BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Understory Flux, Meteorological, and Soil
Temperature Data

Summary

The BOREAS TF-01 team collected energy, carbon dioxide, and momentum
flux data under the canopy along with meteorological and soils data at
the BOREAS SSA-OA site from mid-October to mid-November of 1993 and
throughout all of 1994. The data are available in tabular ASCII files.

Table of Contents

1 Data Set Overview

2 Investigators

3 Theory of Measurements

4 Equipment

5 Data Acquisition Methods

6 Observations

7 Data Description

8 Data Organization

9 Data Manipulations

10 Errors

11 Notes

12 Application of the Data Set

13 Future Modification and Plans

14 Software

15 Data Access

16 Output Products and Availability

17 References

18 Glossary of Terms

19 List of Acronyms

20 Document Information

1\. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Understory Flux, Meteorological, and Soil
Temperature Data

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The Tower Flux-01 team collected understory measurements of heat, carbon
dioxide, and momentum fluxes along with meteorological, soil
temperature, soil moisture, snow temperature, and tree bole temperature
data at the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Southern Study
Area (SSA) Old Aspen (OA) tower site. These measurements were made in
conjunction with above canopy and profile measurements made at this site
by the TF-02 group. The understory data were collected from mid-October
to mid-November of 1993 and throughout all of 1994.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

The general objective was to study carbon dioxide and water vapor
exchange between the forest and atmosphere at the SSA-OA site. Specific
objectives were:

\* To measure the fluxes of sensible heat, H2O and CO2 above the aspen
stand throughout the year.

\* To obtain from the CO2 flux data estimates of gross photosynthesis
and respiration.

\* To determine the contribution of the hazelnut understory to net
ecosystem productivity (NEP).

\* To determine the effects of environmental factors on stand
evapotranspiration and NEP.

\* To take part in the development of procedures for scaling up
component fluxes to the stand level.

\* To study the processes controlling turbulent transfer of H2O and CO2
within the stand.

\* To take part in the evaluation of methods of estimating nocturnal CO2
in and above the stand.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

The following variables were measured from a 4-m tower under the aspen
canopy: latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, CO2 flux, CO2
concentration, momentum flux, Bowen ratio, air temperature, wind speed
and direction, friction velocity, water vapor concentration, and
relative humidity. Other measurements collected to describe the soil and
forest: soil heat flux, soil temperature, soil water potential, soil
water content, tree bole temperatures, snow temperatures, net radiation,
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) transmitted through the
canopy, and air pressure.

1.5 Discussion

In 1993 and 1994, the TF-01 group measured fluxes under the canopy at
the SSA-OA site, while the TF-02 group measured above canopy fluxes and
profiles at that site. In 1996, the TF-01 group moved its equipment to
the top of the 39-meter tower to measure above-canopy fluxes. This
document describes the 1993 and 1994 under canopy data collection
effort.

The fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, latent heat (water vapor), and
carbon dioxide using the eddy correlation method were measured at the 6
m height in 1993 and the 4 m height in 1994. These measurements were
made on a 6 m tall scaffold tower located above 40 m south of the main
flux tower at the OA site. The eddy correlation system consisted of
3-dimensional sonic anemometer (model 1012R2A (Solent) Gill Instruments,
Lymington, UK) with a 15-cm path length, an infrared gas (CO2/H2O)
analyzer (IRGA) (model 6262, LI-COR Inc. Lincoln, NE) and a krypton
open-path hygrometer (model KH20, Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT).
Air was drawn at 8.0 L min-1 down 3 m of 3.2-mm inner diameter (i.d.)
sampling tubing (model Bev-a-line, Thermoplastic Processes Inc.,
Sterling, NJ), then down 1.7 m of copper tubing (3 mm i.d.) coiled and
sandwiched between two aluminum plates within the same housing as the
analyzer and then through the analyzer's sample cell. To prevent
condensation in the sampling tubing, it was heated (2-3 oC above
ambient) by passing an electric current through 20-AWG nichrome wire
(about 15 ohms resistance) coiled around the exterior of the tubing. The
pump (model DOA-V191-AA diaphragm pump, Gast Inc., Dayton, OH) was
located down stream of the sample cell resulting in the sample cell
pressure being about 22 kPa less than atmospheric pressure. The delay
time was 0.8 s. The IRGA was operated in absolute mode with dry air at
zero CO2 concentration flowing through the reference cell at 25 cm3
min-1. The KH20 hygrometer was operated continuously to evaluate signal
delay time and any attenuation resulting from the sample tubing (Leuning
& King 1992; Lee et al. 1994).

