[CURRICULUM VITAE]{.underline}

[Name]{.underline}: Giorgio Trinchieri, M.D.

[Cititzenship]{.underline}: U.S.A.

[Education]{.underline}:

1973 M.D., University of Torino, Torino, Italy

[Brief Chronology of Employment:]{.underline}

1971‑1975 Member, Basel Institute of Immunology, Basel, Switzerland

1973‑1976 Assistant Professor, School of Medicine, Department of

Medical Genetics, University of Torino, Italy

1975‑1977 Associate Scientist, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA

1977‑1979 Investigator, Unit of Genetics, Swiss Institute for
Experimental Cancer Research, Epalinges, s/Lausanne, Switzerland

1979‑1986 Associate Professor, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA

1986-1989 Wistar Institute, Associate Professor of Medicine,
Hematology/Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

1987‑1999 Professor, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA

1990-1999 Wistar Institute, Professor of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology
Section, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA

1991 Visiting Professor, Department of Microbiology, University of Pisa,

Pisa, Italy

1995-1999 Member, Institute of Gene Therapy, University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine (1998-1999: member of executive committee)

1997-1999 Visiting Professor, Faculté de Médicine, Paris Sud, France

1999 Hilary Koprowski Professorship, Wistar Institute

1999-present Adjunct Professor, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA

1999-2004 Director, Schering-Plough Laboratory for Immunological
Research, Dardilly, France

2004-2006 NIH Fogarty Scholar and Orise Senior Fellow, NIAID/NIH,

Bethesda, MD

2006-present Director, Cancer and Inflammation Program, and Chief,
Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD

[Societies]{.underline}:

> 1976-present American Society of Immunologists
>
> 1984-present International Interferon Society
>
> 1991-present Society for Natural Immunity
>
> 1993-1999 University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center
>
> 1996-present American Association for Cancer Research
>
> 1998-present Founding member, Academy of Cancer Immunology
>
> 2002-present International Cytokine Society (2002-2003 Junior
> Counselor,
>
> 2004 Senior Counselor, 2005 VicePresident, 2006 President)
>
> 2003-present Italian Society of Immunology and Allergy (honorary
> member)

[Editorial Boards]{.underline}:

> 1980‑1984 Journal of Immunology
>
> 1982‑2000 Monoclonal Antibody News
>
> 1984‑2000 Natural Immunity and Cell Growth Regulation
>
> 1984‑1988 Journal of Clinical Immunology
>
> 2003-present Journal of Clinical Immunology
>
> 1987‑present Journal of Experimental Medicine
>
> 1988‑1990 Journal of the National Cancer Institute
>
> 1988‑1998 Cellular Immunology
>
> 1990-2000 Immunopharmacology
>
> 1990-present Senior Editor (Cancer Immunology), Cancer Research
>
> 1993-present International Journal of Oncology
>
> 1996-present Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews
>
> 1996-present Hybridoma
>
> 1998-present European Journal of Immunology
>
> 1998-present Section Editor (Cancer Immunology), Clinical Immunology
>
> 1999-present Associate Editor, Journal of Biological Regulators &
> Homeostatic Agents
>
> 2001- Transmitting Editor, International Immunology
>
> 2006-present Senior Editor, Cancer Research (AACR)
>
> 2006- Section Editor, Journal of Leukocyte Biology
>
> 2006- Section Editor, Clinical Immunology
>
> 2006- Sr. Editor, Cancer Research Institute (CRI)

2007. The Cancer Journal: The Journal of Principles and Practice of
      Oncology

2008. Cancer Journal: The Journal of Principles and Practice of Oncology

> 2007- Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews

[Committees and Boards]{.underline}:

> 1980-present Ad hoc Member of many Site Visits and Study Sections,
> NIH/DRG and U.S. Army Breast Cancer Research Program
>
> 1981‑1985 Member, Immunobiology Study Section, Division of Research
> Grants, National Institute of Health
>
> 1989‑present Member, Scientific Advisory Council, Steering Group,
> Clinical Investigation Committee, Investigator Grant Committee, and
> Fellowship Committee, Cancer Research Institute, New York, NY
>
> 1990-1994 Member, Experimental Immunology Study Section, National
> Institute of Health
>
> 1998 NIAID Task Force in Immunology
>
> 1999 NIAID Advisory Council
>
> 2002 AACR Immunology Task Force

[Synopsis of Major Research Accomplishments]{.underline}:

1971‑1975 Member, Basel Institute of Immunology, Basel, Switzerland

> ● Demonstration that human cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize Class I
> MHC on allogeneic target cells.
>
> ● Characterization of human effector cells mediating
> antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

1975‑1977 Associate Scientist, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA

> ● First demonstration of H-2 restriction for a tumor-associated
> antigen (SV40 T antigen)
>
> ● Demonstration of syngeneic Class I MHC cross-priming for a tumor-
> associated antigen expressed on allogeneic or xenogeneic transformed
> cells
>
> ● Demonstration of the role of type I interferon in enhancing Natural
> Killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and its role in determining killing
> of virus- infected cells.
>
> ● Identification of human natural interferon producing cells (now
> known also as plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells) and their essential role
> in NK cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

1977‑1979 Investigator, Unit of Genetics, Swiss Institute for
Experimental Cancer Research, Epalinges, s/Lausanne, Switzerland

> ● Characterization of phenotype and functions of FcR carrying Natural
> Killer cells
>
> ● Study of IFN-γ production by NK cells

1979-1999 Associate Professor, Professor, Hilary Koprowski Professor,
Chairman of the Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia

> ● Demonstration of the activity of IFN-γ, TNF and LT in inducing
> differentiation and activation of myeolomonocytic cells and inhibiting
> hematopoietic colony formation
>
> ● Identification of the fibrinogen binding activity of platelet
> glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex
>
> ● Identification of FcRIII (CD16) both as a marker and a signaling
> receptor on Natural Killer cells involved in triggering cytotoxicity
> and cytokine production
>
> ● Identification of Natural Killer cells as potent and early cytokine
> producers (particularly IFN-γ and colony-stimulatory factors) at the
> interface of inflammation and adaptive immunity
>
> ● Discovery and cloning of Interleukin-12
>
> ● Demonstration of the critical role of Interleukin-12 in the axis
> dendritic cells/phagocytic cells/NK cells/ T and B cells at the
> interface between innate resistance/inflammation and adaptive immunity
>
> ● Identification of Interleukin-12 as the major cytokine regulating
> Th1 responses
>
> ● Extensive molecular and biological characterization of IL-12
> production and of IFN-γ production in response to IL-12
>
> ● Characterization of the role of IL-12 in endotoxic shock,
> infections, autoimmunity, allergy, tolerance, and cancer
>
> ● Characterization of the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor effect
> of IL-12 and its adjuvant activity in vaccination
>
> ● Characterization of the role of IL-12, IL-18, IFN-γ, and CXCR3
> chemokines in regulating tumor angiogenesis
>
> ● Characterization of the paradoxical immunesuppression in cancer
> induced by IL-12 through induction of NO
>
> ● Identification of a severe defect of IL-12 production in
> HIV-patients
>
> ● Discovery and cloning of human 2B4 (CD244) receptor on NK and T
> cells and identification of its functions and binding to CD48

1999-2004 Director, Schering-Plough Laboratory for Immunological
Research, Dardilly, France

> ● Identification of the mouse Type I Interferon producing cells or
> plasmacytoid preDC and characterization of their role in viral
> infections and in the immune response
>
> ● Characterization of plasmacytoid DC production and response to
> chemokines and their role in in vivo and in vitro migration of these
> cells
>
> ● Identification and characterization of the mechanisms of the
> activating cross-talk between NK cells and different subsets of
> Dendritic Cells
>
> ● Differential responses in vitro and in vivo to ligands of Toll-like
> receptors
>
> ● Establishment of a drug discovery program focused on TLRs
>
> ● Establishment of a high throughput screening of small molecule
> TLR-agonists and identification of several active small molecules
>
> ● Identification of the central role of IL-10 in suppressing
> anti-cancer functions of macrophages and Dendritic cells,
> characterization of some of the molecular mechanisms of action of
> IL-10, and identification of IL-10 antagonism (anti-IL-10 antibodies)
> as a promising therapeutic approach for inducing both innate and
> adaptive anti-cancer defense mechanisms
>
> ● Directing work leading to the identification of a role of TLRs and
> their adaptor molecules (e.g. MyD88, TRIF) in inducing cell
> proliferation, apoptosis of cancer cells, and being necessary for
> chemical carcinogenesis

2005-2007 NIH Fogarty Scholar (NIAID) and Director, Cancer and
Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI

-   Characterization of the essential role of the IFN-producing
    plasmacytoid DCs in allogeneic transplant tolerance as well as in
    oral tolerance.

-   Characterization of the role and molecular mechanisms of TLR-induced
    endogenous type I IFN in controlling the switch between apoptosis
    and survival/proliferation in both fibroblasts and dendritic cells.

    [Administrative Appointments]{.underline}:

1991-1999 Chairman of Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute

1992-1999 Chairman, Staff Council, The Wistar Institute

[Awards]{.underline}:

> 1990-1999 NIH-NCI Merit Award

1996. Cancer Research Institute's W. B. Coley Award for Distinguished

> Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology
>
> 2002 Original member, Highly Cited Researchers, Immunology and
> Clinical Medicine (1st most quoted immunologist in 1993-2003)
>
> 2004 Honorary Membership, Italian Society of Immunology and Allergy

[Major NIH Grants]{.underline}: (All grants transferred to other PIs in
1999)

2004. RO1 CA20833 Year 01 to 27 Cell-mediated cytotoxicity

> 1982-2004 RO1 CA32898 Year 01 to 22 Differentiation and function of
> monocytes
>
> 1994-2004 RO1 AI 34412 Year 01 to 10 Immunobiology of Interleukin 12

[Patents]{.underline}:

Patent #5,457,038: Trinchieri, *et al*., Natural Killer Cell Stimulatory
Factor (Interleukin-12), issued October 10, 1995

Patent #5,569,454: Trinchieri, *et al*., Methods of Treating Infection
using Natural Killer Stimulatory Factor, issued October 29, 1996

Patent #5,571,515: Scott, *et al*., Compositions and Methods for Use of
IL-12 as an Adjuvant (Leishmania vaccine), issued November 5, 1996

Patent #5,648,072: Trinchieri, *et al*., Methods of Inducing Gamma
Interferon and Stimulating Blood Cell Populations Using Natural Killer
Stimulatory Factor, issued July 15, 1997

Patent #5,648,467: Trinchieri, *et al*., Natural Killer Cell Stimulatory
Factor, issued July 15, 1997

Patent #5,688,690: Valiante, et al., Human Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Signal
Transduction Surface Protein and Monoclonal Antibodies Thereto, issued
November 18, 1997

Patent #5,723,127: Scott, *et al*., Compositions and Methods for Use of
IL-12 as an Adjuvant (Infectious disease vaccines), issued March 3, 1998

Patent #5,811,523: Trinchieri, *et al.*, Antibodies to Natural Killer
Stimulatory Factor, issued September 22, 1998

Patent #5,872,154: Wilson, *et al.*, Method of Reducing an Immune
Response to a Recombinant Adenovirus, issued February 16, 1999

Patent #5,976,539: Trinchieri, *et al*., Composition and methods for use
of IL-12 as an adjuvant (Cancer vaccines), issued November 2, 1999

Trinchieri, *et al*., Methods and Compositons for Inhibiting
Angiogenesis and Treating Cancer - application pending (1999)

Patent #6,086,876: Karp, *et al*., Methods and Compositions for the
Inhibition of Interleukin-12 Production, issued July 11, 2000

Patent #6,168,923: Scott, *et al.*, Compositions and methods for use of
IL-12 as an adjuvant (Cancer vaccines), issued January 2, 2001

Patent #6,251,957: Wilson, *et al*., Method of reducing an immune
response to a recombinant virus, issued June 26, 2001

Patent #6,300,478: Trinchieri, *et al.,* Antibodies to natural killer
stimulatory factor, issued October 9, 2001

Patent \# 6,372,208: Wilson, *et al.,* Method of reducing an immune
response to a recombinant virus, issued April 16, 2002

Patent #6,375,944: Trinchieri, *et al.,* Methods and Composition for
enhancing the immunostimulatory effect interleukin-12, issued April 23,
2002

Patent #6,555,658: Trinchieri, *et al.*, Antibodies to natural killer
stimulatory factor, issued

April 29, 2003

Patent #6,875,580: Paturel, *et al.,* Antibodies specific for
plasmacytoid dendritic cells, issued

April 5, 2005

Patent #7,122,633: Trinchieri, et al. Natural killer stimulatory factor

October 17, 2006

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Caux et al., Chemokines as adjuvants of immune response, filed September
9, 2002

[Invited Talks (2003 to present)]{.underline}:

