**[4.0 Environmental Consequences]{.smallcaps}**

**4.1 METHODOLOGY**

The interdisciplinary study team (see Section 8, List of Preparers)
followed a structured process to analyze the potential environmental
impacts, or effects, resulting from the different management
alternatives for those properties or resources that meet the criteria of
national significance, suitability, and feasibility for inclusion into
the national park system. This process, called the
cause-effects-questions process, is described below.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| #                                                                     |
|                                                                       |
| # Causes-Effects-Questions:                                           |
|                                                                       |
| **A Structured Analytic Process**                                     |
|                                                                       |
| **Step 1:** Identify the specific activities, tasks, and subtasks     |
| involved in the proposed action(s) and alternative(s).                |
|                                                                       |
| **Step 2:** For each specific activity, task, and subtask, determine  |
| the full range of direct effects that each could have on any          |
| environmental resource. For example, removing vegetation could cause  |
| soil erosion.                                                         |
|                                                                       |
| **Step 3:** For each conceivable direct effect, identify which        |
| further effects could be caused by the direct effects. For example,   |
| soil erosion could cause stream sedimentation, which could kill       |
| stream species, which could diminish the food supply for fish,        |
| leading to decreased fish populations. This inquiry can identify      |
| multi-stepped chains of potential causes-and-effects.                 |
|                                                                       |
| **Step 4:** Starting at the beginning of each chain of                |
| causes-and-effects, work through a series of questions for each       |
| potential effect:                                                     |
|                                                                       |
| -   Would this effect actually occur from this project?               |
|                                                                       |
| > If not, why not? What would preclude it from happening?             |
|                                                                       |
| -   If the effect cannot be ruled out, characterize which types of    |
|     data, other information, and analyses are needed to determine the |
|     parameters of the effect, including its extent, duration, and     |
|     intensity. Identify the sources from which the data is to be      |
|     obtained.                                                         |
|                                                                       |
| **Step 5:** Gather the data and conduct the analyses identified by    |
| the above steps. Gather and use only relevant information. Focus on   |
| getting sound answers to the impact questions.                        |
|                                                                       |
| **Step 6:** Document the results of this study process. Provide all   |
| relevant analytic information, but no extraneous encyclopedia bulk.   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Using this process, both direct and indirect effects that could
potentially occur as a result of different management scenarios were
identified. Direct effects are impacts caused by the alternative(s) at
the same time and in the same location as the action. Indirect effects
are impacts caused by the alternative(s) that occur later in time or
farther in distance than the action.

The study team proceeded to conduct the investigation and analyses by
gathering the data they concluded were relevant for each resource area.
Using these data, the team determined which impacts would occur and
assessed them according to their duration, extent, intensity, and
whether or not the impact would cause an impairment of the park's
resources. These parameters are defined below in general terms, and
further elaborated upon in Table 15, in which more specific impact
intensity thresholds are provided for each resource topic using recent
NPS guidance.

**4.1.1 Definitions**

**[Duration of Impact:]{.underline}**

*Temporary* -- Impact would occur during the management transition phase
only, or in the case of potential future developments, during the site
preparation and construction phases only. Once these phases have ended,
resource conditions are likely to return to pre-transition/construction
conditions.

*Short-term* -- Impact would extend past the management transition
phase, or construction phase for future developments, but would not last
more than a couple of years, at most.

*Long-term* -- Impact would likely last more than a couple of years, or
over the lifetime of the project.

**[Context of Impact:]{.underline}**

*Localized* -- Impacts would affect the resource area only on the
project site or its immediate surroundings, and would not extend into
the region.

*Regional* -- Impacts would affect the resource area on a regional
level, extending well past the immediate project site.

**[Intensity of Impact:]{.underline}**

*Negligible* -- The impact is at the lowest levels of detection --
barely measurable and with no perceptible consequences.

*Minor* -- Change in a resource area occurs, but no substantial resource
impact results.

*Moderate* -- Noticeable change in a resource occurs, but the integrity
of the resource remains intact.

*Major* -- Substantial impact or change in a resource area that is
easily defined, noticeable, and measurable.