Supporting measurements included soil heat flux at the 3-cm depth
measured using nine soil heat flux plates (two model F, Middleton
Instruments, Melbourne, Australia, and seven home-made, following Fuchs
and Tanner (1968)) along a 20-m transect: average temperature of the
surface 3 cm of the forest floor using two integrating thermometers; a
soil temperature profile at depths of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cm (CSI
direct-burial copper-constantan thermocouples); snow temperature
(30-gauge chromel-constantan thermocouples); tree bole temperatures at
0.2, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, and 15.8 cm (thermocouple wire); net radiation and
PPFD (Swissteco net radiometer and LI-COR quantum sensor carried on a
tram which traveled back and forth along a 65-m transect on two steel
wires suspended 3-4 m above the ground) above the understory; air
humidity below (model HMP-35C sensor, Vaisala, Inc., Woburn, MA) the
overstory; wind speed and direction below the overstory (model 05031
vane propeller anemometer, R.M. Young Co., Traverse City, MI); and
precipitation measured using a weighing rain gauge (Belfort Instrument
Co., Baltimore, MD).

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature
Data

BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Soil Characteristics Data

BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Precipitation Data

BOREAS TF-09 SSA-OBS Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature
Data

2\. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator Name and Title

Prof. T. Andy Black

University of British Columbia

Department of Soil Science

2.2 Title of Investigation

Boreal Forest Atmosphere Interactions: Exchanges of Energy, Water Vapor
and Trace Gases (SSA-OA)

2.3 Contact Information

[Contact 1:]{.underline}

Mr. Zoran Nesic

University of British Columbia

Department of Soil Science

Vancouver, BC CANADA

\(604\) 822-3479, 822-5654(Lab)

\(604\) 822-8639 (fax)

NESIC@PPC.UBC.CA

[Contact 2:]{.underline}

Prof. T. Andy Black

University of British Columbia

Department of Soil Science

Vancouver, BC CANADA

\(604\) 822-2730

\(604\) 822-8639 (fax)

ablack@unixg.ubc.ca

[Contact 3:]{.underline}

K. Fred Huemmrich

University of Maryland

NASA/GSFC

Greenbelt, MD

\(301\) 286-4862

\(301\) 286-0239 (fax)

Karl.Huemmrich@gsfc.nasa.gov

3\. Theory Of Measurements

Note: Equations and special characters are visible only in the MSWord
version of this document.

Measurements of the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapor, and
CO2 were made with the eddy covariance technique. Velocity components,
air temperature, water vapor density, and CO2 concentration in the air
were sampled rapidly, and calculations of relevant covariances were
performed from these samples to obtain the fluxes. For example, the flux
of CO2 was determined as follows:

![](media/image1.emf){width="0.625in" height="0.2361111111111111in"}

where ![](media/image2.emf){width="0.18055555555555555in"
height="0.16666666666666666in"} is the departure of the vertical
velocity component from its mean over the averaging interval, usually 30
minute, and ![](media/image2.emf){width="0.1388888888888889in"
height="0.16666666666666666in"} is the departure of CO2 concentration
from its mean.

At the overstory level, three rotations in the coordinate transformation
are applied to the flux data to make the lateral component
(![](media/image2.emf){width="0.1388888888888889in"
height="0.16666666666666666in"}), vertical
component(![](media/image2.emf){width="0.18055555555555555in"
height="0.16666666666666666in"}), and covariance
(![](media/image2.emf){width="0.2777777777777778in"
height="0.18055555555555555in"}) of the wind vector equal to zero. At
the understory level, however, only the mean lateral wind velocity
component was rotated to zero under the suspicion that nonzero mean
vertical velocities are possible within the trunk space. Webb, Pearman,
and Leuning (1980) (WPL) corrections were made to the water vapor and
carbon dioxide fluxes measured using the closed-path LI-COR 6262
infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). Broadening correction was done, but not
on-line (see Chen et al., 1998, for summary of theory).

