**Importation of Garden Peas, Shelled *Pisum sativum* L., from Kenya
into the Continental United States**

### 

#### A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment

#### May 2006

**Agency Contact:**

Christie Hurt

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc110672480 .anchor}**Executive Summary**

This assessment documents risks associated with the importation of
shelled garden peas, *Pisum sativum* L., from the Republic of Kenya into
the United States. A list of pests in the Republic of Kenya was
developed based on documents assembled by the Republic of Kenya, Kenya
Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS), including USDA-APHIS-PPQ
records of interception and a search of both print and electronic
sources of information. Evidence indicated that 13 of the reported pests
of peas in Kenya are of quarantine significance, meaning they attack the
pod or the peas within the pod, and are also not present in the United
States. The analysis takes into account the post-harvest procedures of
removal of the seeds from the pod; this exposes most larval pests that
may feed inside the pod on the seeds. The analysis also took into
account the post-harvest procedure of washing the shelled peas in water
containing 50 ppm chlorine, which would further aid in removing insects
feeding on individual peas. It was determined that the quarantine
significant pests would not follow the pathway because of the
post-harvest processing described in this document. This PRA is only
valid when the aforementioned procedures are followed, otherwise
additional analysis would be required.

**Table of Contents**

[Executive Summary 0](#__RefHeading___Toc110672480)

[I. Introduction 2](#__RefHeading___Toc110672481)

[II. Risk Assessment 2](#__RefHeading___Toc110672482)

[**2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed Action
2**](#__RefHeading___Toc110672483)

[**2.2 Assessment of Weed Potential of Garden Peas, *Pisum sativum* L.
3**](#__RefHeading___Toc110672484)

[**2.3 Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions
3**](#__RefHeading___Toc110672485)

[Pisum sativum 4](#pisum-sativum)

[**2.4 Pest Categorization--Identification of Quarantine Pests and
Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway
4**](#__RefHeading___Toc110672487)

[**2.5 Conclusion -- Pest Risk Potential and Pests Requiring
Phytosanitary Measures 20**](#__RefHeading___Toc110672488)

[III. Authors 20](#iii.-authors)

[IV. References 20](#__RefHeading___Toc110672490)

[V. Appendices 24](#__RefHeading___Toc110672491)

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc110672481 .anchor}**I. Introduction**

This risk assessment has been prepared by the Republic of Kenya, Kenya
Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) to examine plant pest risks
associated with importation of fresh shelled garden peas (seeds), *Pisum
sativum* L., from the Republic of Kenya into the Continental United
States. Estimates of risk are expressed in the qualitative terms of
High, Medium, and Low. The risk assessment is "pathway-initiated" in
that it is based on the potential pest risks associated with the
commodity as it enters the United States.

International plant protection organizations, such as the North American
Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant
Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), provide guidance for conducting pest risk analyses.
The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this plant pest risk
assessment is consistent with guidelines provided by NAPPO, IPPC, and
FAO. Biological and phytosanitary terms (*e.g*., *introduction*,
*quarantine pest*) conform to the NAPPO Compendium of Phytosanitary
Terms (Hopper, 1995) and the Definitions and Abbreviations (Introduction
Section) in International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures:
Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis (IPPC, 1996).

Pest risk assessment is one component of an overall pest risk analysis.
The Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis provided by FAO (1996) describe
three stages in pest risk analysis. This document satisfies the
requirements of FAO Stages 1, Initiation and 2, Risk Assessment. Details
of the methodology and rating criteria can be found in the template
document, Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments,
Version 5.02 (USDA, 2000).

FAO (1996) defines *pest risk assessment* as the "determination of
whether a pest is a quarantine pest and evaluation of its introduction
potential." *Quarantine pest* is defined as "a pest of potential
economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present
there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially
controlled" (IPPC, 1996; Hopper, 1995). Pest risk assessments should
consider the Consequences and Likelihood of Introduction of quarantine
pests; both issues are addressed in this document.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc110672482 .anchor}**II. Risk Assessment**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc110672483 .anchor}**2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed
Action**

This risk assessment was developed in support of a request by the
Republic of Kenya for USDA authorization to permit imports of shelled
garden peas (seeds), *Pisum sativum* L., into the United States. Entry
of this commodity into the United States presents the risk of
introducing exotic plant pests. Title 7, Part 319, Section 56 of the
United States Code of Federal Regulations (7 CFR §319.56) provides
regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from
foreign countries into the United States.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc110672484 .anchor}**2.2 Assessment of Weed
Potential of Garden Peas, *Pisum sativum* L.**

This step examines the potential of the commodity to become a weed after
it enters the United States (Table 1). If the assessment were to
indicate significant weed potential, then a "pest-initiated" risk
assessment would be conducted.

**Table 1. Assessment of the Weed Potential of Garden Peas, *Pisum
sativum* L.**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Commodity:** *Pisum sativum* L.                                     |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 1:** Many varieties of *Pisum sativum* L**.** are widely      |
| cultivated in the United States.                                      |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 2:** Is the species listed in:                                |
|                                                                       |
| > [No]{.underline} *Geographical Atlas of World Weeds* (Holm *et      |
| > al*., 1979)                                                         |
| >                                                                     |
| > [No]{.underline} *World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distributions* |
| > (Holm *et al*., 1997)                                               |
| >                                                                     |
| > [No]{.underline} Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate      |
| > Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and  |
| > Ritchie, 1982)                                                      |
| >                                                                     |
| > [No]{.underline} Crop Protection Compendium Database, CAB           |
| > International (CPC, 2005).                                          |
| >                                                                     |
| > [United States Information:]{.underline}                            |
| >                                                                     |
| > [No]{.underline} APHIS 2000. Federal Noxious Weed List              |
| >                                                                     |
| > [No]{.underline} *Economically Important Foreign Weeds* (Reed,      |
| > 1977)                                                               |
| >                                                                     |
| > [No]{.underline} Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 1989)  |
| >                                                                     |
| > [No]{.underline} Is there any literature reference indicating       |
| > weediness, *e.g.,* AGRICOLA, CAB, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS;      |
| > search on "species name" combined with "weed," such a search        |
| > returns a prohibitive number of references, a sample of which do    |
| > not indicate weediness, but that there are weeds associated with    |
| > cultivation of *Pisum sativum* L.                                   |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 3:** Literature indicates that *Pisum sativum* L**.** is not  |
| likely to become a weed in the United States due to imports from      |
| Kenya.                                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc110672485 .anchor}**2.3 Previous Risk Assessments,
Current Status, and Pest Interceptions**

**Decision History for garden peas, *Pisum sativum* L., from Sub-Saharan
Africa**

There are no final pest risk assessments for garden peas, *Pisum
sativum* L., from Sub-Saharan Africa. The decision history in the BATS
library shows that *Pisum sativum* L. was not permitted entrance into
the United States from Senegal in 1986 because treatment was not
available; however, the pest for which treatment was not available was
not listed (BATS, 2006).