+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
|       |   | Table     |           |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | 4-1.      |           |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | Impact    |           |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | Threshold |           |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | Defi      |           |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | nitions\* |           |           |   |            |            |
+=======+===+===========+===========+===========+===+============+============+
|       |   | Impact    |           |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | Threshold |           |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | D         |           |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | efinition |           |           |   |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| I     |   | **Neg     | **Minor** | **M       |   | **Major**  | **         |
| mpact |   | ligible** |           | oderate** |   |            | Duration** |
| Topic |   |           |           |           |   |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Soils |   | Soils     | The       | The       |   | The effect | Sh         |
| and   |   | would not | effects   | effect on |   | on soil    | ort-term - |
| Topog |   | be        | to soils  | soil      |   | pr         | Recovers   |
| raphy |   | affected  | from      | pro       |   | oductivity | in less    |
|       |   | by        | erosion   | ductivity |   | or         | than three |
|       |   | erosion   | would be  | or        |   | fertility  | years      |
|       |   | and       | det       | fertility |   | from       |            |
|       |   | surfacing | ect-able, | from      |   | erosion or | L          |
|       |   | or the    | such as   | erosion   |   | surfacing  | ong-term - |
|       |   | effects   | with      | or        |   | with       | Takes more |
|       |   | to soils  | gullies   | surfacing |   | i          | than three |
|       |   | would be  | and sheet | with      |   | mpermeable | years to   |
|       |   | below or  | erosion.  | im        |   | materials  | recover    |
|       |   | at the    | Effects   | permeable |   | would be   |            |
|       |   | lower     | to soil   | materials |   | readily    |            |
|       |   | levels of | pro       | would be  |   | apparent,  |            |
|       |   | d         | ductivity | readily   |   | long-term, |            |
|       |   | etection. | or        | apparent, |   | and        |            |
|       |   | Any       | fertility | likely    |   | sub        |            |
|       |   | effects   | from      | l         |   | stantially |            |
|       |   | to soil   | erosion   | ong-term, |   | change the |            |
|       |   | pro       | or        | and       |   | character  |            |
|       |   | ductivity | surfacing | result in |   | of the     |            |
|       |   | or        | would be  | a change  |   | soils over |            |
|       |   | fertility | small, as | to the    |   | a large    |            |
|       |   | from      | would the | soil      |   | area in    |            |
|       |   | erosion   | area      | character |   | and out of |            |
|       |   | and       | affected. | over a    |   | the site.  |            |
|       |   | surfacing | If        | r         |   | Mitigation |            |
|       |   | with      | m         | elatively |   | measures   |            |
|       |   | im        | itigation | wide      |   | to offset  |            |
|       |   | permeable | were      | area.     |   | adverse    |            |
|       |   | materials | needed to | M         |   | effects    |            |
|       |   | would be  | offset    | itigation |   | would be   |            |
|       |   | slight    | adverse   | measures  |   | needed,    |            |
|       |   | and no    | effects,  | would     |   | extensive, |            |
|       |   | long-term | it would  | probably  |   | and their  |            |
|       |   | effects   | be        | be        |   | success    |            |
|       |   | to soils  | r         | necessary |   | could not  |            |
|       |   | would     | elatively | to offset |   | be         |            |
|       |   | occur.    | simple to | adverse   |   | g          |            |
|       |   | Changes   | implement | effects   |   | uaranteed. |            |
|       |   | to        | and would | and would |   | Changes to |            |
|       |   | t         | likely be | likely be |   | topography |            |
|       |   | opography | su        | su        |   | would be   |            |
|       |   | would be  | ccessful. | ccessful. |   | highly     |            |
|       |   | scarcely  | Changes   | Changes   |   | evident    |            |
|       |   | n         | to        | to        |   | and        |            |
|       |   | oticeable | t         | t         |   | i          |            |
|       |   | even to   | opography | opography |   | ncongruous |            |
|       |   | the       | would be  | would be  |   | in the     |            |
|       |   | trained   | d         | readily   |   | s          |            |
|       |   | observer. | etectable | apparent  |   | urrounding |            |
|       |   |           | to the    | to the    |   | landscape, |            |
|       |   |           | trained   | casual    |   | and        |            |
|       |   |           | observer  | observer  |   | co         |            |
|       |   |           | and could | and may   |   | mpensatory |            |
|       |   |           | include   | require   |   | grading    |            |
|       |   |           | changes   | m         |   | could not  |            |
|       |   |           | to        | itigation |   | guarantee  |            |
|       |   |           | s         | in the    |   | r          |            |
|       |   |           | teepness, | form of   |   | esemblance |            |
|       |   |           | aspect    | la        |   | to the     |            |
|       |   |           | and shape | ndscaping |   | topography |            |
|       |   |           | of slopes | or        |   | of         |            |
|       |   |           | and       | com       |   | s          |            |
|       |   |           | changes   | pensatory |   | urrounding |            |
|       |   |           | to        | grading   |   | landforms  |            |
|       |   |           | elevation | in order  |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | from      | to blend  |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | minor     | in with   |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | grading.  | su        |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | rrounding |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | l         |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | andforms. |   |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Water |   | Neither   | Changes   | Changes   |   | Changes in | Sh         |
| Resou |   | water     | in water  | in water  |   | water      | ort-term - |
| rces\ |   | quality   | quality   | quality   |   | quality or | Following  |
| (qu   |   | nor       | or        | or        |   | hydrology  | action,    |
| ality |   | hydrology | hydrology | hydrology |   | would be   | recovery   |
| and   |   | would be  | would be  | would be  |   | readily    | will take  |
| hydro |   | affected, | me        | m         |   | m          | less than  |
| logy) |   | or        | asurable, | easurable |   | easurable, | one year   |
|       |   | changes   | although  | and       |   | would have |            |
|       |   | would be  | the       | long-term |   | s          | L          |
|       |   | either    | changes   | but would |   | ubstantial | ong-term - |
|       |   | non-d     | would be  | be        |   | con        | Following  |
|       |   | etectable | small,    | r         |   | sequences, | action,    |
|       |   | or if     | would     | elatively |   | and would  | recovery   |
|       |   | detected, | likely be | local.    |   | be noticed | will take  |
|       |   | would     | sh        | M         |   | on a       | longer     |
|       |   | have      | ort-term, | itigation |   | regional   | than one   |
|       |   | effects   | and the   | measures  |   | scale.     | year       |
|       |   | that      | effects   | a         |   | Mitigation |            |
|       |   | would be  | would be  | ssociated |   | measures   |            |
|       |   | c         | l         | with      |   | would be   |            |
|       |   | onsidered | ocalized. | water     |   | necessary  |            |
|       |   | slight,   | No        | quality   |   | and their  |            |
|       |   | local,    | m         | or        |   | success    |            |
|       |   | and       | itigation | hydrology |   | would not  |            |
|       |   | sh        | measure   | would be  |   | be         |            |
|       |   | ort-term. | a         | necessary |   | g          |            |
|       |   |           | ssociated | and the   |   | uaranteed. |            |
|       |   |           | with      | measures  |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | water     | would     |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | quality   | likely    |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | or        | succeed.  |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | hydrology |           |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | would be  |           |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | n         |           |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | ecessary. |           |   |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Air   |   | Emissions | Emissions | Emissions |   | Emissions  | Short-term |
| Qu    |   | of        | and smoke | degrade   |   | degrade    | --         |
| ality |   | criteria  | would     | air       |   | regional   | Degraded   |
|       |   | p         | d         | quality   |   | air        | air        |
|       |   | ollutants | etectable | in the    |   | quality to | quality    |
|       |   | would     | by        | local     |   | an extent  | lasts less |
|       |   | cause no  | in        | area      |   | that the   | than one   |
|       |   | d         | struments | and/or    |   | area is    | year       |
|       |   | etectable | and       | the       |   | moved from |            |
|       |   | change to | trained   | region in |   | attainment | Long-term  |
|       |   | ambient   | observers | a         |   | to         | --         |
|       |   | air       | in the    | sustained |   | non-       | Degraded   |
|       |   | co        | immediate | manner.   |   | attainment | air        |
|       |   | nditions. | vicinity. | Am-bient  |   | for one or | quality    |
|       |   | Smoke and | There     | air       |   | more       | last more  |
|       |   | emissions | would be  | quality   |   | criteria   | than one   |
|       |   | would not | no change | in region |   | p          | year       |
|       |   | be        | to        | d         |   | ollutants. |            |
|       |   | pe        | regional  | etectably |   | Mitigation |            |
|       |   | rceptible | ambient   | degraded  |   | necessary. |            |
|       |   | by        | air       | but not   |   |            |            |
|       |   | trained   | quality.  | enough to |   |            |            |
|       |   | o         |           | change    |   |            |            |
|       |   | bservers. |           | a         |   |            |            |
|       |   | Area      |           | ttainment |   |            |            |
|       |   | stays in  |           | status.   |   |            |            |
|       |   | at        |           |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | tainment. |           |           |   |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Veget |   | No native | The       | The       |   | The        | Sh         |
| ation |   | v         | al        | al        |   | a          | ort-term - |
|       |   | egetation | ternative | ternative |   | lternative | Recovers   |
|       |   | would be  | would     | would     |   | would have | in less    |
|       |   | affected  | affect    | affect    |   | a          | than three |
|       |   | or some   | some      | some      |   | co         | years      |
|       |   | i         | i         | i         |   | nsiderable |            |
|       |   | ndividual | ndividual | ndividual |   | long-term  | L          |
|       |   | native    | native    | native    |   | effect on  | ong-term - |
|       |   | plants    | plants    | plants    |   | native     | Takes more |
|       |   | could be  | and would | and would |   | plant      | than three |
|       |   | affected  | also      | also      |   | po         | years to   |
|       |   | as a      | affect a  | affect a  |   | pulations, | recover    |
|       |   | result of | r         | sizeable  |   | including  |            |
|       |   | the       | elatively | segment   |   | species of |            |
|       |   | alt       | minor     | of the    |   | special    |            |
|       |   | ernative, | portion   | species'  |   | concern,   |            |
|       |   | but there | of that   | p         |   | and affect |            |
|       |   | would be  | species'  | opulation |   | a          |            |
|       |   | no effect | po        | in the    |   | relatively |            |
|       |   | on native | pulation. | long-term |   | large area |            |
|       |   | species   | M         | and over  |   | in and out |            |
|       |   | pop       | itigation | a         |   | of the     |            |
|       |   | ulations. | to offset | r         |   | site.      |            |
|       |   | The       | adverse   | elatively |   | Mitigation |            |
|       |   | effects   | effects,  | large     |   | measures   |            |
|       |   | would be  | including | area.     |   | to offset  |            |
|       |   | sh        | special   | M         |   | the        |            |
|       |   | ort-term, | measures  | itigation |   | adverse    |            |
|       |   | on a      | to avoid  | to offset |   | effects    |            |
|       |   | small     | affecting | adverse   |   | would be   |            |
|       |   | scale,    | species   | effects   |   | required,  |            |
|       |   | and no    | of        | could be  |   | extensive, |            |
|       |   | species   | special   | e         |   | and        |            |
|       |   | of        | concern,  | xtensive, |   | success of |            |
|       |   | special   | could be  | but would |   | the        |            |
|       |   | concern   | required  | likely be |   | mitigation |            |
|       |   | would be  | and would | su        |   | measures   |            |
|       |   | affected. | be        | ccessful. |   | would not  |            |
|       |   |           | e         | Some      |   | be         |            |
|       |   |           | ffective. | species   |   | g          |            |
|       |   |           |           | of        |   | uaranteed. |            |
|       |   |           |           | special   |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | concern   |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | could     |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | also be   |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | affected. |   |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Wil   |   | Wildlife  | Effects   | Effects   |   | Effects to | Sh         |
| dlife |   | would not | to        | to        |   | wildlife   | ort-term - |
|       |   | be        | wildlife  | wildlife  |   | would be   | Recovers   |
|       |   | affected  | would be  | would be  |   | obvious,   | in less    |
|       |   | or the    | de        | readily   |   | long-term, | than one   |
|       |   | effects   | tectable, | de        |   | and would  | year       |
|       |   | would be  | although  | tectable, |   | have       |            |
|       |   | at or     | the       | long-term |   | s          | L          |
|       |   | below the | effects   | and       |   | ubstantial | ong-term - |
|       |   | level of  | would be  | l         |   | co         | Takes more |
|       |   | d         | l         | ocalized, |   | nsequences | than one   |
|       |   | etection, | ocalized, | with      |   | to         | year to    |
|       |   | would be  | and would | con       |   | wildlife   | recover    |
|       |   | sh        | be small  | sequences |   | p          |            |
|       |   | ort-term, | and of    | at the    |   | opulations |            |
|       |   | and the   | little    | p         |   | in the     |            |
|       |   | changes   | co        | opulation |   | region.    |            |
|       |   | would be  | nsequence | level.    |   | Extensive  |            |
|       |   | so slight | to the    | M         |   | mitigation |            |
|       |   | that they | species\' | itigation |   | measures   |            |
|       |   | would not | po        | measures, |   | would be   |            |
|       |   | be of any | pulation. | if needed |   | needed to  |            |
|       |   | m         | M         | to offset |   | offset any |            |
|       |   | easurable | itigation | adverse   |   | adverse    |            |
|       |   | or        | measures, | effects,  |   | effects    |            |
|       |   | pe        | if needed | would be  |   | and their  |            |
|       |   | rceptible | to offset | extensive |   | success    |            |
|       |   | co        | adverse   | and       |   | would not  |            |
|       |   | nsequence | effects,  | likely    |   | be         |            |
|       |   | to the    | would be  | su        |   | g          |            |
|       |   | wildlife  | simple    | ccessful. |   | uaranteed. |            |
|       |   | species\' | and       |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | po        | su        |           |   |            |            |
|       |   | pulation. | ccessful. |           |   |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Endan |   | No        | The       | An        |   | An         | ########   |
| gered |   | federally | al        | i         |   | individual |            |
| or    |   | listed    | ternative | ndividual |   | or         | ########   |
| threa |   | species   | would     | or        |   | population |            |
| tened |   | would be  | affect an | p         |   | of a       | ########   |
| sp    |   | affected  | indi      | opulation |   | federally  |            |
| ecies |   | or the    | vidual(s) | of a      |   | listed     | Short-term |
| and   |   | al        | of a      | federally |   | species,   | --         |
| cri   |   | ternative | federally | listed    |   | or its     | Population |
| tical |   | would     | listed    | species,  |   | critical   | or         |
| hab   |   | affect an | species   | or its    |   | habitat,   | critical   |
| itats |   | i         | or its    | critical  |   | would be   | habitat    |
|       |   | ndividual | critical  | habitat   |   | noticeably | recovers   |
|       |   | of a      | habitat,  | would be  |   | affected,  | in less    |
|       |   | listed    | but the   | n         |   | with       | than one   |
|       |   | species   | change    | oticeably |   | long-term, | year       |
|       |   | or its    | would be  | affected. |   | vital      |            |
|       |   | critical  | small.    | The       |   | co         | Long-term  |
|       |   | habitat,  | Minor     | effect    |   | nsequences | --         |
|       |   | but the   | effect    | could     |   | to the     | Population |
|       |   | change    | would     | have some |   | i          | or         |
|       |   | would be  | equate    | long-term |   | ndividual, | critical   |
|       |   | so small  | with a    | con       |   | p          | habitat    |
|       |   | that it   | \"may     | sequences |   | opulation, | takes more |
|       |   | would not | affect\"  | to the    |   | or         | than one   |
|       |   | be of any | dete      | in        |   | habitat.   | year to    |
|       |   | m         | rmination | dividual, |   | Major      | recover    |
|       |   | easurable | in U.S.   | po        |   | effect     |            |
|       |   | or        | Fish and  | pulation, |   | would      |            |
|       |   | pe        | Wildlife  | or        |   | equate     |            |
|       |   | rceptible | Service   | habitat.  |   | with a     |            |
|       |   | co        | terms and | Moderate  |   | U.S. Fish  |            |
|       |   | nsequence | would be  | effect    |   | and        |            |
|       |   | to the    | ac        | would     |   | Wildlife   |            |
|       |   | protected | companied | equate    |   | Service    |            |
|       |   | i         | by a      | with a    |   | dete       |            |
|       |   | ndividual | statement | \"may     |   | rm-ination |            |
|       |   | or its    | of        | affect\"  |   | of \"may   |            |
|       |   | po        | \"li      | dete      |   | affect,    |            |
|       |   | pulation. | kely...\" | rmination |   | but not    |            |
|       |   | N         | or \"not  | in U.S.   |   | likely to  |            |
|       |   | egligible | likely to | Fish and  |   | adverse    |            |
|       |   | effect    | adversely | Wildlife  |   | affect\"   |            |
|       |   | would     | affect\"  | Service   |   | or, "is    |            |
|       |   | equate    | the       | terms and |   | likely to  |            |
|       |   | with a    | species.  | would be  |   | adversely  |            |
|       |   | \"no      |           | ac        |   | affect"    |            |
|       |   | effect\"  |           | companied |   | the        |            |
|       |   | dete      |           | by a      |   | species or |            |
|       |   | rmination |           | statement |   | its        |            |
|       |   | in U.S.   |           | of        |   | critical   |            |
|       |   | Fish and  |           | \"li      |   | habitat.   |            |
|       |   | Wildlife  |           | kely...\" |   |            |            |
|       |   | Service   |           | or \"not  |   |            |            |
|       |   | terms.    |           | likely to |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | adversely |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | affect\"  |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | the       |   |            |            |
|       |   |           |           | species.  |   |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Cul   |   | Impact is | **Adverse | **Adverse |   | **Adverse  | ########   |
| tural |   | at the    | i         | i         |   | impact**   |            |
| Reso  |   | lowest    | mpact** - | mpact** - |   | --         | Short-term |
| urces |   | levels of | di        | di        |   | d          | -- Impact  |
|       |   | de        | sturbance | sturbance |   | isturbance | persists   |
|       |   | tection - | of a      | of a      |   | of a       | less than  |
|       |   | barely    | site(s)   | site(s)   |   | site(s)    | three      |
|       |   | m         | results   | does not  |   | diminishes | years      |
|       |   | easurable | in        | diminish  |   | the        |            |
|       |   | with no   | little,   | the       |   | si         | Long-term  |
|       |   | pe        | if any,   | sig       |   | gnificance | -- Impact  |
|       |   | rceptible | loss of   | nificance |   | and        | persists   |
|       |   | cons      | sig       | or        |   | integrity  | more than  |
|       |   | equences, | nificance | integrity |   | of the     | three      |
|       |   | either    | or        | of the    |   | site(s) to | years      |
|       |   | adverse   | integrity | site(s)   |   | the extent |            |
|       |   | or        | and the   | to the    |   | that it is |            |
|       |   | be        | National  | extent    |   | no longer  |            |
|       |   | neficial, | Register  | that its  |   | eligible   |            |
|       |   | to        | el        | National  |   | to be      |            |
|       |   | arch      | igibility | Register  |   | listed in  |            |
|       |   | eological | of the    | el        |   | the        |            |
|       |   | r         | site(s)   | igibility |   | National   |            |
|       |   | esources. | is        | is        |   | Register.  |            |
|       |   | For       | un        | jeo       |   | For        |            |
|       |   | purposes  | affected. | pardized. |   | purposes   |            |
|       |   | of        | For       | For       |   | of Section |            |
|       |   | Section   | purposes  | purposes  |   | 106, the   |            |
|       |   | 106, the  | of        | of        |   | det        |            |
|       |   | dete      | Section   | Section   |   | ermination |            |
|       |   | rmination | 106, the  | 106, the  |   | of effect  |            |
|       |   | of effect | dete      | dete      |   | would be   |            |
|       |   | would be  | rmination | rmination |   | *adverse   |            |