> Keystone Symposium on Regulatory and Effector Functions of
> Macrophages, "The Regulation of IL-12 Production", Taos, NM, Jan 30 -
> Feb 4, 2003
>
> Keystone Symposium on Dendritic Cells: Interfaces with Immunobiology
> and Medicine, Physiology of Mouse Interferon Producing Cells,
> Keystone, CO, March 2003
>
> Third Edward Jenner Conference on Fundamental Issues in Vaccine
> Immunity, Keble College, "The Role of Murine Type I Interferon
> Producing Cells in the Immune Response", Oxford, UK, April 2003
>
> American Association of Immunology (AAI) Meeting, "DC Receptors and
> Cytokine Responses", Denver, CO, May 2003
>
> Keynote Speaker, International Society for Biological Therapy of
> Cancer (iSBTc) Satellite Symposium: Cellular Immunology and the
> Immunotherapy of Cancer V, "The Extended IL-12 Family Members IL-12,
> IL-23, and IL-27", Paris, France, May 2003
>
> Gordon Conference 2003 Viruses and Cells, Il Ciocco, "Type I
> Interferon-Producing Cells: Their Role in Innate and Adaptive
> Immunity", Lucca, Italy, May 2003
>
> Keynote Speaker (EFIS lecture), 2^nd^ National Conference SIICA,
> "Dendritic Cells at the Interface between Innate and Adaptive
> Immunity", Verona, Italy, May 2003
>
> Seminar Speaker, "Type I Interferon-Producing Cells (plasmacytoid DC)
> in Innate and Adaptive Resistance", Cornell Medical College, New York,
> NY, June 2003
>
> Guest Speaker, Dutch Tumor Immunology Meeting, "Polarization of the T
> Cell Immune Response through Defined DC Activation Signals and
> Cytokines, Breukelen, Netherlands, June 2003
>
> International Advisory Board and Invited Guest Speaker, 4^th^
> International Expert Meeting on Clinical Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy,
> "In Vivo Activation of Type I Interferons Producing Cells
> (plasmacytoid DC)", Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The
> Netherlands, June 2003
>
> Dendritic Cells: Biology and Therapeutic Applications, Centre for
> International Meetings on Biology (CRIB) of the Fundación Juan March,
> "Reciprocal Activating Interaction between Natural Killer Cells and
> Dendritic Cells", Madrid, Spain, October 2003
>
> 56th Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer Research, Cancer Immunity:
> Challenges for the Next Decade, "Tumor-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells:
> friends or foes?", Univ. Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,
> TX, October 2003
>
> Postgraduate Immunology Training Workshop, "Dendritic Cells at the
> Interface between Innate and Adaptive Resistance", Perth, Australia,
> December 2003
>
> Keynote Speaker, Australasian Society for Immunology, 33rd Annual
> Scientific Meeting, "Dendritic Cells at the Interface BetweenIinnate
> and Adaptive Resistance", Univ. Western Australia, Perth, December
> 2003
>
> Seminar, University Pennsylvania and the Wistar Institute,
> Philadelphia, PA, February 2004
>
> Invited Presentation, Innate Immunity Meeting, Newport Beach, CA,
> February 2004
>
> Keystone Symposium on Immunoevasion (G. Trinchieri and A. O'Garra
> organizers), Taos, NM, March 2004
>
> Seminar, Yale University, Program in Human and Translational
> Immunology, New Haven, CT, May 2004
>
> Scientific Committee Member & Invited Speaker: Innate and Adaptive
> Immunity after Transcutaneous or Mucosal Vaccination, "Interaction
> Among NK Cells, DC, and Toll Receptors", Fondation Merieux, Annacy
> (France) June 2004
>
> Invited Speaker, Eurocancer 2004, Actualisation Sur Les Cytokines et
> en Particulier les IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, Paris, June 2004
>
> Seminar, Scripps Research Institute, LaJolla, CA, July 2004
>
> Seminar, NIH-NAID, Bethesda, MD, July 2004
>
> Seminar, University Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, July
> 2004
>
> Seminar, St. Jude Hospital, Memphis, TN, July 2004
>
> Chair and Major Symposium Speaker, International Congress of
> Immunology, "Dendritic Cells and Their Cytokines at the Interface of
> Innate Resistance and Adaptive Immunity", Montreal, July 2004
>
> Invited Speaker and Session Chair, 8th International Symposium on
> Dendritic Cells, "Type I Interferon Dependence of Plasmacytoid
> Dendritic Cell Activation and Migration", Brugge, Belgium, October
> 2004
>
> Seminar, University Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular
> Genetics, College Park, MD, January 2005
>
> Seminar, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, January 2005
>
> Seminar, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, January 2005
>
> Invited Speaker and Session Chair: Keystone Meeting: Dendritic Cells
> at the Center of Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Eradication of
> Pathogens and Cancer and Control of Immunopathology, "Role of
> Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells In Vivo", Vancouver, BC, February 2005
>
> Seminar, Case Western Reserve Medical School, Cleveland, OH, February
> 2005
>
> Seminar, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, March 2005
>
> Seminar, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, March 2005
>
> Seminar, Immunology Interest Group, NIH, Bethesda, March 2005
>
> Seminar, Department Pathology/Immunology, University of Verona, Italy,
> April 2005
>
> Lecture, Department Medicine, University of Udine, Italy, April 2005
>
> Seminar, Department of Cell Biology, University of Udine, Italy, April
> 2005
>
> Seminar, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
> Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University,
> Baltimore, MD, September 2005
>
> Seminar, Pharmaceutical Research, 3M Center, St. Paul, MN, September
> 2005
>
> Invited Speaker and Scientific Committee Member, 2nd International
> Meeting of Dendritic Cells at the Host Pathogen Interface, Airlie
> Conference Center, Warrenton, VA, September 2005
>
> Invited Speaker, 7th Latin American Congress of Immunology, Cordoba,
> Argentina, October 2005
>
> Invited Speaker and Workshop Cairman, 2005 Annual Meeting of the
> International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research (ISICR),
> Shanghai, China, October 2005
>
> Invited Speaker and Symposium Chairman, International Cytokine Society
> Conference 2005 Seoul, Korea, October 2005
>
> Invited Speaker, First Dead Sea Conclave on HIV and Cancer Vaccine
> Research, Dead Sea, Jordan, November 2005
>
> Invited Speaker and Session Chair, Keystone Symposium: [Determinants
> of Host Resistance, Susceptibility or Immunopathology to Pathogens:
> Integrating Knowledge from Experimental Models to Human
> Disease](http://www.keystonesymposia.org/Meetings/ViewMeetings.cfm?MeetingID=796),
> Keystone, CO, January 2006
>
> Keynote Speaker, 9^th^ Annual Meeting Regional Cancer Center
> Consortium, Pittsburgh, PA, February 2006
>
> Seminar, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD, March 2006
>
> Organizer and Speaker, Innate Immunity World Congress, Strategic
> Research Institute, San Diego, CA, March 2006
>
> Plenary Speaker, Cancer Immunotherapy 2006, XIVth Cancer Research
> Insitute (CRI) International Cancer Immunotherapy Symposia, New York,
> NY, October 2006
>
> Invited Speaker, 20^th^ Annual Meeting of the European Macrophage and
> Dendritic Cell Society (EMDS), "Plasmacytoid dendritic cell and
> immunity: Fridns or foes?", Freiburg, Germany, October 2006
>
> Lecture, FDA Molecular Vaccines Interagency Working Group Workshop:
> Advances in Immunology and Vaccine Discovery, Ames, IA, December 2006
>
> Invited Speaker, VIth Sao Paulo Research Conference: Mechanisms of
> Infection and Immunity, "Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 2006
>
> Seminar, 2007 AAAAI Annual Meeting, "Function of plasmacytoid
> dendritic cells", San Dieo, CA, February 2007
>
> Invited Speaker, British Society for Immunology (BSI) Annual Congress
> 2007, Plenary Session: Cellular Interactions with Dendritic Cells,
> "Pattern recognition receptors and dendritic cell activation",
> Glasgow, Scotland, February 2007
>
> Seminar, INSERM, Immunite des Muqueuses, "Toll-like receptors and
> dedritic cells", Lyon France, February 2007
>
> Seminar, Instituto Nazionale Tumori, "Toll-like receptors and
> dendritic cells", Milano, Italy, February 2007
>
> Seminar, Instituto Humanitas, "Toll-like receptor signaling in
> hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell: Role of cancer", Milan,
> Italy, March 2007
>
> Seminar, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, "Toll-like receptors and dendritic
> cells", Genova, Italy, March 2007
>
> Invited Speaker, Joint International Cancer Microenvironment Society,
> AACR International Conference on Tumor Microenvironment, "Toll-like
> receptor signaling in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell: Role
> of cancer", Florence, Italy, March 2007
>
> Seminar, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia
> Commonwealth University, "Toll-like receptors, inflammation and
> cancer", Richmond, VA, April 2007.
>
> Seminar, Henry Kunkel Society Annual Meeting, "TLR-signaling in
> hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells", New York, NY, April 2007.
>
> Invited speaker, American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association,
> "Toll-like receptors and dendritic cells", Baltimore, MD April 2007.
>
> Invited speaker, Memorial Scientific Symposium to Honor Dr. Bice
> Perussia's Career and Scientific Accomplishments, "Toll-like
> receptors, inflammation and cancer", Philadelphia, PA, May 2007.
>
> Invited speaker, The Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME, May 2007.
>
> Invited speaker, American Association of Immunologist meeting,
> "Toll-like receptors, inflammation and cancer", Miami, FL, May 2007.

[BIBLIOGRAPHY]{.underline}

1.  Bedarida, G., G. Trinchieri, and A. O. Carbonara. The detection of
    Australian antigen and anti‑Au antibodies by a rapid procedure
    combining electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation.
    [Haematologica.]{.underline} 54: 591‑602, 1969.

2.  Carbonara, A. O., G. Trinchieri, G. Bedarida, and G. Fillippi. 1970.
    A caucasian population with a high frequency of Au \"carriers\":
    genetic analysis of the condition. *Vox. Sang*. 191:288‑294.

3.  Bedarida, G., A. O. Carbonara, S. Curtoni, and G. Trinchieri. 1971.
    Studio genetico sui portatori sani dell\'antigene Australia. *La
    Trasfusione del Sangue*. 16:28‑35.

4.  Miggiano, V., D. Bernoco, J. Lightbody, G. Trinchieri, and R.
    Ceppellini. 1972.Cell‑mediated lympholysis in vitro with normal
    lymphocytes as target: specificity and cross‑reactivity of the test.
    *Transplant. Proc.* 4:231‑237.

5.  Carbonara, A. O., M. De Marchi, G. Trinchieri, O. Varetto, S. E.
    Curtoni, and R. Ceppellini. 1973. Allogeneic antibodies detected by
    inhibition of lymphocyte reactivity and by immunofluorescence.
    *Giornale Batteriol. Virol. ed Immunol*. 66:133‑153.

6.  Cullen, S. E., D. Bernoco, A. O. Carbonara, H. Jacot‑Guillarmod, G.
    Trinchieri, and R. Ceppellini. 1973. Fate of HL‑A antigens and
    antibodies at the lymphocyte surface*. Transplant. Proc*.
    5:1631‑1646.

7.  Trinchieri, G., M. De Marchi, W. Mayr, M. Savi, and R.
    Ceppellini. 1973. Lymphocyte antibody lymphocytolytic interaction
    (LALI) with special emphasis on HLA. *Transplant. Proc*.
    5:1631‑1646.

8.  Carbonara, A., G. Trinchieri, M. Massobrio, and N. Pilone. 1974.
    Antibodies in parous women detected by antibody dependent
    cell‑mediated cytotoxicity. *Tissue Antigens*. 4:558‑563.

9.  Harder, F., M. De Marchi, G. Trinchieri, and G. Thiel. 1974.
    Assessment of cellular immunity by ^51^Cr release from macrophages
    as target cells. *Transplantation*. 17:551‑560.

10. Trinchieri, G. 1974. Studio dell\'attivita citolitica di linfociti
    umani stimolati in vitro: nuove tecniche per l\'analisi
    dell\'istocompatibilita nell\'uomo. *La Trasfusione del Sangue.*
    19:1‑46.

11. Trinchieri, G., P. Bauman, M. De Marchi, and Z. Tokes. 1975.
    Antibody‑dependent cell‑mediated cytotoxicity in humans. I.
    Characterization of the effector cell. *J. Immunol*. 115:249‑255.

12. Trinchieri, G., and M. De Marchi. 1975. Antibody‑dependent
    cell‑mediated cytotoxicity in humans. II. Energy requirement. *J.
    Immunol*. 115:256‑260.

13. Doherty, P. C., D. Gotze, G. Trinchieri, and R. M.
    Zinkernagel. 1976. Models for recognition of virally modified cells
    by immune thymus derived lymphocytes. *Immunogenetics*. 3:517‑524.

14. Santoli, D., G. Trinchieri, C. M. Zmijewski, and H. Koprowski. 1976.
    HLA‑related control of spontaneous and antibody‑dependent
    cell‑mediated cytotoxic activity in humans. *J. Immunol.*
    117:765‑770.

15. Trinchieri, G., D. Aden, and B. B. Knowles. 1976. Cell‑mediated
    cytotoxicity to SV40‑specific tumor‑associated antigens. *Nature*.
    261:312‑314.

16. Trinchieri, G., and M. De Marchi. 1976. Antibody‑dependent
    cell‑mediated cytotoxicity in humans. III. Effect of protease
    inhibitors and substrates. *J. Immunol*. 116:885‑891.

17. Knowles, B. B., D. Solter, G. Trinchieri, K. M. Maloney, S. Ford,
    and D. P. Aden. 1977. Complement mediated antiserum cytotoxic
    reactions to human chromosome 7 coded antigens: Immunoselection of
    rearranged human chromosome 7 in human‑mouse somatic cell hybrids.
    *J. Exp. Med.* 145:314‑326.

18. Santoli, D., and G. Trinchieri. 1977. Evaluation of the effect of
    ammonium chloride treatment on the activity of human effector cells
    in antibody‑dependent and spontaneous cell‑mediated
    cytotoxicity*. J. Immunol. Meth.* 15:97‑100.

19. Trinchieri, G., D. P. Aden, D. Solter, and B. B. Knowles. 1977.
    Cytotoxic cell‑mediated response to tumor antigens on somatic cell
    hybrids. *Transplant. Proc*. 9:1161‑1165.

20. Trinchieri, G., D. Santoli, and B. B. Knowles. 1977. Tumor cell
    lines induce interferon in human lymphocytes*. Nature*. 270:611‑613.

21. Trinchieri, G., D. Santoli, C. M. Zmijewski, and H. Koprowski. 1977.
    Functional correlation between antibody‑dependent and spontaneous
    cell‑mediated cytotoxic activity of human lymphocytes and
    possibility of an HLA‑related control. *Transplant. Proc.*
    9:881‑884.

22. Ford, S. R., D. P. Aden, R. Mausner, G. Trinchieri, and B. B.
    Knowles. 1978. Characterization of a cell surface protein coded for
    by human chromosome 7. *Immunogenetics*. 6:293‑300.

23. Pfizenmaier, K., G. Trinchieri, D. Solter, and B. B. Knowles. 1978.
    Mapping of H‑2 genes associated with T cell‑mediated cytotoxic
    response to SV40‑tumor associated specific antigens. *Nature.*
    274:691‑693.

24. Santoli, D., G. Trinchieri, and H. Koproswki. 1978. Cell‑mediated
    cytotoxicity in humans against virus‑infected target cells. II.
    Interferon induction and activation of natural killer cells*. J.
    Immunol*. 121:532‑538.

25. Santoli, D., G. Trinchieri, and F. S. Lief. 1978. Cell‑mediated
    cytotoxicity against virus‑infected cells in humans. I.
    Characterization of the effector lymphocyte. *J. Immunol*.
    121:526‑531.

26. Santoli, D., G. Trinchieri, L. Moretta, C. M. Zmijewski, and H.
    Koprowski. 1978. Spontaneous cell‑mediated cytotoxicity in humans.
    Distribution and characterization of the effector cells. *Clin. Exp.
    Immunol.* 33:309‑318.

27. Trinchieri, G., and D. Santoli. 1978. Antiviral activity induced by
    culturing lymphocytes with tumor‑derived or virus‑transformed cells.
    Enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by interferon and
    antagonistic inhibition of susceptibility of target cells to lysis.
    *J. Exp. Med.* 147:1314‑1333.

28. Trinchieri, G., D. Santoli, R. Dee, and B. B. Knowles. 1978.
    Anti‑viral activity induced by culturing lymphocytes with
    tumor‑derived or virus‑transformed cells. Identification of the
    anti‑viral activity as interferon and characterization of the human
    effector lymphocyte subpopulation. J. Exp. Med. 147:1299‑1313.

29. Trinchieri, G., D. Santoli, and H. Koprowski. 1978. Spontaneous
    cell‑mediated cytotoxicity in humans: role of interferon and
    immunoglobulins. J. Immunol. 120:1849‑1855.

30. Knowles, B. B., M. Koncar, K. Pfizenmaier, D. Solter, D. P. Aden,
    and G. Trinchieri. 1979. Genetic control of the cytotoxic T cell
    response to SV40 tumor‑associated specific antigen. *J. Immunol.*
    122:1798‑1806.

31. Perussia, B., G. Trinchieri, and J‑C. Cerottini. 1979. Analysis of
    human lymphocyte subpopulations responsible for antibody‑dependent
    and spontaneous cell‑mediated cytotoxicity. *Transplant. Proc*.
    11:793‑795.

32. Perussia, B., G. Trinchieri, and J. C. Cerottini. 1979. Functional
    studies of Fc receptor‑bearing human lymphocytes: effect of
    treatment with proteolytic enzymes. *J. Immunol*. 123:681‑687.

33. Perussia, B., L. Mangoni, H. D. Engers, and G. Trinchieri. 1980.
    Interferon production by human and murine lymphocytes in response to
    alloantigens. *J. Immunol*. 125:1589‑1595.

34. Tonkonogy, S., G. Trinchieri, B. Perussia, and M. Nabholz. 1980.
    Monoclonal antibodies specific for kappa chain, lambda chain and
    IgG1 of human immunoglobulins. *J. Human Immunol*. 1:111‑120.

35. Perussia, B., D. Lebman, S. H. Ip, G. Rovera, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1981. Terminal differentiation surface antigens of
    myelomonocytic cells are expressed in human promyelocytic leukemia
    cells (HL60) treated with chemical inducers. *Blood*. 58:836‑846.

36. Perussia, B., and G. Trinchieri. 1981. Inactivation of natural
    killer cell cytotoxic activity after interaction with target
    cells*. J. Immunol*. 126:754‑758.

37. Santoli, D., W. Hall, L. Kastrukoff, R. P. Lissak, B. Perussia, G.
    Trinchieri, and H. Koprowski. 1981. Cytotoxic activity and
    interferon production by lymphocytes from patients with multiple
    sclerosis*. J. Immunol*. 126:1274‑1278.

38. Trinchieri, G., D. Granato, and B. Perussia. 1981.
    Interferon‑induced resistance of fibroblasts to cytolysis mediated
    by natural killer cells: specificity and mechanism*. J. Immunol*.
    126:335‑340.

39. Perussia, B., J. Jankiewicz, and G. Trinchieri. 1982. Binding of
    platelets to human monocytes: a source of artifacts in the study of
    the specificity of antileukocyte antibodies. *J. Immunol. Meth.*
    50:269‑276.

40. Perussia, B., G. Trinchieri, D. Lebman, J. Jankiewicz, B. Lange,
    and G. Rovera. 1982. Monoclonal antibodies that detect
    differentiation surface antigens on human myelomonocytic cells.
    *Blood.* 59:382‑392.

41. Chang, Z. L., T. Hoffman, H. C. Stevenson, G. Trinchieri, and R. B.
    Herberman. 1983. Characterization by monoclonal antibodies of the
    cytotoxic effector cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    reactive against anchorage‑dependent tumor cell lines. *Scand. J.
    Immunol*. 18:451‑459.

42. Dayton, E., B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1983. Correlation
    between differentiation, expression of monocyte‑specific antigens,
    and cytotoxic functions in human promyelocytic cell lines treated
    with leukocyte‑conditioned medium. *J. Immunol*. 130:1120‑1128.

43. DiMinno, G., P. Thiagarajan, B. Perussia, J. Martinez, S.
    Shapiro, G. Trinchieri, and S. Murphy. 1983. Exposure of platelet
    fibrinogen‑binding sites by collagen arachidonic acid, and ADP:
    inhibition by a monoclonal antibody to the glycoprotein IIb‑IIIa
    complex. *Blood*. 61:140‑148.

44. Perussia, B., O. Acuto, C. Terhorst, J. Faust, R. Lazarus, V.
    Fanning, and G. Trinchieri. 1983. Human natural killer cells
    analyzed by B73.1, a monoclonal antibody blocking FcR functions. II.
    Studies of B73.1 antibody‑antigen interaction on the lymphocyte
    membrane*. J. Immunol.* 130:2142‑2148.

45. Perussia, B., E. T. Dayton, V. Fanning, P. Thiagarajan, J. Hoxie,
    and G. Trinchieri. 1983. Immune interferon and leukocyte‑conditioned
    medium induce normal and leukemic myeloid cells to differentiate
    along the monocytic pathway. *J. Exp. Med*. 158:2058‑2080.

46. Perussia, B., E. Dayton, R. Lazarus, V. Fanning, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1983. Immune interferon induces the receptor for
    monomeric IgG1 on human monocytic and myeloid cells. *J. Exp. Med*.
    158:1092‑1113.

47. Perussia, B., V. Fanning, and G. Trinchieri. 1983. A human NK and K
    cell subset shares with cytotoxic T cell expression of the antigen
    recognized by antibody OKT8*. J. Immunol*. 131:223‑231.