**Table 2. PPQ Interceptions on *Pisum sativum* L. fruit and seed from
Kenya (1985-2005). (Note: Interceptions were at airports.)**

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Organism**         **Imported     **Year**     **Where         **Number of
                       As**                        Intercepted**   Interceptions**
  -------------------- -------------- ------------ --------------- -----------------
  **INSECTS**                                                      

  *Callosobruchus      Seed           1999         Baggage         1
  phaseoli*                                                        
  (Gyllenhal)                                                      
  (Coleoptera:                                                     
  Bruchidae)                                                       

  *Heliothis* sp.      Fruit          1985         Baggage         1
  (Lepidoptera:                                                    
  Noctuidae)                                                       

  Lycaenidae, Species  Fruit          1985         Baggage         1
  of (Lepidoptera:                                                 
  Lycaenidae)                                                      

  Lycaenidae, Species  Fruit          1998         Baggage         1
  of (Lepidoptera:                                                 
  Lycaenidae)                                                      
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pests were not identified to the species level; however, based on the
pest list in Table 4, *Heliothis* sp. is most likely *Helicoverpa
armigera* (Hubner) and Lycaenidae is most likely *Lampides boeticus*
(Linnaeus)*.* Fruit refers to peas in the pod.

**Table 3. KEPHIS summary of European Plant Protection Organization
interceptions on *Pisum sativum* L. from Kenya, 1999 -- 2005.**

+------------------+----------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| **Pest           | **Commodity**  | *        | **Date   | **Number  |
| Intercepted**    |                | *Country | of       | of        |
|                  |                | of       | Interc   | Interc    |
|                  |                | Interc   | eption** | eptions** |
|                  |                | eption** |          |           |
+------------------+----------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| *Liriomyza       | *Pisum* sp.    | UK, The  | 2000,    | 13        |
| huidobrensis.*   |                | Net      | 2000,    |           |
|                  | (snow pea)     | herlands | 2002     |           |
+------------------+----------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| *Liriomyza       | #              | The      | 2003     | 23        |
| huidobrensis*    |  Pisum sativum | Net      |          |           |
|                  |                | herlands |          |           |
|                  | (snow pea)     |          |          |           |
+------------------+----------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| *Helicoverpa     | *Pisum         | The      | 2000,    | 77        |
| armigera*        | sativum*       | Neth     | 2002,    |           |
|                  |                | erlands, | 2003,    |           |
|                  | (snow pea)     | Ireland, | 2004,    |           |
|                  |                | UK       | 2005     |           |
+------------------+----------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| *Lampides        | *Pisum         | UK       | 2000/3   | 2         |
| boeticus*        | sativum* (snow |          |          |           |
|                  | pea)           |          |          |           |
+------------------+----------------+----------+----------+-----------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc110672487 .anchor}**2.4 Pest
Categorization--Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests
Likely to Follow the Pathway**

Common pests associated with garden peas, *Pisum sativum* L.*,* that
occur in Kenya are listed in Table 3. This list includes information on
the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, the
affected plant part(s), the quarantine status of the pest with respect
to the United States, an indication of the pest-host association, and
pertinent references for pest distribution and biology. Analysis of the
plant parts of peas includes inflorescences, pods, leaves, seeds, stems,
and roots. This analysis takes into consideration that the intended
commodity in the assessment is fresh shelled pea seed to be shipped at a
mature stage, not dry peas. Pests associated with other life stages are
not considered to follow the pathway to the United States.

