Required Report - public distribution

**Date:** 7/7/2005

**GAIN Report Number:** CA5044

CA5044

**Canada**

**Biotechnology**

**Agricultural Biotechnology Report**

**2005**

**Approved by:**

![](media/image1.wmf)Gary C. Groves

U.S. Embassy

**Prepared by:**

Christina Patterson

**Report Highlights:**

Canada was the third largest producer of biotechnology crops in 2004.
Roughly 77% of the Canada\'s canola crop was herbicide tolerant. The
acreage sown to genetically modified corn and soybeans continues to
increase in Ontario and Quebec. The development and approval of biotech
crops comes from the efforts of many companies, universities and
governments. The regulatory system for approval of biotech crops in
Canada is science-based. It can take upwards 10 plus years from the
development phase to the approval of a biotech crop in Canada. There
have been arguments put forward to modify the regulatory system to
include market acceptance, but the Government of Canada continues to
maintain its regulatory system will be based on science. The ongoing
investment of money and resources into the development of new biotech
crops in Canada clearly indicates that the biotech industry is strong
and will continue to flourish.

Includes PSD Changes: No

Includes Trade Matrix: No

Unscheduled Report

Ottawa \[CA1\]

\[CA\]

Table of Contents

[SECTION I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3](#section-i.-executive-summary)

[SECTION II. BIOTECHNOLOGY TRADE AND PRODUCTION
3](#section-ii.-biotechnology-trade-and-production)

[Table 1. Crops Submitted for Regulatory Approval
4](#table-1.-crops-submitted-for-regulatory-approval)

[SECTION III. BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY
5](#section-iii.-biotechnology-policy)

[Table 2. Regulating Agencies and Relevant Legislation
5](#table-2.-regulating-agencies-and-relevant-legislation)

[Table 3. Agencies' Responsibilities
5](#table-3.-agencies-responsibilities)

[Table 4. Field Trials in 2004 5](#table-4.-field-trials-in-2004)

[Table 5. Approved Biotech Crops in Canada
5](#table-5.-approved-biotech-crops-in-canada)

[SECTION IV. MARKETING 5](#section-iv.-marketing)

[SECTION V. REFERENCE MATERIAL 5](#section-v.-reference-material)

[Find FAS on the World Wide Web: 5](#find-fas-on-the-world-wide-web)

[Recent Reports from FAS/Ottawa: 5](#recent-reports-from-fasottawa)

# SECTION I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The United States is Canada's most important and largest trading
partner, with Canada exporting roughly 60% of its agricultural products
to the United States on an annual basis. In addition, Canada is the
number one export market for U.S. agriculture products. The U.S. exports
roughly 16% of its agriculture products to Canada on annual basis. The
signing of the Free Trade Agreement and the North American Free Trade
Agreement has greatly increased the flow of products in both directions.
In addition, Canada, the U.S. and Mexico are working cooperatively in
the development of regulatory policy related to the biotechnology
sectors in the three countries, through the North American Biotechnology
Initiative (NABI).

Canada is a signatory to the Cartagena Protocol, but there has been no
movement by the Government of Canada to ratify it. Within the Canadian
agriculture industry there has been strong arguments for and strong
arguments against the Protocol's ratification. As of this date, the
Government of Canada is continuing to consult with members of the
industry to determine the best course of action for Canadian
agriculture. Canada relies heavily on U.S. exports of major grains and
oilseeds like corn and soybeans to meet the needs of its processing and
livestock industries. The ratification of the Protocol by Canada could
have an impact on future imports of genetically modified grains from the
United States.

Canada's regulatory system is science-based. Canada is the only country
in world whose regulatory process is based upon the traits expressed and
not on the basis of the method used to introduce the traits. This is why
in Canada biotechnology is defined as "the application of science and
engineering in the direct or indirect use of living organisms or parts
or products of living organisms in their natural or modified forms."
This broad definition encompasses products produced through various
techniques including conventional breeding, mutagenesis, and genetic
engineering.

In order to obtain regulatory approval for a plant with novel traits
(PNTs) or novel foods, the products must go through the six-steps of
Canada's regulatory process. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA),
Health Canada and Environment Canada are the primary agencies
responsible for monitoring and regulating the approval of a new product.
The CFIA is responsible for granting approval for commercial release and
use of a new product in livestock feed. Health Canada is responsible for
providing approval for the consumption of a new product in the human
food market. Environment Canada is involved when there is potential
impact on the environment by a new product. From the time of development
to the approval of a PNT or novel food can take anywhere between seven
to ten years, and in some instances even longer.

There has been a push by some industry groups to modify Canada's
regulatory approval process to include a market approval component
(cost-benefit analysis) as a condition for regulatory approval. This
proposed change to the regulatory system has met significant opposition
from other industry groups, who have indicated that the regulatory
system should remain science-based, with market considerations being
done in addition to, but not as a requirement for regulatory approval.

Canada's biotech industry continues to grow as more and more producers
are relying on biotech crops to meet their needs. According to "The
Global Diffusion of Plant Biotechnology: International Adoption and
Research in 2004," Canada has researched more field crops than any other
country. With institutions like Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genome
Canada, Plant Biotechnology Institute, the University of Guelph, the
University of Saskatchewan, Laval University and all private companies
investing time and money into the development of new crops in Canada,
the biotech industry in the country will continue to flourish and grow.

# SECTION II. BIOTECHNOLOGY TRADE AND PRODUCTION

In 2004, Canada was the third largest producer of biotech crops in the
world, with 5.4 million hectares planted, following behind the United
States and Argentina respectively. The three major biotech crops
produced in Canada are corn, canola and soybeans, which are all
genetically modified (GM). The three crops' combined area grew 23% in
2004, with 77% of the canola acreage planted to GM varieties. In Western
Canada, the primary canola growing region in Canada, over 90% of the
acres were sown to herbicide tolerant canola. With the continual
development of new GM varieties, the expectation is that the area sown
to GM crops in Canada will continue to increase. This is especially true
with the development of GM crops that are considered a health benefit.
For example, some varieties of canola and soybeans have been developed
with modified fatty acid contents to cater to the populace concerned
about trans fatty acids. In addition, the acreage planted to spring
wheat developed through mutagenesis is increasing in Canada and this
trend is expected to continue as varieties of wheat resistant to
fusarium are developed. Monsanto had applied for regulatory approval for
Roundup Ready wheat, but has since withdrawn plans to introduce the crop
on the market as a result of strong opposition from groups like the
Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) and the National Farmers Union (NFU).

Ontario and Quebec are the primary corn and soybean producing provinces
in Canada. In Ontario, it is estimated that approximately 50% of the
soybean and corn acres are planted to GM crops and approximately 90% of
the canola acreage in Ontario is GM. In 2004, corn and soybean acreage
in Ontario was 647 thousand hectares and 931 thousand hectares
respectively. The proportion of acreage planted to GM corn and soybean
has been increasing and expected to continue to increase. Quebec farmers
are also planting an increasing amount of GM crops. In 2004,
approximately 70% of the corn crop was either herbicide-tolerant or
insect-resistant.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is one of the regulatory
bodies responsible determining whether plants with novel traits (PNTs)
are safe for use in feed and release into the environment. The
regulatory approval procedure is ongoing and the CFIA is continually
receiving new PNTs to assess. Below is a current list of PNTs that have
been submitted to the CFIA in attempt to get regulatory approval.

# Table 1. Crops Submitted for Regulatory Approval

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  Product for Submission              Developer

  Maize (Event LY038), genetically    Monsanto Canada Inc.
  modified for elevated levels of     
  free lysine in grain                

  Alfalfa (Events J101 and J163)      Monsanto Canada Inc.
  genetically modified for glyphosate 
  herbicide tolerance                 

  Wheat (ALS3), bred for herbicide    BASF
  tolerance                           

  Cotton (MON 88913), genetically     Monsanto Canada Inc.
  modified for glyphosate herbicide   
  tolerance                           

  Corn (MON 88017), genetically       Monsanto Canada Inc.
  modified for insect resistance and  
  glyphosate herbicide tolerance      

  Corn (TC6275), genetically modified Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc.
  for insect resistance               
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

Source: Canadian Food Inspection Agency

The time between when a PNT is granted regulatory approval by the CFIA
and Health Canada for commercial release and the when a PNT is
introduced into the market is dependent upon the company producing the
product.

**Imports**

Canada imports biotechnology crops and products. This includes grains
and oilseeds, specifically corn and soybeans. Many of Canada's secondary
industries like the ethanol industry in Ontario rely on the large supply
of U.S. corn that is available right across the border. In addition,
Canada's hog industry and to a lesser extent the beef industry also rely
on corn and soybean imports from the United States. As a majority of the
corn and soybeans grown in U.S. are GM, this is what Canada imports. In
addition, Canada also imports GM papaya from Hawaii.

**Development of Biotech Crops**

A majority of the biotech products that have received regulatory
approval in Canada have also gone through the regulatory process in the
United States. It is an unwritten rule, but a general understanding that
when a company chooses to introduce a new biotech product, regulatory
approval is sought in both Canada and the United States. Because of the
quantity and free flow of goods moving across the border on a daily
basis, many of the multinationals, which generally have offices on both
sides of the border, apply for regulatory approval for a PNT in both the
U.S. and Canada at or close to the same time. This ensures than anything
that is approved in one country is not hindered in its movement to the
other country by lack of regulatory approval. In addition, approval in
both countries eliminates any issues that may arise due to accidental
contamination. There are many instances were GM crops not grown in
Canada have obtained regulatory approval here because those crops are
grown in the United States. For example, the Canadian climate does
permit the growing of cotton, but several varieties of GM cotton have
been approved in Canada. For the most part, biotech products that have
received regulatory approval in Canada will most likely apply for
regulatory approval in the United States. For products like wheat and
canola developed through mutagenesis, which by the definition of
biotechnology in Canada fall under the PNT heading and require
regulatory approval, do not require regulatory approval in the United
States.

# SECTION III. BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY

**Canada's Regulatory System**

Canada has an extensive science-based regulatory framework used in the
approval process of agricultural products produced through
biotechnology. Plants or products that are created with different or new
traits from their conventional counterparts are referred to in the
Canadian regulatory guidelines and legislation as plants with novel
traits (PNTs) or novel foods. Plants with novel traits are defined as:

-   A plant variety/genotype possessing characteristics that demonstrate
    neither familiarity nor substantial equivalence to those present in
    a distinct, stable population of a cultivated seed in Canada and
    that have been intentionally selected, created or introduced into a
    population of that species through a specific genetic change. Plants
    included under this definition are plants that are produced using
    recombinant DNA (rDNA) techniques, chemical mutagenesis, cell fusion
    and conventional cross breeding.