48. Perussia, B., S. Starr, S. Abraham, V. Fanning, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1983. Human natural killer cells analyzed by B73.1, a
    monoclonal antibody blocking Fc receptor functions. I.
    Characterization of the lymphocyte subset reactive with B73.1. *J.
    Immunol*. 130:2133‑2141.

49. Thiagarajan, P., B. Perussia, L. De Marco, K. Wells, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1983. Membrane proteins on human megakaryocytes and
    platelets identified by monoclonal antibodies. *Am. J. Hemat.*
    14:255‑269.

50. Freundlich, B., G. Trinchieri, B. Perussia, and R. B. Zurier. 1984.
    The cytotoxic effector cells in preparations of adherent mononuclear
    cells from human peripheral blood. *J. Immunol*. 132:1255‑1260.

51. Perussia, B., and G. Trinchieri. 1984. Antibody 3G8, specific for
    the human neutrophil Fc receptor, reacts with natural killer cells.
    *J. Immunol*. 132:1410‑1415.

52. Perussia, B., G. Trinchieri, A. Jackson, N. L. Warner, J. Faust, H.
    Rumpold, D. Kraft, and L. L. Lanier. 1984. The Fc receptor for IgG
    on human natural killer cells: phenotypic, functional and
    comparative studies using monoclonal antibodies. *J. Immunol*.
    133:180‑189.

53. Trinchieri, G., M. Matsumoto‑Kobayashi, S. C. Clark, J. Sheehra, L.
    London, and B. Perussia. 1984. Response of resting human peripheral
    blood natural killer cells to interleukin‑2. *J. Exp. Med.*
    160:1147‑1169.

54. Trinchieri, G., T. O\'Brien, M. Shade, and B. Perussia. 1984.
    Phorbol esters enhance spontaneous cytotoxicity of human
    lymphocytes, abrogate Fc receptor expression and inhibit
    antibody‑dependent lymphocyte‑mediated cytotoxicity*. J. Immunol*.
    133:1869‑1877.

55. Dayton, E. T., M. Matsumoto‑Kobayashi, B. Perussia, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1985. Role of immune interferon in the monocytic
    differentiation of human promyelocytic cell lines induced by
    leukocyte conditioned medium. *Blood*. 66:583‑594.

56. Degliantoni, G., M. Murphy, M. Kobayashi, M‑K. Francis, B. Perussia,
    and G. Trinchieri. 1985. Natural Killer (NK) cell‑derived
    hematopoietic colony‑inhibiting activity and NK cytotoxic factor.
    Relationship with tumor necrosis factor and synergism with immune
    interferon. *J. Exp. Med.* 162:1512‑1530.

57. Degliantoni, G., B. Perussia, L. Mangoni, and G. Trinchieri. 1985.
    Inhibition of bone marrow colony formation by human natural killer
    cells and by natural killer cell‑derived colony‑inhibiting activity.
    *J. Exp. Med*. 161:1152‑1168.

58. Giacomini, P., L. Imberti, P. Aguzzi, B. Fisher, G. Trinchieri,
    and S. Ferrone. 1985. Immunochemical analysis of the modulation of
    human melanoma associated antigens by DNA recombinant immune
    interferon*. J. Immunol*. 135:2887‑2894.

59. London, L., B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1985. Induction of
    proliferation *in* *vitro* of resting human natural killer cells:
    expression of surface activation antigens. *J. Immunol*.
    134:718‑727.

60. Perussia, B., V. Fanning, and G. Trinchieri. 1985. A leukocyte
    subset bearing HLA‑DR antigens is responsible for in vitro
    interferon production upon infection with viruses. *Nat. Immun. Cell
    Growth Regul*. 4:120‑137.

61. Bandyopadhyay, S., B. Perussia, G. Trinchieri, D. S. Miller,
    and S. E. Starr. 1986. Requirement for HLA‑DR positive accessory
    cells in natural killing of cytomegalovirus‑infected fibroblasts.
    *J. Exp. Med.* 164:180‑195.

62. London, L., B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1986. Induction of
    proliferation *in vitro* of resting human natural killer cells: IL‑2
    induces into cell cycle most peripheral blood NK cells, but only a
    minor subset of low density T cells. *J. Immunol*. 137:3845‑3854.

63. Murphy, M., R. Loudon, M. Kobayashi, and G. Trinchieri. 1986. Gamma
    interferon and lymphotoxin, released by activated T cells, synergize
    to inhibit granulocyte‑monocyte colony formation*. J. Exp. Med.*
    164:263‑279.

64. Trinchieri, G., M. Kobayashi, M. Rosen, R. Loudon, M. Murphy, and B.
    Perussia. 1986. Tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin induce
    differentiation of human myeloid cell lines in synergy with immune
    interferon. *J. Exp. Med*. 164:1206‑1225.

65. Ziai, M. R., L. Imberti, M. Kobayashi, B. Perussia, G. Trinchieri,
    and S. Ferrone. 1986. Distinct functional domains on the recombinant
    human immune interferon molecule. *Cancer Res*. 46:6187‑6190.

66. Andrews, P. W., G. Trinchieri, B. Perussia, and C. Baglioni. 1987.
    Induction of class I major histocompatability complex antigens in
    human teratocarcinoma cells by interferon without induction of
    differentiation, growth inhibition, or resistance to viral
    infection. *Cancer Res.* 47:740‑746.

67. Cuturi, M. C., M. Murphy, M. P. Costa‑Giomi, R. Weinmann, B.
    Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1987. Independent regulation of tumor
    necrosis factor and lymphotoxin production by human peripheral blood
    lymphocytes. *J. Exp. Med*. 165:1581‑1594.

68. Miller, S., S. Kahn, B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1987. Murine
    and human monoclonal IgM antibodies with specificity for
    myelin‑associated glycoprotein: comparative binding to myelin and to
    lymphocytes. *J. Neuroimmunol*. 15:229‑242.

69. Perussia, B., M. Kobayashi, M. E. Rossi, I. Anegón, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1987. Immune interferon enhances functional properties
    of human granulocytes: role of Fc receptors and effect of
    lymphotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, and granulocyte‑macrophage
    colony‑stimulating factor. *J. Immunol.* 138:765‑774.

70. Perussia, B., C. Ramoni, I. Anegón, M. C. Cuturi, J. Faust, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1987. Preferential proliferation of natural killer cells
    among peripheral blood mononuclear cells cocultured with B
    lymphoblastoid cell lines. *Nat. Immun. Cell Growth Regul*.
    6:171‑188.

71. Trinchieri, G., M. Rosen, and B. Perussia. 1987. Induction of
    differentiation of human myeloid cell lines by tumor necrosis factor
    in cooperation with 1‑α,25‑dihydroxy‑vitamin D~3~. *Cancer Res.*
    47:2236‑2242.

72. Trinchieri, G., M. Rosen, and B. Perussia. 1987. Retinoic acid
    cooperates with tumor necrosis factor and immune interferon in
    inducing differentiation and growth inhibition of the human
    promyelocytic leukemic cell line HL‑60*. Blood.* 69:1218‑1224.

73. Anegón, I., M. C. Cuturi, G. Trinchieri, and B. Perussia. 1988.
    Interaction of Fcγ receptor (CD16) with ligands induces
    transcription of IL‑2 receptor (CD25) and lymphokine genes and
    expression of their products in human natural killer cells. *J. Exp.
    Med*. 167:452‑472.

74. Murphy, M., B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1988. Effects of
    recombinant tumor necrosis factor, lymphotoxin and immune interferon
    on proliferation and differentiation of enriched hematopoietic
    precursor cells. *Exp. Hematol*. 16:131‑138.

75. Cassatella, M. A., I. Anegón, M. C. Cuturi, P. Griskey, G.
    Trinchieri, and B. Perussia. 1989. FcγR(CD16) interaction with
    ligand induces Ca^2+^ mobilization and phosphoinositide turnover in
    human natural killer cells. Role of Ca^2+^ in
    FcγR(CD16)‑transcription and expression of lymphokine genes. *J.
    Exp. Med.* 169:549‑567.

76. Cassatella, M. A., L. Hartman, B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1989.
    Tumor necrosis factor and immune interferon synergistically induce
    cytochrome b~‑245~ heavy chain gene expression and NADPH oxidase in
    human leukemic myeloid cells. *J. Clin. Invest*. 83:1570‑1579.

77. Chehimi, J., S. E. Starr, H. Kawashima, D. S. Miller, G.
    Trinchieri, B. Perussia, and S. Bandyopadhyay. 1989. Dendritic cells
    and IFN‑alpha‑producing cells are two functionally distinct non‑B,
    non‑monocytic HLA‑DR+ cell subsets in human peripheral blood.
    *Immunology.* 68:486‑490.

78. Cuturi, M. C., I. Anegón, F. Sherman, R. Loudon, S. C. Clark, B.
    Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1989. Production of hematopoietic
    colony‑stimulating factors by human natural killer cells*. J. Exp.
    Med.* 169:569‑583.

79. Elias, J. A., G. Trinchieri, J. M. Beck, P. L. Simon, P. B.
    Sehgal, L. T. May, and J. A. Kern. 1989. A synergistic interaction
    of IL‑6 and IL‑1 mediates the thymocyte‑stimulating activity
    produced by recombinant IL‑1‑stimulated fibroblasts. *J. Immunol*.
    142:509‑514.

80. Kobayashi, M., L. Fitz, M. Ryan, R. M. Hewick, S. C. Clark, S.
    Chan, R. Loudon, F. Sherman, B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1989.
    Identification and purification of Natural Killer cell stimulatory
    factor (NKSF), a cytokine with multiple biologic effects on human
    lymphocytes*. J. Exp. Med.* 170:827‑846.

81. Kozbor, D., G. Trinchieri, J. Haney, M. Isobe, G. Russo, D. S.
    Monos, C. Zmijewski, and C. M. Croce. 1989. Antigen‑specific,
    MHC‑restricted gamma/delta receptor‑bearing T lymphocytes. *J. Exp.
    Med.* 169:1847‑1851.

82. Perussia, B., M. M. Tutt, W. Q. Qiu, W. A. Kuziel, P. W. Tucker, G.
    Trinchieri, M. Bennett, J. V. Ravetch, and V. Kumar. 1989. Murine
    natural killer cells express functional Fcγ receptor II encoded by
    the FcγRα gene. *J. Exp. Med*. 170:73‑86.

83. Cassatella, M. A., F. Bazzoni, R. M. Flynn, S. Dusi, G. Trinchieri,
    and F. Rossi. 1990. Molecular basis of interferon gamma and
    lipopolysaccharide enhancement of phagocyte respiratory burst
    capabilities. Studies on the gene expression of several NADPH
    oxidase components. *J. Biol. Chem*. 265:20241‑20246.

84. Cassatella, M. A., R. M. Flynn, M. Aste‑Amezaga, F. Bazzoni, F.
    Vicentini, and G. Trinchieri. 1990. Interferon gamma induces in
    human neutrophils and macrophages expression of the mRNA for the
    high affinity receptor for monomeric IgG (FcγR‑I or CD64). *Biochem.
    Biophys. Res. Commun.* 170:582‑588.

85. Kozbor, D., M. A. Cassatella, J. Kagan, S. Finver, J. Faust, G.
    Trinchieri, and C. Croce. 1990. Expression and function of
    gamma/delta and alpha/beta T‑cell receptor heterodimers on human
    somatic T cell hybrids. *J. Immunol*. 144:3677‑3683.

86. Oh, S. H., G. Trinchieri, S. Bandyopadhyay, and S. E. Starr. 1990.
    Natural killer cell‑mediated lysis of herpes simplex virus‑infected
    fibroblasts: inability to detect soluble factors that contribute to
    lysis. *Cell. Immunol*. 127:221‑229.

87. Cassatella, M. A., F. Bazzoni, F. Calzetti, I. Guasparri, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1991. Interferon‑γ (IFN‑γ) transcriptionally modulates
    the expression of the genes for the high affinity IgG‑Fc receptor
    (FcγR‑I) and the 47 kD cytosolic component of NADPH oxidase in human
    polymorphonuclear leukocytes*. J. Biol. Chem*. 266:22079‑22082.

88. Chan, S. H., B. Perussia, J. W. Gupta, M. Kobayashi, M.
    Pospísil, H. A. Young, S. F. Wolf, D. Young, S. C. Clark, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1991. Induction of IFN‑γ production by NK cell
    stimulatory factor (NKSF): Characterization of the responder cells
    and synergy with other inducers*. J. Exp. Med.* 173:869‑879.

89. Makni, H., J. S. Malter, J. C. Reed, S. Nobuhiko, G. Lang, D.
    Kioussis, G. Trinchieri, and M. Kamoun. 1991. Reconstitution of an
    active surface CD2 by DNA transfer in CD2^‑^CD3^+^ Jurkat cells
    facilitates CD3‑TCR cell receptor‑mediated IL2 production. *J.
    Immunol*. 146:2522‑2529.

90. Walsh, L. J., G. Trinchieri, H. A. Waldorf, D. Whitaker, and G. F.
    Murphy. 1991. Human dermal mast cells contain and release tumor
    necrosis factor α which induces endothelial leukocyte adhesion
    molecule‑1*. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.* 88:4220‑4224.

91. Wolf, S. F., P. A. Temple, M. Kobayashi, D. Young, M. Dicig, L.
    Lowe, R. Dzialo, L. Fitz, C. Ferenz, R. M. Hewick, K.
    Kelleher, S. H. Herrmann, S. C. Clark, L. Azzoni, S. H. Chan, G.
    Trinchieri, and B. Perussia. 1991. Cloning of cDNA for natural
    killer cell stimulatory factor, a heterodimeric cytokine with
    multiple biologic effects on T and Natural Killer cells. *J.
    Immunol.* 146:3074‑3081.

92. Cassatella, M. A., G. Trinchieri, N. F. Hassan, L. Hartman, C.
    Sorio, and G. Berton. 1992. Induction of differentiation of the
    human myeloid cell line, ML3, by tumour necrosis factor and
    interferon‑gamma is accompanied by enhanced expression of the CD4
    protein and messenger RNA*. Immunology*. 76:55‑59.

93. Chan, S. H., M. Kobayashi, D. Santoli, B. Perussia, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1992. Mechanisms of IFN‑γ induction by natural killer
    cell stimulatory factor (NKSF/IL‑12): Role of transcription and mRNA
    stability in the synergistic interaction between NKSF and IL‑2. *J.
    Immunol*. 148:92‑98.

94. Chehimi, J., S. Starr, I. Frank, M. Rengaraju, S. J. Jackson, C.
    Llanes, M. Kobayashi, B. Perussia, D. Young, E. Nickbarg, S. F.
    Wolf, and G. Trinchieri. 1992. Natural killer cell stimulatory
    factor (NKSF) increases the cytotoxic activity of NK cells from both
    healthy donors and HIV‑infected patients*. J. Exp. Med*.
    175:789‑796.

95. D\'Andrea, A., M. Rengaraju, N. M. Valiante, J. Chehimi, M.
    Kubin, M. Aste‑Amezaga, S. H. Chan, M. Kobayashi, D. Young, E.
    Nickbarg, R. Chizzonite, S. F. Wolf, and G. Trinchieri. 1992.
    Production of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF/IL‑12) by
    peripheral blood mononuclear cells. *J. Exp. Med*. 176:1387‑1398.

96. Gupta, J., M. Kubin, L. Hartman, M. A. Cassatella, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1992. Induction of expression of genes encoding
    components of the respiratory burst oxidase during differentiation
    of human myeloid cell lines induced by tumor necrosis factor and
    gamma interferon. *Cancer Res.* 52:2530‑2537.

97. Perussia, B., S. Chan, A. D\'Andrea, K. Tsuji, D. Santoli, M.
    Pospisil, D. Young, S. Wolf, and G. Trinchieri. 1992. Natural killer
    cell stimulatory factor or IL‑12 has differential effects on the
    proliferation of TCRαβ+,TCRγδ+ T lymphocytes and NK cells. *J.
    Immunol*. 149:3495‑3502.

98. Valiante, N. M., M. Rengaraju, and G. Trinchieri. 1992. Role of the
    production of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF/IL‑12) in
    the ability of B cell lines to stimulate T and NK cell
    proliferation. *Cellular Immunology*. 145:187‑198.

99. Anegón, I., H. Blottière, M. C. Cuturi, Y. Lenne, G. Trinchieri, J.
    Faust, and B. Perussia. 1993. Characterization of a human monocyte
    antigen, B148.4, regulated during cell differentiation and
    activation. *J. Leukocyte Biol*. 53:390‑398.

100. Baron, P., G. Constantin, A. D\'Andrea, D. Ponzin, E. Scarpini, G.
     Scarlato, G. Trinchieri, P. Rossi, and M. A. Cassatella. 1993.
     Production of tumor necrosis factor and other proinflammatory
     cytokines by human mononuclear phagocytes stimulated with myelin P2
     protein. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.* 90:4414‑4418.

101. Bellone, G., N. M. Valiante, O. Viale, E. Ciccone, L. Moretta,
     and G. Trinchieri. 1993. Regulation of hematopoiesis *in vitro* by
     alloreactive natural killer cell clones*. J. Exp. Med*.
     177:1117‑1125.

102. Chehimi, J., N. M. Valiante, A. D\'Andrea, M. Rengaraju, Z.
     Rosado, M. Kobayashi, B. Perussia, S. Wolf, S. E. Starr, and G.
     Trinchieri. 1993. Enhancing effect of natural killer cell
     stimulatory factor (NKSF/IL‑12) on cell‑mediated cytotoxicity
     against tumor‑derived and virus‑infected cells. *Eur. J. Immunol.*
     23:1826‑1830.