**Table 4. Pests in Kenya Associated with Garden Peas, *Pisum sativum*
L..**

+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *                 | **      | **P    | **Qua   | **F   | **Ref     |
| *Pests/Diseases** | Distrib | art(s) | rantine | ollow | erences** |
|                   | ution** | Affe   | S       | Path  |           |
|                   |         | cted** | tatus** | way** |           |
+===================+=========+========+=========+=======+===========+
| **ARTHROPODS**    |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **ARACHNIDA**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **PROSTIGMATA**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Tetranychidae** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Tetranychus      | Kenya,  | Leaves | No      | No    | HCDA,     |
| cinnabarinus*     | USA     |        |         |       | MOA, &    |
| (Boisduval)       |         |        |         |       | JICA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2003 ; Le |
| *Syn. Tetranychus |         |        |         |       | Pelley,   |
| telarius*         |         |        |         |       | 1959      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Tetranychus      | Kenya,  | Leaves | No      | No    | Bolland   |
| ludeni* Zacher    | USA     |        |         |       | *et al.,* |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1998      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Tetranychus      | Kenya,  | Leaves | No      | No    | Bolland   |
| neocaledonicus*   | USA     |        |         |       | *et al.,* |
| André             |         |        |         |       | 1998      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Tetranychus      | Kenya,  | Leaves | No      | No    | Bolland   |
| urticae* Koch     | USA     |        |         |       | *et al.,* |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1998      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **INSECTA**       |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **COLEPTERA**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Bruchidae**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Acanthoscelides  | Kenya,  | Seeds  | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| obtectus* (Say)   | USA     |        |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Mailu,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Callosobruchus   | Kenya   | Seeds  | Yes     | No^1  | CPC, 2005 |
| analis*           |         |        |         | ,\ 2^ |           |
| (Fabricius)       |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Callosobruchus   | Kenya   | Seeds  | Yes     | No^1  | CPC, 2005 |
| chinensis*        |         |        |         | ,\ 2^ |           |
| (Linnaeus)        |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Callosobruchus   | Kenya,  | Seeds  | No      | No^1  | CPC, 2005 |
| maculatus*        | USA     |        |         | ,\ 2^ |           |
| (Fabricius)       |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Callosobruchus   | Kenya   | Seeds  | Yes     | No^1  | CPC,      |
| phaseoli*         |         |        |         | ,\ 2^ | 2005; PIN |
| (Gyllenhal 1883)  |         |        |         |       | 309       |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Melyridae**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Astylus* spp*.*  | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No    | HCDA,     |
|                   |         | eaves, |         |       | MOA, &    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | JICA,     |
|                   |         | Stem   |         |       | 2003      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Tenebrionidae** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Tribolium        | Kenya,  | Seeds  | No      | Yes   | CPC, 2005 |
| castaneum*        | USA     |        |         |       |           |
| (Herbst)          |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **DIPTERA**       |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Agromyzidae**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Chromatomyia     | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No    | CPC, 2005 |
| horticola*        |         | eaves, |         |       |           |
| Goureau           |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Liriomyza        | Kenya,  | Leaves | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| brassicae*        | USA     |        |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Riley)           | (CA,    |        |         |       | D         |
|                   | FL, HI, |        |         |       | empewolf, |
|                   | MO)^3^  |        |         |       | 2004      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Liriomyza        | Kenya   | Leaves | Yes     | No    | CPC, 2005 |
| huidobrensis*     |         |        |         |       |           |
| (Blanchard)       |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Liriomyza        | Kenya,  | Leaves | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| trifolii*         | USA     |        |         |       | 2005,     |
| (Burgess in       |         |        |         |       | Mailu,    |
| Comstock)         |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Ophiomyia        | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No    | CPC,      |
| centrosematis* de |         | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
| Meijere           |         | Roots, |         |       | G         |
|                   |         |        |         |       | reathead, |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       | 1968      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Ophiomyia        | Kenya   | Roots, | Yes     | No    | CPC,      |
| phaseoli* (Tryon) |         |        |         |       | 2005,     |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       | Farrel,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | *et al*., |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1995;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Mailu,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | PNKTO     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Anthomyiidae**  |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Delia platura*   | Kenya,  | L      | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| (Meigen)          | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         | Roots, |         |       | HCDA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | MOA, &    |
|                   |         | See    |         |       | JICA,     |
|                   |         | dlings |         |       | 2003      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **HEMIPTERA**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Aphididae**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Acyrthosiphon    | Kenya,  | L      | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| pisum* (Harris)   | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005; Le  |
|                   |         | Shoot  |         |       | Pelley,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1959      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Aphis            | Kenya,  | In     | No      | No    | BATS,     |
| craccivora* Koch  | USA     | flores |         |       | 2006 ;    |
|                   |         | cence, |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
|                   |         | Leaves |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Aphis fabae*     | Kenya,  | In     | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| (Scopoli)         | USA     | flores |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         | cence, |         |       | Farrel    |
|                   |         | Leaves |         |       | *et al*., |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1995;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | HCDA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | MOA, &    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | JICA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2003 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Mailu,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Macrosiphum      | Kenya , | Leaves | No      | No    | BATS,     |
| euphorbiae*       | USA     |        |         |       | 2006;     |
| (Thomas)          |         |        |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Myzus persicae*  | Kenya , | Leaves | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| (Sulzer)          | USA     |        |         |       | 2005; Le  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pelley,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1959      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **LEPIDOPTERA**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Lycaenidae**    |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Lampides         | Kenya   | In     | Yes     | No^1  | APHIS,    |
| boeticus*         |         | flores |         | ,\ 3^ | 2004;     |
| (Linnaeus)        |         | cence, |         |       | CPC,      |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       | 2005; Le  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pelley,   |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       | 1959;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | NHM,      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2005 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | PNKTO     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Noctuidae**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Agrotis ipsilon* | Kenya,  | Stem   | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| Hufnagel          | USA     | base   |         |       | 2005; Le  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pelley,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1959,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Mailu,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Helicoverpa      | Kenya   | In     | Yes     | No^1  | APHIS,    |
| armigera*         |         | flores |         | ,\ 3^ | 2004;     |
| (Hübner)          |         | cence, |         |       | Berg *et  |
|                   |         | L      |         |       | al*.,     |
|                   |         | eaves, |         |       | 1993;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | CPC,      |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Farrel,,  |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       | *et al.*, |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1995;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | HCDA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | MOA, &    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | JICA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2003 ; Le |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pelley,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1959 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | NAPIS,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2004;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Mailu,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Spodoptera       | Kenya,  | Leaves | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| exigua* (Hübner)  | USA     |        |         |       | 2005 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Haggis,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996 ; Le |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pelley,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1959 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Mailu,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996 ;    |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Spodoptera       | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No^1^ | APHIS,    |
| littoralis*       |         | eaves, |         |       | 2004;     |
| (Boisduval)       |         |        |         |       | CPC,      |
|                   |         | Pods   |         |       | 2005 ; Le |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pelley,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1959;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | PNKTO     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Thysanoplusia    | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No^1^ | CPC,      |
| orichalcea*       |         | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Fabricius)       |         |        |         |       | Mailu,    |
|                   |         | Pods   |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Trichoplusia ni* | Kenya,  | Leaves | No      | No    | CPC, 2005 |
| (Hübner)          | USA     |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Pyralidae**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Leucinodes       | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No^1^ | CPC,      |
| orbonalis*        |         | eaves, |         |       | 2005; Le  |
| (Guenée)          |         |        |         |       | Pelley,   |
|                   |         | Pods   |         |       | 1959;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | PNKTO     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Maruca vitrata*  | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No^1  | CPC,      |
