|   |       | hemlock,  | 35-40% | fire creeping outside the pile    |
|   |       | and       | slope. | boundaries (total of 20% of       |
|   |       | shade     |        | treatment area burned). Most      |
|   |       | -tolerant | See    | likely scenario at mid to upper   |
|   |       | species.  | **Mech | elevations.                       |
|   |       | More late | anical |                                   |
|   |       | seral     | Tre    | **Moderate Treatment              |
|   |       | species   | atment | Intensity** - Scorch damage on    |
|   |       | present   | Ac     | 20-30% of the trees (primarily    |
|   |       | without   | tivity | fire sensitive species such as    |
|   |       | di        | Type,  | true firs, hemlock, spruce and    |
|   |       | sturbance | H      | other species when younger) in    |
|   |       | that are  | arvest | the immediate vicinity of the     |
|   |       | more      | Prescr | burned piles. 20-30% of the area  |
|   |       | sensitive | iption | beyond the piles burned (low to   |
|   |       | to fire.  | /      | moderate severity) from fire      |
|   |       | Large     | Im     | creeping outside of pile          |
|   |       | diameter  | plemen | boundaries (up to 50% of total    |
|   |       | true fir, | tation | treatment area burned).           |
|   |       | spruce or | Ac     |                                   |
|   |       | western   | tivity | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
|   |       | hemlock   | Compo  | **Not likely** (at mid to upper   |
|   |       | dominates | nent** | elevations) since piles are       |
|   |       | with      | for    | normally covered & burned late in |
|   |       | remnant   | infor  | the season before winter or early |
|   |       | Douglas   | mation | spring. Scorch damage on more     |
|   |       | fir,      | r      | than 30% of the trees (primarily  |
|   |       | western   | elated | fire sensitive species such as    |
|   |       | larch,    | to     | true firs, hemlock, spruce and    |
|   |       | lodgepole | thi    | other species when younger) in    |
|   |       | pine, or  | nning. | the immediate vicinity of the     |
|   |       | western   |        | burned piles with limited         |
|   |       | white     | See    | immediate mortality from 100%     |
|   |       | pine      | **Mech | scorch depending on where and how |
|   |       | s         | anical | large piles are (less chance      |
|   |       | cattered. | Tre    | unless large and close). More     |
|   |       | Stand has | atment | than 30% of the area beyond the   |
|   |       | been      | Ac     | piles burned (low to moderate     |
|   |       | thinned   | tivity | severity) from fire creeping      |
|   |       | to favor  | Type,  | outside of pile boundaries (up to |
|   |       | seral     | Reh    | 60% of total treatment area       |
|   |       | species.  | abilit | burned).                          |
|   |       | Some tree | ation, |                                   |
|   |       | limbing   | r      |                                   |
|   |       | may be    | emoval |                                   |
|   |       | part of   | of     |                                   |
|   |       | treatment | excess |                                   |
|   |       | in        | vege   |                                   |
|   |       | Wildland  | tation |                                   |
|   |       | Urban     | and    |                                   |
|   |       | I         | slash  |                                   |
|   |       | nterface. | Ac     |                                   |
|   |       | Pathogens | tivity |                                   |
|   |       | and       | Compo  |                                   |
|   |       | insects   | nent** |                                   |
|   |       | have      | for    |                                   |
|   |       | increased | infor  |                                   |
|   |       | damage to | mation |                                   |
|   |       | trees and | r      |                                   |
|   |       | have      | elated |                                   |
|   |       | created   | to     |                                   |
|   |       | excessive | p      |                                   |
|   |       | fuels and | iling. |                                   |
|   |       | many      |        |                                   |
|   |       | piles.    |        |                                   |
|   |       | Many      |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | trees     |        |                                   |
|   |       | have been |        |                                   |
|   |       | cut and   |        |                                   |
|   |       | piled     |        |                                   |
|   |       | with      |        |                                   |
|   |       | remaining |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | trees     |        |                                   |
|   |       | scattered |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | hroughout |        |                                   |
|   |       | the       |        |                                   |
|   |       | treatment |        |                                   |
|   |       | area and  |        |                                   |
|   |       | dominated |        |                                   |
|   |       | by true   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | spruce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | hemlock.  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Other     |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | v         |        |                                   |
|   |       | egetation |        |                                   |
|   |       | includes  |        |                                   |
|   |       | grasses,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | forbs,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | shrubs.   |        |                                   |
|   |       | Over 20   |        |                                   |
|   |       | snags per |        |                                   |
|   |       | acre      |        |                                   |
|   |       | present   |        |                                   |
|   |       | depending |        |                                   |
|   |       | on safety |        |                                   |
|   |       | concerns. |        |                                   |
|   |       |           |        |                                   |
|   |       | Re        |        |                                   |
|   |       | storation |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | true      |        |                                   |
|   |       | f         |        |                                   |
|   |       | ir/spruce |        |                                   |
|   |       | in favor  |        |                                   |
|   |       | of        |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | larch,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | Douglas   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | lodgepole |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine or   |        |                                   |
|   |       | ponderosa |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine.     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Wildland  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Urban     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Interface |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels in  |        |                                   |
|   |       | addition  |        |                                   |
|   |       | to above. |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| * | []{#l | ###       | *      | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up  |
| I | odge3 | ## **Cond | *Thin, | to 20% of remaining overstory     |
| V | ivvtb | ition Cla | Bro    | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
| & | .anc  | ss 3 --** | adcast | species such as true firs,        |
| V | hor}* |           | Burn** | hemlock, spruce and other species |
| * | *Lodg | Stand has |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
|   | epole | missed    | See    | scorch damage or cambial heating, |
|   | Pine, | many past | **Mech | but relatively little scorch      |
|   | Do    | fire      | anical | damage on other overstory trees.  |
|   | uglas | di        | Tre    | Remaining fire sensitive          |
|   | Fir,  | sturbance | atment | understory trees likely killed    |
|   | True  | cycles    | Ac     | through cambial heating or        |
|   | Fir,  | and has   | tivity | scorch. Other understory          |
|   | Cond  | converted | Type,  | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   | ition | to true   | H      | resprouting evident within a few  |
|   | Class | firs,     | arvest | days to up to 3 weeks if burned   |
|   | 3**   | western   | Prescr | in spring. Up to 30% of snags and |
|   |       | hemlock   | iption | up to 40% of large downed logs    |
|   |       | and       | /      | heavily damaged or burned up.     |
|   |       | shade     | Im     |                                   |
|   |       | -tolerant | plemen | **Moderate Treatment              |
|   |       | species.  | tation | Intensity** - 20-40% of remaining |
|   |       | More late | Ac     | overstory trees (primarily fire   |
|   |       | seral     | tivity | sensitive species such as true    |
|   |       | species   | Compo  | firs, hemlock, spruce and other   |
|   |       | present   | nent** | species when younger) killed by   |
|   |       | without   | for    | crown scorch damage or cambial    |
|   |       | di        | infor  | heating with moderate scorch      |
|   |       | sturbance | mation | damage on most of remaining       |
|   |       | that are  | r      | overstory trees. Remaining fire   |
|   |       | more      | elated | sensitive understory trees likely |
|   |       | sensitive | to     | killed through cambial heating or |
|   |       | to fire.  | thi    | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | Large     | nning. | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | diameter  |        | resprouting evident within a few  |
|   |       | true fir, |        | days to up to 3 weeks if burned   |
|   |       | spruce or |        | in spring. Up to 40% of snags and |
|   |       | western   |        | up to 60% of large downed logs    |
|   |       | hemlock   |        | heavily damaged or burned up.     |
|   |       | dominates |        |                                   |
|   |       | with      |        | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
|   |       | remnant   |        | 40-60% of remaining overstory     |
|   |       | Douglas   |        | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
|   |       | fir,      |        | species such as true firs,        |
|   |       | western   |        | hemlock, spruce and other species |
|   |       | larch,    |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
|   |       | lodgepole |        | scorch damage or cambial heating  |
|   |       | pine, or  |        | with moderate-high scorch damage  |
|   |       | western   |        | on almost all remaining overstory |
|   |       | white     |        | trees. Remaining fire sensitive   |
|   |       | pine      |        | understory trees likely killed    |
|   |       | s         |        | through cambial heating or        |
|   |       | cattered. |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | Stand has |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | been      |        | resprouting evident within a few  |
|   |       | thinned   |        | days to up to 3 weeks if burned   |
|   |       | to favor  |        | in spring or late summer/early    |
|   |       | seral     |        | fall. Up to 60%+ of snags and up  |
|   |       | species.  |        | to 80%+ of large downed logs      |
|   |       | Some tree |        | heavily damaged or burned up.     |
|   |       | limbing   |        |                                   |
|   |       | may be    |        |                                   |
|   |       | part of   |        |                                   |
|   |       | treatment |        |                                   |
|   |       | in        |        |                                   |
|   |       | Wildland  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Urban     |        |                                   |
|   |       | I         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nterface. |        |                                   |
|   |       | Pathogens |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | insects   |        |                                   |
|   |       | have      |        |                                   |
|   |       | increased |        |                                   |
|   |       | damage to |        |                                   |
|   |       | trees and |        |                                   |
|   |       | have      |        |                                   |
|   |       | created   |        |                                   |
|   |       | excessive |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels and |        |                                   |
|   |       | many      |        |                                   |
|   |       | accum     |        |                                   |
|   |       | ulations. |        |                                   |
|   |       | Many      |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | trees     |        |                                   |
|   |       | have been |        |                                   |
|   |       | cut and   |        |                                   |
|   |       | remaining |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | trees are |        |                                   |
|   |       | scattered |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | hroughout |        |                                   |
|   |       | the       |        |                                   |
|   |       | treatment |        |                                   |
|   |       | area and  |        |                                   |
|   |       | are       |        |                                   |
|   |       | dominated |        |                                   |
|   |       | by true   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | spruce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | hemlock.  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Other     |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | v         |        |                                   |
|   |       | egetation |        |                                   |
|   |       | includes  |        |                                   |
|   |       | grasses,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | forbs,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | shrubs.   |        |                                   |
|   |       | Over 20   |        |                                   |
|   |       | snals per |        |                                   |
|   |       | acre      |        |                                   |
|   |       | present,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | depending |        |                                   |
|   |       | on safety |        |                                   |
|   |       | concerns. |        |                                   |
|   |       |           |        |                                   |
|   |       | Re        |        |                                   |
|   |       | storation |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | true      |        |                                   |
|   |       | f         |        |                                   |
|   |       | ir/spruce |        |                                   |
|   |       | in favor  |        |                                   |
|   |       | of        |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | larch,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | Douglas   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | lodgepole |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine or   |        |                                   |
|   |       | ponderosa |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine.     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Wildland  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Urban     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Interface |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels in  |        |                                   |
|   |       | addition  |        |                                   |
|   |       | to above. |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#l | ###       | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up  |
|   | odge3 | ## **Cond | adcast | to 20% of remaining overstory     |
| * | ivvbb | ition Cla | Burn** | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
| I | .anc  | ss 3 --** |        | species such as true firs,        |
| V | hor}* |           |        | hemlock, spruce and other species |
|   | *Lodg | Stand has |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
| & | epole | missed    |        | scorch damage or cambial heating, |
|   | Pine, | many past |        | but relatively little scorch      |
| V | Do    | fire      |        | damage on other overstory trees.  |
| * | uglas | di        |        | Remaining fire sensitive          |
|   | Fir,  | sturbance |        | understory trees likely killed    |
|   | True  | cycles    |        | through cambial heating or        |
|   | Fir,  | and has   |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   | Cond  | converted |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   | ition | to true   |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   | Class | firs,     |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   | 3**   | western   |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | hemlock   |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | and       |        | plant growth. Up to 30% of snags  |
|   |       | shade     |        | and up to 40% of large downed     |
|   |       | -tolerant |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | species.  |        | up.                               |
|   |       | More      |        |                                   |
|   |       | climax    |        | **Moderate Treatment              |
|   |       | species   |        | Intensity** - 20-40% of remaining |
|   |       | present   |        | overstory trees (primarily fire   |
|   |       | without   |        | sensitive species such as true    |
|   |       | di        |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and other   |
|   |       | sturbance |        | species when younger) killed by   |
|   |       | that are  |        | crown scorch damage or cambial    |
|   |       | more      |        | heating with moderate scorch      |
|   |       | sensitive |        | damage on most of remaining       |
|   |       | to fire.  |        | overstory trees. Remaining fire   |
|   |       | Large     |        | sensitive understory trees likely |
|   |       | diameter  |        | killed through cambial heating or |
|   |       | true fir, |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | spruce or |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | western   |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   |       | hemlock   |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | dominates |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | with      |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | remnant   |        | plant growth. Up to 40% of snags  |
|   |       | Douglas   |        | and up to 60% of large downed     |
|   |       | fir,      |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | western   |        | up.                               |
|   |       | larch,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | lodgepole |        | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
|   |       | pine, or  |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory     |
|   |       | western   |        | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
|   |       | white     |        | species such as true firs,        |
|   |       | pine      |        | hemlock, spruce and other species |
|   |       | s         |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
|   |       | cattered. |        | scorch damage or cambial heating  |
|   |       | Some tree |        | with moderate-high scorch damage  |
|   |       | limbing   |        | on almost all remaining overstory |
|   |       | and       |        | trees. Remaining fire sensitive   |
|   |       | u         |        | understory trees likely killed    |
|   |       | nderstory |        | through cambial heating or        |
|   |       | slashing  |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | may be    |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | part of   |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   |       | treatment |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | in        |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | Wildland  |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | Urban     |        | plant growth. Up to 60% of snags  |
|   |       | I         |        | and up to 80% of large downed     |
|   |       | nterface. |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | Pathogens |        | up.                               |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | insects   |        |                                   |
|   |       | have      |        |                                   |
|   |       | increased |        |                                   |
|   |       | damage to |        |                                   |
|   |       | trees and |        |                                   |
|   |       | have      |        |                                   |
|   |       | created   |        |                                   |
|   |       | excessive |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels.    |        |                                   |
|   |       | U         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | trees are |        |                                   |
|   |       | heavily   |        |                                   |
|   |       | scattered |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | hroughout |        |                                   |
|   |       | the       |        |                                   |
|   |       | treatment |        |                                   |
|   |       | area and  |        |                                   |
|   |       | are       |        |                                   |
|   |       | dominated |        |                                   |
|   |       | by true   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | spruce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | hemlock.  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Other     |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | v         |        |                                   |
|   |       | egetation |        |                                   |
|   |       | includes  |        |                                   |
|   |       | grasses,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | forbs,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | shrubs.   |        |                                   |
|   |       | Over 20   |        |                                   |
|   |       | snags per |        |                                   |
|   |       | acre      |        |                                   |
|   |       | present.  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Re        |        |                                   |
|   |       | storation |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | true      |        |                                   |
|   |       | f         |        |                                   |
|   |       | ir/spruce |        |                                   |
|   |       | in favor  |        |                                   |
|   |       | of        |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | larch,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | Douglas   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | lodgepole |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine or   |        |                                   |
|   |       | ponderosa |        |                                   |
|   |       | pine.     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Wildland  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Urban     |        |                                   |
|   |       | Interface |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | reatments |        |                                   |
|   |       | would     |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels in  |        |                                   |
|   |       | addition  |        |                                   |
|   |       | to above. |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| # | *     | ###       | **Bro  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up  |
|   | *Lodg | ## **Cond | adcast | to 20% of remaining overstory     |
| * | epole | ition Cla | Burn** | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
| I | Pine, | ss 3 --** |        | species such as true firs,        |
| V | Do    |           |        | hemlock, spruce and other species |
|   | uglas | Stand has |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
| & | Fir,  | missed    |        | scorch damage or cambial heating, |
|   | True  | many past |        | but relatively little scorch      |
| V | Fir,  | fire      |        | damage on other overstory trees.  |
| * | Cond  | di        |        | Remaining fire sensitive          |
|   | ition | sturbance |        | understory trees likely killed    |
|   | Class | cycles    |        | through cambial heating or        |
|   | 3**   | and has   |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | converted |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | to true   |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   |       | firs,     |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | western   |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | hemlock   |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | and       |        | plant growth. Up to 30% of snags  |
|   |       | shade     |        | and up to 40% of large downed     |
|   |       | -tolerant |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | species.  |        | up.                               |
|   |       | More      |        |                                   |
|   |       | climax    |        | **Moderate Treatment              |
|   |       | species   |        | Intensity** - 20-40% of remaining |
|   |       | present   |        | overstory trees (primarily fire   |
|   |       | without   |        | sensitive species such as true    |
|   |       | di        |        | firs, hemlock, spruce and other   |
|   |       | sturbance |        | species when younger) killed by   |
|   |       | that are  |        | crown scorch damage or cambial    |
|   |       | more      |        | heating with moderate scorch      |
|   |       | sensitive |        | damage on most of remaining       |
|   |       | to fire.  |        | overstory trees. Remaining fire   |
|   |       | Large     |        | sensitive understory trees likely |
|   |       | diameter  |        | killed through cambial heating or |
|   |       | true fir, |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | spruce or |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | western   |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   |       | hemlock   |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | dominates |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | with      |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | remnant   |        | plant growth. Up to 40% of snags  |
|   |       | Douglas   |        | and up to 60% of large downed     |
|   |       | fir,      |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | western   |        | up.                               |
|   |       | larch,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | lodgepole |        | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
|   |       | pine, or  |        | 30-50% of remaining overstory     |
|   |       | western   |        | trees (primarily fire sensitive   |
|   |       | white     |        | species such as true firs,        |
|   |       | pine      |        | hemlock, spruce and other species |
|   |       | s         |        | when younger) killed by crown     |
|   |       | cattered. |        | scorch damage or cambial heating  |
|   |       | Some tree |        | with moderate-high scorch damage  |
|   |       | limbing   |        | on almost all remaining overstory |
|   |       | and       |        | trees. Remaining fire sensitive   |
|   |       | u         |        | understory trees likely killed    |
|   |       | nderstory |        | through cambial heating or        |
|   |       | slashing  |        | scorch. Other understory          |
|   |       | may be    |        | vegetation top-killed but         |
|   |       | part of   |        | sprouting evident within a few    |
|   |       | treatment |        | days to up to 3 weeks if soil     |
|   |       | in        |        | moisture and temperature          |
|   |       | Wildland  |        | conditions are favorable for      |
|   |       | Urban     |        | plant growth. Up to 60% of snags  |
|   |       | I         |        | and up to 80% of large downed     |
|   |       | nterface. |        | logs heavily damaged or burned    |
|   |       | Pathogens |        | up.                               |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | insects   |        |                                   |
|   |       | have      |        |                                   |
|   |       | increased |        |                                   |
|   |       | damage to |        |                                   |
|   |       | trees and |        |                                   |
|   |       | have      |        |                                   |
|   |       | created   |        |                                   |
|   |       | excessive |        |                                   |
|   |       | fuels.    |        |                                   |
|   |       | U         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | trees are |        |                                   |
|   |       | heavily   |        |                                   |
|   |       | scattered |        |                                   |
|   |       | t         |        |                                   |
|   |       | hroughout |        |                                   |
|   |       | the       |        |                                   |
|   |       | treatment |        |                                   |
|   |       | area and  |        |                                   |
|   |       | are       |        |                                   |
|   |       | dominated |        |                                   |
|   |       | by true   |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir,      |        |                                   |
|   |       | spruce    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | western   |        |                                   |
|   |       | hemlock.  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Other     |        |                                   |
|   |       | u         |        |                                   |
|   |       | nderstory |        |                                   |
|   |       | v         |        |                                   |
|   |       | egetation |        |                                   |
|   |       | includes  |        |                                   |
|   |       | grasses,  |        |                                   |
|   |       | forbs,    |        |                                   |
|   |       | and       |        |                                   |
|   |       | shrubs.   |        |                                   |
|   |       | Over 20   |        |                                   |
|   |       | snags per |        |                                   |
|   |       | acre      |        |                                   |
|   |       | present.  |        |                                   |
|   |       |           |        |                                   |
|   |       | ##### **R |        |                                   |
|   |       | estoratio |        |                                   |
|   |       | n treatme |        |                                   |
|   |       | nts would |        |                                   |
|   |       |  reduce t |        |                                   |
|   |       | rue** **f |        |                                   |
|   |       | ir/spruce |        |                                   |
|   |       |  in favor |        |                                   |
|   |       |  of weste |        |                                   |
|   |       | rn larch, |        |                                   |
|   |       |  Douglas  |        |                                   |
|   |       | fir, lodg |        |                                   |
|   |       | epole pin |        |                                   |
|   |       | e or pond |        |                                   |
|   |       | erosa pin |        |                                   |
|   |       | e. Wildla |        |                                   |
|   |       | nd Urban  |        |                                   |
|   |       | Interface |        |                                   |
|   |       |  treatmen |        |                                   |
|   |       | ts would  |        |                                   |
|   |       | reduce fu |        |                                   |
|   |       | els in ad |        |                                   |
|   |       | dition to |        |                                   |
|   |       |  above**. |        |                                   |
+---+-------+-----------+--------+-----------------------------------+

**Pinyon-Juniper and Juniper Woodlands Prescribed Fire Effects - General
Descriptions and Trends**

Pinyon-juniper and juniper woodlands are found throughout the area
covered by this process. Juniper (lacking pinyon) is found in Oregon,
Nevada, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and northern portions of Nevada.
Pinyon-juniper woodlands are found in Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho.
Some current pinyon-juniper or juniper woodlands may be vegetatively
classified as sagebrush because pinyon-juniper and juniper woodlands
have been colonizing sites that were formerly dominated by shrubs. Of
the current pinyon-juniper and juniper woodlands, less than 20% can be
considered "historic" woodlands. About 80% of current pinyon-juniper and
juniper cover was formerly dominated by shrubs. The younger (established
within the last 150 years) pinyon-juniper and juniper woodlands
generally surround the older woodlands. Most fuels projects would be
focused on the pinyon-juniper and juniper woodlands that established
within the last 120 to 150 years.

In some locations, pinyon-juniper and juniper densities have increased
to the point that understory vegetation density and cover have been
severely reduced. In these instances, broadcast burning may not be the
most effective tool for treatment because only very intense fires may
carry. Where there is very little to no understory vegetation,
mechanical treatments are likely to be the preferred treatment types. In
the Wildland Urban Interface, mechanical treatments may also be the
preferred treatment type because of the extreme conditions required to
burn mature woodlands.

In areas with sufficient understory, broadcast burns are usually fast
moving in the shrub and grass fuels and pinyon and juniper trees may be
easily killed if fires are intense enough to cause torching in the
trees. In activity fuels, broadcast burning is likely to be of a longer
duration possibly resulting in more soil impacts. One soil impact of
concern is soil hydrophobicity following burning. This may occur in
longer duration burns. Depending on the location, broadcast burning can
be accomplished during most parts of the year, with spring and fall
being the most common. Mechanical treatments can take place almost
year-round if areas are free of snow. However, high soil moisture
conditions may limit activity of machinery during the spring, winter and
fall. Pile burning generally occurs in the fall or winter, after rain or
snow events.

Some anecdotal evidence indicates that fuel treatment in pinyon-juniper
and juniper woodlands results in increased water yields in springs and
drainages near where trees were removed. If trees are removed and the
native understory is allowed to regenerate, there would likely be less
erosion into the streams due to increased ground cover. Invasive annuals
may be a large component of this vegetation type. Site with understorys
dominated by invasive annuals are not be covered by this process.

+---+-----+---------------+------+------------------------------------+
| # |     |               | ##   |                                    |
| # |     |               | ###  |                                    |
| # |     |               | Work |                                    |
| # |     |               |  Ele |                                    |
|   |     |               | ment |                                    |
| A |     |               |      |                                    |
| c |     |               |      |                                    |
| t |     |               |      |                                    |
| i |     |               |      |                                    |
| v |     |               |      |                                    |
| i |     |               |      |                                    |
| t |     |               |      |                                    |
| y |     |               |      |                                    |
|   |     |               |      |                                    |
| C |     |               |      |                                    |
| o |     |               |      |                                    |
| m |     |               |      |                                    |
| p |     |               |      |                                    |
| o |     |               |      |                                    |
| n |     |               |      |                                    |
| e |     |               |      |                                    |
| n |     |               |      |                                    |
| t |     |               |      |                                    |
+---+-----+---------------+------+------------------------------------+
| # | Ex  | Pre-Treatment | T    | ##### Pos                          |
| # | ist | Vegetation    | reat | t-Treatment Vegetation Description |
|   | ing | Description   | ment |                                    |
| F | V   |               | Type |                                    |
| i | ege |               |      |                                    |
| r | tat |               |      |                                    |
| e | ion |               |      |                                    |
|   | T   |               |      |                                    |
| R | ype |               |      |                                    |
| e |     |               |      |                                    |
| g |     |               |      |                                    |
| i |     |               |      |                                    |
| m |     |               |      |                                    |
| e |     |               |      |                                    |
+---+-----+---------------+------+------------------------------------+
| # | []  | Young         | **B  | **Common to all treatment          |
| # | {#p | p             | road | Intensities**: Grass and forb (and |
|   | iny | inyon-juniper | cast | some sprouting shrub) species will |
| I | onp | or juniper    | Bu   | begin to sprout shortly following  |
| I | ile | invasion into | rn** | the burn if soil temperature and   |
|   | .an | historical    |      | moisture conditions are conducive  |
|   | cho | sag           |      | to plant growth. Sagebrush         |
|   | r}* | ebrush-steppe |      | seedlings will be evident one to   |
|   | *Pi | ecosystem.    |      | five years following burning.      |
|   | nyo | Only natural  |      | Seeding of grasses, forbs and/or   |
|   | n-j | fuels are     |      | shrubs may be necessary following  |
|   | uni | on-site; few  |      | the broadcast burn treatment. The  |
|   | per | to no         |      | amount of heat transferred to the  |
|   | and | activity      |      | soil surface will be directly      |
|   | j   | fuels are     |      | proportional to the pre-burn fuel  |
|   | uni | on-site. Some |      | loadings.                          |
|   | per | scattered     |      |                                    |
|   | wo  | old-growth    |      | Low Treatment Intensity -          |
|   | odl | pinyon and/or |      | Broadcast burning will create      |
|   | and | juniper trees |      | patches of burned and unburned     |
|   | s** | may be        |      | areas (less than 50% of the area   |
|   |     | present on    |      | burned). In the burned areas,      |
|   |     | shallow soil  |      | woody plants are killed and        |
|   |     | sites or      |      | above-ground portions of the       |
|   |     | rocky sites.  |      | herbaceous plants are consumed.    |
|   |     | Understory    |      | Mortality will occur in 10 to 50%  |
|   |     | vegetation is |      | of small, young pinyon and/or      |
|   |     | sufficient to |      | juniper trees across the treatment |
|   |     | carry fire    |      | area. In patches where burning     |
|   |     | from tree to  |      | occurs, there will be low to       |
|   |     | tree. Annual  |      | moderate ground scorch severity.   |
|   |     | invasive      |      |                                    |
|   |     | species may   |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** - |
|   |     | occur in the  |      | Broadcast burning will create      |
|   |     | treatment     |      | patches of burned and unburned     |
|   |     | area, but do  |      | areas, with more burned patches    |
|   |     | not dominate  |      | (up to 75% of the area burned). In |
|   |     | the           |      | the burned areas, woody plants are |
|   |     | understory.   |      | killed and aboveground portions of |
|   |     |               |      | the herbaceous plants are          |
|   |     |               |      | consumed. Mortality will occur in  |
|   |     |               |      | up to 75% of small, young pinyon   |
|   |     |               |      | and/or juniper trees across the    |
|   |     |               |      | treatment area. In patches where   |
|   |     |               |      | burning occurs, there will be low  |
|   |     |               |      | to high ground scorch severity.    |
|   |     |               |      |                                    |
|   |     |               |      | **High Treatment Intensity** -     |
|   |     |               |      | Broadcast burning will occur over  |
|   |     |               |      | all of the landscape. Woody plants |
|   |     |               |      | are killed and aboveground         |
|   |     |               |      | portions of the herbaceous plants  |
|   |     |               |      | are consumed across the entire     |
|   |     |               |      | area. Mortality will occur in up   |
|   |     |               |      | to 100% of small, young pinyon     |
|   |     |               |      | and/or juniper trees. Depending on |
|   |     |               |      | the size of the burn, it may take  |
|   |     |               |      | several years for sagebrush        |
|   |     |               |      | seedlings to recolonize the        |
|   |     |               |      | interior areas of the burn. Where  |
|   |     |               |      | burning occurs, there will be      |
|   |     |               |      | moderate to high ground scorch     |
|   |     |               |      | severity.                          |
+---+-----+---------------+------+------------------------------------+

+---+-----+---------------+------+------------------------------------+
| A |     |               | #    |                                    |
| c |     |               | ###  |                                    |
| t |     |               | Work |                                    |
| i |     |               |  Ele |                                    |
| v |     |               | ment |                                    |
| i |     |               |      |                                    |
| t |     |               |      |                                    |
| y |     |               |      |                                    |
| C |     |               |      |                                    |
| o |     |               |      |                                    |
| m |     |               |      |                                    |
| p |     |               |      |                                    |
| o |     |               |      |                                    |
| n |     |               |      |                                    |
| e |     |               |      |                                    |
| n |     |               |      |                                    |
| t |     |               |      |                                    |
+---+-----+---------------+------+------------------------------------+
| # | Ex  | Pre-Treatment | T    | #### Pos                           |
|   | ist | Vegetation    | reat | t-treatment Vegetation Description |
| F | ing | Description   | ment |                                    |
| i | V   |               | Type |                                    |
| r | ege |               |      |                                    |
| e | tat |               |      |                                    |
|   | ion |               |      |                                    |
| R | T   |               |      |                                    |
| e | ype |               |      |                                    |
| g |     |               |      |                                    |
| i |     |               |      |                                    |
| m |     |               |      |                                    |
| e |     |               |      |                                    |
+---+-----+---------------+------+------------------------------------+
| # | *   | Clumps of     | **   | **Common to all treatment          |
| # | *Pi | widely spaced | Acti | intensities**: Piles cover up to   |
| # | nyo | individuals   | vity | 40% of the treatment area.         |
|   | n-j | of young      | f    | Remaining clumps of trees and      |
| I | uni | p             | uels | shrubs will have some additional   |
| I | per | inyon-juniper | pi   | mortality from heat and flames     |
|   | and | or juniper    | led, | resulting from pile burning (up to |
|   | j   | invasion into | then | 20% of remaining trees and/or      |
|   | uni | historical    | p    | shrubs) if piles are constructed   |
|   | per | sag           | iles | close to residual trees and        |
|   | wo  | ebrush-steppe | burn | shrubs. Following pile burning,    |
|   | odl | ecosystem.    | ed** | there will be severe ground        |
|   | and | Clumps or     |      | heating below piles (up to 40% of  |
|   | s** | widely spaced | See  | the area). The amount of heat      |
|   |     | individuals   | **Me | transferred to the soil surface    |
|   |     | are           | chan | will be directly proportional to   |
|   |     | interspersed  | ical | the amount of fuel in the piles.   |
|   |     | with hand or  | T    | Sprouting or seedling              |
|   |     | m             | reat | establishment may be reduced       |
|   |     | achined-piled | ment | beneath the piles for several      |
|   |     | pinyon and/or | Acti | years.                             |
|   |     | juniper       | vity |                                    |
|   |     | boles,        | T    | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up   |
|   |     | branches      | ype, | to 10% of the area may also be     |
|   |     | and/or        | Reh  | burned (low to moderate severity)  |
|   |     | needles.      | abil | from fire creeping outside of pile |
|   |     | Piled         | itat | boundaries (up to 50% of the       |
|   |     | vegetation    | ion, | treatment area burned). Tree and   |
|   |     | resulted from | rem  | shrub mortality may occur from     |
|   |     | previous hand | oval | creeping piles. Some larger branch |
|   |     | or mechanical | of   | wood and boles in the piles will   |
|   |     | pinyon and/or | ex   | not be completely consumed and     |
|   |     | juniper       | cess | will remain on the site.           |
|   |     | removal       | ve   |                                    |
|   |     | treatment.    | geta | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** - |
|   |     | Some          | tion | 10-40% of the area beyond the      |
|   |     | scattered     | and  | piles burned (low to moderate      |
|   |     | old-growth    | s    | severity) from fire creeping       |
|   |     | pinyon and/or | lash | outside of pile boundaries (up to  |
|   |     | juniper trees | Acti | 80% of total treatment area        |
|   |     | may be        | vity | burned). Tree and shrub mortality  |
|   |     | standing on   | Com  | may occur from creeping piles.     |
|   |     | shallow soil  | pone | Most larger branch wood and boles  |
|   |     | sites or      | nt** | in the piles will be completely    |
|   |     | rocky sites.  | for  | consumed.                          |
|   |     | Understory    | inf  |                                    |
|   |     | grass, forb   | orma | **High Treatment Intensity** -     |
|   |     | and shrub     | tion | more than 40% of the area beyond   |
|   |     | vegetation is | rel  | the piles burned (low to moderate  |
|   |     | sparse to     | ated | severity) from fire creeping       |
|   |     | moderate and  | to   | outside of pile boundaries (80 to  |
|   |     | may or may    | pil  | 100% of total treatment area       |
|   |     | not be        | ing. | burned). Tree and shrub mortality  |
|   |     | sufficient to |      | may occur from creeping piles. All |
|   |     | carry fire    |      | piled vegetation will be           |
|   |     | from pile to  |      | completely consumed.               |
|   |     | pile. Annual  |      |                                    |
|   |     | invasive      |      |                                    |
|   |     | species may   |      |                                    |
|   |     | occur in the  |      |                                    |
|   |     | treatment     |      |                                    |
|   |     | area, but do  |      |                                    |
|   |     | not dominate  |      |                                    |
|   |     | the           |      |                                    |
|   |     | understory.   |      |                                    |
+---+-----+---------------+------+------------------------------------+

+---+-----+--------------+------+------------------------------------+
| * |     |              | ##   |                                    |
| * |     |              | ###  |                                    |
| A |     |              | Work |                                    |
| c |     |              |  Ele |                                    |
| t |     |              | ment |                                    |
| i |     |              |      |                                    |
| v |     |              |      |                                    |
| i |     |              |      |                                    |
| t |     |              |      |                                    |
| y |     |              |      |                                    |
| C |     |              |      |                                    |
| o |     |              |      |                                    |
| m |     |              |      |                                    |
| p |     |              |      |                                    |
| o |     |              |      |                                    |
| n |     |              |      |                                    |
| e |     |              |      |                                    |
| n |     |              |      |                                    |
| t |     |              |      |                                    |
| * |     |              |      |                                    |
| * |     |              |      |                                    |
+---+-----+--------------+------+------------------------------------+
| # | *   | **P          | **T  | **Post-treatment Vegetation        |
|   | *Ex | re-Treatment | reat | Description**                      |
| F | ist | Vegetation   | ment |                                    |
| i | ing | D            | Ty   |                                    |
| r | V   | escription** | pe** |                                    |
| e | ege |              |      |                                    |
|   | tat |              |      |                                    |
| R | ion |              |      |                                    |
| e | Typ |              |      |                                    |
| g | e** |              |      |                                    |
| i |     |              |      |                                    |
| m |     |              |      |                                    |
| e |     |              |      |                                    |
+---+-----+--------------+------+------------------------------------+
| # | []{ | Clumps or    | **   | Common to all treatment            |
| # | #pi | widely       | Acti | intensities: Grass, forb, and some |
| # | nyo | spaced       | vity | sprouting shrub species will begin |
|   | nsc | individuals  | f    | to sprout shortly following the    |
| I | att | of young     | uels | burn if soil moisture and          |
| I | .an | pi           | sc   | temperature conditions are         |
|   | cho | nyon-juniper | atte | conducive for plant growth.        |
|   | r}* | or juniper   | red, | Sagebrush seedlings will be        |
|   | *Pi | invasion     | then | evident one to five years          |
|   | nyo | into         | b    | following burning. Seeding of      |
|   | n-j | historical   | road | grasses, forbs and/or shrubs may   |
|   | uni | sage         | cast | be necessary following the         |
|   | per | brush-steppe | burn | broadcast burn treatment in areas  |
|   | and | ecosystem.   | ed** | where residual vegetation is       |
|   | j   | Clumps or    |      | insufficient to re-vegetate the    |
|   | uni | widely       | See  | site. The amount of heat           |
|   | per | spaced       | **Me | transferred to the soil surface    |
|   | wo  | individuals  | chan | will be directly proportional to   |
|   | odl | are          | ical | the pre-burn fuel loadings.        |
|   | and | interspersed | T    |                                    |
|   | s** | with         | reat | Low Treatment Intensity -          |
|   |     | scattered    | ment | Broadcast burning will create      |
|   |     | hand or      | Acti | patches of burned and unburned     |
|   |     | machined-cut | vity | areas (less than 50% of the area   |
|   |     | pinyon       | T    | burned). In the burned areas, some |
|   |     | and/or       | ype, | woody plants are killed and        |
|   |     | juniper      | Har  | aboveground portions of the other  |
|   |     | boles,       | vest | sprouting shrubs and herbaceous    |
|   |     | branches     | Pres | plants are consumed. Mortality     |
|   |     | and/or       | crip | will occur in 10 to 50% of small,  |
|   |     | needles.     | tion | young pinyon and/or juniper trees  |
|   |     | Some         | /    | across the treatment area. In      |
|   |     | dispersed    | Im   | burned patches there will be low   |
|   |     | old-growth   | plem | to moderate ground scorch          |
|   |     | pinyon       | enta | severity. Some scattered larger    |
|   |     | and/or       | tion | branch wood and boles will not be  |
|   |     | juniper      | Acti | completely consumed and will       |
|   |     | trees may be | vity | remain on the site.                |
|   |     | standing on  | Com  |                                    |
|   |     | shallow soil | pone | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** - |
|   |     | sites or     | nt** | Broadcast burning will create      |
|   |     | rocky sites. | for  | patches of burned and unburned     |
|   |     | The          | inf  | areas, with more burned patches    |
|   |     | scattered    | orma | (up to 75% of the area burned). In |
|   |     | material     | tion | the burned areas, some woody       |
|   |     | will be the  | rel  | plants are killed and aboveground  |
|   |     | main fuel    | ated | portions of the sprouting shrubs   |
|   |     | carrying the | to   | and herbaceous plants are          |
|   |     | broadcast    | t    | consumed. Mortality will occur in  |
|   |     | burn because | hinn | up to 75% of small, young pinyon   |
|   |     | understory   | ing. | and/or juniper trees across the    |
|   |     | grass, forb  |      | treatment area. In burned patches  |
|   |     | and shrub    | See  | there will be low to high ground   |
|   |     | vegetation   | **Me | scorch severity. Most scattered    |
|   |     | is sparse.   | chan | larger branch wood and boles will  |
|   |     | Annual       | ical | be completely consumed.            |
|   |     | invasive     | T    |                                    |
|   |     | species may  | reat | **High Treatment Intensity** -     |
|   |     | occur in the | ment | Broadcast burning will occur over  |
|   |     | treatment    | Acti | all of the landscape. Some woody   |
|   |     | area, but do | vity | plants are killed and aboveground  |
|   |     | not dominate | T    | portions of the sprouting shrubs   |
|   |     | the          | ype, | and herbaceous plants are consumed |
|   |     | understory.  | Reh  | across the entire area. Mortality  |
|   |     |              | abil | will occur in up to 100% of small, |
|   |     |              | itat | young pinyon and/or juniper trees. |
|   |     |              | ion, | Depending on the size of the burn, |
|   |     |              | rem  | it may take several years for      |
|   |     |              | oval | sagebrush seedlings to recolonize  |
|   |     |              | of   | the interior areas of the burn.    |
|   |     |              | ex   | Where burning occurs, there will   |
|   |     |              | cess | be moderate to high ground scorch  |
|   |     |              | ve   | severity. Most scattered           |
|   |     |              | geta | vegetation is completely consumed. |
|   |     |              | tion |                                    |
|   |     |              | and  |                                    |
|   |     |              | s    |                                    |
|   |     |              | lash |                                    |
|   |     |              | Acti |                                    |
|   |     |              | vity |                                    |
|   |     |              | Com  |                                    |
|   |     |              | pone |                                    |
|   |     |              | nt** |                                    |
|   |     |              | for  |                                    |
|   |     |              | inf  |                                    |
|   |     |              | orma |                                    |
|   |     |              | tion |                                    |
|   |     |              | rel  |                                    |
|   |     |              | ated |                                    |
|   |     |              | to   |                                    |
|   |     |              | pil  |                                    |
|   |     |              | ing. |                                    |
+---+-----+--------------+------+------------------------------------+