4\. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

4.1.1 Collection Environment

Measurements were collected from mid-April to the end of 1996. Over that
time period, temperature conditions from less than -10 °C to over 25 °C
were experienced.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

A 37-m walkup scaffold main tower and a 6-m scaffold tower about 40 m
from the main tower.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The objective of the flux tower was to support instrumentation for the
study of the fluxes of CO2, energy, water vapor, and momentum between
the forest and atmosphere at the SSA-OA.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Variables measured using eddy covariance: CO2 and water vapor fluxes,
momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, latent heat fluxes.

Supporting meteorological variables: net radiation and PPFD under the
canopy, wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relative and
absolute humidity, air temperature, soil temperature, soil heat flux,
soil moisture, soil water potential, snow temperature, tree bole
temperature, precipitation.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

A sonic anemometer determines the wind speed by a pair of transducers
acting alternately as transmitters and receivers, sending pulses of high
frequency ultrasound between themselves. The 3-D sonic has three pairs
of transducers arranged in nonparallel axes.

The LI-COR 6262 CO2/H2O analyzer are based on the difference in
absorption of infrared radiation passing through two gas sampling cells.
The reference cell is used for a gas of known CO2 or H2O concentration,
and the sample cell is used for a gas of unknown concentration. Infrared
radiation is transmitted through both cell paths, and the output of the
analyzer is proportional to the difference in absorption between the
two.

The principles of operation of most of the supporting instruments can be
found in Pearcy et al. (1991) and Fritschen and Gay (1979).

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

Beneath aspen canopy flux measurement sensors were supported by a 2.1-m
long horizontal boom at a bearing of 238o fastened to the side of 6-m
tall scaffold-type understory tower located approximately 40 m from the
main tower.

Under canopy measurements included soil heat flux measured at the 3-cm
depth using nine soil heat flux plates (two model F, Middleton
Instruments, Melbourne, Australia, and seven homemade, following Fuchs
and Tanner (1968)) along a 20-m transect; average temperature of the
surface 3 cm of the forest floor using two integrating thermometers, a
soil temperature profile at depths of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cm (CSI
direct-burial copper-constantan thermocouples), and tree bole
temperatures at 0.2, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, and 15.8 cm into the bole
(thermocouple wire).

Tree bole temperatures were measured in aspen trees using thermocouples
placed in the bole at several depths determined from the north side of
the tree. The temperatures were measured at 3.12 m height for the 0.2 cm
depth, 3.16 m height for the 4.0 cm depth, 3.18 m height for the 8.0 cm
depth (the center of the bole), at 3.16 m height for the 12 cm depth (4
cm depth from south side), and at 3.12 m height for the 15.8 cm depth
(0.2 cm depth from south side). In addition, a measurement of the
hazelnut stem temperature was made at 0.7 m height and 0.2 cm depth.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Solent sonic anemometer:

Gill Instruments Limited

Solent House

Cannon Street

Lymington

Hmpshire

SO41 9BR

United Kingdom

DAT-310 sonic anemometer:

Kaijo-Denki Co., Ltd.

No 19.1 Chrome Kanda-Nishikicho

Chiyoda-Ku

Tokyo 101

Japan

Li-Cor LI-6262 IRGA, 190-SB PPFD, and LAI-2000 PCA:

LI-COR Inc.

P.O. Box 4425/4421

Superior Street

Lincoln, NE 68504

\(303\) 499-1701

\(303\) 499-1767 (fax)

KH2O krypton hygrometer:

Campbell Scientific

P.O. Box 551

Logan, UT 84321

CN-1 net radiometer:

Middleton Instruments, Inc.

P.O. Box 442

South Melbourne

Victoria, 3205

Australia

S-1 net radiometer:

Swissteco Instruments Inc.

