APPENDIX

STUDY DESIGN AND RELIABILITY OF ESTIMATES

**[Study Design]{.underline}**

All States, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin
Islands were required to submit TANF data on the demographic
characteristics and financial circumstances of families receiving
assistance under their TANF program. During FY 1999, all 54 States and
Territories transmitted 11,058,378 active cases onto the national TANF
database. Under the TANF data reporting system, States have the option
to submit either sample data or universe data to HHS. Twenty-two States
submitted sample data. The remaining 32 States submitted universe data,
from which HHS randomly selected approximately 200 sample cases each
month. A total probability sample of 164,481cases was used in the TANF
recipient characteristics study for FY 1999.

The statistical data are estimates derived from samples and, therefore,
are subject to sampling errors as well as nonsampling errors. Sampling
errors occur to the extent that the results would have been different if
obtained from a complete enumeration of all cases. Nonsampling errors
are errors in response or coding of responses and nonresponse errors or
incomplete sample frames. The study design is such that, in States with
a monthly sample of about 200 cases, an estimate of 50 percent should
not vary from the true value being estimated by more than 6.9 percentage
points at the 95 percent confidence level.

**[Standard (Sampling) Errors]{.underline}**

For FY 1999, the average monthly caseload, annual sample sizes, average
monthly sample sizes, sampling fractions and the percentage points by
which estimates of the total caseload for each State might vary from the
true value at the 95 percent confidence level are shown in Table I.

Table II indicates the approximate standard error for various
percentages for the U.S. total caseload. These standard errors are
somewhat overstated because they are calculated assuming a sample of
15,842 cases out of a total of 2,648,462\` cases or 0.59814563 percent
of the average monthly caseload. California is the State with such a
small sampling fraction. To obtain the 95 percent confidence level at
each percent in Table II, multiply the standard error by a factor of
1.96.

For example, national estimates of 50 percent should not vary from the
true value by more than plus or minus 0.784 percentage points (0.40 x
1.96) at the 95 percent confidence level. To obtain the 99 percent
confidence level, multiply the standard errors by a factor of 2.58.

**[Nonsampling Errors]{.underline}**

Every effort is made to assure that a list of the universe or the sample
frame is complete. It is possible, however, that some cases receiving
assistance for the reporting month are not included. There is no measure
of the completeness of the universe.

Data entries are based on information in the case records. Errors may
have occurred because of misinterpretation of questions and because of
incomplete case record information. Errors may also have occurred in
coding and transmitting the data. There are no measures of the
reliability of the coded information. For some data elements, obviously
incorrect or missing information was recoded as unknown in the data
processing.

**[Standard Errors of Subsets]{.underline}**

For tables based on subsets of the populations, e.g., one‑adult or
two‑adult families, the approximate standard errors can be computed by
the following method: (a) determine the assumed sample size of the
subset by multiplying the number of cases in the subset by 0.0059814563;
(b) divide the sample size of all families (15,842) by the assumed
sample size of the subset; and (c) take the square root of the result
and multiply it by the standard errors of the total caseload shown in
Table II.

For example, for child-only cases the approximate standard errors of
percentages can be found by multiplying the data in Table II by the
square root of 15,842/4,605 or 1.8548. The sample size of 4,605 is
determined by 769,817 x 0.0059814563.

**[Standard Errors for State Estimates]{.underline}**

The method used above can be adapted to calculating standard errors of
State estimates. First, divide the national sample size of all families
(15,842) by the State sample size shown in Table I. Then take the square
root of the result and multiply it by the standard errors shown in Table
II. For example, for Texas the approximate standard errors of
percentages can be found by multiplying the data in Table II by the
square root of 15,842/2,407 or 2.5655.

**[Statistically Significant Differences]{.underline}**

Table III shows the percentage values at which differences between
national and State estimates become significant at the 5 percent
confidence level based on annual State samples of 2,400.

Table IV shows the percentage values at which differences between State
estimates become significant at the 5 percent confidence level based on
annual State samples of 2,400.