A novel food is defined as:

1.  A substance, including a microorganism that does not have a history
    of safe use as a food.

2.  A food that has been manufactured, prepared, preserved or packaged
    by a process that has not been previously applied to that food, and
    causes the food to undergo a major change.

3.  A food that is derived from a plant, animal or microorganism that
    has been genetically modified such that the plant, animal or
    microorganism exhibits characteristics that were not previously
    observed in that plant, animal or microorganism; the plant, animal
    or microorganism no longer exhibits characteristics that were
    previously observed in that plant, animal or microorganism; or one
    or more characteristics of the plant, animal or microorganism no
    longer fall within the anticipated range for that plant, animal or
    microorganism.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Health Canada (HC) and
Environment Canada (EC) are the three agencies are responsible for the
regulation and approval of products derived from biotechnology. The
three agencies work together to monitor development of plants with novel
traits, novel foods and all plants or products with new characteristics
not previously used in agriculture and food production.

The CFIA is responsible for regulating the importation, environmental
release, variety registration, and the use in livestock feeds of PNTs.
Health Canada is responsible for assessing the human health safety of
foods, including novel foods, and approving their use in commerce.
Environment Canada is responsible for administering the New Substances
Notification Regulations and for performing environmental risk
assessments of *Canadian Environmental Protection Act* (CEPA) toxic
substance, including organisms and microorganisms that may have been
derived through biotechnology.

# Table 2. Regulating Agencies and Relevant Legislation

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| De              | Products        | Relevant        | Regulations     |
| partment/Agency | Regulated       | Legislation     |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Canadian Food   | Plants and      | *Consumer       | *Feeds          |
| Inspection      | seeds,          | Packaging and   | Regulations,*   |
| Agency          | including those | Labeling Act,*  |                 |
|                 | with novel      |                 | *Fertilizer     |
|                 | traits,         | *Feeds Act,*    | Regulations,*   |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Animals,        | *Fertilizer     | *Health of      |
|                 |                 | Act,*           | Animals         |
|                 | Animals         |                 | Regulations,*   |
|                 | vaccines and    | *Food and Drugs |                 |
|                 | biologics,      | Act,*           | *Food and Drug  |
|                 |                 |                 | Regulations*    |
|                 | Fertilizers,    | *Health of      |                 |
|                 |                 | Animals Act,*   |                 |
|                 | Livestock feeds |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | *Seeds Act,*    |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | *Plant          |                 |
|                 |                 | Protection Act* |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Environment     | Biotechnology   | *Canadian       | *New Substances |
| Canada          | products under  | Environmental   | Notification    |
|                 | CEPA, such as   | Protection Act* | Regulations*    |
|                 | microorganisms  | (CEPA)          |                 |
|                 | used in         |                 | (These          |
|                 | bioremediation, |                 | regulations     |
|                 |                 |                 | apply to        |
|                 | Waste disposal, |                 | products not    |
|                 | mineral         |                 | regulated under |
|                 | leaching or     |                 | other federal   |
|                 | enhanced oil    |                 | legislation)    |
|                 | recovery        |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Health Canada   | Foods,          | *Food and Drugs | *Cosmetics      |
|                 |                 | Act,*           | Regulations,*   |
|                 | Drugs,          |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | *Canadian       | *Food and Drug  |
|                 | Cosmetics,      | Environmental   | Regulations,*   |
|                 |                 | Protection      |                 |
|                 | Medical         | Act,*           | *Novel Foods    |
|                 | devices,        |                 | Regulations,*   |
|                 |                 | *Pest Control   |                 |
|                 | Pest control    | Products Act*   | *Medical        |
|                 | products        |                 | Devices         |
|                 |                 |                 | Regulations,*   |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 | *New Substances |
|                 |                 |                 | Notification    |
|                 |                 |                 | Regulations,*   |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 | *Pest Control   |
|                 |                 |                 | Products        |
|                 |                 |                 | Regulation*     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Fisheries and   | Potential       | *Fisheries Act* | Under           |
| Oceans          | environmental   |                 | development     |
|                 | release of      |                 |                 |
|                 | transgenic      |                 |                 |
|                 | aquatic         |                 |                 |
|                 | organisms       |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

# Table 3. Agencies' Responsibilities

+-------------------------------+--------+------------+---------------+
| Category                      | CFIA   | Health     | Environment   |
|                               |        | Canada     | Canada        |
+-------------------------------+--------+------------+---------------+
| **Human Health & Food         |        | X          |               |
| Safety**                      |        |            |               |
|                               |        | X          |               |
| -   Approval of novel foods   |        |            |               |
|                               |        | X          |               |
| -   Allergens                 |        |            |               |
|                               |        | X          |               |
| -   Nutritional content       |        |            |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Potential presence of     |        |            |               |
|     toxins                    |        |            |               |
+-------------------------------+--------+------------+---------------+
| **Food Labeling Policies**    | X      | X          |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Nutritional content       |        | X          |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Allergens                 |        | X          |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Special dietary needs     |        |            |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Fraud and consumer        |        |            |               |
|     protection                |        |            |               |
+-------------------------------+--------+------------+---------------+
| **Safety Assessments**        | X      |            |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Fertilizers               | X      |            |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Seeds                     | X      |            |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Plants                    | X      |            |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Animals                   | X      |            |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Animal vaccines           | X      |            |               |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Animal feeds              |        |            |               |
+-------------------------------+--------+------------+---------------+
| **Testing Standards**         |        |            | X             |
|                               |        |            |               |
| -   Guidelines for Testing    |        |            |               |
|     Effects on Environment    |        |            |               |
+-------------------------------+--------+------------+---------------+

Plants with novels traits are subjected to examination under Canada's
six-step regulatory process. The six steps are:

1.  Scientists working with genetically modified organisms, including
    the development of PNTs, adhere to Canadian Institute for Health
    Research directives, as well as the codes of practice of their own
    institutional biosafety committees. These guidelines protect the
    health and safety of laboratory staff and ensure environmental
    containment.

2.  The CFIA monitors all PNT field trials to comply with guidelines for
    environmental safety and to ensure confinement, so that the transfer
    of pollen to neighboring fields does not occur.

3.  The CFIA scrutinizes the transportation of seed to and from trial
    sites as well as the movement of all harvested plant material. The
    CFIA also strictly controls the importation of all seeds, living
    plants and plant parts, which includes plants containing novel
    traits.

In 2004, Canada had 64 submissions and 180 field trials of various crops
from numerous companies.

# Table 4. Field Trials in 2004 

  -------------- -------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ------------ ------------ ---------------- ------- ----------
  Crop           Field    Herbicide   Stress      Genetic    Nutritional   Male          Insect       Fungal       Pharmaceutical   Other   Province
                 Trials   Tolerance   Tolerance   Research   Change        Sterility/    Resistance   Resistance                            of field
                                                                           Restoration                                                      trial

  Alfalfa        4        0           0           4          0             0             0            0            0                0       SK

  Brown Mustard  6        6           0           0          0             0             0            0            0                0       SK

  Canola/napus   94       11          17          1          2             11            3            24           0                60      ON, MB,
                                                                                                                                            SK, AB

  Corn           12       10          0           0          0             0             10           2            0                0       ON

  Creeping       3        3           0           0          0             0             0            0            0                0       ON
  Bentgrass                                                                                                                                 

  Durum Wheat    1        1           0           0          0             0             0            0            0                0       SK

  Safflower      7        7           0           0          0             0             0            0            7                0       AB

  Soybean        2        0           0           2          0             0             0            0            5                4       ON

  Tobacco        1        0           0           0          0             0             0            0            3                5       ON

  Trees          4        0           0           2          0             0             1            0            0                0       QC

  Wheat          37       28          0           0          0             0             0            7            0                2       MB, SK, AB
  -------------- -------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ------------ ------------ ---------------- ------- ----------

Source: Canadian Food Inspection Agency

Note: Some field trials had more than one breeding objective; therefore
in some instances the number of field trials listed may exceed the total
number of trials authorized. In addition, some field trials do not take
place once authorized.

(Provinces: AB-Alberta, MB-Manitoba, ON-Ontario, QC-Quebec,
SK-Saskatchewan)

4.  Before any PNT is permitted to be grown outside of confined trials,
    CFIA must complete an environmental safety assessment focusing on:

-   Potential for movement of the novel trait to related plant species

-   Impact on non-target organisms (including insects, birds and
    mammals)

-   Impact on biodiversity

-   Potential for weed infestations arising from the introduced trait(s)

-   Potential for the novel plant to become a plant pest

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-   The CFIA evaluates all livestock feeds for safety and efficacy,
    including nutritional value, toxicity and stability. Data submitted
    for novel feeds include a description of the organism and genetic
    modification, intended use, environmental fate and potential for the
    gene (or metabolic) products to reach the human food chain. Safety
    aspects cover the animal eating the feed, consumption of the animal
    product by humans, worker safety and any environmental impacts
    related to use of the feed.

-   Health Canada is responsible for assessing food with no previous
    history of safe use or food that is manufactured by a new process
    that causes a significant change in composition or is derived from
    an organism genetically modified to possess novel trait(s). Health
    Canada developed the *Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Novel
    Foods, Volumes I and II*, in consultation with experts from the
    international community, including the Food and Agriculture
    Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the
    Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Using
    the *Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Novel Foods*, Health
    Canada examines:

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-   How the food crop was developed, including molecular biological data

-   Composition of the novel food, compared to non-modified counterparts

-   Nutritional data for the novel food, compared to non-modified
    counterparts

-   Potential for new toxins

-   Potential for causing any allergic reaction

-   Dietary exposure by the average consumer and population sub-groups
    (such as children)

5.  Canada's system of registration for newly developed crop varieties
    ensures that only varieties with proven benefits to producers and
    consumers are sold. Once approved for use in field trials, varieties
    are evaluated in regional field trials. Plant varieties produced
    through biotechnology cannot be registered and sold in Canada until
    authorized for environmental, livestock feed and food safety.

> Developers of plants with stacked traits, which were created from
> previously authorized PNTs, are required to notify the CFIA's Plant
> Biosafety Office (PBO) at least 60 days prior to the anticipated date
> of the environmental release of these plants. Following notification,
> the PBO may issue a letter (within 60 days of notification) informing
> the developer of any concerns it may have regarding the proposed
> unconfined environmental release. The PBO may also request and review
> data to support the safe use of the modified plant in the environment.
> Stacking of traits with potential incompatible management
> requirements, possible negative synergistic effects, or where
> production of the plant may be extended to a new area of the country,
> may require an environmental safety assessment. Until all
> environmental safety concerns have been resolved, the modified plant
> should not be released in the environment.