| (Fabricius)       |         | eaves, |         | ,\ 4^ | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Farrel,   |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       | *et al*., |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       | 1995; Le  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pelley,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1959 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Mailu,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Tortricidae**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Crocidosema      | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No^1^ | CPC,      |
| aporema*          |         | eaves, |         |       | 2005 ;    |
| (Walsingham)      |         |        |         |       | PIN 309,  |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       | 2006      |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **ORTHOPTERA**    |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Acrididae**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Diabolocatantops | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No^1  | CPC, 2005 |
| axillaris*        |         | eaves, |         | ,\ 5^ |           |
| (Thunberg)        |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **THYSANOPTERA**  |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Thripidae**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Frankliniella    | Kenya,  | In     | No      | No    | CPC, 2005 |
| occidentalis*     | USA     | flores |         |       |           |
| (Pergande)        |         | cence, |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Leaves |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Frankliniella    | Kenya,  | In     | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| intonsa* (Trybom) | USA     | flores |         |       | 2005; PIN |
|                   | (WA)    | cence, |         |       | 309, 2006 |
|                   |         | Pods   |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Megalurothrips   | Kenya   | Leaves | Yes     | No    | CPC,      |
| sjostedti*        |         |        |         |       | 2005 ;    |
| (Trybom)          |         |        |         |       | Farrel,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | *et al.*, |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1995;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Mailu,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Sericothrips*    | Kenya,  | Leaves | No      | No    | HCDA,     |
| spp*.*            | USA     |        |         |       | MOA, &    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | JICA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2003      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Thrips flavus*   | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No^1^ | CPC,      |
| Schrank           |         | eaves, |         |       | 2005; PIN |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       | 309, 2006 |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Thrips tabaci*   | Kenya,  | In     | No      | No    | BATS,     |
| Lindeman          | USA     | flores |         |       | 2006;     |
|                   |         | cence, |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
|                   |         | Leaves |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **CHROMISTA**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **OOMYCETES**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Pythiales**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Pythium          | Kenya,  | Roots  | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| aphanidermatum*;  | USA     |        |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Edson) Fitzp     |         |        |         |       | Farrel,   |
| (Pythiaceae)      |         |        |         |       | *et al.*, |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1995;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kung'u &  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Boa,      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1997;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kedera,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *                 |         |        |         |       |           |
| *Peronosporales** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Peronospora      | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| viciae* (Berk.)   | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
| Casp.             |         |        |         |       | Farr *et  |
| (Peronosporaceae) |         | Pods,  |         |       | al*.,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         | Seeds, |         |       | HCDA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | MOA, &    |
|                   |         | Stem   |         |       | JICA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2003;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kung'u &  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Boa,      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1997 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | USDA-ARS, |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1960      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **FUNGI**         |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **ANAMORPHIC      |         |        |         |       |           |
| FUNGI**           |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Alternaria       | Kenya,  | L      | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| brassicae*        | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Berk.) Sacc.     |         | Stems  |         |       | Farrel,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | *et al*., |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1995 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kung'u &  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Boa, 1997 |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Acremonium       | Kenya,  | L      | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| strictum* (Gams.) | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005 ;    |
| Syn.              |         |        |         |       | Farrel,   |
| *Cephalosporium   |         | Stems  |         |       | *et* al., |
| acremonium* auct. |         |        |         |       | 1995;     |
| non Corda         |         |        |         |       | Kung'u &  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Boa,      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1997      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Ascochyta pisi*  | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| Lib.              | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         | Stems, |         |       | Farr et   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | al.,      |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       | 2005 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kung'u &  |
|                   |         | Seeds, |         |       | Boa,      |
|                   |         | Soil   |         |       | 1997 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | USDA-ARS, |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1960.     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Aspergillus      | Kenya,  | In     | No      | Yes   | CPC, 2005 |
| flavus* Link      | USA     | flores |         |       |           |
|                   |         | cence, |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seeds, |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Soil   |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Aspergillus      | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| niger* Tiegh.     | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kung'u &  |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       | Boa, 1997 |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seeds, |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Roots  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Cercospora* spp. | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No    | CPC,      |
| Fresen. (more     |         | eaves, | (due to |       | 2005;     |
| than one species  |         |        | unce    |       | HCDA,     |
| of Cercospora,    |         | Pods,  | rtainty |       | MOA, &    |
| but unclear which |         |        | of      |       | JICA,     |
| ones)             |         | Stems  | s       |       | 2003,     |
|                   |         |        | pecies) |       | Kung'u &  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Boa,      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1997;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Watson,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1971      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Cladosporium     | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | Farr *et  |
| herbarum* (Pers.: | USA     | eaves, |         |       | al*.,     |
| Fr) Link          |         | Pods,  |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       | USDA-ARS, |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1960      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Colletotrichum   | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| lindemuthianum*   | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Sacc. & Magnus)  |         |        |         |       | HCDA,     |
| Briosi & Cavara   |         | Pods,  |         |       | MOA, &    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | JICA,     |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       | 2003;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kedera,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Farrel,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | *et al*., |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1995      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Colletotrichum   | Kenya,  | Leaf,  | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| pisi Pat.* Syn.   | USA     | Pod    |         |       | 2005;     |
| *C. coccodes*     |         |        |         |       | Farr *et  |
| (Wallr.)Hughes    |         |        |         |       | al.*,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | USDA-ARS, |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1960,     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Colletotrichum   | Kenya,  | In     | No      | Yes   | CPC, 2005 |
| truncatum*        | USA     | flores |         |       |           |
| (Schwein.) Andrus |         | cence, |         |       |           |
| & W.D. Moore,     |         | L      |         |       |           |
|                   |         | eaves, |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seeds, |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Fusarium         | Kenya,  | (minor | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| graminearum*      | USA     | host)  |         |       | 2005;     |
| Schwabe           |         | In     |         |       | Farr *et  |
|                   |         | flores |         |       | al*, 2005 |
|                   |         | cence, |         |       |           |
|                   |         | L      |         |       |           |
|                   |         | eaves, |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Roots, |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seed,  |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Soil,  |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Fusarium         | Kenya,  | Roots, | Yes^6^  | No    | CPC,      |
| oxysporum*        | USA     | Soil,  |         |       | 2005;     |
| Schlechtendahl    |         | Stems  |         |       | Farr *et  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | al*.,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Fusarium         | Kenya,  | Roots, | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| oxysporum* f.sp.  | USA     |        |         |       | 2005;     |
| *pisi* (C.J.J.    |         | Stems  |         |       | Kraft and |
| Hall) W.C. Snyder |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
| & H.N. Hansen     |         |        |         |       | 2000;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Horst,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2001      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Fusarium solani* | Kenya,  | Roots, | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| f.sp. *pisi*      | USA     |        |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Jones) Snyder &  |         | Stems  |         |       | Kraft and |
| Hansen            |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Fusarium         | Kenya,  | (minor | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| sporotrichioides* | USA     | host)  |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Sherb).          |         | In     |         |       | Kung'u &  |
|                   |         | flores |         |       | Boa, 1997 |
|                   |         | cence, |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Macrophomina     | Kenya,  | Pod,   | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| phaseolina*       | USA     |        |         |       | 2005 ;    |
| (Tassi) Goid.     |         | Roots, |         |       | Farrel,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | *et al.*, |
|                   |         | Seeds, |         |       | 1995;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kung'u &  |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       | Boa, 1997 |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Myrothecium      | Kenya,  | Seeds  | No      | Yes   | CPC, 2005 |
| roridum* (Tode)   | USA     |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Phoma            | Kenya,  | Roots, | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| medicaginis* var. | USA     | Seed,  |         |       | 2005;     |