+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **TABLE I**    |         |         |          |         |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **AVERAGE      |         |         |          |         |          |
| MONTHLY        |         |         |          |         |          |
| CASELOAD,      |         |         |          |         |          |
| SAMPLE SIZE,   |         |         |          |         |          |
| SAMPLE         |         |         |          |         |          |
| FRACTION AND   |         |         |          |         |          |
| PERCENT BY     |         |         |          |         |          |
| WHICH ESTIMATE |         |         |          |         |          |
| OF 50 PERCENT  |         |         |          |         |          |
| MIGHT VARY     |         |         |          |         |          |
| FROM TRUE      |         |         |          |         |          |
| VALUE AT THE   |         |         |          |         |          |
| 95 PERCENT     |         |         |          |         |          |
| CONFIDENCE     |         |         |          |         |          |
| LEVEL**        |         |         |          |         |          |
|                |         |         |          |         |          |
| **OCTOBER      |         |         |          |         |          |
| 1998 -         |         |         |          |         |          |
| SEPTEMBER      |         |         |          |         |          |
| 1999**         |         |         |          |         |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **STATE**      | **      | *       | *        | **S     | *        |
|                | AVERAGE | *ANNUAL | *AVERAGE | AMPLING | *PERCENT |
|                | MONTHLY | SAMPLE  | MONTHLY  | F       | THAT 50% |
|                | CAS     | SIZE**  | SAMPLE** | RACTION | VARIES   |
|                | ELOAD** |         |          | PE      | AT 95%   |
|                |         |         |          | RCENT** | CO       |
|                |         |         |          |         | NFIDENCE |
|                |         |         |          |         | LEVEL**  |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
|                |         |         |          |         |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **ALABAMA**    | **2     | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 0,107** | 2,408** |          | *1.00** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **ALASKA**     | **      | **      | **203**  | *       | **6.8**  |
|                | 8,461** | 2,433** |          | *2.40** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **ARIZONA**    | **3     | **      | **195**  | *       | **7.0**  |
|                | 4,618** | 2,334** |          | *0.56** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **ARKANSAS**   | **1     | **      | **264**  | *       | **7.4**  |
|                | 2,095** | 3,171** |          | *2.18** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **CALIFORNIA** | **62    | **      | **311**  | *       | **6.7**  |
|                | 4,096** | 3,733** |          | *0.05** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **COLORADO**   | **1     | **      | **314**  | *       | **6.5**  |
|                | 4,265** | 3,765** |          | *2.20** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| *              | **3     | **      | **191**  | *       | **7.6**  |
| *CONNECTICUT** | 4,807** | 2,290** |          | *0.55** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **DELAWARE**   | **      | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.8**  |
|                | 6,381** | 2,409** |          | *3.15** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **DIST. OF     | **1     | **      | **289**  | *       | **7.2**  |
| COL.**         | 9,908** | 3,473** |          | *1.45** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **FLORIDA**    | **8     | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 2,009** | 2,409** |          | *0.24** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
|                |         |         |          |         |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **GEORGIA**    | **6     | **      | **204**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 1,119** | 2,444** |          | *0.33** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **GUAM**       | **      | **      | **334**  | **      | **5.7**  |
|                | 2,533** | 4,013** |          | 13.20** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **HAWAII**     | **1     | **      | **198**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 6,139** | 2,373** |          | *1.23** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **IDAHO**      | **      | **      | **210**  | **      | **6.2**  |
|                | 1,380** | 2,525** |          | 15.25** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **ILLINOIS**   | **12    | **      | **300**  | *       | **7.8**  |
|                | 3,193** | 3,601** |          | *0.24** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **INDIANA**    | **3     | **      | **197**  | *       | **7.0**  |
|                | 7,442** | 2,362** |          | *0.53** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **IOWA**       | **2     | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 1,952** | 2,415** |          | *0.92** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **KANSAS**     | **1     | **      | **202**  | *       | **6.8**  |
|                | 2,846** | 2,429** |          | *1.58** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **KENTUCKY**   | **4     | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 2,527** | 2,416** |          | *0.47** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **LOUISIANA**  | **3     | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 9,372** | 2,416** |          | *0.51** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
|                |         |         |          |         |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **MAINE**      | **1     | **      | **202**  | *       | **6.8**  |
|                | 3,473** | 2,424** |          | *1.50** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **MARYLAND**   | **3     | **      | **250**  | *       | **6.5**  |