Stegweg, Eichenwies, CH-94633 OBERRIET SG

Switzerland

PSP pyranometer and PIR pyrgeometer:

The Eppley Laboratory, Inc.

12 Shefield Ave.

P. O. Box 419

Newport, RI 02840

\(401\) 847-1020

\(401\) 847-1031 (fax)

05031 vane propeller anemometer:

R.M. Young Co.

Traverse City, MI

Distributor:

Campbell Scientific

P.O. Box 551,

Logan, UT 84321

\(801\) 753-234

\(801\) 752-3268

Soil temperature (burial) Campbell Thermocouple, Copper-constantan
thermocouple:

Campbell Scientific

P.O. Box 551,

Logan, UT 84321

\(801\) 753-2342

\(801\) 752-3268 (fax)

4000 IR thermometer:

Everest Interscience, Inc.

P.O. Box 3640

Fullerton, CA 92634-3640

\(714\) 992-4461

M1 dewpoint hygrometer (with D2 sensor):

General Eastern Instruments Corp.

Watertown, MA

HMP-35C Vaisala humidity sensor:

Vaisala, Inc.

Woburn, MA

Distributor:

Campbell Scientific

P.O. Box 551

Logan UT 84321

\(801\) 753-2342

\(801\) 752-3268 (fax)

Soil heat flux plate (model F):

Middleton Instruments, Inc.

P.O. Box 442

South Melbourne

Victoria, 3205

Australia

Time domain reflectometry (TDR):

G.S. Gabel Corp.

Victoria, BC, Canada

CS105 Barometer:

Vaisala, Inc.

Woburn, MA

Distributor:

Campbell Scientific

P.O. Box 551

Logan, UT 84321

\(801\) 753-2342

\(801\) 752-3268 (fax)

TE525 Tipping-bucket rain gauge:

Texas Electronics

Distributor:

Campbell Scientific

P.O. Box 551

Logan, UT 84321

\(801\) 753-2342

\(801\) 752-3268 (fax)

Weighing rain gauge:

Belfort Instrument Co.

1600 S. Clinton Street

Baltimore, MD 21224

21x, CR10 Data logging system:

Campbell Scientific

P.O. Box 551,

Logan, UT 84321

\(801\) 753-2342

\(801\) 752-3268 (fax)

TD-4X2N diaphragm pump:

Brailsford Co.

670 Milton Road

Rye, NY 10580

\(914\) 967-1820

\(914\) 967-1836 (fax)

DOA-V191-AA diaphragm pump:

Gast, Inc.

P.O. Box 97

Benton Harbor, MI

\(616\) 926-6171

\(616\) 925-8288 (fax)

Bev-a-line tube:

Thermoplastic Processes, Inc.

Sterling NS

Dekoron tubing:

Wirex Controls Ltd.

9446 McLaughlin Road N. Unit #27

Brampton, ON

Canada, L6X 4H9

\(905\) 459-0742

\(905\) 450-8216

4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

In 1994, zeroing and calibration of the LI-6262 IRGA was done manually,
using 350 ppm CO2 cylinders (Medigas) calibrated using TF02 (AES)
cylinders and a LI-COR dew point generator.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

CO2 concentration was accurate to within ± 1 mmol mol-1.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

Not given.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

None.

5\. Data Acquisition Methods

The eddy covariance system consisted of a 3-D sonic
anemometer/thermometer (SOLENT 1012R2A) for detecting the three velocity
components and air temperature, the latter being derived from the speed
of sound following Kaimal and Gaynor (1991), an open-path H2O krypton
gas analyzer for measuring water vapor density in the air, and a
closed-path dual H2O/CO2 IRGA (LI-COR 6262) for measuring water vapor
density and CO2 concentration in the air.

The Solent sampled the wind speed components at 20.83 Hz, and its
analog-to digital converter sampled the LI-COR signals at 10 Hz. Prior
to sampling, the latter signals had been passed through a passive filter
with a 7 Hz cut-off frequency. Spectral analysis showed that frequencies
above 1 Hz made almost no contribution to fluxes.