| *medicaginis*     |         | Stems  |         |       | Farr *et  |
| Malbr. & Roum.    |         |        |         |       | al*.,     |
| Syn. *P.          |         |        |         |       | 2005      |
| medicaginis*      |         |        |         |       |           |
| Malbr. & Roum.    |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Septoria pisi*   | Kenya,  | Leaves | No      | No    | Farr *et  |
| Westend.          | USA     |        |         |       | al.,*     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Hagedorn, |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1991;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kung'u &  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Boa,      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1997;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | USDA-ARS, |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1960      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Verticillium     | Kenya,  | L      | No      | No    | CPC, 2005 |
| dahliae* (Kleb).  | USA     | eaves, |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **ASCOMYCETES**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Pleosporales**  |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Cochliobolus     | Kenya,  | Inf    | No      | Yes   | CPC, 2005 |
| heterostrophus*   | USA     | loresc |         |       |           |
| (Drechsler)       |         | ence,L |         |       |           |
| Drechsler, Syn.   |         | eaves, |         |       |           |
| *Ophibolus        |         | Seeds  |         |       |           |
| heterostrophus*   |         |        |         |       |           |
| Drechsler,        |         |        |         |       |           |
| Anamorph          |         |        |         |       |           |
| *Bipolaris        |         |        |         |       |           |
| maydis* (Nisik. & |         |        |         |       |           |
| Miyake) Shoem.    |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
| (Pleosporaceae)   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Cochliobolus     | Kenya,  | In     | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| sativus* (S. Ito  | USA     | flores |         |       | 2005;     |
| & Kurib.)         |         | cence, |         |       | Kung'u &  |
| Drechsler ex      |         | Roots, |         |       | Boa, 1997 |
| Dastur Syn.       |         |        |         |       |           |
| *Ophiobolus       |         | Seeds, |         |       |           |
| sativus* Ito &    |         |        |         |       |           |
| Kurib             |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
| (Pleosporaceae)   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Didymella        | Kenya,  | Inf    | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| pinodes* (Berk. & | USA     | loresc |         |       | 2005;     |
| Bloxam) Petrak    |         | ence,L |         |       | Kung'u &  |
| Syn.              |         | eaves, |         |       | Boa,      |
| *Mycosphaerella   |         |        |         |       | 1997;     |
| pinodes* (Berk. & |         | Pods,  |         |       | Farr *et  |
| Bloxam)           |         |        |         |       | al.*,     |
| Vestergren        |         | Roots, |         |       | 2005      |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
| (incertae sedis)  |         | Seeds, |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Erysiphales**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Erysiphe pisi*   | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| DC. var. *pisi*   | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | CPC,      |
| Syn. *Erysiphe    |         | Pods,  |         |       | 2005;     |
| polygoni*,        |         | Seeds, |         |       | Farr et   |
| *Ischnochaeta     |         |        |         |       | al.,      |
| pisi* (DC.)       |         | Stems  |         |       | 2005 ;    |
| Sawada            |         |        |         |       | HCDA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | MOA, &    |
| (Erysiphaceae)    |         |        |         |       | JICA,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2003;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kedera,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Leveillula       | Kenya,  | In     | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| taurica* (Lév.)   | USA     | flores |         |       | 2005 ;    |
| G. Arnaud         |         | cence, |         |       | Farr *et  |
| (Erysiphaceae)    |         | L      |         |       | al,* 2005 |
|                   |         | eaves, |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Helotiales**    |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Botryotinia      | Kenya,  | In     | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| fuckeliana* (de   | USA     | flores |         |       | 2005;     |
| Bary) Whetzel,    |         | cence, |         |       | USDA-ARS, |
| Anamorph          |         | L      |         |       | 1960      |
| *Botrytis         |         | eaves, |         |       |           |
| cinerea* Pers.:   |         | Pods,  |         |       |           |
| Fr, reported on   |         | Seeds, |         |       |           |
| *P. sativum*      |         | Stems, |         |       |           |
| (Sclerotiniaceae) |         | Soil   |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Sclerotinia      | Kenya,  | Soil,  | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| minor* Jagger     | USA     | Stems, |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Sclerotiniaceae) |         | Roots  |         |       | Farr *et  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | al*.,     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Sclerotinia      | Kenya,  | In     | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| sclerotiorum*     | USA     | flores |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Lib.) de Bary    |         | cence, |         |       | Kraft and |
| (Sclerotiniaceae) |         | L      |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         | eaves, |         |       | 2000;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Horst,    |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       | 2001      |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seeds, |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Roots, |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Incertae        |         |        |         |       |           |
| sedis**           |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Glomerella       | Kenya,  | In     | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| cingulata*        | USA     | flores |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Stonem.) Spauld. |         | cence, |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
| & Schrenk,        |         | Pods,  |         |       |           |
| Anamorph          |         | Seeds, |         |       |           |
| *Colletotrichum   |         | Stems, |         |       |           |
| gloeosporioides*  |         | Leaves |         |       |           |
| (Stonem.) Spauld  |         |        |         |       |           |
| & Schrenk         |         |        |         |       |           |
| (Glomerellaceae)  |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *                 |         |        |         |       |           |
| *BASIDIOMYCETES** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **C               |         |        |         |       |           |
| eratobasidiales** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Thanatephorus    | Kenya,  | Roots, | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| cucumeris*        | USA     | Soil,  |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Frank) Donk,     |         | Stems  |         |       | Farr *et  |
| Anamorph          |         | (      |         |       | al.*,     |
| *Rhizoctonia      |         | lower) |         |       | 2005      |
| solani* J.G. Kuhn |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
| (C                |         |        |         |       |           |
| eratobasidiaceae) |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Polyporales**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Corticium        | Kenya,  | Roots  | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| rolfsii* (Curzi)  | USA     |        |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Farrel,   |
| Syn. *Athelia     |         |        |         |       | *et al*., |
| rolfisii* (Curzi) |         |        |         |       | 1995;     |
| C.C. Tu & Kimbr.  |         |        |         |       | Kung'u    |
| (preferred name)  |         |        |         |       | and Boa,  |
| (Corticiaceae)    |         |        |         |       | 1997      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **                |         |        |         |       |           |
| UREDINIOMYCETES** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Uredinales**    |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Uromyces         | Kenya,  | L      | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| viciae-fabae*     | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Pers.) J.        |         | Pods,  |         |       | CPC,      |
| Schröt.           |         | Stems, |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Pucciniaceae)    |         | Seeds  |         |       | HCDA,     |
| Syn. *Uromyces    |         | (ma    |         |       | MOA, &    |
| fabae* (Pers.) de |         | terial |         |       | JICA,     |
| Bary              |         | asso   |         |       | 2003;     |
|                   |         | ciated |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         | around |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         | seed,  |         |       | 2000      |
|                   |         | clean  |         |       |           |
|                   |         | seed   |         |       |           |
|                   |         | would  |         |       |           |
|                   |         | not    |         |       |           |
|                   |         | p      |         |       |           |
|                   |         | resent |         |       |           |
|                   |         | a      |         |       |           |
|                   |         | pr     |         |       |           |
|                   |         | oblem) |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **BACTERIA**      |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **BETAPROTEO-**   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
| **BACTERIA**      |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **                |         |        |         |       |           |
| BURKHOLDERIALES** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Ralstoniaceae** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Ralstonia        | Kenya,  | In     | No^7^   | Yes   | Bradbury, |
| solanacearum*     | USA     | flores |         |       | 1986 ;    |
| (Smith) Yabuuchi  |         | cence, |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
| , previously      |         | Pods,  |         |       |           |
| called            |         | Roots, |         |       |           |
| *Pseudomonas      |         | Soil,  |         |       |           |
| solanacearum*     |         | Seeds  |         |       |           |
|                   |         | (poss  |         |       |           |
|                   |         | ibly), |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Stems, |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **GAMMAPROTEO-**  |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
| **BACTERIA**      |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **                |         |        |         |       |           |
| PSEUDOMONADALES** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **P               |         |        |         |       |           |
| seudomonadaceae** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Pseudomonas      | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | CPC, 2005 |
| savastanoi* pv*.  | USA     | eaves, |         |       |           |
| phaseolicola*     |         |        |         |       |           |
| (Burkholder)      |         | Pods,  |         |       |           |
| Gardan *et al*.   |         | Roots  |         |       |           |
| 1992              |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Pseudomonas      | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| syringae* pv.     | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
| *pisi* (Sackett   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
| 1916) Young et    |         | Pods,  |         |       | Pfleger,  |
| al. 1978          |         |        |         |       | 2000;     |
|                   |         | Seeds, |         |       | Horst,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2001      |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Pseudomonas      | Kenya,  | In     | No      | Yes   | Bradbury, |
| syringae* pv*.    | USA     | flores |         |       | 1986;     |
| syringae* van     |         | cence, |         |       | CPC,      |