|                | 2,087** | 3,000** |          | *0.78** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **M            | **5     | **      | **244**  | *       | **7.6**  |
| ASSACHUSETTS** | 4,463** | 2,925** |          | *0.45** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **MICHIGAN**   | **9     | **      | **405**  | *       | **6.0**  |
|                | 5,208** | 4,864** |          | *0.43** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **MINNESOTA**  | **4     | **      | **162**  | *       | **7.7**  |
|                | 4,307** | 1,940** |          | *0.36** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| *              | **1     | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
| *MISSISSIPPI** | 6,644** | 2,414** |          | *1.21** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **MISSOURI**   | **5     | **      | **249**  | *       | **7.6**  |
|                | 0,897** | 2,984** |          | *0.49** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **MONTANA**    | **      | **      | **220**  | *       | **6.5**  |
|                | 4,790** | 2,640** |          | *4.59** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **NEBRASKA**   | **1     | **      | **313**  | *       | **8.1**  |
|                | 1,266** | 3,757** |          | *2.78** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **NEVADA**     | **      | **      | **321**  | *       | **6.4**  |
|                | 8,034** | 3,849** |          | *3.99** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
|                |         |         |          |         |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **NEW          | **      | **      | **196**  | *       | **6.9**  |
| HAMPSHIRE**    | 6,410** | 2,355** |          | *3.06** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **NEW JERSEY** | **6     | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 2,241** | 2,409** |          | *0.32** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **NEW MEXICO** | **2     | **      | **250**  | *       | **6.5**  |
|                | 5,501** | 2,996** |          | *0.98** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **NEW YORK**   | **29    | **      | **291**  | *       | **7.5**  |
|                | 4,442** | 3,489** |          | *0.10** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **NORTH        | **5     | **      | **309**  | *       | **6.4**  |
| CAROLINA**     | 9,328** | 3,702** |          | *0.52** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **NORTH        | **      | **      | **206**  | *       | **6.6**  |
| DAKOTA**       | 3,098** | 2,466** |          | *6.63** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **OHIO**       | **11    | **1     | *        | *       | **2.9**  |
|                | 3,797** | 3,470** | *1,123** | *0.99** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **OKLAHOMA**   | **1     | **      | **209**  | *       | **6.7**  |
|                | 9,484** | 2,506** |          | *1.07** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **OREGON**     | **1     | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 6,870** | 2,413** |          | *1.19** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **             | **10    | **      | **196**  | *       | **7.0**  |
| PENNSYLVANIA** | 5,611** | 2,353** |          | *0.19** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
|                |         |         |          |         |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **PUERTO       | **3     | **      | **246**  | *       | **7.0**  |
| RICO**         | 6,459** | 2,956** |          | *0.68** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **RHODE        | **1     | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
| ISLAND**       | 7,981** | 2,414** |          | *1.12** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **SOUTH        | **1     | **      | **260**  | *       | **7.2**  |
| CAROLINA**     | 8,366** | 3,121** |          | *1.42** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **SOUTH        | **      | **      | **262**  | *       | **6.1**  |
| DAKOTA**       | 3,225** | 3,148** |          | *8.13** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **TENNESSEE**  | **5     | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 7,630** | 2,410** |          | *0.35** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **TEXAS**      | **11    | **      | **201**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 4,112** | 2,407** |          | *0.18** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **UTAH**       | **      | **      | **206**  | *       | **6.8**  |
|                | 9,626** | 2,468** |          | *2.14** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **VERMONT**    | **      | **      | **203**  | *       | **6.8**  |
|                | 6,611** | 2,441** |          | *3.08** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **VIRGIN       | **961** | **      | **187**  | **      | **6.4**  |
| ISLANDS**      |         | 2,245** |          | 19.48** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **VIRGINIA**   | **3     | **      | **202**  | *       | **6.9**  |
|                | 6,849** | 2,422** |          | *0.55** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
|                |         |         |          |         |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **WASHINGTON** | **6     | **      | **99**   | *       | **9.8**  |
|                | 2,724** | 1,191** |          | *0.16** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **WEST         | **1     | **      | **409**  | *       | **5.1**  |
| VIRGINIA**     | 0,767** | 4,913** |          | *3.80** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **WISCONSIN**  | **1     | **      | **451**  | *       | **4.6**  |
|                | 9,141** | 5,410** |          | *2.36** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+
| **WYOMING**    | **811** | **      | **213**  | **      | **5.8**  |
|                |         | 2,560** |          | 26.30** |          |
+----------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+----------+