For the flux system, all raw data were recorded using PC systems with
back-up tape drives. Half-hour fluxes were calculated online. For other
measurements, all those data were recorded by data loggers (model 21X,
Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT), which were networked together,
using the model MD-9 network interface, along with the main system.
Every three hours, this network automatically transferred (using PC
ANYWHERE software, Symantec Corp.) all data from the loggers to a
network computer.

6\. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

None.

6.2 Field Notes

None.

7\. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

All data were collected at the BOREAS SSA-OA site in the Prince Albert
National Park (PANP). North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) coordinates
for the site are latitude 53.62889° N, longitude 106.19779° W, and
elevation of 600.63 m. The understory measurements were collected from a
6-m scaffold tower about 40 m from the main tower.

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not applicable.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

Although the eddy covariance measurement is made at one point, it is
well known that the fluxes measured with this technique can represent
fluxes averaged over a relatively large area. An analysis of the upwind
land surface area that contributes to a scalar flux measurement, often
referred to as "fetch" or "footprint," is crucial in understanding the
origins of the flux and any possible influences of spatial
heterogeneity. According to Blanken's (1997) results (using Schuepp et
al., 1990, model), the cumulative flux at 39 m reached 80% of the total
flux at an upwind distance of 1,200 m under neutral conditions, 900 m
under typical daytime stability conditions, and 2,700 m under typical
nighttime stability conditions. The corresponding values for the 4-m
height (above the understory) were 130, 80, and 300 m. Baldocchi (1997)
suggests the latter values are overestimates.

.

From the above results, there was adequate fetch at the OA site because
the forest extended for at least 3 km in all directions.

7.1.4 Projection

None.

7.1.5 Grid Description

None.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Undercanopy data were collected from 12-October to 13-November-1993 and
from 1-January to 31-December-1994.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

None.

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

The data reported are 30-minute statistical mean values.

7.3 Data Characteristics

Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file
(tf01uflx.def).

7.4 Sample Data Record

Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file
(tf01uflx.def).

8\. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

All of the TF-01 SSA-OA Understory Flux, Meteorological, and Soil
Temperature Data are contained in one dataset.

8.2 Data Format

The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length
separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single
apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data
records are shown in the companion data definition file (tf01uflx.def).

9\. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

There are many equations and formulae used in the calculations of fluxes
from the raw voltage signals. Readers are referred to the relevant
references for details.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

Averages, variances, and covariances are calculated in real time, and
coordinate rotation is applied on the half-hourly covariances and
variances. WPL corrections were made to the water vapor and carbon
dioxide fluxes measured using the closed-path LI-COR 6262 IRGA.

BORIS staff processed these data by:

1\) Reviewing the initial data files and loading them online for BOREAS
team access.

2\) Designing relational data base tables to inventory and store the
data.

3\) Loading the data into the relational data base tables.

4\) Working with the team to document the data set.

5\) Extracting the data into logical files.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

WPL corrections were made to the water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes
measured using the closed-path LI-COR 6262 IRGA. Broadening correction
was done, but not online (see Chen et al., 1998, for summary of theory).

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

The Bowen ratio is the ratio of the sensible to latent heat flux.

The soil heat storage rate is the rate of change of heat storage in the
0-3 cm surface layer calculated from the gravimetric soil water content
and the mean integrated soil temperature.

The soil surface heat flux density is the sum of the 3 cm soil heat flux
and the soil heat storage rate.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

See Black et al., 1996; Chen et al., 1998; Blanken, 1997; and Yang,
1998.

10\. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

See Section 10.2.1.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

Data were checked and flagged for various conditions in the original
data base at UBC (Z. Nesic). Relatively little data were missing in 4 m
measurements in 1994 and 39 m in 1996.

There are several sources of error in the measurements. These are coded,
based on field notes, in the COMMENTS column. The following are the
definitions of these codes:

P = all sensors \"parked\" in a tower shelter for protection

(e.g. high winds).

Z = zero check on LiCor

B = daily backup of data files

C = computer crash

S = starting time of a run, if not on the half hour

(e.g. S18:50:30).