6.  Once environmental, feed and food safety authorizations are granted,
    the PNT and feed and food products derived from it can enter the
    marketplace, but are still subject to the same regulatory scrutiny
    that applies to all conventional products in Canada. In addition,
    any new information arising about the safety of a PNT or its food
    products must be reported to government regulators who, upon further
    investigation, may amend or revoke authorization and/or immediately
    remove the product(s) from the marketplace.

From development to the time the product has been approved for human
consumption can take anywhere between seven to ten years. In some
instances the process takes longer than 10 years.

In order to maintain the integrity of Canada's regulatory system,
several advisory committees have been established to monitor and advise
the government of current and future regulatory needs. The Canadian
Biotechnology Advisory Committee (CBAC) was established in 1999 to
advise the government on ethical, social, scientific, economic,
regulatory, environmental and health aspects. The CBAC released a report
*Improving the Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods and Other Novel
Foods in Canada* in August 2001. Scientists from the Royal Society of
Canada have also prepared a report to help strengthen Canada's
regulatory system for future crops.

There has been a concentrated push from various farm groups within
Canada's agriculture industry, like the Canadian Wheat Board, the
Canadian Federation of Agriculture and others, to modify Canada's
regulatory system to include a cost-benefit analysis as a part of the
regulatory process prior to the release of a novel plant, with specific
focus on those crops produced through genetic modification. These groups
are not proposing that this change be applied to all novel food and
PNTs, but more specifically be applied only to field crops. In addition,
these groups also propose that a cost-benefit analysis to certain crops
only be applied to certain crops. The argument put forth by the groups
striving for this change is that the current regulatory system allows
for the introduction of a new product created through biotechnology,
without taking into consideration what the impact the product may have
on the marketplace. These groups want to ensure that potential market
impact, system compatibility, economic benefits and costs to farmers are
considered and adequately addressed prior to the unconfined release and
production of new agricultural products in Canada. Farm groups like the
Grain Growers of Canada, Agricore United and many others strongly oppose
amending Canada's regulatory framework and adding a cost-benefit
analysis as a requirement for the approval of any plant or foods with
novel traits. These groups believe that Canada has one of the best
regulatory processes in the world and it should remain science-driven,
with the decision for or against approval be science-based, not
market-based. These groups forecast that adding a cost-benefit analysis
to the regulatory approval process will only bog it down, and add
unnecessary additional layers to the already complex and intricate
approval process. The addition of a cost-benefit analysis could further
delay the introduction of crops that could be beneficial to Canadian
producers, putting them at a competitive disadvantage with competing
countries, who have already approved the product, including the United
States. During the debate regarding the approval of Round-up Ready
wheat, the groups that opposed the changes to the regulatory process
conceded to include a market impact study done in addition to the
regulatory approval, but approval of the product was not contingent on
findings of the market impact study.