  -------------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  **TABLE II**                                             

  **APPROXIMATE                                            
  STANDARD ERROR OF                                        
  ESTIMATED                                                
  PERCENTAGES OF TANF                                      
  FAMILIES FOR OCTOBER                                     
  1998 - SEPTEMBER                                         
  1999**                                                   

  **ESTIMATED          **STANDARD        **ESTIMATED       **STANDARD
  PERCENTAGE**         ERROR**           PERCENTAGE**      ERROR**

                                                           

  **1**                **0.08**          **26**            **0.35**

  **2**                **0.11**          **27**            **0.35**

  **3**                **0.14**          **28**            **0.36**

  **4**                **0.16**          **29**            **0.36**

  **5**                **0.17**          **30**            **0.36**

  **6**                **0.19**          **31**            **0.37**

  **7**                **0.20**          **32**            **0.37**

  **8**                **0.22**          **33**            **0.37**

  **9**                **0.23**          **34**            **0.38**

  **10**               **0.24**          **35**            **0.38**

  **11**               **0.25**          **36**            **0.38**

  **12**               **0.26**          **37**            **0.38**

  **13**               **0.27**          **38**            **0.39**

  **14**               **0.28**          **39**            **0.39**

  **15**               **0.28**          **40**            **0.39**

  **16**               **0.29**          **41**            **0.39**

  **17**               **0.30**          **42**            **0.39**

  **18**               **0.31**          **43**            **0.39**

  **19**               **0.31**          **44**            **0.39**

  **20**               **0.32**          **45**            **0.40**

  **21**               **0.32**          **46**            **0.40**

  **22**               **0.33**          **47**            **0.40**

  **23**               **0.33**          **48**            **0.40**

  **24**               **0.34**          **49**            **0.40**

  **25**               **0.34**          **50**            **0.40**

  **BASED ON A SAMPLE                                      
  OF 15,842 CASES OUT                                      
  OF A TOTAL OF                                            
  2,648,462 CASES OR                                       
  0.59814563 PERCENT                                       
  OF THE CASELOAD.                                         
  THIS IS ALMOST THE                                       
  SAME SAMPLE                                              
  PERCENTAGE (i.e.,                                        
  3,733x100/624,096)                                       
  AS CALIFORNIA.**                                         
  -------------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **TABLE   |           |           |           |           |           |
| III**     |           |           |           |           |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **SI      |           |           |           |           |           |
| GNIFICANT |           |           |           |           |           |
| DI        |           |           |           |           |           |
| FFERENCES |           |           |           |           |           |
| FOR       |           |           |           |           |           |
| P         |           |           |           |           |           |
| ERCENTAGE |           |           |           |           |           |
| VALUES    |           |           |           |           |           |
| BETWEEN   |           |           |           |           |           |
| THE       |           |           |           |           |           |
| UNITED    |           |           |           |           |           |
| STATES    |           |           |           |           |           |
| AND       |           |           |           |           |           |
| STATES    |           |           |           |           |           |
| WITH      |           |           |           |           |           |
| SAMPLES   |           |           |           |           |           |
| OF        |           |           |           |           |           |
| 2,400**   |           |           |           |           |           |
|           |           |           |           |           |           |
| **OCTOBER |           |           |           |           |           |
| 1998 -    |           |           |           |           |           |
| SEPTEMBER |           |           |           |           |           |
| 1999**    |           |           |           |           |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **        | **P       |           | **        | **P       |           |