103. D\'Andrea, A., M. Aste‑Amezaga, N. M. Valiante, X. Ma, M. Kubin,
     and G. Trinchieri. 1993. Interleukin‑10 inhibits human lymphocyte
     IFN‑γ production by suppressing natural killer cell stimulatory
     factor/interleukin‑12 synthesis in accessory cells. *J. Exp. Med*.
     178:1041‑1048.

104. Gerosa, F., M. Tommasi, C. Benati, G. Gandini, M. Libonati, G.
     Tridente, G. Carra, and G. Trinchieri. 1993. Differential effects
     of tyrosine kinase inhibition in CD69 antigen expression and lytic
     activity induced by rIL‑2, rIL‑12 and rIFN‑α in human NK cells*.
     Cell. Immunol*. 150:382‑390.

105. Manetti, R., P. Parronchi, M. G. Giudizi, M‑P. Piccinni, E.
     Maggi, G. Trinchieri, and S. Romagnani. 1993. Natural killer cell
     stimulatory factor (NKSF/IL‑12) induces Th1‑type specific immune
     responses and inhibits the development of IL‑4 producing Th cells.
     *J. Exp. Med*. 177:1199‑1204.

106. Trinchieri, G., M. Kubin, G. Bellone, and M. C. Cassatella. 1993.
     Cytokine cross‑talk between phagocytic cells and lymphocytes:
     relevance for differentiation/activation of phagocytic cells and
     regulation of adaptive immunity*. J. Cell. Biochem*. 53:301‑308.

107. Valiante, N. M., and G. Trinchieri. 1993. Identification of a novel
     signal transduction surface molecule on human cytotoxic
     lymphocytes*. J. Exp. Med*. 178:1397‑1406.

108. Afonso, L. C. C., T. M. Scharton, L. Q. Vieira, M. Wysocka, G.
     Trinchieri, and P. Scott. 1994. The adjuvant effect of
     interleukin‑12 in a vaccine against *Leishmania major. Science.*
     263:235‑237.

109. Aragane, Y., H. Riemann, R. S. Barhdwaj, A. Schwarz, Y. Sawada, H.
     Yamada, T. A. Luger, M. Kubin, G. Trinchieri, and T. Schwarz. 1994.
     IL‑12 is expressed and released by human keratinocytes and
     epidermoid carcinoma cell lines. *J. Immunol*. 153:5366‑5372.

110. Aste‑Amezaga, M., A. D\'Andrea, M. Kubin, and G. Trinchieri. 1994.
     Cooperation of natural killer cell stimulatory
     factor/interleukin‑12 with other stimuli in the induction of
     cytokines and cytotoxic cell‑associated molecules in human T and NK
     cells. *Cell. Immunol*. 156:480‑492.

111. Bellone, G., and G. Trinchieri. 1994. Dual stimulatory and
     inhibitory effect of NK cell stimulatory factor/IL‑12 on human
     hematopoiesis. *J. Immunol*. 153:930‑937.

112. Chehimi, J., S. Starr, I. Frank, A. D\'Andrea, X. Ma, R. R.
     MacGregor, J. Sennelier, and G. Trinchieri. 1994. Impaired
     interleukin‑12 production in human immunodeficiency virus‑infected
     patients. *J. Exp. Med*. 179:1361‑1366.

113. Chouaib, S., J. Chehimi, L. Bani, N. Genetet, T. Tursz, F. Gay, G.
     Trinchieri, and F. Mami‑Chouaib. 1994. Interleukin 12 induces the
     differentiation of major histocompatibility complex class I‑primed
     cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte precursors into allospecific cytotoxic
     effectors. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA*. 91:12659‑12663.

114. Gazzinelli, R. T., M. Wysocka, S. Hayashi, E. Y. Deukers, S.
     Hieny, P. Caspar, G. Trinchieri, and A. Sher. 1994. Parasite
     induced IL‑12 stimulates early IFN‑γ synthesis and resistance
     during acute infection with *Toxoplasma gondii*. *J. Immunol*.
     153:2533‑2543.

115. Kubin, M., J. M. Chow, and G. Trinchieri. 1994. Differential
     regulation of interleukin‑12 (IL‑12), tumor necrosis factor‑α, and
     IL‑1β production in human myeloid leukemia cell lines and
     peripheral blood mononuclear cells. *Blood*. 83:1847‑1855.

116. Kubin, M., M. Kamoun, and G. Trinchieri. 1994. Interleukin‑12
     synergizes with B7/CD28 interaction in inducing efficient
     proliferation and cytokine production of human T cells*. J. Exp.
     Med.* 180:211‑222.

117. Manetti, R., F. Gerosa, M. G. Giudizi, R. Biagiotti, P.
     Parronchi, M. Piccinni, S. Sampognaro, E. Maggi, S. Romagnani,
     and G. Trinchieri. 1994. Interleukin‑12 induces stable priming for
     interferon‑γ (IFN‑γ) production during differentiation of human T
     helper (Th) cells and transient IFN‑γ production in established Th2
     cell clones*. J. Exp. Med*. 179:1273‑1283.

118. Murphy, E. E., G. Terres, S. E. Macatonia, C. Hsieh, J. Mattson, L.
     Lanier, M. Wysocka, G. Trinchieri, K. Murphy, and A.
     O\'Garra. 1994. B7 and IL‑12 cooperate for proliferation and IFN‑γ
     production by mouse T helper clones that are unresponsive to B7
     costimulation. *J. Exp. Med*. 180:223‑231.

119. Ozmen, L., M. Pericin, J. Hakimi, R. A. Chizzonite, M. Wysocka, G.
     Trinchieri, M. Gately, and G. Garotta. 1994. IL‑12, IFN‑γ and TNF‑α
     are the key cytokines of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. *J.
     Exp. Med*. 180:907‑916.

120. Quill, H., A. Bhandoola, G. Trinchieri, J. Haluskey, and D.
     Peritt. 1994. Induction of IL‑12 responsiveness is impaired in
     anergic T lymphocytes. *J. Exp. Med.* 179:1065‑1070.

121. Vieira, L. Q., B. D. Hondowicz, L. C. C. Afonso, M. Wysocka, G.
     Trinchieri, and P. Scott. 1994. Infection with *Leishmania major*
     induces interleukin‑12 production in vivo. *Immunol. Lett.*
     40:157‑161.

122. Bellone, G., M. Aste‑Amezaga, G. Trinchieri, and U. Rodeck. 1995.
     Regulation of natural killer cell functions by TGF‑β^1^. *J.
     Immunol*. 155:1066‑1073.

123. Cassatella, M. A., S. Gasperini, F. Calzetti, P. P. McDonald, F.
     Rossi, and G. Trinchieri. 1995. Lipopolysaccharide‑induced IL‑8
     gene expression in human granulocytes: transcriptional inhibition
     by interferon‑γ. *Biochem. J.* 310:751‑755.

124. Cassatella, M. A., L. Meda, S. Gasperini, A. D\'Andrea, X. Ma,
     and G. Trinchieri. 1995. Interleukin‑12 production by human
     polymorphonuclear leukocytes. *Eur. J. Immunol*. 25:1‑5.

125. Coughlin, C. M., M. Wysocka, H. L. Kurzawa, W. M. F. Lee, G.
     Trinchieri, and S. L. Eck. 1995. B7‑1 and IL‑12 synergistically
     induce effective antitumor immunity. *Cancer Res*. 55:4980‑4987.

126. D\'Andrea, A., X. Ma, M. Aste‑Amezaga, C. Paganin, and G.
     Trinchieri. 1995. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of IL‑4 and
     IL‑13 on production of cytokines by human peripheral blood
     mononuclear cells: priming for IL‑12 and TNF‑α production. *J. Exp.
     Med*. 181:537‑546.

127. Ghalib, H. W., J. A. Whittle, M. Kubin, F. A. Hashim, A. M.
     El‑Hassan, K. H. Grabstein, G. Trinchieri, and S. G. Reed. 1995.
     IL‑12 enhances Th1‑type responses in human *Leishmania donovani*
     infections. *J. Immunol*. 154:4623‑4629.

128. Hyjek, E., H. W. Lischner, T. Hyslop, J. Bartkowiak, M. Kubin, G.
     Trinchieri, and D. Kozbor. 1995. Cytokine patterns during
     progression to AIDS in children with perinatal HIV infection. J.
     Immunol. 155:4060‑4071.

129. Macatonia, S. E., N. A. Hosken, M. Litton, P. Vieira, C.
     Hsieh, J. A. Culpepper, M. Wysocka, G. Trinchieri, K. M. Murphy,
     and A. O\'Garra. 1995. Dendritic cells produce IL‑12 and direct the
     development of Th1 cells from naive CD4^+^ T cells*. J. Immunol*.
     154:5071‑5079.

130. Martinotti, A., A. Stoppacciaro, M. Vagliani, C. Melani, F.
     Spreafico, M. Wysocka, G. Parmiani, G. Trinchieri, and M.
     Colombo. 1995. CD4 T cells inhibit *in vivo* CD8‑mediated immune
     response against a murine colon carcinoma transduced with IL‑12
     genes. *Eur. J. Immunol*. 25:137‑146.

131. Ozmen, L., M. Aguet, G. Trinchieri, and G. Garotta. 1995. The in
     vivo antiviral activity of IL‑12 is mediated by IFN‑γ. *J. Virol*.
     69:8147‑8150.

132. Paganin, C., I. Frank, and G. Trinchieri. 1995. Priming for high
     interferon‑γ production induced by interleukin‑12 in both CD4^+^
     and CD8^+^ T cell clones from HIV‑infected patients. *J. Clin.
     Invest.* 96:1677‑1682.

133. Rook, A. H., M. Kubin, M. Cassin, E. Vonderheid, B. R.
     Vowels, J. T. Wolfe, S. F. Wolf, A. Singh, G. Trinchieri, and S. R.
     Lessin. 1995. Interleukin 12 reverses cytokine and immune
     abnormalities in Sezary syndrome. *J. Immunol*. 154:1491‑1498.

134. Scharton‑Kersten, T., L. C. C. Afonso, M. Wysocka, G. Trinchieri,
     and P. Scott. 1995. IL‑12 is required for NK cell activation and
     subsequent Th1 cell development in experimental leishmaniasis. *J.
     Immunol*. 154:5320‑5330.

135. Skeiky, Y. A. W., J. A. Guderian, D. R. Benson, O. Bacelar, E. M.
     Carvalho, M. Kubin, R. Badaro, G. Trinchieri, and S. G. Reed. 1995.
     A recombinant *Leishmania* antigen that stimulates human peripheral
     blood mononuclear cells to express a Th1‑type cytokine profile and
     to produce interleukin 12. *J. Exp. Med*. 181:1527‑1537.

136. Wysocka, M., M. Kubin, L. Q. Vieira, L. Ozmen, G. Garotta, P.
     Scott, and G. Trinchieri. 1995. Interleukin‑12 is required for
     interferon‑γ production and lethality in lipopolysaccharide‑induced
     shock in mice. *Eur. J. Immunol*. 25:672‑676.

137. Yang, Y., G. Trinchieri, and J. M. Wilson. 1995. Recombinant IL‑12
     prevents formation of blocking IgA antibodies to recombinant
     adenovirus and allows repeated gene therapy to mouse lung. *Nature
     Medicine*. 1:890‑893.

138. Benjamin, D., V. Sharma, M. Kubin, J. L. Klein, A. Sartori, J.
     Holliday, and G. Trinchieri. 1996. IL‑12 expression in AIDS‑related
     lymphoma B cell lines*. J. Immunol*. 156:1626‑1637.

139. Cho, D., W. J. Lee, P. J. Halloran, G. Trinchieri, and Y. B.
     Kim. 1996. Enhancement of porcine natural killer cell activity by
     recombinant human and murine IL‑12. *Cell. Immunol*. 172:29‑34.

140. Gazzinelli, R. T., M. Wysocka, S. Hieny, T. Scharton‑Kersten, A.
     Cheever, R. Kühn, W. Müller, G. Trinchieri, and A. Sher. 1996. In
     the absence of endogenous IL‑10, mice acutely infected with
     *Toxoplasma gondii* succumb to a lethal immune response dependent
     on CD4^+^ T cells and accompanied by overproduction of IL‑12, IFN‑γ
     and TNF‑α. *J. Immunol*. 157:798‑805.

141. Gerosa, F., C. Paganin, D. Peritt, F. Paiola, M. T. Scupoli, M.
     Aste‑Amezaga, I. Frank, and G. Trinchieri. 1996. Interleukin‑12
     primes human CD4 and CD8 T cell clones for high production of both
     interferon‑γ and interleukin‑10*. J. Exp. Med*. 183:2559‑2569.

142. Grunvald, E., M. Chiaramonte, S. Hieny, M. Wysocka, G.
     Trinchieri, S. N. Vogel, R. T. Gazzinelli, and A. Sher. 1996.
     Biochemical characterization and protein kinase C dependency of
     monokine‑inducing activities of *Toxoplasma gondii*. *Infect.
     Immun*. 64:2010‑2018.

143. Heufler, C., F. Koch, U. Stanzl, G. Topar, M. Wysocka, G.
     Trinchieri, A. Enk, R. M. Steinman, N. Romani, and G.
     Schuler. 1996. Interleukin‑12 is produced by dendritic cells and
     mediates Th1 development as well as IFN‑γ production by Th1 cells.
     *Eur. J. Immunol*. 26:659‑668.

144. Kang, K., M. Kubin, K. D. Cooper, S. R. Lessin, G. Trinchieri,
     and A. H. Rook. 1996. IL‑12 synthesis by human Langerhans cells.
     *J. Immunol*. 156:1402‑1407.

145. Karp, C. L., M. Wysocka, L. M. Wahl, J. M. Ahearn, P. J. Cuomo, B.
     Sherry, G. Trinchieri, and D. E. Griffin. 1996. Mechanism of
     suppression of cell‑mediated immunity by measles virus. *Science.*
     273:228‑231.

146. Ma, X., J. M. Chow, G. Gri, G. Carra, F. Gerosa, S. F. Wolf, R.
     Dzialo, and G. Trinchieri. 1996. The interleukin‑12 p40 gene
     promoter is primed by interferon‑γ in monocytic cells. *J. Exp.
     Med.* 183:147‑157.

147. Maruo, S., K. Toyo‑oka, M. Oh‑hora, X. Tai, H. Iwata, H.
     Takenaka, S. Yamada, S. Ono, T. Hamaoka, M. Kobayashi, M.
     Wysocka, G. Trinchieri, and H. Fujiwara. 1996. IL‑12 produced by
     antigen‑presenting cells induces IL‑2‑independent proliferation of
     T helper cell clones*. J. Immunol.* 156:1748‑1755.

148. Moller, D. R., J. D. Forman, M. C. Liu, P. W. Noble, B. M.
     Greenlee, P. Vyas, D. Holden, J. M. Forrester, A. Lazarus, M.
     Wysocka, G. Trinchieri, and C. Karp. 1996. Enhanced expression of
     IL‑12 associated with Th1 cytokine profiles in active pulmonary
     sarcoidosis. *J. Immunol*. 156:4952‑4960.

149. Riemann, H., A. Schwarz, S. Grabbe, Y. Aragane, T. A. Luger, M.
     Wysocka, M. Kubin, G. Trinchieri, and T. Schwarz. 1996.
     Neutralization of interleukin 12 *in vivo* prevents induction of
     contact hypersensitivity and induces hapten‑specific tolerance. *J.
     Immunol*. 156:1799‑1803.

150. Schwarz, A., S. Grabbe, Y. Aragane, K. Sandkuhl, H. Riemann, T. A.
     Luger, M. Kubin, G. Trinchieri, and T. Schwarz. 1996. IL‑12
     prevents ultraviolet B-induced local immunosuppression and
     overcomes UVB-induced tolerance. *J. Invest. Dermatol*.
     106:1187‑1191.

151. Gieni, R. S., Y. Fang, G. Trinchieri, D. T. Umetsu, and R. H.
     DeKruyff. 1996. Differential production of IL‑12 in BALB/c and
     DBA/2 mice controls IL‑4 versus IFN‑γ synthesis in primed CD4
     lymphocytes. *Int. Immunol*. 8:1511-1520.

152. Maruo, S., M. Oh‑Hora, H. Ahn, S. Ono, M. Wysocka, Y. Kaneko, H.
     Yagita, K. Okumura, H. Kikutani, T. Kishimoto, M. Kobayashi, T.
     Hamaoka, G. Trinchieri, and H. Fujiwara. 1996. B cells regulate
     CD40 ligand‑induced IL‑12 production in antigen‑presenting cells
     (APC) during T cell/APC interactions. *J. Immunol*. 158:120-126.

153. Fox, F. E., M. Kubin, M. Cassin, Z. Niu, J. Hosoi, H. Torii, R. D.
     Granstein, G. Trinchieri, and A. H. Rook. 1997. Calcitonin
     gene‑related peptide inhibits proliferation and antigen
     presentation by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: effects
     on B7, interleukin‑10, and interleukin‑12. *J. Invest. Dermatol.*
     108:43-48.