# Table 5. Approved Biotech Crops in Canada

+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| ###      | **    | **      | **Ev     | **Trait        | **R     |
| ### Crop | Trait | Applica | ent(s)** | De             | eviewed |
|          | Categ | nt(s)** |          | scription(s)** | Uses    |
|          | ory** |         |          |                | within  |
|          |       |         |          |                | C       |
|          |       |         |          |                | anada** |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Herb  | Bayer   | HCN92    | Glufosinate    | Envir   |
| Brassica | icide | Crop    |          | ammonium       | onment, |
| napus    | Tole  | Science |          | tolerant;      | food,   |
|          | rance | (       |          | Ph             | and     |
|          |       | Aventis |          | osphinothricin | feed    |
|          |       | Crop    |          | ace            |         |
|          |       | Science |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       | (AgrEvo |          | (PAT) from     |         |
|          |       | C       |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       | anada)) |          | viri           |         |
|          |       |         |          | dochromogenes* |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Herb  | M       | G        | Glyphosate     | Envir   |
| Brassica | icide | onsanto | T73,RT73 | tolerant;      | onment, |
| napus    | Tole  | Canada  |          | Enzymes        | food,   |
|          | rance |         |          | 5-enoly        | and     |
|          |       |         |          | pyruvylshikima | feed    |
|          |       |         |          | te-3-phosphate |         |
|          |       |         |          | synthase       |         |
|          |       |         |          | (EPSPS) from   |         |
|          |       |         |          | the CP4 strain |         |
|          |       |         |          | of             |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Agrobacterium |         |
|          |       |         |          | tumefaciens*   |         |
|          |       |         |          | and glyphosate |         |
|          |       |         |          | oxidase from   |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Ochrobactrum  |         |
|          |       |         |          | anthropi*      |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Herb  | Pioneer | NS738,   | Imidazolinone  | Envir   |
| Brassica | icide | Hi-Bred | NS1471,  | tolerant;      | onment, |
| napus    | Tole  | Int     | NS1473   | Selection of   | food,   |
|          | rance | ernatio |          | somaclonal     | and     |
|          |       | nalInc. |          | variants with  | feed    |
|          |       |         |          | altered        |         |
|          |       |         |          | acetolactate   |         |
|          |       |         |          | synthase (ALS) |         |
|          |       |         |          | enzymes,       |         |
|          |       |         |          | following      |         |
|          |       |         |          | chemical       |         |
|          |       |         |          | mutagenesis    |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Mod   | Calgene | 23-198,  | Higher laurate | Envir   |
| Brassica | ified | (cu     | 23-18-17 | and myristate  | onment, |
| napus    | seed  | rrently |          | content,       | food,   |
|          | fatty | Mo      |          | thioesterase   | and     |
|          | acid  | nsanto) |          | encoding gene  | feed    |
|          | co    |         |          | from the       |         |
|          | ntent |         |          | California bay |         |
|          |       |         |          | laurel         |         |
|          |       |         |          | (*Umbellularia |         |
|          |       |         |          | californica)*  |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Herb  | M       | GT200    | Glyphosate     | Envir   |
| Brassica | icide | onsanto |          | tolerant;      | onment, |
| napus    | Tole  | Canada  |          | enzymes        | food,   |
|          | rance |         |          | 5-enoly        | and     |
|          |       |         |          | pyruvylshikima | feed    |
|          |       |         |          | te-3-phosphate |         |
|          |       |         |          | synthase       |         |
|          |       |         |          | (EPSPS) from   |         |
|          |       |         |          | the CP4 strain |         |
|          |       |         |          | of             |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Agrobacterium |         |
|          |       |         |          | tumefaciens*   |         |
|          |       |         |          | and glyphosate |         |
|          |       |         |          | oxidase from   |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Ochrobactrum  |         |
|          |       |         |          | anthropi*      |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Herb  | Bayer   | T4       | Glufosinate    | Envir   |
| Brassica | icide | Crop    | 5(HCN28) | ammonium       | onment, |
| napus    | Tole  | Science |          | tolerant;      | food,   |
|          | rance | (       |          | phosphin       | and     |
|          |       | Aventis |          | othricin-N-ace | feed    |
|          |       | Crop    |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       | Science |          | (PAT) isolated |         |
|          |       | (AgrEvo |          | from the       |         |
|          |       | C       |          | common aerobic |         |
|          |       | anada)) |          | soil           |         |
|          |       |         |          | actinomycete,  |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       |         |          | viri           |         |
|          |       |         |          | dochromogenes* |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Mod   | Pioneer | 45A37,   | High oleic     | Food    |
| Brassica | ified | Hi-Bred | 46A40    | acid and low   |         |
| napus    | seed  | Intern  |          | linolenic acid |         |
|          | fatty | ational |          | content;       |         |
|          | acid  | Inc.    |          | chemical       |         |
|          | co    |         |          | mutagenesis    |         |
|          | ntent |         |          | through        |         |
|          |       |         |          | exposure to a  |         |
|          |       |         |          | solution of    |         |
|          |       |         |          | et             |         |
|          |       |         |          | hylnitrosourea |         |
|          |       |         |          | (8 mM) in      |         |
|          |       |         |          | dim            |         |
|          |       |         |          | ethylsulfoxide |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Mod   | Pioneer | 46A12,   | High oleic     | Food    |
| Brassica | ified | Hi-Bred | 46A16    | acid and low   |         |
| napus    | seed  | Intern  |          | linolenic acid |         |
|          | fatty | ational |          | content;       |         |
|          | acid  | Inc.    |          | chemical       |         |
|          | co    |         |          | mutagenesis    |         |
|          | ntent |         |          | through        |         |
|          |       |         |          | exposure to a  |         |
|          |       |         |          | solution of    |         |
|          |       |         |          | et             |         |
|          |       |         |          | hylnitrosourea |         |
|          |       |         |          | (8 mM) in      |         |
|          |       |         |          | dim            |         |
|          |       |         |          | ethylsulfoxide |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Herb  | Bayer   | HCN10    | Glufosinate    | Envir   |
| Brassica | icide | Crop    |          | ammonium       | onment, |
| napus    | Tole  | Science |          | tolerant;      | food,   |
|          | rance | (       |          | Ph             | and     |
|          |       | Aventis |          | osphinothricin | feed    |
|          |       | CropS   |          | ace            |         |
|          |       | cience) |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       |         |          | (PAT) from     |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       |         |          | viri           |         |
|          |       |         |          | dochromogenes* |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Male- | Bayer   | MS1, RF1 | Glufosinate    | Envir   |
| Brassica | steri | Crop    | =\> PGS1 | ammonium       | onment, |
| napus    | lity/ | Science |          | herbicide      | food,   |
|          | fert  | (Plant  |          | tolerance and  | and     |
|          | ility | Genetic |          | fertility      | feed    |
|          | re    | S       |          | restored; MS   |         |
|          | stora | ystems) |          | lines          |         |
|          | tion, |         |          | contained the  |         |
|          | herb  |         |          | *barnase* gene |         |
|          | icide |         |          | from *Bacillus |         |
|          | tole  |         |          | amylo          |         |
|          | rance |         |          | liquefaciens*, |         |
|          |       |         |          | RF lines       |         |
|          |       |         |          | contained the  |         |
|          |       |         |          | *barstar* gene |         |
|          |       |         |          | from the same  |         |
|          |       |         |          | bacteria, and  |         |
|          |       |         |          | both lines     |         |
|          |       |         |          | contained the  |         |
|          |       |         |          | ph             |         |
|          |       |         |          | osphinothricin |         |
|          |       |         |          | N-ace          |         |
|          |       |         |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       |         |          | (PAT) encoding |         |
|          |       |         |          | gene from      |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       |         |          | h              |         |
|          |       |         |          | ygroscopicus*. |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Male- | Bayer   | MS1, RF2 | Glufosinate    | Envir   |
| Brassica | steri | Crop    | =\>PGS2  | ammonium       | onment, |
| napus    | lity/ | Science |          | herbicide      | food,   |
|          | fert  | (Plant  |          | tolerance and  | and     |
|          | ility | Genetic |          | fertility      | feed    |
|          | re    | S       |          | restored; MS   |         |
|          | stora | ystems) |          | lines          |         |
|          | tion, |         |          | contained the  |         |
|          | herb  |         |          | *barnase* gene |         |
|          | icide |         |          | from *Bacillus |         |
|          | tole  |         |          | amylo          |         |
|          | rance |         |          | liquefaciens*, |         |
|          |       |         |          | RF lines       |         |
|          |       |         |          | contained the  |         |
|          |       |         |          | *barstar* gene |         |
|          |       |         |          | from the same  |         |
|          |       |         |          | bacteria, and  |         |
|          |       |         |          | both lines     |         |
|          |       |         |          | contained the  |         |
|          |       |         |          | ph             |         |
|          |       |         |          | osphinothricin |         |
|          |       |         |          | N-ace          |         |
|          |       |         |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       |         |          | (PAT) encoding |         |
|          |       |         |          | gene from      |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       |         |          | h              |         |
|          |       |         |          | ygroscopicus*. |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Male- | Bayer   | MS8xRF3  | Glufosinate    | Envir   |
| Brassica | steri | Crop    |          | ammonium       | onment, |
| napus    | lity/ | Sceince |          | herbicide      | food,   |
|          | fert  | (Plant  |          | tolerance and  | and     |
|          | ility | Genetic |          | fertility      | feed    |
|          | re    | S       |          | restored; MS   |         |
|          | stora | ystems) |          | lines          |         |
|          | tion, |         |          | contained the  |         |
|          | herb  |         |          | *barnase* gene |         |
|          | icide |         |          | from *Bacillus |         |
|          | tole  |         |          | amylo          |         |
|          | rance |         |          | liquefaciens*, |         |
|          |       |         |          | RF lines       |         |
|          |       |         |          | contained the  |         |
|          |       |         |          | *barstar* gene |         |
|          |       |         |          | from the same  |         |
|          |       |         |          | bacteria, and  |         |
|          |       |         |          | both lines     |         |
|          |       |         |          | contained the  |         |
|          |       |         |          | ph             |         |
|          |       |         |          | osphinothricin |         |
|          |       |         |          | N-ace          |         |
|          |       |         |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       |         |          | (PAT) encoding |         |
|          |       |         |          | gene from      |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       |         |          | h              |         |
|          |       |         |          | ygroscopicus*. |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Herb  | Bayer   | OXY-235  | Oxynil         | Envir   |
| Brassica | icide | Crop    |          | (bromoxynil    | onment, |
| napus    | Tole  | Science |          | and ioxynil)   | food,   |
|          | rance | (Rhone  |          | tolerant;      | and     |
|          |       | Poulenc |          | nitrilase gene | feed    |
|          |       | Inc.)   |          | from           |         |
|          |       |         |          | Klebsiella     |         |
|          |       |         |          | pneumoniae     |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Herb  | M       | ZS       | > Glyphosate   | Envi    |
| Brassica | icide | onsanto | R500/502 | > tolerant;    | ronment |
| rapa     | Tole  | Canada  |          | >              | and     |
|          | rance |         |          | Inter-specific | feed.   |
|          |       |         |          | > cross with   | Not     |
|          |       |         |          | > transgenic   | con     |
|          |       |         |          | > Brassica     | sidered |
|          |       |         |          | > napus canola | novel   |
|          |       |         |          | > line GT73.   | for     |
|          |       |         |          |                | food.   |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Canola/  | Herb  | Bayer   | HCR-1    | Glufosinate    | Envi    |
| Brassica | icide | Crop    |          | ammonium       | ronment |
| rapa     | Tole  | Science |          | herbicide      | and     |
|          | rance | (       |          | tolerance;     | feed.   |
|          |       | Aventis |          | Inter-specific | Not     |
|          |       | Crop    |          | cross with     | con     |
|          |       | Science |          | trans          | sidered |
|          |       | (AgrEvo |          | genic*Brassica | novel   |
|          |       | C       |          | napus* canola  | for     |
|          |       | anada)) |          | line T45       | food.   |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | I     | S       | 176      | European Corn  | Envir   |
| Zea mays | nsect | yngenta |          | Borer          | onment, |
|          | R     | Seeds,  |          | resistant,     | food,   |
|          | esist | Inc.    |          | Glufosinate    | and     |
|          | ance, |         |          | ammonium       | feed    |
|          | Herb  |         |          | herbicide      |         |
|          | icide |         |          | tolerant;      |         |
|          | Tole  |         |          | *Cry1Ab* from  |         |
|          | rance |         |          | *Bacillus      |         |
|          |       |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | (Bt)           |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Herb  | Pioneer | 3751IR   | Imidazolinone  | Envir   |
| Zea mays | icide | Hi-Bred |          | herbicide      | onment, |
|          | Tole  | Intern  |          | tolerant;      | food,   |
|          | rance | ational |          | developed from | and     |
|          |       | Inc.    |          | a mutant line  | feed    |
|          |       |         |          | (XA17)         |         |
|          |       |         |          | selected from  |         |
|          |       |         |          | somatic        |         |
|          |       |         |          | (non           |         |
|          |       |         |          | -reproductive) |         |
|          |       |         |          | maize embryos  |         |
|          |       |         |          | grown on       |         |
|          |       |         |          | imidazol       |         |
|          |       |         |          | inone-enriched |         |
|          |       |         |          | media under    |         |
|          |       |         |          | conditions     |         |
|          |       |         |          | designed to    |         |
|          |       |         |          | induce         |         |
|          |       |         |          | mutation.      |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Herb  | S       | E        | >              | Envir   |
| Zea mays | icide | yngenta | XP1910IT |  Imidazolinone | onment, |
|          | Tole  | Seeds,  |          | > herbicide    | food,   |
|          | rance | Inc.    |          | > tolerance,   | and     |
|          |       |         |          | > specifically | feed    |
|          |       |         |          | > imazethapyr; |         |