###### Oak Woodland/Oak-Maple/Interior Chaparral/Mountain Brush Fire Effects

+---+------+--------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * |      |              | # *W |                                   |
| * |      |              | ork  |                                   |
| A |      |              | Elem |                                   |
| c |      |              | ent* |                                   |
| t |      |              |      |                                   |
| i |      |              |      |                                   |
| v |      |              |      |                                   |
| i |      |              |      |                                   |
| t |      |              |      |                                   |
| y |      |              |      |                                   |
| C |      |              |      |                                   |
| o |      |              |      |                                   |
| m |      |              |      |                                   |
| p |      |              |      |                                   |
| o |      |              |      |                                   |
| n |      |              |      |                                   |
| e |      |              |      |                                   |
| n |      |              |      |                                   |
| t |      |              |      |                                   |
| * |      |              |      |                                   |
| * |      |              |      |                                   |
+---+------+--------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | Exis | P            | T    | #                                 |
|   | ting | re-Treatment | reat |                                   |
| F | Ve   | Vegetation   | ment | #  Post                           |
| i | geta | Description  | Type | -treatment Vegetation Description |
| r | tion |              |      |                                   |
| e | Type |              |      |                                   |
|   |      |              |      |                                   |
| R |      |              |      |                                   |
| e |      |              |      |                                   |
| g |      |              |      |                                   |
| i |      |              |      |                                   |
| m |      |              |      |                                   |
| e |      |              |      |                                   |
+---+------+--------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []   | Clumps of    | **   | **Common to all treatment         |
| # | {#oa | dense,       | Acti | intensities**: Piles cover up to  |
| # | kact | homogenous   | vity | 30% of the treatment area.        |
| # | .    | woodland or  | f    | Remaining clumps of woodlands and |
| # | anch | shrub        | uels | shrubs will have some additional  |
|   | or}* | interspersed | pi   | mortality from heat and flames    |
| I | *Oak | with hand or | led, | resulting from pile burning (up   |
| I | woo  | m            | then | to 20% of remaining woodland or   |
|   | dlan | achine-piled | p    | shrubs) if piles are located      |
|   | d/oa | woodland or  | iles | close. Following pile burning,    |
|   | k-ma | shrub. Piled | burn | there will be severe ground       |
|   | ple/ | vegetation   | ed** | heating below piles (up to 30% of |
|   | inte | resulted     |      | the area). Prolific sprouting can |
|   | rior | from hand or | See  | be expected, except in areas      |
|   | ch   | mechanical   | **Me | where piles were constructed.     |
|   | apar | treatment.   | chan | Sprouting below piles ranges from |
|   | ral/ | Dominant     | ical | minimal to no sprouting. If       |
|   | moun | species of   | T    | objectives are to reduce woodland |
|   | tain | woodland and | reat | or shrub densities over time,     |
|   | bru  | shrub may    | ment | successive years of cutting and   |
|   | sh** | include:     | Acti | piling, and/or burning may be     |
|   |      | Gambel's     | vity | needed to deplete vegetative      |
|   |      | oak,         | T    | reserves and reduce future        |
|   |      | bigtooth     | ype, | sprouting. Almost all large woody |
|   |      | maple,       | Har  | debris and snags are absent since |
|   |      | mountain     | vest | they likely did not occur in the  |
|   |      | mahogany,    | Pres | overstory.                        |
|   |      | s            | crip |                                   |
|   |      | erviceberry, | tion | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up  |
|   |      | snowberry,   | /    | to 20% of the area may also be    |
|   |      | bitterbrush, | Im   | burned (low to moderate severity) |
|   |      | manzanita,   | plem | from fire creeping outside of     |
|   |      | ceanothus,   | enta | pile boundaries (up to 50% of the |
|   |      | silk tassle, | tion | treatment area burned). Woodland  |
|   |      | madrone or   | Acti | and shrub mortality may occur in  |
|   |      | other        | vity | areas burned by creeping piles.   |
|   |      | evergreen    | Com  | Most piled vegetation is          |
|   |      | oaks.        | pone | completely consumed -- only       |
|   |      |              | nt** | larger branch wood may remain.    |
|   |      |              | for  |                                   |
|   |      |              | inf  | **Moderate Treatment              |
|   |      |              | orma | Intensity** - 20-50% of the area  |
|   |      |              | tion | beyond the piles burned (low to   |
|   |      |              | rel  | moderate severity) from fire      |
|   |      |              | ated | creeping outside of pile          |
|   |      |              | to   | boundaries (up to 80% of total    |
|   |      |              | t    | treatment area burned). Woodland  |
|   |      |              | hinn | and shrub mortality may occur in  |
|   |      |              | ing. | areas burned by creeping piles.   |
|   |      |              |      | Most piled vegetation is          |
|   |      |              | See  | completely consumed.              |
|   |      |              | **Me |                                   |
|   |      |              | chan | **High Treatment Intensity** -    |
|   |      |              | ical | more than 50% of the area beyond  |
|   |      |              | T    | the piles burned (low to moderate |
|   |      |              | reat | severity) from fire creeping      |
|   |      |              | ment | outside of pile boundaries (80 to |
|   |      |              | Acti | 100% of total treatment area      |
|   |      |              | vity | burned). Woodland and shrub       |
|   |      |              | T    | mortality may occur in areas      |
|   |      |              | ype, | burned by creeping piles. All     |
|   |      |              | Reh  | piled vegetation is completely    |
|   |      |              | abil | consumed.                         |
|   |      |              | itat |                                   |
|   |      |              | ion, |                                   |
|   |      |              | rem  |                                   |
|   |      |              | oval |                                   |
|   |      |              | of   |                                   |
|   |      |              | ex   |                                   |
|   |      |              | cess |                                   |
|   |      |              | ve   |                                   |
|   |      |              | geta |                                   |
|   |      |              | tion |                                   |
|   |      |              | and  |                                   |
|   |      |              | s    |                                   |
|   |      |              | lash |                                   |
|   |      |              | Acti |                                   |
|   |      |              | vity |                                   |
|   |      |              | Com  |                                   |
|   |      |              | pone |                                   |
|   |      |              | nt** |                                   |
|   |      |              | for  |                                   |
|   |      |              | inf  |                                   |
|   |      |              | orma |                                   |
|   |      |              | tion |                                   |
|   |      |              | rel  |                                   |
|   |      |              | ated |                                   |
|   |      |              | to   |                                   |
|   |      |              | pil  |                                   |
|   |      |              | ing. |                                   |
+---+------+--------------+------+-----------------------------------+

+---+------+--------------+------+------------------------------------+
| * |      |              | ##   |                                    |
| * |      |              | ###  |                                    |
| A |      |              | Work |                                    |
| c |      |              |  Ele |                                    |
| t |      |              | ment |                                    |
| i |      |              |      |                                    |
| v |      |              |      |                                    |
| i |      |              |      |                                    |
| t |      |              |      |                                    |
| y |      |              |      |                                    |
| C |      |              |      |                                    |
| o |      |              |      |                                    |
| m |      |              |      |                                    |
| p |      |              |      |                                    |
| o |      |              |      |                                    |
| n |      |              |      |                                    |
| e |      |              |      |                                    |
| n |      |              |      |                                    |
| t |      |              |      |                                    |
| * |      |              |      |                                    |
| * |      |              |      |                                    |
+---+------+--------------+------+------------------------------------+
| * | **   | **P          | **T  | ##### Pos                          |
| * | Exis | re-Treatment | reat | t-treatment Vegetation Description |
| F | ting | Vegetation   | ment |                                    |
| i | Ve   | D            | Ty   |                                    |
| r | geta | escription** | pe** |                                    |
| e | tion |              |      |                                    |
| R | Ty   |              |      |                                    |
| e | pe** |              |      |                                    |
| g |      |              |      |                                    |
| i |      |              |      |                                    |
| o |      |              |      |                                    |
| n |      |              |      |                                    |
| * |      |              |      |                                    |
| * |      |              |      |                                    |
+---+------+--------------+------+------------------------------------+
| # | []{# | Dense        | **B  | **Common to all treatment          |
| # | oakb | homogenous   | road | intensities**: If objectives are   |
| # | road | stands of    | cast | to reduce woodland or shrub        |
| # | .    | woodland or  | bu   | densities over time, successive    |
| # | anch | shrub with   | rn** | years of burning may be needed to  |
|   | or}* | very little  |      | deplete vegetative reserves and    |
| I | *Oak | to no        |      | reduce future sprouting. Almost    |
| I | woo  | understory   |      | all large woody debris and snags   |
|   | dlan | or overstory |      | are absent since they likely did   |
|   | d/oa | tree         |      | not occur in the overstory.        |
|   | k-ma | vegetation.  |      |                                    |
|   | ple/ | Only natural |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** -      |
|   | inte | fuels are    |      | Broadcast burning will create      |
|   | rior | on-site; few |      | patches of burned and unburned     |
|   | ch   | to no        |      | areas (less than 50% of the area   |
|   | apar | activity     |      | burned). Partial to complete       |
|   | ral/ | fuels are    |      | vegetative consumption will occur  |
|   | moun | on-site.     |      | in burned patches. Soil heating    |
|   | tain | Dominant     |      | will be of relatively short        |
|   | bru  | species of   |      | duration; where burning occurs,    |
|   | sh** | woodland and |      | there will be low to moderate      |
|   |      | shrub may    |      | ground scorch severity. Prolific   |
|   |      | include:     |      | and vigorous woodland/shrub        |
|   |      | Gambel's     |      | sprouting will occur in the burned |
|   |      | oak,         |      | patches shortly following burning. |
|   |      | bigtooth     |      |                                    |
|   |      | maple,       |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** - |
|   |      | mountain     |      | Broadcast burning will create      |
|   |      | mahogany,    |      | patches of burned and unburned     |
|   |      | s            |      | areas, with more burned patches    |
|   |      | erviceberry, |      | (up to 75% of the area burned).    |
|   |      | snowberry,   |      | Partial to complete vegetative     |
|   |      | bitterbrush, |      | consumption will occur in burned   |
|   |      | manzanita,   |      | patches. Soil heating will be of   |
|   |      | ceanothus,   |      | moderate duration; where burning   |
|   |      | silk tassle, |      | occurs, there will be low to       |
|   |      | madrone or   |      | moderate ground scorch severity.   |
|   |      | other        |      | Prolific and vigorous              |
|   |      | evergreen    |      | woodland/shrub sprouting will      |
|   |      | oaks.        |      | occur in the burned patches        |
|   |      |              |      | shortly following burning.         |
|   |      |              |      |                                    |
|   |      |              |      | **High Treatment Intensity** -     |
|   |      |              |      | Broadcast burning will occur over  |
|   |      |              |      | all of the landscape. Complete     |
|   |      |              |      | vegetative consumption will occur  |
|   |      |              |      | across the entire treated area.    |
|   |      |              |      | Soil heating will be of moderate   |
|   |      |              |      | duration; where burning occurs,    |
|   |      |              |      | there will be moderate to high     |
|   |      |              |      | ground scorch severity. Prolific   |
|   |      |              |      | and vigorous woodland/shrub        |
|   |      |              |      | sprouting will occur across the    |
|   |      |              |      | burned area shortly following      |
|   |      |              |      | burning.                           |
+---+------+--------------+------+------------------------------------+

**Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, western larch, Jeffrey pine, and
lodgepole pine Fire Effects**

**Tree species distribution:**

-   Ponderosa pine (*Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa* and/or *var.
    scopulorum)* and Douglas-fir (*Pseudotsuga menziesii* mostly var*.
    glauca*, but some var. *menziesii* on the western edge) occur in all
    seven states involved in this process.

-   Western Larch (*Larix occidentalis*) occurs in Western Montana,
    Northern Idaho, Eastern Washington and Oregon.

-   Jeffrey pine (*Pinus Jefferyi*) may occur in Southwestern Oregon and
    Western Nevada.

-   Lodgepole pine (*Pinus contorta var. latifolia*) occurs in all seven
    states involved in this process.

#### Fire regimes:

Fire regimes used in these tables are the same fire regime groups as
those used in Restoring Fire-Adapted Ecosystems on Federal Lands, A
Cohesive Fuel Treatment Strategy for Protecting People and Sustaining
Natural Resources (USDI and USDA Forest Service, August 2, 2002). Fire
regime is the natural historical frequency and severity of fire within
an ecosystem.

**Fire-Prone Areas Targeted:**

"The cohesive Strategy places a greater emphasis on restoration and fuel
maintenance treatments within these areas most prone to fire occurrence,
specifically within Fire Regime Groups I, II, and III. These areas have
experienced the greatest change from historical conditions due to fire
exclusion. Thus, they are most likely to respond favorably to treatments
designed to reduce hazardous fuels, thereby improving ecosystem
resiliency to wildland fire" (Restoring Fire-Adapted Ecosystems on
Federal Lands, A Cohesive Fuel Treatment Strategy for Protecting People
and Sustaining Natural Resources, USDI and USDA Forest Service, August
2, 2002, pg 28). Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, western larch, Jeffrey
pine, and lodgepole pine are common forest overstory species in Fire
Regime Groups I and III, and will likely comprise a majority of the
restoration project proposals in conifer ecosystems.

Restoration activities will vary greatly depending on landscapes and
site specific conditions. Some treatment proposals may seek to restore
forest structure in one treatment, and other proposals may plan for
multiple activities spread over 5 to 20 years, depending on other
resource values involved.

Lodgepole pine or grand fir were not historically the dominant cover
type in these fire regimes, but due to past management actions, they may
now be the dominant overstory on some Fire Regime Group I or III areas.
These coniferous forests types may merge into Sagebrush plant
communities, especially in fire regime I and sometimes in fire regime
III.

+----+-----+--------------+--------+----------------------------------+
| ** |     |              | **WORK |                                  |
| AC |     |              | ELE    |                                  |
| TI |     |              | MENT** |                                  |
| VI |     |              |        |                                  |
| TY |     |              |        |                                  |
| C  |     |              |        |                                  |
| OM |     |              |        |                                  |
| PO |     |              |        |                                  |
| NE |     |              |        |                                  |
| NT |     |              |        |                                  |
| ** |     |              |        |                                  |
+====+=====+==============+========+==================================+
| ** | *   | **P          | **Tre  | **Post-Treatment Vegetation      |
| Fi | *Ex | re-Treatment | atment | Description**                    |
| re | ist | Vegetation   | Type** |                                  |
| Re | ing | D            |        |                                  |
| gi | V   | escription** |        |                                  |
| me | ege |              |        |                                  |
| ** | tat |              |        |                                  |
|    | ion |              |        |                                  |
|    | Typ |              |        |                                  |
|    | e** |              |        |                                  |
+----+-----+--------------+--------+----------------------------------+
| #  | []  | Overstory of | *      | **Common to all treatment        |
|  I | {#p | ponderosa    | *Thin, | intensities**: Native understory |
|    | ond | pine, or     | pile,  | plants that have the ability to  |
|    | itp | western      | and    | sprout and will begin to sprout  |
|    | .   | larch,       | burn   | shortly following spring and     |
|    | anc | Jeffrey      | piles  | early fall burns if soil         |
|    | hor | pine, or     | --**   | moisture and temperature         |
|    | }** | Douglas-fir  |        | conditions are conducive to      |
|    | Pon | (or in       | This   | plant growth. In burned areas,   |
|    | der | co           | in     | 95% of the fine and small        |
|    | osa | mbinations). | cludes | diameter fuels (one hour \[0 to  |
|    | pi  | In this      | m      | 0.25" diameter\], 10 hour \[0.25 |
|    | ne, | treatment    | achine | to 1.0"\], and 100 hour \[1 to   |
|    | Dou | most of the  | th     | 3"\]) will be consumed. Large    |
|    | gla | smaller      | inning | diameter fuels (1,000 hour       |
|    | s-f | diameter,    | and    | \[3"+\]) will be consumed in     |
|    | ir, | understory   | m      | relation to their diameter and   |
|    | w   | trees are    | achine | moisture content. The lower the  |
|    | est | thinned and  | p      | moisture content of the larger   |
|    | ern | piled.       | iling, | fuels the greater the mass       |
|    | lar |              | hand   | consumed. Up to 20% of the       |
|    | ch, | Due to past  | th     | treatment area (area under the   |
|    | J   | timber       | inning | piles) may have severe soil      |
|    | eff | harvest or   | and    | heating (up to several inches    |
|    | rey | insect and   | hand   | into the soil profile).          |
|    | pi  | disease      | p      |                                  |
|    | ne, | activity,    | iling, | **Low Treatment Intensity**:     |
|    | lod | large        | and    | Scorch damage on 20% of the      |
|    | gep | diameter     | combin | trees in the immediate vicinity  |
|    | ole | trees may no | ations | of the burned piles. Up to 20%   |
|    | pin | longer be    | of the | of area has been burned (low to  |
|    | e** | present on   | above  | moderate severity) from fire     |
|    |     | the areas.   | treat  | creeping outside the pile        |
|    | \*  | Due to their | ments. | boundaries (total of 40% of      |
|    | Due | higher       |        | treatment area burned).          |
|    | to  | value,       | See    | Immediate post fire mortality of |
|    | f   | ponderosa    | **Mech | the overstory will be less than  |
|    | ire | pine,        | anical | 10% of the basal area per acre.  |
|    | e   | western      | Tre    |                                  |
|    | xcl | larch, or    | atment | **Moderate Treatment             |
|    | usi | Douglas-fir  | Ac     | Intensity:** Scorch damage on    |
|    | on, | may have     | tivity | 20-50% of the trees in the       |
|    | tim | been         | Type,  | immediate vicinity of the burned |
|    | ber | selectively  | H      | piles. 20-50% of the area beyond |
|    | ha  | harvested,   | arvest | the piles burned (low to         |
|    | rve | leaving      | Prescr | moderate severity) from fire     |
|    | sti | lodgepole    | iption | creeping outside of pile         |
|    | ng, | pine (or     | /      | boundaries (Up to 70% of total   |
|    | or  | grand fir)   | Im     | treatment area burned).          |
|    | ins | as the       | plemen | Immediate post fire mortality of |
|    | ect | current      | tation | the overstory will be less than  |
|    | and | primary      | Ac     | 20% of the basal area per acre.  |
|    | di  | overstory    | tivity |                                  |
|    | sea | tree         | Compo  | **High Treatment Intensity**:    |
|    | se, | species.     | nent** | Scorch damage on more than 50%   |
|    | lod |              | for    | of the trees in the immediate    |
|    | gep |              | infor  | vicinity of the burned piles     |
|    | ole |              | mation | with limited immediate mortality |
|    | p   |              | r      | from 100% scorch. More than 50%  |
|    | ine |              | elated | of the area beyond the piles     |
|    | or  |              | to     | burned (low to moderate          |
|    | gr  |              | thi    | severity) from fire creeping     |
|    | and |              | nning. | outside of pile boundaries (More |
|    | fir |              |        | than 70% of total treatment area |
|    | may |              | See    | is burned). Immediate post fire  |
|    | now |              | **Mech | mortality of the overstory will  |
|    | be  |              | anical | be less than 25% of the basal    |
|    | the |              | Tre    | area per acre.                   |
|    | *pr |              | atment |                                  |
|    | ima |              | Ac     | **Riparian areas:** Most         |
|    | ry* |              | tivity | riparian areas will be treated   |
|    | (   |              | Type,  | with low intensity treatment,    |
|    | ove |              | Reh    | but due to thick duff            |
|    | rst |              | abilit | accumulations or other fuel      |
|    | ory |              | ation, | arrangements, some portions      |
|    | and |              | r      | (generally less than 20%) of the |
|    | un  |              | emoval | riparian area may experience     |
|    | der |              | of     | effects equivalent to moderate   |
|    | sto |              | excess | treatment intensity. Some        |
|    | ry) |              | vege   | variation in fire effects is     |
|    | t   |              | tation | natural and healthy for          |
|    | ree |              | and    | producing functioning            |
|    | s   |              | slash  | ecosystems.                      |
|    | pec |              | Ac     |                                  |
|    | ies |              | tivity |                                  |
|    | on  |              | Compo  |                                  |
|    | th  |              | nent** |                                  |
|    | ese |              | for    |                                  |
|    | sit |              | infor  |                                  |
|    | es. |              | mation |                                  |
|    |     |              | r      |                                  |
|    |     |              | elated |                                  |
|    |     |              | to     |                                  |
|    |     |              | p      |                                  |
|    |     |              | iling. |                                  |
+----+-----+--------------+--------+----------------------------------+
|    |     |              |        |                                  |
+----+-----+--------------+--------+----------------------------------+
| #  | **  | Overstory of | *      | **Common to all treatment        |
|  I | Pon | ponderosa    | *Thin, | intensities**: Native understory |
|    | der | pine, or     | sc     | plants that have the ability to  |
|    | osa | western      | atter, | sprout, will begin to sprout     |
|    | pi  | larch,       | and    | shortly following spring and     |
|    | ne, | Jeffrey      | bro    | early fall burns. In burned      |
|    | Dou | pine, or     | adcast | areas, 90% of the fine fuels     |
|    | gla | Douglas-fir  | burn   | (one hour \[0 to 0.25"\] and 10  |
|    | s-f | (or in       | -**    | hour \[0.25 to 1.0" diameter\])  |
|    | ir, | co           |        | will be consumed. Large diameter |
|    | w   | mbinations). | This   | fuels (100 hour \[1 to 3"\] and  |
|    | est | In this      | in     | 1,000 hour \[3"+\]) will be      |
|    | ern | treatment    | cludes | consumed in relation to their    |
|    | lar | most of the  | m      | diameter and moisture content.   |
|    | ch, | smaller      | achine | The lower the moisture content   |
|    | J   | diameter,    | thi    | of the larger fuels the greater  |
|    | eff | understory   | nning, | the mass consumed.               |
|    | rey | trees are    | and    |                                  |
|    | pi  | thinned and  | hand   | **Low Treatment Intensity**:     |
|    | ne, | left where   | th     | Scorch damage on up to 40% of    |
|    | lod | they fall,   | inning | the trees. Up to 50% of the area |
|    | gep | or the       | and    | has been burned (low to moderate |
|    | ole | thinned      | combin | severity). Immediate post fire   |
|    | pin | trees may be | ations | mortality of the overstory will  |
|    | e** | scattered to | the    | be less than 10% of the basal    |
|    |     | avoid        | re-of. | area per acre.                   |
|    | \*  | co           | In     |                                  |
|    | Due | ncentrations | some   | **Moderate Treatment             |
|    | to  | of thinning  | cases, | Intensity**: Scorch damage on    |
|    | f   | slash.       | fuels  | 20-50% of the trees. Up to 70%   |
|    | ire |              | may be | of the area has been burned      |
|    | e   | Due to past  | pulled | (mostly low to moderate, but     |
|    | xcl | timber       | away   | some high severity). Immediate   |
|    | usi | harvest or   | from   | post fire mortality of the       |
|    | on, | insect and   | the    | overstory will be less than 20%  |
|    | tim | disease      | desi   | of the basal area per acre.      |
|    | ber | activity,    | gnated |                                  |
|    | ha  | large        | leave  | **High Treatment Intensity**:    |
|    | rve | diameter     | trees  | Scorch damage on more than 50%   |
|    | sti | trees may no | or     | of the trees. More than 80% of   |
|    | ng, | longer be    | other  | the area has been burned (low,   |
|    | or  | present on   | imp    | moderate, and some high          |
|    | ins | the areas.   | ortant | severity). Immediate post fire   |
|    | ect | Due to their | reso   | mortality of the overstory will  |
|    | and | higher       | urces. | be less than 25% of the basal    |
|    | di  | value,       |        | area per acre.                   |
|    | sea | ponderosa    | See    |                                  |
|    | se, | pine,        | **Mech | **Riparian areas:** Most         |
|    | lod | western      | anical | riparian areas will be treated   |
|    | gep | larch, or    | Tre    | with low intensity treatment,    |
|    | ole | Douglas-fir  | atment | but due to thick duff            |
|    | p   | may have     | Ac     | accumulations or other fuel      |
|    | ine | been         | tivity | arrangements, some portions      |
|    | or  | selectively  | Type,  | (generally less than 20%) of the |
|    | gr  | harvested,   | H      | riparian area may experience     |
|    | and | leaving      | arvest | effects equivalent to moderate   |
|    | fir | lodgepole    | Prescr | treatment intensity. Some        |
|    | may | pine as the  | iption | variation in fire effects is     |
|    | now | *current*    | /      | natural and healthy for          |
|    | be  | primary      | Im     | producing functioning            |
|    | the | overstory    | plemen | ecosystems.                      |
|    | *pr | tree         | tation |                                  |
|    | ima | species.     | Ac     |                                  |
|    | ry* |              | tivity |                                  |
|    | (   |              | Compo  |                                  |
|    | ove |              | nent** |                                  |
|    | rst |              | for    |                                  |
|    | ory |              | infor  |                                  |
|    | and |              | mation |                                  |
|    | un  |              | r      |                                  |
|    | der |              | elated |                                  |
|    | sto |              | to     |                                  |
|    | ry) |              | thi    |                                  |
|    | t   |              | nning. |                                  |
|    | ree |              |        |                                  |
|    | s   |              | See    |                                  |
|    | pec |              | **Mech |                                  |
|    | ies |              | anical |                                  |
|    | on  |              | Tre    |                                  |
|    | th  |              | atment |                                  |
|    | ese |              | Ac     |                                  |
|    | sit |              | tivity |                                  |
|    | es. |              | Type,  |                                  |
|    |     |              | Reh    |                                  |
|    |     |              | abilit |                                  |
|    |     |              | ation, |                                  |
|    |     |              | r      |                                  |
|    |     |              | emoval |                                  |
|    |     |              | of     |                                  |
|    |     |              | excess |                                  |
|    |     |              | vege   |                                  |
|    |     |              | tation |                                  |
|    |     |              | and    |                                  |
|    |     |              | slash  |                                  |
|    |     |              | Ac     |                                  |
|    |     |              | tivity |                                  |
|    |     |              | Compo  |                                  |
|    |     |              | nent** |                                  |
|    |     |              | for    |                                  |
|    |     |              | infor  |                                  |
|    |     |              | mation |                                  |
|    |     |              | r      |                                  |
|    |     |              | elated |                                  |
|    |     |              | to     |                                  |
|    |     |              | p      |                                  |
|    |     |              | iling. |                                  |
+----+-----+--------------+--------+----------------------------------+
| #  | []  | Overstory of | **Bro  | **Common to all treatment        |
|  I | {#p | ponderosa    | adcast | intensities**: Native understory |
|    | ond | pine,        | burn** | plants that have the ability to  |
|    | ibb | Jeffrey      |        | sprout, will begin to sprout     |
|    | .   | pine, or     | In     | shortly following spring and     |
|    | anc | western      | some   | early fall burns. In burned      |
|    | hor | larch, or    | cases, | areas, 90% of the fine fuels     |
|    | }** | Douglas-fir  | this   | (one hour \[0 to 0.25"\] and 10  |
|    | Pon | (or in       | may    | hour \[0.25 to 1.0" diameter\])  |
|    | der | co           | i      | will be consumed. Large diameter |
|    | osa | mbinations). | nclude | fuels (100 hour \[1 to 3"\] and  |
|    | pi  |              | fuels  | 1,000 hour \[3"+\]) will be      |
|    | ne, | Due to past  | being  | consumed in relation to their    |
|    | Dou | timber       | pulled | diameter and moisture content.   |
|    | gla | harvest or   | away   | The lower the moisture content   |
|    | s-f | insect and   | from   | of the larger fuels the greater  |
|    | ir, | disease      | the    | the mass consumed.               |
|    | w   | activity,    | desi   |                                  |
|    | est | large        | gnated | **Low Treatment Intensity**:     |
|    | ern | diameter     | leave  | Scorch damage on up to 40% of    |
|    | lar | trees may no | trees  | the overstory trees. Up to 50%   |
|    | ch, | longer be    | or     | of the area has been burned (low |
|    | J   | present on   | other  | to moderate severity). Immediate |
|    | eff | the areas.   | imp    | post fire mortality of the       |
|    | rey |              | ortant | overstory will be less 20% of    |
|    | pi  | In many      | reso   | the basal area per acre.         |
|    | ne, | cases, the   | urces. |                                  |
|    | lod | *current*    |        | **Moderate Treatment             |
|    | gep | tree biomass |        | Intensity**: Scorch damage on    |
|    | ole | may far      |        | 20-50% of the overstory trees.   |
|    | pin | exceed the   |        | Up to 70% of the area has been   |
|    | e** | biomass that |        | burned (mostly low to moderate,  |
|    |     | would have   |        | but some high severity).         |
|    | Due | been         |        | Immediate post fire mortality of |
|    | to  | maintained   |        | the overstory will be less than  |
|    | f   | on these     |        | 30% of the basal area per acre.  |
|    | ire | sites        |        |                                  |
|    | e   | naturally.   |        | **High Treatment Intensity**:    |
|    | xcl | Therefore,   |        | Scorch damage on more than 50%   |
|    | usi | treatments   |        | of the trees. More than 80% of   |
|    | on, | may be       |        | the area has been burned (low,   |
|    | tim | designed to  |        | moderate, and some high          |
|    | ber | kill much of |        | severity). Immediate post fire   |
|    | ha  | the          |        | mortality of the overstory will  |
|    | rve | understory   |        | be less than 40% of the basal    |
|    | sti | trees and    |        | area per acre.                   |
|    | ng, | even         |        |                                  |
|    | or  | significant  |        | **Riparian areas**: Most         |
|    | ins | portions of  |        | riparian areas will be treated   |
|    | ect | the          |        | with low intensity treatment,    |
|    | and | overstory    |        | but due to thick duff            |
|    | di  | trees.       |        | accumulations or other fuel      |
|    | sea |              |        | arrangements, some portions      |
|    | se, |              |        | (generally less than 20%) of the |
|    | lod |              |        | riparian area may experience     |
|    | gep |              |        | effects equivalent to moderate   |
|    | ole |              |        | treatment intensity. Some        |
|    | p   |              |        | variation in fire effects is     |
|    | ine |              |        | natural and healthy for          |
|    | or  |              |        | producing functioning            |
|    | gr  |              |        | ecosystems.                      |
|    | and |              |        |                                  |
|    | fir |              |        |                                  |
|    | may |              |        |                                  |
|    | now |              |        |                                  |
|    | be  |              |        |                                  |
|    | the |              |        |                                  |
|    | *pr |              |        |                                  |
|    | ima |              |        |                                  |
|    | ry* |              |        |                                  |
|    | (   |              |        |                                  |
|    | ove |              |        |                                  |
|    | rst |              |        |                                  |
|    | ory |              |        |                                  |
|    | and |              |        |                                  |
|    | un  |              |        |                                  |
|    | der |              |        |                                  |
|    | sto |              |        |                                  |
|    | ry) |              |        |                                  |
|    | t   |              |        |                                  |
|    | ree |              |        |                                  |
|    | s   |              |        |                                  |
|    | pec |              |        |                                  |
|    | ies |              |        |                                  |
|    | on  |              |        |                                  |
|    | th  |              |        |                                  |
|    | ese |              |        |                                  |
|    | sit |              |        |                                  |
|    | es. |              |        |                                  |
+----+-----+--------------+--------+----------------------------------+

+---+--------+---------+--------+------------------------------------+
| * |        |         | **WORK |                                    |
| * |        |         | ELE    |                                    |
| A |        |         | MENT** |                                    |
| C |        |         |        |                                    |
| T |        |         |        |                                    |
| I |        |         |        |                                    |
| V |        |         |        |                                    |
| I |        |         |        |                                    |
| T |        |         |        |                                    |
| Y |        |         |        |                                    |
| C |        |         |        |                                    |
| O |        |         |        |                                    |
| M |        |         |        |                                    |
| P |        |         |        |                                    |
| O |        |         |        |                                    |
| N |        |         |        |                                    |
| E |        |         |        |                                    |
| N |        |         |        |                                    |
| T |        |         |        |                                    |
| * |        |         |        |                                    |
| * |        |         |        |                                    |
+===+========+=========+========+====================================+
| * | **Ex   | *       | **Tre  | **Post-Treatment Vegetation        |
| * | isting | *Pre-Tr | atment | Description**                      |
| F | Vege   | eatment | Type** |                                    |
| i | tation | Veg     |        |                                    |
| r | Type** | etation |        |                                    |
| e |        | Descri  |        |                                    |
| R |        | ption** |        |                                    |
| e |        |         |        |                                    |
| g |        |         |        |                                    |
| i |        |         |        |                                    |
| m |        |         |        |                                    |
| e |        |         |        |                                    |
| * |        |         |        |                                    |
| * |        |         |        |                                    |
+---+--------+---------+--------+------------------------------------+
| * | []{#p  | Ov      | *      | After reviewing the forest         |
| I | ondotp | erstory | *Thin, | structure of a landscape, it may   |
| I | .      | of      | pile   | be necessary to restore an open    |
| I | anchor | po      | and    | large tree forest structure        |
| * | }**Pon | nderosa | burn   | component in that landscape. This  |
|   | derosa | pine,   | p      | would be accomplished with         |
|   | pine,  | Jeffrey | iles** | prescribed fire with an end result |
|   | Dougla | pine,   | to     | of non-lethal or mixed lethal fire |
|   | s-fir, | or      | a      | effects.                           |
|   | w      | western | chieve |                                    |
|   | estern | larch,  | open   | **Common to all treatment          |
|   | larch, | or      | forest | intensities**: Native understory   |
|   | J      | Doug    | str    | plants that have the ability to    |
|   | effrey | las-fir | ucture | sprout, will sprout following      |
|   | pine,  | (or in  | as a   | spring and early fall burns. In    |
|   | lod    | combina | result | burned areas, 95% of the fine and  |
|   | gepole | tions). | of a   | small diameter fuels (one hour \[0 |
|   | pine   | Most of | non-   | to 0.25" diameter\], 10 hour       |
|   | --     | the     | lethal | \[0.25 to 1.0"\], and 100 hour \[1 |
|   | Open   | smaller | or     | to 3"\]) will be consumed. Large   |
|   | Forest | di      | mixed  | diameter fuels (1,000 hour         |
|   | Objec  | ameter, | lethal | \[3"+\]) will be consumed in       |
|   | tive** | und     | se     | relation to their diameter and     |
|   |        | erstory | verity | moisture content. The lower the    |
|   | M      | trees   | distur | moisture content of the larger     |
|   | osaics | and     | bance. | fuels the greater the mass         |
|   | of     | piled   |        | consumed. Up to 20% of the         |
|   | dif    | or      | Tre    | treatment area (area under the     |
|   | ferent | sca     | atment | piles) may have severe soil        |
|   | forest | ttered. | type   | heating (up to several inches into |
|   | str    |         | and    | the soil profile).                 |
|   | ucture | Due to  | size   |                                    |
|   | are    | past    | should | **Low Treatment Intensity**:       |
|   | part   | timber  | be     | Scorch damage on 20% of the trees  |
|   | of the | harvest | based  | in the immediate vicinity of the   |
|   | lan    | or      | on     | burned piles. Up to 20% of the     |
|   | dscape | insect  | lan    | area has been burned (low to       |
|   | pa     | and     | dscape | moderate severity) from fire       |
|   | tterns | disease | obje   | creeping outside the pile          |
|   | for    | ac      | ctives | boundaries (total of 40% of        |
|   | this   | tivity, | consi  | treatment area burned). Immediate  |
|   | r      | large   | dering | post fire mortality of the         |
|   | egime. | d       | the    | overstory will be less than 10% of |
|   | Much   | iameter | n      | the basal area per acre.           |
|   | of     | trees   | atural |                                    |
|   | this   | may no  | mosaic | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**:  |
|   | regime | longer  | of     | Scorch damage on 20-50% of the     |
|   | had    | be      | p      | trees in the immediate vicinity of |
|   | s      | present | atches | the burned piles. 20-50% of the    |
|   | urface | on the  | of     | area beyond the piles burned (low  |
|   | fires  | areas.  | forest | to moderate severity) from fire    |
|   | fr     | Due to  | str    | creeping outside of pile           |
|   | equent | their   | ucture | boundaries (Up to 70% of total     |
|   | enough | higher  | and    | treatment area burned). Immediate  |
|   | to     | value,  | within | post fire mortality of the         |
|   | result | po      | stand  | overstory will be less than 20% of |
|   | in     | nderosa | vari   | the basal area per acre.           |
|   | open   | pine,   | ation. |                                    |
|   | f      | western |        | **High Treatment Intensity**:      |
|   | orests | larch,  | See    | Scorch damage on more than 50% of  |
|   | with   | or      | **Mech | the trees in the immediate         |
|   | trees  | Doug    | anical | vicinity of the burned piles with  |
|   | of     | las-fir | Tre    | limited immediate mortality from   |
|   | medium | may     | atment | 100% scorch. More than 50% of the  |
|   | and    | have    | Ac     | area beyond the piles burned (low  |
|   | large  | been    | tivity | to moderate severity) from fire    |
|   | dia    | sele    | Type,  | creeping outside of pile           |
|   | meter. | ctively | H      | boundaries (More than 70% of total |
|   | Closed | har     | arvest | treatment area is burned).         |
|   | and    | vested, | Prescr | Immediate post fire mortality of   |
|   | multi  | leaving | iption | the overstory will be less than    |
|   | -story | lo      | /      | 25% of the basal area per acre.    |
|   | forest | dgepole | Im     |                                    |
|   | and    | pine    | plemen | **Riparian areas:** Most riparian  |
|   | seed   | (or     | tation | areas will be treated with low     |
|   | ling/s | grand   | Ac     | intensity treatment, but due to    |
|   | apling | fir) as | tivity | thick duff accumulations or other  |
|   | stru   | the     | Compo  | fuel arrangements, some portions   |
|   | ctures | *c      | nent** | (generally less than 20%) of the   |
|   | were   | urrent* | for    | riparian area may experience       |
|   | also   | primary | infor  | effects equivalent to moderate     |
|   | repre  | ov      | mation | treatment intensity.               |
|   | sented | erstory | r      |                                    |
|   | in     | tree    | elated |                                    |
|   | this   | s       | to     |                                    |
|   | r      | pecies. | thi    |                                    |
|   | egime. |         | nning. |                                    |
|   |        |         |        |                                    |
|   | **\*** |         | See    |                                    |
|   | Due to |         | **Mech |                                    |
|   | fire   |         | anical |                                    |
|   | excl   |         | Tre    |                                    |
|   | usion, |         | atment |                                    |
|   | timber |         | Ac     |                                    |
|   | harve  |         | tivity |                                    |
|   | sting, |         | Type,  |                                    |
|   | or     |         | Reh    |                                    |
|   | insect |         | abilit |                                    |
|   | and    |         | ation, |                                    |
|   | di     |         | r      |                                    |
|   | sease, |         | emoval |                                    |
|   | lod    |         | of     |                                    |
|   | gepole |         | excess |                                    |
|   | pine   |         | vege   |                                    |
|   | or     |         | tation |                                    |
|   | grand  |         | and    |                                    |
|   | fir    |         | slash  |                                    |
|   | may    |         | Ac     |                                    |
|   | now be |         | tivity |                                    |
|   | the    |         | Compo  |                                    |
|   | p      |         | nent** |                                    |
|   | rimary |         | for    |                                    |
|   | (ove   |         | infor  |                                    |
|   | rstory |         | mation |                                    |
|   | and    |         | r      |                                    |
|   | under  |         | elated |                                    |
|   | story) |         | to     |                                    |
|   | tree   |         | p      |                                    |
|   | s      |         | iling. |                                    |
|   | pecies |         |        |                                    |
|   | on     |         |        |                                    |
|   | these  |         |        |                                    |
|   | sites. |         |        |                                    |
+---+--------+---------+--------+------------------------------------+
| # | []{#p  | Ov      | **Bro  | **Common to all treatment          |
|   | ondobb | erstory | adcast | intensities**: Native understory   |
| * | .      | of      | bu     | plants that have the ability to    |
| I | anchor | po      | rn** - | sprout, will begin to sprout       |
| I | }**Pon | nderosa | to     | shortly following spring and early |
| I | derosa | pine,   | a      | fall burns. In burned areas, 90%   |
| * | pine,  | Jeffrey | chieve | of the fine fuels (one hour \[0 to |
|   | Dougla | pine,   | open   | 0.25"\] and 10 hour \[0.25 to 1.0" |
|   | s-fir, | or      | forest | diameter\]) will be consumed.      |
|   | w      | western | str    | Large diameter fuels (100 hour \[1 |
|   | estern | larch,  | ucture | to 3 "\] and 1,000 hour \[3+"\])   |
|   | larch, | or      | (as a  | will be consumed in relation to    |
|   | J      | Doug    | result | their diameter and moisture        |
|   | effrey | las-fir | of a   | content. The lower the moisture    |
|   | pine,  | (or in  | non-   | content of the larger fuels the    |
|   | lod    | combina | lethal | greater the mass consumed.         |
|   | gepole | tions). | or     |                                    |
|   | pine   |         | mixed  | **Low Treatment Intensity**:       |
|   | --     | Due to  | lethal | Scorch damage on up to 40% of the  |
|   | Open   | past    | se     | overstory trees. Up to 50% of area |
|   | Forest | timber  | verity | has been burned (low to moderate   |
|   | Objec  | harvest | d      | severity). Immediate post fire     |
|   | tive** | or      | isturb | mortality of the overstory will be |
|   |        | insect  | ance). | less 20% of the basal area per     |
|   | Due to | and     |        | acre.                              |
|   | fire   | disease | In     |                                    |
|   | excl   | ac      | some   | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**:  |
|   | usion, | tivity, | cases, | Scorch damage on 20-50% of the     |
|   | timber | large   | this   | overstory trees. Up to 70% of the  |
|   | harve  | d       | may    | area has been burned (mostly low   |
|   | sting, | iameter | i      | to moderate, but some high         |
|   | or     | trees   | nclude | severity). Immediate post fire     |
|   | insect | may no  | fuels  | mortality of the overstory will be |
|   | and    | longer  | being  | less than 30% of the basal area    |
|   | di     | be      | pulled | per acre.                          |
|   | sease, | present | away   |                                    |
|   | lod    | on the  | from   | **High Treatment Intensity**:      |
|   | gepole | areas.  | the    | Scorch damage on more than 50% of  |
|   | pine   | Due to  | desi   | the trees. More than 80% of the    |
|   | or     | their   | gnated | area has been burned (low,         |
|   | grand  | higher  | leave  | moderate, and some high severity). |
|   | fir    | value,  | trees  | Immediate post fire mortality of   |
|   | may    | po      | or     | the overstory will be less than    |
|   | now be | nderosa | other  | 40% of the basal area per acre.    |
|   | the    | pine,   | imp    |                                    |
|   | p      | western | ortant | **Riparian areas**: Most riparian  |
|   | rimary | larch,  | reso   | areas will be treated with low     |
|   | (ove   | or      | urces. | intensity treatment, but due to    |
|   | rstory | Doug    |        | thick duff accumulations or other  |
|   | and    | las-fir |        | fuel arrangements, some portions   |
|   | under  | may     |        | (generally less than 20%) of the   |
|   | story) | have    |        | riparian area may experience       |
|   | tree   | been    |        | effects equivalent to moderate     |
|   | s      | sele    |        | treatment intensity.               |
|   | pecies | ctively |        |                                    |
|   | on     | har     |        |                                    |
|   | these  | vested, |        |                                    |
|   | sites. | leaving |        |                                    |
|   |        | lo      |        |                                    |
|   |        | dgepole |        |                                    |
|   |        | pine    |        |                                    |
|   |        | (or     |        |                                    |
|   |        | grand   |        |                                    |
|   |        | fir) as |        |                                    |
|   |        | the     |        |                                    |
|   |        | *c      |        |                                    |
|   |        | urrent* |        |                                    |
|   |        | primary |        |                                    |
|   |        | ov      |        |                                    |
|   |        | erstory |        |                                    |
|   |        | tree    |        |                                    |
|   |        | s       |        |                                    |
|   |        | pecies. |        |                                    |
+---+--------+---------+--------+------------------------------------+
| * | []{#p  | Ov      | *      | After reviewing the forest         |
| I | ondots | erstory | *Thin, | structure of a landscape, it may   |
| I | .      | of      | s      | be necessary to restore an open    |
| I | anchor | po      | catter | large tree forest structure        |
| * | }**Pon | nderosa | and    | component in that landscape. This  |
|   | derosa | pine,   | burn** | would be accomplished with         |
|   | pine,  | Jeffrey | to     | prescribed fire with an end result |
|   | Dougla | pine,   | a      | of non-lethal or mixed lethal fire |
|   | s-fir, | or      | chieve | effects.                           |
|   | w      | western | open   |                                    |
|   | estern | larch,  | forest | **Common to all treatment          |
|   | larch, | or      | str    | intensities:** Native understory   |
|   | J      | Doug    | ucture | plants that have the ability to    |
|   | effrey | las-fir | as a   | sprout, will begin to sprout       |
|   | pine,  | (or in  | result | shortly following spring and early |
|   | lod    | combina | of a   | fall burns. In burned areas, 90%   |
|   | gepole | tions). | non-   | of the fine fuels (one hour \[0 to |
|   | pine   | Most of | lethal | 0.25"\] and 10 hour \[0.25 to 1.0" |
|   | --     | the     | or     | diameter\]) will be consumed.      |
|   | Open   | smaller | mixed  | Large diameter fuels (100 hour \[1 |
|   | Forest | di      | lethal | to 3 "\] and 1,000 hour \[3+"\])   |
|   | Objec  | ameter, | se     | will be consumed in relation to    |
|   | tive** | und     | verity | their diameter and moisture        |
|   |        | erstory | distur | content. The lower the moisture    |
|   | M      | trees   | bance. | content of the larger fuels the    |
|   | osaics | have    |        | greater the mass consumed.         |
|   | of     | been    | Tre    |                                    |
|   | dif    | cut and | atment | **Low Treatment Intensity :**      |
|   | ferent | piled   | type   | Scorch damage on up to 40% of the  |
|   | forest | or      | and    | trees. Up to 50% of area has been  |
|   | str    | sca     | size   | burned (low to moderate severity). |
|   | ucture | ttered. | should | Immediate post fire mortality of   |
|   | are    |         | be     | the overstory will be less than    |
|   | part   | Due to  | based  | 10% of the basal area per acre.    |
|   | of the | past    | on     |                                    |
|   | lan    | timber  | lan    | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**:  |
|   | dscape | harvest | dscape | Scorch damage on 20-50% of the     |
|   | pa     | or      | obje   | trees. Up to 70% of the area has   |
|   | tterns | insect  | ctives | been burned (mostly low to         |
|   | for    | and     | consi  | moderate, but some high severity). |
|   | this   | disease | dering | Immediate post fire mortality of   |
|   | r      | ac      | the    | the overstory will be less than    |
|   | egime. | tivity, | n      | 20% of the basal area per acre.    |
|   | Much   | large   | atural |                                    |
|   | of     | d       | mosaic | **High Treatment Intensity:**      |
|   | this   | iameter | of     | Scorch damage on more than 50% of  |
|   | regime | trees   | p      | the trees. More than 80% of the    |
|   | had    | may no  | atches | area has been burned (low,         |
|   | s      | longer  | of     | moderate, and some high severity). |
|   | urface | be      | forest | Immediate post fire mortality of   |
|   | fires  | present | str    | the overstory will be less than    |
|   | fr     | on the  | ucture | 25% of the basal area per acre.    |
|   | equent | areas.  | and    |                                    |
|   | enough | Due to  | within | **Riparian areas**: Most riparian  |
|   | to     | their   | stand  | areas will be treated with low     |
|   | result | higher  | vari   | intensity treatment, but due to    |
|   | in     | value,  | ation. | thick duff accumulations or other  |
|   | open   | po      |        | fuel arrangements, some portions   |
|   | f      | nderosa | See    | (generally less than 20%) of the   |
|   | orests | pine,   | **Mech | riparian area may experience       |
|   | with   | western | anical | effects equivalent to moderate     |
|   | trees  | larch,  | Tre    | treatment intensity. Some          |
|   | of     | or      | atment | variation in fire effects is       |
|   | medium | Doug    | Ac     | natural and healthy for producing  |
|   | and    | las-fir | tivity | functioning ecosystems.            |
|   | large  | may     | Type,  |                                    |
|   | dia    | have    | H      |                                    |
|   | meter. | been    | arvest |                                    |
|   | Closed | sele    | Prescr |                                    |
|   | and    | ctively | iption |                                    |
|   | multi  | har     | /      |                                    |
|   | -story | vested, | Im     |                                    |
|   | forest | leaving | plemen |                                    |
|   | and    | lo      | tation |                                    |
|   | seed   | dgepole | Ac     |                                    |
|   | ling/s | pine    | tivity |                                    |
|   | apling | (or     | Compo  |                                    |
|   | stru   | grand   | nent** |                                    |
|   | ctures | fir) as | for    |                                    |
|   | were   | the     | infor  |                                    |
|   | also   | *c      | mation |                                    |
|   | repre  | urrent* | r      |                                    |
|   | sented | primary | elated |                                    |
|   | in     | ov      | to     |                                    |
|   | this   | erstory | thi    |                                    |
|   | r      | tree    | nning. |                                    |
|   | egime. | s       |        |                                    |
|   |        | pecies. | See    |                                    |
|   | **\*** |         | **Mech |                                    |
|   | Due to |         | anical |                                    |
|   | fire   |         | Tre    |                                    |
|   | excl   |         | atment |                                    |
|   | usion, |         | Ac     |                                    |
|   | timber |         | tivity |                                    |
|   | harve  |         | Type,  |                                    |
|   | sting, |         | Reh    |                                    |
|   | or     |         | abilit |                                    |
|   | insect |         | ation, |                                    |
|   | and    |         | r      |                                    |
|   | di     |         | emoval |                                    |
|   | sease, |         | of     |                                    |
|   | lod    |         | excess |                                    |
|   | gepole |         | vege   |                                    |
|   | pine   |         | tation |                                    |
|   | or     |         | and    |                                    |
|   | grand  |         | slash  |                                    |
|   | fir    |         | Ac     |                                    |
|   | may    |         | tivity |                                    |
|   | now be |         | Compo  |                                    |
|   | the    |         | nent** |                                    |
|   | *pr    |         | for    |                                    |
|   | imary* |         | infor  |                                    |
|   | (ove   |         | mation |                                    |
|   | rstory |         | r      |                                    |
|   | and    |         | elated |                                    |
|   | under  |         | to     |                                    |
|   | story) |         | p      |                                    |
|   | tree   |         | iling. |                                    |
|   | s      |         |        |                                    |
|   | pecies |         |        |                                    |
|   | on     |         |        |                                    |
|   | these  |         |        |                                    |
|   | sites. |         |        |                                    |
+---+--------+---------+--------+------------------------------------+
| * | []{    | I       | **Bro  | **High Treatment Intensity**:      |
| I | #ponds | ncludes | adcast | Scorch damage or basal injury on   |
| I | apling | a wide  | bu     | more than 90% of the trees. More   |
| I | .      | range   | rn** - | than 80% of the area has been      |
| * | anchor | of fuel | to     | burned (moderate and high          |
|   | }**Pon | and     | a      | severity). Immediate post fire     |
|   | derosa | forest  | chieve | mortality of the overstory will be |
|   | pine,  | stand   | seed   | 85% or more of the basal area per  |
|   | Dougla | cond    | ling/s | acre. Treatments of low or         |
|   | s-fir, | itions. | apling | moderate intensity would generally |
|   | w      | May     | f      | not be planned with a stand        |
|   | estern | include | orests | replacing disturbance objective.   |
|   | larch, | areas   | (as a  |                                    |
|   | J      | which   | result | **Riparian areas:** Most riparian  |
|   | effrey | have    | of a   | areas will be treated with         |
|   | pine,  | had     | stand  | moderate intensity treatment, but  |
|   | lod    | trees   | rep    | due to thick duff accumulations or |
|   | gepole | cut     | lacing | other fuel arrangements, some      |
|   | pine   | down to | d      | portions (generally less than 20%) |
|   | --     | g       | isturb | of the riparian area may           |
|   | Seed   | enerate | ance). | experience effects equivalent to   |
|   | ling/S | dry     |        | moderate treatment intensity.      |
|   | apling | fuels   | It may |                                    |
|   | Objec  | to burn | be     |                                    |
|   | tive** | to      | nec    |                                    |
|   |        | produce | essary |                                    |
|   | M      | enough  | to     |                                    |
|   | osaics | heat to | r      |                                    |
|   | of     | kill    | estore |                                    |
|   | dif    | most of | se     |                                    |
|   | ferent | the     | edling |                                    |
|   | forest | trees   | and    |                                    |
|   | str    | in both | s      |                                    |
|   | ucture | the     | apling |                                    |
|   | are    | ov      | p      |                                    |
|   | part   | erstory | atches |                                    |
|   | of the | and     | and    |                                    |
|   | lan    | unde    | pole   |                                    |
|   | dscape | rstory. | size   |                                    |
|   | pa     |         | p      |                                    |
|   | tterns | Stands  | atches |                                    |
|   | for    | may     | across |                                    |
|   | this   | ty      | the    |                                    |
|   | r      | pically | lan    |                                    |
|   | egime. | be well | dscape |                                    |
|   | Much   | s       | to     |                                    |
|   | of     | tocked, | r      |                                    |
|   | this   | having  | estore |                                    |
|   | regime | dense   | a      |                                    |
|   | had    | canopy  | n      |                                    |
|   | s      | cover   | atural |                                    |
|   | urface | of      | mosaic |                                    |
|   | fires  | single  | pa     |                                    |
|   | fr     | or      | ttern. |                                    |
|   | equent | mul     | This   |                                    |
|   | enough | tistory | would  |                                    |
|   | to     | trees.  | be     |                                    |
|   | result |         | accomp |                                    |
|   | in     |         | lished |                                    |
|   | open   |         | with   |                                    |
|   | f      |         | pres   |                                    |
|   | orests |         | cribed |                                    |
|   | of     |         | fire   |                                    |
|   | medium |         | with   |                                    |
|   | and    |         | an end |                                    |
|   | large  |         | result |                                    |
|   | di     |         | of     |                                    |
|   | ameter |         | lethal |                                    |
|   | trees. |         | fire   |                                    |
|   | Closed |         | ef     |                                    |
|   | and    |         | fects. |                                    |
|   | multi  |         |        |                                    |
|   | -story |         | Tre    |                                    |
|   | forest |         | atment |                                    |
|   | and    |         | type   |                                    |
|   | seed   |         | and    |                                    |
|   | ling/s |         | size   |                                    |
|   | apling |         | should |                                    |
|   | stru   |         | be     |                                    |
|   | ctures |         | based  |                                    |
|   | were   |         | on     |                                    |
|   | also   |         | lan    |                                    |
|   | repre  |         | dscape |                                    |
|   | sented |         | obje   |                                    |
|   | in     |         | ctives |                                    |
|   | this   |         | consi  |                                    |
|   | r      |         | dering |                                    |
|   | egime. |         | the    |                                    |
|   |        |         | n      |                                    |
|   |        |         | atural |                                    |
|   |        |         | mosaic |                                    |
|   |        |         | of     |                                    |
|   |        |         | p      |                                    |
|   |        |         | atches |                                    |
|   |        |         | of     |                                    |
|   |        |         | forest |                                    |
|   |        |         | str    |                                    |
|   |        |         | ucture |                                    |
|   |        |         | and    |                                    |
|   |        |         | within |                                    |
|   |        |         | stand  |                                    |
|   |        |         | vari   |                                    |
|   |        |         | ation. |                                    |
+---+--------+---------+--------+------------------------------------+

