limitations and problems in the manure management system. Excess water
from foggers and misters used for cooling stock in hot weather may be of
concern in some instances.

**(3) Soil**

Soil is another natural adulterant of livestock manure. Its presence is
most common on dairies on which the cows have access to paddocks and
pastures. Dry soil adheres to cows' bodies in limited amounts. Wet soil
or mud adheres even more, and either falls off or is washed off at the
dairy barns. Soil and other inorganic materials used for freestall base
and bedding are also added to the manure. Soil or other inorganic
materials commonly added to manure can result in a waste that has double
the fixed solids content of "as excreted" dairy manure.

**(c) Dairy**

Manure characteristics for lactating and dry cows and for heifers are
listed in table 4-5. Thes data are apropriate for herds of moderate to
high milk production. Quantities of dairy manure vary widely form small
cows to large cows and between cows at low production and high
production levels. Figure 4-1 more accurately reflects these quantities
of "as excreted" manure total solids and volatile solids where more
precise data are desired. Dairy feeding systems and equipment often
allow considerable feed waste, which in most cases is added to the
manure. Feed waste of 10 percent can result in an additional 40 percent
of total solids in a dairy waste. Dairy cow stalls are often covered
with bedding materials that improve animal comfort and cleanliness.
Virtually all of the organic and inorganic bedding materials used for
this purpose will eventually be pushed, kicked, and carried from the
stalls and added to the manure. The characteristics of these bedding
materials will be imparted to the manure. Quantities of bedding
materials added to cow stalls and resting areas are shown in table 4-4.
See 651.0403(b), "Foreign materials in manure," for additional
information.

Milking centers---the milk house, milking parlor, and holding area---can
produce about 50 percent of the waste volume, but only about 15 percent
of the total solids in a dairy enterprise (table 4-6). Because this very
dilute wastewater has different characteristics than the waste from the
cow yard, it is sometimes managed by a different procedure. Values used
to compute characteristics from milkhouses came from research by Cornell
University completed in 1979 in New York.

About 5 to 10 gallons of fresh water per day for each cow milked are
used in a milking center where flushing of wastes is not practiced.
However where manure flush cleaning and automatic cow washing are used,
water use can be 150 gal/d/cow or more. Dairies employing flush cleaning
systems use water in approximately the following percentages for various
cleaning operations.

> Parlor---cleanup and sanitation 10%
>
> Cow washing 30%
>
> Manure flushing 50%
>
> Miscellaneous 10%

Lagoons that receive a significant loading of manure, such as from the
holding area of the cow feed yard, generally operate in an anaerobic
mode (table 4-7). Supernatant (upper liquid layer of the lagoon)
concentration in an anaerobic lagoon is mush greater than that in an
aerobic lagoon. Anaerobic dairy lagoon

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 18%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 19%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 19%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 19%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 19%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Table 4-5</strong></td>
<td colspan="9"><blockquote>
<p>Dairy waste characterization – as excreted</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5">--------------Cow---------------</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="3">Component</td>
<td>Units</td>
<td colspan="3">Lactating</td>
<td colspan="2">Dry</td>
<td>Heifer</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="3">Weight</td>
<td>lb/d/1000#</td>
<td colspan="2">114.0</td>
<td colspan="2">82.00</td>
<td colspan="2">85.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="3">Volume</td>
<td>ft<sup>3</sup>/d/1000#</td>
<td colspan="2">1.57</td>
<td colspan="2">1.30</td>
<td colspan="2">1.30</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="3">Moisture</td>
<td>%</td>
<td colspan="2">87.50</td>
<td colspan="2">88.40</td>
<td colspan="2">89.30</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="3">TS</td>
<td>% w.b.</td>
<td colspan="2">12.50</td>
<td colspan="2">11.60</td>
<td colspan="2">10.70</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td>lb/d/1000#</td>
<td colspan="2">14.25</td>
<td colspan="2">9.50</td>
<td colspan="2">9.14</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="3">VS</td>
<td>“</td>
<td colspan="2">10.50</td>
<td colspan="2">8.10</td>
<td colspan="2">7.77</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="3">FS</td>
<td>“</td>
<td colspan="2">2.14</td>
<td colspan="2">1.40</td>
<td colspan="2">1.37</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="3">COD</td>
<td>“</td>
<td colspan="2">11.50</td>
<td colspan="2">8.50</td>
<td colspan="2">7.77</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="3">BOD<sub>5</sub></td>
<td>“</td>
<td colspan="2">1.67</td>
<td colspan="2">1.20</td>
<td colspan="2">1.30</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="3">N</td>
<td>“</td>
<td colspan="2">0.57</td>
<td colspan="2">0.36</td>
<td colspan="2">0.31</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="3">P</td>
<td>“</td>
<td colspan="2">0.09</td>
<td colspan="2">0.05</td>
<td colspan="2">0.04</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="3">K</td>
<td>“</td>
<td colspan="2">0.32</td>
<td colspan="2">0.23</td>
<td colspan="2">0.24</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="3">TDS</td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2">0.85</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="3">C:N ratio</td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2">10</td>
<td colspan="2">13</td>
<td colspan="2">14</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"><ul>
<li><p>Increase solids and nutrients by 4% for each 1% feed waste more
than 5%.</p></li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>