154. Paganin, C., D. S. Monos, J. D. Marshall, I. Frank, and G.
     Trinchieri. 1997. Frequency and cytokine profile of HPRT mutant T
     cells in HIV‑infected and healthy donors: implications for T cell
     proliferation in HIV‑disease. *J. Clin. Invest.* 99:663-668.

155. Takenaka, H., S. Maruo, N. Yamamoto, M. Wysocka, S. Ono, M.
     Kobayashi, H. Yagita, K. Okumura, T. Hamaoka, G. Trinchieri, and H.
     Fujiwara. 1997. Regulation of T cell‑dependent and ‑independent
     IL‑12 production by three Th2‑type cytokines IL‑10, IL‑6 and IL‑4.
     *J. Leuk. Biol*. 61:80‑87.

156. Ma, X., M. Neurath, G. Gri, and G. Trinchieri. 1997. Identification
     and characterization of a novel ets‑2‑related nuclear complex
     implicated in the activation of the human IL‑12 p40 gene promoter.
     *J. Biol. Chem.* 272:10389‑10401.

157. Romani, L., A. Mencacci, E. Cenci, R. Spaccapelo, G. Del Sero, I.
     Nicoletti, G. Trinchieri, F. Bistoni, and P. Puccetti. 1997.
     Neutrophil production of IL‑12 and IL‑10 in Candidiasis and
     efficacy of IL‑12 therapy in neutropenic mice*. J. Immunol*.
     158:5349-5356.

158. Guillaume, T., M. Kubin, M. Sekhavat, D. B. Rubinstein, G.
     Trinchieri, and M. Symann. 1996. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
     from autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients
     produce and respond to IL‑12. *Bone Marrow Transpl*. 18:733‑739.

159. Wasik, T. J., P. P. Jagodzinski, E. M. Hyjek, J. Wustner, G.
     Trinchieri, H. W. Lischner, and D. Kozbor. 1997. Diminished
     HIV‑specific CTL activity is associated with lower type 1 and
     enhanced type 2 responses to HIV‑specific peptides during perinatal
     HIV infection. *J. Immunol*. 158:6029-6036.

160. Maruo, S., H. Ahn, W. Yu, M. Tomura, M. Wysocka, N. Yamamoto, M.
     Kobayashi, T. Hamaoka, G. Trinchieri, and H. Fujiwara. 1997.
     Establishment of an IL‑12‑responsive T cell clone: its
     characterization and utilization in the quantitation of IL‑12
     activity*. J. Leuk. Biol*. 61:346-352.

161. Coughlin, C. M., M. Wysocka, G. Trinchieri, and W. M. F. Lee. 1997.
     The effect of IL‑12 desensitization on the anti‑tumor efficacy of
     recombinant IL‑12. *Cancer Res*. 57:2460-2467.

162. Villacres‑Eriksson, M., S. Behboudi, A. J. Morgan, G. Trinchieri,
     and B. Morein. 1997. Immunomodulation by *Quillaja saponaria*
     adjuvant formulations: *in vivo* stimulation of interleukin‑12 and
     its effects on the antibody response. *Cytokine*. 9:73‑82.

163. Moller, D. R., M. Wysocka, B. M. Greenlee, X. Ma, L. Wahl, G.
     Trinchieri, and C. L. Karp. 1997. Inhibition of human
     interleukin‑12 production by pentoxifylline. *Immunology*.
     91:197‑203.

164. Hodge‑Dufour, J., P. W. Noble, M. R. Horton, C. Bao, M.
     Wysocka, M. D. Burdick, R. M. Strieter, G. Trinchieri, and E.
     Puré. 1997. Induction of IL‑12 and chemokines by hyaluronan
     requires adhesion-dependent priming of resident but not elicited
     macrophages. *J. Immunol*. 159:2492‑2500.

165. Sartori, A., M. A. P. Oliveria, P. Scott, and G. Trinchieri. 1997.
     Metacyclogenesis modulates the ability of *Leishmania*
     promastigotes to induce IL-12 production in human mononuclear
     cells. *J. Immunol.* 159:2849‑2857.

166. Moller, D. R., M. Wysocka, B. M. Greenlee, X. Ma, L. Wahl, D. A.
     Flockhart, G. Trinchieri, and C. L. Karp. 1997. Inhibition of
     interleukin 12 production by thalidomide. *J. Immunol*.
     159:5157-5161.

167. Marshall, J. D., S. E. Robertson, G. Trinchieri, and J.
     Chehimi. 1998. Priming with IL‑4 and IL‑13 during HIV‑1 infection
     restores in vitro IL‑12 production by mononuclear cells of
     HIV‑infected patients. *J. Immunol*. 159:5705-5714.

168. Kurzawa, H., Wysocka, M., Aruga, E., Chang, A. E., Trinchieri, G.
     and Lee, W. M. F. 1998. Recombinant interleukin-12 enhances
     cellular immune responses vaccination only after a period of
     suppression. *Cancer Res*. 58:491-499.

169. Coughlin, C. M., K. E. Salhany, M. Wysocka, E. Aruga, H.
     Kurzawa, A. E. Chang, C. A. Hunter, J. C. Fox, G. Trinchieri,
     and W. M. F. Lee. 1998. Interleukin‑12 and interleukin‑18
     synergistically induce murine tumor regression which involves
     inhibition of angiogenesis. *J. Clin. Invest*. 101:1441-1452.

170. Gri, G., Savio, D., Trinchieri, G., and Ma, X. 1998. Synergistic
     regulation of the human IL-12 p40 promoter by NFκb and ets
     transcription factors in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells and
     macrophages. *J. Biol. Chem*. 273:6431-6438.

171. Schwarz, A., Grabbe, S., Große-Heitmeyer, K., Roters, B., Riemann,
     H., Luger, T. A., Trinchieri, G. and Schwarz, T. 1998. Ultraviolet
     light-induced tolerance is mediated via the Fas/Fas ligand system.
     *J. Immunol*. 160:4262‑4270.

172. Schwarz, A., S. Grabbe, K. Mahnke, H. Riemann, T. A. Luger, M.
     Wysocka, G. Trinchieri, and T. Schwarz. 1998. Interleukin 12 breaks
     ultraviolet light induced immunosuppression by affecting CD8+
     rather than CD4+ T cells*. J. Invest. Dermatol*. 110:272-276.

173. Aste‑Amezaga, M., X. Ma, A. Sartori, and G. Trinchieri. 1998.
     Molecular mechanisms of the regulation of interleukin‑12 by
     IL‑10*. J. Immunol*. 160:5936-5944.

174. Monteiro, J. M., Harvey, C. and Trinchieri, G. 1998. The role of
     interleukin-12 in primary influenza virus infection*. J. Virol*.
     72:4825-4831.

175. Horwitz, D. A., J. D. Gray, S. C. Behrendsen, M. Kubin, M.
     Rengaraju, K. Ohtsuka, and G. Trinchieri. 1998. Decreased
     production of interleukin‑12 and other Th1‑type cytokines in
     patients with recent onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. *Arth.
     Rheum*. 41:838‑844.

176. Jones, D., Elloso, M. M., Showe, L., Williams, D., Trinchieri, G.
     and Scott, P. 1998. Differential regulation of the interleukin-12
     receptor during the innate immune response to *Leishmania major*.
     *Infect. Immun*. 66:3818‑3824.

177. Keane‑Myers, A., M. Wysocka, G. Trinchieri, and M.
     Wills‑Karp. 1998. Resistance to antigen‑induced airway
     hyperresponsiveness requires endogenous production of
     interleukin‑12. *J. Immunol*. 161:919-926.

178. Coughlin, C. M., K. E. Salhany, M. S. Gee, D. C. LaTemple, S.
     Kotenko, X. Ma, G. Gri, M. Wysocka, J. E. Kim, L. Liu, F.
     Liao, J. M. Farber, S. Pestka, G. Trinchieri, and W. M. F.
     Lee. 1998. Tumor cell responses to IFN‑γ affect tumorigenicity and
     response to IL‑12 therapy and antiangiogenesis. *Immunity* 9:25-34.

179. Constantinescu, C. S., B. D. Hondowicz, M. M. Elloso, M.
     Wysocka, G. Trinchieri, and P. Scott. 1998. The role of IL‑12 in
     the maintenance of an established T helper type 1 immune response
     in experimental leishmaniasis. *Eur. J. Immunol*. 28:2227-2233.

180. Baron, P., G. Constantin, L. Meda, E. Scarpini, G. Scarlata, G.
     Trinchieri, G. Monastra, F. Rossi, and M. A. Cassatella. 1998.
     Cultured human monocytes release proinflammatory cytokines in
     response to myelin basic protein. *Neurosci. Lett*. 252:151‑154.

181. Karp, C. L., M. Wysocka, X. Ma, M. Marovich, R. E. Factor, T.
     Nutman, M. Armant, L. Wahl, P. Cuomo, and G. Trinchieri. 1998.
     Potent suppression of interleukin‑12 production from monocytes and
     dendritic cells during endotoxin tolerance. *Eur. J. Immunol*.
     28:3128‑3136.

182. Mencacci, A., E. Cenci, G. Del Sero, C. Fé d\'Ostiani, P. Mosci, G.
     Trinchieri, L. Adorini, and L. Romani. 1998. IL-10 is required for
     development of protective Th1 responses in IL-12-deficient mice
     upon *Candida albicans* infection. *J. Immunol*. 161:6228-6237.

183. Peritt, D., Robertson, S., Gri, G., Showe, L., M. Aste-Amezaga, and
     Trinchieri, G. 1998. Cutting Edge: Differentiation of human NK
     cells into NK1 and NK2 subsets. *J. Immunol*. 161:5821-5824.

184. Pardoux, C., X. Ma, S. Gobert, S. Pellegrini, P. Mayeux, F. Gay, G.
     Trinchieri, and S. Chouaib. 1999. Down-regulation of interleukin-12
     (IL-12) responsiveness in human T cells by transforming growth
     factor-beta: relationship with IL-12 signaling. *Blood*
     93:1448-1455.

185. Koblish, H. K., C. A. Hunter, M. Wysocka, G. Trinchieri,
     and W. M. F. Lee. 1998. Immune suppression by recombinant IL‑12
     (rIL)-12 involves IFN‑γ induction of iNOS activity: inhibitors of
     NO generation reveal the extent of rIL‑12 vaccine adjuvant
     effect*. J. Exp. Med*. 188:1603-1610.

186. Marshall, J. D., M. Aste‑Amezaga, S. S. Chehimi, M. Murphy, H.
     Olsen, and G. Trinchieri. 1999. Regulation of human IL‑18 mRNA
     expression. *Clin. Immunol*. 90:15-21.

187. Constantinescu, C.S., M. Wysocka, B. Hilliard, E.S. Ventura, E.
     Lavi, G. Trinchieri, and A. Rostami. 1998. Antibodies against IL-12
     prevent superantigen-induced and spontaneous relapses of
     experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. *J Immunol*
     161:5097-5104.

188. Na, S.-Y., B.Y. Kang, S.W. Chung, S.-J. Han, X. Ma, G. Trinchieri,
     S.-Y. Im, J.W. Lee, and T.S. Kim. 1999. Retinoids inhibit
     interleukin-12 production in macrophages through physical
     associations of retinoid X receptor and NFκB. *J. Biol. Chem.*
     274:7674-7680.

189. Walker, W., M. Aste‑Amezaga, R. A. Kastelein, G. Trinchieri,
     and C. A. Hunter. 1999. IL‑18 and CD28 use distinct molecular
     mechanisms to enhance NK cell production of IL‑12‑induced
     interferon‑gamma*. J. Immunol*. 162:5894-5901.

190. Peritt, D., Sesok-Pezzini, D. A., Schretzenmair, R., Macgregor, R.
     R., Valiante, N. M., Tu, X., Trinchieri, G., and Kamoun, M. 1999.
     C1.7 antigen expression of CD8^+^ T cells is activation-dependent:
     increased proportion of C1.7^+^CD8^+^ T cells in HIV‑1 infected
     patients with progressing disease. *J. Immunol*. 162:7563-7568.

191. Fox, F.E., M. Kubin, M. Cassin, Z. Niu, G. Trinchieri, K.D. Cooper,
     and A.H. Rook. 1999. Retinoids synergize with interleukin-2 to
     augment IFN-gamma and interleukin-12 production by human peripheral
     blood mononuclear cells*. J. Interferon Cytokine Res.* 19:407-415

192. Gerosa, F., C. Nisii, A. Cazzadori, S. Righetti, R. Micciolo, M.
     Marchesini, and G. Trinchieri. 1999. CD4+ T cell clones producing
     both interferon gamma and interleukin 10 predominate in
     bronchoalveolar lavages of acute pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
     *Clin Immunol*. 92:224-34.

193. Marshall, J. D., J. Chehimi, G. Gri, J. R. Kostman, L. J. Montaner,
     and G. Trinchieri. 1999. The IL‑12‑mediated pathway of immune
     events is dysfunctional in HIV‑infected individuals. *Blood*.
     94:1003-11.

194. Kubin, M. Z., D. L. Parshley, W. Din, J. Y. Wough, T.
     Davis‑Smith, C. A. Smith, B. M. MacDuff, R. J. Armitage, W.
     Chin, L. Cassiano, L. Borges, M. Petersen, G. Trinchieri, and R. G.
     Goodwin. 1999. Molecular cloning and biological characterization of
     NK cell activation inducing ligand (NAIL), a counterstructure for
     CD48. *Eur J Immunol* 29:3466-77..

195. Constantinescu, C. S., B. Hilliard, M. Wysocka, E. S.
     Ventura, M. K. Bhopale, G. Trinchieri, and A. Rostami. 1999. IL‑12
     reverses the suppressive effect of the CD40 ligand blockade on
     experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). *J Neurol Sci*
     171:60-4.

196. Gee, M.S., C.J. Koch, S.M. Evans, W.T. Jenkins, C.H. Pletcher, Jr.,
     J.S. Moore, H.K. Koblish, J. Lee, E.M. Lord, G. Trinchieri, and
     W.M.F. Lee. 1999. Hypoxia due to angiogenesis inhibition and IFN-
     both account for tumor cell apoptosis underlying IL-12 antitumor
     efficacy. *Cancer Res.* 59:4882-9.

197. Wasik, T. J., Wierzbicki, A., Trinchieri, G. Whiteman, V. E.,
     Lischner, H. W., and Kozbor, D. 2000. HIV-specific cellular
     responses in perinatal HIV infection. *Eur J Immunol*. 30:117-27

198. Ma X, Sun J, Papasavvas E, Riemann H, Robertson S, Marshall J,
     Bailer RT, Moore A, Donnelly RP, Trinchieri G, Montaner LJ. 2000.
     Inhibition of IL-12 Production in Human Monocyte-Derived
     Macrophages by TNF. *J Immunol*. 164:1722-1729.

199. Wang, I.-M., C. Contursi, A. Masumi, X. Ma, G. Trinchieri, and K.
     Ozato. 2000. An IFN-gamma-inducible transcription factor, IFN
     consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP), stimulates IL-12 p40
     expression in macrophages*. J Immunol*.165:271-9.

200. Heath V.L., Showe L., Crain C., Barrat F.J., Trinchieri G., and
     O'Garra A. 2000 Ectopic exxpression of the interleukin 12 receptor
     β2 in developing and committed Th2 cells does not affect the
     production of IL_4 or induce production of IFN-γ. *J. Immunol*.
     164:2861-5.

201. Carra G., Gerosa F., and Trinchieri G. 2000. Biosynthesis and
     post-translational regulation of human IL-12. *J. Immunol*. 164:
     4752-61.

202. Airoldi I., Gri G., Marshall J.D., Corcione A., Facchetti P.,
     Guglielmino R., Trinchieri G., and Pistoia V. 2000. Expression and
     function of IL-12 and IL-18 receptors on human tonsillar B cells.
     *J. Immunology*, 165:6880-8.

203. Geng Y., Berencsi K., Gyulai Z., Valyi-Nagy T., Gonczol E., and
     Trinchieri G. 2000 Roles of interleukin-12 and gamma interferon in
     murine Chlamydia pneumoniae infection*. Infect Immun*. 68:2245-53.

204. Geng, Y., R.B. Shane, K. Berencsi, E. Gonczol, M.H. Zaki, D.J.
     Margolis, G. Trinchieri, and A.H. Rook. 2000. Chlamydia pneumoniae
     inhibits apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
     through induction of IL-10. *J Immunol* 164, no. 10:5522-9.

205. Xu H, Zhang GX, Wysocka M, Wu CY, Trinchieri G, Rostami A. 2000.
     The suppressive effect of TGF-beta on IL-12-mediated immune
     modulation specific to a peptide Ac1-11 of myelin basic protein
     (MBP): a mechanism involved in inhibition of both IL-12 receptor
     beta1 and beta2. *J Neuroimmunol* 108:53-63.

206. Chung SW, Kang BY, Kim SH, Pak YK, Cho D, Trinchieri G, Kim
     TS. 2000. Oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits interleukin-12
     production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse macrophages via
     direct interactions between peroxisome proliferator-activated
     receptor-gamma and nuclear factor-kappa. *J Biol Chem*.
     275:32681-7.

207. Oliveira MA, Santiago HC, Lisboa CR, Ceravollo IP, Trinchieri G,
     Gazzinelli RT, Vieira LQ. 2000. Leishmania sp: comparative study
     with Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi in their ability to
     initialize IL-12 and IFN-gamma. Exp Parasitol. 95:96-105.