| ESTIMATED | ERCENTAGE |           | ESTIMATED | ERCENTAGE |           |
| PER       | VALUE AT  |           | PER       | VALUE AT  |           |
| CENTAGE** | WHICH     |           | CENTAGE** | WHICH     |           |
|           | DI        |           |           | DI        |           |
|           | FFERENCES |           |           | FFERENCES |           |
|           | BECOME    |           |           | BECOME    |           |
|           | SIGN      |           |           | SIGN      |           |
|           | IFICANT** |           |           | IFICANT** |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           |           |           |           |           |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           | **UPPER** | **LOWER** |           | **UPPER** | **LOWER** |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           |           |           |           |           |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **1**     | **1.5**   | **0.5**   | **51**    | **53.1**  | **48.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **2**     | **2.7**   | **1.4**   | **52**    | **54.1**  | **49.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **3**     | **3.8**   | **2.2**   | **53**    | **55.1**  | **50.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **4**     | **4.9**   | **3.1**   | **54**    | **56.1**  | **51.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **5**     | **6.0**   | **4.0**   | **55**    | **57.1**  | **52.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **6**     | **7.1**   | **5.0**   | **56**    | **58.1**  | **53.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **7**     | **8.2**   | **5.9**   | **57**    | **59.1**  | **54.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **8**     | **9.2**   | **6.8**   | **58**    | **60.1**  | **55.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **9**     | **10.3**  | **7.7**   | **59**    | **61.1**  | **56.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **10**    | **11.4**  | **8.7**   | **60**    | **62.1**  | **57.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **11**    | **12.4**  | **9.6**   | **61**    | **63.1**  | **58.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **12**    | **13.5**  | **10.6**  | **62**    | **64.1**  | **59.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **13**    | **14.5**  | **11.5**  | **63**    | **65.0**  | **60.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **14**    | **15.5**  | **12.5**  | **64**    | **66.0**  | **61.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **15**    | **16.6**  | **13.4**  | **65**    | **67.0**  | **62.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **16**    | **17.6**  | **14.4**  | **66**    | **68.0**  | **63.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **17**    | **18.7**  | **15.3**  | **67**    | **69.0**  | **64.9**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **18**    | **19.7**  | **16.3**  | **68**    | **70.0**  | **65.9**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **19**    | **20.7**  | **17.3**  | **69**    | **71.0**  | **66.9**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **20**    | **21.8**  | **18.2**  | **70**    | **71.9**  | **67.9**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **21**    | **22.8**  | **19.2**  | **71**    | **72.9**  | **68.9**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **22**    | **23.8**  | **20.2**  | **72**    | **73.9**  | **69.9**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **23**    | **24.8**  | **21.1**  | **73**    | **74.9**  | **71.0**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **24**    | **25.9**  | **22.1**  | **74**    | **75.8**  | **72.0**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **25**    | **26.9**  | **23.1**  | **75**    | **76.8**  | **73.0**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **26**    | **27.9**  | **24.1**  | **76**    | **77.8**  | **74.0**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **27**    | **28.9**  | **25.0**  | **77**    | **78.8**  | **75.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **28**    | **30.0**  | **26.0**  | **78**    | **79.7**  | **76.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **29**    | **31.0**  | **27.0**  | **79**    | **80.7**  | **77.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **30**    | **32.0**  | **28.0**  | **80**    | **81.7**  | **78.