| Hall              |         | L      |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         | eaves, |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       | 2000      |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seeds  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Pseudomonas      | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | Bradbury, |
| syringae pv.      | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 1986;     |
| tabaci* (Wolf &   |         | Seeds  |         |       | CPC,      |
| Foster) Young *et |         |        |         |       | 2005;     |
| al*., 1978        |         |        |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Pseudomonas      | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | Bradbury, |
| viridiflava*      | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 1986;     |
| (Burkholder)      |         |        |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
| Dowson            |         | Pods,  |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seeds, |         |       |           |
|                   |         |        |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **RHIZOBIALES**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Rhizobiaceae**  |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Rhizobium        | Kenya,  | Roots, | No      | No    | CPC, 2005 |
| radiobacter*      | USA     | Soil,  |         |       |           |
| (Beijerinck & van |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
| Delden ) Young    |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **                |         |        |         |       |           |
| XANTHOMONADALES** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **X               |         |        |         |       |           |
| anthomonadaceae** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Xanthomonas      | Kenya,  | L      | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| axonopodis* pv.   | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
| *phaseoli* (Smith |         |        |         |       | CPC,      |
| 1897) Vauterin    |         | Pods,  |         |       | 2005 ;    |
| *et al*. 1995     |         | Seed   |         |       | Farrel,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | *et al.,* |
| Syn. *X.          |         | Stem   |         |       | 1995;     |
| campestris* pv*.  |         |        |         |       | Kedera,   |
| phaseoli*         |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **VIRUSES**       |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **BROMOVIRIDAE**  |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Alfamovirus**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Alfalfa mosaic    | Kenya,  | Whole  | No      | Yes   | Brunt *et |
| virus             | USA     | Plant  |         |       | al*.,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
|                   |         |        |         |       |  onwards; |
|                   |         |        |         |       | CPC,      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2005 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Cucumovirus**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Cucumber mosaic   | Kenya,  | Whole  | No      | Yes   | Brunt *et |
| virus             | USA     | Plant  |         |       | al*.,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | onwards ; |
|                   |         |        |         |       | CPC,      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2005 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **BUNYAVIRIDAE**  |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Tospovirus**    |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Tomato spotted    | Kenya,  | Whole  | No      | Yes   | Brunt *et |
| wilt virus        | USA     | Plant  |         |       | al*.,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
|                   |         |        |         |       |  onwards; |
|                   |         |        |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **POTYVIRIDAE**   |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **Potyvirus**     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Bean common       | Kenya,  | In     | No      | Yes   | Brunt *et |
| mosaic virus      | USA     | flores |         |       | al*.,     |
|                   |         | cence, |         |       | 1996      |
|                   |         | L      |         |       | onwards;  |
|                   |         | eaves, |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
|                   |         | Stem,  |         |       |           |
|                   |         | Seed   |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Bean yellow       | Kenya,  | Whole  | No      | Yes   | Brunt *et |
| mosaic virus      | USA     | Plant  |         |       | al*.,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | onwards ; |
|                   |         |        |         |       | CPC,      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kedera,   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Cowpea Moroccan   | Kenya,  | Whole  | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| aphid-borne       | USA     | Plant  |         |       | 2005;     |
| mosaic virus      |         |        |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Peanut mottle     | Kenya,  | Whole  | No      | Yes   | Brunt *et |
| virus             | USA     | Plant  |         |       | al*.,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1996      |
|                   |         |        |         |       | onwards ; |
|                   |         |        |         |       | CPC, 2005 |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Turnip mosaic     | Kenya,  | Whole  | No      | Yes   | CPC,      |
| virus             | USA     | Plant  |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Horst,    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2001;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Watermelon mosaic | Kenya,  | In     | No      | No    | Brunt     |
| 2 virus           | USA     | flores |         |       | *et.      |
|                   |         | cence, |         |       | al*.,     |
|                   |         | L      |         |       | 1996      |
|                   |         | eaves, |         |       | onwards ; |
|                   |         | Pods,  |         |       | CPC,      |
|                   |         | Stems  |         |       | 2005 ;    |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **NEMATODA**      |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **ANGUINIDAE**    |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Ditylenchus      | Kenya,  | L      | No/Yes  | No    | CPC,      |
| dipsaci* (Kühn,)  | USA     | eaves, | (listed |       | 2005;     |
| Filip\'ev,        |         | Soil,  | as      |       | Handoo &  |
|                   |         | Stems  | rep     |       | E         |
|                   |         |        | ortable |       | llington, |
|                   |         |        | and     |       | 1998      |
|                   |         |        | n       |       |           |
|                   |         |        | on-repo |       |           |
|                   |         |        | rtable; |       |           |
|                   |         |        | PIN     |       |           |
|                   |         |        | 309,    |       |           |
|                   |         |        | 2006)   |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **HOPLOLAIMIDAE** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Helicotylenchus  | Kenya,  | L      | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| dihystera* (Cobb) | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
| Sher              |         | Roots, |         |       | Kimenju,  |
|                   |         | Soil   |         |       | *et al.,* |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1999,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kimenju,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | *et al.,* |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2004a     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Helicotylenchus  | Kenya,  | (minor | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| multicinctus*     | USA     | host)  | /Yes^8^ |       | 2005 ;    |
| (Cobb, 1893)      | (CA,    | Roots, | (listed |       | PIN 309,  |
| Golden            | FL, MD, | Soil   | as      |       | 2006      |
|                   | NJ, MS, |        | rep     |       |           |
|                   | AL, and |        | ortable |       |           |
|                   | UT)     |        | and     |       |           |
|                   |         |        | n       |       |           |
|                   |         |        | on-repo |       |           |
|                   |         |        | rtable; |       |           |
|                   |         |        | PIN     |       |           |
|                   |         |        | 309,    |       |           |
|                   |         |        | 2006)   |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Helicotylenchus  | Kenya,  | (minor | No      | No    | CPC, 2005 |
| pseudorobustus*   | USA     | host)  |         |       |           |
| (Steiner, 1914)   |         | Roots, |         |       |           |
| Golden            |         | Soil   |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Rotylenchulus    | Kenya,  | Roots, | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| reniformis*       | USA     | Soil   |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Linford &        |         |        |         |       | Kimenju,  |
| Oliveira)         |         |        |         |       | *et al.,* |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2004a     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *                 |         |        |         |       |           |
| *MELOIDOGYNIDAE** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Meloidogyne      | Kenya,  | Roots, | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| hapla* Chitwood   | USA     | Soil   |         |       | 2005;     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Meloidogyne      | Kenya,  | Roots, | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| javanica* (Treub) | USA     | Soil   |         |       | 2005;     |
| Chitwood          |         |        |         |       | Kimenju,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | *et al.,* |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1999,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2004(a &  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | b)        |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Meloidogyne      | Kenya,  | Roots, | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| incognita*        | USA     | Soil   |         |       | 2005;     |
| (Kofoid & White,  |         |        |         |       | Kedera,   |
| 1919) Chitwood    |         |        |         |       | 1996;     |
| 1949              |         |        |         |       | Kimenju,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | *et al.,* |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1999,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2004(a &  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | b)        |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *                 |         |        |         |       |           |
| *PRATYLENCHIDAE** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Pratylenchus     | Kenya,  | Root,  | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| penetrans* (Cobb) | USA     | Soil   |         |       | 2005;     |
| Filipjev &        |         |        |         |       | Kimenju,  |
| Schuurmans        |         |        |         |       | *et al.,* |
| Stekhoven         |         |        |         |       | 1998,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1999,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2004a ;   |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Kraft and |
|                   |         |        |         |       | Pfleger,  |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 2000      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Pratylenchus     | Kenya,  | L      | No      | No    | CPC,      |
| vulnus* (Allen &  | USA     | eaves, |         |       | 2005;     |
| Jensen)           |         | Roots, |         |       | Kimenju,  |
|                   |         | Soil   |         |       | *et al.,* |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1998,     |
|                   |         |        |         |       | 1999      |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **TRICHODORIDAE** |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Paratrichodorus  | Kenya,  | Roots, | No      | No    | CPC, 2005 |
| minor* (Colbran)  | USA     | Soil   |         |       |           |
| Siddiqi           |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **MOLLUSCA**      |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| **GASTROPODA**    |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| *Achatina fulica* | Kenya   | L      | Yes     | No    | CPC, 2005 |
| Bowdich 1822      |         | eaves, |         |       |           |
| formerly Firussac |         | Roots, |         |       |           |
| 1821 Syn,         |         | Stems  |         |       |           |
| *Lissachatina     |         |        |         |       |           |
| fulica* (Bodich)  |         |        |         |       |           |
| (Achatinidae)     |         |        |         |       |           |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+