208. Wang, I.M., C. Contursi, A. Masumi, X. Ma, G. Trinchieri, and K.
     Ozato. 2000. An IFN-gamma-inducible transcription factor, IFN
     consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP), stimulates IL-12 p40
     expression in macrophages. *J Immunol* 165, no. 1:271-9.

209. Wasik, T.J., A. Wierzbicki, V.E. Whiteman, G. Trinchieri, H.W.
     Lischner, and D. Kozbor. 2000. Association between HIV-specific T
     helper responses and CTL activities in pediatric AIDS. *Eur J
     Immunol* 30, no. 1:117-27.

210. Gee, M.S., H.M. Saunders, J.C. Lee, J.F. Sanzo, W.T. Jenkins, S.M.
     Evans, G. Trinchieri, C.M. Sehgal, M.D. Feldman, and W.M.
     Lee. 2001. Doppler ultrasound imaging detects changes in tumor
     perfusion during antivascular therapy associated with vascular
     anatomic alterations. *Cancer Res* 61, no. 7:2974-82.

211. Constantinescu, C.S., B. Hilliard, E. Ventura, M. Wysocka, L.
     Showe, E. Lavi, T. Fujioka, P. Scott, G. Trinchieri, and A.
     Rostami. 2001. Modulation of susceptibility and resistance to an
     autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis in prototypically
     susceptible and resistant strains by neutralization of
     interleukin-12 and interleukin-4, respectively. *Clin Immunol* 98,
     no. 1:23-30.

212. Cappiello, M., F.S. Sutterwala, G. Trinchieri, D.M. Mosser, and X.
     Ma. 2001. Suppression of Il-12 transcription in macrophages
     following Fc gamma receptor ligation. *J Immunol* 166, no.
     7:4498-506.

213. Byrnes, A.A., X. Ma, P. Cuomo, K. Park, L. Wahl, S.F. Wolf, H.
     Zhou, G. Trinchieri, and C.L. Karp. 2001. Type I interferons and
     IL-12: convergence and cross-regulation among mediators of cellular
     immunity. *Eur J Immunol* 31, no. 7:2026-34

214. Bendriss-Vermare, N., C. Barthelemy, I. Durand, C. Bruand, C.
     Dezutter-Dambuyant, N. Moulian, S. Berrih-Aknin, C. Caux, G.
     Trinchieri, and F. Briere. 2001. Human thymus contains
     IFN-alpha-producing CD11c(-), myeloid CD11c(+), and mature
     interdigitating dendritic cells. *J Clin Invest* 107, no. 7:835-44.

215. Wysocka, M., S. Robertson, H. Riemann, J. Caamano, C. Hunter, A.
     Mackiewicz, L.J. Montaner, G. Trinchieri, and C.L. Karp. 2001.
     Il-12 suppression during experimental endotoxin tolerance:
     dendritic cell loss and macrophage hyporesponsiveness. *J Immunol*
     166, no. 12:7504-13.

216. Burian, K., K. Berencsi, V. Endresz, Z. Gyulai, T. Valyi-Nagy, I.
     Valyi-Nagy, M. Bakay, Y. Geng, D. Virok, L. Kari, R.
     Hajnal-Papp, G. Trinchieri, and E. Gonczol. 2001. Chlamydia
     pneumoniae exacerbates aortic inflammatory foci caused by murine
     cytomegalovirus infection in normocholesterolemic mice. *Clin Diagn
     Lab Immunol* 8:1263-6.

217. Asselin-Paturel, C., A. Boonstra, M. Dalod, I. Durand, N.
     Yessaad, C. Dezutter-Dambuyant, A. Vicari, A. O\'Garra, C.
     Biron, F. Briere, and G. Trinchieri. 2001. Mouse type I
     IFN-producing cells are immature APCs with plasmacytoid morphology.
     *Nature Immunol* 2:1144-50.

218. Gerosa, F., B. Baldani-Guerra, C. Niisi, G. Carra, and G.
     Trinchieri. 2002. Reciprocal activating interection between natural
     killer cells and dendritic cells. *J Exp Med,* 195:327-333.

219. Dalod, M., T.P. Salazar-Mather, L. Malmgaard, C. Lewis, C.
     Asselin-Paturel, F. Brière, G. Trinchieri, and C.A. Biron. 2001.
     IFN-a/b and IL-12 Responses to Viral Infections: Pathways
     Regulating Dendritic Cell Cytokine Expression *In Vivo*. *J Exp
     Med*, 195:517-528.

220. Chehimi, J., D.E. Campbell, L. Azzoni, D. Bacheller, E.
     Papasavvas, G. Jerandi, K. Mounzer, J. Kostman, G. Trinchieri, and
     L.J. Montaner. 2002. Persistent decreases in blood plasmacytoid
     dendritic cell number and function despite effective highly active
     antiretroviral therapy and increased blood myeloid dendritic cells
     in HIV-infected individuals. *J Immunol* 168:4796-801.

221. Kiszka, I., D. Kmieciak, J. Gzyl, T. Naito, E. Bolesta, A. Sieron,
     S.P. Singh, A. Srinivasan, G. Trinchieri, Y. Kaneko, and D.
     Kozbor. 2002. Effect of the V3 loop deletion of envelope
     glycoprotein on cellular responses and protection against challenge
     with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing gp160 of primary human
     immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. *J Virol* 76:4222-32.

222. Gilliet, M., A. Boonstra, C. Paturel, S. Antonenko, X.L. Xu, G.
     Trinchieri, A. O\'Garra, and Y.J. Liu. 2002. The development of
     murine plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors is differentially
     regulated by FLT3-ligand and granulocyte/macrophage
     colony-stimulating factor. *J Exp Med* 195:953-8.

223. Briere, F., N. Bendriss-Vermare, T. Delale, S. Burg, C. Corbet,
     M.C. Rissoan, L. Chaperot, J. Plumas, M.C. Jacob, G. Trinchieri,
     and E.E. Bates. 2002. Origin and filiation of human plasmacytoid
     dendritic cells. *Hum Immunol* 63:1081-1093.

224. Losana, G., C. Bovolenta, L. Rigamonti, I. Borghi, F. Altare, E.
     Jouanguy, G. Forni, J.L. Casanova, B. Sherry, M. Mengozzi, G.
     Trinchieri, G. Poli, F. Gerosa, and F. Novelli. 2002. IFN-gamma and
     IL-12 differentially regulate CC-chemokine secretion and CCR5
     expression in human T lymphocytes. *J Leukoc Biol* 72:735-742.

225. Vicari, A.P., C. Chiodoni, C. Vaure, S. Ait-Yahia, C. Dercamp, F.
     Matsos, O. Reynard, C. Taverne, P. Merle, M.P. Colombo, A.
     O\'Garra, G. Trinchieri, and C. Caux. 2002. Reversal of
     tumor-induced dendritic cell paralysis by CpG immunostimulatory
     oligonucleotide and anti-interleukin 10 receptor antibody. *J Exp
     Med* 196:541-549.

226. Boonstra, A., C. Asselin-Paturel, M. Gilliet, C. Crain, G.
     Trinchieri, Y.J. Liu, and A. O\'Garra. 2003. Flexibility of mouse
     classical and plasmacytoid-derived dendritic cells in directing T
     helper type 1 and 2 cell development: dependency on antigen dose
     and differential toll-like receptor ligation. *J Exp Med*
     197:101-109.

227. B. Vanbervliet, N. Bendriss-Vermare, C. Massacrier, B. Homey, O. de
     Bouteiller, F. Brire, G. Trinchieri, and C. Caux . 2003 The
     inducible CXCR3 ligands control plasmacytoid dendritic cell
     responsiveness to the constitutive chemokine stromal cell-derived
     factor 1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12. *J Exp Med* 198:823-30.

228. C. Asselin-Paturel, G. Brizard, J-J Pin, F.Brière and G.
     Trinchieri. 2003. A new mAb specific to mouse plasmacytoid
     dendritic cells reveals mouse strain differences in dendritic cells
     subsets frequencies. *J Immunol* 171:6466-77

229. Fallarino, F., C. Asselin-Paturel, C. Vacca, R. Bianchi, S. Gizzi,
     M.C. Fioretti, G. Trinchieri, U. Grohmann, and P. Puccetti. 2004.
     Murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells initiate the immunosuppressive
     pathway of tryptophan catabolism in response to CD200 receptor
     engagement. *J Immunol* 173:3748-3754.

230. Merck, E., C. Gaillard, D.M. Gorman, F. Montero-Julian, I. Durand,
     S.M. Zurawski, C. Menetrier-Caux, G. Carra, S. Lebecque, G.
     Trinchieri, and E.E. Bates. 2004. OSCAR is an FcRγ-associated
     receptor that is expressed by myeloid cells and is involved in
     antigen presentation and activation of human dendritic cells.
     *Blood* 104:1386-1395.

231. Merck E., Scuiller M., De Saint Vis B., Trinchieri G., Bates
     E.E.M. 2005. Fc receptor
     ![](media/image1.png){width="9.236111111111112e-2in"
     height="0.11388888888888889in"}-chain activation via hOSCAR induces
     survival and maturation of dendritic cells and modulates Toll-like
     receptor-induced responses. *Blood*, 105:3623-32.

232. Gerosa F., Gobbi A., Zorzi P., Burg S., Briere F., Carra G.,
     Trinchieri G. 2005. The reciprocal interaction of natural killer
     cells with plasmacytoid or myeloid dendritic cells profoundly
     affects innate resistance functions. *J Immunol.* 174:727-34.

233. Chaffois C., Hasan U., Gaillard C., Saulnier V., Merck E., Tancredi
     S., Rissoan M-C, Guiet C, Brière F, Vlach J, Lebecque S, Trinchieri
     G, and Bates EEM. 2005. Human Toll-like receptor 10 is a signaling
     receptor expressed by Plasmacytoid Dendritic cells and B cells*. J.
     Immunol.*, 174:2942-50

234. Guiducci C., Vicari A.P., Sangaletti S., Trinchieri G., and Colombo
     M.P. 2005. Redirecting elicited tumor infiltrating macrophages and
     DC towards tumor rejection. *Cancer Research*, 65:3437-46.

235. Asselin-Paturel C., Brizard G., Chemin K., Boonstra A., O'Garra A.,
     Vicari A. and Trinchieri G. 2005. Type I interferon dependence of
     plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation and migration. *J. exp.
     Med.* 201:1157-67

236. Gautier G., Humbert M, Deauvieau F., Scuiller M., Hiscott J, Bates
     E.E.M, Trinchieri G., Caux C., and Garrone P. 2005. A Type I
     Interferon Autocrine/Paracrine Loop is Involved in Toll-Like
     Receptor-Induced IL-12p70 Secretion by Dendritic Cells. *J. exp.
     Med*. April 20:1435-46

237. Hasan U., Trinchieri G., Vlach J. 2005. Regulation of cell cycle
     control by TLR signaling in fibroblasts*. J. Biol. Chem*.
     280:20620-7.

238. Tenca C., , Merlo A, Merck E, Bates E.E.M., Saverino D, Simone R.,
     Zarcone D., Trinchieri G., Grossi C.E., and Ciccone E. 2005. CD85j
     (Leukocyte Ig-Like Receptor-1/Ig-Like Transcript 2) Inhibits Human
     Osteoclast-Associated Receptor-Mediated Activation of Human
     Dendritic Cells. *J. Immunol*. 174:6757-63

239. N. Vendriss-Vermare, S. Burg, H. Kanzler, L. Chaperot, T. Duhen, O.
     de Bouteiller, M. D\'agostini, J.-M. Bridon, I. Durand, Joel M.
     Sederstrom, W. Chen, J. Plumas, M.-C. Jacob, Y.-J. Liu, P. Garrone,
     G.Trinchieri, and F. Brière. 2005. Virus overrides the Th2-inducing
     propensity of human CD40L-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells
     through synergistic induction of IFN-γ and Th1 chemokines
     production. *J. Leuk. Biol*. 78:954-66.

240. Dercamp C., Chemin K., Caux C., Trinchieri G., Vicari A.P. 2005.
     Distinct and overlapping roles of IL-10 and CD25+ regulatory T
     cells in the inhibition of anti-tumor CD8 T cell responses. *Cancer
     research*, 65:8479-86.

241. Constantinescu C.S., Tani M., Ransohoff R.M., Wysocka M., Hilliard
     B., Fujioka T, Murphy S., Tighe T.J, Trinchieri G., and
     Rostami A. 2005. Astrocytes as antigen presenting cells: expression
     of IL-12/IL-23. *J Neurochemistry*, 95:331-40

242. Andoniou C.E., van Dommelen S.L.H., Voigt V., Andrews D.M.,
     Asselin-Paturel C., Delale T., Stacey K.J., Trinchieri G.,
     Degli-Esposti M. 2005. Interaction between conventional dendritic
     cells and natural cells is integral to the activation of effective
     anti-viral immunity. *Nature Immunology*, 6:1011-9.

243. Fallarino F., Orabona C., Vacca C., Bianchi R., Gizzi S.,
     Asselin-Paturel C., Fioretti M.C., Trinchieri G., Grohmann U., and
     Puccetti P. 2005. Ligand and Cytokine Dependence of the
     Immunosuppressive Pathway of Tryptophan Catabolism in Plasmacytoid
     Dendritic Cells. *Int Immunol.* 17:1429-38

244. de Bouteiller O., Merck E., Hasan U.A., Hubac S., Benguigui B.,
     Trinchieri G., Bates E.E.M.; Caux C. 2005. Recognition of double
     stranded RNA by human TLR3 and downstream receptor signaling
     requires multimerisation and an acidic pH. *J. Biol. Chem*.
     280:38133-45

245. Delale T., Paquin A., Asselin-Paturel C., Dalod M., Brizard G.,
     Bates E.E.M., Akira S., Vicari A., Biron C., Trinchieri G. and
     Brière F. 2005. Toll-like receptor-dependent and independendent
     murine cytomegalovirus sensing for IFN-α release and initiation of
     immune response *in vivo.* *J. Immunol.* 175:6723-32

246. Merck E., Gaillard C., Scuiller M., Scapini P., Cassatella M. A.,
     Trinchieri G., and Bates E.E.M. 2006. Ligation of the Fc receptor
     γ chain associated receptor hOSCAR enhances the pro inflammatory
     responses of human monocytes and neutrophils. *J.Immunol.*
     176:3149-56

247. Ochando JC, Homma C, Yang Y, Hidalgo H, Garin A, Tacke F, Angeli V,
     Li Y, Boros P, Ding Y, Jessberger R, Trinchieri G, Lira SA,
     Randolph GJ, and Bromberg JS. 2006. Alloantigen-presenting
     plasmacytoid dendritic cells mediate tolerance to vascularized
     grafts. *Nature Medicine*, 7:652-62

248. Boonstra A, Rajsbaum R, Holman M, Marques R, Asselin-Paturel C,
     Pereira JP, Bates EE, Akira S, Vieira P, Liu YJ, Trinchieri G,
     O\'Garra A. 2006. Macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells, but not
     plasmacytoid dendritic cells, produce IL-10 in response to MyD88-
     and TRIF-dependent TLR signals, and TLR-independent signals. *J
     Immunol.* 177:7551-8.

249. Allman D, Dalod M, Asselin-Paturel C, Delale T, Robbins SH,
     Trinchieri G, Biron CA, Kastner P, Chan S. 2006. Ikaros is required
     for plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation. *Blood.*
     108:4025-34

250. Zitvogel, L., Terme, M., Borg, C., and Trinchieri, G.: Dendritic
     cell-NK cell cross-talk: regulation and physiopathology. *Curr. Top
     Microbiol. Immunol*. 298: 157-174, 2006.

251. Trinchieri, G.: Pillars of immunology: The birth of a cell type.
     *J. Immunol*. 178: 3-4, 2007.

252. Trinchieri, G.: Interleukin-10 production by effector T cells: Th1
     cells show self control. J. Exp. Med. 204: 239-243, 2007.

253. Trinchieri, G., and Sher, A.: Cooperation of toll-like receptor
     signals in innate immune defence. *Nat. Rev. Immunol.* 7: 179-190,
     2007.

254. Hasan, U.A., Caux, C., Perrot, I., Doffin, A.C., Menetrier-Caux,
     C., Trinchieri, G., Tommasino, M., and Vlach, J.: Cell
     proliferation and survival induced by Toll-like receptors is
     antagonized by type 1 IFNs. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
     USA,]{.underline} 2007 (Online Journal)

255. **REVIEWS, BOOK CHAPTERS**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
1.  Bedarida, G., G. Trinchieri, and A. O. Carbonara. 1970. A sensitive
    method for the rapid detection of Australian antigen. In: \"Atti
    Convegni Farmitalia: Antigene Australia ed Epatite Virale\", Editor,
    J., ed., Minerva Medica, Torino, Italy. pp 75‑80.

2.  Carbonara, A., and G. Trinchieri. 1970. L\'antigene Australia
    l\'epatite virale. La Ricerca. 11:5‑36.

3.  Ceppellini, R., G. Bedarida, A. O. Carbonara, G. Trinchieri, and G.
    Fillippi. 1970. High frequency and family clustering of Au antigen
    in some Italian populations. In: \"Atti Convegni Farmitalia:
    Antigene Australia ed Epatite Virale\", Editor, J., ed., Minerva
    Medica, Torino, Italy., pp 53‑74.