|          |       |         |          | > Chemically   |         |
|          |       |         |          | > induced      |         |
|          |       |         |          | > pollen       |         |
|          |       |         |          | > mutagenesis  |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | I     | S       | Bt11     | European Corn  | Envir   |
| Zea mays | nsect | yngenta | (X       | Borer          | onment, |
|          | R     | Seeds,  | 4334CBR, | resistant,     | food,   |
|          | esist | Inc.    | X        | Glufosinate    | and     |
|          | ance, |         | 4737CBR) | ammonium       | feed    |
|          | Herb  |         |          | herbicide      |         |
|          | icide |         |          | tolerant;      |         |
|          | Tole  |         |          | *cry1Ab* from  |         |
|          | rance |         |          | *Bacillus      |         |
|          |       |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | and *pat* from |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       |         |          | viri           |         |
|          |       |         |          | dochromogenes* |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Herb  | BASF    | DK404SR  | Sethoxydim     | Envir   |
| Zea mays | icide | Inc.    |          | tolerant;      | onment, |
|          | Tole  |         |          | Selection of   | food,   |
|          | rance |         |          | somaclonal     | and     |
|          |       |         |          | variants from  | feed    |
|          |       |         |          | embryo         |         |
|          |       |         |          | cultures       |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Herb  | Bayer   | T14, T25 | Glufosinate    | Envir   |
| Zea mays | icide | Crop    |          | ammonium       | onment, |
|          | Tole  | Science |          | tolerant;      | food,   |
|          | rance | (       |          | phosphin       | and     |
|          |       | Aventis |          | othricin-N-ace | feed    |
|          |       | Crop    |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       | Science |          | (PAT) from     |         |
|          |       | (AgrEvo |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       | C       |          | viri           |         |
|          |       | anada)) |          | dochromogenes* |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Herb  | M       | B1       | Glufosinate    | Envir   |
| Zea mays | icide | onsanto | 6(DLL25) | ammonium       | onment, |
|          | Tole  | Canada  |          | tolerant;      | food,   |
|          | rance | (Dekalb |          | phosphin       | and     |
|          |       | G       |          | othricin-N-ace | feed    |
|          |       | enetics |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       | Corpo   |          | (PAT) from     |         |
|          |       | ration) |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       |         |          | viri           |         |
|          |       |         |          | dochromogenes* |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Herb  | Bayer   | MS3      | Glufosinate    | Envir   |
| Zea mays | icide | Crop    |          | ammonium       | onment, |
|          | Toler | Science |          | tolerant and   | food,   |
|          | ance, | (       |          | male           | and     |
|          | male  | Aventis |          | sterility;     | feed    |
|          | ster  | Crop    |          | phosphin       |         |
|          | ility | Science |          | othricin-N-ace |         |
|          |       | (AgrEvo |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       | C       |          | (PAT) from     |         |
|          |       | anada)) |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       |         |          | virid          |         |
|          |       |         |          | ochromogenes,* |         |
|          |       |         |          | barnase gene,  |         |
|          |       |         |          | isolated from  |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Bacillus      |         |
|          |       |         |          | amyl           |         |
|          |       |         |          | oliquefaciens* |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | I     | Pioneer | MON809   | European Corn  | Envir   |
| Zea mays | nsect | Hi-Bred |          | Borer          | onment, |
|          | R     | Intern  |          | Resistant,     | food,   |
|          | esist | ational |          | Glyphosate     | and     |
|          | ance, | Inc.    |          | Tolerant,      | feed    |
|          | Herb  |         |          | *cry1Ab* from  |         |
|          | icide |         |          | *Bacillus      |         |
|          | Tole  |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          | rance |         |          | (*Bt*)         |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | I     | M       | MON810   | European Corn  | Envir   |
| Zea mays | nsect | onsanto |          | Borer          | onment, |
|          | Resis | Canada  |          | Resistant;     | food,   |
|          | tance |         |          | *cry1Ab* from  | and     |
|          |       |         |          | *Bacillus      | feed    |
|          |       |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | (*Bt*)         |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | I     | M       | DBT418   | European Corn  | Envir   |
| Zea mays | nsect | onsanto |          | Borer          | onment, |
|          | R     | Canada  |          | resistant,     | food,   |
|          | esist | (Dekalb |          | Glufosinate    | and     |
|          | ance, | G       |          | ammonium       | feed    |
|          | Herb  | enetics |          | herbicide      |         |
|          | icide | Corpo   |          | tolerant;      |         |
|          | Tole  | ration) |          | *cry1Ac* from  |         |
|          | rance |         |          | *Bacillus      |         |
|          |       |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | (*Bt*) and     |         |
|          |       |         |          | *bar*          |         |
|          |       |         |          | (ph            |         |
|          |       |         |          | osphinothricin |         |
|          |       |         |          | N-ace          |         |
|          |       |         |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       |         |          | (PAT)) from    |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       |         |          | hygroscopicus* |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | I     | M       | MON802   | European Corn  | Envir   |
| Zea mays | nsect | onsanto |          | Borer          | onment, |
|          | R     | Canada  |          | Resistant,     | food,   |
|          | esist |         |          | Glyphosate     | and     |
|          | ance, |         |          | Tolerant;      | feed    |
|          | Herb  |         |          | *cry1Ab* gene, |         |
|          | icide |         |          | isolated from  |         |
|          | Tole  |         |          | the common     |         |
|          | rance |         |          | soil bacterium |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Bacillus      |         |
|          |       |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | (*Bt*), CP4    |         |
|          |       |         |          | EPSPS from     |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Agrobacterium |         |
|          |       |         |          | tumefaciens*   |         |
|          |       |         |          | and *goxv247*  |         |
|          |       |         |          | from           |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Ochrobactrum  |         |
|          |       |         |          | anthropi*      |         |
|          |       |         |          | strain LBAA    |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Herb  | M       | MON832   | Glyphosate     | Food    |
| Zea mays | icide | onsanto |          | Tolerant;      |         |
|          | Tole  | Canada  |          | EPSPS from     |         |
|          | rance |         |          | strain CP4 of  |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Agrobacterium |         |
|          |       |         |          | tumefaciens*   |         |
|          |       |         |          | and *goxv*247  |         |
|          |       |         |          | from strain    |         |
|          |       |         |          | LBAA of        |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Ochrobactrum  |         |
|          |       |         |          | anthropi*      |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Herb  | M       | GA21     | Glyphosate     | Envir   |
| Zea mays | icide | onsanto |          | Tolerant;      | onment, |
|          | Tole  | Canada  |          | particle       | food,   |
|          | rance |         |          | acceleration   | and     |
|          |       |         |          | (biolistic)    | feed    |
|          |       |         |          | transformation |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Herb  | M       | NK603    | Glyphosate     | Envir   |
| Zea mays | icide | onsanto |          | Tolerant;      | onment, |
|          | Tole  | Canada  |          | EPSPS from the | food,   |
|          | rance |         |          | CP4 strain of  | and     |
|          |       |         |          | *Agrobacterium | feed    |
|          |       |         |          | tumefaciens*   |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | I     | Mycogen | TC1507   | European Corn  | Envir   |
| Zea mays | nsect | (c/o    |          | Borer          | onment, |
|          | R     | Dow     |          | resistant,     | food,   |
|          | esist | AgroSci |          | Glufosinate    | and     |
|          | ance, | ences); |          | ammonium       | feed    |
|          | Herb  | Pioneer |          | herbicide      |         |
|          | icide | Hi-Bred |          | tolerant;      |         |
|          | Tole  | Intern  |          | *cry1Fa2* from |         |
|          | rance | ational |          | *Bacillus      |         |
|          |       | Inc.    |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | (*Bt*) var.    |         |
|          |       |         |          | *aizawai* and  |         |
|          |       |         |          | phosphin       |         |
|          |       |         |          | othricin-N-ace |         |
|          |       |         |          | tyltransferase |         |
|          |       |         |          | (PAT) from     |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       |         |          | viri           |         |
|          |       |         |          | dochromogenes* |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Pest  | M       | MON863   | Western and    | Envir   |
| Zea mays | Resis | onsanto |          | Northern Corn  | onment, |
|          | tance | Canada  |          | Rootworm       | food,   |
|          |       |         |          | Resistant;     | and     |
|          |       |         |          | *cry3Bb1* from | feed    |
|          |       |         |          | *Bacillus      |         |
|          |       |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | (subsp.        |         |
|          |       |         |          | kumamotoensis) |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Corn /   | Herb  | Pioneer | IT       | Imidazolinone  | Food    |
| Zea mays | icide | Hi-Bred |          | herbicide      |         |
|          | Tole  | Intern  |          | tolerance; *In |         |
|          | rance | ational |          | vitro*         |         |
|          |       | Inc.    |          | selection,     |         |
|          |       |         |          | mutation XI-12 |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Cotton   | Pest  | M       | MON      | > Lepidopteran | Food    |
| Seed /   | Resis | onsanto | 531/757/ | > Resistant    | and     |
| G        | tance | Canada  |          | > including,   | feed.   |
| ossypium |       |         | 1076     | > but not      | Not     |
| hirsutum |       |         |          | > limited to,  | grown   |
| L.       |       |         |          | > cotton       | in      |
|          |       |         |          | > bollworm,    | Canada  |
|          |       |         |          | > pink         |         |
|          |       |         |          | > bollworm,    |         |
|          |       |         |          | > tobacco      |         |
|          |       |         |          | > budworm;     |         |
|          |       |         |          | > *cry1Ac*     |         |
|          |       |         |          | > from         |         |
|          |       |         |          | > *Bacillus    |         |
|          |       |         |          | >              |         |
|          |       |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | > (*Bt*),      |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Cotton   | Herb  | M       | MON1     | Glyphosate     | Feed    |
| Seed /   | icide | onsanto | 445/1698 | Tolerant;      | (both   |
| G        | Tole  | Canada  |          | -enol          | lines)  |
| ossypium | rance |         |          | pyruvylshikima | and     |
| hirsutum |       |         |          | te-3-phosphate | food    |
| L.       |       |         |          | synthase       | (1445   |
|          |       |         |          | (EPSPS) from   | only).  |
|          |       |         |          | CP4 strain of  | Not     |
|          |       |         |          | *Agrobacterium | grown   |
|          |       |         |          | tumefaciens*   | in      |
|          |       |         |          |                | Canada  |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Cotton   | Herb  | M       | BXN      | Oxynil         | Food    |
| Seed /   | icide | onsanto | lines    | (Bromoxynil    | and     |
| G        | Tole  | Canada  |          | and Ioxynil)   | feed.   |
| ossypium | rance | (       |          | Tolerant;      | Not     |
| hirsutum |       | Calgene |          | *bxn* from     | grown   |
| L.       |       | Inc.)   |          | *Klebsiella    | in      |
|          |       |         |          | pneumoniae*    | Canada  |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Cotton   | Pest  | M       | 15985    | Lepidopteran   | Envi    |
| Seed /   | Resis | onsanto |          | Resistant,     | ronment |
| G        | tance | Canada  |          | including, but | (import |
| ossypium |       |         |          | not limited    | basis), |
| hirsutum |       |         |          | to, cotton     | food    |
| L.       |       |         |          | bollworm, pink | and     |
|          |       |         |          | bollworm,      | feed.   |
|          |       |         |          | tobacco        | Not     |
|          |       |         |          | budworm; from  | grown   |
|          |       |         |          | the hybrid     | in      |
|          |       |         |          | cotton variety | Canada. |
|          |       |         |          | DP50B (a cross |         |
|          |       |         |          | between DP50   |         |
|          |       |         |          | and transgenic |         |
|          |       |         |          | cotton line    |         |
|          |       |         |          | MON 531),      |         |
|          |       |         |          | expresses both |         |
|          |       |         |          | Cry1Ac and     |         |
|          |       |         |          | Cry2Ab         |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Cotton   | Herb  | Bayer   | LL       | Glufosinate    | Envi    |
| Seed /   | icide | Crop    | Cotton25 | ammonium       | ronment |
| G        | Tole  | Science |          | herbicide      | (import |
| ossypium | rance | (       |          | tolerant;      | basis), |
| hirsutum |       | Aventis |          | *bar*          | food    |
| L.       |       | Crop    |          | (ph            | and     |
|          |       | Science |          | osphinothricin | feed.   |
|          |       | (AgrEvo |          | N-ace          | Not     |
|          |       | C       |          | tyltransferase | grown   |
|          |       | anada)) |          | (PAT)) from    | in      |
|          |       |         |          | *Streptomyces  | Canada. |
|          |       |         |          | hygroscopicus* |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Flax /   | Herb  | Uni     | FP967    | Sulfonylurea   | Envir   |
| Linum    | icide | versity |          | herbicide      | onment, |
| usita    | Tole  | of      |          | tolerance,     | food    |
| tissimum | rance | Saska   |          | specifically   | and     |
| L.       |       | tchewan |          | triasulfuron   | feed.   |
|          |       |         |          | and            | Dereg   |
|          |       |         |          | metsu          | istered |
|          |       |         |          | lfuron-methyl; | in      |
|          |       |         |          | *als* from *A. | 2001.   |
|          |       |         |          | thaliana* and  |         |
|          |       |         |          | *neo* from     |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Echerichia    |         |
|          |       |         |          | coli*          |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Lentil / | Herb  | BASF    | RH44     | Imidazolinone  | Envir   |
| Lens     | icide |         |          | herbicide      | onment, |
| c        | Tole  |         |          | tolerance,     | food    |
| ulinaris | rance |         |          | specifically   | and     |
|          |       |         |          | imazethapyr;   | feed.   |
|          |       |         |          | chemical       |         |
|          |       |         |          | mutagenesis of |         |
|          |       |         |          | the            |         |
|          |       |         |          | ac             |         |
|          |       |         |          | etohydroxyacid |         |
|          |       |         |          | synthase       |         |
|          |       |         |          | (AHAS) gene    |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Papaya / | Virus | Cornell | 55-1     | Resistant to   | Food    |
| Carica   | Resis | Uni     |          | Papaya         |         |
| papaya   | tance | versity |          | ringspot virus |         |
|          |       |         |          | (PRSV);        |         |
|          |       |         |          | virus-derived  |         |
|          |       |         |          | sequences that |         |