^1^Although the pest attacks the commodity and is a quarantine pest, it
would not be expected to remain with the commodity through harvesting
and processing.

^2^*Callosobruchus analis*, *C. chinensis*, *C. maculatus*, and *C.
phaseoli* are pests of stored products including dried peas (CPC, 2005).
Because the commodity to be shipped is fresh, shelled pea seeds, these
pests would not be likely to follow the pathway.

^3^CA = California, FL = Florida, HI = Hawaii, MO = Missouri

^4^*Helicoverpa armigera*, *Lampides boeticus*, and *Maruca vitrata* may
be present in the pea seed as young larvae. However, shelling of pea
pods would remove eggs that had been laid on the pod. Also,
hand-inspection of the pea seeds would likely remove any seeds with
internally-feeding larvae. Therefore, it is unlikely that these pests
would follow the pathway.

^5^*Diabolocatantops axillaris* is a large, external feeder that would
not be likely to follow the pathway.

^6^Although this species is in the United States it is still considered
a quarantine species because subspecies of it are of quarantine concern.

^7^Race 1 and 3 of *Ralstonia solanacearum* are known to be in Kenya
(CPC, 2005). Race 1 is widespread in the United States and Race 3 is not
known to attack *Pisum sativum*; therefore, it is unlikely that *R.
solanacearum* from Kenya would be of quarantine concern. Furthermore,
the reports of seed transmission were not specifically linked to *Pisum
sativum* (CPC, 2005).

^8^This is a pest of concern to Hawaii and Puerto Rico; however, this
PRA is for entry into the Continental United States where the pest has
no quarantine pest status.

Quarantine pests found on garden peas from Kenya may be potentially
detrimental to United States agriculture; however, none, were chosen for
further analysis as they are either associated mainly with plant parts
other than the commodity, or it was not considered reasonable to expect
them to remain with the commodity during post-harvest and processing.

The following insects and pathogens were intercepted from Kenya at
United States ports of entry but not on *Pisum sativum* (PIN 309,
2006)*.* Since the pests were only identified to the genus level it is
uncertain if they are species which also attack *P. sativum* or are of
quarantine significance to the United States. These pests will not be
subject to analysis but in the future if pests identified to higher taxa
are intercepted, a re-evaluation of their risk may occur. Lack of
species identification may indicate the limits of the current taxonomic
knowledge or the life stage or the quality of the specimen submitted for
identification. By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on the
organisms for which biological information is available. The lack of
identification at the specific level does not rule out the possibility
that a high-risk pest was intercepted or that the intercepted pest was a
quarantine pest. Conversely, development of detailed assessments for
known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as the
surfaces or interiors of fruit, stems or roots, allow effective
mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar,
but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche.

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Pest**              **Plant and Part**                 **Number of
                                                           Interceptions**
  --------------------- ---------------------------------- -----------------
  *Aeolothrips* sp.     cut flowers                        8

  *Agriotes* sp.        *Phaseolus vulgaris*-fruit         1

  *Amphimallon* sp.     cut flowers                        1

  *Anarsia* sp.         "Plant"-leaf                       1

  *Athous* sp.          cut flowers                        1

  *Balanogastris* sp.   *Cola* sp.-fruit                   1

  *Bruchidius* sp.      *Mimosa* sp.-seed                  1

  *Ceratothrips* sp.    cut flowers                        1

  *Chrysolina* sp.      cut flowers                        1

  *Cladosporium* sp.    *Musa* sp.-leaf                    1

  *Cladosporium* sp.    *Phaseolus vulgaris*-fruit         1

  *Colletotrichum* sp.  *Vanda* sp.-leaf                   1

  *Coniothryium* sp.    *Leucospermum rodolentum*-cut      1
                        flower                             

  *Cryptoblabes* sp.    *Punica granatum*-fruit            1

  *Cryptophlebia* sp.   *Zea mays*-fruit                   7

  *Cryptorhynchus* sp.  *Mangifera indica*-fruit           2

  *Curculio* sp.        *Castanea* sp.-seed                5

  *Cydia* sp.           *Castanea* sp.-seed                3

  *Cylas* sp.           *Ipomoea batatas*-root             4

  *Dialeurodes* sp.     cut flowers                        2

  *Duplaspidiotus* sp.  *Murraya* sp.-leaf                 1

  *Elasmolomus* sp.     cut flowers                        1

  *Exothrips* sp.       cut flowers                        1

  *Fusarium* sp.        *Musa* sp.                         2

  *Fusarium* sp.        *Capsicum* sp.                     1

  *Glomerella* sp.      *Vanda* sp.-leaf                   1

  *Haplothrips* sp.     cut flowers                        6

  *Helicella* sp.       cut flowers                        2

  *Heliothis* sp.       cut flowers                        27

  *Heterochelus* sp.    cut flowers                        2

  *Heteroderes* sp.     *Philodendron* sp.                 1

  *Hyadaphis* sp.       cut flowers                        1

  *Hypera* sp.          cut flowers                        1

  *Icerya* sp.          cut flowers                        1

  *Ischnodemus* sp.     cut flowers                        6

  *Leptosphaeria* sp.   *Musa* sp.-leaf                    1

  *Limothrips* sp.      cut flowers                        1

  *Lygus* sp.           cut flowers                        1

  *Macrophoma* sp.      *Protea* sp.-flower                1

  *Melampsora* sp.      *Hypericum* sp.-cut flower         1

  *Microsphaeropsis*    *Moringa* sp.-seed                 1
  sp.                                                      