4.  Carbonara, A. O., and G. Trinchieri. 1971. Sesso cromosomico e sesso
    psichico. In: \"Aggiornamenti in psichiatria\", Editor, J., ed., Il
    Pensiero Scientifico, Rome, Italy., pp 295‑304.

5.  Trinchieri, G., T. Zacchi, G. Bedarida, and A. O. Carbonara. 1971.
    Aspetti metodologici nella ricerca dell\'antigene Australia. La
    Trasfusione del Sangue. 16:44‑56.

6.  Bernoco, D., S. Cullen, G. Scudeller, G. Trinchieri, and R.
    Ceppellini. 1973. HL‑A molecules at the cell surface. In:
    \"Histocompatibility testing 1972\", Dausset, J., ed., Munksgaard,
    Copenhagen, Denmark., pp 527‑537.

7.  Carbonara, A. O., R. Ceppellini, and G. Trinchieri. 1973. Nuovi test
    di immunita cellulare ed umorale, e loro uso per rilevare il
    significato biologico degli antigeni del trapianto. Giornale
    Accademia Medicina Torino. 136:1‑8.

8.  Carbonara, A. O., M. Massobrio, G. Trinchieri, E. Alba, and S.
    Bocci. 1973. Antibodies in parous women detected by a cell‑mediated
    cytotoxicity technique. In: \"Intern. Congress Series No. 327,
    Immunology in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Proc. 1st International
    Congress\", Centaro A., Carretti, N., eds., Excerpta Medica;
    Amsterdam, Netherlands., pp 169‑170.

9.  Miggiano, V. C., T. Meo, M. Nabholz, G. Trinchieri, V. Barrelet, H.
    Bossart, and R. Koch. 1973. Ontogeny of cellular immunocompetence in
    early human fetuses probed with current and novel in vitro tests.
    In: \"Intern. Congress Series No. 327, Immunology in Obstetrics and
    Gynaecology, Proc. 1st International Congress\", A. Centaro, N.
    Carretti, eds., Excerpta Medica; Amsterdam., pp 157‑168.

10. Trinchieri, G., D. Bernoco, S. E. Curtoni, V. C. Miggiano, and R.
    Ceppellini. 1973. Cell‑mediated lympholysis in man: relevance of
    HL‑A antigens and antibodies. In: \"Histocompatibility testing
    1972\", Dausset, J., ed., Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark., pp
    509‑519.

11. Carbonara, A. O., M. De Marchi, and G. Trinchieri. 1975. Membrane
    immunofluorescence in human transplantation biology. Ann. N. Y.
    Acad. Sci. 254:280‑288.

12. Trinchieri, G. 1975. Nuove tecniche per il riconoscimento
    dell\'immunita tissutale nell\'uomo. In: \"Progressi in Chirurgia
    deli Trapianti\", Editor, J., ed.,, Rome, Italy.

13. Trinchieri, G. 1978. Fisiologia del sistema immune. Minerva
    Anestesiologica. 44:673‑678.

14. Trinchieri, G., B. Perussia, D. Santoli, and J‑C. Cerottini. 1979.
    Human natural killer cells. Transplant. Proc. 11:807‑810.

15. Trinchieri, G., and D. Santoli. 1979. Opposing effects of interferon
    on natural killer and target cells. In: \"Natural and induced
    cell‑mediated cytotoxicity\", Reithmuller, G., Wernet, P.;
    Cudkowicz, G., eds., Academic Press; New York, NY, pp 75‑81.

16. Perussia, B., D. Lebman, D. Granato, G. Trinchieri, and G.
    Rovera. 1980. Tumor promoters and terminal differentiation of human
    leukemic cells. In: \"Leukemias, lymphomas and papillomas ‑
    comparative aspects\", Bachman, F. ed., Taylor and Francis, London.,
    pp 205‑217.

17. Perussia, B., D. Santoli, and G. Trinchieri. 1980. Are spontaneous
    and antibody‑dependent lysis two different mechanisms of
    cytotoxicity mediated by the same cells? In: \"Natural cell‑mediated
    immunity against tumors\", Herberman, R. B. ed., Academic Press, New
    York, NY., pp365‑378.

18. Perussia, B., D. Santoli, and G. Trinchieri. 1980. Interferon
    modulation of natural killer cell activity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
    350:55‑62.

19. Santoli, D., B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1980. Natural killer
    cell activity against virus‑infected cells. In: \"Natural
    cell‑mediated immunity against tumors\", Herberman, R., ed.,
    Academic Press, New York, NY., pp 1171‑1179.

20. Trinchieri, G., B. Perussia, and D. Santoli. 1980. Spontaneous
    cell‑mediated cytotoxicity: modulation by interferon. In: \"Natural
    cell‑mediated immunity against tumors\", Herberman, R., ed.,
    Academic Press, New York, NY, pp 655‑670.

21. Trinchieri, G., B. Perussia, and D. Santoli. 1980. Interferon
    production in lymphocytes cultured with tumor‑derived cells. In:
    \"Natural cell‑mediated cytotoxicity against tumors\",
    Herberman, R. B. ed., Academic Press, New York, NY, pp1199‑1211.

22. Perussia, B., and G. Trinchieri. 1981. Caratterizazione e funzione
    delle cellule K e NK. Argomenti di Oncologia. 2:13‑19.

23. Santoli, D., B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1981. Activation of
    natural killer cells by interferon and by allogeneic stimulation.
    In: \"Mediation of cellular immunity in cancer by immune
    modifiers\", Chirigos, M. A., et al., ed., Raven Press, New York,
    NY., pp 143‑151.

24. Trinchieri, G., D. Santoli, D. Granato, and B. Perussia. 1981.
    Antagonistic effects of interferons on the cytotoxicity mediated by
    natural killer cells. Fed. Proc. 40:2705‑2710.

25. Perussia, B., V. Fanning, and G. Trinchieri. 1982. Phenotypic
    characterization of human natural killer and antibody‑dependent
    killer cells as an homogeneous and discrete cell subset. In: \"NK
    cells and other natural effector cells\", Herberman, R. B. ed.,
    Academic Press, New York, NY., pp. 39‑45.

26. Perussia, B., D. Lebman, B. Lange, J. Faust, G. Trinchieri, and G.
    Rovera. 1982. Expression of lineage specific surface antigens in
    human lymphocytic leukemias. In: \"Expression of differentiated
    functions in cancer cells\", Revoltella, R., Pontieri, G.; Rovera,
    G.; Basilico, C.; Gallo, R.; Subak‑Sharpe, J. H., eds., Raven Press;
    New York, NY., pp 223‑238.

27. Perussia, B., D. Lebman, G. Pegoraro, B. Lange, C. Damsky, D.
    Aden, J. Vartikar, G. Trinchieri, and G. Rovera. 1982. Induction of
    differentiation of human myeloid leukemic cells by phorbol diesters.
    In: \"Maturation factors and cancer\", Moore, M. S., ed., Raven
    Press, New York, NY, pp 273‑292.

28. Trinchieri, G., and B. Perussia. 1982. Interferons and
    lymphocyte‑mediated cytotoxicity. In: \"The interferon system: a
    review to 1982\", Texas reports on biology and medicine. 41:596‑602.

29. Trinchieri, G., and B. Perussia. 1982. Interferons and natural
    killer cells: interacting systems of non‑specific host defense. In:
    \"NK Cells and Other Natural Effector Cells\", Herberman, R. B.,
    ed., Academic Press, New York, NY., pp 369‑374.

30. Casali, P., and G. Trinchieri. 1984. Natural killer cells in viral
    infection. In: \"Concepts in viral pathogenesis\", Notkins, A. L.,
    Oldstone, M. B. A., eds., Springer‑Verlag; New York, NY., pp 11‑19.

31. Perussia, B., V. Fanning, and G. Trinchieri. 1984. Characterization
    of human peripheral blood IFNα‑producing cells. In: \"Natural killer
    activity and its regulation\", Hoshino, T. ed., Excerpta Medica,
    Tokyo, pp.107‑113.

32. Trinchieri, G., and B. Perussia. 1984. Cell lineage and surface
    characteristics of natural killer cells. In: \"Natural killer
    activity and its regulation\", Hoshino, T. ed., Excerpta Medica,
    Tokyo., pp 3‑8.

33. Trinchieri, G., and B. Perussia. 1984. Human natural killer cells:
    biologic and pathologic aspects. Lab. Invest. 50:489‑513.

34. Perussia, B., L. London, and G. Trinchieri. 1985. Phenotypic
    characteristics of human natural killer cells. Biomed. Pharmacother.
    39:13‑18.

35. Trinchieri, G., G. Degliantoni, M. Kobayashi, L. London, and B.
    Perussia. 1985. Surface phenotype and functions of human natural
    killer cells. In: \"Mechanisms of cytotoxicity by NK cells\",
    Herberman, R. B., ed., Academic Press, NY., pp 29‑37.

36. Trinchieri, G., and B. Perussia. 1985. Immune interferon: a
    pleiotropic lymphokine with multiple effects. Immunol. Today.
    6:131‑136.

37. London, L., B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1986. Surface phenotype
    of resting and activated human natural killer cells. In: \"Natural
    immunity, cancer and biological response modification\", Lotzova,
    E., Herberman, R., eds., Karger; Basel, Switzerland, pp 1‑9.

38. Trinchieri, G. 1986. Surface phenotype of natural killer cells and
    macrophages. Fed. Proc. 45:2821‑2822.

39. Anegón, I., M. C. Cuturi, G. Trinchieri, and B. Perussia. 1987. Fc
    receptor‑ligand interaction induces activation of human natural
    killer cells. In: \"H‑2 antigens genes, molecules, function\", C. S.
    David, ed., Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 815‑825.

40. Trinchieri, G., M. Kobayashi, M. Murphy, and B. Perussia. 1987.
    Immune interferon and cytotoxins: regulatory effects on myeloid
    cells. Lymphokines. 14:267‑305.

41. Trinchieri, G., L. London, M. Kobayashi, and B. Perussia. 1987.
    Regulation of activation and proliferation of human natural killer
    cells. In: \"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology:
    Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation on Immune Regulation\", Gupta,
    S., Paul, W. E.; Fauci, A. S., eds., Plenum Press; New York, NY,
    Vol. 213, pp. 285‑298.

42. Trinchieri, G., M. Murphy, and B. Perussia. 1987. Regulation of
    hematopoiesis by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. CRC
    Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 7:219‑265.

43. Perussia, B., I. Anegón, M. C. Cuturi, M. Murphy, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1988. Mechanisms of regulation of hematopoiesis by human
    natural killer cells and T lymphocytes. In: \"Genotypic, Phenotypic
    and Functional Aspects of Haematopoiesis\", Grignani, F.,
    Martelli, M. F.; Mason, D. Y., eds., Raven Press; New York, NY, pp.
    275‑280.

44. Perussia, B., and G. Trinchieri. 1988. Structure and functions of NK
    cell Fc receptor. EOS, J. Immunol. Immunopharmacol. 8:147‑150.

45. Perussia, B., and G. Trinchieri. 1988. NK cells: a discrete
    leukocyte subset of still undefined origin mediating biologically
    relevant functions upon specific stimulation. Ann. Inst.
    Pasteur/Immunol. 139:438‑443.

46. Elias, J. A., G. Trinchieri, P. Simon, and J. Kern. 1989.
    Interleukin‑6 as a fibroblast derived stimulator: evidence for
    direct effects and synergy with interleukin‑1. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
    557:555‑557.

47. Perussia, B., M. A. Cassatella, I. Anegón, and G. Trinchieri. 1989.
    Antigenic and functional properties of two low affinity Fc R types:
    Fc RIII(CD16) on Natural Killer cells and polymorphonuclear
    neutrophils and Fc RII(CDw32) on neutrophils and B cells. In:
    \"Leucocyte typing IV\", Knapp, W., ed., Oxford University Press,
    Oxford, England, pp. 590‑595.

48. Trinchieri, G. 1989. Biology of natural killer cells. Adv. Immunol.
    47:187‑376.

49. Trinchieri, G., I. Anegón, M. Cassatella, and B. Perussia. 1989. The
    low affinity Fc receptor for IgG on human natural killer cells and
    neutrophils (CD16 antigen). In: \"Highlights of Modern
    Biochemistry\", Kotyk, A., Skoda, J.; Paces, V.; Kostka, V.; eds.,
    VSP International Science: Zeist, The Netherlands, pp. 1203‑1212.

50. Trinchieri, G., M. Murphy, M. C. Cuturi, I. Anegón, and B.
    Perussia. 1989. Control of hematopoietic progenitor cells by natural
    killer cells. In: \"Functions of the natural immune system\",
    Reynolds, C. W., Wiltrout, R. H., eds., Plenum Press; New York, NY.,
    pp. 247‑266.

51. Cassatella, M. A., B. Perussia, and G. Trinchieri. 1990. Tumor
    necrosis factor is a differentiation‑inducing factor for
    hematopoietic cells. In: \"Tumor Necrosis Factor: Structure,
    Mechanism of Action, Role in\"Disease and Therapy.\", Bonavida, B.,
    Granger, G.; eds., Karger AG; Basel, Switzerland., pp 114‑119.

52. Trinchieri, G. 1990. Natural killer cells as responders and
    producers of cytokines. In: \"Biological Response Modifiers:
    Applications in Clinical Medicine\", Indiveri, F., Puppo, F.;
    Scudeletti, M., eds., Società Editrice Esculapio; Bologna, Italy.,
    189‑202.

53. Trinchieri, G. 1990. Production and function of immune interferon.
    In: \"Cytokines: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications\",
    Romagnani, S., Abbas, A. eds.; Raven Press; New York, NY, 23‑36.

54. Trinchieri, G. 1991. Regulation of TNF production in
    monocyte/macrophages and lymphocytes. Immunol. Res. 10:89‑103.

55. Kamoun, M., L. Zerva, S. Sloan, C. Zmijewski, D. Monos, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1992. Induction of HLA class II molecules on human T
    cells: relationship to immunoregulation and the pathogenesis of
    AIDS. DNA Cell Biol. 11:265‑268.

56. Trinchieri, G. 1992. Natural killer cells and inflammation. In:
    \"Paediatric Gastroenterology: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and
    Morbus Hirschprung\", Hadziselimovic, F., Herzog, B., eds., Kluwer
    Academic Publishers; Lancaster, UK., pp. 29‑35.

57. Trinchieri, G. 1992. Effects of TNF and lymphotoxin on the
    hematopoietic system. In: \"Tumor Necrosis Factors: Structure,
    Function and Mechanism of Action\", Aggarwal, B. B., Vilcek, J.,
    eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc.; New York, NY., pp. 289‑313.

58. Trinchieri, G. 1992. Natural killer (NK) cells. In: \"Encyclopedia
    of Immunology\", Roitt, I. M., Delves, P. J., eds., Saunders
    Scientific Publications; London, U.K., pp. 1136‑1138.

59. Trinchieri, G. 1992. Natural killer cells in hæmatopoiesis. In:
    \"The Natural Immune System: Natural Killer Cells\", Lewis, C. E.,
    McGee, J. O\'D; eds., Oxford University Press; Oxford, England.,
    Vol. 1, pp. 41‑65.

60. Trinchieri, G. 1992. Lymphocytes and NK Cells as Producers of TNF.
    In: \"Tumor Necrosis Factors: The Molecules and their Emerging Role
    in Medicine\", Beutler, B., ed., Raven Press; New York, NY., pp.
    515‑530.

61. Trinchieri, G. 1992. The hematopoietic system and hematopoiesis. In:
    \"Neoplastic Hematopathology\", Knowles, D. M., ed., Williams and
    Wilkins, Baltimore, MD., pp 1‑25.

62. Trinchieri, G., A. D\'Andrea, M. Rengaraju, N. M. Valiante, M.
    Kubin, M. Aste‑Amezaga, and J. Chehimi. 1992. Natural killer cell
    stimulatory factor (NKSF) or interleukin‑12: a heterodimeric
    cytokine produced by accessory cells and with regulatory functions
    on T and NK cell responses. In: \"New Advances on Cytokines\",
    Romagnani, S., Mosmann, T. R.; Abbas, A. K., eds., Raven Press; New
    York, NY., pp 325‑333.

63. Trinchieri, G., M. Kobayashi, B. Perussia, and S. F. Wolf. 1992.
    Natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF) or interleukin‑12
    (IL‑12): a novel heterodimeric cytokine with pleiotropic effects on
    human lymphocytes. In: \"Pathophysiology and Pharmacology of
    Cytokines\", Mantovani, A., Ghezzi, P., eds., Biomedical Press,
    Augusta; GA., pp. 217‑224.

64. Trinchieri, G., M. Wysocka, A. D\'Andrea, M. Rengaraju, M.
    Aste‑Amezaga, M. Kubin, N. M. Valiante, and J. Chehimi. 1992.
    Natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF) or interleukin‑12 is a
    key regulator of immune response and inflammation. Progress in
    Growth Factor Res. 4:355‑368.

65. Starr, S. E., S. Bandyopadhyay, V. Shanmugam, N. Hassan, S.
    Douglas, G. Trinchieri, and J. Chehimi. 1993. Morphological and
    functional differences between HLA‑DR^+^ peripheral blood dendritic
    cells and HLA‑DR^+^ IFN‑α producing cells. In: \"Dendritic Cells in
    Fundamental and Clinical Immunology\", Kamperdijk, E. W. A.,
    Nieuwenhuis, P.; Hoefsmit, E. C. M.; eds., Plenum Press; New York,
    NY., Vol. 329, pp. 173‑178.