|          |       |         |          | encode the     |         |
|          |       |         |          | PRSV coat      |         |
|          |       |         |          | protein (CP)   |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Potato / | I     | M       | BT06,    | Colorado       | Envir   |
| Solanum  | nsect | onsanto | BT10,    | Potato Beetle  | onment, |
| t        | Resis | Canada  | BT12,    | Resistant;     | food    |
| uberosum | tance |         | BT16,    | *cry3A* from   | and     |
| L.       |       |         | BT17,    | Bacillus       | feed.   |
|          |       |         | BT18,    | thuringiensis  |         |
|          |       |         | BT23     | subspecies     |         |
|          |       |         |          | tenebrionis    |         |
|          |       |         |          | (Btt)          |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Potato / | I     | M       | A        | Colorado       | Envir   |
| Solanum  | nsect | onsanto | TBT04-6, | Potato Beetle  | onment, |
| t        | Resis | Canada  | AT       | Resistant;     | food    |
| uberosum | tance |         | BT04-27, | *cry3A* from   | and     |
| L.       |       |         | AT       | Bacillus       | feed.   |
|          |       |         | BT04-30, | thuringiensis  |         |
|          |       |         | AT       | subspecies     |         |
|          |       |         | BT04-31, | tenebrionis    |         |
|          |       |         | AT       | (Btt)          |         |
|          |       |         | BT04-36, |                |         |
|          |       |         | S        |                |         |
|          |       |         | PBT02-5, |                |         |
|          |       |         | SPBT02-7 |                |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Potato / | I     | M       | RBM      | Colorado       | Envir   |
| Solanum  | nsect | onsanto | T15-101, | Potato Beetle  | onment, |
| t        | R     | Canada  | SE       | Resistant and  | food    |
| uberosum | esist |         | MT15-02, | Potato Virus Y | and     |
| L.       | ance, |         | S        | (PVY)          | feed.   |
|          | Virus |         | EMT15-15 | Resistant;     |         |
|          | Resis |         |          | *cry3A* gene   |         |
|          | tance |         |          | from *Bacillus |         |
|          |       |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | subsp.         |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Tenebrionis*  |         |
|          |       |         |          | and coat       |         |
|          |       |         |          | protein (CP)   |         |
|          |       |         |          | gene from      |         |
|          |       |         |          | PVY-O          |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Potato / | I     | M       | RBM      | Colorado       | Envir   |
| Solanum  | nsect | onsanto | T21-350, | Potato Beetle  | onment, |
| t        | R     | Canada  | RBM      | Resistant and  | food    |
| uberosum | esist |         | T21-129, | Potato         | and     |
| L.       | ance, |         | RB       | Leafroll Virus | feed.   |
|          | Virus |         | MT22-082 | (PLRV)         |         |
|          | Resis |         |          | Resistant;     |         |
|          | tance |         |          | *cry3A* gene   |         |
|          |       |         |          | from *Bacillus |         |
|          |       |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | subsp.         |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Tenebrionis*  |         |
|          |       |         |          | and ORF-1 and  |         |
|          |       |         |          | ORF-2 regions  |         |
|          |       |         |          | from PLRV for  |         |
|          |       |         |          | resistance to  |         |
|          |       |         |          | PLRV infection |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Rice /   | Herb  | BASF    | CL121,   | Imidazolinone  | Food    |
| Oryza    | icide |         | CL141,   | herbicide      | and     |
| sativa   | Tole  |         | CFX51    | tolerance;     | feed.   |
|          | rance |         |          | combination of | Can be  |
|          |       |         |          | accelerated    | im      |
|          |       |         |          | mutagenesis    | ported. |
|          |       |         |          | and            | Not     |
|          |       |         |          | traditional    | grown   |
|          |       |         |          | cross-breeding | in      |
|          |       |         |          |                | Canada. |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Rice /   | Herb  | BASF    | PWC16    | Imidazolinone  | Food    |
| Oryza    | icide |         |          | herbicide      | and     |
| sativa   | Tole  |         |          | tolerance,     | feed.   |
|          | rance |         |          | specifically   | Can be  |
|          |       |         |          | imazethapyr;   | im      |
|          |       |         |          | chemically     | ported. |
|          |       |         |          | induced seed   | Not     |
|          |       |         |          | mutagenesis    | grown   |
|          |       |         |          | and whole      | in      |
|          |       |         |          | plant          | Canada. |
|          |       |         |          | selection      |         |
|          |       |         |          | procedures,    |         |
|          |       |         |          | resulting in a |         |
|          |       |         |          | mutation in    |         |
|          |       |         |          | the AHAS gene  |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Soybean  | Herb  | M       | GTS      | Glyphosate     | Envir   |
| /        | icide | onsanto | 40-3-2   | tolerant;      | onment, |
| Glycine  | Tole  | Canada  |          | 5-enol         | food    |
| max L.   | rance |         |          | pyruvylshikima | and     |
|          |       |         |          | te-3-phosphate | feed.   |
|          |       |         |          | synthase       |         |
|          |       |         |          | (EPSPS) from   |         |
|          |       |         |          | strain CP4 of  |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Agrobacterium |         |
|          |       |         |          | tumefaciens*   |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Soybean  | Herb  | Bayer   | A        | Glufosinate    | Envi    |
| /        | icide | Crop    | 2704-12, | ammonium       | ronment |
| Glycine  | Tole  | Science | A        | herbicide      | (A      |
| max L.   | rance | (       | 5547-127 | tolerant;      | 2704-12 |
|          |       | Aventis |          | *pat* from     | only),  |
|          |       | CropS   |          | *Streptomyces  | food    |
|          |       | cience) |          | viri           | (both)  |
|          |       |         |          | dochromogenes* | and     |
|          |       |         |          |                | feed    |
|          |       |         |          |                | (both). |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Soybean  | Mod   | Dupont  | G94-1,   | High oleic     | Envir   |
| /        | ified | Canada  | G94-19,  | acid content;  | onment, |
| Glycine  | fatty |         | G168     | a second copy  | food    |
| max L.   | acid  |         |          | of fatty acid  | and     |
|          | co    |         |          | desaturase     | feed.   |
|          | ntent |         |          | gene (*fad2*)  |         |
|          |       |         |          | from *G. max*  |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Soybean  | Mod   | Agri    | OT96-15  | Low linolenic  | Food    |
| /        | ified | culture |          | acid content;  |         |
| Glycine  | fatty | and     |          | traditional    |         |
| max L.   | acid  | Ag      |          | plant breeding |         |
|          | co    | ri-Food |          | methods using  |         |
|          | ntent | Canada  |          | the variety    |         |
|          |       |         |          | Maple Glen and |         |
|          |       |         |          | PI361088B      |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Squash / | Virus | Seminis | CZW-3    | > Resistant to | Food.   |
| C        | Resis | Ve      |          | > cucumber     | Not     |
| ucurbita | tance | getable |          | > mosaic virus | grown   |
| pepo     |       | Inc.    |          | > (CMV),       | in      |
|          |       |         |          | > watermelon   | Canada. |
|          |       |         |          | > mosaic virus |         |
|          |       |         |          | > (WMV) 2,     |         |
|          |       |         |          | > zucchini     |         |
|          |       |         |          | > yellow       |         |
|          |       |         |          | > mosaic virus |         |
|          |       |         |          | > (ZYMV);      |         |
|          |       |         |          | >              |         |
|          |       |         |          |  virus-derived |         |
|          |       |         |          | > sequences    |         |
|          |       |         |          | > that encode  |         |
|          |       |         |          | > the coat     |         |
|          |       |         |          | > proteins     |         |
|          |       |         |          | > (CPs) from   |         |
|          |       |         |          | > each of      |         |
|          |       |         |          | > these        |         |
|          |       |         |          | > viruses      |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Squash / | Virus | Seminis | ZW20     | > Resistant to | Food.   |
| C        | Resis | Ve      |          | > watermelon   | Not     |
| ucurbita | tance | getable |          | > mosaic virus | grown   |
| pepo     |       | Inc.    |          | > (WMV) 2,     | in      |
|          |       |         |          | > zucchini     | Canada. |
|          |       |         |          | > yellow       |         |
|          |       |         |          | > mosaic virus |         |
|          |       |         |          | > (ZYMV);      |         |
|          |       |         |          | >              |         |
|          |       |         |          |  virus-derived |         |
|          |       |         |          | > sequences    |         |
|          |       |         |          | > that encode  |         |
|          |       |         |          | > the coat     |         |
|          |       |         |          | > proteins     |         |
|          |       |         |          | > (CPs) from   |         |
|          |       |         |          | > each of      |         |
|          |       |         |          | > these        |         |
|          |       |         |          | > viruses      |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Sugar    | Herb  | Bayer   | T120-7   | Glufosinate    | Envir   |
| Beet /   | icide | Crop    |          | ammonium       | onment, |
| Beta     | Tole  | Science |          | herbicide      | food    |
| vulgaris | rance | (       |          | tolerant;      | and     |
|          |       | Aventis |          | *pat* from     | feed.   |
|          |       | Crop    |          | *Streptomyces  |         |
|          |       | Science |          | viri           |         |
|          |       | (AgrEvo |          | dochromogenes* |         |
|          |       | C       |          |                |         |
|          |       | anada)) |          |                |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| S        | Herb  | BASF    | X81359   | Imidazolinone  | Food    |
| unflower | icide |         |          | herbicide      | (oil    |
| /        | Tole  |         |          | tolerance;     | use     |
| He       | rance |         |          | traditional    | only),  |
| lianthus |       |         |          | plant breeding | feed    |
| annus    |       |         |          | techniques     | (meal   |
|          |       |         |          |                | and oil |
|          |       |         |          |                | only)   |
|          |       |         |          |                | and     |
|          |       |         |          |                | Envi    |
|          |       |         |          |                | ronment |
|          |       |         |          |                | (i      |
|          |       |         |          |                | mports) |
|          |       |         |          |                | (meal   |
|          |       |         |          |                | and oil |
|          |       |         |          |                | only)   |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Tomato / | De    | M       | FLAVR    | Delayed        | Food.   |
| Lyco     | layed | onsanto | SAVR     | softening;     | Not     |
| persicon | Rip   | (       |          | insertion of   | grown   |
| es       | ening | Calgene |          | an additional  | in      |
| culentum |       | Inc.)   |          | copy of the PG | Canada  |
|          |       |         |          | encoding gene  | and not |
|          |       |         |          | in the         | fed to  |
|          |       |         |          | "antisense"    | a       |
|          |       |         |          | orientation    | nimals. |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Tomato / | De    | DNA     | 1345-4   | Increased      | Food.   |
| Lyco     | layed | Plant   |          | shelf life     | Not     |
| persicon | Rip   | Tec     |          | (delayed       | grown   |
| es       | ening | hnology |          | ripening);     | in      |
| culentum |       | Corp    |          | truncated ACC  | Canada  |
|          |       | oration |          | synthase gene  | and not |
|          |       |         |          |                | fed to  |
|          |       |         |          |                | a       |
|          |       |         |          |                | nimals. |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Tomato / | De    | Advanta | (B, Da,  | Delayed        | Food.   |
| Lyco     | layed | Seeds   | F)       | softening;     | Not     |
| persicon | Rip   | (Zeneca | 1401F,   | truncated      | grown   |
| es       | ening | Seeds)  | H382F,   | version of the | in      |
| culentum |       |         | 11013F,  | PG encoding    | Canada  |
|          |       |         | 7913F    | gene in either | and not |
|          |       |         |          | the sense      | fed to  |
|          |       |         |          | (lines Da and  | a       |
|          |       |         |          | F) or the      | nimals. |
|          |       |         |          | "antisense"    |         |
|          |       |         |          | (line B)       |         |
|          |       |         |          | orientation    |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Tomato / | Pest  | M       | 5345     | Lepidopteran   | Food.   |
| Lyco     | Resis | onsanto |          | resistant      | Not     |
| persicon | tance |         |          | including, but | grown   |
| es       |       |         |          | not limited    | in      |
| culentum |       |         |          | to, cotton     | Canada  |
|          |       |         |          | bollworm, pink | and not |
|          |       |         |          | bollworm,      | fed to  |
|          |       |         |          | tobacco        | a       |
|          |       |         |          | budworm;       | nimals. |
|          |       |         |          | *cry1Ac* from  |         |
|          |       |         |          | *Bacillus      |         |
|          |       |         |          | thuringiensis* |         |
|          |       |         |          | subsp.         |         |
|          |       |         |          | *kurstaki*     |         |
|          |       |         |          | strain HD73    |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Wheat /  | Herb  | C       | S        | >              | Envir   |
| Triticum | icide | yanamid | WP965001 |  Imidazolinone | onment, |
| aestivum | Tole  | Crop    |          | > herbicide    | food    |
|          | rance | Pro     |          | > tolerant,    | and     |
|          |       | tection |          | > specifically | feed.   |
|          |       |         |          | > Cyanamid     |         |
|          |       |         |          | > AC299 263;   |         |
|          |       |         |          | > chemically   |         |
|          |       |         |          | > induced seed |         |
|          |       |         |          | > mutagenesis  |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Wheat /  | Herb  | BASF    | AP602CL  | Imidazolinone  | Envir   |
| Triticum | icide |         |          | herbicide      | onment, |
| aestivum | Tole  |         |          | tolerant,      | food    |
|          | rance |         |          | specifically   | and     |
|          |       |         |          | Cyanamid AC299 | feed.   |
|          |       |         |          | 263;           |         |
|          |       |         |          | chemically     |         |
|          |       |         |          | induced seed   |         |
|          |       |         |          | mutagenesis of |         |
|          |       |         |          | wheat variety  |         |
|          |       |         |          | Gunner         |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Wheat /  | Herb  | BASF    | AP205CL  | Imidazolinone  | Envir   |
| Triticum | icide |         |          | herbicide      | onment, |
| aestivum | Tole  |         |          | tolerant,      | food    |
|          | rance |         |          | specifically   | and     |
|          |       |         |          | Cyanamid AC299 | feed.   |
|          |       |         |          | 263;           |         |
|          |       |         |          | chemically     |         |
|          |       |         |          | induced seed   |         |
|          |       |         |          | mutagenesis of |         |
|          |       |         |          | wheat variety  |         |
|          |       |         |          | Gunner         |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Wheat /  | Herb  | BASF    | Teal 11A | Imidazolinone  | Envir   |
| Triticum | icide |         |          | herbicide      | onment, |
| aestivum | Tole  |         |          | tolerant;      | food    |
|          | rance |         |          | chemically     | and     |
|          |       |         |          | induced seed   | feed.   |
|          |       |         |          | mutagenesis    |         |
+----------+-------+---------+----------+----------------+---------+