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **31**    | **33.0**  | **28.9**  | **81**    | **82.6**  | **79.2**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **32**    | **34.0**  | **29.9**  | **82**    | **83.6**  | **80.2**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **33**    | **35.0**  | **30.9**  | **83**    | **84.6**  | **81.2**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **34**    | **36.1**  | **31.9**  | **84**    | **85.5**  | **82.3**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **35**    | **37.1**  | **32.9**  | **85**    | **86.5**  | **83.3**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **36**    | **38.1**  | **33.9**  | **86**    | **87.4**  | **84.4**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **37**    | **39.1**  | **34.9**  | **87**    | **88.4**  | **85.4**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **38**    | **40.1**  | **35.8**  | **88**    | **89.3**  | **86.4**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **39**    | **41.1**  | **36.8**  | **89**    | **90.3**  | **87.5**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **40**    | **42.1**  | **37.8**  | **90**    | **91.2**  | **88.5**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **41**    | **43.1**  | **38.8**  | **91**    | **92.2**  | **89.6**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **42**    | **44.1**  | **39.8**  | **92**    | **93.1**  | **90.7**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **43**    | **45.1**  | **40.8**  | **93**    | **94.0**  | **91.7**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **44**    | **46.1**  | **41.8**  | **94**    | **94.9**  | **92.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **45**    | **47.1**  | **42.8**  | **95**    | **95.9**  | **93.9**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **46**    | **48.1**  | **43.8**  | **96**    | **96.8**  | **95.0**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **47**    | **49.1**  | **44.8**  | **97**    | **97.7**  | **96.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **48**    | **50.1**  | **45.8**  | **98**    | **98.5**  | **97.2**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **49**    | **51.1**  | **46.8**  | **99**    | **99.4**  | **98.4**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **50**    | **52.1**  | **47.8**  |           |           |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **TABLE   |           |           |           |           |           |
| IV**      |           |           |           |           |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **SI      |           |           |           |           |           |
| GNIFICANT |           |           |           |           |           |
| DI        |           |           |           |           |           |
| FFERENCES |           |           |           |           |           |
| FOR       |           |           |           |           |           |
| P         |           |           |           |           |           |
| ERCENTAGE |           |           |           |           |           |
| VALUES    |           |           |           |           |           |
| BETWEEN   |           |           |           |           |           |
| STATES    |           |           |           |           |           |
| WITH      |           |           |           |           |           |
| SAMPLES   |           |           |           |           |           |
| OF        |           |           |           |           |           |
| 2,400**   |           |           |           |           |           |
|           |           |           |           |           |           |
| **OCTOBER |           |           |           |           |           |
| 1998 -    |           |           |           |           |           |
| SEPTEMBER |           |           |           |           |           |
| 1999**    |           |           |           |           |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **        | **P       |           | **        | **P       |           |
| ESTIMATED | ERCENTAGE |           | ESTIMATED | ERCENTAGE |           |
| PER       | VALUE AT  |           | PER       | VALUE AT  |           |
| CENTAGE** | WHICH     |           | CENTAGE** | WHICH     |           |
|           | DI        |           |           | DI        |           |
|           | FFERENCES |           |           | FFERENCES |           |
|           | BECOME    |           |           | BECOME    |           |
|           | SIGN      |           |           | SIGN      |           |
|           | IFICANT** |           |           | IFICANT** |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           |           |           |           |           |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           | **UPPER** | **LOWER** |           | **UPPER** | **LOWER** |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           |           |           |           |           |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **1**     | **1.6**   | **0.4**   | **51**    | **53.8**  | **48.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **2**     | **2.9**   | **1.2**   | **52**    | **54.8**  | **49.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **3**     | **4.0**   | **2.0**   | **53**    | **55.8**  | **50.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **4**     | **5.2**   | **2.9**   | **54**    | **56.8**  | **51.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **5**     | **6.3**   | **3.7**   | **55**    | **57.8**  | **52.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **6**     | **7.4**   | **4.6**   | **56**    | **58.8**  | **53.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **7**     | **8.5**   | **5.5**   | **57**    | **59.8**  | **54.