**Riparian Mid/Upper Elevations Fire Effects**

+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| ** |      |           | # Wo  |                                    |
| Ac |      |           | rk El |                                    |
| ti |      |           | ement |                                    |
| vi |      |           |       |                                    |
| ty |      |           |       |                                    |
| C  |      |           |       |                                    |
| om |      |           |       |                                    |
| po |      |           |       |                                    |
| ne |      |           |       |                                    |
| nt |      |           |       |                                    |
| ** |      |           |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| #  | Exis | Pre-      | ####  | #                                  |
|  F | ting | Treatment |  Trea |                                    |
| ir | Ve   | V         | tment | # Pos                              |
| e  | geta | egetation |  Type | t-treatment Vegetation Description |
| Re | tion | De        |       |                                    |
| gi | Type | scription |       |                                    |
| me |      |           |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| *  | []{# | ###       | *     | Piling is the treatment most       |
| II | rip1 | ## **Cond | *Thin | likely to have effects in riparian |
| I, | thin | ition Cla | small | due to higher fuel moistures.      |
| IV | .a   | ss 1 --** | dia   | Piling and pile covers facilitate  |
| &  | ncho |           | meter | drying of fuels and help to        |
| V* | r}** | Area      | t     | increase consumption.              |
|    | Ripa | includes  | rees, |                                    |
| Hi | rian | only      | Hand  | **Common to all treatment          |
| gh | M    | riparian  | pile, | intensities:** 95% of piles are    |
| ly | id/U | v         | burn  | completely consumed. Up to 20% of  |
| va | pper | egetation | pi    | the treatment area (area directly  |
| ri | Ele  | -- not    | les** | under the piles) will have severe  |
| ab | vati | entire    |       | soil heating up to several inches  |
| le | ons, | RHCA.     | See   | into the soil profile. Western     |
| b  | C    | Stand has | **    | larch, ponderosa pine & Douglas    |
| ut | ondi | not       | Mecha | fir less sensitive to fire than    |
| g  | tion | missed    | nical | lodgepole pine, climax species are |
| en | C    | any past  | Trea  | most sensitive & most likely to    |
| er | lass | fire      | tment | die. Lodgepole pine regenerates    |
| al | 1**  | di        | Act   | easily after disturbance.          |
| ly |      | sturbance | ivity | Consumption of duff will be        |
| lo | E    | cycles    | Type, | dependent on moisture content.     |
| ng | xist | but is    | Ha    | Movement of fire outside of the    |
| er | th   | nearing   | rvest | perimeter of the pile may occur    |
| i  | roug | or at     | Pr    | during "creeping." Total           |
| nt | hout | maturity. | escri | consumption of the duff layer will |
| er | l    | More      | ption | only occur under extremely dry     |
| va | odge | seral     | /     | forest floor conditions, or in     |
| ls | pole | species   | Impl  | areas where heating is great.      |
| a  | p    | than      | ement |                                    |
| nd | ine, | higher    | ation | **Low Treatment Intensity** -      |
| hi | ce   | condition | Act   | Scorch damage on up to 10% of the  |
| gh | dar, | classes.  | ivity | trees (primarily fire sensitive    |
| se | spr  | Large     | C     | species such as true firs,         |
| ve | uce, | pole to   | ompon | hemlock, spruce and other species  |
| ri | fir  | mature    | ent** | when younger) in the immediate     |
| ty | type | size      | for   | vicinity of the burned piles. Up   |
|    | in   | lodgepole | i     | to 20% of area has been burned     |
|    | the  | pine,     | nform | (low to moderate severity) from    |
|    | area | Dou       | ation | fire creeping outside the pile     |
|    |      | glas-fir, | re    | boundaries (total of 20% of        |
|    |      | western   | lated | treatment area burned). Most       |
|    |      | larch,    | to    | likely to occur in areas where     |
|    |      | white     | thin  | fuel moistures, dead and live, are |
|    |      | pine,     | ning. | high                               |
|    |      | h         |       |                                    |
|    |      | ardwoods, | See   | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** - |
|    |      | spruce,   | **    | Scorch damage on 10-20% of the     |
|    |      | western   | Mecha | trees (primarily fire sensitive    |
|    |      | hemlock,  | nical | species such as true firs,         |
|    |      | cedar or  | Trea  | hemlock, spruce and other species  |
|    |      | true fir. | tment | when younger) in the immediate     |
|    |      | U         | Act   | vicinity of the burned piles.      |
|    |      | nderstory | ivity | 20-30% of the area beyond the      |
|    |      | conifers  | Type, | piles burned (low to moderate      |
|    |      | scattered | Rehab | severity) from fire creeping       |
|    |      | t         | ilita | outside of pile boundaries (up to  |
|    |      | hroughout | tion, | 50% of total treatment area        |
|    |      | unit.     | re    | burned).                           |
|    |      | Other     | moval |                                    |
|    |      | u         | of    | **High Treatment Intensity** -     |
|    |      | nderstory | e     | **Not likely** (at mid to upper    |
|    |      | v         | xcess | elevations) since piles are        |
|    |      | egetation | veget | normally covered & burned late in  |
|    |      | includes  | ation | the season before winter or early  |
|    |      | grasses,  | and   | spring. Scorch damage on more than |
|    |      | forbs,    | slash | 20% of the trees in the immediate  |
|    |      | and       | Act   | vicinity of the burned piles with  |
|    |      | shrubs.   | ivity | limited immediate mortality from   |
|    |      | Snags are | C     | 100% scorch depending on where and |
|    |      | up to 5   | ompon | how large piles are (less chance   |
|    |      | snags per | ent** | unless large and close). More than |
|    |      | acre      | for   | 30% of the area beyond the piles   |
|    |      | present.  | i     | burned (low to moderate severity)  |
|    |      |           | nform | from fire creeping outside of pile |
|    |      |           | ation | boundaries (up to 60% of total     |
|    |      |           | re    | treatment area burned).            |
|    |      |           | lated |                                    |
|    |      |           | to    |                                    |
|    |      |           | pi    |                                    |
|    |      |           | ling. |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+

+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| ** |      |           | # Wo  |                                    |
| Ac |      |           | rk El |                                    |
| ti |      |           | ement |                                    |
| vi |      |           |       |                                    |
| ty |      |           |       |                                    |
| C  |      |           |       |                                    |
| om |      |           |       |                                    |
| po |      |           |       |                                    |
| ne |      |           |       |                                    |
| nt |      |           |       |                                    |
| ** |      |           |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| #  | Exis | Pre-      | Trea  | #                                  |
|  F | ting | Treatment | tment |                                    |
| ir | Ve   | V         | Type  | # Pos                              |
| e  | geta | egetation |       | t-treatment Vegetation Description |
| Re | tion | De        |       |                                    |
| gi | Type | scription |       |                                    |
| me |      |           |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| *  | **   | ###       | *     | Intentional burning in riparian    |
| II | R**[ | ## **Cond | *Thin | areas is often not an objective.   |
| I, | ]{#r | ition Cla | small | However, fire can creep into       |
| IV | ip1b | ss 1** -- | dia   | riparian area from upland burns.   |
| &  | road |           | meter | Often this creeping does not       |
| V* | .    | Area      | t     | result in the same degree of       |
|    | anch | includes  | rees, | impacts as in the upland area due  |
|    | or}* | only      | Broa  | to higher fuel moistures.          |
|    | *ipa | riparian  | dcast |                                    |
|    | rian | v         | Burn  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up   |
|    | M    | egetation | or    | to 10% of remaining overstory      |
|    | id/U | -- not    | Broa  | trees (primarily fire sensitive    |
|    | pper | entire    | dcast | species such as true firs,         |
|    | Ele  | RHCA.     | Burn  | hemlock, spruce and other species  |
|    | vati | Stand has | al    | when younger) killed by crown      |
|    | ons, | not       | one** | scorch damage or cambial heating,  |
|    | C    | missed    |       | but relatively little scorch       |
|    | ondi | any past  | See   | damage on other overstory trees.   |
|    | tion | fire      | **    | Remaining fire sensitive           |
|    | C    | di        | Mecha | understory trees are likely killed |
|    | lass | sturbance | nical | through cambial heating or         |
|    | 1**  | cycles    | Trea  | scorching. Other understory        |
|    |      | but is    | tment | vegetation top-killed but          |
|    |      | nearing   | Act   | sprouting evident within a few     |
|    |      | or at     | ivity | days to up to 3 weeks if soil      |
|    |      | maturity. | Type, | moisture and temperatures are      |
|    |      | More      | Ha    | conducive to plant growth. Up to   |
|    |      | seral     | rvest | 20% of snags and up to 30% of      |
|    |      | species   | Pr    | large downed logs heavily damaged  |
|    |      | than      | escri | or burned up. Most likely scenario |
|    |      | higher    | ption | at mid to upper elevations.        |
|    |      | condition | /     |                                    |
|    |      | classes.  | Impl  | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** - |
|    |      | Large     | ement | 10-30% of remaining overstory      |
|    |      | pole to   | ation | trees (primarily fire sensitive    |
|    |      | mature    | Act   | species such as true firs,         |
|    |      | size      | ivity | hemlock, spruce and other species  |
|    |      | lodgepole | C     | when younger) killed by crown      |
|    |      | pine,     | ompon | scorch damage or cambial heating   |
|    |      | Douglas   | ent** | with moderate scorching damage on  |
|    |      | fir,      | for   | most of remaining overstory trees. |
|    |      | western   | i     | Remaining fire sensitive           |
|    |      | larch,    | nform | understory trees likely killed     |
|    |      | white     | ation | through cambial heating or         |
|    |      | pine,     | re    | scorching. Other understory        |
|    |      | h         | lated | vegetation top-killed but          |
|    |      | ardwoods, | to    | sprouting evident within a few     |
|    |      | spruce,   | thin  | days to up to 3 weeks if soil      |
|    |      | true fir, | ning. | moisture and temperatures are      |
|    |      | cedar or  |       | conducive for plant growth. Up to  |
|    |      | western   |       | 30% of snags and up to 50% of      |
|    |      | hemlock.  |       | large downed logs heavily damaged  |
|    |      | U         |       | or burned up.                      |
|    |      | nderstory |       |                                    |
|    |      | conifers  |       | High Treatment Intensity - 30-50%  |
|    |      | scattered |       | of remaining overstory trees       |
|    |      | t         |       | (primarily fire sensitive species  |
|    |      | hroughout |       | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce |
|    |      | unit.     |       | and other species when younger)    |
|    |      | Other     |       | killed by crown scorch damage or   |
|    |      | u         |       | cambial heating with moderate-high |
|    |      | nderstory |       | scorch damage on almost all        |
|    |      | v         |       | remaining overstory trees.         |
|    |      | egetation |       | Remaining fire sensitive           |
|    |      | includes  |       | understory trees likely killed     |
|    |      | grasses,  |       | through cambial heating or         |
|    |      | forbs,    |       | scorching. Other understory        |
|    |      | and       |       | vegetation top-killed but          |
|    |      | shrubs.   |       | resprouting evident within a few   |
|    |      | Snags are |       | days to up to 3 weeks if soil      |
|    |      | low in    |       | moisture and temperatures are      |
|    |      | number -  |       | conducive for plant growth. Up to  |
|    |      | up to 5   |       | 50% of snags and up to 70% of      |
|    |      | snags per |       | large downed logs heavily damaged  |
|    |      | acre      |       | or burned up.                      |
|    |      | present.  |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+

+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| ** |      |           | # Wo  |                                    |
| Ac |      |           | rk El |                                    |
| ti |      |           | ement |                                    |
| vi |      |           |       |                                    |
| ty |      |           |       |                                    |
| C  |      |           |       |                                    |
| om |      |           |       |                                    |
| po |      |           |       |                                    |
| ne |      |           |       |                                    |
| nt |      |           |       |                                    |
| ** |      |           |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| #  | **   | **Pre-    | *     | #                                  |
|  F | Exis | Treatment | *Trea |                                    |
| ir | ting | V         | tment | # Pos                              |
| e  | Ve   | egetation | T     | t-treatment Vegetation Description |
| Re | geta | Desc      | ype** |                                    |
| gi | tion | ription** |       |                                    |
| me | Ty   |           |       |                                    |
|    | pe** |           |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| *  | []{# | ###       | *     | Piling is the treatment most       |
| II | rip2 | ## **Cond | *Thin | likely to have effects in riparian |
| I, | thin | ition Cla | small | due to higher fuel moistures.      |
| IV | .a   | ss 2 --** | dia   | Piling and pile covers facilitate  |
| &  | ncho |           | meter | drying of fuels and increases      |
| V* | r}** | Area      | t     | consumption.                       |
|    | Ripa | includes  | rees, |                                    |
|    | rian | only      | hand  | **Common to all treatment          |
|    | M    | riparian  | pile, | intensities:** 95% of piles are    |
|    | id/U | v         | burn  | completely consumed. Up to 20% of  |
|    | pper | egetation | pi    | the treatment area (area directly  |
|    | Ele  | -- not    | les** | under the piles) will have severe  |
|    | vati | entire    |       | soil heating up to several inches  |
|    | ons, | RHCA.     | See   | into the soil profile. Western     |
|    | C    | Stand has | **    | larch, ponderosa pine & Douglas    |
|    | ondi | missed 1  | Mecha | fir less sensitive to fire than    |
|    | tion | or more   | nical | lodgepole pine, late seral species |
|    | C    | past fire | Trea  | are most sensitive & most likely   |
|    | lass | di        | tment | to die. Lodgepole pine regenerates |
|    | 2**  | sturbance | Act   | easily after disturbance due to    |
|    |      | cycles    | ivity | serotinous cones and bare soil.    |
|    |      | and is    | Type, | Consumption of duff will be        |
|    |      | past      | Ha    | dependent on moisture content.     |
|    |      | maturity  | rvest | Movement of fire outside of the    |
|    |      | with      | Pr    | perimeter of the pile may occur    |
|    |      | shade     | escri | during "creeping." Total           |
|    |      | -tolerant | ption | consumption of the duff layer will |
|    |      | species   | /     | only occur under extremely dry     |
|    |      | in        | Impl  | forest floor conditions, or in     |
|    |      | creasing. | ement | areas where heating is great.      |
|    |      | Large     | ation |                                    |
|    |      | diameter, | Act   | **Low Treatment Intensity** -      |
|    |      | over-     | ivity | Scorch damage on 20% of the trees  |
|    |      | mature    | C     | (primarily fire sensitive species  |
|    |      | spruce,   | ompon | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce |
|    |      | cedar,    | ent** | and other species when younger) in |
|    |      | western   | for   | the immediate vicinity of the      |
|    |      | hemlock,  | i     | burned piles. Up to 20% of area    |
|    |      | true fir, | nform | has been burned (low to moderate   |
|    |      | lodgepole | ation | severity) from fire creeping       |
|    |      | pine,     | re    | outside the pile boundaries (total |
|    |      | Douglas   | lated | of 20% of treatment area burned.   |
|    |      | fir,      | to    |                                    |
|    |      | western   | thin  | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** - |
|    |      | larch or  | ning. | Scorch damage on 20-30% of the     |
|    |      | white     |       | trees (primarily fire sensitive    |
|    |      | pine.     | See   | species such as true firs,         |
|    |      | Most      | **    | hemlock, spruce and other species  |
|    |      | small     | Mecha | when younger) in the immediate     |
|    |      | diameter, | nical | vicinity of the burned piles.      |
|    |      | u         | Trea  | 20-30% of the area beyond the      |
|    |      | nderstory | tment | piles burned (low to moderate      |
|    |      | true fir, | Act   | severity) from fire creeping       |
|    |      | spruce    | ivity | outside of pile boundaries (up to  |
|    |      | and       | Type, | 50% of total treatment area        |
|    |      | hemlock   | Rehab | burned).                           |
|    |      | trees     | ilita |                                    |
|    |      | have been | tion, | **High Treatment Intensity** -     |
|    |      | cut and   | re    | **Not likely** (at mid to upper    |
|    |      | piled.    | moval | elevations) since piles are        |
|    |      | Remaining | of    | normally covered and burned late   |
|    |      | u         | e     | in the season before winter or     |
|    |      | nderstory | xcess | early spring. Scorch damage on     |
|    |      | trees are | veget | more than 30% of the trees         |
|    |      | scattered | ation | (primarily fire sensitive species  |
|    |      | t         | and   | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce |
|    |      | hroughout | slash | and other species when younger) in |
|    |      | the       | Act   | the immediate vicinity of the      |
|    |      | treatment | ivity | burned piles with limited          |
|    |      | area and  | C     | immediate mortality from 100%      |
|    |      | dominated | ompon | scorch depending on where and how  |
|    |      | by        | ent** | large piles are (less chance       |
|    |      | shade-    | for   | unless large and close). More than |
|    |      | tolerant, | i     | 30% of the area beyond the piles   |
|    |      | late      | nform | burned (low to moderate severity)  |
|    |      | seral     | ation | from fire creeping outside of pile |
|    |      | species.  | re    | boundaries (up to 60% of total     |
|    |      | Other     | lated | treatment area burned).            |
|    |      | u         | to    |                                    |
|    |      | nderstory | pi    |                                    |
|    |      | v         | ling. |                                    |
|    |      | egetation |       |                                    |
|    |      | includes  |       |                                    |
|    |      | grasses,  |       |                                    |
|    |      | forbs,    |       |                                    |
|    |      | and       |       |                                    |
|    |      | shrubs.   |       |                                    |
|    |      | Up to     |       |                                    |
|    |      | 15-20     |       |                                    |
|    |      | snags per |       |                                    |
|    |      | acre      |       |                                    |
|    |      | present.  |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+

+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| ** |      |           | # Wo  |                                    |
| Ac |      |           | rk El |                                    |
| ti |      |           | ement |                                    |
| vi |      |           |       |                                    |
| ty |      |           |       |                                    |
| C  |      |           |       |                                    |
| om |      |           |       |                                    |
| po |      |           |       |                                    |
| ne |      |           |       |                                    |
| nt |      |           |       |                                    |
| ** |      |           |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| #  | **   | **Pre-    | *     | #                                  |
|  F | Exis | Treatment | *Trea |                                    |
| ir | ting | V         | tment | #  Pos                             |
| e  | Ve   | egetation | T     | t-treatment Vegetation Description |
| Re | geta | Desc      | ype** |                                    |
| gi | tion | ription** |       |                                    |
| me | Ty   |           |       |                                    |
|    | pe** |           |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+
| *  | [    | ###       | *     | Intentional burning in riparian    |
| II | ]{#r | ## **Cond | *Thin | areas is often not an objective.   |
| I, | ip2b | ition Cla | small | However, fire can creep into       |
| IV | road | ss 2 --** | dia   | riparian area from upland burns.   |
| &  | .a   |           | meter | Often this creeping does not       |
| V* | ncho | Area      | t     | result in the same degree of       |
|    | r}** | includes  | rees, | impacts as in the upland area due  |
|    | Ripa | only      | Broa  | to higher fuel moistures, etc.     |
|    | rian | riparian  | dcast |                                    |
|    | M    | v         | Burn  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up   |
|    | id/U | egetation | or    | to 20% of remaining overstory      |
|    | pper | -- not    | Broa  | trees (primarily fire sensitive    |
|    | Ele  | entire    | dcast | species such as true firs,         |
|    | vati | RHCA.     | Burn  | hemlock, spruce and other species  |
|    | ons, | Stand has | al    | when younger) killed by crown      |
|    | C    | missed 1  | one** | scorch damage or cambial heating,  |
|    | ondi | or more   |       | but relatively little scorch       |
|    | tion | past fire | See   | damage on other overstory trees.   |
|    | C    | di        | **    | Remaining fire sensitive           |
|    | lass | sturbance | Mecha | understory trees likely killed     |
|    | 2**  | cycles    | nical | through cambial heating or scorch. |
|    |      | and is    | Trea  | Other understory vegetation        |
|    |      | past      | tment | top-killed but sprouting evident   |
|    |      | maturity  | Act   | within a few days to up to 3 weeks |
|    |      | with      | ivity | if soil moistures and temperatures |
|    |      | shade     | Type, | are conducive for plant growth. Up |
|    |      | -tolerant | Ha    | to 30% of snags and up to 40% of   |
|    |      | species   | rvest | large downed logs heavily damaged  |
|    |      | in        | Pr    | or burned up.                      |
|    |      | creasing. | escri |                                    |
|    |      | Large     | ption | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** - |
|    |      | diameter, | /     | 20-40% of remaining overstory      |
|    |      | over-     | Impl  | trees (primarily fire sensitive    |
|    |      | mature    | ement | species such as true firs,         |
|    |      | spruce,   | ation | hemlock, spruce and other species  |
|    |      | cedar,    | Act   | when younger) killed by crown      |
|    |      | western   | ivity | scorch damage or cambial heating   |
|    |      | hemlock,  | C     | with moderate scorch damage on     |
|    |      | true fir, | ompon | most of remaining overstory trees. |
|    |      | lodgepole | ent** | Remaining fire sensitive           |
|    |      | pine,     | for   | understory trees likely killed     |
|    |      | Douglas   | i     | through cambial heating or scorch. |
|    |      | fir,      | nform | Other understory vegetation        |
|    |      | western   | ation | top-killed but sprouting evident   |
|    |      | larch or  | re    | within a few days to up to 3 weeks |
|    |      | white     | lated | if soil moistures and temperatures |
|    |      | pine.     | to    | are conducive for plant growth. Up |
|    |      | Most      | thin  | to 40% of snags and up to 60% of   |
|    |      | small     | ning. | large downed logs heavily damaged  |
|    |      | diameter, |       | or burned up.                      |
|    |      | u         |       |                                    |
|    |      | nderstory |       | High Treatment Intensity - 30-50%  |
|    |      | true fir, |       | of remaining overstory trees       |
|    |      | spruce    |       | (primarily fire sensitive species  |
|    |      | and       |       | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce |
|    |      | hemlock   |       | and other species when younger)    |
|    |      | trees     |       | killed by crown scorch damage or   |
|    |      | have been |       | cambial heating with moderate-high |
|    |      | cut and   |       | scorch damage on almost all        |
|    |      | s         |       | remaining overstory trees.         |
|    |      | cattered. |       | Remaining fire sensitive           |
|    |      | Remaining |       | understory trees likely killed     |
|    |      | u         |       | through cambial heating or scorch. |
|    |      | nderstory |       | Other understory vegetation        |
|    |      | trees are |       | top-killed but sprouting evident   |
|    |      | scattered |       | within a few days to up to 3 weeks |
|    |      | t         |       | soil moisture and temperatures are |
|    |      | hroughout |       | conducive for plant growth. Up to  |
|    |      | the       |       | 60% of snags and up to 80% of      |
|    |      | treatment |       | large downed logs heavily damaged  |
|    |      | area and  |       | or burned up.                      |
|    |      | dominated |       |                                    |
|    |      | by        |       |                                    |
|    |      | tolerant, |       |                                    |
|    |      | late      |       |                                    |
|    |      | seral     |       |                                    |
|    |      | species.  |       |                                    |
|    |      | Other     |       |                                    |
|    |      | u         |       |                                    |
|    |      | nderstory |       |                                    |
|    |      | v         |       |                                    |
|    |      | egetation |       |                                    |
|    |      | includes  |       |                                    |
|    |      | grasses,  |       |                                    |
|    |      | forbs,    |       |                                    |
|    |      | and       |       |                                    |
|    |      | shrubs.   |       |                                    |
|    |      | Up to     |       |                                    |
|    |      | 15-20     |       |                                    |
|    |      | snags per |       |                                    |
|    |      | acre      |       |                                    |
|    |      | present.  |       |                                    |
+----+------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------+

+----+------+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------+
| ** |      |           | # Wo  |                                     |
| Ac |      |           | rk El |                                     |
| ti |      |           | ement |                                     |
| vi |      |           |       |                                     |
| ty |      |           |       |                                     |
| C  |      |           |       |                                     |
| om |      |           |       |                                     |
| po |      |           |       |                                     |
| ne |      |           |       |                                     |
| nt |      |           |       |                                     |
| ** |      |           |       |                                     |
+----+------+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------+
| #  | **   | **Pre-    | *     | #                                   |
|  F | Exis | Treatment | *Trea |                                     |
| ir | ting | V         | tment | #  Po                               |
| e  | Ve   | egetation | T     | st-treatment Vegetation Description |
| Re | geta | Desc      | ype** |                                     |
| gi | tion | ription** |       |                                     |
| me | Ty   |           |       |                                     |
|    | pe** |           |       |                                     |
+----+------+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------+
| *  | []{# | Condition | *     | Piling is the treatment most likely |
| II | rip3 | Class 3   | *Thin | to have effects in riparian due to  |
| I, | thin | --        | small | higher fuel moistures. Piling and   |
| IV | .a   |           | dia   | pile covers enable fuels to dry out |
| &  | ncho | Area      | meter | and be more completely consumed     |
| V* | r}** | includes  | t     | than fuels scattered on ground.     |
|    | Ripa | only      | rees, |                                     |
|    | rian | riparian  | Hand  | **Common to all treatment           |
|    | M    | v         | pile, | intensities:** 95% of piles are     |
|    | id/U | egetation | burn  | completely consumed. Up to 20% of   |
|    | pper | -- not    | pi    | the treatment area (area directly   |
|    | Ele  | entire    | les** | under the piles) will have severe   |
|    | vati | RHCA.     |       | soil heating up to several inches   |
|    | ons, | Stand has | See   | into the soil profile. Western      |
|    | C    | missed    | **    | larch, ponderosa pine & Douglas fir |
|    | ondi | many past | Mecha | less sensitive to fire than         |
|    | tion | fire      | nical | lodgepole pine, climax species are  |
|    | C    | di        | Trea  | most sensitive & most likely to     |
|    | lass | sturbance | tment | die. Lodgepole pine regenerates     |
|    | 3**  | cycles    | Act   | easily after disturbance.           |
|    |      | and has   | ivity | Consumption of duff will be         |
|    |      | converted | Type, | dependent on moisture content.      |
|    |      | to true   | Ha    | Movement of fire outside of the     |
|    |      | firs,     | rvest | perimeter of the pile may occur     |
|    |      | western   | Pr    | during "creeping." Total            |
|    |      | hemlock,  | escri | consumption of the duff layer will  |
|    |      | and       | ption | only occur under extremely dry      |
|    |      | shade     | /     | forest floor conditions, or in      |
|    |      | -tolerant | Impl  | areas where heating is great.       |
|    |      | species.  | ement |                                     |
|    |      | More late | ation | **Low Treatment Intensity** -       |
|    |      | seral     | Act   | Scorch damage on up to 20% of the   |
|    |      | species   | ivity | trees (primarily fire sensitive     |
|    |      | present   | C     | species such as true firs, hemlock, |
|    |      | without   | ompon | spruce and other species when       |
|    |      | di        | ent** | younger) in the immediate vicinity  |
|    |      | sturbance | for   | of the burned piles. Up to 20% of   |
|    |      | that are  | i     | area has been burned (low to        |
|    |      | more      | nform | moderate severity) from fire        |
|    |      | sensitive | ation | creeping outside the pile           |
|    |      | to fire.  | re    | boundaries (total of 20% of         |
|    |      | Large     | lated | treatment area burned).             |
|    |      | diameter  | to    |                                     |
|    |      | true fir, | thin  | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** -  |
|    |      | spruce,   | ning. | Scorch damage on 20-30% of the      |
|    |      | cedar or  |       | trees (primarily fire sensitive     |
|    |      | western   | See   | species such as true firs, hemlock, |
|    |      | hemlock   | **    | spruce and other species when       |
|    |      | dominates | Mecha | younger) in the immediate vicinity  |
|    |      | with      | nical | of the burned piles. 20-30% of the  |
|    |      | remnant   | Trea  | area beyond the piles burned (low   |
|    |      | Douglas   | tment | to moderate severity) from fire     |
|    |      | fir,      | Act   | creeping outside of pile boundaries |
|    |      | western   | ivity | (up to 40% of total treatment area  |
|    |      | larch,    | Type, | burned).                            |
|    |      | lodgepole | Rehab |                                     |
|    |      | pine, or  | ilita | **High Treatment Intensity** -      |
|    |      | western   | tion, | **Not likely** (at mid to upper     |
|    |      | white     | re    | elevations) since piles are         |
|    |      | pine      | moval | normally covered & burned late in   |
|    |      | s         | of    | the season before winter or early   |
|    |      | cattered. | e     | spring. Scorch damage on more than  |
|    |      | Pathogens | xcess | 30% of the trees (primarily fire    |
|    |      | and       | veget | sensitive species such as true      |
|    |      | insects   | ation | firs, hemlock, spruce and other     |
|    |      | have      | and   | species when younger) in the        |
|    |      | increased | slash | immediate vicinity of the burned    |
|    |      | damage to | Act   | piles with limited immediate        |
|    |      | trees and | ivity | mortality from 100% scorch          |
|    |      | have      | C     | depending on where and how large    |
|    |      | created   | ompon | piles are (less chance unless piles |
|    |      | excessive | ent** | are large and close to one          |
|    |      | fuels and | for   | another). More than 30% of the area |
|    |      | many      | i     | beyond the piles burned (low to     |
|    |      | piles.    | nform | moderate severity) from fire        |
|    |      | Most      | ation | creeping outside of pile boundaries |
|    |      | u         | re    | (up to 50% of total treatment area  |
|    |      | nderstory | lated | burned).                            |
|    |      | trees     | to    |                                     |
|    |      | have been | pi    |                                     |
|    |      | cut and   | ling. |                                     |
|    |      | piled     |       |                                     |
|    |      | with      |       |                                     |
|    |      | remaining |       |                                     |
|    |      | u         |       |                                     |
|    |      | nderstory |       |                                     |
|    |      | trees     |       |                                     |
|    |      | scattered |       |                                     |
|    |      | t         |       |                                     |
|    |      | hroughout |       |                                     |
|    |      | the       |       |                                     |
|    |      | treatment |       |                                     |
|    |      | area and  |       |                                     |
|    |      | dominated |       |                                     |
|    |      | by true   |       |                                     |
|    |      | fir,      |       |                                     |
|    |      | spruce    |       |                                     |
|    |      | and       |       |                                     |
|    |      | western   |       |                                     |
|    |      | hemlock.  |       |                                     |
|    |      | Other     |       |                                     |
|    |      | u         |       |                                     |
|    |      | nderstory |       |                                     |
|    |      | v         |       |                                     |
|    |      | egetation |       |                                     |
|    |      | includes  |       |                                     |
|    |      | native    |       |                                     |
|    |      | grasses,  |       |                                     |
|    |      | forbs,    |       |                                     |
|    |      | and       |       |                                     |
|    |      | shrubs.   |       |                                     |
|    |      | Over 20   |       |                                     |
|    |      | snags per |       |                                     |
|    |      | acre.     |       |                                     |
+----+------+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------+

+----+------+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------+
| ** |      |           | # Wo  |                                     |
| Ac |      |           | rk El |                                     |
| ti |      |           | ement |                                     |
| vi |      |           |       |                                     |
| ty |      |           |       |                                     |
| C  |      |           |       |                                     |
| om |      |           |       |                                     |
| po |      |           |       |                                     |
| ne |      |           |       |                                     |
| nt |      |           |       |                                     |
| ** |      |           |       |                                     |
+----+------+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------+
| #  | **   | **Pre-    | *     | #                                   |
|  F | Exis | Treatment | *Trea |                                     |
| ir | ting | V         | tment | #  Po                               |
| e  | Ve   | egetation | T     | st-treatment Vegetation Description |
| Re | geta | Desc      | ype** |                                     |
| gi | tion | ription** |       |                                     |
| me | Ty   |           |       |                                     |
|    | pe** |           |       |                                     |
+----+------+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------+
| *  | [    | Condition | *     | Intentional burning in riparian     |
| II | ]{#r | Class 3   | *Thin | areas is often not an objective.    |
| I, | ip3b | --        | small | However, fire can creep into        |
| IV | road |           | dia   | riparian area from upland burns.    |
| &  | .a   | Area      | meter | Often this creeping does not result |
| V* | ncho | includes  | t     | in the same degree of impacts as in |
|    | r}** | only      | rees, | the upland area due to higher fuel  |
|    | Ripa | riparian  | Broa  | moistures.                          |
|    | rian | v         | dcast |                                     |
|    | M    | egetation | Burn  | **Low Treatment Intensity** - Up to |
|    | id/U | -- not    | or    | 20% of remaining overstory trees    |
|    | pper | entire    | Broa  | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|    | Ele  | RHCA.     | dcast | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|    | vati | Stand has | Burn  | and other species when younger)     |
|    | ons, | missed    | al    | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|    | C    | many past | one** | cambial heating, but relatively     |
|    | ondi | fire      |       | little scorch damage on other       |
|    | tion | di        | See   | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|    | C    | sturbance | **    | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|    | lass | cycles    | Mecha | killed through cambial heating or   |
|    | 3**  | and has   | nical | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|    |      | converted | Trea  | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|    |      | to true   | tment | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|    |      | firs,     | Act   | if soil moistures and temperatures  |
|    |      | western   | ivity | are conducive to plant growth . Up  |
|    |      | hemlock   | Type, | to 30% of snags and up to 40% of    |
|    |      | and       | Ha    | large downed logs heavily damaged   |
|    |      | shade     | rvest | or burned up.                       |
|    |      | -tolerant | Pr    |                                     |
|    |      | species.  | escri | **Moderate Treatment Intensity** -  |
|    |      | More      | ption | 20-40% of remaining overstory trees |
|    |      | climax    | /     | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|    |      | species   | Impl  | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|    |      | present   | ement | and other species when younger)     |
|    |      | without   | ation | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|    |      | di        | Act   | cambial heating with moderate       |
|    |      | sturbance | ivity | scorch damage on most of remaining  |
|    |      | that are  | C     | overstory trees. Remaining fire     |
|    |      | more      | ompon | sensitive understory trees likely   |
|    |      | sensitive | ent** | killed through cambial heating or   |
|    |      | to fire.  | for   | scorch. Other understory vegetation |
|    |      | Large     | i     | top-killed but resprouting evident  |
|    |      | diameter  | nform | within a few days to up to 3 weeks  |
|    |      | true fir, | ation | if soil moistures and temperatures  |
|    |      | spruce,   | re    | are conducive for growth. Up to 40% |
|    |      | cedar or  | lated | of snags & up to 60% of large       |
|    |      | western   | to    | downed logs heavily damaged or      |
|    |      | hemlock   | thin  | burned up.                          |
|    |      | dominates | ning. |                                     |
|    |      | with      |       | **High Treatment Intensity** -      |
|    |      | remnant   |       | 40-60% of remaining overstory trees |
|    |      | Douglas   |       | (primarily fire sensitive species   |
|    |      | fir,      |       | such as true firs, hemlock, spruce  |
|    |      | western   |       | and other species when younger)     |
|    |      | larch,    |       | killed by crown scorch damage or    |
|    |      | lodgepole |       | cambial heating with moderate-high  |
|    |      | pine, or  |       | scorch damage on almost all         |
|    |      | western   |       | remaining overstory trees.          |
|    |      | white     |       | Remaining fire sensitive understory |
|    |      | pine      |       | trees likely killed through cambial |
|    |      | s         |       | heating or scorch. Other understory |
|    |      | cattered. |       | vegetation top-killed but           |
|    |      | Pathogens |       | resprouting evident within a few    |
|    |      | and       |       | days to up to 3 weeks if soil       |
|    |      | insects   |       | moistures and temperatures are      |
|    |      | have      |       | conducive for growth. Up to 60%+ of |
|    |      | increased |       | snags and up to 80%+ of large       |
|    |      | damage to |       | downed logs heavily damaged or      |
|    |      | trees and |       | burned up.                          |
|    |      | created   |       |                                     |
|    |      | excessive |       |                                     |
|    |      | fuels and |       |                                     |
|    |      | accum     |       |                                     |
|    |      | ulations. |       |                                     |
|    |      | Most      |       |                                     |
|    |      | u         |       |                                     |
|    |      | nderstory |       |                                     |
|    |      | trees     |       |                                     |
|    |      | have been |       |                                     |
|    |      | cut,      |       |                                     |
|    |      | remaining |       |                                     |
|    |      | u         |       |                                     |
|    |      | nderstory |       |                                     |
|    |      | trees are |       |                                     |
|    |      | scattered |       |                                     |
|    |      | t         |       |                                     |
|    |      | hroughout |       |                                     |
|    |      | treatment |       |                                     |
|    |      | area &    |       |                                     |
|    |      | are       |       |                                     |
|    |      | dominated |       |                                     |
|    |      | by true   |       |                                     |
|    |      | fir,      |       |                                     |
|    |      | spruce &  |       |                                     |
|    |      | western   |       |                                     |
|    |      | hemlock.  |       |                                     |
|    |      | Other     |       |                                     |
|    |      | u         |       |                                     |
|    |      | nderstory |       |                                     |
|    |      | v         |       |                                     |
|    |      | egetation |       |                                     |
|    |      | includes  |       |                                     |
|    |      | native    |       |                                     |
|    |      | grasses,  |       |                                     |
|    |      | forbs &   |       |                                     |
|    |      | shrubs.   |       |                                     |
|    |      | Over 20   |       |                                     |
|    |      | snags per |       |                                     |
|    |      | acre      |       |                                     |
|    |      | present.  |       |                                     |
+----+------+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------+

**Sagebrush Fire Effects-- General Descriptions and Trends**

Sagebrush is usually the dominant shrub in drier ecosystems of the
Intermountain Region and the Great Basin. Elevation of sagebrush
communities varies from 300 ft above sea level in the Columbia Basin to
over 10,000 ft in the mountains of the Great Basin. Sagebrush plant
communities occupy just over 155 million acres in the western United
States. These shrub-steppe plant communities are characterized by an
overstory of sagebrush (*Artemisia* sp.) and an understory of perennial
grasses and forbs. As effective precipitation decreases, the herbaceous
plants total a smaller percentage of the total plant cover. Vegetal
cover is usually not continuous and large areas of bare ground can
occur. Potential composition of the associated vegetation is dependent
on the local and regional climate as well as soil type. A large number
of herbaceous species are present throughout the sagebrush biome, but
relatively few species form the bulk of the biomass.