RK = rotated krypton 90 degrees

CK = cleaned krypton

SK = suspect snow on krypton

SS = suspect snow on sonic anemometer/thermometer

AP = adjusted LiCor sampling pump

TC = zero gas tank change

RT = repair zero gas tank

PF = power failure

PP = suspect pulp and paper mill influence

CS = communication problem with sonic anemometer/thermometer

ZE = data compression error due to incorrect CPU time

The DATA_QUALITY_FLAG column contains four data quality flags:

Flag one is for the sonic anememeter/thermometer. The low status of this
flag (0) indicates problems with the anemometer/thermometer and its
built-in Analog to Digital (A/D) card. This affected all measurements
containted in this data file.

Flag two is for the closed-path anlayzer (Licor6262) in measuring CO2.
The low status of this flag indicates that the analyzer was not
performed properly. The measurements of MEAN_CO2_CONC_4M,
SDEV_CO2_CONC_4M, and CO2_FLUX_BELOW_CNPY are of poor quality.

Flag three is for the closed-path anlayzer (Licor6262) in measuring H2O.
The low status of this flag indicates that the analyzer was not
performed properly. The measurements of MEAN_LIC_ABS_HUM_4M,
SDEV_LIC_ABS_HUM_4M, and LIC_LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_4M are of poor quality.

Flag four is for the open-path analyzer (krypton). The low status of
this flag indicates problems with this analyzer, mostly as a result of
precipitation landing on the sensor. Measurements made with this
analyzer, including MEAN_KRYPTON_ABS_HUM_4M, SDEV_KRYPTON_ABS_HUM_4M,
and KRYPTON_LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_4M are poor in quality. Some runs with this
flag set high might also have be interfered by precipitation. Users
should therefore be careful in interpreting the measurements made with
this analyzer. Users are also advised to use MEAN_KRYPTON_ABS_HUM_4M
only as the absolute humidity measurement, because this type of
open-path analyzers (K20) can have substantial zero drift over a short
time period.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

None given.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

Data were examined to check for spikes, values that are four standard
deviations from the mean, long periods of constant values, and missing
data.

11\. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None given.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

See Section 10.2.1.

11.3 Usage Guidance

Read this document carefully or contact Drs. T.A. Black and Z. Chen.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

12\. Application of the Data Set

These data are useful for the study of water, energy, and carbon
exchange in a mature aspen forest.

13\. Future Modifications and Plans

Data collection from the SSA-OA tower continued after 1996. Contact Dr.
T.A. Black for information about these data.

14\. Software

14.1 Software Description

None.

14.2 Software Access

None given.

15\. Data Access

15.1 Contact for Data Center/Data Access Information

These BOREAS data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and
Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

\(865\) 241-3952

ornldaac@ornl.gov

ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Procedures for Obtaining Data

BOREAS data may be obtained through the ORNL DAAC World Wide Web site at
http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/ or users may place requests for data by
telephone, electronic mail, or fax.

15.3 Output Products and Availability

Requested data can be provided electronically on the ORNL DAAC\'s
anonymous FTP site or on various media including, CD-ROMs, 8-MM tapes,
or diskettes.

The complete set of BOREAS data CD-ROMs, entitled \"Collected Data of
the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study\", edited by Newcomer, J., et al.,
NASA, 1999, are also available.

16\. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

17\. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

None.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Baldocchi, D.D. 1997. Flux footprints within and over forest canopy.
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 85, 273-292.

Black T.A., G. den Hartog, H.H. Neumann, P.D. Blanken, P.C. Yang, C.
Russell, and Z. Nesic. 1996. Annual cycle of water vapor and carbon
dioxide fluxes in and above a boreal aspen forest. Global Change
Biology, 2, 101-111.

Blanken, P.D. 1997. Evaporation within and above a boreal aspen forest.
Ph.D. Thesis of UBC , 79-84.

Chen, W.J., T.A. Black, P.C. Yang, A.G. Barr, H.H. Neumann, Z. Nesic,
P.D. Blanken, M.D. Novak, J. Eley, R.J. Ketler, and R. Cuenca. 1998.
Effects of climatic variability on the annual carbon sequestration by a
boreal aspen forest. Global Change Biology (in press).