  *Mycosphaerella* sp.  *Cocos* sp.-leaf                   1

  *Mycosphaerella* sp.  *Musa* sp.-leaf                    1

  *Nysius* sp.          cut flowers                        8

  *Odontothrips* sp.    cut flowers                        3

  *Oidium* sp.          *Rosa* sp.-cut flower              8

  *Oxythyrea* sp.       cut flowers                        1

  *Paracoccus* sp.      cut flowers                        3

  *Paropsis* sp.        cut flowers                        1

  *Periconia* sp.       *Bignonia* sp.-leaf                1

  *Pestalotiopsis* sp.  *Musa* sp.-leaf                    1

  *Phenacoccus* sp.     "Plant"-leaf                       1

  *Phoma* sp.           *Argyreia nervosa*-plant           1

  *Phoma* sp.           *Citrus sinensis*-fruit            1

  *Phoma* sp.           *Cocos* sp.-leaf                   1

  *Phoma* sp.           "Plant"-leaf                       1

  *Phoma* sp.           Poaceae-stem                       1

  *Phomopsis* sp.       *Cucurbita* sp.-fruit              1

  *Phomopsis* sp.       *Passiflora* sp.-stem              1

  *Phyllacora* sp.      *Andropogon* sp.- leaf             1

  *Planococcus* sp.     cut flowers                        3

  *Pleospora* sp.       *Jatropha* sp. stem                1

  *Pseudaulacaspis* sp. *Diospyros* sp.                    2

  *Pseudococcus* sp.    *Rosa* sp.                         1

  *Rhamphothrips* sp.   cut flowers                        1

  *Rhopalosiphum* sp.   cut flowers                        1

  *Spilococcus* sp.     *Discorea* sp.-root                1

  *Sternochetus* sp.    *Mangifera indica*-fruit           38

  *Tarsonemus* sp.      *Dendrobium* sp.                   1

  *Taylorilygus* sp.    cut flowers                        1

  *Thaumatotibia* sp.   *Zea mays*-fruit                   1

  *Trioza* sp.          *Murraya* sp.                      1

  *Trupanea* sp.        cut flowers                        1

  *Uredo* sp.           *Aerangis* sp. leaf                1

  *Uredo* sp.           "Plant"-leaf                       1

  *Uredo* sp.           Poaceae-leaf                       1

  *Uromyces* sp.        *Phaseolus vulgaris*-fruit         1
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc110672488 .anchor}

**2.5 Conclusion -- Pest Risk Potential and Pests Requiring
Phytosanitary Measures**

Thirteen pests of quarantine significance (*Callosobruchus analis, C.
chinensis, C. maculates, C. phaseoli, Crocidosema aporema,
Diabolocatantops axillaris, Helicoverpa armigera,* *Lampides boeticus,
Leucinodes orbonalis, Maruca vitrata, Spodoptera littoralis, Thrips
flavus,* and *Thysanoplusia orichalcea*) were determined not to follow
the pathway and thus were not analyzed further. Although these insects
are reported to feed on pea seeds, the analysis takes into account the
post-harvest procedures of removal of the seeds from the pod; this
exposes most larval pests that may feed inside the pod on the seeds. The
analysis also took into account the post-harvest procedure of washing
the shelled peas in water containing 50 ppm chlorine, which would
further aid in removing insects feeding on individual peas. This PRA is
only valid when the aforementioned procedures are followed, otherwise
additional analysis would be required.

# **III. Authors**

Chagema J. Kedera (PhD) Managing Director- KEPHIS

Esther Kimani, (PhD) OIC Plant Quarantine Station KEPHIS

Philip Njoroge, KEPHIS

Isaac Macharia, KEPHIS

Samuel Muchemi, KEPHIS

Benson Kuria, KEPHIS.

Collaborator:

Lloyd Garcia, USDA, APHIS, PPQ

Reviewers:

Christie Hurt, USDA, APHIS, CPHST-PERAL

Heather Hartzog, USDA, APHIS, CPHST-PERAL

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc110672490 .anchor}**IV. References**

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[]{#__RefHeading___Toc110672491 .anchor}**V. Appendices**

**Appendix A. Map of *Pisum saivum* L. production areas in Kenya**

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="6.7492125984251965in"
height="7.875196850393701in"}

**Appendix B: Map of Kenya's Climatic Zones.**

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.434722222222222in"
height="7.625694444444444in"}

**Appendix C. General description of processing of garden peas.**

**Harvesting.** Garden peas are harvested by hand and collected in
plastic crates. They are then transported to a storage room with
evaporative cooling.

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="5.245138888888889in"
height="2.6756944444444444in"}

**Photograph 1.** Garden pea production.

**Packing.** Garden peas in pods are received at the packing-house dock
and assessed for quality based on size, maturity, and freedom from
pests, damage, and debris. From the dock, quality assessed peas are sent
to be processed by "high care" procedures. Peas processed following
"high care" procedures are semi- or fully-processed and ready to cook
and eat. "High care" processing is conducted in totally self-contained
facilities with controlled environments and access. Please refer to the
flow diagram for a schematic of "high care" processing (Diagram).

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="4.121527777777778in"
height="3.0909722222222222in"}

**Photograph 2**. First wash of peas in pods at packing-house.

![](media/image5.jpeg){width="2.6118055555555557in"
height="3.482638888888889in"}

**Photograph 3**. Example of "high care" processing facility, removal of
garden peas from pods.

![](media/image6.jpeg){width="3.2576388888888888in"
height="2.4430555555555555in"}

**Photograph 4**. Shelled peas are graded and sorted by hand with
sieves.

![](media/image7.jpeg){width="2.095833333333333in"
height="2.807638888888889in"}

**Photograph 5.** Second wash of shelled garden peas.

![](media/image8.jpeg){width="2.1666666666666665in"
height="2.902083333333333in"}

**Photograph 6.** Washed peas are spun dry.

![](media/image9.jpeg){width="2.9965277777777777in"
height="3.995833333333333in"}

**Photograph 7.** Pre-packed garden peas are washed and shelled. Only
shelled peas will be exported to the United States.

![](media/image10.jpeg){width="3.1319444444444446in"
height="2.3354166666666667in"}

**Photograph 8.** Packaged garden peas are blast chilled.

**Storage.** Processed garden peas are stored in boxes at 2-5^o^C before
shipping.

![](media/image11.jpeg){width="2.370138888888889in"
height="2.0319444444444446in"}

**Photograph 9.** A typical cold storage facility with palletized
produce ready for loading in air transport containers.

**Transport and shipping.** The transport of garden peas from the farm
to the packing-house is via plastic crates that identify the origin of
the peas by farm and field, according to EUREPGAP standards. Trucks are
refrigerated. Shelled peas in pre-packs or plastic bags are packaged in
cardboard boxes stacked on pallets for international shipment by air
(Photograph 9).