|       |   | *no       | of effect | of effect |   | effect*.   |            |
|       |   | adverse   | would be  | would be  |   |            |            |
|       |   | effect*.  | *no       | *adverse  |   | **         |            |
|       |   |           | adverse   | effect*.  |   | Beneficial |            |
|       |   |           | effect*.  |           |   | impact**   |            |
|       |   |           |           | **B       |   | -- active  |            |
|       |   |           | **B       | eneficial |   | in         |            |
|       |   |           | eneficial | impact**  |   | tervention |            |
|       |   |           | impact**  | --        |   | to         |            |
|       |   |           | --        | stab      |   | preserve a |            |
|       |   |           | ma        | ilization |   | site(s).   |            |
|       |   |           | intenance | of a      |   | For        |            |
|       |   |           | and       | site(s).  |   | purposes   |            |
|       |   |           | pre       | For       |   | of Section |            |
|       |   |           | servation | purposes  |   | 106, the   |            |
|       |   |           | of a      | of        |   | det        |            |
|       |   |           | site(s).  | Section   |   | ermination |            |
|       |   |           | For       | 106, the  |   | of effect  |            |
|       |   |           | purposes  | dete      |   | would be   |            |
|       |   |           | of        | rmination |   | *no        |            |
|       |   |           | Section   | of effect |   | adverse    |            |
|       |   |           | 106, the  | would be  |   | effect*.   |            |
|       |   |           | dete      | *no       |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | rmination | adverse   |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | of effect | effect*.  |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | would be  |           |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | *no       |           |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | adverse   |           |   |            |            |
|       |   |           | effect*.  |           |   |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Vi    | V |           | Changes   | Changes   | C |            | Sh         |
| sitor | i |           | in        | in        | h |            | ort-term - |
| use   | s |           | visitor   | visitor   | a |            | occurs     |
| and   | i |           | use       | use       | n |            | only       |
| exper | t |           | and/or    | and/or    | g |            | during the |
| ience | o |           | e         | e         | e |            | proposed   |
|       | r |           | xperience | xperience | s |            | action and |
|       | s |           | would be  | would be  | i |            | up to one  |
|       | w |           | de        | readily   | n |            | year       |
|       | o |           | tectable, | apparent  | v |            | afterwards |
|       | u |           | although  | and       | i |            |            |
|       | l |           | the       | likely    | s |            | L          |
|       | d |           | changes   | l         | i |            | ong-term - |
|       | n |           | would be  | ong-term. | t |            | occurs     |
|       | o |           | slight    | The       | o |            | after the  |
|       | t |           | and       | visitor   | r |            | proposed   |
|       | b |           | likely    | would be  | u |            | action and |
|       | e |           | sh        | aware of  | s |            | in         |
|       | a |           | ort-term. | the       | e |            | definitely |
|       | f |           | The       | effects   | a |            | into the   |
|       | f |           | visitor   | a         | n |            | future     |
|       | e |           | would be  | ssociated | d |            |            |
|       | c |           | aware of  | with the  | / |            |            |
|       | t |           | the       | al        | o |            |            |
|       | e |           | effects   | ternative | r |            |            |
|       | d |           | a         | and would | e |            |            |
|       | o |           | ssociated | likely be | x |            |            |
|       | r |           | with the  | able to   | p |            |            |
|       | c |           | alt       | express   | e |            |            |
|       | h |           | ernative, | an        | r |            |            |
|       | a |           | but the   | opinion   | i |            |            |
|       | n |           | effects   | about the | e |            |            |
|       | g |           | would be  | changes.  | n |            |            |
|       | e |           | slight.   |           | c |            |            |
|       | s |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       | i |           |           |           | w |            |            |
|       | n |           |           |           | o |            |            |
|       | v |           |           |           | u |            |            |
|       | i |           |           |           | l |            |            |
|       | s |           |           |           | d |            |            |
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|       | t |           |           |           | i |            |            |
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|       | r |           |           |           | n |            |            |
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|       | t |           |           |           | o |            |            |
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|       | . |           |           |           | h |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | c |            |            |
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|       |   |           |           |           | s |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | . |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Soc   | N |           | The       | The       | T |            | Short-term |
| ioeco | o |           | effects   | effects   | h |            | -- Effects |
| nomic | e |           | to        | to        | e |            | last one   |
| e     | f |           | soci      | soci      | e |            | year or    |
| nviro | f |           | oeconomic | oeconomic | f |            | less       |
| nment | e |           | c         | c         | f |            |            |
| (incl | c |           | onditions | onditions | e |            | Long-term  |
| uding | t |           | would be  | would be  | c |            | -- Effects |
| po    | s |           | de        | readily   | t |            | last       |
| p-ula | w |           | tectable, | apparent  | s |            | longer     |
| tion, | o |           | although  | and       | t |            | than one   |
| econ  | u |           | sh        | likely    | o |            | year       |
| -omy, | l |           | ort-term. | l         | s |            |            |
| s     | d |           | Any       | ong-term. | o |            |            |
| ocial | o |           | effects   | Any       | c |            |            |
| c     | c |           | would be  | effects   | i |            |            |
| ondit | c |           | small and | would     | o |            |            |
| ions, | u |           | if        | result in | e |            |            |
| util  | r |           | m         | changes   | c |            |            |
| ities | o |           | itigation | to        | o |            |            |
| &     | r |           | were      | soci      | n |            |            |
| pu    | t |           | needed to | oeconomic | o |            |            |
| b-lic | h |           | offset    | c         | m |            |            |
| serv  | e |           | potential | onditions | i |            |            |
| ices) | e |           | adverse   | on a      | c |            |            |
|       | f |           | effects,  | local     | c |            |            |
|       | f |           | it would  | scale. If | o |            |            |
|       | e |           | be simple | m         | n |            |            |
|       | c |           | and       | itigation | d |            |            |
|       | t |           | su        | is needed | i |            |            |
|       | s |           | ccessful. | to offset | t |            |            |
|       | t |           |           | potential | i |            |            |
|       | o |           |           | adverse   | o |            |            |
|       | s |           |           | effects,  | n |            |            |
|       | o |           |           | it could  | s |            |            |
|       | c |           |           | be        | w |            |            |
|       | i |           |           | e         | o |            |            |
|       | o |           |           | xtensive, | u |            |            |
|       | e |           |           | but would | l |            |            |
|       | c |           |           | likely be | d |            |            |
|       | o |           |           | su        | b |            |            |
|       | n |           |           | ccessful. | e |            |            |
|       | o |           |           |           | r |            |            |
|       | m |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       | i |           |           |           | a |            |            |
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|       |   |           |           |           | . |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Tran  | N |           | The       | The       | T |            | Short-term |
| sport | o |           | impacts   | impacts   | h |            | -- Impacts |
| ation | i |           | on        | on        | e |            | last one   |
|       | m |           | transp    | transp    | i |            | year or    |
|       | p |           | orta-tion | orta-tion | m |            | less       |
|       | a |           | systems   | systems   | p |            |            |
|       | c |           | and       | and       | a |            | Long-term  |
|       | t |           | traffic   | traffic   | c |            | -- Impacts |
|       | s |           | c         | c         | t |            | last       |
|       | o |           | onditions | onditions | s |            | longer     |
|       | n |           | would be  | would be  | o |            | than one   |
|       | t |           | de        | readily   | n |            | year       |
|       | r |           | tectable, | apparent  | t |            |            |
|       | a |           | although  | and       | r |            |            |
|       | n |           | sh        | likely    | a |            |            |
|       | s |           | ort-term. | l         | n |            |            |
|       | p |           | Any       | ong-term. | s |            |            |
|       | o |           | impacts   | Any       | p |            |            |
|       | r |           | would be  | impacts   | o |            |            |
|       | t |           | small and | would     | r |            |            |
|       | a |           | if        | result in | t |            |            |
|       | - |           | m         | changes   | a |            |            |
|       | t |           | itigation | to        | t |            |            |
|       | i |           | were      | socio     | i |            |            |
|       | o |           | needed to | -economic | o |            |            |
|       | n |           | offset    | c         | n |            |            |
|       | s |           | potential | onditions | s |            |            |
|       | y |           | adverse   | on a      | y |            |            |
|       | s |           | effects,  | local     | s |            |            |
|       | t |           | it would  | scale. If | t |            |            |
|       | e |           | be simple | m         | e |            |            |
|       | m |           | and       | itigation | m |            |            |
|       | s |           | su        | is needed | s |            |            |
|       | o |           | ccessful. | to offset | a |            |            |
|       | r |           |           | potential | n |            |            |
|       | t |           |           | adverse   | d |            |            |
|       | r |           |           | effects,  | t |            |            |
|       | a |           |           | it could  | r |            |            |
|       | f |           |           | be        | a |            |            |
|       | f |           |           | e         | f |            |            |
|       | i |           |           | xtensive, | f |            |            |
|       | c |           |           | but would | i |            |            |
|       | w |           |           | likely be | c |            |            |
|       | o |           |           | su        | c |            |            |
|       | u |           |           | ccessful. | o |            |            |
|       | l |           |           |           | n |            |            |
|       | d |           |           |           | d |            |            |
|       | o |           |           |           | i |            |            |
|       | c |           |           |           | t |            |            |
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|       | a |           |           |           | s |            |            |
|       | t |           |           |           | w |            |            |
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|       | r |           |           |           | b |            |            |
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|       | - |           |           |           | / |            |            |
|       | t |           |           |           | o |            |            |
|       | e |           |           |           | r |            |            |
|       | r |           |           |           | t |            |            |
|       | m |           |           |           | r |            |            |
|       | i |           |           |           | a |            |            |
|       | m |           |           |           | f |            |            |
|       | p |           |           |           | f |            |            |
|       | a |           |           |           | i |            |            |
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|       | t |           |           |           | i |            |            |
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|       | r |           |           |           | n |            |            |
|       | t |           |           |           | . |            |            |
|       | a |           |           |           | M |            |            |
|       | t |           |           |           | i |            |            |
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|       | r |           |           |           | t |            |            |
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|       | f |           |           |           | m |            |            |
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|       | d |           |           |           | t |            |            |
|       | o |           |           |           | o |            |            |
|       | c |           |           |           | o |            |            |
|       | c |           |           |           | f |            |            |
|       | u |           |           |           | f |            |            |
|       | r |           |           |           | s |            |            |
|       | . |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | t |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | p |            |            |
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|       |   |           |           |           | t |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
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|       |   |           |           |           | t |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | i |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | a |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | l |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | a |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | d |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | v |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | r |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | s |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | f |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | f |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | c |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | t |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | s |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | w |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | o |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | u |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | l |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | d |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | b |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | x |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | t |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | n |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | s |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | i |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | v |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | a |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | n |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | d |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | t |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | h |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | i |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | r |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | s |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | u |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | c |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | c |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | s |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | s |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | c |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | o |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | u |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | l |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | d |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | n |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | o |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | t |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | b |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | g |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | u |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | a |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | r |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | a |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | n |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | t |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | d |            |            |
|       |   |           |           |           | . |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| Land  | N |           | The       | The       | T |            | Short-term |
| Use   | o |           | effects   | effects   | h |            | -- Effects |
|       | e |           | on land   | on land   | e |            | last one   |
|       | f |           | use would | use would | e |            | year or    |
|       | f |           | be        | be        | f |            | less       |
|       | e |           | de        | readily   | f |            |            |
|       | c |           | tectable, | apparent  | e |            | Long-term  |
|       | t |           | although  | and       | c |            | -- Effects |
|       | s |           | sh        | likely    | t |            | last       |
|       | w |           | ort-term. | l         | s |            | longer     |
|       | o |           | Any       | ong-term. | o |            | than one   |
|       | u |           | effects   | Any       | n |            | year       |
|       | l |           | would be  | effects   | l |            |            |
|       | d |           | small and | would     | a |            |            |
|       | o |           | if        | result in | n |            |            |
|       | c |           | m         | changes   | d |            |            |
|       | c |           | itigation | to        | u |            |            |
|       | u |           | were      | soci      | s |            |            |
|       | r |           | needed to | oeconomic | e |            |            |
|       | o |           | offset    | c         | w |            |            |
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|       | a |           | effects,  | local     | l |            |            |
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|       | d |           | be simple | m         | b |            |            |
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|       |   |           |           |           | . |            |            |
+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+
| V     | T |           | The       | The       | T |            | Short-term |
| isual | h |           | change to | change to | h |            | -- Change  |
| Reso  | e |           | the       | the       | e |            | lasts one  |
| urces | c |           | visual    | visual    | c |            | year or    |
|       | h |           | a         | a         | h |            | less       |
|       | a |           | ppearance | ppearance | a |            |            |
|       | n |           | of the    | of the    | n |            | Long-term  |
|       | g |           | site      | site      | g |            | -- Change  |
|       | e |           | would     | would be  | e |            | lasts      |
|       | t |           | generally | dis       | t |            | longer     |
|       | o |           | be        | tracting. | o |            | than one   |
|       | t |           | no        | It would  | t |            | year       |
|       | h |           | tice-able | be        | h |            |            |
|       | e |           | but       | visually  | e |            |            |
|       | v |           | subtle.   | co-       | v |            |            |
|       | i |           | It would  | dominant; | i |            |            |
|       | s |           | usually   | the       | s |            |            |
|       | u |           | be        | change    | u |            |            |
|       | a |           | sub       | would     | a |            |            |
|       | l |           | ordinate, | compete   | l |            |            |
|       | a |           | but would | strongly  | a |            |            |
|       | p |           | be        | for       | p |            |            |
|       | p |           | noticed   | attention | p |            |            |
|       | e |           | by most   | and would | e |            |            |
|       | a |           | without   | be        | a |            |            |
|       | r |           | being     | equally   | r |            |            |
|       | a |           | pointed   | con       | a |            |            |
|       | n |           | out. Any  | spic-uous | n |            |            |
|       | c |           | m         | with      | c |            |            |
|       | e |           | itigation | other     | e |            |            |
|       | o |           | to offset | features. | o |            |            |
|       | f |           | adverse   | If        | f |            |            |
|       | t |           | effects   | m         | t |            |            |
|       | h |           | would be  | itigation | h |            |            |
|       | e |           | simple    | were      | e |            |            |
|       | s |           | and       | needed or | s |            |            |
|       | i |           | su        | possible, | i |            |            |
|       | t |           | ccessful. | it could  | t |            |            |
|       | e |           |           | be        | e |            |            |
|       | w |           |           | e         | w |            |            |
|       | o |           |           | xten-sive | o |            |            |
|       | u |           |           | but would | u |            |            |
|       | l |           |           | likely be | l |            |            |
|       | d |           |           | su        | d |            |            |
|       | g |           |           | ccessful. | b |            |            |
|       | e |           |           |           | e |            |            |
|       | n |           |           |           | d |            |            |
|       | e |           |           |           | o |            |            |
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+-------+---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---+------------+------------+