Fire regimes of these plant communities are variable. However, there are
some general patterns. In all cases fires would be classified as stand
replacing based on the accepted definition. Fires are either mixed or
high severity. The average number of years between fire events will
increase as the site conditions becomes drier. Higher elevation mountain
big sagebrush plant communities may experience a fire once every 15 to
25 years and a lower elevation Wyoming big sagebrush plant community may
not experience a fire event once in 100 years. Over the last 150 years,
most big sagebrush plant communities within the range of consideration
have missed at least one fire cycle. Higher elevation sagebrush plant
communities may have missed as many as 3-4 cycles. The exception to this
is where annual grasses, primarily cheatgrass, have come to dominate the
site. These areas have shifted to a fire regime with very frequent
fires. In some cases these annual grass dominated sites burn once every
3-5 years.

Eleven species and 14 subspecies of sagebrush have been identified in
the western United States. Three subspecies of big sagebrush (*Artemisia
tridentata*) are described in the text and table below.

> Wyoming Big Sagebrush (*Artemisia tridentata* ssp. *wyomingensis*)
> occurs throughout the area under consideration. Site productivity
> affects species composition and stature. Highly productive sites have
> greater plant density and more biomass than drier areas. Wyoming big
> sagebrush is the least flammable of the three big sagebrush species
> described. Soils are often shallow, well drained with a fine texture.
> The invasive annual, cheatgrass (*Bromus tectorum*) has made the most
> significant inroads into these big sagebrush plant communities.
>
> Basin Big Sagebrush (*Artemisia tridentata* ssp. *tridentata*) occurs
> on sites that are more productive than Wyoming big sagebrush. Basin
> big sagebrush is considered to be intermediate in flammability to
> Wyoming big and mountain big sagebrush. Soils are often deep and well
> drained. However, in the Great Basin, basin big sagebrush can be found
> on areas with shallow soils. The shrub will have similar physical and
> plant community structural characteristics to Wyoming big sagebrush
> under these conditions.
>
> Mountain Big Sagebrush (*Artemisia tridentata* ssp. *vaseyana*) is
> often found on productive, higher elevation sites. Mountain big
> sagebrush is the most flammable of the three subspecies. Soils are
> deep and well drained. Herbaceous plants comprise a larger proportion
> of the late seral plant communities than in the Wyoming or basin big
> sagebrush plant communities.