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **8**     | **9.6**   | **6.4**   | **58**    | **60.8**  | **55.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **9**     | **10.7**  | **7.3**   | **59**    | **61.8**  | **56.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **10**    | **11.8**  | **8.3**   | **60**    | **62.8**  | **57.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **11**    | **12.8**  | **9.2**   | **61**    | **63.7**  | **58.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **12**    | **13.9**  | **10.1**  | **62**    | **64.7**  | **59.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **13**    | **15.0**  | **11.1**  | **63**    | **65.7**  | **60.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **14**    | **16.0**  | **12.0**  | **64**    | **66.7**  | **61.2**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **15**    | **17.1**  | **12.9**  | **65**    | **67.7**  | **62.2**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **16**    | **18.1**  | **13.9**  | **66**    | **68.7**  | **63.2**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **17**    | **19.2**  | **14.8**  | **67**    | **69.6**  | **64.2**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **18**    | **20.2**  | **15.8**  | **68**    | **70.6**  | **65.2**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **19**    | **21.3**  | **16.7**  | **69**    | **71.6**  | **66.3**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **20**    | **22.3**  | **17.7**  | **70**    | **72.6**  | **67.3**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **21**    | **23.3**  | **18.6**  | **71**    | **73.5**  | **68.3**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **22**    | **24.4**  | **19.6**  | **72**    | **74.5**  | **69.3**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **23**    | **25.4**  | **20.6**  | **73**    | **75.5**  | **70.4**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **24**    | **26.5**  | **21.5**  | **74**    | **76.4**  | **71.4**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **25**    | **27.5**  | **22.5**  | **75**    | **77.4**  | **72.4**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **26**    | **28.5**  | **23.5**  | **76**    | **78.4**  | **73.4**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **27**    | **29.5**  | **24.4**  | **77**    | **79.3**  | **74.5**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **28**    | **30.6**  | **25.4**  | **78**    | **80.3**  | **75.5**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **29**    | **31.6**  | **26.4**  | **79**    | **81.3**  | **76.6**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **30**    | **32.6**  | **27.3**  | **80**    | **82.2**  | **77.6**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **31**    | **33.6**  | **28.3**  | **81**    | **83.2**  | **78.6**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **32**    | **34.7**  | **29.3**  | **82**    | **84.1**  | **79.7**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **33**    | **35.7**  | **30.3**  | **83**    | **85.1**  | **80.7**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **34**    | **36.7**  | **31.2**  | **84**    | **86.0**  | **81.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **35**    | **37.7**  | **32.2**  | **85**    | **87.0**  | **82.8**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **36**    | **38.7**  | **33.2**  | **86**    | **87.9**  | **83.9**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **37**    | **39.8**  | **34.2**  | **87**    | **88.8**  | **84.9**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **38**    | **40.8**  | **35.2**  | **88**    | **89.8**  | **86.0**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **39**    | **41.8**  | **36.2**  | **89**    | **90.7**  | **87.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **40**    | **42.8**  | **37.1**  | **90**    | **91.6**  | **88.1**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **41**    | **43.8**  | **38.1**  | **91**    | **92.6**  | **89.2**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **42**    | **44.8**  | **39.1**  | **92**    | **93.5**  | **90.3**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **43**    | **45.8**  | **40.1**  | **93**    | **94.4**  | **91.4**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **44**    | **46.8**  | **41.1**  | **94**    | **95.3**  | **92.5**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **45**    | **47.8**  | **42.1**  | **95**    | **96.2**  | **93.6**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **46**    | **48.8**  | **43.1**  | **96**    | **97.0**  | **94.7**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **47**    | **49.8**  | **44.1**  | **97**    | **97.9**  | **95.9**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **48**    | **50.8**  | **45.1**  | **98**    | **98.7**  | **97.0**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **49**    | **51.8**  | **46.1**  | **99**    | **99.5**  | **98.3**  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **50**    | **52.8**  | **47.1**  |           |           |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+