66. Trinchieri, G. 1993. Interleukin‑12 and its role in the generation
    of T~H~1 cells. Immunol. Today. 14:335‑338.

67. Trinchieri, G., and N. Valiante. 1993. Receptors for the Fc fragment
    of IgG on natural killer cells. Nat. Immun. 12:218‑234.

68. Chehimi, J., and G. Trinchieri. 1994. Interleukin‑12: a bridge
    between innate resistance and adaptive immunity with a role in
    infection and acquired immunodeficiency. J. Clin. Immunol.
    14:149‑161.

69. Gerosa, F., and G. Trinchieri. 1994. Mechanisms of T helper cell
    differentiation induced by interleukin‑12. In: \"Cytokines: Basic
    Principles and Practical Applications\", Romagnani, S., Del Prete,
    G.; Abbas, A.K.; eds., Ares‑Serono Symposia Publications; Rome,
    Italy., pp. 251‑263.

70. Trinchieri, G. 1994. Natural killer cell stimulatory
    factor/interleukin‑12: biology and potential clinical use. In:
    \"Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Clinical Application\",
    Mertelsmann, R., Herrmann, F., eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc.; New York,
    NY., 337‑356.

71. Trinchieri, G. 1994. Interleukin 12: a cytokine produced by
    antigen‑presenting cells with immunoregulatory functions in the
    generation of T helper cells type 1 and cytotoxic lymphocytes.
    Blood. 84:4008‑4027.

72. Trinchieri, G. 1994. Recognition of class I major histocompatibilty
    complex antigens by natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med. 180:417‑421.

73. Trinchieri, G. 1994. Definition and biology of natural killer cells.
    In: \"MHC antigens and NK cell cytotoxicity\", Solana, R., Peña, J.,
    eds., R. G. Landes Company; Austin, TX., p 1‑15.

74. Trinchieri, G. 1994. Natural killer cell stimulatory
    factor/interleukin‑12: the missing link between natural resistance
    and adaptive immunity. In: \"Cytokines in Hemopoiesis, Oncology, and
    Immunology III\". Freund, M. ed., Springer‑Verlag, Berlin, Germany,
    pp. 57‑63.

75. Trinchieri, G., and P. Scott. 1994. The role of interleukin‑12 in
    the immune response, disease and therapy. Immunol. Today.
    15:460‑463.

76. Chehimi, J., C. Paganin, I. Frank, S. Chouaib, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1995. Interleukin‑12 in the pathogenesis and therapy of
    HIV disease. Res. Immunol. 146:605‑614.

77. Ritz, J., G. Trinchieri, and L. L. Lanier. 1995. NK‑cell antigens:
    section report. In: \"Leukocyte Typing V\", Schlossman, S. F. et
    al., eds., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK., pp. 1367‑1372.

78. Scott, P., and G. Trinchieri. 1995. The role of natural killer cells
    in host‑parasite interactions. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7:34‑40.

79. Trinchieri, G. 1995. Interleukin‑12: a proinflammatory cytokine with
    immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and
    antigen‑specific adaptive immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:251‑276.

80. Trinchieri, G. 1995. Interleukin‑12: clinical potential in
    infectious diseases, AIDS, and cancer. Clin. Immunother. 3:262‑270.

81. Trinchieri, G. 1995. Functions of natural killer cells. Williams
    Hematology ‑ 5th Edition ‑ McGraw‑Hill, New York, NY. pp. 956‑959.

82. Trinchieri, G. 1995. Natural killer cells wear different hats:
    effector cells of innate resistance and regulatory cells of adaptive
    immunity and of hematopoiesis. Seminars in Immunology. 7:83‑88.

83. Trinchieri, G. 1995. The two faces of interleukin‑12, a
    pro‑inflammatory cytokine and a key immunoregulatory molecule
    produced by antigen‑presenting cells. Ciba Foundation Symposium,
    London, U.K. 195:203‑214.

84. Trinchieri, G. 1995. Commentary: Interleukin‑12 and Interferon‑γ: do
    they always go together? Am. J. Pathol. 147:1534‑1538.

85. Trinchieri, G., and M. Lopez‑Botet. 1995. Receptor functions and
    signaling of NK cell‑associated antigens. In: \"Leucocyte Typing
    V\", Schlossman, S. et al., ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford,
    U.K., p 1415‑1416.

86. Valiante, N. M., D. Peritt, G. Weinhouse, and G. Trinchieri. 1995.
    mAb C1.7 reactivity with cytotoxic lymphocyte subset. In:
    \"Leucocyte Typing V\", Schlossman, S. et al., ed., Oxford
    University Press, Oxford, U.K., p 1422‑1423.

87. Ma, X., A. D\'Andrea, M. Kubin, M. Aste‑Amezaga, A. Sartori, J.
    Monteiro, L. Showe, M. Wysocka, and G. Trinchieri. 1995. Production
    of interleukin‑12. Res. Immunol. 146:432‑438.

88. Trinchieri, G., C. Paganin, I. Frank, and J. Chehimi. 1995.
    Interleukin‑12: a cytokine with a possible role in the pathogenesis
    and therapy of HIV‑induced immunodeficiency. Dixième Colloque des
    Cent Gardes, Elsevier Publications, Paris, France. pp. 329‑334.

89. Trinchieri, G., and P. Scott. 1995. Interleukin‑12: a
    proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions. Res.
    Immunol. 146:423‑431.

90. Sartori, A., X. Ma, G. Gri, L. Showe, D. Benjamin, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1996. Interleukin‑12: an immunoregulatory cytokine
    produced by B cells and antigen presenting cells. Methods.
    11:116-127.

91. Perez, V. L., G. Trinchieri, and A. K. Abbas. 1996. Cytokines that
    regulate immune inflammation: interleukin‑4, ‑10, and ‑12. In:
    \"Therapeutic Immunology\", Austen, K. F., Burakoff, S. J.;
    Rosen, F. S.; Strom, T. B.; eds., Blackwell Science, Inc.; Boston,
    MA., pp. 238‑248.

92. Trinchieri, G. 1996. Natural killer cells. In:
    \"Graft‑versus‑Host‑Disease, 2nd Edition\", Ferrara, J. L. M., Deeg,
    J.; Burakoff, S., eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc.; New York, NY., pp.
    235‑255.

93. Trinchieri, G. 1996. Role of interleukin‑12 in human Th1 response.
    In: \"Chemical Immunology: Th1 and Th2 Cells in Health and
    Disease\", Romagnani, S., ed., S. Karger AG, Basel, Switzerland.
    Vol. 63, pp. 14‑29.

94. Trinchieri, G., and F. Gerosa. 1996. Immunoregulation by
    interleukin‑12. J. Leuk. Biol. 59:505‑511.

95. Trinchieri, G., D. Peritt, and F. Gerosa. 1996. Acute induction and
    priming for cytokine production in lymphocytes. Cytokine and Growth
    Factor Rev. 7:123-132.

96. Ma, X., M. Aste‑Amezaga, and G. Trinchieri. 1996. Regulation of
    interleukin‑12 production. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 795:13‑25.

97. Ma, X., G. Gri, and G. Trinchieri. 1996. A novel ets‑2‑related
    nuclear factor is involved in transcriptional activation of the
    human interleukin‑12 p40 gene promoter in response to interferon‑γ
    and LPS stimulation of monocytic cells. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
    795:357‑360.

98. Monteiro, J., and G. Trinchieri. 1996. Does IL‑12 play a role in the
    viral immune response? Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 795:366‑367.

99. Peritt, D., M. Aste‑Amezaga, F. Gerosa, C. Paganin, and G.
    Trinchieri. 1996. IL‑10 induction by IL‑12: a possible modulatory
    mechanism? Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 795:387‑389.

100. Sartori, A., P. Scott, and G. Trinchieri. 1996. *Leishmania major*
     metacyclogenesis modulates ability to induce IL‑12. Ann. N.Y. Acad.
     Sci. 795:400‑402.

101. Showe, L. C., M. Wysocka, B. Wang, D. Williams, D. Peritt, and G.
     Trinchieri. 1996. Structure of the mouse IL‑12Rβ1 chain and
     regulation of its expression in BCG/LPS treated mice. Ann. N.Y.
     Acad. Sci. 795:413‑415.

102. Wysocka, M., C. M. Coughlin, H. L. Kurzawa, G. Trinchieri, S. L.
     Eck, and W. M. F. Lee. 1996. Mechanism of the induction of
     anti‑tumor immunity by B7.1 and IL‑12. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
     795:429-433.

103. Rook, A. H., M. Kubin, F. E. Fox, Z. Niu, M. Cassin, B. R.
     Vowels, S. L. Gottleib, E. C. Vonderheid, S. R. Lessin, and G.
     Trinchieri. 1996. The potential therapeutic role of interleukin‑12
     in cutaneous T‑cell lymphoma. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 795:310‑318.

104. Aste‑Amezaga, M., X. Ma, and G. Trinchieri. 1996. Regulation by
     interleukin‑10 of *Staphylococcus aureus*‑ and
     lipopolysaccharide‑induced interleukin‑12 gene expression in human
     peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
     795:319‑320.

105. Constantinescu, C. S., K. Frei, M. Wysocka, G. Trinchieri, U.
     Malipiero, A. Rostami, and A. Fantana. 1996. Astrocytes and
     microglia produce interleukin‑12 p40. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
     795:328‑333.

106. Fox, F. E., M. Cassin, S. Gottlieb, S. S. Fakharzadeh, M. Kubin, G.
     Trinchieri, K. Cooper, and A. H. Rook. 1996. Retinoids synergize
     with IL-2 to increase interferon-γ production by peripheral blood
     mononuclear cells via induction of IL‑12. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
     795:337‑340.

107. Paganin, C., F. Gerosa, D. Peritt, F. Paiola, M. T. Scupoli, M.
     Aste‑Amezaga, I. Frank, and G. Trinchieri. 1996. Effect of
     interleukin‑12 on cytokine profile of human CD4 and CD8 T‑cell
     clones. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 795:382‑383.

108. Monteiro, J. and Trinchieri, G. 1996. Interleukin 12 and its role
     in viral infection. In: \"Options for the Control of Influenza
     III\" L. E. Brown, A. W. Hampson, and R. G. Webster, Eds., Elsevier
     Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands., pp. 180‑182.

109. Ma, X., M. Aste‑Amezaga, G. Gri, G. Gerosa, and G.
     Trinchieri. 1997. Immunomodulatory functions and molecular
     regulation of interleukin‑12. Chem. Immunol. 68:1-22.

110. Trinchieri, G. 1997. Natural killer cells. In: \"Encyclopedia of
     Cancer\" Vol. II, Bertino, J. R., ed., Academic Press, San Diego,
     CA., pp. 1129-1141.

111. Trinchieri, G. 1997. Interleukin 12: function and clinical use.
     Cur. Opin. Hematol. 4:59-66.

112. Trinchieri, G. 1997. Cytokines acting on or secreted by macrophages
     during intracellular infection (IL‑10, IL‑12, IFN‑γ). Curr. Opin.
     Immunol. 9:17‑23.

113. Trinchieri, G., C. Paganin, I. Frank, and J. Chehimi. 1997.
     Interleukin‑12 in the pathogenesis and therapy of HIV disease. In:
     \"HIV and Cytokines\", M. Guenounou, Ed., Les Editions INSERM,
     Paris, France. pp. 391‑402.

114. Scott, P. and Trinchieri, G. 1997. IL-12 as an adjuvant for
     cell-mediated immunity. Seminars in Immunology, 9:285-291.

115. Trinchieri, G. 1997. Biological properties and therapeutic
     applications of interleukin‑12. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 8:305‑307.

116. Ma, D., H. Riemann, G. Gri, and G. Trinchieri. 1998. Positive and
     negative regulation of interleukin-12 gene expression. Eur.
     Cytokine Network 9(Suppl. 3):54-64.

117. Trinchieri, G. 1998. Immunobiology of interleukin‑12. Immunol. Res.
     17:269-278.

118. Trinchieri, G. 1998. Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions
     of interleukin‑12. *Int. Rev. Immunol.* 16:365-396.

119. Trinchieri, G., and P. Scott. 1999. IL‑12: basic principles and
     clinical applications. In: Current Topics in Microbiology and
     Immunology 238: 57-78.

120. Trinchieri, G. 1999. Interleukin‑12. In: \"Inflammation: Basic
     Principles and Clinical Correlates, Third Edition\" J. I. Gallin,
     and R. Snyderman, Eds., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,
     Philadelphia, PA. pp 505‑512.

121. Trinchieri, G. 1998. Interleukin 12: a cytokine at the interface of
     inflammation and immunity. Adv. Immunol. 70:83-243.

122. Trinchieri, G. 1999. Interleukin‑12. In: \"The Cytokine Network and
     Immune Functions\" J. Thèze, Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford,
     U.K., pp. 97-103.

123. Trinchieri, G. 1999. Cytokines in inflammation. Immunology
     Highlights Issue: India Congress, New Dehli, India.

124. Trinchieri, G. and L. L. Lanier. 1999. Functions of natural killer
     cells. *In* Williams Hematology 6^th^ Edition. E. Beutler,
     Lichtman, M. A., Coller, B. S., Kipps, T. J., editors. McGraw-Hill,
     Inc., New York, NY.

125. Ma, X., and G. Trinchieri. 2001. Regulation of interleukin-12
     production in antigen-presenting cells. *Adv Immunol* 79:55-92.

126. Trinchieri, G. 2001. Regulatory role of T cells producing both
     interferon gamma and interleukin 10 in persistent infection. *J Exp
     Med* 194:F53-7.

127. Vicari, A.P., C. Caux, and G. Trinchieri. 2002. Tumour escape from
     immune surveillance through dendritic cell inactivation. *Semin
     Cancer Biol* 12:33-42.

128. Colombo, M.P., and G. Trinchieri. 2002. Introduction: cytokines and
     cancer. *Cytokine Growth Factor Rev* 13:93-4.

129. Colombo, M.P., and G. Trinchieri. 2002. Interleukin-12 in
     anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy. *Cytokine Growth Factor Rev*
     13:155-68.

130. Airoldi, I., R. Guglielmino, G. Carra, A. Corcione, F. Gerosa, G.
     Taborelli, G. Trinchieri, and V. Pistoia. 2002. The interleukin-12
     and interleukin-12 receptor system in normal and transformed human
     B lymphocytes. *Haematologica* 87:434-442.

131. Trinchieri, G. 2003. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate
     resistance and adaptive immunity. *Nat Rev Immunol* 3:133-146.

132. Trinchieri, G. 2003. The choices of a natural killer. *Nat Immunol*
     4, 509-510.

133. Trinchieri G., Pflanz S., and R. A. Kastelein. 2003. Minireview:
     The IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines: new players in the
     regulation of T cell responses. *Immunity*, 19:641-4.

134. Vicari AP, Vanbervliet B, Massacrier C, Chiodoni C, Vaure C,
     Ait-Yahia S, Dercamp C, Matsos F, Reynard O, Taverne C, Merle P,
     Colombo MP, O\'Garra A, Trinchieri G, Caux C. 2004. In vivo
     manipulation of dendritic cell migration and activation to elicit
     antitumour immunity. *Novartis Found Symp.* 56:241-54

135. Trinchieri G. 2004. Cytokines and cytokine receptors. *Immmunol
     Rev*. 202:5-7.

136. Vicari AP, Trinchieri G. 2004. Interleukin-10 in viral diseases and
     cancer: exiting the labyrinth? *Immunol Rev*. 202:223-36.

137. O\'garra A, Trinchieri G. 2004. Are dendritic cells afraid of
     commitment? *Nat Immunol*. 5:1206-8

138. Colonna M, Trinchieri G, Liu YJ. 2004. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
     in immunity. *Nat Immunol.* 5:1219-26

139. Trinchieri, G. and L. L. Lanier. 2005. Functions of natural killer
     cells. *In* Williams Hematology 7^th^ Edition. E. Beutler,
     Lichtman, M. A., Coller, B. S., Kipps, T. J., editors. McGraw-Hill,
     Inc., New York, NY.

140. André Boonstra A., Giorgio Trinchieri G., and Anne O'Garra A. 2005.
     The plasticity of DC populations in promoting Th cell responses, in
     "Dendritic cells". A. Steinkasserer and M.B. Lutz Eds., WILEY-VCH
     Publishers, in press

141. Asselin-Paturel C. Trinchieri G. 2005. Production of typi I
     Interferon: Plasmacytoid Precursor Dendritic Cells and Beyond,
     Commentary, *J. Exp. Med*. 202:461-5.

142. Zitvogel L., Terme M., Borg C., Trinchieri G. 2006. The Dendritic
     Cell/NK Cell Cross --Talk: Regulation and Physiopathology. *Curr
     Top Microbiol Immunol*. 2006;298:157-74

143. Trinchieri, G.: 2006. The birth of a cell type. *J. Immunol*. 178:
     3-4, 2007.

144. Number range CHAPTERTrinchieri, G. and Sher, A.: Cooperation of
     Toll-like receptor signals in innate defense. [Nat. Rev.
     Immunol.]{.underline}7: 179-190, 2007.

145. Number range CHAPTERTrinchieri, G.: Interleukin-10 production by
     effector T cells: Th1 cells show self control. [J. Exp.
     Med.]{.underline} 204: 239-243, 2007.