Source: Canadian Food Inspection Agency, AgBios

**Coexistence Between Biotech and Non-Biotech Crops**

In Canada, the coexistence between biotechnology and non-biotechnology
crops is not regulated by the government, but rather the onus is on the
producers. For example, if producers of organic crops wish to avoid GM
events in their production systems the onus for implementing measures to
facilitate this falls on them. In return, those producers are able to
charge a premium price for their product, for incurring costs associated
with meeting the requirements of their customers and certification
bodies.

Biotech stewardship conditions applies to biotech crops in Canada, with
some companies providing biotech crop farmers with coexistence type
recommendations for minimizing the chances of adventitious presence of
biotech crop material being found in non-biotech crops of the same
species. In addition, producers of biotech crops are provided with weed
management practice guides. These changes in management practices may
help to improve the coexistence between biotech and non-biotech crops,
without the need to introduce government regulations. For example,
Croplife Canada has developed the Stewardshipfirst™ initiatives in order
to manage the health, safety and environmental sustainability of the
industry's products throughout their life cycle. Stewardshipfirst™
includes Best Management Practices Guide for growers of GM crops.

Despite the fact that the government does not regulate the coexistence
between biotech and non-biotech crops, the presence and increasing trend
toward biotech crops has not hindered the organic industry. The growth
or lack-there-of in the organic industry is based on demand by
consumers, rather than the presence or absence of biotech crops. There
have been disputes between the biotech community and the organic
community due to adventitious presence of biotech crops (for example
canola) in organic crops, but the lack of complete information indicting
the actual levels of the biotech crops in organic crops, the frequency
of testing of organic crops, location of crops relative to biotech
crops, the origin of seed, measures taken to minimize adventitious
presence occurring, means that it is not possible to fully assess
whether there have been or may be coexistence problems between organic
and biotech crops in Canada.

**Labeling of Genetically Modified Products**

In 2004, the Standards Council of Canada adopted the *Standard for
Voluntary Labeling and Advertising of Foods that Are and Are Not
Products of Genetic Engineering*, as a National Standard of Canada. The
development of the voluntary standards was carried out by
multi-stakeholder committee, facilitated by the Canadian General
Standards Board (CGSB), at the request of the Canadian Council of
Grocery Distributors, and began in November 1999. The committee was made
up of 53 voting members and 75 non-voting members from producers,
manufacturers, distributors, consumers, general interest groups and six
federal government departments, including Agriculture and Agri-Food,
Health Canada and the CFIA.

Health Canada and the CFIA are responsible for all federal food labeling
policies under the *Food and Drugs Act*. Health Canada is responsible
for setting food labeling policies with regards to health and safety
matters, while the CFIA is responsible for development of non-health and
safety food labeling regulations and policies. It is the CFIA's
responsibility to protect consumers from misrepresentation and fraud
with respect to food labeling, packaging and advertising, and for
prescribing basic food labeling and advertising requirements applicable
to all foods.

The *Standard for Voluntary Labeling and Advertising of Foods that Are
and Are Not Products of Genetic Engineering*, was developed to provide
customers with consistent information for making informed food choices
while providing labeling and advertising guidance for food companies,
manufacturers and importers. The definition of genetically engineered
food provided by the Standard are those foods obtained through the use
of specific techniques that allow the moving of genes from one species
to another. The regulations outlined in the Standard are:

-   The labeling of food and advertising claims pertaining to the use or
    non-use of genetic engineering are permissible as long as the claims
    are truthful, not misleading, not deceptive, not likely to create an
    erroneous impression of a food's character, value, composition,
    merit or safety, and in compliance with all other regulatory
    requirements set out in the *Food and Drugs Act*, the *Food and
    Drugs Regulations*, the *Consumer Packaging and Labeling Act* and
    *Consumer Packaging and Labeling Regulations*, *the Competition Act*
    and any other relevant legislation, as well as the *Guide to Food
    Labeling and Advertising*.

-   The Standard does not imply the existence of health or safety
    concerns for products within its scope.

-   When a labeling claim is made, the level of accidental co-mingling
    of genetically engineered and non-genetically engineered food is
    less than 5 percent.

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-   The Standard applies to the voluntary labeling and advertising of
    food in order to distinguish whether or not such foods are products
    of genetic engineering or contain or do not contain ingredients that
    are products of genetic engineering, irrespective of whether the
    food or ingredient contains DNA or protein.

-   The standard defines terms, and sets out criteria for claims and for
    their evaluation and verification.

-   The standard applies to food sold to consumers in Canada, regardless
    of whether it is produced domestically or imported.

-   The standard applies to the labeling and advertising of food sold
    prepackaged or in bulk, as well as to food prepared at the point of
    sale.

-   The standard does not preclude, override, or in any way change
    legally required information, claims or labeling, or any other
    applicable legal requirements.

-   The standard does not apply to processing aids, enzymes used in
    small quantities, substrates for microorganisms, veterinary
    biologics and animal feeds.

The fight in Canada for mandatory labeling of genetically engineered
food continues despite the creation and implementation of the Standard.
Currently there is a Private Member's bill in the House of Commons
calling on the government to implement mandatory labeling on products
created through genetic modification (genetic engineering). The bill was
presented before Parliament in December 2004, but has not been debated
or voted on since. Some Members of Parliament strongly endorse the need
for mandatory labeling and will support this bill, but most MP's will
not vote in favor of implementing mandatory labeling and therefore will
most likely defeat this bill.

**The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety**

In 2001, Canada signed onto the Cartagena Protocal, but has yet to
ratify it. There is tremendous opposition from many farm groups, like
the Canadian Canola Council, the Grain Growers of Canada, Agricore
United and many others, to the ratification of the Protocol. There are
also those groups like the National Farmers Union and Greenpeace, who
are pushing the government to ratify it. To determine the best course of
action in regards to the Protocol, the Government of Canada has been
consulting with stakeholders. The consultations have resulted in three
options on how the government should proceed being put forward:

a.  Proceed to immediate ratification of the Protocol with the intent to
    participate as a Party in the first meeting of the Parties;

b.  Keep the decision on ratification under active review while
    continuing to participate in Protocol processes as a non-Party and
    acting voluntarily in a manner that is consistent with the objective
    of the Protocol;

c.  Decide not to ratify the Protocol.

The position the Government of Canada has taken follows along the line
of option b. The three Ministers responsible for deciding on whether or
not to ratify the Protocol are split in their positions. The Minister of
Agriculture and Agri-Food and the Minister of International Trade have
both indicated that they are opposed to ratification of the Protocol,
but the Minister of the Environment has indicated that he is leaning
towards ratification. With two major ministers opposing ratification,
the likelihood of ratification is very small.

In the event that the government does choose to ratify the Protocol,
Environment Canada has published a copy of the regulation pursuant to
the *Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999* (CEPA, 1999) that the
department proposes to put in place to implement the Protocol if the
government chooses to ratify it. A copy of these regulations can be
found at: <http://www.ec.gc.ca/substances/nsb/eng/reg_e.htm>.

The CFIA has also published its proposed regulation to implement the
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, if the government chooses to ratify the
agreement, pursuant to the *Canada Agricultural Products Act*. The
regulations would specifically cover agricultural products, including
plants, plant products, fertilizers, feeds and veterinary biologics. The
consultation document on the CFIA proposed regulations can be found at:
<http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/biotech/consult/consulte.shtml>.

Canada and Canadian industries rely heavily on imports of U.S. crops to
meet their requirements. Therefore, the ratification of the Cartagena
Protocol could become a barrier to trade with the United States.