*\* Threshold definitions adopted and modified from NPS-DSC (2002),
NPS-ISO (2002), and GLAC (2000).*

**4.1.2 Impairment of Park Resources**

The study team analyzed whether impacts would result in an impairment of
park resources based on guidelines set forth in NPS Management Policies.
Impairment occurs when an impact degrades or harms the integrity of park
resources or values, including opportunities that would otherwise
normally be available for the enjoyment of those resources or values had
the impact not occurred. Under the NPS Organic Act and the General
Authorities Act, impairment of park resources is prohibited. Whether an
impact constitutes an impairment depends on the particular resource and
values that would be affected; the impact's severity, duration, and
timing; the direct and indirect effects of the impact; and the
cumulative effect of the impact when added to other impacts (NPS, 2001).

The present proposed action involves lands and resources other than
those belonging to Fort Donelson National Battlefield. It should be
stressed that the prohibition on impairment applies only to national
park system units (i.e. Fort Donelson in this case), not non-NPS lands
(Fort Heiman and the ten eligible battlefield core area properties).
Actions occurring outside park boundaries may sometimes cause impairment
of park resources, but this would not represent a violation of the
Organic Act, unless the NPS were in some way responsible for the action.

NPS Management Policies outline the conditions under which an impact
would be likely to result in an impairment of park resources. According
to the Policies, an impact would likely create an impairment to the
extent that the conservation of the affected resource or value is: 1)
essential to fulfill a purpose established in the enabling legislation
or proclamation of the park; 2) key to the integrity (natural or
cultural) of the park or its opportunities, or 3) identified as a goal
in the general management plan for the park. If an impact is an
unavoidable result of an action required to maintain or restore the
integrity of park resources or values, and cannot be reasonably
mitigated, the impact would be less likely to constitute an impairment
of park resources.

**4.1.3 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

***Connected Actions***

According to the NPS DO-12 handbook, connected actions are actions that
are closely related to the proposed action or its alternatives.
Connected actions 1) automatically cause other actions, 2) could not or
would not proceed unless other actions have previously been taken or
occur simultaneously, or 3) are interdependent parts of a larger action.
Although no specific connected actions have been identified for this BAS
& EA, if the boundaries of Fort Donelson National Battlefield are
extended beyond those at present (i.e., selection of Alternative B), it
is likely that the NPS would undertake some development, however
low-key, at either Fort Heiman or the eligible battlefield core area
properties or both to enhance visitor use and experience. While no
site-specific development plans have been determined, such developments
could include: improving access to the sites; construction of parking
areas for cars, buses, and recreational vehicles (RVs); developing
trails around the sites; installing interpretive wayside markers; and
providing informational pamphlets that describe the historic events.

In order for this BAS& EA to serve also as a planning document, the
analysis of potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts that may
result from the different management alternatives is supplemented by a
general description of potential impacts that could result from NPS
developments to enhance visitor experience (under Alternative B only).
These potential impacts are discussed by resource area as potential
connected actions, and are included in the discussion of cumulative
impacts.

Since these developments are not part of the scope of this BAS & EA or
the decision to be made regarding the boundaries of FODO and subsequent
land management, the potential impacts that could result from these
developments do not affect the ratings or comparison of management
alternatives presented in this BAS & EA, or the selection of the
environmentally preferred alternative, discussed in Section 2.4. Once a
management alternative is selected and plans for development are more
fully refined, additional NEPA documentation will be prepared by the NPS
to analyze the impacts resulting from any future developments on either
Fort Heiman or the battlefield core area properties. The description of
the potential impacts from future developments presented in this BAS &
EA should serve as a planning tool to define the scope of the impacts
analysis in subsequent NEPA documentation.

***Cumulative Impacts***

A cumulative impact is an impact on the natural or human environment
that results from the incremental impact of the action when added to
other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions
regardless of which agency, organization, or person undertakes such
other actions (40 CFR 1508.7). Cumulative impacts can result from
individually minor and insignificant, but collectively significant
actions, taking place over a period of time.

Cumulative impacts were assessed by combining the potential
environmental impacts of the alternatives with the potential impacts of
known projects or actions that have occurred, that are now occurring, or
that are projected to occur within the region encompassing Fort Heiman,
Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.

In the region as a whole, efforts are underway to protect Civil War-era
historic resources that have a bearing on the proposed action. The
Vicksburg Campaign Trail, Public Law 106-487, passed in November 2000,
authorized the NPS to conduct a feasibility study on the preservation of
Civil War battlefields along the Vicksburg Campaign Trail. The purpose
of this feasibility study, now in process, is to examine and evaluate a
number of sites in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee
associated with the Civil War events of the Vicksburg Campaign. (A
"technical correction" being introduced in Congress seeks to add
Kentucky to the list of states with sites eligible for inclusion in the
Campaign Trail.) The feasibility study will also recommend how best to
preserve the historic value and character of these Civil War resources.
Forts Donelson, Heiman, and Henry are three of the more important sites
of the hundreds under consideration. The ultimate aim of PL 106-487 is
to preserve as many of the historic resources and sites associated with
the crucial Vicksburg Campaign, and link them in a form of multi-state
trail or heritage corridor.

The State of Tennessee has been undertaking efforts to inform and
educate the public about important Civil War sites in the state, and has
designated the Civil War Heritage Trail to commemorate more than 60
Civil War-related sites (Moore, 2001). These efforts are part of a
larger initiative called the Civil War Discovery Trail, being carried
out by the Civil War Preservation Trust, with the support of the
National Trust for Historic Preservation, the National Park Service,
state agencies and local communities around the nation. The Discovery
Trail links more than 500 sites in 28 states with the goal of educating
Americans on the enduring impact of the Civil War on American society
(CWPT, 2001).

Calloway County and its county seat Murray are undertaking a joint
initiative to foster economic growth (MCCCC, 2002). The county suffered
a major economic setback recently when one of the area's largest
employers, Mattel, announced that it would close its Murray toy
manufacturing and distribution plant by 2002, sending nearly 1,000 jobs
to Mexico (Walker, 2001). The county is actively courting new sources of
employment. The outcome of these efforts will affect both development
pressures around Fort Heiman as well as the interest in preserving the
site.

In the immediate vicinity of Fort Heiman, substantial real estate
development is taking place, primarily of the kind of low-density,
semi-rural residential development cited earlier (Figures 4-1 and 4-2).
In most cases, it appears that homes are built on individual lots one at
a time rather than entire subdivisions all at once. Nevertheless, over
time, development pressure to accommodate the growing residential
population of the area is increasing steadily. The same development
pressures exist at the ten eligible battlefield core area properties in
the vicinity of Fort Donelson. These parcels are all located in and
around Dover, which is growing steadily.

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="3.297222222222222in"
height="2.5166666666666666in"}![](media/image2.jpeg){width="2.9756944444444446in"
height="2.4916666666666667in"}

Fort Henry, because it is located on LBL, faces no such development
pressures. However, Stewart County as a whole is growing and developing
at a robust pace. The county has a number of planning initiatives to
manage and accommodate this growth (Wallace, 2002). The Rivers at War
Trail now in the planning and development stages will connect Dover to
Paris Landing State Park, passing right by Fort Henry. It will attract
more bicyclists and hikers to the fort site.

**4.2 ALTERNATIVE A: NO ACTION**

Under the No Action Alternative, no additions would be made to Fort
Donelson National Battlefield. Fort Heiman would remain in private
ownership, as would the battlefield core area properties, under the
protection of existing land-use controls and existing historic
preservation policies, unless another organization interested in
protection and interpretation of its resources came forward. Fort Henry
would remain protected by the U.S. Forest Service.

**4.2.1 Natural Resources**

***Soils and Topography***

Existing soil conditions and topographic characteristics of both Fort
Heiman and the battlefield core area properties would largely continue
under this alternative. Areas currently experiencing soil erosion would
continue to erode. At Fort Heiman, as a result of ground disturbance
from ongoing residential construction that would likely continue at some
rate, there would be somewhat greater, temporary to short-term,
localized erosion of minor intensity. Elsewhere on the fort site,
erosion would be minimal and kept to low background rates, which are
acceptable as long as the canopy, shrub and duff layers are maintained.
Over long periods of time, i.e. decades to centuries, the relief of the
earthworks and parapets would gradually diminish. At the ten eligible
battlefield core area properties, soils and topography would largely
remain the same until and unless construction and development occur on
these sites, in which case somewhat greater, temporary to short-term,
localized erosion and changes to site topography of minor intensity
would occur. Once a given site has been developed and conditions
stabilized, erosion rates would diminish substantially. Fort Henry would
not be impacted by this alternative, due to ongoing USFWS management and
protection. No direct impacts on soils or topography from NPS actions or
activities would be anticipated as a result of implementing Alternative
A.

***Water Resources***

Existing conditions of surface water and groundwater quantity and
quality would largely continue under this alternative. The exception is
that at Fort Heiman, if further home construction occurs, there would
likely be temporary to short-term, localized, negligible to minor
impacts from runoff, erosion, turbidity, suspended solids and
sedimentation. Since there are no permanent streams on-site, exposed
sediments could conceivably be transported during storms to Kentucky
Lake, forming small plumes of turbidity at the point(s) of entry.
Similar short-term and localized impacts could occur to streams and
water bodies on or near the battlefield core area properties were they
to be developed, but as mentioned in Section 3, only one intermittent
stream (Lick Creek) appears to cross one of the sites (Cherry property).
Therefore, impacts would likely negligible to at most minor. At Fort
Henry, no impacts to water resources would occur from ongoing USFS
management of the site.

***Air Quality***

Current management of the properties does not involve any activities
that would impact the air quality of the area to any substantial extent.
If residential construction at Fort Heiman continues, or if construction
and development were to occur at the battlefield core area properties,
there would be some emissions with negligible to minor impacts on air
quality from fugitive dust and vehicle emissions during construction.
Over the long term, possible increases in residential, wood-burning
fireplaces and stoves, and modest increases in local automobile traffic
would also emit pollutants to the air, but overall, few additional
sources of emissions would be created as a result of this alternative.
Current air quality conditions and patterns in the region would
continue.

***Vegetation and Wildlife***

No change in management would occur under Alternative A, and current
management practices would continue. At Fort Heiman, if private
development of lots continues, some vegetation would be removed to make
way for homes, driveways, and lawns, leading to habitat fragmentation
that would likely have long-term, minor adverse impacts on area
wildlife. Development of the ten eligible battlefield core area
properties would also lead to some loss and fragmentation of vegetation
communities and habitat, to the likely detriment of local wildlife
populations. In the regional context, however, these adverse impacts,
while long term, are only negligible to minor in intensity. There would
be no impacts at Fort Henry.

***Threatened and Endangered Species***

No federally listed threatened or endangered species are likely to be
adversely affected from this alternative at Fort Heiman and the
battlefield core area properties, although changes to Fort Heiman's
existing habitat might make it less attractive to foraging gray bats,
whose presence is documented in Calloway County but not confirmed
on-site. If Fort Heiman had more homes constructed on it (which is
likely to happen under Alternative A), and the battlefield core area
properties were to be fully converted from their present largely open
space condition to a more urbanized or developed condition, impacts on
federally listed species are unlikely, or minimal if they do occur,
because the species in question (those documented in the two counties)
tend to have different habitat preferences or requirements. However,
some state-listed species of both plants and animals, which are much
more numerous than federally-listed species in Calloway and Stewart
counties, could potentially be affected. At Fort Henry, no direct or
indirect impacts on these resources would occur as a result of
implementation of Alternative A.

**4.2.1.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Under Alternative A, at Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area
properties, there would be no connected impacts, but there would be
cumulative impacts to natural resources from continuing home
construction at the site in conjunction with ongoing residential
development in the surrounding area. These impacts would be long-term,
localized, minor, and adverse. At Fort Henry, there would be no adverse
cumulative impacts from such development.

Heritage tourism and outdoor recreation developments occurring in the
region would not change visitation to Fort Heiman and the battlefield
core area properties under this alternative, because they would likely
remain in private hands and inaccessible to visitors. These same
developments and trends may result in a modest increase in visitation to
Fort Henry under Alternative A, through increased promotion and
marketing efforts. Increased visitation to Fort Henry could adversely
impact natural resources at the site over the long-term, including
increased trampling of vegetation, increased soil compaction, and
increased levels of erosion, if no measures are taken to avoid or
minimize such impacts. The USFS and LBL would work to avoid and mitigate
any such impacts. Therefore, implementation of Alternative A may result
in a localized, minor, long-term, adverse cumulative impact on natural
resources.