+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * |         |            | **   |                                   |
| * |         |            | WORK |                                   |
| A |         |            | E    |                                   |
| C |         |            | LEME |                                   |
| T |         |            | NT** |                                   |
| I |         |            |      |                                   |
| V |         |            |      |                                   |
| I |         |            |      |                                   |
| T |         |            |      |                                   |
| Y |         |            |      |                                   |
| C |         |            |      |                                   |
| O |         |            |      |                                   |
| M |         |            |      |                                   |
| P |         |            |      |                                   |
| O |         |            |      |                                   |
| N |         |            |      |                                   |
| E |         |            |      |                                   |
| N |         |            |      |                                   |
| T |         |            |      |                                   |
| * |         |            |      |                                   |
| * |         |            |      |                                   |
+===+=========+============+======+===================================+
| * | **E     | **Pre      | **T  | **Post-Treatment Vegetation       |
| * | xisting | -Treatment | reat | Description**                     |
| F | Veg     | Vegetation | ment |                                   |
| i | etation | Des        | Ty   |                                   |
| r | Type**  | cription** | pe** |                                   |
| e |         |            |      |                                   |
| R |         |            |      |                                   |
| e |         |            |      |                                   |
| g |         |            |      |                                   |
| i |         |            |      |                                   |
| m |         |            |      |                                   |
| e |         |            |      |                                   |
| * |         |            |      |                                   |
| * |         |            |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * | []{#mo  | Mountain   | **B  | Mountain big sagebrush plants are |
| * | untiibb | big        | road | killed by fire. However, most     |
| I | .anc    | sagebrush  | cast | associated woody vegetation is    |
| I | hor}**M | is either  | Bu   | capable of sprouting following    |
| * | ountain | dominant   | rn** | top removal. Sprouting ability    |
| * | Big     | or         |      | varies across and within          |
|   | Sage    | c          |      | individual shrub species.         |
|   | brush** | o-dominant |      | Sprouting of antelope bitterbrush |
|   | (*Ar    | with other |      | would represent a species with    |
|   | temisia | understory |      | sporadic ability to sprout, and   |
|   | trid    | grasses    |      | green rabbitbrush and snowberry   |
|   | entata* | and forbs. |      | would be classified as vigorous   |
|   | ssp.    | Sagebrush, |      | sprouters. Most shrubs found in   |
|   | *vas    | and        |      | these plant communities fall in   |
|   | eyana*) | associated |      | the continuum between these       |
|   |         | woody      |      | species. Deep rooted perennial    |
|   |         | vegetation |      | forbs and grasses also sprout     |
|   |         | cover,     |      | vigorously following burning.     |
|   |         | varies     |      | Shallower rooted grasses and      |
|   |         | from less  |      | mat-forming forbs can be          |
|   |         | than 10%   |      | suppressed following burning.     |
|   |         | to over    |      | Small amounts of plant litter are |
|   |         | 60%. At    |      | present in these communities and  |
|   |         | higher     |      | are found beneath the canopies of |
|   |         | e          |      | shrubs or larger grasses and      |
|   |         | levations, |      | forbs. Cheatgrass does occur in   |
|   |         | mountain   |      | disturbed areas of some these     |
|   |         | big        |      | plant communities. However, areas |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | where cheatgrass is a major       |
|   |         | exists     |      | component, or dominates the plant |
|   |         | with other |      | community is discussed            |
|   |         | mountain   |      | elsewhere..                       |
|   |         | shrubs;    |      |                                   |
|   |         | bi         |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   |         | tterbrush, |      | Fire has removed most of the      |
|   |         | h          |      | leaves on the shrubs and the      |
|   |         | orsebrush, |      | smaller branches. Numerous        |
|   |         | ra         |      | blackened shrub skeletons are     |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | left standing. Aboveground        |
|   |         | ceanothus, |      | portions of forbs and grasses are |
|   |         | and        |      | consumed. Plants with heavier     |
|   |         | snowberry. |      | leaves may have portions left     |
|   |         | Sagebrush  |      | intact. Large perennial grasses   |
|   |         | forms a    |      | have blackened crowns. Green      |
|   |         | relatively |      | plant material may or may not     |
|   |         | homogonous |      | have been consumed, especially    |
|   |         | stand of   |      | within dense grass crowns. Litter |
|   |         | woody      |      | on the soil surface, most         |
|   |         | vegetation |      | commonly found beneath shrub      |
|   |         | of similar |      | canopies, is scorched to          |
|   |         | sized      |      | partially consumed.               |
|   |         | shrubs. As |      |                                   |
|   |         | woody      |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | vegetation |      | -- Fire has removed all leaves    |
|   |         | approaches |      | and branches of shrubs. Only main |
|   |         | the        |      | stems and larger branches of      |
|   |         | maximum    |      | dominant individuals in the stand |
|   |         | allowable  |      | remain. Aboveground portions of   |
|   |         | on site,   |      | grasses and forbs are burned, but |
|   |         | understory |      | large plants may have             |
|   |         | vegetation |      | recognizable parts blackened, but |
|   |         | cover and  |      | intact. Litter on soil surface    |
|   |         | density is |      | (mostly beneath shrub canopies)   |
|   |         | reduced    |      | is blackened and may be totally   |
|   |         | with a     |      | consumed in some areas.           |
|   |         | cor        |      |                                   |
|   |         | responding |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | increase   |      | Fire has removed most of the      |
|   |         | in bare    |      | above-ground portion of all       |
|   |         | ground.    |      | shrubs grasses and forbs. Part of |
|   |         | Understory |      | the shrub main stem may be        |
|   |         | cover at   |      | present immediately following the |
|   |         | this stage |      | fire. Most of the litter has been |
|   |         | will be    |      | consumed by the fire and ash      |
|   |         | less than  |      | remains in the areas beneath      |
|   |         | 10%.       |      | shrubs. Crowns of grasses may be  |
|   |         |            |      | visible, but all live and dead    |
|   |         |            |      | plant material has been removed.  |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#mo  | Mountain   | **   | Brushbeating results in the       |
|   | untiibm | big        | Brus | severing/shredding of the upper   |
| I | .anc    | sagebrush  | hbea | portions of the shrubs. Big       |
| I | hor}**M | is either  | ting | sagebrush does not sprout         |
|   | ountain | dominant   | /    | following removal of the aerial   |
|   | Big     | or         | mowi | portions of the plant. However,   |
|   | Sage    | c          | ng** | associated shrubs sprout to       |
|   | brush** | o-dominant |      | varying degrees. Low growing      |
|   | (*Ar    | with other |      | herbaceous and woody plants can   |
|   | temisia | understory |      | be missed by cutting blades.      |
|   | trid    | grasses    |      | Treatment is often done in late   |
|   | entata* | and forbs. |      | fall when fire danger is low and  |
|   | ssp.    | Sagebrush, |      | the majority of plants are        |
|   | *vas    | and        |      | dormant. Brushbeating can also be |
|   | eyana*) | associated |      | done in winter or early spring if |
|   |         | woody      |      | weather permits, or during other  |
|   |         | vegetation |      | times when risk of fire is low.   |
|   |         | cover,     |      | Cheatgrass does occur in          |
|   |         | varies     |      | disturbed areas of some these     |
|   |         | from less  |      | plant communities. However, areas |
|   |         | than 10%   |      | where cheatgrass is a major       |
|   |         | to over    |      | component, or dominates these     |
|   |         | 60%. At    |      | areas are discussed elsewhere.    |
|   |         | higher     |      |                                   |
|   |         | e          |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   |         | levations, |      | Brushbeating occurs across less   |
|   |         | mountain   |      | than 25% of the plant community.  |
|   |         | big        |      | Cutting equipment is held at 18"  |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | above the soil surface. Only tops |
|   |         | exists     |      | of larger shrubs are removed by   |
|   |         | with other |      | cutters. Lower branches of larger |
|   |         | mountain   |      | shrubs and smaller shrubs are     |
|   |         | shrubs;    |      | left intact. Minimal disturbance  |
|   |         | bi         |      | occurs to herbaceous plants. Some |
|   |         | tterbrush, |      | mechanical damage to herbaceous   |
|   |         | h          |      | plants can be done by passage of  |
|   |         | orsebrush, |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         | ra         |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | ceanothus, |      | Plant litter is increased in      |
|   |         | and        |      | interspace areas by cutting.      |
|   |         | snowberry. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Sagebrush  |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | forms a    |      | -- Brushbeating occurs across     |
|   |         | relatively |      | 25-50% of the plant community.    |
|   |         | homogonous |      | Cutting equipment is held at      |
|   |         | stand of   |      | 12-18" above the soil surface.    |
|   |         | woody      |      | The majority of larger shrubs     |
|   |         | vegetation |      | have the tops removed. Sprouting  |
|   |         | of similar |      | of may be stimulated in shrubs    |
|   |         | sized      |      | other than mountain big           |
|   |         | shrubs. As |      | sagebrush. Woody plants less than |
|   |         | woody      |      | 12" tall are not damaged by the   |
|   |         | vegetation |      | cutting blades. Most herbaceous   |
|   |         | approaches |      | plants are dormant during the     |
|   |         | the        |      | treatment. Only aerial portions   |
|   |         | maximum    |      | of herbaceous plants are removed  |
|   |         | allowable  |      | by cutters, minimally impacting   |
|   |         | on site,   |      | these plants. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | understory |      | damage can be done by passage of  |
|   |         | vegetation |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         | cover and  |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         | density is |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | reduced    |      | Plant litter increases following  |
|   |         | with a     |      | treatment. Moderate amounts of    |
|   |         | cor        |      | woody litter are added to the     |
|   |         | responding |      | soil surface. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | increase   |      | damage to herbaceous plants can   |
|   |         | in bare    |      | be done by passage of tractor.    |
|   |         | ground.    |      | Soils are usually dry and/or      |
|   |         | Understory |      | frozen during this treatment,     |
|   |         | cover at   |      | reducing compaction.              |
|   |         | this stage |      |                                   |
|   |         | will be    |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | less than  |      | Brushbeating occurs across 25-50% |
|   |         | 10%.       |      | of the plant community. Cutting   |
|   |         |            |      | equipment is held below 12" above |
|   |         |            |      | the soil surface. Most shrubs     |
|   |         |            |      | have tops removed leaving a plant |
|   |         |            |      | community. Sprouting shrubs will  |
|   |         |            |      | begin to send up shoots in the    |
|   |         |            |      | next growing season. Sagebrush is |
|   |         |            |      | killed by treatments and will not |
|   |         |            |      | sprout following top removal.     |
|   |         |            |      | Cutting blades remove aboveground |
|   |         |            |      | herbaceous plant material at the  |
|   |         |            |      | level of the cutting blades. Some |
|   |         |            |      | soil disturbance may occur due to |
|   |         |            |      | cutting blades contacting the     |
|   |         |            |      | soils surface. Some mechanical    |
|   |         |            |      | damage can be done to herbaceous  |
|   |         |            |      | plants by passage of tractor.     |
|   |         |            |      | Soils are usually dry and/or      |
|   |         |            |      | frozen during this treatment,     |
|   |         |            |      | reducing compaction. Large        |
|   |         |            |      | amounts of woody and herbaceous   |
|   |         |            |      | plant litter is added to the soil |
|   |         |            |      | surface.                          |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * | **M     | Mountain   | *    | Herbicide is used to kill         |
| * | ountain | big        | *Her | sagebrush in patches to reduce    |
| I | Big     | sagebrush  | bici | cover and density of sagebrush.   |
| I | Sage    | is either  | de** | Herbicide is applied a low rates  |
| * | brush** | dominant   |      | where the objective is to thin    |
| * | (*Ar    | or         |      | the stand. Higher application     |
|   | temisia | c          |      | rates will result in greater      |
|   | trid    | o-dominant |      | sagebrush kill. Post treatment    |
|   | entata* | with other |      | plant community would have        |
|   | ssp.    | understory |      | varying levels of dead and or     |
|   | *vas    | grasses    |      | dying sagebrush in the plant      |
|   | eyana*) | and forbs. |      | community. Associated herbaceous  |
|   |         | Sagebrush, |      | plants would increase density and |
|   |         | and        |      | cover in response to reduction in |
|   |         | associated |      | competition from sagebrush.       |
|   |         | woody      |      |                                   |
|   |         | vegetation |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   |         | cover,     |      | Low rates of the herbicide are    |
|   |         | varies     |      | applied resulting in isolated     |
|   |         | from less  |      | death of Wyoming big sagebrush    |
|   |         | than 10%   |      | plants. Plants that received      |
|   |         | to over    |      | lower levels of the herbicide     |
|   |         | 60%. At    |      | will appear light green to        |
|   |         | higher     |      | yellow. Sagebrush skeletons will  |
|   |         | e          |      | be left on plants killed by the   |
|   |         | levations, |      | herbicide. An increase in         |
|   |         | mountain   |      | understory grasses and forbs will |
|   |         | big        |      | occur following sagebrush death.  |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | Associated shrubs will also       |
|   |         | exists     |      | increase leaf area and            |
|   |         | with other |      | reproductive effort following     |
|   |         | mountain   |      | death of sagebrush.               |
|   |         | shrubs;    |      |                                   |
|   |         | bi         |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | tterbrush, |      | -- A greater number of dead       |
|   |         | h          |      | sagebrush will occur in this due  |
|   |         | orsebrush, |      | to the higher rates of herbicide  |
|   |         | ra         |      | application. Dead sagebrush may   |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | occur in patches. Increase in     |
|   |         | ceanothus, |      | associated understory plants will |
|   |         | and        |      | be greatest in these patches of   |
|   |         | snowberry. |      | dead sagebrush. Leafless          |
|   |         | Sagebrush  |      | sagebrush skeletons will be       |
|   |         | forms a    |      | obvious in the plant community.   |
|   |         | relatively |      |                                   |
|   |         | homogonous |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | stand of   |      | The greatest level of sagebrush   |
|   |         | woody      |      | death will occur in this          |
|   |         | vegetation |      | treatment. Large patches of       |
|   |         | of similar |      | sagebrush skeletons will be       |
|   |         | sized      |      | obvious in the plant community.   |
|   |         | shrubs. As |      | Individual sagebrush and small    |
|   |         | woody      |      | patches of live sagebrush will be |
|   |         | vegetation |      | scattered across the plant        |
|   |         | approaches |      | community. Associated woody and   |
|   |         | the        |      | herbaceous plants will increase   |
|   |         | maximum    |      | cover following death of          |
|   |         | allowable  |      | sagebrush.                        |
|   |         | on site,   |      |                                   |
|   |         | understory |      |                                   |
|   |         | vegetation |      |                                   |
|   |         | cover and  |      |                                   |
|   |         | density is |      |                                   |
|   |         | reduced    |      |                                   |
|   |         | with a     |      |                                   |
|   |         | cor        |      |                                   |
|   |         | responding |      |                                   |
|   |         | increase   |      |                                   |
|   |         | in bare    |      |                                   |
|   |         | ground.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | Understory |      |                                   |
|   |         | cover at   |      |                                   |
|   |         | this stage |      |                                   |
|   |         | will be    |      |                                   |
|   |         | less than  |      |                                   |
|   |         | 10%.       |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * | []{#mou | These      | **B  | Mountain big sagebrush plants are |
| * | ntiiibb | plant      | road | killed by fire. However, most     |
| I | .anc    | c          | cast | associated woody vegetation is    |
| I | hor}**M | ommunities | Bu   | capable of sprouting following    |
| I | ountain | are at the | rn** | top removal. Sprouting ability    |
| * | Big     | wa         |      | varies across and within          |
| * | Sage    | rmer/drier |      | individual shrub species.         |
|   | brush** | end of the |      | Sprouting of antelope bitterbrush |
|   | (*Ar    | mountain   |      | would represent a species with    |
|   | temisia | big        |      | sporadic ability to sprout, and   |
|   | trid    | sagebrush  |      | green rabbitbrush and snowberry   |
|   | entata* | di         |      | would be classified as vigorous   |
|   | ssp.    | stribution |      | sprouters. Most shrub species     |
|   | *vas    | and may    |      | fall in the continuum between     |
|   | eyana*) | integrate  |      | these species. Deep rooted        |
|   |         | into       |      | perennial forbs and grasses also  |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | sprout vigorously following       |
|   |         | big        |      | burning. Shallower rooted grasses |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | and mat-forming forbs can be      |
|   |         | plant      |      | suppressed following burning.     |
|   |         | c          |      | Small amounts of plant litter are |
|   |         | ommunities |      | present in these communities.     |
|   |         | as         |      | What is present is found beneath  |
|   |         | elevation  |      | the canopies of shrubs or larger  |
|   |         | and/or     |      | grasses and forbs. Cheatgrass     |
|   |         | soil depth |      | does occur in disturbed areas of  |
|   |         | decreases. |      | some these plant communities.     |
|   |         | Mountain   |      | However, areas where cheatgrass   |
|   |         | big        |      | is a major component, or          |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | dominates these areas are         |
|   |         | dominates  |      | discussed elsewhere.              |
|   |         | in these   |      |                                   |
|   |         | drier      |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   |         | plant      |      | Fire has removed most of the      |
|   |         | co         |      | leaves on the shrubs and the      |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | smaller branches. Numerous        |
|   |         | Ra         |      | blackened shrub skeletons are     |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | left standing. Aboveground        |
|   |         | h          |      | portions of forbs and grasses are |
|   |         | orsebrush, |      | consumed. Plants with heavier     |
|   |         | and        |      | leaves may have portions left     |
|   |         | b          |      | intact. Large perennial grasses   |
|   |         | itterbrush |      | have blackened crowns. Green      |
|   |         | are        |      | plant material may or may not     |
|   |         | commonly   |      | have been consumed, especially    |
|   |         | founding   |      | within dense grass crowns. Litter |
|   |         | various    |      | on the soil surface, most         |
|   |         | levels in  |      | commonly found beneath shrub      |
|   |         | the plant  |      | canopies is scorched to partially |
|   |         | community. |      | consumed. If annual plants are    |
|   |         | Sagebrush  |      | present in significant quantities |
|   |         | cover and  |      | prior to burning they will        |
|   |         | density    |      | potentially dominate the post     |
|   |         | have       |      | treatment plant community.        |
|   |         | reached a  |      |                                   |
|   |         | point that |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | understory |      | -- Fire has removed all leaves    |
|   |         | herbaceous |      | and branches of shrubs. Only main |
|   |         | plants are |      | stems and larger branches of      |
|   |         | being      |      | dominant individuals in the stand |
|   |         | s          |      | remain. Aboveground portions of   |
|   |         | uppressed. |      | grasses and forbs are burned, but |
|   |         | Cover of   |      | large plants may have             |
|   |         | herbaceous |      | recognizable parts blackened, but |
|   |         | plants is  |      | intact. Litter on soil surface    |
|   |         | less than  |      | (mostly beneath shrub canopies)   |
|   |         | 10%.       |      | is blackened and may be totally   |
|   |         | Introduced |      | consumed in some areas. If annual |
|   |         | annual     |      | plants are present in significant |
|   |         | plants may |      | quantities prior to burning they  |
|   |         | be present |      | will potentially dominate the     |
|   |         | at various |      | post treatment plant community.   |
|   |         | q          |      |                                   |
|   |         | uantities. |      |                                   |
|   |         | These      |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants may |      |                                   |
|   |         | dominate   |      |                                   |
|   |         | the        |      |                                   |
|   |         | understory |      |                                   |
|   |         | vegetation |      |                                   |
|   |         | in areas   |      |                                   |
|   |         | with       |      |                                   |
|   |         | severe     |      |                                   |
|   |         | d          |      |                                   |
|   |         | isturbance |      |                                   |
|   |         | history.   |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | **M**   | These      | **   | Brushbeating results in the       |
| # | []{#mou | plant      | Brus | severing/shredding of the upper   |
|   | ntiiibm | c          | hbea | portions of the shrubs. Big       |
| I | .an     | ommunities | ting | sagebrush does not sprout         |
| I | chor}** | are at the | /    | following removal of the aerial   |
| I | ountain | wa         | mowi | portions of the plant. However,   |
|   | Big     | rmer/drier | ng** | associated shrubs sprout to       |
|   | Sage    | end of the |      | varying degrees. Low growing      |
|   | brush** | mountain   |      | herbaceous and woody plants can   |
|   | (*Ar    | big        |      | be missed by cutting blades.      |
|   | temisia | sagebrush  |      | Treatment is often done in late   |
|   | trid    | di         |      | fall when fire danger is low and  |
|   | entata* | stribution |      | the majority of plants are        |
|   | ssp.    | and may    |      | dormant. Brushbeating can also be |
|   | *vas    | integrate  |      | done in winter or early spring if |
|   | eyana*) | into       |      | weather permits. Cheatgrass does  |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | occur in disturbed areas of some  |
|   |         | big        |      | these plant communities. However, |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | areas where cheatgrass is a major |
|   |         | plant      |      | component, or dominates these     |
|   |         | c          |      | areas are discussed elsewhere.    |
|   |         | ommunities |      |                                   |
|   |         | as         |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   |         | elevation  |      | Brushbeating occurs across less   |
|   |         | and/or     |      | than 25% of the plant community.  |
|   |         | soil depth |      | Cutting equipment is held at 18"  |
|   |         | decreases. |      | above the soil surface. Only tops |
|   |         | Mountain   |      | of larger shrubs are removed by   |
|   |         | big        |      | cutters. Lower branches of larger |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | shrubs and smaller shrubs are     |
|   |         | dominates  |      | left intact. Minimal disturbance  |
|   |         | in these   |      | occurs to herbaceous plants. Some |
|   |         | drier      |      | mechanical damage can be done to  |
|   |         | plant      |      | herbaceous plants by passage of   |
|   |         | co         |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         | Ra         |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | Plant litter is increased in      |
|   |         | h          |      | interspace areas by cutting.      |
|   |         | orsebrush, |      | Annual plant density and cover    |
|   |         | and        |      | will initially increase following |
|   |         | b          |      | treatment.                        |
|   |         | itterbrush |      |                                   |
|   |         | are        |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | commonly   |      | -- Brushbeating occurs across     |
|   |         | founding   |      | 25-50% of the plant community.    |
|   |         | various    |      | Cutting equipment is held at      |
|   |         | levels in  |      | 12-18" above the soil surface.    |
|   |         | the plant  |      | The majority of larger shrubs     |
|   |         | community. |      | have the tops removed. Sprouting  |
|   |         | Sagebrush  |      | of may be stimulated in shrubs    |
|   |         | cover and  |      | other than mountain big           |
|   |         | density    |      | sagebrush. Woody plants less than |
|   |         | have       |      | 12" tall are not damaged by the   |
|   |         | reached a  |      | cutting blades. Most herbaceous   |
|   |         | point that |      | plants are dormant during the     |
|   |         | understory |      | treatment. Only aerial portions   |
|   |         | herbaceous |      | of herbaceous plants are removed  |
|   |         | plants are |      | by cutters, minimally impacting   |
|   |         | being      |      | these plants. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | s          |      | damage can be done by passage of  |
|   |         | uppressed. |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         | Cover of   |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         | herbaceous |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | plants is  |      | Plant litter increases following  |
|   |         | less than  |      | treatment. Moderate amounts of    |
|   |         | 10%.       |      | woody litter are added to the     |
|   |         | Introduced |      | soil surface. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | annual     |      | damage can be done to herbaceous  |
|   |         | plants may |      | plants by passage of tractor.     |
|   |         | be present |      | Soils are usually dry and/or      |
|   |         | at various |      | frozen during this treatment,     |
|   |         | q          |      | reducing compaction.              |
|   |         | uantities. |      |                                   |
|   |         | These      |      | High Treatment Intensity --       |
|   |         | plants may |      | Brushbeating occurs across 25-50% |
|   |         | dominate   |      | of the plant community. Cutting   |
|   |         | the        |      | equipment is held below 12" above |
|   |         | understory |      | the soil surface. Most shrubs     |
|   |         | vegetation |      | have tops removed leaving a plant |
|   |         | in areas   |      | community. Sprouting shrubs will  |
|   |         | with       |      | begin to send up shoots in the    |
|   |         | severe     |      | next growing season. Sagebrush is |
|   |         | d          |      | killed by treatments and will not |
|   |         | isturbance |      | sprout following top removal.     |
|   |         | history.   |      | Cutting blades remove aboveground |
|   |         |            |      | herbaceous plant material at the  |
|   |         |            |      | level of the cutting blades. Some |
|   |         |            |      | soil disturbance may occur due to |
|   |         |            |      | cutting blades contacting the     |
|   |         |            |      | soils surface. Some mechanical    |
|   |         |            |      | damage can be done to herbaceous  |
|   |         |            |      | plants by passage of tractor.     |
|   |         |            |      | Soils are usually dry and/or      |
|   |         |            |      | frozen during this treatment,     |
|   |         |            |      | reducing compaction.              |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * | **M     | These      | *    | Herbicide is used to kill         |
| * | ountain | plant      | *Her | sagebrush in patches to reduce    |
| I | Big     | c          | bici | cover and density of sagebrush.   |
| I | Sage    | ommunities | de** | Herbicide is applied a low rates  |
| I | brush** | are at the |      | where the objective is to thin    |
| * | (*Ar    | wa         |      | the stand. Higher application     |
| * | temisia | rmer/drier |      | rates will result in greater      |
|   | trid    | end of the |      | sagebrush kill. Post treatment    |
|   | entata* | mountain   |      | plant community would have        |
|   | ssp.    | big        |      | varying levels of dead and or     |
|   | *vas    | sagebrush  |      | dying sagebrush in the plant      |
|   | eyana*) | di         |      | community. Associated herbaceous  |
|   |         | stribution |      | plants would increase density and |
|   |         | and may    |      | cover in response to reduction in |
|   |         | integrate  |      | competition from sagebrush.       |
|   |         | into       |      |                                   |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   |         | big        |      | Low rates of the herbicide are    |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | applied resulting in isolated     |
|   |         | plant      |      | death of Wyoming big sagebrush    |
|   |         | c          |      | plants. Plants that received      |
|   |         | ommunities |      | lower levels of the herbicide     |
|   |         | as         |      | will appear light green to        |
|   |         | elevation  |      | yellow. Sagebrush skeletons will  |
|   |         | and/or     |      | be left on plants killed by the   |
|   |         | soil depth |      | herbicide. An increase in         |
|   |         | decreases. |      | understory grasses and forbs will |
|   |         | Mountain   |      | occur following sagebrush death.  |
|   |         | big        |      | Associated shrubs will also       |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | increase leaf area and            |
|   |         | dominates  |      | reproductive effort following     |
|   |         | in these   |      | death of sagebrush.               |
|   |         | drier      |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant      |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | co         |      | -- A greater number of dead       |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | sagebrush will occur in this due  |
|   |         | Ra         |      | to the higher rates of herbicide  |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | application. Dead sagebrush may   |
|   |         | h          |      | occur in patches. Increase in     |
|   |         | orsebrush, |      | associated understory plants will |
|   |         | and        |      | be greatest in these patches of   |
|   |         | b          |      | dead sagebrush. Leafless          |
|   |         | itterbrush |      | sagebrush skeletons will be       |
|   |         | are        |      | obvious in the plant community.   |
|   |         | commonly   |      |                                   |
|   |         | founding   |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | various    |      | The greatest level of sagebrush   |
|   |         | levels in  |      | death will occur in this          |
|   |         | the plant  |      | treatment. Large patches of       |
|   |         | community. |      | sagebrush skeletons will be       |
|   |         | Sagebrush  |      | obvious in the plant community.   |
|   |         | cover and  |      | Individual sagebrush and small    |
|   |         | density    |      | patches of live sagebrush will be |
|   |         | have       |      | scattered across the plant        |
|   |         | reached a  |      | community. Associated woody and   |
|   |         | point that |      | herbaceous plants will increase   |
|   |         | understory |      | cover following death of          |
|   |         | herbaceous |      | sagebrush.                        |
|   |         | plants are |      |                                   |
|   |         | being      |      |                                   |
|   |         | s          |      |                                   |
|   |         | uppressed. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Cover of   |      |                                   |
|   |         | herbaceous |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants is  |      |                                   |
|   |         | less than  |      |                                   |
|   |         | 10%.       |      |                                   |
|   |         | Introduced |      |                                   |
|   |         | annual     |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants may |      |                                   |
|   |         | be present |      |                                   |
|   |         | at various |      |                                   |
|   |         | q          |      |                                   |
|   |         | uantities. |      |                                   |
|   |         | These      |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants may |      |                                   |
|   |         | dominate   |      |                                   |
|   |         | the        |      |                                   |
|   |         | understory |      |                                   |
|   |         | vegetation |      |                                   |
|   |         | in areas   |      |                                   |
|   |         | with       |      |                                   |
|   |         | severe     |      |                                   |
|   |         | d          |      |                                   |
|   |         | isturbance |      |                                   |
|   |         | history.   |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * | []{#wy  | Wyoming    | **B  | Wyoming big sagebrush plants are  |
| * | omiiibb | big        | road | killed by fire. Associated woody  |
| I | .an     | sagebrush  | cast | vegetation is capable of          |
| I | chor}** | dominates  | Bu   | sprouting following top removal.  |
| I | Wyoming | the plant  | rn** | Sprouting ability varies across   |
| * | Big     | community  |      | and within individual shrub       |
| * | Sage    | and is the |      | species. Sprouting of antelope    |
|   | brush** | most       |      | bitterbrush would represent a     |
|   | (*Ar    | obvious    |      | species with sporadic ability to  |
|   | temisia | woody      |      | sprout, and green rabbitbrush and |
|   | trid    | plant.     |      | horsebrush would be classified as |
|   | entata* | Herbaceous |      | vigorous sprouters. Most shrub    |
|   | ssp.    | understory |      | species fall in the continuum     |
|   | *       | vegetation |      | between these species. Deep       |
|   | wyoming | is a       |      | rooted perennial forbs and        |
|   | ensis*) | mixture of |      | grasses also sprout vigorously    |
|   | --      | perennial  |      | following burning. Shallower      |
|   | Interm  | grasses    |      | rooted grasses and mat-forming    |
|   | ountain | and forbs. |      | forbs can be suppressed following |
|   | West    | Green and  |      | burning. Small amounts of plant   |
|   |         | gray       |      | litter are present in these       |
|   |         | ra         |      | communities. What is present is   |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | found beneath the canopies of     |
|   |         | b          |      | shrubs or larger grasses and      |
|   |         | itterbrush |      | forbs. Cheatgrass does occur in   |
|   |         | and        |      | disturbed areas of some these     |
|   |         | horsebrush |      | plant communities. However, areas |
|   |         | are        |      | where cheatgrass is a major       |
|   |         | commonly   |      | component, or dominates these     |
|   |         | found in   |      | areas are discussed elsewhere.    |
|   |         | a          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ssociation |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   |         | with       |      | Fire has removed most of the      |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | leaves on the shrubs and the      |
|   |         | big        |      | smaller branches. Numerous        |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      | blackened shrub skeletons are     |
|   |         | Sagebrush  |      | left standing. Aboveground        |
|   |         | and        |      | portions of forbs and grasses are |
|   |         | associated |      | consumed. Plants with heavier     |
|   |         | shrub      |      | leaves may have portions left     |
|   |         | cover and  |      | intact. Large perennial grasses   |
|   |         | density    |      | have blackened crowns. Green      |
|   |         | will       |      | plant material may or may not     |
|   |         | increase   |      | have been consumed, especially    |
|   |         | to the     |      | within dense grass crowns. Litter |
|   |         | point      |      | on the soil surface, most         |
|   |         | where      |      | commonly found beneath shrub      |
|   |         | associated |      | canopies is scorched to partially |
|   |         | understory |      | consumed. Annuals may dominate    |
|   |         | plant      |      | immediate post-fire plant         |
|   |         | become     |      | community. The magnitude of the   |
|   |         | s          |      | post-fire annual flush will be    |
|   |         | uppressed. |      | dependent on the pre-burn annual  |
|   |         | At maximum |      | composition. Areas with strong    |
|   |         | shrub      |      | annual plant component prior to   |
|   |         | cover and  |      | burning will have a strong flush  |
|   |         | density,   |      | of annual plants.                 |
|   |         | understory |      |                                   |
|   |         | herbaceous |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | plant      |      | -- Fire has removed all leaves    |
|   |         | cover      |      | and branches of shrubs. Only main |
|   |         | would be   |      | stems and larger branches of      |
|   |         | less than  |      | dominant individuals in the stand |
|   |         | 10% and    |      | remain. Aboveground portions of   |
|   |         | bare       |      | grasses and forbs are burned, but |
|   |         | ground     |      | large plants may have             |
|   |         | would be   |      | recognizable parts blackened, but |
|   |         | greater    |      | intact. Litter on soil surface    |
|   |         | than 65%   |      | (mostly beneath shrub canopies)   |
|   |         | of the     |      | is blackened and may be totally   |
|   |         | total      |      | consumed in some areas. Annuals   |
|   |         | cover.     |      | may dominate immediate post-fire  |
|   |         | C          |      | plant community. The magnitude of |
|   |         | ommunities |      | the post-fire annual flush will   |
|   |         | would have |      | be dependent on the pre-burn      |
|   |         | co         |      | annual composition. Areas with    |
|   |         | nsiderable |      | strong annual plant component     |
|   |         | diversity  |      | prior to burning will have a      |
|   |         | and are    |      | strong flush of annual plants.    |
|   |         | generally  |      |                                   |
|   |         | resilient  |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | to         |      | Fire has removed most of the      |
|   |         | di         |      | aboveground portion of all shrubs |
|   |         | sturbance. |      | grasses and forbs. Part of the    |
|   |         | Little to  |      | shrub main stem may be present    |
|   |         | no         |      | immediately following the fire.   |
|   |         | invasive   |      | Most of the litter has been       |
|   |         | plant      |      | consumed by the fire and ash      |
|   |         | species    |      | remain in the areas beneath       |
|   |         | present.   |      | shrubs. Crowns of grasses may be  |
|   |         |            |      | visible, but all live and dead    |
|   |         |            |      | plant material has been removed.  |
|   |         |            |      | Annuals may dominate immediate    |
|   |         |            |      | post-fire plant community. The    |
|   |         |            |      | magnitude of the post-fire annual |
|   |         |            |      | flush will be dependent on the    |
|   |         |            |      | pre-burn annual composition.      |
|   |         |            |      | Areas with strong annual plant    |
|   |         |            |      | component prior to burning will   |
|   |         |            |      | have a strong flush of annual     |
|   |         |            |      | plants.                           |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#wy  | These      | **   | Brushbeating results in the       |
| # | omiiibm | plant      | Brus | severing/shredding of the upper   |
|   | .an     | c          | hbea | portions of the shrubs. Big       |
| I | chor}** | ommunities | ting | sagebrush does not sprout         |
| I | Wyoming | are at the | /    | following removal of the aerial   |
| I | Big     | wa         | Mowi | portions of the plant. However,   |
|   | Sage    | rmer/drier | ng** | associated shrubs sprout to       |
|   | brush** | end of the |      | varying degrees. Low growing      |
|   | (*Ar    | mountain   |      | herbaceous and woody plants can   |
|   | temisia | big        |      | be missed by cutting blades.      |
|   | trid    | sagebrush  |      | Treatment is often done in late   |
|   | entata* | di         |      | fall when fire danger is low and  |
|   | ssp.    | stribution |      | the majority of plants are        |
|   | *       | and may    |      | dormant. Brushbeating can also be |
|   | wyoming | integrate  |      | done in winter or early spring if |
|   | ensis*) | into       |      | weather permits. Cheatgrass does  |
|   | --      | Wyoming    |      | occur in disturbed areas of some  |
|   | Interm  | big        |      | these plant communities. However, |
|   | ountain | sagebrush  |      | areas where cheatgrass is a major |
|   | West    | plant      |      | component, or dominates these     |
|   |         | c          |      | areas are discussed elsewhere.    |
|   |         | ommunities |      |                                   |
|   |         | as         |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   |         | elevation  |      | Brushbeating occurs across less   |
|   |         | and/or     |      | than 25% of the plant community.  |
|   |         | soil depth |      | Cutting equipment is held at 18"  |
|   |         | decreases. |      | above the soil surface. Only tops |
|   |         | Mountain   |      | of larger shrubs are removed by   |
|   |         | big        |      | cutters. Lower branches of larger |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | shrubs and smaller shrubs are     |
|   |         | dominates  |      | left intact. Minimal disturbance  |
|   |         | in these   |      | occurs to herbaceous plants. Some |
|   |         | drier      |      | mechanical damage can be done by  |
|   |         | plant      |      | passage of tractor. Soils are     |
|   |         | co         |      | usually dry and/or frozen during  |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | this treatment, reducing          |
|   |         | Ra         |      | compaction. Plant litter is       |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | increased in interspace areas by  |
|   |         | h          |      | cutting. Annual plant density and |
|   |         | orsebrush, |      | cover will initially increase     |
|   |         | and        |      | following treatment. The          |
|   |         | b          |      | magnitude of the increase is      |
|   |         | itterbrush |      | directly proportional to the      |
|   |         | are        |      | level of annual plants in the     |
|   |         | commonly   |      | pre-treatment plant community.    |
|   |         | founding   |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | various    |      | -- Brushbeating occurs across     |
|   |         | levels in  |      | 25-50% of the plant community.    |
|   |         | the plant  |      | Cutting equipment is held at      |
|   |         | community. |      | 12-18" above the soil surface.    |
|   |         | Sagebrush  |      | The majority of larger shrubs     |
|   |         | cover and  |      | have the tops removed. Sprouting  |
|   |         | density    |      | of may be stimulated in shrubs    |
|   |         | have       |      | other than mountain big           |
|   |         | reached a  |      | sagebrush. Woody plants less than |
|   |         | point that |      | 12" tall are not damaged by the   |
|   |         | understory |      | cutting blades. Most herbaceous   |
|   |         | herbaceous |      | plants are dormant during the     |
|   |         | plants are |      | treatment. Only aerial portions   |
|   |         | being      |      | of herbaceous plants are removed  |
|   |         | s          |      | by cutters, minimally impacting   |
|   |         | uppressed. |      | these plants. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | Cover of   |      | damage can be done by passage of  |
|   |         | herbaceous |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         | plants is  |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         | less than  |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | 10%.       |      | Plant litter increases following  |
|   |         | Introduced |      | treatment. Moderate amounts of    |
|   |         | annual     |      | woody litter are added to the     |
|   |         | plants may |      | soil surface. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | be present |      | damage can be done by passage of  |
|   |         | at various |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         | q          |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         | uantities. |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | These      |      | Annual plant density and cover    |
|   |         | plants may |      | will initially increase following |
|   |         | dominate   |      | treatment. The magnitude of the   |
|   |         | the        |      | increase is directly proportional |
|   |         | understory |      | to the level of annual plants in  |
|   |         | vegetation |      | the pre-treatment plant           |
|   |         | in areas   |      | community.                        |
|   |         | with       |      |                                   |
|   |         | severe     |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | d          |      | Brushbeating occurs across 25-50% |
|   |         | isturbance |      | of the plant community. Cutting   |
|   |         | history.   |      | equipment is held below 12" above |
|   |         |            |      | the soil surface. Most shrubs     |
|   |         |            |      | have tops removed leaving a plant |
|   |         |            |      | community. Sprouting shrubs will  |
|   |         |            |      | begin to send up shoots in the    |
|   |         |            |      | next growing season. Sagebrush is |
|   |         |            |      | killed by treatments and will not |
|   |         |            |      | sprout following top removal.     |
|   |         |            |      | Cutting blades remove aboveground |
|   |         |            |      | herbaceous plant material at the  |
|   |         |            |      | level of the cutting blades. Some |
|   |         |            |      | soil disturbance may occur due to |
|   |         |            |      | cutting blades contacting the     |
|   |         |            |      | soils surface. Some mechanical    |
|   |         |            |      | damage can be done to herbaceous  |
|   |         |            |      | plants by passage of the tractor. |
|   |         |            |      | Soils are usually dry and/or      |
|   |         |            |      | frozen during this treatment,     |
|   |         |            |      | reducing compaction. Large        |
|   |         |            |      | amounts of woody and herbaceous   |
|   |         |            |      | plant litter is added to the soil |
|   |         |            |      | surface. Annual plant density and |
|   |         |            |      | cover will initially increase     |
|   |         |            |      | following treatment. The          |
|   |         |            |      | magnitude of the increase is      |
|   |         |            |      | directly proportional to the      |
|   |         |            |      | level of annual plants in the     |
|   |         |            |      | pre-treatment plant community.    |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * | []{#w   | These      | *    | Herbicide is used to kill         |
| * | yomiiih | plant      | *Her | sagebrush in patches to reduce    |
| I | .an     | c          | bici | cover and density of sagebrush.   |
| I | chor}** | ommunities | de** | Herbicide is applied a low rates  |
| I | Wyoming | are at the |      | where the objective is to thin    |
| * | Big     | wa         |      | the stand. Higher application     |
| * | Sage    | rmer/drier |      | rates will result in greater      |
|   | brush** | end of the |      | sagebrush kill. Post treatment    |
|   | (*Ar    | mountain   |      | plant community would have        |
|   | temisia | big        |      | varying levels of dead and or     |
|   | trid    | sagebrush  |      | dying sagebrush in the plant      |
|   | entata* | di         |      | community. Associated herbaceous  |
|   | ssp.    | stribution |      | plants would increase density and |
|   | *       | and may    |      | cover in response to reduction in |
|   | wyoming | integrate  |      | competition from sagebrush.       |
|   | ensis*) | into       |      |                                   |
|   | --      | Wyoming    |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   | Interm  | big        |      | Low rates of the herbicide are    |
|   | ountain | sagebrush  |      | applied resulting in isolated     |
|   | West    | plant      |      | death of Wyoming big sagebrush    |
|   |         | c          |      | plants. Chlorolysis of other      |
|   |         | ommunities |      | plants that received lower levels |
|   |         | as         |      | of the herbicide will be common.  |
|   |         | elevation  |      | Sagebrush skeletons will be left  |
|   |         | and/or     |      | on plants killed by the           |
|   |         | soil depth |      | herbicide. An increase in         |
|   |         | decreases. |      | understory grasses and forbs will |
|   |         | Mountain   |      | occur following sagebrush death.  |
|   |         | big        |      | Associated shrubs will also       |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | increase leaf area and            |
|   |         | dominates  |      | reproductive effort following     |
|   |         | in these   |      | death of sagebrush.               |
|   |         | drier      |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant      |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | co         |      | -- A greater number of dead       |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | sagebrush will occur in this due  |
|   |         | Ra         |      | to the higher rates of herbicide  |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | application. Dead sagebrush may   |
|   |         | h          |      | occur in patches. Increase in     |
|   |         | orsebrush, |      | associated understory plants will |
|   |         | and        |      | be greatest in these patches of   |
|   |         | b          |      | dead sagebrush. Leafless          |
|   |         | itterbrush |      | sagebrush skeletons will be       |
|   |         | are        |      | obvious in the plant community.   |
|   |         | commonly   |      |                                   |
|   |         | founding   |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | various    |      | The greatest level of sagebrush   |
|   |         | levels in  |      | death will occur in this          |
|   |         | the plant  |      | treatment. Large patches of       |
|   |         | community. |      | sagebrush skeletons will be       |
|   |         | Sagebrush  |      | obvious in the plant community.   |
|   |         | cover and  |      | Individual sagebrush and small    |
|   |         | density    |      | patches of live sagebrush will be |
|   |         | have       |      | scattered across the plant        |
|   |         | reached a  |      | community. Associated woody and   |
|   |         | point that |      | herbaceous plants will increase   |
|   |         | understory |      | cover following death of          |
|   |         | herbaceous |      | sagebrush.                        |
|   |         | plants are |      |                                   |
|   |         | being      |      |                                   |
|   |         | s          |      |                                   |
|   |         | uppressed. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Cover of   |      |                                   |
|   |         | herbaceous |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants is  |      |                                   |
|   |         | less than  |      |                                   |
|   |         | 10%.       |      |                                   |
|   |         | Introduced |      |                                   |
|   |         | annual     |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants may |      |                                   |
|   |         | be present |      |                                   |
|   |         | at various |      |                                   |
|   |         | q          |      |                                   |
|   |         | uantities. |      |                                   |
|   |         | These      |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants may |      |                                   |
|   |         | dominate   |      |                                   |
|   |         | the        |      |                                   |
|   |         | understory |      |                                   |
|   |         | vegetation |      |                                   |
|   |         | in areas   |      |                                   |
|   |         | with       |      |                                   |
|   |         | severe     |      |                                   |
|   |         | d          |      |                                   |
|   |         | isturbance |      |                                   |
|   |         | history.   |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#w   | Wyoming    | **B  | Wyoming big sagebrush plants are  |
| # | yomivbb | big        | road | killed by fire. Associated woody  |
|   | .an     | sagebrush  | cast | vegetation is capable of          |
| I | chor}** | dominates  | Bu   | sprouting following top removal.  |
| V | Wyoming | the plant  | rn** | Sprouting ability varies across   |
|   | Big     | community  |      | and within individual shrub       |
|   | Sage    | and is the |      | species. Deep rooted perennial    |
|   | brush** | most       |      | forbs and grasses also sprout     |
|   | (*Ar    | obvious    |      | vigorously following burning.     |
|   | temisia | woody      |      | Shallower rooted grasses and      |
|   | trid    | plant.     |      | mat-forming forbs can be          |
|   | entata* | Herbaceous |      | suppressed following burning.     |
|   | ssp.    | understory |      | Small amounts of plant litter are |
|   | *wy     | vegetation |      | present in these communities.     |
|   | omingen | is a       |      | What is present is found beneath  |
|   | sis*)-- | mixture of |      | the canopies of shrubs or larger  |
|   | Interm  | perennial  |      | grasses and forbs.                |
|   | ountain | grasses    |      |                                   |
|   | West    | and forbs. |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   |         | Green and  |      | Fire has removed most of the      |
|   |         | gray       |      | leaves on the shrubs and the      |
|   |         | ra         |      | smaller branches. Numerous        |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | blackened shrub skeletons are     |
|   |         | and        |      | left standing. Aboveground        |
|   |         | horsebrush |      | portions of forbs and grasses are |
|   |         | are        |      | consumed. Plants with heavier     |
|   |         | commonly   |      | leaves may have portions left     |
|   |         | found in   |      | intact. Large perennial grasses   |
|   |         | a          |      | have blackened crowns. Green      |
|   |         | ssociation |      | plant material may or may not     |
|   |         | with       |      | have been consumed, especially    |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | within dense grass crowns. Litter |
|   |         | big        |      | on the soil surface, most         |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      | commonly found beneath shrub      |
|   |         | B          |      | canopies is scorched to partially |
|   |         | areground, |      | consumed. Annuals may dominate    |
|   |         | or a       |      | immediate post-fire plant         |
|   |         | c          |      | community. The magnitude of the   |
|   |         | ombination |      | post-fire annual flush will be    |
|   |         | of         |      | dependent on the pre-burn annual  |
|   |         | bareground |      | composition. Areas with strong    |
|   |         | and        |      | annual plant component prior to   |
|   |         | m          |      | burning will have a strong flush  |
|   |         | icrobiotic |      | of annual plants.                 |
|   |         | soil       |      |                                   |
|   |         | crusts is  |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | usually    |      | -- Fire has removed all leaves    |
|   |         | greater    |      | and branches of shrubs. Only main |
|   |         | than 65%   |      | stems and larger branches of      |
|   |         | in these   |      | dominant individuals in the stand |
|   |         | dry        |      | remain. Aboveground portions of   |
|   |         | co         |      | grasses and forbs are burned, but |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | large plants may have             |
|   |         | C          |      | recognizable parts blackened, but |
|   |         | ommunities |      | intact. Litter on soil surface    |
|   |         | would have |      | (mostly beneath shrub canopies)   |
|   |         | co         |      | is blackened and may be totally   |
|   |         | nsiderable |      | consumed in some areas. Annuals   |
|   |         | diversity  |      | may dominate immediate post-fire  |
|   |         | and are    |      | plant community. The magnitude of |
|   |         | generally  |      | the post-fire annual flush will   |
|   |         | resilient  |      | be dependent on the pre-burn      |
|   |         | to         |      | annual composition. Areas with    |
|   |         | di         |      | strong annual plant component     |
|   |         | sturbance. |      | prior to burning will have a      |
|   |         | Little to  |      | strong flush of annual plants.    |
|   |         | no         |      |                                   |
|   |         | invasive   |      | # High Treatment Intensity -- F   |
|   |         | weed       |      | ire has removed most of the above |
|   |         | species    |      | ground portion of all shrubs gras |
|   |         | present.   |      | ses and forbs. Part of the shrub  |
|   |         | However,   |      | main stem may be present immediat |
|   |         | d          |      | ely following the fire. Most of t |
|   |         | isturbance |      | he litter has been consumed by th |
|   |         | results in |      | e fire and ash remain in the area |
|   |         | a period   |      | s beneath shrubs. Crowns of grass |
|   |         | dominated  |      | es may be visible, but all live a |
|   |         | by annual  |      | nd dead plant material has been r |
|   |         | plants.    |      | emoved. Annuals may dominate imme |
|   |         |            |      | diate post-fire plant community.  |
|   |         |            |      | The magnitude of the post-fire an |
|   |         |            |      | nual flush will be dependent on t |
|   |         |            |      | he pre-burn annual composition. A |
|   |         |            |      | reas with strong annual plant com |
|   |         |            |      | ponent prior to burning will have |
|   |         |            |      |  a strong flush of annual plants. |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * | []{#w   | Wyoming    | **   | Brushbeating results in the       |
| * | yomivbm | big        | Brus | severing/shredding of the upper   |
| I | .an     | sagebrush  | hbea | portions of the shrubs. Big       |
| V | chor}** | dominates  | ting | sagebrush does not sprout         |
| * | Wyoming | the plant  | /    | following removal of the aerial   |
| * | Big     | community  | Mowi | portions of the plant. However,   |
|   | Sage    | and is the | ng** | associated shrubs sprout to       |
|   | brush** | most       |      | varying degrees. Low growing      |
|   | *(Ar    | obvious    |      | herbaceous and woody plants can   |
|   | temisia | woody      |      | be missed by cutting blades.      |
|   | tri     | plant.     |      | Treatment is often done in late   |
|   | dentata | Herbaceous |      | fall when fire danger is low and  |
|   | ssp.    | understory |      | the majority of plants are        |
|   | W       | vegetation |      | dormant. Brushbeating can also be |
|   | yominge | is a       |      | done in winter or early spring if |
|   | nsis*)- | mixture of |      | weather permits.                  |
|   | Interm  | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   | ountain | grasses    |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   | West    | and forbs. |      | Brushbeating occurs across less   |
|   |         | Green and  |      | than 25% of the plant community.  |
|   |         | gray       |      | Cutting equipment is held at 18"  |
|   |         | ra         |      | above the soil surface. Only tops |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | of larger shrubs are removed by   |
|   |         | b          |      | cutters. Lower branches of larger |
|   |         | itterbrush |      | shrubs and smaller shrubs are     |
|   |         | and        |      | left intact. Minimal disturbance  |
|   |         | horsebrush |      | occurs to herbaceous plants. Some |
|   |         | are        |      | mechanical damage can be done to  |
|   |         | commonly   |      | herbaceous plants by passage of   |
|   |         | found in   |      | the tractor. Soils are usually    |
|   |         | a          |      | dry and/or frozen during this     |
|   |         | ssociation |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | with       |      | Plant litter is increased in      |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | interspace areas by cutting.      |
|   |         | big        |      | Annual plant density and cover    |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      | will initially increase following |
|   |         | B          |      | treatment. The magnitude of the   |
|   |         | areground, |      | increase is directly proportional |
|   |         | or a       |      | to the level of annual plants in  |
|   |         | c          |      | the pre-treatment plant           |
|   |         | ombination |      | community.                        |
|   |         | of         |      |                                   |
|   |         | bareground |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | and        |      | -- Brushbeating occurs across     |
|   |         | m          |      | 25-50% of the plant community.    |
|   |         | icrobiotic |      | Cutting equipment is held at      |
|   |         | soil       |      | 12-18" above the soil surface.    |
|   |         | crusts is  |      | The majority of larger shrubs     |
|   |         | usually    |      | have the tops removed. Sprouting  |
|   |         | greater    |      | of may be stimulated in shrubs    |
|   |         | than 65%   |      | other than mountain big           |
|   |         | in these   |      | sagebrush. Woody plants less than |
|   |         | dry        |      | 12" tall are not damaged by the   |
|   |         | co         |      | cutting blades. Most herbaceous   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | plants are dormant during the     |
|   |         | C          |      | treatment. Only aerial portions   |
|   |         | ommunities |      | of herbaceous plants are removed  |
|   |         | would have |      | by cutters, minimally impacting   |
|   |         | co         |      | these plants. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | nsiderable |      | damage can be done by passage of  |
|   |         | diversity  |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         | and are    |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         | generally  |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | resilient  |      | Plant litter increases following  |
|   |         | to         |      | treatment. Moderate amounts of    |
|   |         | di         |      | woody litter are added to the     |
|   |         | sturbance. |      | soil surface. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | Little to  |      | damage can be done to herbaceous  |
|   |         | no         |      | plants by passage of the tractor. |
|   |         | invasive   |      | Soils are usually dry and/or      |
|   |         | weed       |      | frozen during this treatment,     |
|   |         | species    |      | reducing compaction. Annual plant |
|   |         | present.   |      | density and cover will initially  |
|   |         | However,   |      | increase following treatment. The |
|   |         | d          |      | magnitude of the increase is      |
|   |         | isturbance |      | directly proportional to the      |
|   |         | results in |      | level of annual plants in the     |
|   |         | a period   |      | pre-treatment plant community.    |
|   |         | dominated  |      |                                   |
|   |         | by annual  |      | High Treatment Intensity --       |
|   |         | plants.    |      | Brushbeating occurs across 25-50% |
|   |         |            |      | of the plant community. Cutting   |
|   |         |            |      | equipment is held below 12" above |
|   |         |            |      | the soil surface. Most shrubs     |
|   |         |            |      | have tops removed leaving a plant |
|   |         |            |      | community. Sprouting shrubs will  |
|   |         |            |      | begin to send up shoots in the    |
|   |         |            |      | next growing season. Sagebrush is |
|   |         |            |      | killed by treatments and will not |
|   |         |            |      | sprout following top removal.     |
|   |         |            |      | Cutting blades remove aboveground |
|   |         |            |      | herbaceous plant material at the  |
|   |         |            |      | level of the cutting blades. Some |
|   |         |            |      | soil disturbance may occur due to |
|   |         |            |      | cutting blades contacting the     |
|   |         |            |      | soils surface. Some mechanical    |
|   |         |            |      | damage can be done to herbaceous  |
|   |         |            |      | plants by passage of the tractor. |
|   |         |            |      | Soils are usually dry and/or      |
|   |         |            |      | frozen during this treatment,     |
|   |         |            |      | reducing compaction. Large        |
|   |         |            |      | amounts of woody and herbaceous   |
|   |         |            |      | plant litter is added to the soil |
|   |         |            |      | surface. Annual plant density and |
|   |         |            |      | cover will initially increase     |
|   |         |            |      | following treatment. The          |
|   |         |            |      | magnitude of the increase is      |
|   |         |            |      | directly proportional to the      |
|   |         |            |      | level of annual plants in the     |
|   |         |            |      | pre-treatment plant community.    |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#    | Wyoming    | *    | Herbicide is used to kill         |
| # | wyomivh | big        | *Her | sagebrush in patches to reduce    |
|   | .an     | sagebrush  | bici | cover and density of sagebrush.   |
| I | chor}** | dominates  | de** | Herbicide is applied a low rates  |
| V | Wyoming | the plant  |      | where the objective is to thin    |
|   | Big     | community  |      | the stand. Higher application     |
|   | Sage    | and is the |      | rates will result in greater      |
|   | brush** | most       |      | sagebrush kill. Post treatment    |
|   | (*Ar    | obvious    |      | plant community would have        |
|   | temisia | woody      |      | varying levels of dead and or     |
|   | trid    | plant.     |      | dying sagebrush in the plant      |
|   | entata* | Herbaceous |      | community. Associated herbaceous  |
|   | ssp.    | understory |      | plants would increase density and |
|   | *wy     | vegetation |      | cover in response to reduction in |
|   | omingen | is a       |      | competition from sagebrush.       |
|   | sis*)-- | mixture of |      |                                   |
|   | Interm  | perennial  |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   | ountain | grasses    |      | Low rates of the herbicide are    |
|   | West    | and forbs. |      | applied resulting in isolated     |
|   |         | Green and  |      | death of Wyoming big sagebrush    |
|   |         | gray       |      | plants. Chlorolysis of other      |
|   |         | ra         |      | plants that received lower levels |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | of the herbicide will be common.  |
|   |         | b          |      | Sagebrush skeletons will be left  |
|   |         | itterbrush |      | on plants killed by the           |
|   |         | and        |      | herbicide. An increase in         |
|   |         | horsebrush |      | understory grasses and forbs will |
|   |         | are        |      | occur following sagebrush death.  |
|   |         | commonly   |      | Associated shrubs will also       |
|   |         | found in   |      | increase leaf area and            |
|   |         | a          |      | reproductive effort following     |
|   |         | ssociation |      | death of sagebrush.               |
|   |         | with       |      |                                   |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | big        |      | -- A greater number of dead       |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      | sagebrush will occur in this due  |
|   |         | Bare       |      | to the higher rates of herbicide  |
|   |         | ground, or |      | application. Dead sagebrush may   |
|   |         | a          |      | occur in patches. Increase in     |
|   |         | c          |      | associated understory plants will |
|   |         | ombination |      | be greatest in these patches of   |
|   |         | of bare    |      | dead sagebrush. Leafless          |
|   |         | ground and |      | sagebrush skeletons will be       |
|   |         | m          |      | obvious in the plant community.   |
|   |         | icrobiotic |      |                                   |
|   |         | soil       |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | crusts is  |      | The greatest level of sagebrush   |
|   |         | usually    |      | death will occur in this          |
|   |         | greater    |      | treatment. Large patches of       |
|   |         | than 65%   |      | sagebrush skeletons will be       |
|   |         | in these   |      | obvious in the plant community.   |
|   |         | dry        |      | Individual sagebrush and small    |
|   |         | co         |      | patches of live sagebrush will be |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | scattered across the plant        |
|   |         | C          |      | community. Associated woody and   |
|   |         | ommunities |      | herbaceous plants will increase   |
|   |         | would have |      | cover following death of          |
|   |         | co         |      | sagebrush.                        |
|   |         | nsiderable |      |                                   |
|   |         | diversity  |      |                                   |
|   |         | and are    |      |                                   |
|   |         | generally  |      |                                   |
|   |         | resilient  |      |                                   |
|   |         | to         |      |                                   |
|   |         | di         |      |                                   |
|   |         | sturbance. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Little to  |      |                                   |
|   |         | no         |      |                                   |
|   |         | invasive   |      |                                   |
|   |         | weed       |      |                                   |
|   |         | species    |      |                                   |
|   |         | present.   |      |                                   |
|   |         | However,   |      |                                   |
|   |         | d          |      |                                   |
|   |         | isturbance |      |                                   |
|   |         | results in |      |                                   |
|   |         | a period   |      |                                   |
|   |         | dominated  |      |                                   |
|   |         | by annual  |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants.    |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| I | [       | Wyoming    | **B  | Wyoming big sagebrush plants are  |
| V | ]{#wyom | big        | road | killed by fire. Associated woody  |
|   | grtivbb | sagebrush  | cast | vegetation is capable of          |
|   | .an     | dominates  | Bu   | sprouting following top removal.  |
|   | chor}** | the plant  | rn** | Sprouting ability varies across   |
|   | Wyoming | community  |      | and within individual shrub       |
|   | Big     | and is the |      | species. Deep rooted perennial    |
|   | Sage    | most       |      | forbs and grasses also sprout     |
|   | brush** | obvious    |      | vigorously following burning.     |
|   | (*Ar    | woody      |      | Shallower rooted grasses and      |
|   | temisia | plant.     |      | mat-forming forbs can be          |
|   | trid    | Herbaceous |      | suppressed following burning.     |
|   | entata* | understory |      | Small amounts of plant litter are |
|   | ssp.    | vegetation |      | present in these communities.     |
|   | *       | is a       |      | Plant litter is often found       |
|   | wyoming | mixture of |      | concentrated beneath the canopies |
|   | ensis*) | perennial  |      | of larger grasses, forbs and      |
|   | --      | grasses    |      | shrubs.                           |
|   | Great   | and forbs. |      |                                   |
|   | Basin   | Green and  |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   |         | gray       |      | Fire has removed most of the      |
|   |         | ra         |      | leaves on the shrubs and the      |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | smaller branches. Numerous        |
|   |         | and        |      | blackened shrub skeletons are     |
|   |         | horsebrush |      | left standing. Aboveground        |
|   |         | are        |      | portions of forbs and grasses are |
|   |         | commonly   |      | consumed. Plants with heavier     |
|   |         | found in   |      | leaves may have portions left     |
|   |         | a          |      | intact. Large perennial grasses   |
|   |         | ssociation |      | have blackened crowns. Green      |
|   |         | with       |      | plant material may or may not     |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | have been consumed, especially    |
|   |         | big        |      | within dense grass crowns. Litter |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      | on the soil surface, most         |
|   |         | These      |      | commonly found beneath shrub      |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | canopies is scorched to partially |
|   |         | big        |      | consumed. Annuals may dominate    |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | immediate post-fire plant         |
|   |         | plant      |      | community. The magnitude of the   |
|   |         | c          |      | post-fire annual flush will be    |
|   |         | ommunities |      | dependent on the pre-burn annual  |
|   |         | are often  |      | composition. Areas with strong    |
|   |         | found      |      | annual plant component prior to   |
|   |         | adjacent   |      | burning will have a strong flush  |
|   |         | or         |      | of annual plants.                 |
|   |         | intermixed |      |                                   |
|   |         | with salt  |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | desert     |      | -- Fire has removed all leaves    |
|   |         | plant      |      | and branches of shrubs. Only main |
|   |         | co         |      | stems and larger branches of      |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | dominant individuals in the stand |
|   |         | Salt       |      | remain. Aboveground portions of   |
|   |         | Desert     |      | grasses and forbs are burned, but |
|   |         | plant      |      | large plants may have             |
|   |         | species    |      | recognizable parts blackened, but |
|   |         | may be     |      | intact. Litter on soil surface    |
|   |         | found at   |      | (mostly beneath shrub canopies)   |
|   |         | low to     |      | is blackened and may be totally   |
|   |         | moderate   |      | consumed in some areas. Annuals   |
|   |         | levels in  |      | may dominate immediate post-fire  |
|   |         | these big  |      | plant community. The magnitude of |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | the post-fire annual flush will   |
|   |         | plant      |      | be dependent on the pre-burn      |
|   |         | c          |      | annual composition. Areas with    |
|   |         | ommunities |      | strong annual plant component     |
|   |         | at the     |      | prior to burning will have a      |
|   |         | drier end  |      | strong flush of annual plants.    |
|   |         | of its     |      |                                   |
|   |         | dis        |      | # High Treatment Intensity -- F   |
|   |         | tribution. |      | ire has removed most of the above |
|   |         | Annual     |      | ground portion of all shrubs gras |
|   |         | plants     |      | ses and forbs. Part of the shrub  |
|   |         | commonly   |      | main stem may be present immediat |
|   |         | dominate   |      | ely following the fire. Most of t |
|   |         | disturbed  |      | he litter has been consumed by th |
|   |         | areas.     |      | e fire and ash remain in the area |
|   |         | Introduced |      | s beneath shrubs. Crowns of grass |
|   |         | annual and |      | es may be visible, but all live a |
|   |         | perennial  |      | nd dead plant material has been r |
|   |         | plants     |      | emoved. Annuals may dominate imme |
|   |         | have made  |      | diate post-fire plant community.  |
|   |         | s          |      | The magnitude of the post-fire an |
|   |         | ignificant |      | nual flush will be dependent on t |
|   |         | enc        |      | he pre-burn annual composition. A |
|   |         | roachments |      | reas with strong annual plant com |
|   |         | into these |      | ponent prior to burning will have |
|   |         | plant      |      |  a strong flush of annual plants. |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
|   |         |            |      |                                   |
|   |         | B          |      |                                   |
|   |         | areground, |      |                                   |
|   |         | or a       |      |                                   |
|   |         | c          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ombination |      |                                   |
|   |         | of         |      |                                   |
|   |         | bareground |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | m          |      |                                   |
|   |         | icrobiotic |      |                                   |
|   |         | soil       |      |                                   |
|   |         | crusts is  |      |                                   |
|   |         | usually    |      |                                   |
|   |         | greater    |      |                                   |
|   |         | than 75%   |      |                                   |
|   |         | in these   |      |                                   |
|   |         | dry        |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Total      |      |                                   |
|   |         | shrub      |      |                                   |
|   |         | cover      |      |                                   |
|   |         | would be   |      |                                   |
|   |         | between    |      |                                   |
|   |         | 10-15%.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | Introduced |      |                                   |
|   |         | annual and |      |                                   |
|   |         | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants     |      |                                   |
|   |         | have made  |      |                                   |
|   |         | s          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ignificant |      |                                   |
|   |         | enc        |      |                                   |
|   |         | roachments |      |                                   |
|   |         | into these |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant      |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | [       | Wyoming    | **   | Brushbeating results in the       |
| # | ]{#wyom | big        | Brus | severing/shredding of the upper   |
|   | grtivbm | sagebrush  | hbea | portions of the shrubs. Big       |
| I | .an     | dominates  | ting | sagebrush does not sprout         |
| V | chor}** | the plant  | /    | following removal of the aerial   |
|   | Wyoming | community  | Mowi | portions of the plant. However,   |
|   | Big     | and is the | ng** | associated shrubs sprout to       |
|   | Sage    | most       |      | varying degrees. Low growing      |
|   | brush** | obvious    |      | herbaceous and woody plants can   |
|   | (*Ar    | woody      |      | be missed by cutting blades.      |
|   | temisia | plant.     |      | Treatment is often done in late   |
|   | trid    | Herbaceous |      | fall when fire danger is low and  |
|   | entata* | understory |      | the majority of plants are        |
|   | ssp.    | vegetation |      | dormant. Brushbeating can also be |
|   | *       | is a       |      | done in winter or early spring if |
|   | wyoming | mixture of |      | weather permits.                  |
|   | ensis*) | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   | --      | grasses    |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   | Great   | and forbs. |      | Brushbeating occurs across less   |
|   | Basin   | Green and  |      | than 25% of the plant community.  |
|   |         | gray       |      | Cutting equipment is held at 18"  |
|   |         | ra         |      | above the soil surface. Only tops |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | of larger shrubs are removed by   |
|   |         | and        |      | cutters. Lower branches of larger |
|   |         | horsebrush |      | shrubs and smaller shrubs are     |
|   |         | are        |      | left intact. Minimal disturbance  |
|   |         | commonly   |      | occurs to herbaceous plants. Some |
|   |         | found in   |      | mechanical damage can be done to  |
|   |         | a          |      | herbaceous plants by passage of   |
|   |         | ssociation |      | the tractor. Soils are usually    |
|   |         | with       |      | dry and/or frozen during this     |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | big        |      | Plant litter is increased in      |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      | interspace areas by cutting.      |
|   |         | These      |      | Annual plant density and cover    |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | will initially increase following |
|   |         | big        |      | treatment. The magnitude of the   |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | increase is directly proportional |
|   |         | plant      |      | to the level of annual plants in  |
|   |         | c          |      | the pre-treatment plant           |
|   |         | ommunities |      | community.                        |
|   |         | are often  |      |                                   |
|   |         | found      |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | adjacent   |      | -- Brushbeating occurs across     |
|   |         | or         |      | 25-50% of the plant community.    |
|   |         | intermixed |      | Cutting equipment is held at      |
|   |         | with salt  |      | 12-18" above the soil surface.    |
|   |         | desert     |      | The majority of larger shrubs     |
|   |         | plant      |      | have the tops removed. Sprouting  |
|   |         | co         |      | of may be stimulated in shrubs    |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | other than mountain big           |
|   |         | Salt       |      | sagebrush. Woody plants less than |
|   |         | Desert     |      | 12" tall are not damaged by the   |
|   |         | plant      |      | cutting blades. Most herbaceous   |
|   |         | species    |      | plants are dormant during the     |
|   |         | may be     |      | treatment. Only aerial portions   |
|   |         | found at   |      | of herbaceous plants are removed  |
|   |         | low to     |      | by cutters, minimally impacting   |
|   |         | moderate   |      | these plants. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | levels in  |      | damage can be done by passage of  |
|   |         | these big  |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         | plant      |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | c          |      | Plant litter increases following  |
|   |         | ommunities |      | treatment. Moderate amounts of    |
|   |         | at the     |      | woody litter are added to the     |
|   |         | drier end  |      | soil surface. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | of its     |      | damage can be done to herbaceous  |
|   |         | dis        |      | plants by passage of the tractor. |
|   |         | tribution. |      | Soils are usually dry and/or      |
|   |         | Annual     |      | frozen during this treatment,     |
|   |         | plants     |      | reducing compaction. Annual plant |
|   |         | commonly   |      | density and cover will initially  |
|   |         | dominate   |      | increase following treatment. The |
|   |         | disturbed  |      | magnitude of the increase is      |
|   |         | areas.     |      | directly proportional to the      |
|   |         | Introduced |      | level of annual plants in the     |
|   |         | annual and |      | pre-treatment plant community.    |
|   |         | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants     |      | High Treatment Intensity --       |
|   |         | have made  |      | Brushbeating occurs across 25-50% |
|   |         | s          |      | of the plant community. Cutting   |
|   |         | ignificant |      | equipment is held below 12" above |
|   |         | enc        |      | the soil surface. Most shrubs     |
|   |         | roachments |      | have tops removed leaving a plant |
|   |         | into these |      | community. Sprouting shrubs will  |
|   |         | plant      |      | begin to send up shoots in the    |
|   |         | co         |      | next growing season. Sagebrush is |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | killed by treatments and will not |
|   |         |            |      | sprout following top removal.     |
|   |         | B          |      | Cutting blades remove aboveground |
|   |         | areground, |      | herbaceous plant material at the  |
|   |         | or a       |      | level of the cutting blades. Some |
|   |         | c          |      | soil disturbance may occur due to |
|   |         | ombination |      | cutting blades contacting the     |
|   |         | of         |      | soils surface. Some mechanical    |
|   |         | bareground |      | damage can be done to herbaceous  |
|   |         | and        |      | plants by passage of the tractor. |
|   |         | m          |      | Soils are usually dry and/or      |
|   |         | icrobiotic |      | frozen during this treatment,     |
|   |         | soil       |      | reducing compaction. Large        |
|   |         | crusts is  |      | amounts of woody and herbaceous   |
|   |         | usually    |      | plant litter is added to the soil |
|   |         | greater    |      | surface. Annual plant density and |
|   |         | than 75%   |      | cover will initially increase     |
|   |         | in these   |      | following treatment. The          |
|   |         | dry        |      | magnitude of the increase is      |
|   |         | co         |      | directly proportional to the      |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | level of annual plants in the     |
|   |         | Total      |      | pre-treatment plant community.    |
|   |         | shrub      |      |                                   |
|   |         | cover      |      |                                   |
|   |         | would be   |      |                                   |
|   |         | between    |      |                                   |
|   |         | 10-15%.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | Introduced |      |                                   |
|   |         | annual and |      |                                   |
|   |         | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants     |      |                                   |
|   |         | have made  |      |                                   |
|   |         | s          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ignificant |      |                                   |
|   |         | enc        |      |                                   |
|   |         | roachments |      |                                   |
|   |         | into these |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant      |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#wyo | Wyoming    | *    | Herbicide is used to kill         |
| # | mgrtivh | big        | *Her | sagebrush in patches to reduce    |
|   | .an     | sagebrush  | bici | cover and density of sagebrush.   |
| I | chor}** | dominates  | de** | Herbicide is applied a low rates  |
| V | Wyoming | the plant  |      | where the objective is to thin    |
|   | Big     | community  |      | the stand. Higher application     |
|   | Sage    | and is the |      | rates will result in greater      |
|   | brush** | most       |      | sagebrush kill. Post treatment    |
|   | (*Ar    | obvious    |      | plant community would have        |
|   | temisia | woody      |      | varying levels of dead and or     |
|   | trid    | plant.     |      | dying sagebrush in the plant      |
|   | entata* | Herbaceous |      | community. Associated herbaceous  |
|   | ssp.    | understory |      | plants would increase density and |
|   | *       | vegetation |      | cover in response to reduction in |
|   | wyoming | is a       |      | competition from sagebrush.       |
|   | ensis*) | mixture of |      |                                   |
|   | --      | perennial  |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   | Great   | grasses    |      | Low rates of the herbicide are    |
|   | Basin   | and forbs. |      | applied resulting in isolated     |
|   |         | Green and  |      | death of Wyoming big sagebrush    |
|   |         | gray       |      | plants. Chlorolysis of other      |
|   |         | ra         |      | plants that received lower levels |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | of the herbicide will be common.  |
|   |         | and        |      | Sagebrush skeletons will be left  |
|   |         | horsebrush |      | on plants killed by the           |
|   |         | are        |      | herbicide. An increase in         |
|   |         | commonly   |      | understory grasses and forbs will |
|   |         | found in   |      | occur following sagebrush death.  |
|   |         | a          |      | Associated shrubs will also       |
|   |         | ssociation |      | increase leaf area and            |
|   |         | with       |      | reproductive effort following     |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | death of sagebrush.               |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | These      |      | -- A greater number of dead       |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      | sagebrush will occur in this due  |
|   |         | big        |      | to the higher rates of herbicide  |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      | application. Dead sagebrush may   |
|   |         | plant      |      | occur in patches. Increase in     |
|   |         | c          |      | associated understory plants will |
|   |         | ommunities |      | be greatest in these patches of   |
|   |         | are often  |      | dead sagebrush. Leafless          |
|   |         | found      |      | sagebrush skeletons will be       |
|   |         | adjacent   |      | obvious in the plant community.   |
|   |         | or         |      |                                   |
|   |         | intermixed |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | with salt  |      | The greatest level of sagebrush   |
|   |         | desert     |      | death will occur in this          |
|   |         | plant      |      | treatment. Large patches of       |
|   |         | co         |      | sagebrush skeletons will be       |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | obvious in the plant community.   |
|   |         | Salt       |      | Individual sagebrush and small    |
|   |         | Desert     |      | patches of live sagebrush will be |
|   |         | plant      |      | scattered across the plant        |
|   |         | species    |      | community. Associated woody and   |
|   |         | may be     |      | herbaceous plants will increase   |
|   |         | found at   |      | cover following death of          |
|   |         | low to     |      | sagebrush.                        |
|   |         | moderate   |      |                                   |
|   |         | levels in  |      |                                   |
|   |         | these big  |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant      |      |                                   |
|   |         | c          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ommunities |      |                                   |
|   |         | at the     |      |                                   |
|   |         | drier end  |      |                                   |
|   |         | of its     |      |                                   |
|   |         | dis        |      |                                   |
|   |         | tribution. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Annual     |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants     |      |                                   |
|   |         | commonly   |      |                                   |
|   |         | dominate   |      |                                   |
|   |         | disturbed  |      |                                   |
|   |         | areas.     |      |                                   |
|   |         | Introduced |      |                                   |
|   |         | annual and |      |                                   |
|   |         | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants     |      |                                   |
|   |         | have made  |      |                                   |
|   |         | s          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ignificant |      |                                   |
|   |         | enc        |      |                                   |
|   |         | roachments |      |                                   |
|   |         | into these |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant      |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
|   |         |            |      |                                   |
|   |         | B          |      |                                   |
|   |         | areground, |      |                                   |
|   |         | or a       |      |                                   |
|   |         | c          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ombination |      |                                   |
|   |         | of         |      |                                   |
|   |         | bareground |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | m          |      |                                   |
|   |         | icrobiotic |      |                                   |
|   |         | soil       |      |                                   |
|   |         | crusts is  |      |                                   |
|   |         | usually    |      |                                   |
|   |         | greater    |      |                                   |
|   |         | than 75%   |      |                                   |
|   |         | in these   |      |                                   |
|   |         | dry        |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Total      |      |                                   |
|   |         | shrub      |      |                                   |
|   |         | cover      |      |                                   |
|   |         | would be   |      |                                   |
|   |         | between    |      |                                   |
|   |         | 10-15%.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | Introduced |      |                                   |
|   |         | annual and |      |                                   |
|   |         | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants     |      |                                   |
|   |         | have made  |      |                                   |
|   |         | s          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ignificant |      |                                   |
|   |         | enc        |      |                                   |
|   |         | roachments |      |                                   |
|   |         | into these |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant      |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#    | Basin big  | **B  | Basin big sagebrush is readily    |
| # | basinbb | sagebrush  | road | killed by fire. However,          |
|   | .       | dominates  | cast | associated shrub species, such as |
| I | anchor} | the plant  | Bu   | rabbitbrush sprout vigorously     |
| I | **Basin | community  | rn** | following top removal.            |
| I | Big     | and is the |      |                                   |
|   | Sage    | most       |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   | brush** | obvious    |      | Plant communities with large      |
|   | (*Ar    | woody      |      | basin big sagebrush plants may    |
|   | temisia | plant.     |      | experience an condition similar   |
|   | trid    | Herbaceous |      | to an under burn in forested      |
|   | entata* | understory |      | systems. Tall sagebrush plants    |
|   | ssp.    | vegetation |      | (\> 3ft) may retain leaf canopy   |
|   | *tride  | is a       |      | and experience charred stems near |
|   | ntata*) | mixture of |      | the soil surface. Shorter         |
|   |         | perennial  |      | herbaceous and woody vegetation   |
|   |         | grasses    |      | (\< 3ft) will be burned by the    |
|   |         | and forbs. |      | fire. Fire has removed most of    |
|   |         | Green and  |      | the leaves on the shrubs and the  |
|   |         | gray       |      | smaller branches of the shorter   |
|   |         | ra         |      | vegetation. Aboveground portions  |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | of forbs and grasses are          |
|   |         | and        |      | consumed. Plants with heavier     |
|   |         | horsebrush |      | leaves may have portions left     |
|   |         | are        |      | intact. Large perennial grasses   |
|   |         | commonly   |      | have blackened crowns. Green      |
|   |         | found in   |      | plant material may or may not     |
|   |         | a          |      | have been consumed, especially    |
|   |         | ssociation |      | within dense grass crowns. Litter |
|   |         | with basin |      | on the soil surface, most         |
|   |         | big        |      | commonly found beneath shrub      |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      | canopies, is scorched to          |
|   |         | Basin wild |      | partially consumed. Annuals may   |
|   |         | rye or     |      | dominate immediate post-fire      |
|   |         | similar    |      | plant community. The magnitude of |
|   |         | larger     |      | the post-fire annual flush will   |
|   |         | perennial  |      | be dependent on the pre-burn      |
|   |         | bu         |      | annual composition. Areas with    |
|   |         | nchgrasses |      | strong annual plant component     |
|   |         | are        |      | prior to burning will have a      |
|   |         | common.    |      | strong flush of annual plants.    |
|   |         | R          |      |                                   |
|   |         | hizomatous |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | grasses    |      | -- Fire may remove some taller    |
|   |         | and forbs  |      | individuals as well as all leaves |
|   |         | may be     |      | and branches of smaller shrubs.   |
|   |         | present in |      | Aboveground portions of grasses   |
|   |         | the        |      | and forbs are burned, but large   |
|   |         | understory |      | plants may have recognizable      |
|   |         | of more    |      | parts blackened, but intact.      |
|   |         | mesic      |      | Litter on soil surface, mostly    |
|   |         | sites,     |      | beneath shrub canopies, is        |
|   |         | forming a  |      | blackened and may be totally      |
|   |         | sod in     |      | consumed in some areas. Annuals   |
|   |         | portions   |      | may dominate immediate post-fire  |
|   |         | of the     |      | plant community. The magnitude of |
|   |         | u          |      | the post-fire annual flush will   |
|   |         | nderstory. |      | be dependent on the pre-burn      |
|   |         | Bare       |      | annual composition. Areas with    |
|   |         | ground, or |      | strong annual plant component     |
|   |         | a          |      | prior to burning will have a      |
|   |         | c          |      | strong flush of annual plants.    |
|   |         | ombination |      |                                   |
|   |         | of bare    |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | ground and |      | Fire has removed most of the      |
|   |         | m          |      | aboveground portion of all shrubs |
|   |         | icrobiotic |      | grasses and forbs. Part of the    |
|   |         | soil       |      | shrub main stem may be present    |
|   |         | crusts is  |      | immediately following the fire.   |
|   |         | usually    |      | Most of the litter has been       |
|   |         | greater    |      | consumed by the fire and ash      |
|   |         | than 50%   |      | remain in the areas beneath       |
|   |         | in these   |      | shrubs. Crowns of grasses may be  |
|   |         | co         |      | visible, but all live and dead    |
|   |         | mmunities. |      | plant material has been removed.  |
|   |         | Much of    |      | Annuals may dominate immediate    |
|   |         | this land  |      | post-fire plant community. The    |
|   |         | has been   |      | magnitude of the post-fire annual |
|   |         | converted  |      | flush will be dependent on the    |
|   |         | to         |      | pre-burn annual composition.      |
|   |         | cropland   |      | Areas with strong annual plant    |
|   |         | and has    |      | component prior to burning will   |
|   |         | reverted   |      | have a strong flush of annual     |
|   |         | back to a  |      | plants.                           |
|   |         | c          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ombination |      |                                   |
|   |         | of basin   |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush, |      |                                   |
|   |         | r          |      |                                   |
|   |         | abbitbrush |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | perenn     |      |                                   |
|   |         | ial/annual |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant      |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
|   |         |            |      |                                   |
|   |         | Basin big  |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      |                                   |
|   |         | has a      |      |                                   |
|   |         | large      |      |                                   |
|   |         | mor        |      |                                   |
|   |         | phological |      |                                   |
|   |         | amplitude. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Plants may |      |                                   |
|   |         | grow to    |      |                                   |
|   |         | over 6ft   |      |                                   |
|   |         | in height  |      |                                   |
|   |         | or be      |      |                                   |
|   |         | morph      |      |                                   |
|   |         | ologically |      |                                   |
|   |         | similar to |      |                                   |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Soil depth |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | effective  |      |                                   |
|   |         | moistu     |      |                                   |
|   |         | re/climate |      |                                   |
|   |         | appear to  |      |                                   |
|   |         | be the key |      |                                   |
|   |         | factors.   |      |                                   |
|   |         | Deeper     |      |                                   |
|   |         | soils,     |      |                                   |
|   |         | with       |      |                                   |
|   |         | adequate   |      |                                   |
|   |         | available  |      |                                   |
|   |         | moisture,  |      |                                   |
|   |         | will       |      |                                   |
|   |         | produce    |      |                                   |
|   |         | large      |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | Shallow    |      |                                   |
|   |         | soils on   |      |                                   |
|   |         | drier      |      |                                   |
|   |         | sites will |      |                                   |
|   |         | produce    |      |                                   |
|   |         | shorter    |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants     |      |                                   |
|   |         | that       |      |                                   |
|   |         | resemble   |      |                                   |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Shorter    |      |                                   |
|   |         | varieties  |      |                                   |
|   |         | of basin   |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush, |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | associated |      |                                   |
|   |         | v          |      |                                   |
|   |         | egetation, |      |                                   |
|   |         | probably   |      |                                   |
|   |         | respond    |      |                                   |
|   |         | similarly  |      |                                   |
|   |         | to Wyoming |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#    | Basin big  | **   | More appropriate treatment for    |
| # | basinbm | sagebrush  | Brus | shorter varieties of basin wild   |
|   | .       | dominates  | hbea | rye. Response will be similar to  |
| I | anchor} | the plant  | ting | Wyoming big sagebrush             |
| I | **Basin | community  | /    |                                   |
| I | Big     | and is the | Mowi |                                   |
|   | Sage    | most       | ng** |                                   |
|   | brush** | obvious    |      |                                   |
|   | (*Ar    | woody      |      |                                   |
|   | temisia | plant.     |      |                                   |
|   | trid    | Herbaceous |      |                                   |
|   | entata* | understory |      |                                   |
|   | ssp.    | vegetation |      |                                   |
|   | *tride  | is a       |      |                                   |
|   | ntata*) | mixture of |      |                                   |
|   |         | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | grasses    |      |                                   |
|   |         | and forbs. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Green and  |      |                                   |
|   |         | gray       |      |                                   |
|   |         | ra         |      |                                   |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | horsebrush |      |                                   |
|   |         | are        |      |                                   |
|   |         | commonly   |      |                                   |
|   |         | found in   |      |                                   |
|   |         | a          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ssociation |      |                                   |
|   |         | with basin |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Basin wild |      |                                   |
|   |         | rye or     |      |                                   |
|   |         | similar    |      |                                   |
|   |         | larger     |      |                                   |
|   |         | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | bu         |      |                                   |
|   |         | nchgrasses |      |                                   |
|   |         | are        |      |                                   |
|   |         | common.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | R          |      |                                   |
|   |         | hizomatous |      |                                   |
|   |         | grasses    |      |                                   |
|   |         | and forbs  |      |                                   |
|   |         | may be     |      |                                   |
|   |         | present in |      |                                   |
|   |         | the        |      |                                   |
|   |         | understory |      |                                   |
|   |         | of more    |      |                                   |
|   |         | mesic      |      |                                   |
|   |         | sites,     |      |                                   |
|   |         | forming a  |      |                                   |
|   |         | sod in     |      |                                   |
|   |         | portions   |      |                                   |
|   |         | of the     |      |                                   |
|   |         | u          |      |                                   |
|   |         | nderstory. |      |                                   |
|   |         | B          |      |                                   |
|   |         | areground, |      |                                   |
|   |         | or a       |      |                                   |
|   |         | c          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ombination |      |                                   |
|   |         | of         |      |                                   |
|   |         | bareground |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | m          |      |                                   |
|   |         | icrobiotic |      |                                   |
|   |         | soil       |      |                                   |
|   |         | crusts is  |      |                                   |
|   |         | usually    |      |                                   |
|   |         | greater    |      |                                   |
|   |         | than 50%   |      |                                   |
|   |         | in these   |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Much of    |      |                                   |
|   |         | this land  |      |                                   |
|   |         | has been   |      |                                   |
|   |         | converted  |      |                                   |
|   |         | to         |      |                                   |
|   |         | cropland   |      |                                   |
|   |         | and has    |      |                                   |
|   |         | reverted   |      |                                   |
|   |         | back to a  |      |                                   |
|   |         | c          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ombination |      |                                   |
|   |         | of basin   |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush, |      |                                   |
|   |         | r          |      |                                   |
|   |         | abbitbrush |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | perenn     |      |                                   |
|   |         | ial/annual |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant      |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
|   |         |            |      |                                   |
|   |         | Basin big  |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      |                                   |
|   |         | has a      |      |                                   |
|   |         | large      |      |                                   |
|   |         | mor        |      |                                   |
|   |         | phological |      |                                   |
|   |         | amplitude. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Plants may |      |                                   |
|   |         | grow to    |      |                                   |
|   |         | over 6ft   |      |                                   |
|   |         | in height  |      |                                   |
|   |         | or be      |      |                                   |
|   |         | morph      |      |                                   |
|   |         | ologically |      |                                   |
|   |         | similar to |      |                                   |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Soil depth |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | effective  |      |                                   |
|   |         | moistu     |      |                                   |
|   |         | re/climate |      |                                   |
|   |         | appear to  |      |                                   |
|   |         | be the key |      |                                   |
|   |         | factors.   |      |                                   |
|   |         | Deeper     |      |                                   |
|   |         | soils,     |      |                                   |
|   |         | with       |      |                                   |
|   |         | adequate   |      |                                   |
|   |         | available  |      |                                   |
|   |         | moisture,  |      |                                   |
|   |         | will       |      |                                   |
|   |         | produce    |      |                                   |
|   |         | large      |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | Shallow    |      |                                   |
|   |         | soils on   |      |                                   |
|   |         | drier      |      |                                   |
|   |         | sites will |      |                                   |
|   |         | produce    |      |                                   |
|   |         | shorter    |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants     |      |                                   |
|   |         | that       |      |                                   |
|   |         | resemble   |      |                                   |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Shorter    |      |                                   |
|   |         | varieties  |      |                                   |
|   |         | of basin   |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush, |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | associated |      |                                   |
|   |         | v          |      |                                   |
|   |         | egetation, |      |                                   |
|   |         | probably   |      |                                   |
|   |         | respond    |      |                                   |
|   |         | similarly  |      |                                   |
|   |         | to Wyoming |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * | []{     | Basin big  | *    | More appropriate treatment for    |
| * | #basinh | sagebrush  | *Her | shorter varieties of basin wild   |
| I | .       | dominates  | bici | rye. Response will be similar to  |
| I | anchor} | the plant  | de** | Wyoming big sagebrush.            |
| I | **Basin | community  |      |                                   |
| * | Big     | and is the |      |                                   |
| * | Sage    | most       |      |                                   |
|   | brush** | obvious    |      |                                   |
|   | (*Ar    | woody      |      |                                   |
|   | temisia | plant.     |      |                                   |
|   | trid    | Herbaceous |      |                                   |
|   | entata* | understory |      |                                   |
|   | ssp.    | vegetation |      |                                   |
|   | *tride  | is a       |      |                                   |
|   | ntata*) | mixture of |      |                                   |
|   |         | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | grasses    |      |                                   |
|   |         | and forbs. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Green and  |      |                                   |
|   |         | gray       |      |                                   |
|   |         | ra         |      |                                   |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | horsebrush |      |                                   |
|   |         | are        |      |                                   |
|   |         | commonly   |      |                                   |
|   |         | found in   |      |                                   |
|   |         | a          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ssociation |      |                                   |
|   |         | with basin |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Basin wild |      |                                   |
|   |         | rye or     |      |                                   |
|   |         | similar    |      |                                   |
|   |         | larger     |      |                                   |
|   |         | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | bu         |      |                                   |
|   |         | nchgrasses |      |                                   |
|   |         | are        |      |                                   |
|   |         | common.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | R          |      |                                   |
|   |         | hizomatous |      |                                   |
|   |         | grasses    |      |                                   |
|   |         | and forbs  |      |                                   |
|   |         | may be     |      |                                   |
|   |         | present in |      |                                   |
|   |         | the        |      |                                   |
|   |         | understory |      |                                   |
|   |         | of more    |      |                                   |
|   |         | mesic      |      |                                   |
|   |         | sites,     |      |                                   |
|   |         | forming a  |      |                                   |
|   |         | sod in     |      |                                   |
|   |         | portions   |      |                                   |
|   |         | of the     |      |                                   |
|   |         | u          |      |                                   |
|   |         | nderstory. |      |                                   |
|   |         | B          |      |                                   |
|   |         | areground, |      |                                   |
|   |         | or a       |      |                                   |
|   |         | c          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ombination |      |                                   |
|   |         | of         |      |                                   |
|   |         | bareground |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | m          |      |                                   |
|   |         | icrobiotic |      |                                   |
|   |         | soil       |      |                                   |
|   |         | crusts is  |      |                                   |
|   |         | usually    |      |                                   |
|   |         | greater    |      |                                   |
|   |         | than 50%   |      |                                   |
|   |         | in these   |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Much of    |      |                                   |
|   |         | this land  |      |                                   |
|   |         | has been   |      |                                   |
|   |         | converted  |      |                                   |
|   |         | to         |      |                                   |
|   |         | cropland   |      |                                   |
|   |         | and has    |      |                                   |
|   |         | reverted   |      |                                   |
|   |         | back to a  |      |                                   |
|   |         | c          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ombination |      |                                   |
|   |         | of basin   |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush, |      |                                   |
|   |         | r          |      |                                   |
|   |         | abbitbrush |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | perenn     |      |                                   |
|   |         | ial/annual |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant      |      |                                   |
|   |         | co         |      |                                   |
|   |         | mmunities. |      |                                   |
|   |         |            |      |                                   |
|   |         | Basin big  |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush  |      |                                   |
|   |         | has a      |      |                                   |
|   |         | large      |      |                                   |
|   |         | mor        |      |                                   |
|   |         | phological |      |                                   |
|   |         | amplitude. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Plants may |      |                                   |
|   |         | grow to    |      |                                   |
|   |         | over 6ft   |      |                                   |
|   |         | in height  |      |                                   |
|   |         | or be      |      |                                   |
|   |         | morph      |      |                                   |
|   |         | ologically |      |                                   |
|   |         | similar to |      |                                   |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Soil depth |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | effective  |      |                                   |
|   |         | moistu     |      |                                   |
|   |         | re/climate |      |                                   |
|   |         | appear to  |      |                                   |
|   |         | be the key |      |                                   |
|   |         | factors.   |      |                                   |
|   |         | Deeper     |      |                                   |
|   |         | soils,     |      |                                   |
|   |         | with       |      |                                   |
|   |         | adequate   |      |                                   |
|   |         | available  |      |                                   |
|   |         | moisture,  |      |                                   |
|   |         | will       |      |                                   |
|   |         | produce    |      |                                   |
|   |         | large      |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | Shallow    |      |                                   |
|   |         | soils on   |      |                                   |
|   |         | drier      |      |                                   |
|   |         | sites will |      |                                   |
|   |         | produce    |      |                                   |
|   |         | shorter    |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants     |      |                                   |
|   |         | that       |      |                                   |
|   |         | resemble   |      |                                   |
|   |         | Wyoming    |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Shorter    |      |                                   |
|   |         | varieties  |      |                                   |
|   |         | of basin   |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush, |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | associated |      |                                   |
|   |         | v          |      |                                   |
|   |         | egetation, |      |                                   |
|   |         | probably   |      |                                   |
|   |         | respond    |      |                                   |
|   |         | similarly  |      |                                   |
|   |         | to Wyoming |      |                                   |
|   |         | big        |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| * | []      | Big        | **B  | Burning treatments would kill big |
| * | {#cheat | sagebrush  | road | sagebrush. Most associated shrubs |
| I | bbdrill | dominates  | cast | would sprout following top        |
| I | .anch   | the plant  | Burn | removal and become the dominant   |
| , | or}**Sa | community  | /    | woody plant in the post-fire      |
| I | gebrush | and is the | Seed | plant community. A follow-up      |
| I | /       | most       | (    | seeding treatment would be        |
| I | cheat   | obvious    | dril | required to reestablish a         |
| , | grass** | woody      | l)** | perennial plant dominated         |
| I | (and    | plant.     |      | understory. Without seeding the   |
| V | other   | Herbaceous |      | plant community may revert to an  |
| * | int     | understory |      | annual dominated community.       |
| * | roduced | vegetation |      |                                   |
|   | annual  | varies     |      | **Low Treatment Intensity** --    |
|   | plants) | from a     |      | Most sagebrush plants are killed  |
|   | und     | mixture of |      | by the fire. Leaves and small     |
|   | erstory | perennial  |      | branches are consumed in the      |
|   |         | and annual |      | fire. Patches of unburned area    |
|   |         | grasses    |      | exists throughout the treatment   |
|   |         | and forbs  |      | area. The fire removes the        |
|   |         | and to an  |      | aboveground portions of           |
|   |         | understory |      | herbaceous plants and partially   |
|   |         | dominated  |      | consumes litter on the soil       |
|   |         | by         |      | surface. Greatest amount of heat  |
|   |         | introduced |      | is experience and thus litter     |
|   |         | annual     |      | consumed occurs beneath shrub     |
|   |         | plants.    |      | canopies. Seeding occurs in       |
|   |         | The annual |      | burned areas. Soil is disturbed   |
|   |         | plant most |      | to approximately 4". Standing     |
|   |         | commonly   |      | sagebrush skeletons are broken    |
|   |         | found is   |      | down by passage of the tractor    |
|   |         | c          |      | and drill.                        |
|   |         | heatgrass, |      |                                   |
|   |         | however    |      | **Moderate Treatment Intensity**  |
|   |         | medusahead |      | -- Most sagebrush in plant        |
|   |         | wild rye   |      | community are killed by fire.     |
|   |         | and other  |      | Isolated main stem and branches   |
|   |         | no         |      | of sagebrush are left standing    |
|   |         | n-*Bromus* |      | following burning. Isolated of    |
|   |         | species    |      | islands of unburned sagebrush can |
|   |         | are also a |      | be found in areas where           |
|   |         | problem in |      | herbaceous vegetation is          |
|   |         | certain    |      | insufficient to carry the fire.   |
|   |         | areas.     |      | The fire removes the aboveground  |
|   |         | Perennial  |      | portions of herbaceous plants and |
|   |         | plants may |      | partially consumes litter on the  |
|   |         | be found   |      | soil surface. Greatest amount of  |
|   |         | beneath    |      | heat is experience and thus       |
|   |         | shrubs in  |      | litter consumed occurs beneath    |
|   |         | stands     |      | shrub canopies. Soil is disturbed |
|   |         | dominated  |      | to approximately 4". Perennial    |
|   |         | by         |      | plants are seeded across          |
|   |         | annuals.   |      | treatment areas. Standing         |
|   |         | Herbaceous |      | sagebrush skeletons are broken    |
|   |         | plants     |      | down by passage of the tractor    |
|   |         | form a     |      | and drill.                        |
|   |         | continuous |      |                                   |
|   |         | layer      |      | **High Treatment Intensity** --   |
|   |         | beneath    |      | All sagebrush are killed by       |
|   |         | the shrub  |      | burning and few to no standing    |
|   |         | canopy.    |      | shrub skeletons exist. Greatest   |
|   |         | Green and  |      | amount of heat is experience and  |
|   |         | gray       |      | thus litter consumed occurs       |
|   |         | ra         |      | beneath shrub canopies. However,  |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | the fire consumes all litter on   |
|   |         | and        |      | soil surface. Perennial plant     |
|   |         | horsebrush |      | seeding occurs across the         |
|   |         | are        |      | treatment area. The soil is       |
|   |         | commonly   |      | disturbed to approximately 4".    |
|   |         | found in   |      | Any standing shrub skeletons are  |
|   |         | a          |      | broken down by the passage of the |
|   |         | ssociation |      | tractor and drill.                |
|   |         | with big   |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Total      |      |                                   |
|   |         | shrub      |      |                                   |
|   |         | cover      |      |                                   |
|   |         | would fall |      |                                   |
|   |         | between 15 |      |                                   |
|   |         | -- 25 %.   |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{     | Big        | **B  | Conditions would be similar to    |
| # | #cheatb | sagebrush  | road | above broadcast burning/seeding   |
|   | baerial | dominates  | cast | (drilling) however there would be |
| I | .anch   | the plant  | Burn | little to no surface soil         |
| I | or}**Sa | community  | /    | disturbance attributed to tractor |
| , | gebrush | and is the | Seed | and drill. Success of seeding     |
|   | /       | most       | (a   | will be more variable than if a   |
| I | cheat   | obvious    | eria | drill was used.                   |
| I | grass** | woody      | l)** |                                   |
| I | (and    | plant.     |      |                                   |
| , | other   | Herbaceous |      |                                   |
|   | int     | understory |      |                                   |
| I | roduced | vegetation |      |                                   |
| V | annual  | varies     |      |                                   |
|   | plants) | from a     |      |                                   |
|   | und     | mixture of |      |                                   |
|   | erstory | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | and annual |      |                                   |
|   |         | grasses    |      |                                   |
|   |         | and forbs  |      |                                   |
|   |         | and to an  |      |                                   |
|   |         | understory |      |                                   |
|   |         | dominated  |      |                                   |
|   |         | by         |      |                                   |
|   |         | introduced |      |                                   |
|   |         | annual     |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | The annual |      |                                   |
|   |         | plant most |      |                                   |
|   |         | commonly   |      |                                   |
|   |         | found is   |      |                                   |
|   |         | c          |      |                                   |
|   |         | heatgrass, |      |                                   |
|   |         | however    |      |                                   |
|   |         | medusahead |      |                                   |
|   |         | wild rye   |      |                                   |
|   |         | and other  |      |                                   |
|   |         | no         |      |                                   |
|   |         | n-*Bromus* |      |                                   |
|   |         | species    |      |                                   |
|   |         | are also a |      |                                   |
|   |         | problem in |      |                                   |
|   |         | certain    |      |                                   |
|   |         | areas.     |      |                                   |
|   |         | Perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants may |      |                                   |
|   |         | be found   |      |                                   |
|   |         | beneath    |      |                                   |
|   |         | shrubs is  |      |                                   |
|   |         | stands     |      |                                   |
|   |         | dominated  |      |                                   |
|   |         | by         |      |                                   |
|   |         | annuals.   |      |                                   |
|   |         | Herbaceous |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants     |      |                                   |
|   |         | form a     |      |                                   |
|   |         | continuous |      |                                   |
|   |         | layer      |      |                                   |
|   |         | beneath    |      |                                   |
|   |         | the shrub  |      |                                   |
|   |         | canopy.    |      |                                   |
|   |         | Green and  |      |                                   |
|   |         | gray       |      |                                   |
|   |         | ra         |      |                                   |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      |                                   |
|   |         | and        |      |                                   |
|   |         | horsebrush |      |                                   |
|   |         | are        |      |                                   |
|   |         | commonly   |      |                                   |
|   |         | found in   |      |                                   |
|   |         | a          |      |                                   |
|   |         | ssociation |      |                                   |
|   |         | with big   |      |                                   |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      |                                   |
|   |         | Total      |      |                                   |
|   |         | shrub      |      |                                   |
|   |         | cover      |      |                                   |
|   |         | would fall |      |                                   |
|   |         | between 15 |      |                                   |
|   |         | -- 25 %.   |      |                                   |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| # | []{#    | Big        | **   | Brushbeating results in the       |
|   | cheatbm | sagebrush  | Brus | severing/shredding of the upper   |
| * | .anch   | dominates  | hbea | portions of the shrubs. Big       |
| I | or}**Sa | the plant  | ting | sagebrush does not sprout         |
| , | gebrush | community  | /    | following removal of the aerial   |
|   | /       | and is the | Mo   | portions of the plant. However,   |
| I | cheat   | most       | wing | associated shrubs sprout to       |
| I | grass** | obvious    | /    | varying degrees. Low growing      |
| I | (and    | woody      | See  | herbaceous and woody plants can   |
| , | other   | plant.     | ding | be missed by cutting blades.      |
|   | int     | Herbaceous | (dri | Treatment is often done in late   |
| I | roduced | understory | llin | fall when fire danger is low and  |
| V | annual  | vegetation | g)** | the majority of plants are        |
| * | plants) | varies     |      | dormant. Brushbeating can also be |
|   | und     | from a     |      | done in winter or early spring if |
|   | erstory | mixture of |      | weather permits.                  |
|   |         | perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | and annual |      | Low Treatment Intensity --        |
|   |         | grasses    |      | Brushbeating occurs across less   |
|   |         | and forbs  |      | than 25% of the plant community.  |
|   |         | and to an  |      | Cutting equipment is held at 18"  |
|   |         | understory |      | above the soil surface. Only tops |
|   |         | dominated  |      | of larger shrubs are removed by   |
|   |         | by         |      | cutters. Lower branches of larger |
|   |         | introduced |      | shrubs and smaller shrubs are     |
|   |         | annual     |      | left intact. Minimal disturbance  |
|   |         | plants.    |      | occurs to herbaceous plants. Some |
|   |         | The annual |      | mechanical damage can be done by  |
|   |         | plant most |      | passage of tractor. Soils are     |
|   |         | commonly   |      | usually dry and/or frozen during  |
|   |         | found may  |      | this treatment, reducing          |
|   |         | be         |      | compaction. Plant litter is       |
|   |         | c          |      | increased in interspace areas by  |
|   |         | heatgrass, |      | cutting. Annual plant density and |
|   |         | however    |      | cover will initially increase     |
|   |         | medusahead |      | following treatment. The          |
|   |         | wild rye   |      | magnitude of the increase is      |
|   |         | and other  |      | directly proportional to the      |
|   |         | no         |      | level of annual plants in the     |
|   |         | n-*Bromus* |      | pre-treatment plant community.    |
|   |         | species    |      | Tractor and drill disturb the     |
|   |         | are also a |      | soil to approximately 4".         |
|   |         | problem in |      | Shredded plant material is        |
|   |         | certain    |      | incorporated into the soil by     |
|   |         | areas.     |      | drilling.                         |
|   |         | Perennial  |      |                                   |
|   |         | plants may |      | Moderate Treatment Intensity --   |
|   |         | be found   |      | Brushbeating occurs across 25-50% |
|   |         | beneath    |      | of the plant community. Cutting   |
|   |         | shrubs is  |      | equipment is held at 12-18" above |
|   |         | stands     |      | the soil surface. The majority of |
|   |         | dominated  |      | larger shrubs have the tops       |
|   |         | by         |      | removed. Sprouting of may be      |
|   |         | annuals.   |      | stimulated in shrubs other than   |
|   |         | Annual     |      | mountain big sagebrush. Woody     |
|   |         | plants are |      | plants less than 12" tall are not |
|   |         | scattered  |      | damaged by the cutting blades.    |
|   |         | across the |      | Most herbaceous plants are        |
|   |         | interspace |      | dormant during the treatment.     |
|   |         | areas.     |      | Only aerial portions of           |
|   |         | Bare       |      | herbaceous plants are removed by  |
|   |         | ground may |      | cutters, minimally impacting      |
|   |         | account    |      | these plants. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | for over   |      | damage can be done by passage of  |
|   |         | 75% of the |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         | total      |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         | cover.     |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | Green and  |      | Plant litter increases following  |
|   |         | gray       |      | treatment. Moderate amounts of    |
|   |         | ra         |      | woody litter are added to the     |
|   |         | bbitbrush, |      | soil surface. Some mechanical     |
|   |         | and        |      | damage can be done by passage of  |
|   |         | horsebrush |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         | are        |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         | commonly   |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         | found in   |      | Annual plant density and cover    |
|   |         | a          |      | will initially increase following |
|   |         | ssociation |      | treatment. The magnitude of the   |
|   |         | with big   |      | increase is directly proportional |
|   |         | sagebrush. |      | to the level of annual plants in  |
|   |         | Total      |      | the pre-treatment plant           |
|   |         | shrub      |      | community. Tractor and drill      |
|   |         | cover      |      | disturb the soil to approximately |
|   |         | would fall |      | 4". Shredded plant material is    |
|   |         | between 20 |      | incorporated into the soil by     |
|   |         | -- \>30 %. |      | drilling.                         |
|   |         |            |      |                                   |
|   |         |            |      | High Treatment Intensity --       |
|   |         |            |      | Brushbeating occurs across 25-50% |
|   |         |            |      | of the plant community. Cutting   |
|   |         |            |      | equipment is held below 12" above |
|   |         |            |      | the soil surface. Most shrubs     |
|   |         |            |      | have tops removed leaving a plant |
|   |         |            |      | community. Sprouting shrubs will  |
|   |         |            |      | begin to send up shoots in the    |
|   |         |            |      | next growing season. Sagebrush is |
|   |         |            |      | killed by treatments and will not |
|   |         |            |      | sprout following top removal.     |
|   |         |            |      | Cutting blades remove             |
|   |         |            |      | above-ground herbaceous plant     |
|   |         |            |      | material at the level of the      |
|   |         |            |      | cutting blades. Some soil         |
|   |         |            |      | disturbance may occur due to      |
|   |         |            |      | cutting blades contacting the     |
|   |         |            |      | soils surface. Some mechanical    |
|   |         |            |      | damage can be done by passage of  |
|   |         |            |      | tractor. Soils are usually dry    |
|   |         |            |      | and/or frozen during this         |
|   |         |            |      | treatment, reducing compaction.   |
|   |         |            |      | Large amounts of woody and        |
|   |         |            |      | herbaceous plant litter is added  |
|   |         |            |      | to the soil surface. Annual plant |
|   |         |            |      | density and cover will initially  |
|   |         |            |      | increase following treatment. The |
|   |         |            |      | magnitude of the increase is      |
|   |         |            |      | directly proportional to the      |
|   |         |            |      | level of annual plants in the     |
|   |         |            |      | pre-treatment plant community.    |
|   |         |            |      | Tractor and drill disturb the     |
|   |         |            |      | soil to approximately 4".         |
|   |         |            |      | Shredded plant material is        |
|   |         |            |      | incorporated into the soil by     |
|   |         |            |      | drilling.                         |
+---+---------+------------+------+-----------------------------------+