**Intellectual Property Rights**

The *Patent Act* and the *Plant Breeders' Rights Act* both afford
breeders or owners of new varieties the ability to collect technology
fees or royalties on their products. The *Patent Act* grants patents
that cover the gene in the plant or the process used to incorporate the
gene, but does not provide a patent on the plant itself. The protection
of the plant would be covered by the *Plant Breeders' Rights* (PBR)
*Act*. The *Patent Act* enables breeders to sell their product
commercially to producers. The cost of the patented product will most
likely include technology fees. This enables the breeders to recover the
financial investment they have made in developing their product.

The *Plant Breeders' Rights* (PBR*) Act* grants plant breeders of new
varieties the exclusive rights to produce and sell propagating material
of the variety in Canada. The PBR Act outlines that the holder of the
plant breeders' rights is able to collect royalties on the product. The
PBR Act became law in 1990 and adhered to the terms of the 1978 Union
for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Convention. In
1992, Canada was a signatory to 1991 UPOV Convention. In order to bring
the PBR Act into compliance with the new convention, Canada must make
amendments PBR Act. Consultations involving the Plant Breeders' Rights
Office, the Canadian seed industry, representatives from the
horticulture and agriculture industries and the Minister's Plant
Breeders' Rights Advisory Committee have resulted in the development of
amendments which would bring the PBR Act into conformity with 1991 UPOV
Convention.

# SECTION IV. MARKETING

Overall market acceptance of biotechnology crops and products is strong
in Canada. Many producers have taken advantage of the benefits of
growing biotech crops, including reduced herbicide use, and a reduction
in losses due to insect resistant and disease resistant traits. Despite
the opposition in some countries to importation of genetically modified
(GM) crops, Canadian producers have been able to secure markets for
their GM crops. For example, Japan is one of the largest importers of
Canadian canola, of which a majority is GM. The Canadian Canola Council
is a very proactive industry group, developing and securing markets for
Canadian canola, as well as ensuring Canadian consumers are aware of the
benefits of consuming canola. With the development of GM canola that is
high in oleic acids and low linonlenic acids, the Canola Council has
been promoting the health benefits of consuming this particular variety
of GM canola. Acreage seeded to GM canola continues to increase each
year, which is a testament to the success and acceptance of GM canola in
Canada and in international markets.

Canadian flax producers have not met the same success in regards to the
marketing of GM flax. The issue facing Canadian flax producers was not
opposition to GM flax at home, but in exports of flax to Canada's
largest market, the European Union. In the late 1990's Triffid flax
seed, an herbicide tolerant variety, was registered and approved by the
CFIA and Health Canada for commercial production and consumption. But EU
consumers indicated that they would not purchase GM flax. Canadian flax
producers were concerned that they would be unable to keep GM and non-GM
flax segregated and rather than risking their largest market, Canadian
flax producers pushed to have Triffid deregistered and pulled from the
market. The concern over the loss of the EU market continues to plague
the Canadian flax industry and may interfere with several companies'
plans to introduce new GM varieties of flax into the Canadian market.
But the health benefits of the GM flax created to be high in omega-3
fatty acids may supersede concerns of the Canadian flax producers, as
more and more consumers in Canada are demanding additional sources of
omega-3 fatty acids.

The largest issue regarding market acceptance of a biotech crop was the
recent uproar regarding the regulatory approval of Round-up Ready (RR)
wheat by Monsanto. The issue of RR wheat in Canada became very divisive.
Some producers believed in the benefits of growing RR wheat and
supported its regulatory approval, while other producers feared the
approval and commercialization of RR wheat would cost Canadian wheat
farmers their international markets. This fear was fueled by the refusal
of major customers to accept any RR wheat. As the only marketing agency
for Western Canadian wheat in the international marketplace, the
Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) was vehemently opposed to the regulatory
approval and commercialization of RR wheat.

The CWB is apart of the Canada Grain Industry Working Group (CGIWG), and
was involved in the drafting of conditions they deemed necessary in
order to permit the commercial introduction of GM wheat in Canada. The
position of the CWB is that the commercial release of GM wheat
(including RR wheat) should not occur until the conditions developed by
the CGIWG have been met. The conditions developed by the CWB and the
working group for the commercial release of GM wheat are: market
acceptance, segregation systems, agronomic information and cost-benefit
analysis. The group defined market acceptance as:

> Identified markets for the GM product, as well as the ability to meet
> the needs of key non-GM markets so that farmers are not negatively
> impacted by lost markets.

The first condition for market acceptance was that GM products had to
receive regulatory feed, food and environmental approval, whichever is
applicable, in the country of destination. In markets where regulatory
approval has not been received, an achievable tolerance level for
unapproved events must exist.

The second condition under market acceptance was that there were
identified markets for GM wheat.

The third condition for market acceptance was the ability to meet non-GM
market requirements, including the establishment of achievable tolerance
levels for the presence of GM material in non-GM shipments. The
tolerance levels must be physically possible and economically feasible
to meet. In addition, tolerance levels must be established for each step
of the supply chain.

The final condition for market acceptance was market harm. Market harm
exists when major customers indicate that they will not purchase GM
wheat and require certification stating shipments do not contain GM
wheat. In addition, market harm exists when set tolerance levels are not
achievable or the cost to achieve the set tolerance levels results in an
uncompetitive product. The extent of market harm must be established and
evaluated against any possible market, agronomic or other benefit
expected.

A segregation system was the second condition required by the CGIWG. The
CGIWP wanted the establishment of a segregation system to prevent the
co-mingling of GM and non-GM wheat prior to the release of GM wheat. The
segregation system envisioned by the CGIWG would be closed-loop.

The third condition of the CGIWG was agronomic information. The working
group wanted a clear understanding of the impact commercial release of
GM wheat would have on management practices and profitability with
respect to each type of farming operation across a multi-year rotation.
This condition also called for additional research to be reviewed by a
panel of agronomists.

The final condition of cost-benefit analysis would include an analysis
of the market and agronomic benefits, and the market and agronomic risks
and costs for all production and marketing systems and for technology
adaptors and non-adaptors. This would include investigating yield
impacts, cost of production, interaction between GM wheat and other
crops in farmers' rotations, market benefit, lost market revenue,
segregation costs, real option value, expected net return, irreversible
market costs and irreversible environmental costs.

In addition to wanting these conditions met prior to the release of any
GM wheat, was the push by several farm groups including the CWB, to have
the regulatory process amended to include a cost-benefit analysis before
regulatory approval should be granted. Despite the pressure by the CWB
and other groups to amend the regulatory process, the Government of
Canada has resisted making changes to the regulatory system to include
market acceptance as a mandatory condition for the approval of a PNT.
The Government continues to base Canadian regulations on science.

The push by CWB to implement its conditions for the commercial release
of GM wheat and for changes to the regulatory approval process will make
Canada a less attractive place for the commercial introduction of GM
wheat and possibly other GM crops.

**Additional Issues**

Canada's smallest province, Prince Edward Island (PEI) is currently
holding hearings to determine if the provincial government should ban
the production of GM crops in the province. The organic producers in PEI
support the ban, but there are many producers who are opposed. The
Standing Committee on Agriculture, Forestry and Environment is hearing
arguments from industry and farm groups from across the continent and
will make a final recommendation to the government based upon what they
have heard. Initially the momentum towards the ban was strong, but the
momentum is losing steam due to the strong opposition put forth by some
major farm and industry groups.

# SECTION V. REFERENCE MATERIAL

AgBios

[www.agbios.com](http://www.agbios.com/)

AGCare

[www.agcare.org](http://www.agcare.org/)

Agricore United

[www.agricoreunited.com](http://www.agricoreunited.com/)

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

[www.agr.gc.ca](http://www.agr.gc.ca/)

AgWest Bio Inc.

[www.agwest.sk.ca](http://www.agwest.sk.ca/)

BIOTECanada

[www.biotech.ca](http://www.biotech.ca/)

Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee

[www.cbac-cccb.ca](http://www.cbac-cccb.ca/)

Canadian Food Inspection Agency

[www.inspection.gc.ca/english/toc/bioteche.shtml](http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/toc/bioteche.shtml)

Canadian General Standards Board

[www.pwgsc.gc.ca/cgsb/home/index-e.html](http://www.pwgsc.gc.ca/cgsb/home/index-e.html)

Canadian Wheat Board

[www.cwb.ca](http://www.cwb.ca/)

Canola Council of Canada

[www.canola-council.org](http://www.canola-council.org/)

Council For Biotechnology Information

[www.whybiotech.ca](http://www.whybiotech.ca/)

Croplife Canada

[www.croplife.ca/english/index.cfm](http://www.croplife.ca/english/index.cfm)

Dietetics @ Work

[www.dieteticsatwork.com/index.asp](http://www.dieteticsatwork.com/index.asp)

Environment Canada

[www.ec.gc.ca](http://www.ec.gc.ca/)

Genome Canada

[www.genomecanada.ca](http://www.genomecanada.ca/)

Grain Growers of Canada

[www.ggc-pgc.ca](http://www.ggc-pgc.ca/)

Health Canada

[www.hc-sc.gc.ca](http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/)

Ontario Soybean Growers

[www.soybean.on.ca](http://www.soybean.on.ca/)

Plant Biosafety Office

[www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/pbobbve.shtml](http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/pbobbve.shtml)

Plant Breeders' Rights Act

<http://laws.justice.gc.ca./en/P-14.6/fulltoc.html>

Royal Society of Canada

[www.rsc.ca](http://www.rsc.ca/)

# Find FAS on the World Wide Web: 

Visit our headquarters' home page at
[http://www.fas.usda.gov](http://www.fas.usda.gov/) for a complete
listing of FAS' worldwide agricultural reporting.

# 

# Recent Reports from FAS/Ottawa: 

  ----------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------
  Report Number     Title of Report                          Date

  CA5043            This Week in Canadian Agriculture, Issue 6/8/2005
                    22                                       

  CA5042            This Week in Canadian Agriculture, Issue 6/3/2005
                    21                                       

  CA5041            Stone Fruit Production & Trade Update    5/27/2005

  CA5039            This Week in Canadian Agriculture, Issue 5/27/2005
                    20                                       

  CA5038            This Week in Canadian Agriculture, Issue 5/13/2005
                    19                                       

  CA5036            Bill C-40                                5/13/2005
  ----------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------

VISIT OUR WEBSITE: The FAS/Ottawa website is now accessible through the
U.S. Embassy homepage. To view the website, log onto
[http://www.usembassycanada.gov](http://www.usembassycanada.gov/); click
on Embassy Ottawa offices, then Foreign Agricultural Service. The
FAS/Ottawa office can be reached via e-mail at: <agottawa@usda.gov>