**4.2.1.2 Conclusion**

Under Alternative A, the No Action Alternative, there would be no direct
or indirect impacts on natural resources at Fort Henry, but there would
likely be temporary to long-term, localized, negligible to minor impacts
at Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties. Moreover,
additional adverse cumulative impacts on these resources may result over
the long-term from increased private development at Fort Heiman and Fort
Donelson and increased visitation at Fort Henry due to promotional
efforts of the NPS and USFS. These cumulative impacts would generally be
localized and minor in intensity. Certain benefits to natural resources
from NPS management at Fort Heiman would not occur under this
alternative.

**4.2.2 Cultural Resources**

No change in management would occur under Alternative A: the USFS would
continue managing the Fort Henry site using current management
practices, and Fort Heiman and the ten eligible battlefield core area
properties would remain under their current management and private
ownership. The NPS would not have the authority to restrict or prohibit
development at Fort Heiman or the FODO battlefield core area properties,
or to enforce certain management practices at those sites. Existing
federal, state and local laws and regulations would also not
substantially restrict development on these private properties, in spite
of the presence of significant historic resources. Those historic
resources currently experiencing erosion or adverse impacts from human
activities at Fort Heiman would continue to be degraded under this
alternative.

Implementation of Alternative A may possibly impact some cultural
resources directly in the short-term, depending on the pace of
development on the various privately owned lots at Fort Heiman. Over the
long term however, adverse impacts on these resources are a virtual
certainty, since the Fort Heiman property has long been subdivided and
home construction just recently begun. Moreover, long term development
of many, most or all of the ten eligible battlefield core area
properties near Fort Donelson is a virtual certainty, due to their close
proximity to the growing town of Dover, and development pressures
already much in evidence. These impacts could be moderate to major in
intensity, depending on the specific pattern and density of development
at Fort Heiman and the core area properties. Even if particular
earthworks are not disturbed by development, the ambience, character,
and integrity of the historic fort and battle-

grounds would be seriously compromised if development proceeds and most
lots are built upon. Furthermore, the high archeological potential of
both the Fort Heiman and eligible Fort Donelson properties would be
seriously compromised.

**4.2.2.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

At both Fort Heiman and the ten eligible Fort Donelson properties, there
are unlikely to be additional adverse impacts under Alternative A due to
connected actions and cumulative effects. The damage to cultural and
historic resources would be from direct and indirect impacts.

Under Alternative A, current landowners of the privately-owned Fort
Heiman and Fort Donelson properties being considered for addition to
FODO would maintain ownership and management of their properties. These
landowners would not be prohibited from developing their lands, although
it would be unlikely that they would undertake any activities that would
intentionally damage the historic resources on their properties. NPS
outreach, cooperation and partnership with these owners would also help
to protect against development. However, no assurance is granted under
this alternative that developments, which could potentially damage
cultural resources, would not occur at Fort Heiman sites.

Heritage tourism and outdoor recreation developments occurring in the
region would not change visitation to Fort Heiman or the eligible Fort
Donelson properties under this alternative, because they would likely
remain in private hands and not accessible to visitors. These same
developments and trends may result in a modest increase in visitation to
Fort Henry under Alternative A, through increased promotion and
marketing efforts. Increased visitation to Fort Henry could increase the
potential for human impacts, such as vandalism or looting, on the site's
cultural resources, particularly the Confederate cemetery. The USFS and
LBL would work to avoid and mitigate any such impacts. Generally,
however, somewhat increased visitation is unlikely to adversely affect
Fort Henry's cultural resources, and would lead overall to greater
awareness and appreciation of their significance in the nation's history
and even greater public will to protect and preserve them.

Under this alternative, neither constant monitoring of the resources nor
an increased presence of law enforcement on any of the sites would
occur. This could result in a long-term, localized, moderate to major,
adverse impact on cultural resources. While NPS partnerships with
property owners could lead to measures designed to prevent or mitigate
such impacts, no mechanism would be in place to ensure enforcement of
those measures.

**4.2.2.2 Conclusion**

Under Alternative A, the NPS would not have the authority to restrict or
prohibit private development at Fort Heiman or the ten eligible
battlefield core area properties at Fort Donelson, or to enforce certain
management practices on those properties. Implementation of Alternative
A may or may not directly impact most cultural resources in the
short-term, but adverse impacts on the setting, context and character of
these resources would definitely occur over the long-term. These impacts
could be moderate to major in intensity, depending on the specific
pattern and density of development, as well as the willingness of
landowners to cooperate in the preservation of earthworks. At Fort
Henry, these direct and indirect effects would be avoided due to its
management and protection by the USFS. Increased visitation to Fort
Henry resulting from to promotional efforts could increase the potential
for human impacts on these resources, without adequate protections, but
the USFS and LBL would work to avoid and mitigate these. Exposing more
members of the public to Fort Henry would raise awareness and
appreciation of its role in the Fort Donelson battle, the Vicksburg
Campaign, the Civil War in general, and the nation's history.

**4.2.3 Visitor Use and Experience**

Under Alternative A, the No Action Alternative, there would be no change
in the management of Fort Heiman, Fort Henry and the ten eligible
battlefield core area properties. The USFS manages the Fort Henry, and
the other sites under consideration for inclusion into the national park
system, Fort Heiman and the battlefield properties, would remain under
private ownership and management, as at present. No change in current
management practices would occur, allowing for gradual development of
houses and other structures on the private parcels that cover these
sites. Implementation of this alternative would have a negligible
adverse impact on the minimal visitor use and experience that now occurs
at Fort Heiman and the FODO battlefield core area properties, and have
only a minimal impact (beneficial) at Fort Henry. Current visitor use
patterns would largely continue, as would existing visitor experience at
both sites.

At Fort Donelson, visitor use and experience would not be substantially
changed by this alternative, since Forts Heiman and Henry and the ten
eligible properties are not now part of the park, are removed from it,
and are not heavily emphasized in the park's interpretive and
educational efforts and exhibits. There would probably be a minor
adverse, long-term effect on the experience of visitors who would lose
the opportunity to visit Fort Heiman, see the battlefield core area
properties, and who may feel disappointment at learning that they had
been developed and their character irrevocably and permanently altered.

**4.2.3.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Since Alternative A would have negligible to minor adverse impacts on
visitor use and experience in the region, this alternative would not
contribute to cumulative impacts, either positive or negative, on
visitor use and experience. There are, however, other projects and
activities occurring in the region that would enhance and expand visitor
use and experience. As discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this BAS & EA,
there are active preservation efforts occurring in the region to
preserve Civil War sites and promote heritage tourism. This synergy
between sites would not be exploited under Alternative A.

**4.2.3.2 Conclusion**

At Fort Heiman as well as the ten eligible battlefield core area
properties near FODO, negligible levels of visitor use are likely to
persist or even decline as these properties are gradually developed;
this would result in a minor, long-term adverse effect on visitor use
and experience. At Fort Henry, no adverse impacts on current relatively
low levels of visitor use patterns, or visitor experience in the area
are anticipated; there may be slight increases in visitation and the
quality of experience as a result of greater cooperation between the
USFS and the NPS to promote and interpret the site. Visitor use and
experience at Fort Donelson National Battlefield itself may be adversely
affected, but to a negligible or at most minor degree, with the
probable, eventual loss of Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area
properties to residential and other development.

**4.2.4 Socioeconomic Environment**

***Population, Economy, and Social Conditions***

Under Alternative A, the No Action Alternative, there would be no change
in the ownership or management of Fort Heiman, Fort Henry, and the
eligible battlefield core area properties. No change in current
management practices would occur; current practices would continue. No
impacts on the regional population or economy are anticipated to result
from Alternative A, but the local population would likely increase as
the Fort Heiman site and the battlefield core area properties are
developed over time into low-density residential areas or other even
more urban land uses. Existing county-level trends in population growth,
employment, income and poverty levels, and other socioeconomic
parameters are anticipated to continue in their current patterns, for
both Calloway and Stewart counties.

The local community and government, and more widely, the nation's Civil
War community, strongly support NPS ownership, management, and
protection of Fort Heiman and the other eligible properties by including
them in Fort Donelson National Battlefield. Thus, implementation of
Alternative A may result in community dissatisfaction, since additional
protection of important historic resources that would be offered by the
NPS management would not occur. Although the community may not support
implementation of Alternative A, other potentially adverse social
impacts associated with increased visitation to Fort Heiman and the
other sites, including trespassing in nearby residential areas, would
not occur under this alternative. On the other hand, under this
alternative, there could be a greater incidence of trespassing from
Civil War buffs seeking out the surviving earthworks at the Fort Heiman
site or artifacts at the battlefield core area properties as they become
built up with private homes and/or other development.

In summary, Alternative A would result in both adverse and beneficial
socioeconomic impacts, which on balance, would probably be of a
short-term to long-term, net minor adverse character.

***Utilities and Public Services***

Under Alternative A, no change in the ownership or management of any of
the properties would occur. At Fort Heiman and the ten battlefield core
area properties, a probable increase in the number of residences and/or
other buildings would mean an expansion of electrical and telephone
lines and possibly other utilities in the immediate vicinity. But the
numbers are so modest that this would not lead to a large increase in
demand for local utility providers. Likewise, new residences at Fort
Heiman and the Fort Donelson core area properties would result in a very
modest long-term increase in the demand for public services like police
and fire protection in the area, but overall impacts would be
negligible. At Fort Henry, there would be virtually no impact on
utilities and public services either locally or within Stewart County
from this alternative.

**4.2.4.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Other projects, activities, and demographic and economic trends are
occurring or are projected to occur in the counties and the overall
region that might affect the socioeconomic environment. However,
Alternative A would not contribute appreciably to either adverse or
beneficial direct or indirect impacts on the region's socioeconomic
environment. Therefore, implementation of Alternative A would not
contribute substantially to cumulative socioeconomic impacts in Calloway
and Stewart counties.

**4.2.4.2 Conclusion**

Alternative A would result in few adverse or beneficial direct or
indirect impacts on the population, economy, and utilities and public
services in and around Forts Heiman, Henry, Donelson and their
respective counties. There would likely be a long-term, negligible to
minor increase in demand for utilities and public services in Calloway
and Stewart counties due to more development at Fort Heiman and the ten
battlefield core area properties.

The local and regional community is not in support of Alternative A.
Indeed, strong grassroots community support for other alternatives has
encouraged state and federal officials to vigorously pursue them. Thus,
a short-term to potentially long-term, moderate, regional, adverse
social impact would probably result from implementation of Alternative
A, due to the community strongly supporting protection of Fort Heiman
and the eligible battlefield core area properties by the National Park
Service and their inclusion in the Fort Donelson National Battlefield.

**4.2.5 Transportation**

Under Alternative A, the No Action Alternative, no change in ownership
or management would occur at Fort Heiman, Fort Henry, or the Fort
Donelson battlefield core area properties. Implementation of Alternative
A would not change the level of congestion or traffic in the affected
area. Existing traffic patterns and road conditions would continue. Over
the long term, there is projected to be a negligible increase in traffic
on roads accessing the Fort Heiman site, as a result of an increasing
number of homes or vacation homes there. Similarly, development of the
battlefield core area properties with homes or other commercial or
institutional structures would cause perhaps a minor increase in traffic
on the various roads in the vicinity of these sites on the outskirts of
Dover.

1.  **Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Other transportation projects and trends are occurring or are projected
to occur in the counties and the overall region that might affect the
transportation system and traffic. However, Alternative A would not
contribute appreciably to either adverse or beneficial direct or
indirect impacts on the region's transportation system or traffic.
Therefore, implementation of Alternative A would not contribute
substantially to cumulative transportation impacts in Calloway and
Stewart counties.

[]{.mark}

**4.2.5.2 Conclusion**

Alternative A would have negligible impacts on transportation and
traffic overall. It would not contribute significantly to cumulative
impacts in the area.

[]{.mark}

**4.2.6 Land Use**

Under Alternative A, Fort Heiman and the ten eligible battlefield core
area properties would remain in private ownership. The Fort Heiman site,
which has been subdivided and now consists of one large parcel and more
than 20 lots, would probably continue to be developed over time with
private homes and houses, as has already begun to occur. While it is
largely private, unpopulated forestland at present, in the future, under
the No Action Alternative, it would retain its largely wooded character,
but contain a number of structures, houses, and full-time and part-time
residents. There changes are not incompatible with surrounding land
uses, present and future. Surrounding land uses are likely to retain
their rural character, with agriculture, private woodlots, and
residences and second homes or cottages predominating, although over
time, the area will become more populous and developed. Development of
the Fort Heiman site that would in all likelihood continue to take place
under this alternative would neither retard nor accelerate this process
in the surrounding area.