#### ACTIVITY TYPE: Range Infrastructure

# Fire prevention actions and post fire activities in rangelands may require rehabilitation of native ranges and construction, repair or replacement of range improvement structures. Fences and water developments are common structures used for livestock management and/or protection of rangeland resources. The construction, reconstruction, and maintenance of fences and water developments and rangeland restoration activities may require the use and hauling of heavy equipment, and the hauling and storage of materials. 

# 

# Related Work Elements may be found in: Weeds and Chemical Treatments Activity Type regarding weeds; Prescribed Fire Activity Type regarding fire and camping; and Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type regarding access, fueling and transportation. 

## ACTIVITY COMPONENTS WORK ELEMENTS

[]{#fence .anchor}Fence Construction / Reconstruction / Maintenance

These activities normally require material transport, ground
disturbance, and the use of power tools or large equipment. Materials
for wooden fences may be gathered and prepared on or near the
construction site. This work generally is accomplished with power tools.
Standing trees may be used where available and incorporated into the
fence design for strength and cost savings.

## 

*Stringing Wire -* Wire is strung and attached to fence posts with
clips. ATV's and pickups trucks are commonly used to string wire.

*Digging Post Holes -- manual / mechanical -* Posts may be set at times
using a tractor with an auger or pounder and tractors. Posts are wooden
or metal. Fence repair or reconstruction may require any or all of the
above types of work related to fence construction

*Clearing Right of Way --*This is accomplished in timber or brush with
minimum clearing widths commonly four to five feet on either side of
fence. Clearing methods are comprised of hand tools, or with mechanized
equipment such as chain saws, brush hogs, road graders and bulldozers.
Hazard tree removal may be necessary to protect fencing and work sites.

*Building Rock Jacks* -- Rock jacks and rock cribs are used to anchor a
fence. Both are built with rock, wood, or metal posts. Rock drills may
be used to create anchor points where solid rock is available.

*Onsite Material Cutting, Gathering Rocks, etc --* Cutting trees for
fence posts will generally require the use of chainsaws, or hand saws
depending on the need. Rocks are gathered at the site or hauled in when
they are not available to build rock jacks and cribs.

*Pre-project Weed Control* **--** GO TO **Weeds and Chemical Treatments
Activity Type** for Work Elements describing this activity.

*Spike/Work Camps* **--** GO TO **Prescribed Fire Activity Type, Fire
Support Activity Component,** *Fire/Spike Camp Work Element* for the
description of this Work Element.

[]{#range .anchor}**Rangeland Restoration**

Restoration of native vegetation and natural site conditions may be
needed following both wild and prescribed fires, particularly in
previously degraded sites or where invasive species are likely to
establish. Restoration activities are generally designed to facilitate
immediate or eventual re-establishment of native vegetation (grasses,
forbs and shrubs), and site conditions that will promote native
vegetation establishment).

Depending on disturbance level, seeding may be necessary. If seeding is
necessary, seeding activities should use native seeds or non-native
sterile annuals (e.g., Regreen, native hybrids) to provide ground cover
for the first year following ground disturbing activities. These species
will not out-compete native vegetation that would re-establish on the
site naturally. The establishment of certain native species that are
less susceptible to fire is necessary to restore the natural function of
native vegetative communities. An example would be cheat grass infested
sites that tend to burn every few years, not allowing native species to
get established, which are less susceptible to frequent fires and allow
shrubs to establish

Preparing the seedbed for seeds and/or seedlings is a necessary step in
most cases. Mechanical methods such as chaining, rangeland plowing, and
disking are commonly used to prepare a seedbed for planting by
roughening soil surfaces, damaging or killing existing unwanted
vegetation, and facilitating the planting process. Roughening the soil
surface loosens soils, reduces soil crusts, allows for water retention,
and reduces wind speed and temperature extremes. These conditions are
desirable for successful seed germination and plant survival.

*Seeding - aerial* - Aerial application by fixed wing or helicopter is
used to seed vast areas or to facilitate the success in establishment of
a specific species.

*Seeding -- disking, drilling, fertilizing, plowing*

-   Disking - Disks are attached to tractors and are generally used to
    temporarily break surface crusts and kill shallow rooted plants
    (weeds). These are typically used on sites with lower shrub
    densities dominated by grasses and forbs.

-   Drilling -- Rangeland drills are used to plant seeds when uniform
    seed distribution and proper seed depth are required for plant
    establishment. Rangeland drills are attached to back of a tractor
    and requires a firm seedbed and uniform terrain without obstructions
    to operate effectively.

-   Fertilization -- Fertilizer may be used to enhance the seedling
    germination and increase seedling survival. Fertilizer can increase
    the potential of noxious weed establishment if a seed source is
    present. Fertilizers can be broadcasted or aerially applied.

-   Rangeland Plows - Plows attached to tractors are used to improve
    crusted or compacted soil, at least temporarily, and kill or damage
    competing vegetation. These are used on sites where grasses
    dominate.

*Chaining* - Chaining is used to remove and or destroy vegetation.
Chain-dikers have disks welded to the links of an anchor chain. This is
pulled behind a crawler tractor and as the chain rotates it improves
tillage, land smoothing and basin formation, in a single pass. This is
the most effective method for preparing seedbeds on sites with
relatively large amounts brush and other woody debris.

*Prescribed Fire* **--** GO TO **Prescribed Fire Activity Type** for the
description of work elements associated with this activity.

[]{#waterdev .anchor}**Water Development Construction/Reconstruction
(springs, guzzlers, tanks, ponds, reservoirs, wells)**

Several types of water developments may be needed to implement livestock
allotment plans, or enhance and protect an area's other resource values.

*Rock Haul/Material Haul -* Transporting materials to the site can be
done by human-power, pack animals, all-terrain-vehicles, pickup truck,
or helicopter. Material transport may create disturbance along transport
routes and at the site. Disturbance potential is dependent on the time
of year, duration, frequency, and habitat through which the transport
occurs.

*Earthwork - Cat, Dragline, Scraper --* Ponds and/or dams are always
constructed with heavy equipment (e.g., dozers, backhoes or scrapers).
Material for dam construction is usually excavated from the catchment
area, and heavy equipment repeatedly hauls material to heighten the dam.
Likewise, for dam maintenance, silt must be excavated from the catchment
area, sometimes using a dragline to pull material from the catchment
area. Sometimes material must be hauled in for dam construction or for a
water holding basin.

*Pipelines - Trenching* - Pipelines are used to transport water from a
water source (i.e. creek, developed spring, or well) to another
location. Pipeline construction includes transporting materials,
trenching (usually with a backhoe or trencher), and installing troughs.

#####  

*All Water Developments* *-- Clearing -* Clearing an area for the
installation of a water development may be accomplished by any number of
methods, manual or mechanical. Vegetation may be cleared with a dozer,
weed-whacker, brushbuster, rake, hoe, or chainsaw. See **Reforestation,
Mechanical Treatments, or Weeds and Chemical Treatments Activity Types**
for additional information and descriptions regarding this Work Element.

# *All Water Developments -- Transporting Materials* -- Material transport for water developments may be by truck or helicopter. Repair, construction or reconstruction of any water holding device (be it natural or artificial), requires transport of materials by person, on and/or off-road vehicles, helicopter, or by pack animal. Transport may occur off designated roads or trails, at times requiring lengthy cross-country travel. Generally, transportation of large water catchments with high storage capabilities utilized for livestock guzzlers is not practical. 

*All Water Developments -- Installing Troughs, Storage Tanks, or Pits* -
Spring development generally requires excavation of the water source by
hand, or with heavy equipment (e.g., backhoes or trenchers) to install a
head box or perforated pipe. Normally trenching buries pipe from the
head box to the trough and from the trough to the overflow pipe. A
*trough or troughs* are installed and the water source is fenced to
exclude livestock. *Guzzlers or trick tanks* are water storage
containers catch and store water for wildlife and livestock use and
generally are built where no natural water sources such as streams,
springs or ponds exist. They may also be built to draw livestock away
from natural water sources or decrease their use.

Storage containers, made of fiberglass, metal, or a bladder-lined pit,
can hold up to 10,000 gallons for livestock use. Storage containers for
wildlife guzzlers are much smaller (1,000 gallons) and containing two or
three polyurethane or metal tanks per site. Containers are plumbed to
aprons and then water is piped to a trough or troughs where livestock
drink. Typically, areas around catchments are fenced to exclude
livestock. Smaller storage tanks used for wildlife guzzlers often
require *earthwork* for burial and a small dozer typically is used for
removal and backfill of soil. These tanks may be repeatedly checked four
or more times a year to ensure proper functioning.

*All Water Developments - Installing/Building Fence Around Development*
-- GO TO **Fence Construction/Reconstruction/Maintenance Activity
Component,** contained within this Activity Type, for the description of
this Work Element.

*All Water Developments - Constructing Apron - Rubber, Meta, Asphalt* -
Guzzler catchments (often called aprons), catch and store precipitation
and generally are made of rubber, sheet metal or asphalt; varying in
size depending on size of the storage container.

### **ACTIVITY TYPE: Recreation Facilities and Operations** 

This activity includes obliteration, rehabilitation, reconstruction, and
new construction of recreation facilities. Work elements will vary
widely in response to the effects a recreation site may receive from
fire or suppression activities. The acquisition of materials (e.g.,
gravel, riprap, boulders, borrow) for construction or reconstruction may
occur on lands not adjacent to the recreation facility, and impacts may
be associated with operations at these material sources. Activities
associated with recreation facilities and operations may be needed where
fire may have caused damage, during suppression activities, or for the
development of defensible space) around the facility. Related Work
Elements may be found in: Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type
regarding access and fueling; Defensible Space Activity Type; and Range
Infrastructure Activity Type regarding water development.

## 

## [ACTIVITY COMPONENTS AND WORK ELEMENTS]{.smallcaps}

## 

## Existing Facilities Developed and Dispersed 

[]{#exfacil .anchor}

*Install Site Furniture* **--** Installing site furniture such as tables
and grills requires some ground disturbance, vegetation removal, and
excavation for sinking table legs, fire rings, or pedestal grill
supports. Ground hardening around site furniture can be done with
gravel, asphalt, or concrete.

*Remove Trees and Ground Vegetation, Blade to Create Smooth Surface,
Apply gravel, Asphalt or Concrete to Harden Surface* **--** Removing
trees, shrubs and other site vegetation may be accomplished with a
variety of methods. See the **Mechanical Treatments and Reforestation
Activity Types** for additional information associated with these
activities. Blading and smoothing the surface (or adding topsoil) would
occur before applying gravel, asphalt, or concrete. Materials would be
hauled to the site and applied by the use of heavy equipment and hand
tools.

[]{#intoilets .anchor}**Install/Remove Toilets**

Toilet installation may require clearing trees and other vegetation,
excavation for vaults, backfill around vaults, and transport and
installation of buildings. Large cranes may be necessary for building
placement. The ground around the structure may need to be re-contoured,
and topsoil added to prepare the area for seeding or planting.

#####  

*Harden Entry to Building --* Areas in front of buildings are typically
hardened with gravel, asphalt, or concrete to withstand expected wear.

*Remove Trees, Excavate, Construct Building* -- Removing trees, shrubs
and other site vegetation may be accomplished by variety of methods.
Tools such as chainsaws, weed whackers, or other power tools and
equipment may be used. Slash would be piled for subsequent removal. See
the Mechanical Treatments and Reforestation Activity Types for
additional information associated with these activities. Excavation of
an area would be required to place the foundation and vault. This can be
done with a small backhoe and/or other digging device. The building may
be hauled to or constructed at the site.

*Collapse Building into Vaults or Haul Structures Off-Site --*
Components such as toilet vaults and foundations are sometimes capped
and buried at the site. The site is then rehabilitated. The old
structure may also be properly contained, and hauled away from the site
for disposal. These activities require the use of heavy machinery, and
vehicles for hauling such as dump trucks or trucks with trailers.

[]{#inother .anchor}Installation of Other Site Amenities

Other site amenities such as interpretive signs, garbage containers,
water developments, or other structures may be installed. As with
installing a toilet, some of this work will require excavation, clearing
vegetation, and rehabilitation of the area with grading and leveling for
the application of gravel, asphalt, or concrete. Installation of
culverts, ditches, and other types of drainage devices may also be
required.

*Remove Trees and Vegetation, Excavate, Backfill -* These activities
generally require the use of power tools and other mechanized machinery,
depending on the location and magnitude of the job. Vegetation clearing
can be done with hand tools, small dozers, backhoes, brush whackers, or
other tools appropriate for the work.

**Obliteration/**[]{#oblit .anchor}**Rehabilitation of Recreation
Sites**

Obliteration or rehabilitation may be needed for developed or dispersed
sites, and this may affect an entire recreation facility (campground,
picnic area or trailhead), or simply occur within a portion of the
developed site. Rehabilitation is common where resource concerns warrant
action such as moving campsites away from river banks/riparian areas.
Hardening roads and/or spurs may help reduce sedimentation.

Related Work Elements may be found in **Roads and Roads Maintenance
Activity Type** regarding activities associated with hardening roads.
Regarding rehabilitation, related Work Elements may be found in
**Watershed Restoration Activity Type, Reforestation Activity Type,**
and **Range Infrastructure, Rangeland Restoration Activity Component.**

*Remove any Existing Site Furniture* -- Rehabilitation may be complete
or partial, and include permanent removal of damaged or old site
components, or replacement with new amenities. Removal of facility
components such as toilet buildings, tables, grills, fire rings, fire
hydrants, and signs may be necessary.

*Install Barriers (Boulders, Fencing, Signs, etc) --* GO TO **Range
Infrastructure Activity Type, Fence
Construction/Reconstruction/Maintenance Activity Component** for the
description of fencing only. All other activities covered by this Work
Element are described as follows. Ground disturbance needed for post
installation depends on the type of fence (free-standing verses
post/pole). Other than where posts are placed, ground vegetation can
remain in tact. Tree removal can usually be avoided. However, in places
of extremely dense forest, individual tree removal may be necessary.
Boulders may be placed as barriers and are usually attained from public
lands, close to the facility. Heavy equipment is necessary for digging
up native boulders, transporting, and placing them in the developed
site. Placement includes digging a hole (typically 1-2 feet deep) and
placing the boulder in it. Backfill may be necessary.

*Rip Surface, Re-contour, Topsoil, Seed, Mulch* - GO TO **Range
Infrastructure Activity Type, Rangeland Restoration Activity Component**
for the description of seeding. GO TO **Reforestation Activity Type,
Hand plant riparian/upland** for the description of tree or shrub
planning. Other activities covered by this Work Element are described as
follows. These activities may be implemented on roads and/or spurs,
trailheads, parking areas and other compacted areas. Some sites may need
surface ripping, re-contouring or scarification for seedbed preparation.
Native seeds or seedlings, or an annual fast rooting species, may be
used to stabilize the site until native vegetation re-establishes. Where
seeds are slow to establish and native forbs and grasses have long-lived
roots systems, the introduction of root-rich soil from the local area
helps re-establishing ground cover. In some areas, topsoil may be hauled
to the site and spread before seeding. See **Watershed Restoration
Activity Type** for additional information related to this Work Element.
Mulch application helps prevent soil erosion, retain soil moisture, and
protect seeds and seedlings from extreme temperature changes, wind, or
damage from trampling.