Fritschen, L.J. and L.W. Gay. 1979. Environmental Instrumentation.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York and Heidelberg.

Fuchs, M. and C.B. Tanner. 1968. Calibration and field tests of soil
heat flux plates. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 32,
326-328.

Hook, W.R. and N.J.Livingston. 1996. Errors in converting time domain
reflectometry measurements of propagation velocity to estimated of soil
water content. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 59, 35-41.

Kaimal, J.C. and J.E. Gaynor. 1991. Another look at sonic thermometry.
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 56, 401-410.

Lee X., T.A. Black, and M.D. Novak. 1994. Comparison of flux
measurements with open-and closed-path gas analyzers above an
agricultural field and a forest floor. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 67,
1995-202.

Leuning R. and K.M. King. 1992. Comparison of eddy covariance
measurements of CO2 fluxes by open- and closed-path CO2 analyzers.
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 59, 297-311.

Pearcy, R.W., J. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel. 1991. Plant
physiological ecology: Field methods and instrumentation. Chapman and
Hall, London and New York.

Schuepp P.H., M.Y. Leclerc, J.I. MacPerson, and R.L. Desjardins. 1990.
Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the
diffusion equation. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 50, 355-373.

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study:
Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study:
Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC
94).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC
96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den
Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D.
Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere
study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry,
M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J.
Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D.
Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin.
1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and
future directions. Journal of Geophysical Research
102(D24):28,731-28,769.

Webb, E.K., G.I. Pearman, and R. Leuning. 1980. Correction of flux
measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapor transfer.
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 106, 85-100.

Yang, P.C. 1998. Carbon dioxide flux within and above a boreal aspen
forest. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

18\. Glossary of Terms

None.

19\. List Of Acronyms

A/D - Analog to Digital

AES - Atmospheric Environment Service

AFM - Aircraft Flux and Meteorology

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ATD - Atmospheric Technology Division

ATI - Applied Technologies, Inc.

BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

BORIS - BOREAS Information System

CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center

EOS - Earth Observing System

EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System

GMT - Greenwich Mean Time

GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center

HTML - Hyper-text Markup Language

i.d. - inner diameter

IFC - Intensive Field Campaign

IRGA - Infrared Gas Analyzer

LAI - Leaf Area Index

NAD83 - North American Datum of 1983

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NEP - Net Ecosystem Productivity

NSA - Northern Study Area

OA - Old Aspen

ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

PANP - Prince Albert National Park

PAR - Photosynthetically Active Radiation

PC - Personal Computer

PPFD - Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density

SRC - Saskatchewan Research Council

SSA - Southern Study Area

TDR - Time Domain Reflectometry

TF - Tower Flux

UBC - University of British Columbia

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

WPL - Webb, Pearman, and Leuning (1980) corrections

20\. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 04-Sep-1998

Last Updated: 20-Sep-1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 19-Aug-1999

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment:

Data were collected and processed by T. A. Black, Z. Nesic of the
University of British Columbia.

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROMs please also reference the data as:

Black, T.A., Nesic, Z., \"Boreal Forest Atmosphere Interactions:
Exchanges of Energy, Water Vapor and Trace Gases.\" In Collected Data of
The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D. Landis, S.
Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A.
Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers. CD-ROM.
NASA, 1999.

To cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as a published volume, use:

J. Newcomer, D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A.
Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F.
Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. Collected Data of The Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. CD-ROM. NASA, 1999.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Keywords

AIR TEMPERATURE

ASPEN

CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION

CARBON DIOXIDE FLUX

LATENT HEAT FLUX

METEOROLOGY

MOMENTUM FLUX

NET RADIATION

PAR

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON FLUX DENSITY

PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION

PPFD

RAINFALL

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX

SOIL HEAT FLUX

SOIL TEMPERATURE

SOIL WATER POTENTIAL

SNOW TEMPERATURE

TOWER FLUX

UNDERSTORY

VAPOR PRESSURE

WIND SPEED