Under Alternative A, the undeveloped portions of the ten eligible
battlefield core area properties would probably transition from open
space to relatively low-density residential or commercial development
within Dover and on its outskirts. These land use changes would
correspond to the land uses trends now occurring in the area.

At Fort Henry, there would be no change to land use from Alternative A.

1.  **Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

The principal cumulative impacts relate to ongoing population growth in
Calloway County and Stewart County, which are gradually converting lands
from rural, agricultural and forestry land uses toward rural residential
land use. Alternative A would contribute to this long-term trend.

**4.2.6.2 Conclusion**

Under Alternative A, Fort Heiman and the eligible Fort Donelson
battlefield core area properties would remain in private hands. Over
time, Alternative A would likely lead to the construction of private
homes on the Fort Heiman tracts and the eligible core area properties, a
process which has already begun. These developments would parallel what
is happening elsewhere in the area.

**4.2.7 Visual Resources**

Under Alternative A, the No Action alternative, no change in ownership
or management of any of the properties would occur, and at Fort Henry,
existing conditions and management practices on the site would continue.
The visual quality of the area would continue in its current condition
under this alternative, and existing features would remain in the area.
No direct or indirect impacts on visual resources are expected to result
from implementation of Alternative A at Fort Henry.

In contrast, at Fort Heiman and the ten eligible properties near Fort
Donelson, there would be changes to the visual resources of the sites
and the overall character of the landscape as a result of the tree
clearing and grading that would take place on various lots to make way
for construction of homes. At Fort Heiman, some of the homes may remove
trees to obtain vistas of Kentucky Lake, which would not only change
views of the lake from the site, which are now largely inhibited by tree
cover, but also views of the site from the lake. If this clearing is
done in a careful or tasteful manner, the impacts to visual resources
would be fairly small. Overall, both at Fort Heiman and the ten eligible
battlefield core area properties, impacts to visual resources from
Alternative A would be long-term, localized and minor.

1.  **Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Past, present and future timbering operations on nearby properties
affect the visual environment. But the principal cumulative impacts to
visual resources relate to ongoing population growth in Calloway and
Stewart counties, which is gradually converting lands from rural,
agricultural and forestry land uses toward rural residential land use.
Alternative A would contribute to this long-term trend. There is likely
to be a minor, long-term degradation of scenic values in the area as it
homes and other structures grow in number and visual prominence.

2.  **Conclusion**

Impacts to visual resources from the No Action Alternative would be
long-term, localized and minor. This alternative would contribute to
cumulative impacts on visual resources in Calloway and Stewart counties.

**4.2.8 Human Health and Safety**

Under Alternative A, no activities would occur, and no additional risks
would be created, that would threaten the health or safety of the
public. Traffic volumes would not change substantially at any of the
sites, so that there would be no change to the level of risk from
vehicular accidents on nearby roadways. Visitors to Fort Henry would
continue to rely on LBL staff and local community emergency medical
services in the event of an accident/injury or sickness while visiting
the site.

1.  **Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Alternative A has no connected actions, and it would not contribute to
cumulative impacts on human health and safety in the area.

**4.2.8.2 Conclusion**

Alternative A would cause few or no additional impacts to human health
and safety in Calloway and Stewart counties, or at the specific sites of
Fort Heiman, Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.

3.  **ALTERNATIVE B: EXPAND FORT DONELSON BY**

> **ADDING FORT HEIMAN AND TEN ELIGIBLE PROPERTIES AT FORT DONELSON
> NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD**

This alternative would seek to enhance protection of Civil War-era
resources as well as enhance the visitor experience offered at Fort
Donelson National Battlefield by including the Fort Heiman site and the
ten eligible battlefield core area properties within the authorized
boundary. The NPS, through the staff at Fort Donelson, would also work
cooperatively with the USFS at the Land Between the Lakes National
Recreation Area to preserve and interpret the historic resources
associated with Fort Henry. Fort Henry would remain under USFS
jurisdiction however.

**4.3.1 Natural Resources**

Under Alternative B, the NPS would acquire ownership and management of
Fort Heiman, as well as the ten privately-owned eligible battlefield
core area properties at Fort Donelson. In accordance with NPS Management
Policies, the NPS would manage the natural resources on these lands to
maintain them in an unimpaired condition, and to preserve fundamental
physical and biological processes. A long-range comprehensive strategy
for natural resources management would be developed and implemented for
Fort Heiman and the ten eligible properties, as units of FODO, to
identify activities necessary to achieve the desired future conditions
of the park's natural resources. Such activities may include
inventorying, research, monitoring, restoration, mitigation, protection,
and resource use management (NPS, 2001). Overall, long-term, localized,
moderate, beneficial impacts on natural resources would result from NPS
management of Fort Heiman and the eligible battlefield core area
properties.

Fort Henry's management would remain largely unchanged, except for
greater cooperation between the NPS and the USFS in mapping,
inventorying, protecting, and interpreting its historic resources.

***Soils and Topography***

Under Alternative B, the NPS would take over ownership and management of
Fort Heiman and the ten eligible properties at Fort Donelson and, by
means of a cooperative agreement, assist the USFS with mapping,
inventorying, protecting, and interpreting the historic resources of
Fort Henry, which would remain under USFS jurisdiction. Management of
these lands would not alter the topography at any of the sites. In
accordance with NPS Management Policies, the NPS would actively seek to
conserve the soil resources on its lands (i.e. Fort Heiman and the
battlefield core area properties in this alternative). As part of these
efforts, soils would be managed to control for erosion, physical
removal, and contamination (NPS, 2001). Activities that increase soil
erosion, such as off-road vehicle (ORV) use, would be controlled on
these lands via law enforcement operations. Therefore, localized, minor
to moderate, long-term, beneficial impacts on soils are anticipated to
result from implementation of this alternative.

As a result of Alternative B, visitation to Fort Heiman and the ten Fort
Donelson core area properties would be expected to increase
substantially over the current very low level. Increased visitation at
these sites could increase soil compaction and erosion potential due to
a larger number of visitors walking on and around the sites. In
addition, the NPS may well remove some vegetation, including certain
trees, from the immediate vicinity of cultural resources, in order to
protect those resources and stabilize the sites. Removal of vegetative
cover has the potential to increase surface water runoff and soil
erosion in the area affected by the removal. These impacts would be
temporary to possibly long-term, minor, and localized. However, the NPS
would not take any actions that would increase soil erosion at Fort
Heiman or the other properties to any noticeable extent. Instead, as
stated above, the NPS would take actions to minimize erosion on its
lands, which would decrease the intensity of these potential impacts to
almost negligible.

***Water Resources***

As discussed above, increased visitation to the properties may increase
soil compaction and erosion potential, due to increased numbers of
visitors walking on and around the sites. Increased soil erosion could
potentially increase sedimentation and turbidity in nearby watercourses.
However, this impact would be negligible, at most. In addition, the NPS
would likely remove some vegetation, including certain trees, from the
immediate vicinity of cultural resources, in order to protect those
resources and stabilize the sites. Removal of vegetation has the
potential to increase surface water runoff and soil erosion in the area
affected by the removal. However, the NPS would not take any actions
that would increase soil erosion on its properties to any noticeable
extent. Instead, as stated above, the NPS would take actions to minimize
erosion on its lands. Therefore, any potential adverse impacts on water
resources associated with increased visitation to the various properties
and removal of vegetation would be long-term, localized, and negligible
to minor.

In accordance with NPS Management Policies, the NPS would take all
actions necessary to maintain and/or restore surface and ground water
quality at Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties,
consistent with the Clean Water Act (CWA) and all other applicable
Federal, State, and local laws and regulations. The NPS would determine
and monitor the quality of water resources within the park, and would
avoid pollution of these waters by human activities (NPS, 2001). Any
derogation of water quality found would be acted upon immediately, and
any identified point sources of pollution would be researched and
managed accordingly (NPS, 1999a). Therefore, a long-term, localized,
moderate, beneficial impact on water resources and water quality would
be expected to result from NPS management under this alternative.

At Fort Henry, the USFS would continue to manage forests and soils in
such a manner as to minimize soil erosion as well.

***Air Quality***

Under Alternative B, the NPS would take over ownership and management of
Fort Heiman and the ten eligible battlefield core area properties at
Fort Donelson, and, by means of a cooperative agreement, assist the USFS
with mapping, inventorying, protecting, and interpreting the historic
resources of Fort Henry, which would remain under USFS jurisdiction. NPS
management of these sites would entail activities that create or
increase only minor emissions in the area, nor would management
activities generate more than small quantities of fugitive dust.
(Construc-tion of light facilities would produce temporary, negligible
to minor vehicular emissions and dust.) On the contrary, in accordance
with NPS Management Policies, the NPS would work to develop pollution
control programs to preserve, protect, and enhance the air quality of
the Unit. As part of these efforts, the NPS would inventory air
quality-related values associated with the park, evaluate any air
pollution causes and impacts, minimize air quality pollution emissions,
and monitor air quality conditions (NPS, 2001).

FODO recently completed a Fire Management Plan (FMP) and Environmental
Assessment (FODO, 2003), in keeping with the NPS Wildland Fire
Management Guidelines (DO-18) mandate that "all parks with vegetation
that can sustain fire must have a fire management plan." Under the
park's preferred alternative, fire management activities would restore
and maintain the historic 1862 landscape, control exotic vegetation
species, and protect park resources and adjacent private lands from the
threat of wildfires. Implementing this FMP, FODO would not employ
prescribed fire, but rather, manual/mechanical thinning and fuels
reduction in the wildland/urban interface. All wildland fires would be
suppressed. Presumably these same practices and actions would be
undertaken at Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties, once
acquired. Thus, the only source of smoke emissions from fire management
activities would be wildfires prior to their suppression; these would
occur sporadically and infrequently, and thus their overall long-term
impact on local and regional air quality would be negligible to minor.

As a result of implementation of Alternative B, visitation to each of
the sites is expected to increase over current levels, as is the current
number of driving tours throughout the area. Greater numbers of vehicles
traveling to Forts Heiman, Henry, Donelson and the eligible battlefield
properties the area would increase the amount of emissions generated
beyond current levels. Although long-term and regional, this adverse
impact is expected to be negligible to minor.

***Vegetation and Wildlife***

Under Alternative B, the NPS would likely remove some trees from some
earthworks at Fort Heiman, particularly certain trees growing out of
surviving parapets or earthworks, for the purposes of cultural resource
protection. Whenever the NPS removes plants or animals, it is NPS policy
to ensure that such removals would not result in unacceptable impacts to
native resources, natural processes, or other park resources. Therefore,
removal of any vegetation, and any resulting loss of habitat, would, at
most, have a long-term, negligible to minor, localized, adverse impact
on vegetation and wildlife.

Construction and operation of light visitor facilities and increased
visitation at Fort Heiman and the ten battlefield core area properties
as a result of implementation of Alternative B, and the movements and
noise associated with these visitors, may cause some disturbance to more
sensitive wildlife or wildlife in more sensitive phases of their life
history, such as nesting or denning. Nesting birds, for example, could
abandon their nests if there is too much human foot traffic nearby.
However, in many cases, such birds can move to a nearby location and
nest again. Overall, any adverse impacts from visitation-related
disturbance to wildlife behavior are likely to be long-term, negligible
to minor, and localized.

The potential exists for the unchecked movement of pedestrian visitors
at Fort Heiman and the Fort Donelson battlefield core area properties to
damage or trample vegetation, especially non-woody forbs, herbs, and
grasses, but also smaller trees. The NPS would address this situation by
clearly marking and signing trails, and by taking additional measures if
it appears there is a developing situation of substantial off-trail
movement that is damaging plants.

According to NPS Management Policies, the NPS would maintain all native
plants and animals at Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area
properties, preserving and/or restoring the natural abundances,
diversities, dynamics, distributions, and habitats of native populations
and their communities and ecosystems. The NPS would also actively
minimize human impacts from visitation on native plants and animals, as
well as their communities and ecosystems. Whenever possible, the NPS
would work with other land managers to encourage the conservation of
native species and their habitats outside of NPS lands. These measures
would result in a long-term, localized or regional, moderate, beneficial
impact on vegetation and wildlife.

***Threatened and Endangered Species***

As stated in Section 3.1.4.1 of this BAS & EA, the only federally listed
species that has been documented in Calloway County that has much chance
of occurring at Fort Heiman is the endangered gray bat, which could
potentially forage in its lakeside forests. The only federally listed
species that could potentially occur on one or more of the battlefield
core area properties would be the endangered gray and Indiana bats. In
addition, a number of plant and animal species, sub-species and/or
varieties listed by the States of Kentucky and Tennessee occur within
Calloway and Stewart counties. These organisms do not receive the same
level of legal protection as federally listed species. While increased
visitation to Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties at
FODO may increase the potential for disturbance of such wildlife or
damage to rare vegetation, NPS management of these sites would allow for
much greater protection of sensitive species, resulting in a long-term,
localized, moderate beneficial impact on these species. It is NPS policy
to survey for, protect, prevent detrimental effects on, and aim to
recover all species listed under the ESA that are native to national
park system units.