**Recreation Site Maintenance**

*Road Grading, Spot Graveling* - This may occur in both dispersed and
developed sites and on roads and road spurs. GO TO **Roads and Roads
Maintenance Activity Type, Road Maintenance Activity Component,**
*Blading and grading Work Element* and *Surface rocking (rock
replacement) Work Element* for the description of this Work Element.

[]{#watdevrec .anchor}**Water Development**

Related Work Elements may be found in **Range Infrastructure Activity
Type, Water Development Construction/Reconstruction (springs, guzzlers,
tanks, ponds, reservoirs, wells) Activity Component.**

*Excavate Hole, Pump Installation* -- Installing a water structure may
require the development of a well. The well is generally capped with a
hand pump and concrete pad (typically 5 foot radius); distribution lines
are then placed to various locations within the developed site.

*Trenching for Distribution Line --* Distribution lines are placed in
trenches approximately 30 inches to six feet deep; disturbance widths
will vary from two to three feet. The trench is filled with gravel (or
loose rock), pipe is placed, and the trench is backfilled. The surface
is then leveled, top soil added and seeded. Trenching typically requires
the use of hand and power tools as well as heavy equipment. See **Range
Infrastructure Activity Type, Water Development
Construction/Reconstruction (springs, guzzlers, tanks, ponds,
reservoirs, wells) Activity Component,** *Pipelines -- trenching Work
Element* for more information on this activity.

[Additional Information on Recreational Facilities]{.underline}

**Dispersed camping and boating sites** are typically accessed from
two-track or narrow graveled roads. Dispersed camping sites are
typically undeveloped (i.e., absence of tables, restrooms, or grills)
and user-constructed rock fire circles are often present. Sites
typically have native surfacing with sparse vegetation and compacted
soils from concentrated use. Many dispersed sites occur near water,
often within riparian zones found around lakes and along streams and
rivers. Boating sites (where users launch and remove boats) commonly
have user-defined pedestrian trails and user-developed motorized trails
that extend directly to the water's edge.

**Developed campgrounds** have defined interior roads and camping spurs,
typically surfaced with gravel or asphalt. Each site generally includes
a table and fire ring, a pedestal grill, hydrant, and electrical
hook-up. Within developed campgrounds, toilet buildings, signage, fee
stations, garbage receptacles, and additional water hydrants are
present.

**Trailheads** have defined parking areas (usually surfaced with gravel
or asphalt), informational signing and/or kiosks, corrals, hitch rails,
toilet buildings, potable water, water trough, and a horse unloading
ramp.

**Picnic Sites** generally have parking areas (usually surfaced with
gravel or asphalt), picnic tables, and toilet buildings. Sites are
managed for day use only and may have interpretive signs, linkages to
day-use trails, garbage receptacles, fire rings, pedestal grills, and
play areas.

# 

ACTIVITY TYPE: Reforestation

Reforestation activity components primarily address treatments needed to
replant and seed forested habitats. Several of these activity components
include activities that overlap with other activity types. Identified
overlaps direct the user to location of additional pertinent
information.

Related Work Elements may be found in the following Activity Types:
**Access and Equipment Maintenance** regarding access and fueling;
**Range Infrastructure** regarding fencing; **Prescribed Fire**
regarding site preparation, fire and fuels reduction, and camping;
**Roads and Roads Maintenance** regarding road work; and **Weeds And
Chemical Treatments** regarding weed control.

# [ACTIVITY COMPONENT AND WORK ELEMENTS]{.smallcaps}

[]{#accessrefor .anchor}**Access for Reforestation Activities**

*Opening Closed Roads Including Snowplowing -* Access for reforestation
activities (e.g., tree planting, surveys, animal protection) may result
in repeat visits after initial planting. Although motorized vehicle
access (i.e. truck) is preferred, when vehicle travel is restricted or
in unroaded areas, the transport of trees, equipment, and crews may be
done with ATV's, foot, pack animal or helicopters, depending on the
travel plan regulations.

Snow plowing is commonly required to access spring planting units.
Although snow caches are not common, when they are used snow plowing to
the cache area is required as early as January. Commonly, drifts are
plowed and the road is allowed to dry before the crews access the units
for planting. In very high snow areas, the majority of the snow is
plowed leaving several inches to melt and the road to dry before vehicle
use. Road maintenance practices to minimize sediment transport should be
used.

See **Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type, Access to work
site Activity Component,** and **Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity
Type, Road Maintenance Activity Component,** *Opening closed roads,
including logging out, snow plowing Work Element* for additional
information.

# 

[]{#andamage .anchor}**Animal Damage Control**

Chemicals, traps, netting and fencing may all be used to protect planted
seedlings from animals.

See the **Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Fence
Construction/Reconstruction/Maintenance Activity Component** for fence
construction and reconstruction work elements.

*Chemical Application Above and Below Ground* - Direct gopher control
includes baiting with rodenticides (generally strychnine treated
grains); and elk and deer damage control includes the application of
animal repellants such as Big Game Repellent (putrescent egg solids
chemical) or similar commercially available chemicals to seedlings.

*Netting and Associated Device for Protection* - Seedlings can be
protected from some damage by slipping vexar tubing or netting over the
seedling. In addition, fencing is used to protect plantations from
cattle although altered pasture systems are generally as effective and
less costly. Fencing plantations to protect trees from big game is
generally done only on high value plantations such as aspen clones. See
the **Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Fence
Construction/Reconstruction/Maintenance Activity Component** for fence
construction and reconstruction work elements.

*Use of Snap Traps for animal Removal --* These traps kill the target
species and may be placed in gopher runs or other areas where small
rodents are threatening regeneration areas.

[]{#artshade .anchor}**Artificial Shade**

Where there is inadequate natural shade provided by stumps, logs and
other structures, artificial materials are used to protect planted
seedlings from mid-day sun or high solarization.

*Shade Cards* - For protection, artificial shade materials, such as
styremen cards or mesh shade cloth, can be secured next to the seedlings
with wire pins.

# Aspen Regeneration/Protection Fencing 

# 

# GO TO Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Fence Construction/Reconstruction/Maintenance Activity Component for the description of fencing. GO TO Threatened, Endangered Species Habitat Restoration, Aspen Restoration Activity Component for a description of aspen restoration activities. Related Work Elements may be found in the Reforestation Activity Type.

**Camping**

Tree planting crews may camp near planting sites to reduce travel time.
Site selection and maintenance of the camp (trash, clean-up, waste
water) is controlled with the planting contract. Crews are generally not
allowed in improved campgrounds or areas commonly used by the public. GO
TO **Prescribed Fire Activity Type, Fire Support Activity Component,**
*Fire/spike camp Work Element* for the description of this Work Element.

**Collection of** []{#collplant .anchor}**Plant Propagation Materials**

*Climb to Access or Mechanically Pick Cones -* Cone collection requires
access to the upper 1/3 of the tree crown when the cones are ripe. Cones
may be collected by mechanical means, or by climbing a tree to reach the
tree crown. Climbing trees does not cause damage, although spurs should
not be used on some species (western white pine). In level terrain, such
as seed orchards, cherry pickers and other machines can be used to
access the cones directly in the tree crown. Collection for most species
begins in August although testing for cone ripeness occurs earlier in
the season.

*Firearm Use* - Branches may be shot off with guns when small amounts of
material are needed.

*Pollen, Scion Material* - Material necessary for genetic work is
collected as described for cone collection. Scions are tree branches
brought to nurseries for sprouting or grafting to other trees. Cages are
sometimes placed over cones attached to trees to protect them from
damage or consumption by various wildlife species. For example, white
bark pinecones are caged in some areas for protection from Clark's
Nutcrackers.

*Collection of Seeds or other Vegetation Material* **--** Seeds and
other vegetative material are collected for propagation from their
native setting. Most collection occurs by hand.

*Tree Felling to Access Cones* **-** Occasionally, trees are felled and
cones are picked directly from the crowns. These trees cannot be used
for future cone collections and they may be sold in a small sale or left
on the ground as large woody debris. This may be done in timber sale
units prior to harvest operations. GO TO **Mechanical Treatments
Activity Type, Tree Falling Activity Component** for the description of
this Work Element.

# Fuels Reduction

*Burning Slashed Material, including Broadcast Burning* **--** GO TO
**Prescribed Fire Activity Type** for the description of Work Elements
associated with this activity.

[]{#handplant .anchor}Hand Plant Upland/Riparian

*Plant Trees and Shrubs with Hoe, Bar, Auger* - Tree planting occurs
primarily in spring, with some summer and fall planting. Non-conifer
trees and shrubs may be planted in conjunction with traditional conifer
planting operations, or as a separate activity. Competing vegetation may
be removed as part of the planting operation (refer to following
Activity Component -- "Site Preparation"). A hole is opened and a single
seedling planted. Planting units may be concentrated in small geographic
areas for logistical purposes. Crews range in size from 4 to 30 people
depending on the size of the planting program. Hoe dads, augers, bars,
and shovels are used to plant trees. The auger is the only mechanized
tool.

See the Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type for related work
elements.

**Natural** []{#natregen .anchor}**Regeneration Surveys**

Generally, on timber suitable lands or previously harvested lands,
surveys are conducted within one year of harvest or wildfire, and
subsequently at years three and five. Survey intensity is dependent on
the agency's land management objectives. On unmanaged lands, an initial
post fire assessment should be conducted to determine regeneration
potential. Many forested areas naturally regenerate and periodic
monitoring occurs to assure regeneration.

See the **Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type, Access to Work
Site ActivityComponent** for related work elements.

**O**[]{#onsitetree .anchor}**n-Site Tree Storage**

In the absence of a cooler, tree storage may be necessary at or near the
planting site to prevent trees from breaking dormancy before planting.
Road plowing may be necessary to access the site where the cache will be
constructed and maintained. See access for reforestation activities
(above) for additional information.

*Building and Maintaining Snow Cache -* Although not a common practice,
caches may be placed in isolated higher elevation areas to store
seedlings for spring planting. Caches are built as early as January by
pushing snow over a simple frame by a small bulldozer (D6) and allowed
to freeze in place. Structures may be covered with straw or sawdust to
maintain snow. Boxes of tree seedlings are stored in the cache until
needed for out planting. Access roads must be snowplowed for cache
construction and maintenance.

Pre-Activity Surveys

GO TO Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type, Access to Work
Site Activity Component for the description of Work Elements associated
with this activity.

[]{#returnv .anchor}**Return Visits after Planting**

Return visits are typically conducted to inventory, monitor and conduct
maintenance activities in areas planted or naturally regenerating.
Netting and shade cards are maintained at least annually. Maintenance
generally involves walking through the unit straightening or replacing
shade cards knocked down or destroyed by animals, and/or re-installing
netting and putting in new nets.

After tree planting, surveys are conducted after the first and third
growing seasons, and sometimes during the fifth year as described for
natural regeneration surveys. The entire acreage planted will be
surveyed.

Related Work Elements may be found in **Access and Equipment Maintenance
Activity Type, Access to Work Site Activity Component.**

**Seed Production Development**

Forested areas, from 5- 30 acres, are selected as seed tree production
areas and are located where trees are phenotypically superior, and where
cones and seeds will be collected over long time periods (10 + years).

*Commercial Thin to Remove Undesirable Trees, Cone Crop Enhancement* -
To enhance the genetic quality of seed collected from certain stands,
areas are typically commercially thinned and the material sold in
commercial timber sales. GO TO **Mechanical Treatments Activity Type,
Harvest Prescription/Implementation Activity Component,** *Understory /
Single Story Treatments: Thinning Work Element,* for the description
thinning. To enhance pollen and cone crop production, fertilizers are
applied semi-annually. GO TO **Insect and Disease Suppression Activity
Type, Fertilization Activity Component**, *Hand application of N frells*
for hand fertilization. GO TO **Weeds and Chemical Treatments Activity
Type, Cultural Control Activity Component**, *Fertilize by hand, machine
or aerial Work Element* for other fertilization applications.

*Treat Slash Mechanically or by Hand* -- After commercial thinning
treatments, excess slash may be hand or dozer piled. Piles may be left,
removed or burned. GO TO **Mechanical Treatments Activity Type,
Rehabilitation, removal of excess vegetation and slash Activity
Component,** for the description of this Work Element.

[]{#siteprep .anchor}**Site Preparation**

Prior to planting or natural regeneration, site preparation is conducted
to reduce fuels and competing vegetation, and further ensure seedling
establishment and survival.

Related activity components and work elements that describe activities
needed to prepare a site for planting using fire can be found in the
**Prescribed Fire Activity Type**. Fire removes the woody debris and
herbaceous litter that interferes with seedbed preparation. The
effectiveness of using fire to remove debris varies with environmental
conditions and the amount and distribution of fuel.

In some cases, mechanical site preparation is done in conjunction with a
timber sale or a separate activity. See the **Mechanical Treatments
Activity Type, Rehabilitation, removal of excess vegetation and slash
Activity Component** for related information.

*Mechanical Scarification* - Mechanical methods of site preparation
include the use of a small bulldozer such as a D3 with a brush rake,
salmon blade, or similar tool to remove plants, roots, and rip topsoil
and sod, exposing mineral soil. Some machines are designed to scarify
patches (breaking up the organic mat on the ground layer so seeds can
easily send roots into the mineral soil below), while other machines do
more intensive soil disturbance. See **Mechanical Treatment Activity
Type, Rehabilitation, Removal of Excess Vegetation and Slash Activity
Component** for additional information.

Chaining is another mechanical treatment used to remove and/or destroy
vegetation in areas with dense shrubs or small trees. For this
procedure, a heavy chain is extended between two tractors; brush and
other small trees are destroyed or pulled up as the tractors proceed
through a treatment area. Chain-dikers have disks welded to the links of
an anchor chain. This is pulled behind a crawler tractor and as the
chain rotates it improves tillage, land smoothing and basin formation,
in a single pass. This is the most effective method for preparing
seedbeds on sites with relatively large amounts brush and other woody
debris.

*Hand Scalp/Grubbing --* Alternatives to machine scarification include
hand scalping (grubbing) during tree planting operations. A hand scalper
is used to prepare spots for planting. When sod is not heavy, vegetation
may be scraped and removed from an area with a radius of up to 12
inches. Grubbing is done using a heavy hoe (a grubbing hoe), to remove
plant roots.

*Hand Mechanized Scarifier* -- This is a brush blade with a head on it
that rips the topsoil and sod at each planting area. See **Mechanical
Treatments Activity Type, Rehabilitation, removal of excess vegetation
and slash Activity Component** for additional applicable Work Elements.

# *Spot Application of Herbicides* - Spot applications of herbicides such as Pronone (hexazinone) or Roundup (glyphosate) may also be used. GO TO Weeds and Chemical Treatments Activity Type, Herbicide Control Activity Component, for the description of Work Elements used to apply herbicides.

Activity Type: Roads and Roads Maintenance

Roads are constructed and operated to provide access and mobility. Road
construction, re-construction, operations, and maintenance consist of
standardized practices that include many different activity components
and work elements. Where appropriate, agency and commercial users are
required to remove mud and other debris from vehicles and other
equipment. This helps to reduce the likelihood of transporting noxious
weeds, non-native plants, and plant diseases to a site. Related Work
Elements may be found in Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type
regarding access and fueling.

ADDITIONAL ROAD NARRATIVE INFORMATION

Road Maintenance Levels

Level 1 -- Level 1 roads are physically closed for long periods and may
be opened only for selected activities. These roads are probably not
surfaced other than with native materials. When these roads are open,
only vehicles with high clearance may be used on these roads, and
passenger cars are not given consideration.

Level 2 -- Level 2 roads are usually open, but may be seasonally closed.
These roads are probably not surfaced other than with native materials.
These roads are maintained for high clearance vehicles. Passenger cars
are permitted, however, these roads are not maintained for such. These
roads receive minor average daily traffic (ADT).

Level 3 - Level 3 roads are opened and maintained for the prudent
driving of passenger cars. These roads meet Highway Safety Act
standards. These roads are single land roads with turnouts and are used
at typically low speeds. Road user comfort and convenience is not given
priority. The surface of these of roads may be composed of native or
aggregate material.

Level 4 -- Level 4 roads are opened, maintained and provide a moderate
degree of user comfort and convenience. These roads are traveled at
moderate speeds and they meet Highway Safety Act standards. The majority
of these roads are double lane, although, some may be single lane with
turnouts. The surface of these of roads is composed of aggregate
material or pavement.

Level 5 - Level 5 roads are open, maintained, and provide a high degree
of user comfort and convenience. These roads meet Highway Safety Act
standards, are normally paved and have double lanes. Some of these roads
may have aggregate and dust abated.

Activity Components and Work Elements

[]{#decom .anchor}Decommissioning Roads

Decommissioning roads will involve different combinations of activities,
such as closing open roads and road obliteration. Roads chosen for
decommissioning are those no longer needed for transportation purposes.
Such roads may be in poor locations or causing unacceptable sediment
loads or disturbance to wildlife or plants. Decommissioning may require
the construction of *earth berms,* or work elements such as
*re-vegetation, roadbed ripping, side cast pullback, re-contouring,
erosion control,* *water barring,* and *culvert removal.* These work
elements may require use of bulldozers or other heavy machinery. The
most important activity associated with road decommissioning is the
restoration of hydrological function.

*Re-vegetation* -- GO TO Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Rangeland
Restoration Activity Component, for a description of Work Elements
related to seeding. GO TO Reforestation Activity Type, Hand plant
upland/riparian Activity Component, *Plant trees and shrubs with hoe,
bar, auger Work Element* for a description of planting trees and shrubs.
Other activities covered by this Work Element are described as follows.
Re-vegetating areas for road decommissioning, or for areas left bare
after construction, reconstruction and/or restoration is important for
re-establishing soil and slope stability. Re-vegetating activities may
be accomplished by mechanical or manual means. Seeding, mulching
seedling planting, and fertilizing are common practices. Seed mixes,
seedlings, vegetation mats, and sediment filters may all be used during
re-vegetation. In most cases, native species are used to re-vegetate and
stabilize exposed slopes to the extent possible. Invasive species are
not used in seed mixes. Native seed mixes may be spread over the
disturbed area or the area may be replanted with saved native or nursery
stock plants.

*Re-contouring* -- Decommissioning may involve re-contouring the road
surface to approximate the pre-road condition. Obliteration involves
placing sidecast material back onto the road surface using a large
backhoe. Full re-contouring means the replacement of sidecast or
replacement materials back onto the roadcut to restore the original
slope angle. Re-contouring normally requires the use of heavy equipment
such as excavators. Re-vegetation measures are implemented as
appropriate for the site.

*Water Barring* -- Water barring is accomplished by using a bulldozer or
excavator to dig a trench across the road surface. Water bars forcibly
interrupt water flow to prevent erosion and decrease sediment
distribution. They are generally placed at a 30 - 40 degree angle to the
road surface, and more are installed where road grades increase.

*Roadbed Ripping* - Roadbed ripping can be accomplished with a bulldozer
pulling a bar with teeth, or by using an excavator to scarify the
roadbed with a toothed bucket. Ripping helps restore water infiltration
and facilitates vegetative growth.

*Culvert Removal* -- In most cases, culverts and their associated fills
are completely removed to return the stream channel to its original
width and function. Culvert removal requires the use of mechanical
equipment. Small culverts can be removed with rubber-tired backhoes but
large culverts may require the use of larger backhoes with metal tracks.
Culverts are removed from the site for salvage or disposal. Culvert
removal can temporarily increase sediment loads. Appropriate
re-vegetation and temporary erosion control measures are generally
needed at culvert removal sites.

*Berm/barrier construction* -- A berm is a barricade placed to restrict
road access and is generally composed of natural material such as a soil
berm, combination of soil berm and ditch, logs, rocks, or vegetation.
Excess soil from side cast, or excavated from the road template,
creating a berm in combination with a ditch, may be available for its
construction. Berm construction is generally done with a small
bulldozer, excavator, or backhoe, if needed a dump truck may be used to
haul material to the site. Other items such as boulders, logs, root
wads, gates, guard rail barriers, or other constructed barriers are used
to restrict access. Construction may require excavation, digging
post-holes, clearing vegetation, and rehabilitation of the area with
re-vegetation.

*Side Cast Pullback* -- This is an operation accomplished by using an
excavator to pull the material away from a fill slope. The material is
then piled against a slope or loaded into a dump truck for removal to a
waste area. This activity is implemented during road decommissioning.

[]{#roadmain .anchor}Road Maintenance

Road maintenance is needed to protect water quality and aquatic
resources, to meet access needs and to provide safe and efficient road
operations. Road maintenance consists of a variety of activity
components and work elements and these will vary by objective and
concerns for other resource. Work elements include surface rock
replacement including small quantities of spot surfacing, roadside
brushing, erosion control, logging out, road surface blading, ditch
cleanout, slide removal, dust abatement, and other items that contribute
to the preservation of the existing road.

*Traffic control* -- Controlling traffic use and patterns may require
the use of permanent signs, special event signs, temporary signs, and/or
use of flaggers, special closures, or closures for specific uses.
Traffic control can use portions of traffic management such as
discouragement techniques to control the volume of use, type of use, or
type of vehicle. Signing is needed for special conditions such as log
hauling or fire management situations. Road signs may be directional,
issue warnings, designate speeds or used for a number of other purposes.
Ongoing sign management requires maintenance, installation, removal,
and/or repair.

*Blading and grading* - Blading restores the shape of the road and
redistributes aggregate evenly on the roadbed. Blading eliminates
potholes, tire wear ruts, and other features that tend to concentrate
water and accelerate erosion. This activity helps to make the surface of
the roadbed more even, and the substrate more drainable. Graders are
used to redistribute rock/gravel by pulling it back to the middle of the
road, and then spreading it back over the road to eliminate oversize. On
roads with ditches, the grader may be used to clear or clean ditches to
allow water to runoff more efficiently. This helps prevent "ponding" in
ditches, and/or accumulated water from spilling onto the roadbed.
Blading can be implemented so that road materials do not get too far off
the roadbed which otherwise can widen the road surface. A roller may be
used to compact the road surface following the final blading passes to
prevent further sedimentation. Surface blading can temporarily increase
sediment production during intense rains and through dusting.

*Disposal Site Use* -- Disposal sites are approved areas where disposal
material is placed or held until a later date. Disposal material may be
buried or piled and may consist of soil, tree stumps, slash, brush or
other items such as old culverts. These sites must be located on stable
ground, free of sensitive plants and animals, usually out of view of
recreation areas, and suitable for the purpose.

*Hazard Tree Removal --* GO TO Mechanical Treatments Activity Type,
Harvest prescription/implementation Activity Component, *Dead trees:
salvage, hazard tree removal Work Element* for the description of this
Work Element.

*Adding Cross Drain Culverts* -- Cross drain culverts are added to areas
where water must travel through excessively long ditches. Depending on
the size of the culvert, a backhoe with rubber tires or metal tracks may
be used for installation. Depending on the topography and site
characteristics, catch basins may also need to be installed. Culverts
are installed with a minimum of 1 foot of fill placed over the top of
the culvert.

*Bridge Maintenance -- riprap, deck cleaning, guardrail repair, abutment
repair --* This may occur on decks and guardrails, abutments and sills,
protecting riprap, bridge approaches, ramps, and wing walls when needed.
The need for maintenance is often exacerbated by fire and fire activity
when they are damaged, weakened, or destroyed. Many of these activities
will require the use of mechanical tools and heavy equipment; some of
these activities may result in minor increased erosion for a given time
period. Heavy equipment operation could contribute to disturbances in an
area of concern for wildlife. Newer diesel engines are much quieter than
they have been in the past.

*Dust Abatement - Water or Chemical* -- Dust abatement is sometimes
necessary on roads not having a hardened or paved surface. This is
especially needed when the volume and frequency of use keeps the surface
stirred and fines become separated and airborne in the form of dust.

-   Water dust abatement is generally accomplished by spreading water on
    roads with a truck carrying a water tank and a spreader bar attached
    to the back of the truck. Only approved sources of water can be used
    for abatement, and sometimes this may require water source
    development. Water source development must consider volume, time of
    use, water rights, drain back prevention, sub-grade pad
    reinforcement, and protection for fish and other resources.

-   Chemical dust abatement involves the use of chemicals that help bind
    the fines and reduce dust and sediment production. These agents are
    used when the volume and duration of use make water use too
    expensive. Common chemical agents used for dust abatement are
    Calcium Chloride Flake, Lignin Sulfonate, Sodium Chloride, Dust Oils
    (water based), and other soil stabilizing agents made for that
    purpose. Volatile cut back dust oils are seldom used. Most common
    dust abatement agents used today are quite non-toxic to fish and
    animals in normal concentrations. To be most effective the road
    surface is prepared by blading, applying water, and then applying
    dust palliative. Traffic is not allowed on the road until the road
    has cured. Blotter material is used to soak up excessive dust
    palliative. Measures are taken to prevent splattering in streams and
    adjacent vegetation. Pump chance areas and water quality are
    protected from drain back with berms and aggregate pads constructed
    prior to use.

*Surface Rocking (rock replacement)* -- This is commonly needed for road
maintenance. Over time and from a multitude of uses, original surface
rock becomes washed, bladed, worn off, and pushed into muddy sub-grade
soil. Eventually surface rock needs to be replaced. This is accomplished
by loading a dump truck at a commercial source or agency stockpile with
surface rock, hauling the rock to a designated site, then dumping the
rock out of the truck onto the road. Moving the truck forward
distributes the rock over the road, and a grader used to further spread
the rock. Subsequently, a roller may be used to compact and harden the
road surface. When the aggregate is dry, it is particularly important to
add water prior to blading to prevent segregation and facilitate
compaction. Spot surfacing may also be implemented under this work
element. Spot surfacing is a type of surface rocking and is limited to
the dump truck spreading the rock at specific spots and grading.

*Slide Removal* -- This can be accomplished with a grader, loader or
bulldozer. On aggregate surfaced roads, the waste material is loaded
into a dump truck and hauled to a designated waste area. Large slide
removal generally requires the construction of some type of structure to
re-stabilize the roadway. Re-vegetation or other erosion control
measures are often taken to reduce erosion from the site.

*Roadside Brushing* -- This is done to prevent vegetative growth in the
roadbed, and to improve sight distance. Most roadside brushing is done
by mechanical removal of trees, branches, and brush. Occasionally, hand
tools such as chain saws with regular bars or brushing bars are used.
Mechanical brushing is generally done with a road brushing machine that
may use a bar or rotating brush head. A number of passes may be made on
each side of the road and generally the uphill side takes more passes.
Sometimes a pole saw may be needed to reach limbs on the lower side of
the road. Chainsaws are used to cut and remove fallen logs from the
roadway and roadsides.

*Opening Closed Roads, including logging out, snowplowing* - This occurs
for special situations such as commercial thinning, prescribed fire
activities, fire suppression or fire rehabilitation activity. During
emergency situations, closed roads may be opened to allow emergency
vehicles and personnel access. Opening closed roads may require removing
barriers, knocking down water bars, clearing vegetation in the travel
way, snowplowing, and/or reconditioning other roadway features.
Temporary culvert crossings of streams may be installed with bedding and
clean backfill. Closed roads that have been opened may then need to be
closed after use.

-   Logging Out - Logging out refers to the removal of downed trees from
    the roadbed or roadsides; GO TO Mechanical Treatments Activity Type
    for the description of Work Elements to describe logging operations.

-   Snowplowing - Snowplowing may be used to open a closed road for
    emergency purposes. GO TO Reforestation Activity Type, Access for
    reforestation Activities Activity Component, *Opening closed roads,
    including snowplowing Work Element* for the description of
    snowplowing.

*Ditch Cleanout* - Ditch cleaning is necessary when ditches no longer
meet the objective of transporting water to the next cross drain or away
from a road or culvert. Water running down the road can increase road
surface generated sedimentation, and may overload the next drainage
structure, causing a fill failure. Grass, brush, and minor debris is
left in place to stabilize the surface, trap sediment, and slow the
velocity of water, as long as the ditch adequately handles the expected
flow without scour damage to other facilities. Excess material generated
through these actions is loaded on a dump truck and hauled to
pre-approved disposal sites. Sometimes suitable fines are used to
replace lost ones in the aggregate surface of the road. A bulldozer or
grader cleans ditches by dropping a corner of the blade into the ditch
pushing material along. Occasionally an excavator is used to cleanout
ditches that have been filled in by large amounts material and/or
vegetation. This re-establishes designed road drainages.

*Culvert Maintenance* - Cleaning culvert inlets or upgrading is done
when they no longer effectively handle expected water and storm events.
Culverts are also upgraded to better facilitate the passage of fish.
*Upgrading* can require replacing a culvert that is too small, changing
the inlet structure to better handle flows and debris, or adding more
culverts to reduce existing impacts on roadside ditches. Sometime when
replacing a temporary culvert in a live stream, backfill such as drain
rock is used. This allows for culvert installation directly in the water
with no additional compaction needed for the backfill. No additional
sedimentation of the stream will result.

[]{#roadrest .anchor}Road Restoration

This is a relatively new term and often involves components used for
both maintenance and reconstruction. Generally, the function of road
restoration is to improve road drainage capacity and to add a margin of
safety for increased flow. Restoration can reduce the need for recurrent
road maintenance. Additional cross drains, rolling dips and/or enlarging
culverts are common restoration measures.

Environmental consequences from fires can put additional pressure on
structures and other road features needed for proper functioning.
Vegetation can be burned off stabilized slopes and banks, increasing the
probability of erosion and mass sliding; very hot burns can cause soils
to become hydrophobic. Water yield can be magnified several times over
putting increased stress on culverts and drainage capacity. Woody debris
becomes mobilized making drainage plugging a problem.

*Stormproofing* -- This involves the implementation of management
practices that substantially reduce the potential for erosion,
sedimentation, and mass wasting, while still allowing road use.
Stormproofing for road restoration may require constructing dips or
waterbars, installing additional culverts, and/or upgrading existing
culverts with larger, newer, or with special inlet sections and/or
debris racks. It may also involve reshaping the roadway, disconnecting
ditches (diverting flow -- not relying on ditch flow) and surfacing the
roadway. Slope stability can be restored with re-vegetating efforts such
as seeding, fertilizing, mulching, vegetation mats, or sediment filters.
See the Reforestation and Range Infrastructure Activity Types for
additional re-vegetation information. Vegetative re-growth and forest
litter, now allowed to accumulate on the roadbed, enables the road
surface to regain its hydrological function.

*Bridge Replacement* -- Bridges are replaced when they are destroyed by
fire or have become too old to function safely. Bridges are also
replaced when they cannot provide access and mobility as needed (e.g.,
updating from single to double lane), and/or when the original design
cannot pass anticipated flood flow events. Bridge replacement can range
from replacing the decking, deck or the entire bridge including the
abutments. Bridge replacement procedures will vary according to the
design, size, type and configuration of the bridge. Large cranes and
other heavy equipment are used to remove and install bridges. Minor
short-term impacts to water quality are likely to occur.

*Installation of Drainage Dips and Waterbars -* Roadbed drainage
features, such as dips and waterbars, are preferred to facilitate
roadbed drainage. Dips or waterbars are not "maintenance dependent" like
their counterparts, and work almost indefinitely even with minor
slumping of cut banks into the roadbed. They have the added benefit of
helping to stormproof the road, or providing an added measure of safety
for storm events in the event of overtopping. Installing water bars and
dips usually requires the use of mechanical and heavy equipment.

*Culvert Installation and Upgrade --* Culverts are installed where they
are needed to reduce soil erosion and run-off. Installation requires
procedures be implemented that will minimize sedimentation and turbidity
during the installation of in-channel structures, properly accommodate
stream discharge, bedload and debris to reduce road failure risk,
provide for stream function (by installing a buffering device that
intercepts road surface erosion), and provide a fish passage if fish are
present. All culverts must be sized to accommodate 100-year flood
events. Culvert installation usually requires the use of mechanical
tools and heavy equipment such as backhoes, bulldozers, and dump trucks.
After a trench to accommodate a culvert is dug, rock may be placed where
the culvert will lie in the trench. Fill is placed on top of the culvert
in layers that are compacted.

*Surface Shaping and Draining* -- On high traffic roads, surface shaping
and drainage are needed to keep the road dry. Simply grading the road
usually completes shaping the surface, this allows for proper drainage.
See *road blading* (found above) for additional information.

*Surface Material Processing -- in place rock crushing --* Processing
surface material can be accomplished many different ways. From crushing
operations to blading and re-distributing rock on the road will
"process" material. Binder may be added to an aggregate being used to
surface the road, and this can be re-mixed while it is being graded on
the road surface. Rock pit plans are designed to minimize adverse
effects of excavation and processing of rock materials. The plans will
cover erosion control measures needed during and after pit preparation.

[]{#newconst .anchor}New Construction/Reconstruction

Locating stable slopes, avoiding wetlands, and choosing areas where
proper drainage can be accomplished are necessary for any new road
construction or reconstruction. New construction or reconstruction may
include clearing, excavation, embankment, installation of drainage
features and structures, and sometimes surfacing and re-alignment.

*Vegetation Clearing -- pioneering activities* -- Trees, brush and all
other vegetative materials are cleared from the area so that roadbed
construction can begin. Bulldozers, graders, backhoes, and power tools
such as chainsaws and roadside brushers may all be used. Vegetation is
seldom cleared beyond the top of a cut, or fill toe. Sometimes
vegetation is left in the lower section of the fill area on temporary
roads.

*Installation of Drainage Features -- includes bridge construction -*
Under fill drainage refers to installing culverts and bridges. These
structures may be permanent or temporary, and are designed to allow for
fish passage when needed. They help reduce sedimentation in streams
during construction, as well as avoid erosion after construction.
Culverts used on fish-bearing streams are all designed for 100-year
flood events. The diversion of water around the culvert installation
site is done to protect water quality. De-watering occurs when working
in the stream channel. Sediment fencing, other erosion control measures,
or the use of clean "drain rock" bedding and backfill (at least halfway
up on culvert) is used during culvert installation.

*Earthwork -* Excavation and embankment refers to building a road out of
the slope of the ground. This requires excavation, hauling of material,
and filling across drainages and depressions.

*Finish* -- Many different types of "finishes" may be used to complete
the surface of a road. Some roads may only need a "dozer finish" and
other roads may need an asphalt finish. The majority of roads on Forest
Service and Bureau of Land Management lands have a grader finish.

*Surfacing -* Surfacing is designed to meet anticipated road use. Native
surfacing is generally used on low volume roads. On occasion, aggregate
is used to help stabilize moisture-sensitive sub-grades and protect
against erosion on erosive surfaces.

# ACTIVITY TYPE: Threatened, Endangered Species Habitat Restoration

These projects cover a wide variety of habitat restoration and
enhancement activities for wildlife, fisheries, and plant species.
Activity components with primary objectives covered by other activity
components are not detailed here. These include road re-location, road
decommissioning, road maintenance, road restoration/storm-proofing,
thinning of forested stands, prescribed fire, and watershed restoration
techniques such as in-channel erosion control structures.

# 

# Heavy equipment, including helicopter operations, and the use of power tools are often needed for many instream and aquatic restoration projects and their operation. Access sites and provisions must be made to haul and use heavy machinery. All of these activities would require the presence of crews at a site during the time required to accomplish the work. Most instream restoration activities and some streamside activities would create additional temporary sediment loading.

Related Work Elements may be found in the following Activity Types:
**Range Infrastructure** regarding fencing, water source/spring
construction, and reseeding; **Roads and Roads Maintenance** regarding
decommissioning and obliteration; **Prescribed Fire** regarding fire;
**Mechanical Treatments** regarding tree removal; **Trails and Trail
Maintenance** regarding trail construction; **Reforestation** regarding
seed collection; and **Access and Equipment Maintenance** regarding
access and fueling.

**Activity Components and Work Elements**

# Instream Restoration 

[]{#inrest .anchor}

*Helicopter Operations* -- GO TO **Prescribed Fire Activity Type,
Helicopter landing sites and other operational facilities Activity
Component,** *Helicopter support sites: refuel, alumigel mix sites,etc.
Work Element* for the description of ground support and helicopter
maintenance operations. GO TO **Access and Equipment Maintenance
Activity Type, Access to Work Site Activity Component**, *Access by
helicopter/aircraft Work Element* for the description of helicopter
flights.

*Hilti Drill Operation* -- This drill is used to install instream
structures.

*Mulching for Erosion Control* -- Localized mulching may be used at
disturbed sites, and larger areas of erosion control may be needed if
there are large areas of bare soil (e.g., as a result of major channel
reconstruction or bank disturbance). Within the **Watershed Restoration
Activity Type,** GO TO **Revegetation Activity Component**, *Mulch
Application Work Element* and **Hillslope Erosion Control Activity
Component**, *Erosion control mulch or blankets Work Element* for the
description of this Work Element.

*Placement of Boulders or Large Woody Material* -- GO TO **Watershed
Restoration Activity Type, Sediment Control Activity Component,**
*Instream log structure* for the description of this work element.

*Power Saw Operation* -- The operation of hand-held power saws. See the
**Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type, Fueling/Maintenance
Activity Component, *Fueling/maintenance of light equipment on site***
for additional information regarding fueling.

*Seeding For Erosion Control* -- GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity
Type, Rangeland Restoration Activity Component,** for Work Elements
describing this activity.

# Meadow Restoration

[]{#meadrest .anchor}

*Fence Construction* -- GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity Type,
Fence Construction/reconstruction/maintenance Activity Component** for
Work Elements describing this activity.

*Mowing* - Tractors with mowing implements may be used to mow vegetation
along roadsides, and in rangelands with dense shrubs or grasses.
Although mowing does not remove roots, it helps eliminate undesired
plant species by giving desired plants a competitive advantage. If
mowing or brushbeating occurs in Sage Brush, GO TO **Prescribed Fire
Activity Type, the appropriate Sage Brush Activity Component (e.g.
Mountain big sagebrush fire regime II)**, *Mowing/Brushbeating Work
Element* for a description of this Work Element*.*

[]{#ripimp .anchor}**Riparian Improvement**

The objectives of riparian restoration are to provide vegetative cover,
protect soils, provide wildlife habitat including forage and browse,
reduce stream temperatures, provide bank shade/cover, and improve local
site hydrologic characteristics (e.g. water table depths).

Typical work elements include planting native shrub and tree seedlings,
tall tree planting, and forb/grass seeding. Native plant sources are
desired and are usually used, but in circumstances where soil profiles
are highly modified, non-native plants may be used. Typical
implementation consists of hand planting, localized site preparation,
use of power tools, and sometimes machinery for seed drilling or tall
tree planting. See the **Range Infrastructure Activity Types** for
activity components and work elements used to re-seed and replant areas.

*Native Plant seeding* -- GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity Type,
Rangeland Restoration Activity Component,** for Work Elements describing
this activity.

*Non-native plant seeding* - GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity Type,
Rangeland Restoration Activity Component,** for Work Elements describing
this activity.

*Placement of small trees, shrubs, seedling* - Woody plant material is
placed in riparian zones to increase vegetation diversity. It has
benefits to both fish and wildlife through providing a food source, a
cover source or reducing stream temperatures. Placement of small trees,
shrubs, and seedlings can occur by various methods. This activity ranges
from small projects to large projects. A small project may consist of
one or two persons walking along a stream course placing willow cuttings
by hand without machinery. A larger project may involve a crew of up to
14 people hand operating power equipment and using a truck mounted auger
to bore holes to place large material, such as tree stems up to 6" in
diameter. This work generally occurs in early spring (sometimes late
fall) and people are present on a given acre for a very short time
period (less than one day).

[]{#snag .anchor}**Snag Creation**

*Tree Climbing* -- GO TO **Reforestation Activity Type, Collection of
Plant propagation materials Activity Component,** *Climb to access or
mechanically pick cones Work Element* for the description of this Work
Element.

*Inoculation* -- GO TO **Insect and Disease Suppression Activity Type,
Ground application of pesticides Activity Component,** *Back-pack
spraying or inoculation of individual trees with insecticide* for the
description of this Work Element.

*Girdling Trees* -- Trees are girdled by carving a ring around the tree
bole interrupting the cambium function.

*Tree Topping* -- GO TO **Insect and Disease Suppression Activity Type,
Manual Treatments Activity Component,** *Topping or otherwise killing
and removing infested trees Work Element* for the description of this
Work Element.

**Brush Pile Construction**

GO TO **Mechanical Treatments Activity Type, Rehabilitation, removal of
excess vegetation and slash Activity Component** for the description of
Work Elements related to piling. GO TO **Mechanical Treatments Activity
Type, Tree Felling Activity Component** for the description of Work
Elements related to tree felling.

**Contour Felling**

GO TO **Watershed Restoration Activity Type, Hillslope erosion control
Activity Component,** *Contour felling Work Element* for the description
of this Work Elements.

**Exclosure Construction and Maintenance**

GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Fence
construction/reconstruction/maintenance Activity Component** for Work
Elements describing fencing activities. GO TO **Access and Equipment
Maintenance Activity Type** for Work Elements describing equipment
operation.

# Fish Population Recovery/Enhancement

# Improving and protecting fish habitat is part of the fisheries programs of most administrative units. When areas have been burned, work may be required to repair structures that have been damaged or destroyed and protective measures may need to be taken to prevent further damage to fisheries habitats. 

# 

# *Fish Barrier Installation or Removal* - The addition of large woody material and placement of instream boulders may be needed for cover, channel complexity, bedload collection and sorting (e.g., improve spawning habitat). Replacement and/or upgrading of existing culverts may be needed to provide fish passage and for potential 100-year flood events. In some cases, the reduction of instream wood loading is required to allow for fish passage. The installation of barriers to prevent movement of undesired non-native fish may be necessary. 

# 

# *Exotic Species Removal - Trapping* - *Exotic Species Removal -- Trapping (fish) --* A primary method for removing fish by mechanical means is electroshocking (see below, *Fish electroshocking).* Trapping and netting fish are alternative methods that produce variable results. Both traps and nets are labor intensive and the specific gear type depends on habitat (e.g., seines require smooth bottoms and trap, or net, types may differ if used in lakes rather than streams). Gear types may include minnow traps, trammel nets, gill nets, fyke nets, weirs and seines. Traps usually result in little to no bank disturbance (e.g., a location to tie down the trap), although a temporary weir may result in bank disturbance. Different fish species and sizes have differing vulnerabilities to any given net or trap. Injury to fish depends on mesh sizes, length of time the net or trap is set, increased risk of animal predation (e.g., river otter or larger fishes), and human handling. Mesh sizes may be used to attempt to not catch certain species or age classes, but, depending on the size of fishes in a given community, non-target fishes may be caught. Nets and traps must be tended in a manner that reduces risk of fish being exposed to predation. Fishes that are not a target for removal, but that swim into a trap and cannot escape, sometimes require human handling that increases stress on the fish. The number of non-target fish that may be released with little to no handling depends on the gear type. 

# 

***Exotic Species Removal - Rotenone* *and antimycin A (Fintrol)*-**
These two chemicals are EPA registered restricted use pesticides. Proper
use is done according to the labels. Use depends on estimating stream
flow so that a proper dosage can be added to the water in drip stations
or by backpack sprayer. Both chemicals are neutralized by potassium
permanganate. Fish cellular systems (e.g., oxygen uptake) are
interrupted resulting in death. Both rotenone and antimycin have other
ingredients so that they may be water soluble (i.e. naphthalene for
rotenone and acetone for antimycin A). Dead fish must be removed and
disposed of. Two or three treatments are sometimes needed. At
concentrations used for fish eradication, both chemicals are toxic only
to gill breathing animals.

# 

[]{#interp .anchor}**Interpretation/Conservation Education**

Many projects have a component that interprets the ecological recovery
of severely burned areas. Work components include signing, viewpoint and
trail access, and associated parking and restrooms (the infrastructure
development). Generally, these actions will be adjacent to already
developed roads. See the **Recreation Facilities and Operation, Access
and Equipment Maintenance, and Trail and Trail Maintenance Activity
Types** for additional information on related activities.

*Signing* - Complexity of sign placement varies from simply placing
paper signs on tree trunks with a staple gun to potentially constructing
a kiosk with display panels. The placement of small signs on tree trunks
may be to inform or direct visitors that are in the area already. Larger
display signs may require a small construction crew for up to 5 days.
These larger displays are meant to draw visitors, possibly all year
long. After the construction human presence may increase dramatically.

*Viewpoint Construction*

Within the **Recreation Facilities and Operations Activity Type,** GO TO
**Existing facilities developed and dispersed** and **Installation of
other site amenities Activity Components** for the description of this
Work Element.

*Trail Access / building*

GO TO **Trails and Trail Maintenance Activity Types,
Construction/reconstruction/heavy maintenance Activity component** for
the description of trail building. GO TO **Access and Equipment
Maintenance Activity Type, Access to Work Site Activity Component** for
the description of trail access.

[]{#monfish .anchor}**Monitoring Fish and Wildlife**

*Fish snorkeling or underwater video* - Snorkeling consists of one or
more persons outfitted to conduct underwater counts of fish. Fish may
leave their territory or station within the water column depending on
the proximity of the person. Underwater video would be similar in
disturbance, but less often used due to needs for special equipment.
Both methods would be limited to streams with proper visibility.

*Channel condition surveys, fish habitat inventory* - These methods
primarily consist of two to three people walking a stream on both the
banks and in the stream. Measurements or estimates obtained include
channel unit lengths, widths, depths, number of pieces of wood, and
special features such as culverts and waterfalls. Disturbance to fish
eggs and amphibians can occur, depending on the season of fish
reproduction. Surveys are primarily done in low water conditions, such
as summer and early fall.

*Use of snowmobiles* - GO TO **Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity
Type, Access to work site Activity Component**, *Access by vehicle or
ATV off roads or outside of normal use patterns Work Element* for the
description of this Work Element.

*Wildlife and fish telemetry* - This activity involves the placement of
a small radio transmitter on a particular animal and then periodically
re-locating that animal to gain information on movements, survival,
habitat selection and other desired parameters. The act of re-locating
the animal can be done several ways. Most commonly the re-location is
gained using a portable radio receiver and hiking in an area where the
animal is likely to be located. Locations can also be gained remotely
through the placement of fixed antennas, the use of aircraft, and though
the use of satellite receivers. This activity can occur year-round.

*Wildlife denning/nesting surveys* - Determining the location of animal
dens or nests is accomplished through many methods, depending on the
species of interest. Commonly the searches are conducted on foot or by
vehicle (e.g., ATV, snowmobile or aircraft). The search would cover an
area suspected of containing a den or nest of interest. These surveys
are normally conducted late winter through summer.

*Direct wildlife observation* - Direct wildlife observations are those
conducted to determine the presence or absence of a species, and
sometimes its relative abundance. Observation is most commonly conducted
by foot, but occasionally vehicles or aircraft may be used. This
activity is conducted year-round depending on the species in question.

*Aerial wildlife counts* - Aerial wildlife counts are usually conducted
to gain an index of animal population numbers and distribution. Most
methods used to look at estimating population require counts to be done
in the winter or early spring. Helicopters and fixed wing aircraft that
are used to conduct these counts usually use low flight levels.

*Redd counts* - Redd counts are usually conducted by walking a stream to
note the number of nests that a female salmonid has excavated and laid
eggs in. The surveyor may walk on the bank, or may have to walk in the
stream, but redds are often visible enough to avoid disturbing them.
Helicopters and boats have also been used to conduct redd surveys.

*Fish electroshocking* - Electroshocking consists of stunning fish with
electric current (alternating or direct). Non-target species would be
susceptible to electroshocking, including small mammals that may be in
the stream (e.g., vole, mouse, beaver). Given proper knowledge and
training, very little mortality is associated with electroshocking,
however injury can occur (especially to larger fishes). Injury might
consist of bruising of the muscle or breakage of the spinal column.
Monitoring with electroshocking may entail three passes through a stream
reach to obtain statistically valid estimates of fish populations.
Minimum monitoring (e.g., presence/absence or size structure) may entail
only one-pass. During three-pass electroshocking, fish are removed from
the stream reach with each successive effort (and the reach is blocked
with nets to provide a closed population). Fish must thus be kept
streamside (usually in buckets) until weighed and/or measured and until
the final pass is complete. If fish are weighed and/or measured (as
opposed to a numerical count and size estimate) further stress can occur
from human handling. Non-target species of fishes may be left in the
water under a one-pass or three-pass method. Fish that are being
monitored and removed from the stream under either system are put back
into the water after they have been weighed and/or measured.

[]{#quarry .anchor}**Quarry Restoration**

*Waste Storage* -- General waste created in quarrying is usually either
topsoil (dirt), which is stockpiled, or tailings (rock, gravel), which
are usually stored separately. Toxic waste generated from a quarry site
is required to be stored in containers that prevent it from escaping
into the environment. In older quarry sites, toxic chemicals were used
to extract the object mineral (e.g., cinnabar). These older quarries may
contain toxic materials such as mercury and cyanide. During restoration,
contaminated soil is removed prior to contouring and re-vegetation.

These activities may require hand tools and/or large machinery,
depending on the size of the quarry.

*Seeding* -- GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Rangeland
Restoration Activity Component,** for Work Elements describing this
activity.

**Road Decommissioning**

GO TO **Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity Type, Decommissioning Roads
Activity Component** for Work Elements describing this activity**.**

**Road Obliteration**

GO TO **Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity Type, Decommissioning Roads
Activity Component** for Work Elements describing this activity**.**

**Spring Restoration and Repair**

GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Water development
construction/reconstruction (springs, guzzlers, tanks, ponds,
reservoirs, wells) Activity Component** for Work Elements describing
this activity.

**Thinning**

GO TO **Mechanical Treatments Activity Type, Harvest
prescription/implementation Activity Component,** *Understory/single
story treatments: thinning Work Element* for the description of this
Work Element.

**Water Source Construction**

GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Water development
construction/reconstruction (springs, guzzlers, tanks, ponds,
reservoirs, wells) Activity Component** for Work Elements describing
this activity.

**Aspen Restoration**

If this project involves fencing, GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity
Type, Fence construction/reconstruction/maintenance Activity Component**
for Work Elements describing fencing activities.

See the **Reforestation, Prescribed Fire and Rangeland Infrastructure
Activity Types** for additional activity components and work elements
that may be used to implement aspen restoration.

*Mechanical Root Shearing* -- Mechanical root shearing is used to remove
large numbers of trees and stumps over four inches in diameter. Modified
bulldozer blades are normally used for this activity to sever stumps and
standing trees at ground-line. This treatment can clear as much as a
12-foot corridor in one pass.

# 

*Prescribed Fire* -- GO TO **Prescribed Fire Activity Type** for Work
Elements describing this activity.

# ACTIVITY TYPE: Trails and Trail Maintenance

# ACTIVITY COMPONENTS AND WORK ELEMENTS

# Construction/Reconstruction/Heavy Maintenance 

# 

# Trail construction could involve a number of activity components and work elements depending on the type of trail needed to meet the recreation objective and constraints involving soils, terrain, and other resource concerns. Trail development could range from merely mowing the trail, to the use of a trail builder machine (trail dozer) and compacter. Construction activities typically include clearing and grubbing, trailbed excavation and building turnpikes, puncheons and switchbacks. Structures such as bridges and rock retaining walls may be constructed, and depending on the site's drainage abilities, the work may require the installation of water bars, grade dips, and/or culverts. 

Trail reconstruction could require the use of power and/or hand tools as
well as heavy equipment. The most common reconstruction activities
include adding drainage dips, check dams, or rock spillways; or removing
sloughs or berms. Tread relocation may be needed to avoid bogs, slumps,
or other moist areas. This requires establishment of new trail and the
closure/restoration of old trail. The tools needed to construct trail
may include heavy equipment, power or hand tools, or both.

Access to the site and the movement of personnel and equipment and
supplies will also vary among trail types. The time required to
construct or reconstruct a trail will depend on the crew size, the
intensity of the work and the location. For example, because only hand
tools can be used in wilderness areas, this may increase the amount of
time that crews would be present in an area. Hand-held tools include
anything that can be carried to the site and held in the hand to operate
including a chainsaw, crosscut saw, Pulaski, and/or a hoe dad. Machinery
also requires an operator and such examples include backhoes, small
tractors, ATVs, and other vehicles designed for trail tread construction
and repair.

Related Work Elements may be found in the following Activity Types:
**Access and Equipment Maintenance** regarding access and fueling;
**Mechanical Treatments Activity Type** regarding tree falling.

*Horses/Weed Free Hay* -- If stock is used to pack in material for
building trail, the agency is required to use certified weed free feed.
On almost all public lands in the west, the public and agencies are
required to use certified weed free hay or pellets for livestock.

*Camping* -- The selection of camping sites may be needed for crews that
remain on or near the work site while conducting trail maintenance,
construction or reconstruction. Effects may include: temporary
disturbance, prolonged disturbance, and soil erosion, compaction or
sedimentation. Usually agency crews are familiar with minimum-impact
camping techniques and will choose a campsite that is already
established or a site that is resistant to vegetation loss and soil
compaction. GO TO **Prescribed Fire Activity Type, Fire support Activity
Component,** *Fire/spike camp Work Element* for the description of this
Work Element.

*Trail Decommissioning* -- Decommissioning may require obliterating the
trail so that no sign of the trail remains. This may require scarifying,
ripping, and seeding, bringing in brush, or the construction of
barriers. The objective would be to allow the area encompassed by the
trail to become part of the native surface and terrain. This may require
the use of hand and/or power tools as well as heavy equipment. Most
frequently, backcountry trails are closed to prevent use and allowed to
re-vegetate naturally, unless there is a high degree of concern about
erosion or weeds.

*Ford Maintenance/Construction* -- This typically involves stabilizing
streambanks to prevent erosion and sedimentation. This may be
accomplished with native materials (usually rock) or concrete slabs. See
**Watershed Restoration Activity Type, In-Channel Erosion Control
Activity Component** for additional information.

*Gravel Borrowing/Borrow Pit* -- This involves the removal of small
amounts of gravel from sources that are either established for that
purpose, or can that be easily restored. Where soil types are favorable
the borrow material often comes from the immediate site -- if it is
removed for ditching and drains it can be placed as turnpike material.
Tools needed may include heavy equipment, power or hand tools, or both,
depending on location and type of trail.

*Reseeding Edges/Bank* -- Edges and banks along the trail may need
reseeding because of wear. Areas may require some scarification of the
seedbed. Native seeds or seedlings may be used or an annual fast rooting
species may be used to stabilize the bank until native vegetation
re-establishes itself. In most mountain applications, where seeds are
slow to establish and native forbs and grasses have long-lived roots
systems, introduction of root-rich soil from the local area is
successful at re-establishing ground cover. This treatment, at least in
backcountry settings, is labor-intensive and therefore only used for
small areas so the disturbance is slight and hand tools are usually the
most appropriate. See the **Watershed Restoration Activity Type,
Re-vegetation Activity Component,** and **Range Infrastructure Activity
Type, Rangeland Restoration Activity Component,** for additional
information.

*Tread Construction* -- Tread is the area over which most direct travel
occurs. Tread may consist only of native material or may consist of
non-native surface (such as gravel). Trail tread may extend to the
entire width of the trail or some other width depending on the
composition of the tread.

*Bridge Building* -- Bridges are designed to support the maximum snow
load, snow grooming equipment, or pack and saddle stock. Materials such
as gabions, lumber, or steel for beams and other heavy items are often
flown into the backcountry by helicopter if they are too large or too
heavy to pack. In areas near roads, heavy equipment is more likely to be
used to set gabions, excavate, pour concrete, and set beams.

*Trail Relocation away from Meadows* -- Relocating a trail out of a wet
area, or sensitive dry meadow, may require all activities related to
building new trail and decommissioning old trail.

*Puncheon/Turnpike Construction* -- Puncheons and turnpikes are used to
stabilize trailbeds in areas with high water tables and relatively good
soils. Ditches are excavated on each side of the trailbed and the
excavated material is placed on the trailbed to raise the trail grade
above the surrounding water table. It is often necessary to bring borrow
material to complete turnpike construction. If the ground is wet,
turnpike sections will be allowed to sit through the winter and spring
seasons to permit full consolidation before use. Geotextiles may be used
in turnpike construction to improve the turnpike's effectiveness.

*Culvert Installation* -- This consists of furnishing and installing
culverts made of non-native material and/or rock culverts. The work
includes backfilling and constructing of catch basins and headwalls.
Pipe is laid in a stable foundation of undisturbed or compacted soil and
headwalls are constructed at the inlets and outlet ends of pipe. In all
locations except where turnpikes are laid, culverts are extended from
stream bank to stream bank and are horizontal on top.

*Blasting -- surface, subsurface and aerial* -- The extent and
implementation of blasting depends on the amount of material to be
removed and the location of the trail. Typically, in backcountry
settings a protruding outcrop or boulder will be removed with relatively
small charges. Few trails are being constructed these days that require
full-bench cuts in bedrock. In wilderness areas, hand drills are used;
outside of wilderness areas hand and power equipment can be used.

*Major Tread Reconstruction (blowout repair, large cribbing projects)*
*--* Tread is the area over which most direct travel occurs. If
significant damage to tread has been incurred, material may have to be
hauled to the site to repair the tread; corresponding drainage features
may also need to be repaired or reconstructed. Large cribbing projects
or retaining wall installation will require the use of fill. The fill
may be obtained from a nearby borrow pit, or it may need to hauled to
the site.

## 

# Light Maintenance 

# 

# Light maintenance is needed to preserve trails and their related facilities. This may involve a number of activities including but not limited to: installation, clean out and repair of drainage features, removing trees and stumps, protruding rocks, roots, berms and sloughs. Filling ruts and troughs, reshaping backslopes, constructing drainage ditches, finishing treads, and spot filling may also be needed along the trail. These activities could include use of either non-mechanical or light mechanical equipment (e.g., bobcat-sized dozers, post-hole diggers, hand-held machinery). Activity occurs within trail prism and all materials are left on site. 

*Hazard Tree Removal --* GO TO **Mechanical Treatment Activity Type,
Harvest prescription/implementation Activity Component,** *Dead trees:
salvage, hazard tree removal Work element* for the description of this
Work Element.

*Installation, Cleanout and Repair of Drainage Features (waterbars,
dips, etc.) --* When debris and other unwanted material build up in
dips, cross-check culverts, or waterbars, improper water run-off and
soil erosion can occur. Debris and other material are removed during
maintenance activities to allow for proper hydrological function along
trails. See the **Watershed Restoration Activity Type** for additional
information.

*Signing (blazes, rock cairns, sign posts)* -- Signs are used for trail
operations and are installed or replaced as needed. Blazes are typically
chiseled into a tree bole in a standard heel-and-toe style and may be
painted to indicate trail routes. The practice of marking trails with
blazes is rarely used anymore. Cairns consist of rocks placed in layers
that slope to the center of the structure so that it forms a rough
pyramid that can be seen from some distance. Some are built to support
signposts and others are used as barriers. Generally, rocks used to
construct cairns are gathered near the site. Sometimes they are hauled
to the site. Posts for signs may be hauled to a site or they may be
produced from nearby trees. This activity may require the use of a
chainsaw, posthole digger, auger, and/or pounder.

*Repair of Structures Near Water (bridges, stream fords)* -- Repairing
trail structures near water may require the implementation of measures
to prevent erosion and sedimentation during and after the work activity.
This work would likely require the use of machinery, depending on the
type of repair work to be done, and the location of the bridge.

*Repair of Land Structures (puncheons, turnpikes, steps*) -- This work
may require the use of hand and/or mechanical tools as well as heavy
equipment such as a trail machine.

*Minor tread reconstruction* -- Sections along a trail may need surface
repair. Wet areas may need to be hardened with gravel and/or puncheon
and turnpikes may need to be installed. Tread reconstruction may be done
with manual and/or mechanized tools. Constructing trail tread may
require hauling non-native material such as gravel or soil, or by using
a Pulaski to expose bare soil. Sometimes a protective aggregate may be
applied to the trail surface.

*Log Clearing and Brushing* - *Non Mechanical* -- This could require the
use of non-powered hand tools such as the Pulaski, saws, and sickles to
remove vegetation and commonly used in remote settings and wilderness.

*Log Clearing and Brushing* - *Mechanical --* Chain saws and motorized
brush cutters may be used to conduct this maintenance activity outside
of wilderness areas.

*Excavating Material Near Water (gravel bar) --* Material may be
excavated adjacent to water sources, or within riparian zones, when
fords are constructed or repaired or bridges and other structures are
installed for the trail.

*Excavating Material (borrow pits, trenches) --* Material will be
excavated from borrow pits, or trenches and used to "spot repair" tread,
or other features in need of maintenance or repair along a trail.

*Debris Removal* -- Debris can be removed with rakes, or any other tools
that will facilitate the removal of leaves, twigs, loose soil, rock or
other gathered material on a trail, or within structures related to the
proper function of the trail.

# ACTIVITY TYPE: Watershed Restoration

Watershed restoration activities are intended to repair and monitor fire
impacts and restoration treatment effectiveness. Work activities include
control of hill slope or channel erosion, watershed stability
enhancement, and monitoring of fire impacts and effectiveness of
restoration treatments. Treatments are primarily designed to reduce soil
loss in burned watersheds and minimize adverse impacts on water quality
and aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Techniques described here can be
used in watersheds with forest, shrub and grassland habitats to control
both storm runoff and erosion.

Mobilizing crews and equipment transportation would typically occur on
existing roads. Equipment may require off-road travel to access work
areas. Remote work sites may require crew camping near work areas.
Related Work Elements may be found in the following Activity Types:
**Access and Equipment Maintenance** regarding access and fueling;
**Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity Type** regarding road
obliteration; **Prescribed Fire** regarding camping.

# [Activity Components and Work Elements]{.smallcaps}

# Hill slope Erosion Control (Erosion control for slopes) 

# 

# Erosion control treatments are implemented to reduce or slow surface runoff and soil erosion. Some are specifically designed to reduce soil compaction, increase water infiltration, and recover site productivity. These include activities in upland areas or riparian areas.

*Gully check structures: install straw bales, logs, silt fences -*
Material is placed in existing gullies, or areas of high potential for
gully formation (coalescing rills), to impede further downcutting or
initiation. On-site or nearby material (logs, limbs, brush) may be used
when available; if not, generally biodegradable material is brought in
(straw bales; silt fencing). This is normally hand placed with log ends
sometimes secured into the gully or hillside, although machinery may be
used if operationally feasible.

*Trenching -* Hand or machine work to create a surface slope break to
intercept overland flow (and effectively shorten slope length) by a
contour trench. Trench width and depth typically depends on the tool
used. Hand shovels, or the digging side of a Pulaski, are the most
common trenching tools and dictate the width and depth of the trench. In
some cases, a backhoe may be employed and the trench sized according the
bucket size. Waste soil/material is placed on the downhill side as a
terrace.

*Terracing -* Hand tools or machinery is used to move soil into contour
rows to break slope length, slow velocity of overland flow, and provide
some sediment storage. Size of terraces depends on slope length and
steepness and soil type. Terrace height in wildland situations typically
ranges from 4 to 18 inches with similar base widths. Terraces may
sometimes be constructed with sandbagged soil. Soil is usually shoveled
from the immediate area into sandbags to form a terrace. This is usually
only undertaken in areas with coarse-textured soils.

*Slope ripping, sub-soiling* - GO TO **Mechanical Treatments Activity
Type, Reducing soil compaction Activity Component,** *Subsoiling Work
Element* for the description of this Work Element.

*Erosion Control Mulch or Blankets* - Applying mulch helps prevent soil
erosion, retain soil moisture, and protect seeds and seedlings from
extreme temperature changes, wind, or damage from trampling. Mulch can
be applied by manual or mechanical means depending on the need.

*Contour felling* - Trees (usually fire-killed) are cut and dropped
on-site and placed on the contour to impede overland flow and provide
some sediment storage. Construction may involve limbing of fallen trees
and trenching to provide a bed for the logs to ensure soil contact and
avoid undercutting.

*Road / landing ripping -* Heavily compacted road or landing areas are
mechanically tilled or fractured with a rock ripper, chisel, or
subsoiler mounted on a tractor. May be done by hand if treatment is
limited in extent and depth of compaction. Subsoilers are designed to
fracture compacted layers with minimal surface plowing or mixing.

*Install wattles* - Straw wattles are long mesh tubes filled with straw,
or occasionally hay, that are laid on the contour of slopes to detain
overland flow and collect sediment. They are typically installed by hand
after being carried on-site by hand, and are usually anchored in place
with wooden stakes. Rarely involves mechanized transportation off-road.
Transportation may be by helicopter in slings.

[]{#ineros .anchor}**In-Channel Erosion Control**

*Log, Root Wad or Willow Bundle Revetments* - These are installed as
gradient control measures. A revetment is an armoring wall or barrier
protecting stream channel walls from erosion or (further) scouring.
Although 'Riprap' made of rocks is a classic example, this activity uses
vegetation (i.e. logs, root wads and/or willow bundles) as a
bioengineering technique.

*Reshape Streambanks and Incised Channels -* Treatments designed to
reduce streambank erosion and enhance channel stability may be
implemented in active channels and floodplains. This activity typically
involves machinery (typically an excavator) to reconfigure stream
channels or merely shape the banks (see below, *Lay Back Vertical
Banks,*). This activity ranges from use of handwork with shovels on
small channels to use of heavy machinery to implement large meander
adjustments based on 'Rosgen-style' calculations.

*Lay Back Vertical Banks* -- Laying back the bank is needed when the
bank slope is too vertical and sloughs into the stream. These procedures
help reduce the bank's vertical slope, thus reducing erosion and channel
undercutting. Hand tools or machinery (tracked backhoe/excavator) are
used to pull material away from the channel to limit additional calving
of banks. The banks are smoothed back from the channel to allow gradual
rising of water levels and reduction of water velocity that otherwise
would erode vertical or overhanging banks.

*Install Barbs -* Installing barbs also helps to reshape banks and
incised channels. Barbs are generally logs anchored to the streambanks.
They extend into the stream channel and slow down or redirect water flow
helping to create such features as pools.

*Structural Bank Controls (riprap, etc.)* - Structural bank control or
shaping can be treated with the placement of riprap.

# 

# Re-vegetation 

# 

# Re-vegetation treatments are designed to establish ground cover, improve infiltration, and restore site productivity. The activities may be implemented on upland slopes, riparian areas and along streambanks. 

*Seeding -- Aerial or Hand Application* -- Seeding techniques include
hand and aerial broadcast. GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity Type,
Rangeland Restoration Activity Component,** *Seeding -- aerial Work
Element* for a description of aerial seeding. GO TO **Range
Infrastructure Activity Type, Rangeland Restoration Activity
Component,** *Seeding -- disking, drilling, fertilizing, plowing Work
Element* for a description of non-aerial seeding.

*Site Prep - Surface Scarification, Tilling, Ripping* -- These
activities are implemented for seedbed preparation. For salmonids,
criteria will be found under this Work Element; for all other species,
criteria will be found under: **Range Infrastructure Activity Type,
Rangeland Restoration Activity Component,** *Seeding -- disking,
drilling, fertilizing, plowing Work Element* for tilling;
**Reforestation Activity Type, Site Preparation Activity Component** for
Work Elements for scarification; **Mechanical Treatments Activity Type,
Reducing Soil Compaction Activity Component**, *Subsoiling Work Element*
for ripping.

GO TO **Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Rangeland Restoration
Activity Component,** *Seeding -- disking, drilling, fertilizing,
plowing Work Element* for a description of tilling. GO TO
**Reforestation Activity Type, Site Preparation Activity Component** for
Work Elements describing scarification. GO TO **Mechanical Treatments
Activity Type, Reducing Soil Compaction Activity Component**,
*Subsoiling Work Element* for a description of ripping.

*Planting Upland and Riparian -- Grass, forb, shrub, tree* - GO TO
**Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Rangeland Restoration Activity
Component** for Work Elements describing seeding. Other activities
covered by this Work Element are described as follows. Riparian and
upland areas (with grasses, forbs, shrubs and/or trees) may be planted
with transplanted nursery stock and/or local plant materials. Normally,
species used for seeding or seedlings are native to the area, however,
non-persistent, non-native species may be used where objectives require
rapid ground cover establishment. Plantings may be done by hand or with
machinery. See the **Reforestation Activity Type** for additional
information related to planting.

*Mulch Application -* Applying mulch helps prevent soil erosion, retain
soil moisture, and protect seeds and seedlings from extreme temperature
changes, wind, or damage from trampling. Mulch can be applied by manual
or mechanical means depending on the need.

*Hanson Dibble* -- This non-mechanized tool is used by an individual to
plant tree and shrub seedlings in all types of soils and on all slopes.
It is often used in rangelands.

**Road Obliteration**

Obliteration treatments for watershed restoration purposes include
re-contouring. Full re-contouring means replacement of sidecast, or
replacement material back onto the roadcut to restore the original slope
angle. Re-contouring normally requires heavy equipment such as
excavators.

GO TO **Roads and Roads Maintenance Activity Type, Decommissioning roads
Activity Component** for Work Elements describing this activity.

# 

# Sediment Control 

[]{#sedcon .anchor}

Structures (e.g., instream log structures) are designed to detain,
control, or remove increased sediment in highly impacted burned
watersheds. Rebuilding and maintaining instream structures helps protect
and maintain instream basins. Structures are constructed and placed by
crews using equipment and/or hand crews. Maintaining structures requires
sediment removal and disposal by equipment and/or hand crews depending
on size and location of structures.

*Maintain instream basin* - Tracked backhoe (excavator) or other
machinery is used to remove collected sediment and debris from
constructed basin. Small structures may be cleaned by hand. Structural
maintenance may be by machine or with shovels patching or shoring weak
spots, damage or leaks.

*Construct instream basin (impoundment)* - Catchment basins are
constructed to collect mobilized sediment and debris. They are often
made with tracked backhoes (excavator) or, less often, bulldozer or by
hand using on-site soil and rock material. Occasionally involves dump
trucks to transport in material

*Instream log structure* - Instream structures using logs (usually from
on-site). Log structures vary from single log or multiple logs. They may
be simply felled into the stream (typically intermittent channels) or
may be cabled to rocks or standing trees nearby. Log ends may be dug
into channel sides to anchor in place. Some installations may involve
using machinery in the channel for short periods of time. Many
installations will be in dry channels and done by hand.

# Watershed Monitoring

[]{#watermon .anchor}

Work activities designed to measure vegetation recovery, soil condition,
stream channel condition, and water quality may be needed to monitor
watershed conditions, and recovery following environmental events such
as fire.

*Establish/monitor erosion plots --* Installation of erosion monitoring
plots for sediment collection typically involves use of hand shovels or
other tools to anchor silt fencing or collection boxes. Visual
observation plots may only require driving a locating monument (stake)
or temporary flagging.

*Install gage --* Gage installation for post-fire monitoring typically
means simple placement of a water depth measure rod near the stream
channel or the installation of weather station(s). These usually involve
simple hand digging in to secure placement of a measuring rod or small
weather monitoring station including precipitation gages and electronic
warning devices. Occasionally, water flow and depth gages are installed
which may involve trenching and securing of gage and housing in or
adjacent to stream channels.

*Instream water/sediment collection --* This may be occasional hand
collection of water samples or involve installation of an automated
water/sediment/temp sampling device. These are typically housed in metal
barrels or small wooded houses and require some trenching and anchoring
of the housing and sampling lines.

*Manual instream measurements --* Typically involves measuring water
flow or stream morphology by cross-section characterization. Water flow
measures typically require wading of the stream and insertion of flow
measurement rod into the stream channel. Stream channel measurements
require rod and level measurements across the stream channel from bank
to bank with the rod person wading the stream to take readings at
regular intervals.

*Monument Plots --* Typically requires digging or driving of stakes or
other locating devices to ensure long-term identification of specific
spots on the landscape for monitoring purposes or land-line location.

# 

ACTIVITY TYPE : Weeds and Chemical Treatments

Noxious weed management includes the use of herbicides, manual,
mechanical, biological, and cultural treatments. Rehabilitating a site
following treatment is also a part of noxious weed management. Weed
treatment may be necessary on rangelands, in timber harvest areas, along
roads and road rights-of-way, along trail routes, at dispersed and
developed recreation sites, and on other disturbed sites (i.e. fires,
flood events). Many treatments are needed during post fire conditions;
some are used to reduce the risk and severity of wildland fires. The
type of treatment used depends on site characteristics, weed species
present, and management objectives ranging from containment, to control,
and eradication. Containment is used to prevent weed spread to beyond
the existing infestation perimeter. Control objectives strive to reduce
the extent and density of a target weed. Eradication focuses on complete
elimination of the weed species including reproductive propagules.

All vegetation treatments conducted for control of noxious weeds are
done in accordance with the corresponding agencies' policies,
regulations, and product label requirements. Federal agency policy
requires the use of specific design features, when in close proximity to
sensitive areas, to insure vegetation treatments do not have an adverse
impact on non- target plants or animals. Treatments methods include:
herbicide, manual, mechanical, biological, prescribed burning, seeding,
or any combination of treatment methods.

Ground based application may include the use of backpack sprayers or
vehicle-mounted or ATV sprayers (boom or spot gun) to treat noxious weed
infestations. Aerial applications require the use of helicopters or
fixed wing aircraft mounted with sprayers to treat noxious weed
infestations.

Related Work Elements may be found in the following Activity Types:
**Access and Equipment Maintenance** regarding access and fueling;
**Prescribed Fire** regarding fire and camping.

#### ACTIVITY COMPONENTS AND WORK ELEMENTS

[]{#biocon .anchor}**Biological Control**

Biological methods require the use of living organisms to selectively
suppress, inhibit, or control herbaceous and woody vegetation. This
method requires the proper management of plant-eating organisms and
precludes the use of mechanical devices, chemical treatments, or burning
of undesired vegetation. Biological weed control activities typically
include release of parasitic and \`host specific\'\' insects to target
weeds. Presently, insects are the primary biological control agent in
use. Mites, nematodes, and pathogens are occasionally used. Treatments
do not eradicate the target species but rather reduce target plant
densities and competition with desired plant species for space, water,
and nutrients. Bio-control agents are typically used where the target
weed has dominated the plant community across large areas.

*Collection / Release of Insects or Other Biological Controls* --
Biological control activities include collection of insects, development
of colonies for collection, transplanting parasitic insects, and
supplemental stocking of populations. In most situations, a complex of
biological control agents is needed to reduce weed density to a
desirable level. For example, a mixture of five or more biological
control agents may be needed to attack flower or seed heads, foliage,
stems, crowns and roots all at the same time or during the plant's life
cycle. Typically 15 to 20 years are needed to bring about an economic
control level.

*Monitoring by Sweep Netting* -- This involves inventory and monitoring
of released bio-control agents to determine treatment success. Repeat
visits may need to be made several times a season, and over a series of
years.

*Competitive Seeding* - Noxious weeds commonly invade areas with
disturbed or exposed soil or areas where native plants cannot compete
with aggressive exotic plants. Consequently, after control of weeds, it
is beneficial to establish native/desirable plants, restrict or prevent
additional infestations, and help prevent soil erosion and soil nutrient
loss. Treatments may require ground and/or aerial application of seeds
and fertilizers.

*Transport of Bio-control Agent by Vehicle* -- Bio-control agents are
transported in containers that safely enclose the agent until release.

[]{#culcon .anchor}**Cultural Control**

Cultural control treatments require management changes associated with
prevention, livestock or wildlife habitat manipulation, competitive
plantings, and a change of public land use.

*Chaining* - Chaining is used to remove and or destroy vegetation.
Chain-dikers have disks welded to the links of an anchor chain. This is
pulled behind a crawler tractor and as the chain rotates it improves
tillage, land smoothing and basin formation, in a single pass. This is
the most effective method for preparing seedbeds on sites with
relatively large amounts of brush and other woody debris.

## Provide Shade - Shade (i.e. shade cards or mulch) may be necessary to protect seeds and seedlings from high solar rays. GO TO Reforestation Activity Type, Artificial Shade Activity Component, Shade Cards Work Element for the description of this Work Element.

## 

## Fertilize by Hand, Machine, or Aerial -- Fertilizer application by aerial or ground method depending on the sites locations and treatment objectives. For hand application of fertilizer, also see Insect and Disease Suppression Activity Type, Fertilization Activity Component, Hand application of N frells Work Element for additional information.

## 

## Injection/Cut Stump -- Herbicides may be injected into stumps, using a hatchet injector or other type of instrument to inhibit re-sprouting.

*Grubbing --* GO TO **Reforestation Activity Type, Site preparation
Activity Component,** *Hand scalp/grubbing Work Element* for the
description of this Work Element.

*Prescribed Fire* -- Fire removes the woody debris and herbaceous litter
that interferes with seedbed preparation. The effectiveness of using
fire to remove debris varies with environmental conditions and the
amount and distribution of fuel. GO TO **Prescribed Fire Activity Type**
for work elements that describe this activity.

*Use Grazing to Control Weeds, Fencing, or Herding* -- Domestic animals
such as sheep or goats can be a valuable control method at reduced
costs. The following considerations will be made before using livestock
or herding: 1) size of infestation, 2) plant species, 3) timing of
consumption for best control, 4) availability of water sources for
stock, 5) stock management to insure beneficial effects, (e.g., when
stock presence does not encourage spread of noxious weeds into
non-infested areas). Some combinations of livestock or other bio-control
agents such as insects may be the most effective.

*Plant Native Vegetation* -- Planting native vegetation in areas
following fire will help prevent invasion and spread of noxious weeds.
In areas where a good establishment of native species exists prior to
fire, there is a high probability that natives would re-establish and
occupy the site. In certain habitats, native species lower the
frequency, intensity, and occurrence of wildland fire. GO TO
**Reforestation Activity Type, Hand plant upland/riparian Activity
Component,** *Plant trees and shrubs with hoe, bar, auger Work Element*
for a description of planting trees and shrubs. GO TO **Range
Infrastructure Activity Type, Rangeland Restoration Activity Component**
for Work Elements that describe seeding activities.

## 

## On and Off Road Vehicle Use -- GO TO Access and Equipment Maintenance Activity Type, Access to Work Site Activity Component for work elements that describe this activity.

## 

## Mulch -- By Hand or Machine --Applying mulch helps prevent soil erosion, retain soil moisture, and protect seeds and seedlings from extreme temperature changes, wind, or damage from trampling. Mulch can be applied by manual or mechanical means depending on the need. Mulch may be applied using mulch mats, shovels, and rakes. Within the Watershed Restorations Activity Type, see Hillslope Erosion Control Activity Component, Erosion control mulch or blankets Work Element, and Re-vegetation Activity Component, Mulch Application Work Element for additional information.

[]{#herbcon .anchor}**Herbicide Control**

The herbicide application method and selected technique depends on a
number of variables such as treatment objective (contain versus
eradicate), accessibility, topography, and size of treatment area,
characteristics of target plant and desired vegetation, location of
sensitive areas in immediate vicinity, anticipated costs and equipment
limitations, and meteorological and vegetative conditions at time of
treatment.

Applications are scheduled and designed to minimize potential impacts to
non-target plants and animals, while remaining consistent with
vegetation treatment program objectives. Application rates depend on the
presence of the target species, condition of non-target vegetation, soil
type, depth to the water table, and distance to open water sources,
riparian areas, special status plants, and requirements of the herbicide
label. See the **Insect and Disease Suppression Activity Type** for
additional chemical application descriptions.

*Hand Crank Granular Spreader --* Some herbicides are applied in solid
form and are placed on the soil surface to be absorbed by plant roots.

## 

*Liquid Application -* Carriers (gases, solids, or liquids) are used to
dilute or suspend herbicides during application and allow for proper
herbicide placement. Liquid carriers include water, liquid fertilizers,
diesel, and other similar low-viscosity oils. Water is the most widely
used carrier because it is available, cheap, and most herbicides are
formulated to be applied with water.

Spray solution additives, adjuvant, are mixed with herbicide solutions
to improve spray mixture performance. Adjuvant can either enhance
activity of a herbicide's active ingredient or offset any problems
associated with spray application such as adverse water quality or wind.
Adjuvant may contain surfactants, antifoaming agents, crop oil or crop
oil concentrates, drift retardants, compatibility agents (mixing two or
more herbicides in a common solution), and spray buffers (change the
spray solution PH).

## Spray from ATV -- A sprayer attached to an ATV allows for treatments of patches of weeds on hillsides, or other areas not easily accessible by road. 

## 

## Granular Application -- Some herbicides are applied in solid form and are placed on the soil surface to be absorbed by plant roots. 

## Back Pack Sprayer with Spray Wand -- The use of pressurized container with an agitation devise carried with backpacking equipment, allows the operator to target specific or individual plants.

## 

## Aerial Application by Fixed Wing or Helicopter -- Aerial application of herbicides from a helicopter or fixed wing aircraft do not disturb soil or protective organic layers and are not limited by inaccessibility or rugged terrain. Applications allow for treatment of large areas quickly with a smaller workforce. However, drift management and off-site effects may be more difficult to manage and predict. 

## Spray from Truck Mounted Boom or Spray -- Truck mounted mechanical spray equipment is primarily limited to treatment of accessible roadsides and flat areas. This allows large area coverage, and is faster and less expensive than manual or hand applications. 

## 

## Hand Controlled Wand with Soaked Wick -- This technique allows user to target individual unwanted plants reducing risk to non-target organisms and other resources. 

# 

# Manual Control 

# 

# Manually treating noxious weeds may disturb soil surfaces and can be labor intensive and costly when compared to herbicide applications. Manual treatments are typically used to treat selected plants, small infestations, and in sensitive areas to avoid adverse effects to non-target species or water quality.

*Hand Clip Seed Heads or Pull Weeds -* Crews may use power or hand tools
to cut, clear or prune vegetation; pull, grub, or dig out plant root
systems to prevent subsequent sprouting and re-growth; scalp vegetation
at ground level or remove competing plants around desired vegetation; or
place mulch around desired vegetation to limit the growth of competing
vegetation. All noxious weed disposals will be in accord with proper
disposal methods. Noxious weeds with developed flowers are generally
bagged and burned. This method is most effective on new infestations of
annual, biennial, or simple perennial exotic plant species.

Handsaws, axes, shovel, rakes, machetes, grubbing hoes, mattocks, brush
hooks, and hand clippers may all be used to treat weeds. Axes, shovels,
grubbing hoes, and mattocks are also used to dig up and cut below the
surface to remove the main root of plants. This is especially effective
on plants that quickly re-sprout in response cutting and clearing.

# Mechanical Control/Restoration 

# 

# Activities include the use of wheel tractors, crawler-type tractors, or specially designed vehicles with attached implements for mechanical vegetation treatments (e.g., plows, harrows, rangeland drills and mowers). Choosing the appropriate treatment depends on the characteristics of undesired species present (for example, density, stem size, brittleness, and sprouting ability); the need for seedbed preparation and revegetation; topography and soil characteristics of the site (e.g., type, depth, amount and size of rocks, erosive conditions, and susceptibility to compaction). It also depends on climatic conditions and potential cost of improvement as compared to expected productivity. Activities typically occur on old agricultural areas, industrial sites, and roadsides[.]{.smallcaps} 

*Weed-Whacker Use* **--** This is a motorized brush cutter with a
saw-like blade used to remove herbaceous or woody plant materials. This
may be used in conjunction with other power tools to (such as a brush
buster), to remove noxious weeds or clear dense areas of trees or brush
preparing the area for replanting or reseeding. Slash busters may be
used to mow down heavy slash or unwanted vegetation in densely vegetated
areas.

# 

# *Plowing -- transport of heavy equipment* -- Tractors with attached discs (disking), chains (chaining) or other types of plows may be used to clear and de-root plants, furrow (plowing a strip) or contour a site, or completely remove vegetation (scarification) from an area. The transport of tractors and their associated implements may require the use of trucks with low bed trailers or other types hauling vehicles. 

*Mowing of Weeds **--*** Tractors with mowing implements may be used to
mow vegetation along roadsides, and in rangelands with dense shrubs or
grasses. Although mowing may not remove roots, it helps eliminate
undesired plant species by giving desired plants a competitive
advantage.

For mowing in Sage Brush, GO TO **Prescribed Fire Activity Type, Sage
Brush Activity Component(s)**, *Mowing/Brushbeating Work Element* for a
description of this activity*.* For all other mowing, GO TO
**Threatened, Endangered Species Habitat Restoration Activity Type,
Meadow Restoration Activity Component,** *Mowing Work Element* for a
description of this activity.

*Drill Seeding* - On areas with moderate slopes, the use of rangeland
drills attached to tractors, may be the most effective method reseed an
area.

## 

## Aerial Application of Seed -- Seed may be applied aerially using helicopters or fixed wing aircraft when appropriate. GO TO Range Infrastructure Activity Type, Rangeland Restoration Activity Component, Seeding - aerial Work Element for the description of this Work Element. 

# Weed Prevention

[]{#weedprev .anchor}

## Wash Vehicles, Water Drafting - Washing vehicles used to access and maneuver around treatment sites should occur before and after work is accomplished. Washing would occur at designated areas and may require water drafting from a nearby water source such as a pond, lake, stream, or spring. Water hauled in by truck is an alternative to using natural water sources. Within the Prescribed Fire Activity Type, Fireline Construction/Holding Actions Activity Component, see the Pumping from streams/ponds using portable pumps and Drafting to fill engines/tenders Work Elements for additional information.

## Information 

## 

## Education/Outreach -- Informational materials, seminars, and workshops may be provided to assist agency personnel and the public in understanding the effects of noxious weed invasion. Providing information and education to assist with prevention, control, and eradication of noxious weeds is the primary objective of these efforts.

## 

## Federal land management agencies that conduct noxious weed treatments must closely coordinate with federal and state agencies, county weed control programs. Herbicides used on federal lands must be registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

**References**

A Risk Assessment for Herbicide Use: A USDA Forest Service Publication
of Forest Service Regions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 10, and the Bonneville Power
Administration (1992). This has been prepared to address applicable
risks of herbicides to human health and non-target species including
wildlife and aquatic species.

Noxious Weeds Home Page at
[www.fs.fed.us/r6/weeds](http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/weeds): A USFS Region 6
Natural Resource Home Page. This is an excellent resource with detailed
information about noxious weeds, treatments, chemical uses, and the
legal aspects treatments related to chemicals uses.