The NPS would continuously cooperate with both the USFWS, as
appropriate, to ensure compliance with the ESA. Among other actions, the
NPS would develop and implement programs on its lands to inventory,
monitor, restore, and maintain habitats for listed species and to
control for detrimental non-native species and visitor access. In
addition, the NPS would inventory, monitor, and manage state-listed
species in a manner similar to NPS management of federally listed
species, whenever possible (NPS, 2001), allowing for much greater
protection of these species than under current conditions.

**4.3.1.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

No adverse cumulative impacts on natural resources are expected to be
associated with implementation of Alternative B, with the possible
exception of air quality. As discussed in Section 4.3.1 above,
beneficial impacts on natural resources would be anticipated under NPS
management of all feasible sites. Over the long-term, air quality could
be impacted with a cumulative increase in visitor traffic, and
associated increases in vehicular emissions, as well as, to some extent,
from wildfires (which NPS actions would aim to prevent and minimize).

However, these increases in emissions would not be expected to result in
major impacts, such as a change in the NAAQS attainment status of any of
the affected counties. Since the current quality of air in the region is
relatively good, and the effects of emissions would be distributed
across the region, this impact would be minor in intensity.

As discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this BAS & EA, if Alternative B is
selected as the action to be taken, the NPS would likely undertake
certain developments to enhance visitor experience at Fort Heiman and
the FODO battlefield core area properties. Such developments could
include: improving access to the site; constructing one or more parking
areas for cars, buses, and recreational vehicles (RVs); developing
trails around the historic resources; installing interpretive wayside
signs and markers; and providing informational pamphlets that describe
the historic events. Installation and operation of these developments
have the potential to impact natural resources on and around the
properties. The following is a general discussion of such impacts, which
should be considered in subsequent NEPA documentation at the appropriate
time, i.e. when a site-specific development is in the planning and
design stages.

Construction of parking areas and trails may require some clearing of
vegetation and land grading activities. Removal of vegetation could
result in increased surface water runoff and soil erosion in the
construction areas, since the presence of vegetation provides erosion
control by increasing infiltration and providing soil stabilization.
Vegetation removal may also result in the permanent loss of a negligible
to minor amount of wildlife habitat. Localized soil disturbance and
compaction might result from grading and the use of heavy equipment.
Compaction increases the impermeability of the soil, which could
contribute to short-term, increased surface water runoff from the
project site, and subsequent increases in erosion, and resultant
sedimentation and turbidity in nearby watercourses. However, since the
sites are generally located on uplands, and are not traversed by
permanent streams, the potential for adverse impacts on water resources
as a result of construction activities would be negligible to minor.

Land grading would also result in minor topographic changes to the area.
If existing drainage patterns are maintained, grading could also have
short- and long-term beneficial effects on natural resources. Land
grading helps to control surface water runoff, soil erosion, and
sedimentation by providing a flatter surface for construction, thus
decreasing the velocity of potential surface water runoff. Land grading
also provides long-term stabilization of slopes and soils, minimizing
soil loss (NRCS, 1994).

Local air quality could be adversely impacted during construction
activities and over the long-term due to the generation of emissions
from construction equipment and vehicles. Although the amount of
emissions generated would likely have only a negligible to minor impact
on air quality, once specific development plans have been made, levels
of criteria pollutant emissions would need to be estimated and analyzed
against the *de* *minimis* threshold for each pollutant.

In addition to emissions from construction equipment and vehicles,
temporary impacts on air quality may also result from the generation of
fugitive dust, especially during activities that disturb soils, such as
land grading activities. Fugitive dust emissions would be greater during
periods of drought when the topsoil is dry.

Soil erosion, surface water runoff, and fugitive dust would likely be
controlled throughout all stages of site preparation and construction by
using selected best management practices (BMPs) provided in *Planning
and Design Manual for the Control of Erosion, Sediment, and Stormwater*
(NRCS, 1994). In addition, construction activities in Kentucky (i.e.,
Fort Heiman in Calloway County) must follow the Kentucky Best Management
Practices for Construction Activities (KNREPC, 1994). A number of BMPs
exist to stabilize soils and control runoff and sediments. The NPS or
its contractor would select those BMPs that are most appropriate to the
circumstances. The contractor would need to submit a Notice of Intent
(NOI) letter to the Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection,
Division of Water (KDOW) requesting coverage under the State's
stormwater general permit. Prior to the start of construction, a
Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan would be prepared and available for
review by the KDOW upon site inspection. Implementation of this plan
would reduce any adverse impacts from sedimentation and turbidity to a
negligible or minor intensity.

Construction activities in Tennessee (i.e., the battlefield core area
properties in Stewart County) must follow the Criteria for Area
Construction Activities provided in the *Tennessee Erosion & Sediment
Control Handbook* (TDEC, 1992). The State of Tennessee requires the
control of fugitive dust using specific BMPs (TDEC, 2001c).

As with almost any construction project involving the use of heavy
equipment, there is some risk of an accidental POL (petroleum, oil,
lubricant) spill or unplanned release of some other toxic or hazardous
contaminant onto the ground. If an accidental spill were to occur,
localized soil contamination in the affected area would result, posing a
risk to human health and safety and wildlife, potentially killing
vegetation, and potentially degrading water and air quality in the area.
However, the NPS requires that all employees that would be exposed to
hazardous materials be trained and instructed in approved methods for
handling and storage of such materials (NPS, 2000d). Therefore, the
probability of a spill would be very low. In addition, the potential for
an accidental chemical spill during construction could be further
reduced by the development and implementation of a Spill Prevention,
Control, and Countermeasures (SPCC) Plan, which would also minimize
adverse impacts associated with a spill. The NPS has guidelines for the
preparation of SPCC Plans, contained in *Envirofacts,* *Spill Prevention
Planning* (NPS, 1999b).

Construction activities would likely cause negligible to minor,
temporary disturbance of wildlife on and around the properties due to
the presence of workers and noise generated. Potential adverse impacts
on vegetation could result from construction activities, including
direct damage caused by accidental contact with construction equipment
and indirect damage caused by soil compaction, excavation, or filling
occurring too close to trees or other vegetation.

Although four federally listed threatened or endangered species are
documented in Calloway County, as stated above, the presence of only one
of them, the gray bat, is considered possible at Fort Heiman. The
habitat preferences and feeding habits of the three others more or less
preclude their presence at the site. Given the fairly low-key nature and
small "footprint" of possible proposed developments at Fort Heiman,
minimal habitat disruption would be caused and effects on gray bats that
may be using the site for foraging would be negligible. NPS would
coordinate with the USFWS and Kentucky authorities to develop avoidance
and mitigation measures, if necessary. This alternative would certainly
involve fewer potential impacts to gray bats than Alternative A, under
which construction of a number of homes would probably happen.

A number of plant and animal species, sub-species and/or varieties
listed by the States of Kentucky and Tennessee are documented from
Calloway and Stewart counties, respectively, some of which may actually
occur on-site. Only surveys could ascertain their presence or absence.
While in general, state-listed organisms do not receive the same level
of legal protection as federally listed species, NPS management policies
call for treating them in a manner similar to federally listed species,
to the greatest extent possible (NPS, 2001; Section 4.4.2.3). Again, due
to their probable small magnitude and footprint, potential future NPS
developments are unlikely to have more than a negligible or minor impact
on any of these listed populations. Where listed species are identified
that could potentially be impacted by a forthcoming development, the NPS
would coordinate and cooperate with State authorities, in particular the
Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, the Tennessee Division of
Natural Heritage, and the USFWS, to protect these species.

Long-term impacts of potential NPS developments to enhance visitor
experience would be minor. Depending on the type of surface used for the
parking areas and trails, there is a potential for long-term soil
compaction and erosion in these areas. If the surface to be used is an
impervious surface, long-term increases in surface water runoff during
storm events could occur in localized areas.

Development of minimal facilities and efforts at promotion would
certainly lead to increased visitation at Fort Heiman and the Fort
Donelson battlefield core area properties. Long-term increased
visitation and the presence of more visitors at any one time, due to
parking improvements and expansions, may increase the potential for
trampling of vegetation and disturbance of wildlife. However, since
trails would be developed at many of the sites, trampling of vegetation
would be reduced, and mostly localized to the areas of the trails. Thus,
long-term impacts on vegetation and wildlife would be negligible to
minor.

**4.3.1.2 Conclusion**

Implementation of Alternative B would have long-term, localized, minor
to moderate, beneficial impacts on soils due to NPS management
activities to control for erosion. A negligible to minor, long-term,
localized adverse impact on soils may result from increased visitation
on the sites and removal of trees for cultural resource protection,
resulting in compaction of soils and slightly increased erosion. Minimal
impacts on topography would occur if parking lots or trails are
constructed.

Negligible to minor, long-term, regional adverse air quality impacts may
result from increased vehicular traffic throughout the area and periodic
fire management activities. Increased visitation at Fort Heiman and the
battlefield core area properties at Fort Donelson, and the removal of
trees for cultural resource protection, may result in long-term,
localized, negligible to minor impacts on water resources. However, NPS
management of the properties would be expected to result in long-term,
localized, moderate, beneficial impacts on water resources and quality,
due to increased monitoring and protection measures. While long-term,
localized, negligible to minor, adverse impacts on vegetation and
wildlife may occur due to increased visitation to the sites and removal
of vegetation, long-term, localized or regional, moderate, beneficial
impacts on wildlife and vegetation, including sensitive species, would
be expected under NPS management, due to active protection and
preservation measures.

As a result of the addition of Fort Heiman and the ten eligible
properties in the battlefield core area to Fort Donelson National
Battlefield, there would be no impairment of Fort Donelson's natural
resources or values.

**4.3.2 Cultural Resources**

Under Alternative B, the NPS would acquire ownership and management of
Fort Heiman and ten eligible properties in the Fort Donelson battlefield
core area. Management of these sites by the NPS would provide for a much
higher level of protection of cultural resources than that discussed
under Alternative A. Long-term, moderate, localized, beneficial impacts
on cultural resources are anticipated to result from implementation of
Alternative B.

The NPS would follow NPS Management Policies (NPS, 2001) and the NPS
Cultural Resource Management Guideline (NPS, 1997) for the management of
cultural resources at Fort Heiman. There are three main components to
the NPS cultural management program. These include: 1) research to
identify, evaluate, document, register, and establish basic information
regarding cultural resources; 2) planning to ensure integration of
cultural resource information into management processes,
decision-making, and establishment of priorities, as well as
consultation and coordination with outside entities; and 3) management
to ensure preservation and protection of cultural resources, and to
promote public understanding and enjoyment of those resources (NPS,
2001).

NPS management of Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties
would allow for the use of the most effective measures and equipment to
protect cultural resources on the properties against threats, including
looting, vandalism, overuse, natural or human-imposed degradation or
deterioration. All resources on the sites would be monitored regularly,
and conditions at the sites would be evaluated against baseline data to
detect potential threats and damages. The NPS would take measures to
stabilize the resources at Fort Heiman and the Fort Donelson battlefield
core area to protect those resources against erosion, slumping, or other
forms of deterioration, enhancing long-term preservation (NPS, 2001).

Under Alternative B, visitation to Fort Heiman and the battlefield core
area properties is expected to increase substantially over current low
levels. Increased visitation may lead to an increase in human impacts on
cultural resources, such as vandalism, looting, or accidental harm. In
accordance with the General Management Plan (GMP) for FODO, law
enforcement and facility maintenance would be undertaken at Fort Heiman
to protect and preserve site conditions on the property (NPS, no
date-a). The increased presence of NPS personnel and enforcement of
protection measures would minimize any potential adverse human impacts
on cultural resources, keeping these impacts at a negligible to minor
level. In addition, in accordance with NPS Management Policies, the park
superintendent would establish a visitor carrying capacity at Fort
Heiman and the battlefield core area properties to protect the resources
on the sites. This carrying capacity would be enforced and monitored by
NPS personnel (NPS, 2001). Establishment of a visitor carrying capacity
would minimize any adverse impacts on cultural resources associated with
unrestricted levels of visitation.

NPS management would provide for the long-term preservation of cultural
resources, and would aim to enhance public understanding and
appreciation of all features and qualities that contribute to the
significance of the resources at the sites (NPS, 2001). Enhancement of
public understanding of the significance of the cultural resources, and
knowledge of the reasons the resources are being protected and preserved
may help to enlist the public in protection of the resources. The
education and interpretation program and exhibits at the Fort Donelson
battlefield itself will be modified to give greater emphasis and
acknowledgement to the roles of Forts Heiman and Henry, and the
battlefield core area properties in the series of interconnected battles
that occurred in 1862.

NPS management of Fort Heiman and the ten eligible battlefield core area
properties would allow for long-term protection of cultural resources on
the property. Prior to any decision-making regarding activities on or
uses of Fort Heiman and the other propeties, an analysis of how such
activities or uses would affect cultural resources would be conducted in
consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office, and
consideration would be given to alternatives that minimize or avoid any
adverse impacts on these resources. In addition, the park's GMP would
outline and prescribe programs to identify, assess, manage, and monitor
cultural resources at the Fort Heiman unit and the Fort Donelson
battlefield core area properties. This portion of the plan would be
required to be updated periodically, in coordination with land uses and
resource conditions.

One potential impact of Alternative B that may result in minor adverse
effects on the cultural resources both at Fort Heiman and the eligible
battlefield core area properties would be potential developments on
adjacent lands not managed by the NPS. One example of this might be an
increased demand for commercial land uses as a result of increased
visitation to the area. Although the NPS would develop partnerships and
agreements with adjacent landowners to help assure cultural resource
protection, no guarantees or restrictions against private developments
would be assured. In accordance with NPS Management Policies, the park
superintendent would monitor land use proposals and changes to adjacent
lands, and the potential impacts that such changes may have on park
resources or values. Compatible adjacent land uses would be encouraged.
In addition, a land protection plan should be developed for lands
adjacent to Fort Heiman and Fort Donelson to document which need to be
in public ownership to carry out park purposes. This plan would guide
the park's land acquisition priorities, with consideration given to the
relationship between the park and adjacent land uses and threats that
those land uses may have on park resources (NPS, 2001). Implementation
of these management policies would reduce potential adverse impacts on
the park's cultural resources resulting from land use changes or
incompatible land uses within or adjacent to park boundaries.

At Fort Henry, the USFS and LBL would continue to protect cultural
resources as they do at present, with greater participation and
cooperation with the NPS. Overall, there would be no change to these
resources under Alternative B.

**4.3.2.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

No projects or activities occurring in the region would adversely impact
cultural resources at Fort Heiman, Fort Henry, or Fort Donelson. On the
contrary, NPS management practices to protect and preserve these
resources would only be beneficial.

Other heritage tourism projects and developments in the wider region,
particularly the Vicksburg Campaign Trail, would likely serve to
increase visitor and public awareness, appreciation and knowledge of the
significance of the cultural resources at the Forts Heiman, Henry, and
Donelson properties. Enhancement of public understanding of the
significance of the cultural resources, and knowledge of the reasons the
resources are being protected and preserved, may help to enlist a wider
spectrum of the public in the protection of these resources. This would
have a long-term, minor to moderate, localized, beneficial impact on
cultural resources.

As discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this BAS & EA, if Alternative B is
selected, the NPS would likely undertake developments at Fort Heiman and
the ten eligible battlefield core area properties to enhance the visitor
experience there. Such developments could include: improving access to
the sites; constructing parking areas for cars, buses, and RVs;
developing trails around the sites; installing interpretive wayside
signs and markers; and providing informational pamphlets that describe
the historic events. Unless due caution is taken, these developments
could potentially impact cultural resources on the properties. The
following is a general discussion of such impacts, which should be
considered in subsequent NEPA documentation regarding these
developments.

Construction activities, particularly ground-disturbing activities
associated with future NPS developments, have the potential to adversely
affect or damage cultural resources at Fort Heiman and the ten eligible
properties at Fort Donelson. Prior to commencing ground-disturbing
activities at any of the sites, the NPS would coordinate and consult
with the Kentucky and Tennessee State Historic Preservation Offices
(SHPO's) to ensure compliance with Section 106 of the NHPA. To avoid
impacts on cultural resources during construction, a qualified
archaeological monitor should be required to be present during initial
grading activities in the event of unanticipated discoveries of cultural
materials.

Development of trails would allow for more visitors to fully walk the
sites and to access the historic resources on the sites at Fort Heiman
and the ten eligible battlefield core area properties. Increased site
access and visitation may increase the potential for adverse human
impacts, such as vandalism or looting, on cultural resources at the fort
and battlefield properties. However, NPS law enforcement and facility
maintenance would be undertaken to protect and preserve site conditions,
thus reducing the potential intensity for these adverse human impacts to
a minimal level.

The installation of interpretive wayside signs and markers would enhance
public awareness and appreciation of the importance of the resources
present at each of the sites. This enhanced public understanding and
awareness may aid in long-term protection of these same resources, as
well as other Civil War resources.

**4.3.2.2 Conclusion**

NPS management of Fort Heiman and the ten eligible properties in the
battlefield core area of Fort Donelson would have long-term, moderate,
beneficial impacts on the cultural resources present at the historic
fort and battlefield sites. Active protection and preservation measures
would be undertaken under NPS management to reduce or prevent human and
natural threats to these resources, including those impacts associated
with increased visitation. Beneficial impacts would also result from
increased public and visitor understanding and knowledge of the
significance of cultural resources, potentially providing increased
interest in and support for long-term protection of these resources.
While adverse impacts on cultural resources may result from developments
or uses of adjacent lands, NPS would take an active role in monitoring
and evaluating these potential impacts, and would work with adjacent
landowners to ensure compatible uses of their lands.

Alternative B would lead to essentially no change in the cultural
resources at Fort Henry.

As a result of the addition of Fort Heiman and the ten eligible
properties to Fort Donelson National Battlefield, there would be no
impairment of Fort Donelson's cultural resources or values.

**4.3.3 Visitor Use and Experience**

Under Alternative B, Fort Heiman and ten eligible battlefield core area
properties around Fort Donelson would be added to Fort Donelson National
Battlefield and managed by the NPS. The historical integrity of the
surviving earthworks would be preserved and interpreted in greater
depth. Visitors would be able to walk along paths around the historic
fort site and observe remaining features and fortifications, perhaps
with the aid of diagrams and informational brochures. Ranger tours or
tours led by volunteers might also be provided. The impacts on visitor
use and experience of adding Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area
properties to FODO would be long-term, moderate in intensity, and
beneficial.

School groups from several surrounding counties could benefit
tremendously from opportunities to visit Fort Heiman and the battlefield
core area properties and from the placement of interpretation at the
sites. A park ranger or a trained volunteer might even guide a group
along paths through the woods to some of the fortifications to discuss
military strategy, the importance of landform in selecting the fort
site, the importance of Fort Heiman in guarding the Tennessee River, and
the role of the battlefield core area properties in the conduct and
outcome of the Battle of Fort Donelson.

However, additional publicity given to Fort Heiman and the other
properties by the NPS could potentially lead to congestion at a small
parking lot, particularly if one or more large tour buses were stopped
simultaneously. This could cause a long-term, localized, minor to
moderate, adverse impact on visitor use and experience.

The management of Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties
by the NPS should help to prevent further diminution of the historic
integrity of earthworks and fortifications from natural processes and
human development, and would certainly improve their long-term
viability. This would happen as a result of an increase in available
funding to preserve the site, additional site work and preservation
measures that might be undertaken, and increased law enforcement against
vandalism and other inappropriate uses. Under NPS management,
improvement of the quality of the existing visitor experience would be
enhanced and maintained at Fort Heiman as well as the ten eligible
battlefield core area properties around Fort Donelson, resulting in a
localized, long-term, beneficial, moderate impact on visitor use and
experience.

Visitors would be able to follow the history of the fort with diagrams
and informational brochures, and through paths on the battlefield or at
the fortifications. Park ranger tours might also be provided. Walking
trails, benches, and selective landscaping would increase access to the
sites and allow visitors to retrace paths of the fort's builders,
occupiers and defenders. The impacts on recreational opportunities
resulting from Alternative B would be long-term, moderate in intensity,
and beneficial. These impacts would accrue to both Calloway County and
the region.

Although it is not possible to accurately forecast visitation, it is
possible to get a rough estimate of potential visitation by looking at
visitation to 36 comparable NPS units devoted to Civil War and
Revolutionary War history in this part of the country (Appendix F). A
reasonable, perhaps conservative, range for annual visitation to Fort
Heiman would be 10,000-20,000. Visitation to the battlefield core
properties may be somewhat greater, due to their closer proximity to
FODO itself and its facilities. This proximity would allow for greater
ease and convenience of visitation on the part of visitors already
headed to Fort Donelson National Battlefield itself. If at some point in
the future the NPS were to develop more extensive visitor facilities
either at Fort Heiman or any of the battlefield core area properties,
visitation could increase substantially over this range.

At Fort Henry, due to increased cooperation between the USFS and the
NPS, there may be a slight beneficial impact on visitor use and
experience.

**4.3.3.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Implementation of Alternative B, along with the other heritage tourism
and recreation developments occurring in the area (see Section 4.1.3 of
this BAS & EA), would have a beneficial cumulative impact on visitor use
and experience. Whether tourists first visit Fort Heiman, Fort Henry,
Fort Donelson, or other attractions in and around LBL, Murray, and
Dover, it is likely that visitors would gain an increased knowledge and
understanding of the historical significance of the area in the Civil
War, in the larger context of the nation's history.

Overall, the cumulative effects on visitor use and experience associated
with Alternative B should be long-term, regional, moderate in intensity,
and beneficial.

As discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this BAS & EA, if Alternative B is
selected as the action to be taken, the NPS would likely undertake
developments to enhance visitor experience at Fort Heiman and the ten
eligible properties at Fort Donelson. Such developments could include:
improving access to the site; constructing parking area(s) for cars,
buses, and RVs; developing trails around the different sites of interest
at the fort; installing interpretive wayside signs and markers; and
providing informational pamphlets that describe the historic events.
These developments have the potential to impact visitor use and
experience over the short- and long-term. The following is a general
discussion of such impacts, which should be considered in subsequent
NEPA documentation regarding these developments.

Construction activities, such as the construction of parking areas and
trails, may result in temporary, localized, adverse impacts on visitor
use and experience at the site under construction. Access to Fort Heiman
and the FODO battlefield core area properties may temporarily be
restricted, preventing visitation to the site. In addition, the noise
and visual impacts resulting from construction, as well as the presence
of construction workers in the area, would temporarily degrade visitor
experience, and potentially lead to a temporary, sizeable reduction in
the number of visitors to Fort Heiman and the other properties.

While there would be temporary adverse impacts on visitor use and
experiences resulting from construction, long-term impacts on visitor
use and experience would be beneficial. All potential future
developments would enhance long-term visitor use and experience at the
sites. Improved access and increased parking at the sites would likely
lead to an increase in the number of visitors at Fort Heiman and the
eligible battlefield core area properties. Trails would also improve
access to the earthworks and other site features. Installation of
interpretive signs and markers, and the provision of informational
pamphlets, would allow for a more educational and interpretive
experience at sites.

Improved access to Fort Heiman and the Fort Donelson core area
properties might also result in minor adverse impacts on visitor use and
experience. Congestion in parking lots, access roads, and trails might
conceivably occur, since people would more easily be able to access the
site, and additional parking space would allow more people to visit at
the same time.

There would be no impacts to or at Fort Henry from this alternative,
since nothing would change there. At Fort Donelson National Battlefield
itself, visitor use and experience will be improved and expanded by the
offering the opportunity to visit the related battlefield sites and Fort
Heiman as well as give them greater emphasis in interpretive programs
and materials.

**4.3.3.2 Conclusion**

The impacts on visitor use and experience resulting from the addition of
Fort Heiman and the ten eligible battlefield core area properties at
Fort Donelson would be long-term, regional, moderate in intensity, and
beneficial. However, the additional marketing of the fort and
battlefield sites by the NPS could potentially lead to congestion,
although this is not considered likely for some years, if ever. This
could cause a long-term, localized, negligible to minor, adverse impact
on visitor use and experience.

The management of Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties
by the NPS should help to prevent further diminution of the historic
integrity of earthworks and fortifications, and could improve their
long-term viability. Under NPS management, improvement of the quality of
the existing visitor experience would be enhanced and maintained,
resulting in a localized, long-term, moderately beneficial impact on
visitor use and experience. Visitor use and experience at Fort Henry
would not change substantially. It would be enhanced at Fort Donelson
itself, by offering visitors greater opportunities for seeing historic
resources "on the ground," both nearby and less than an hour away, as
well as new angles on interpretation.

**4.3.4 Socioeconomic Environment**

***Population, Economy, and Social Conditions***

There are expected to be very small, if any, changes in the resident
population of the area due to the acquisition and management of Fort
Heiman and the ten eligible battlefield core area properties at Fort
Donelson by the NPS. The number of new jobs that could be created by
additional visitation to the fort is expected to be negligible, and
could be filled by members of the local labor force.

Economic impact analysis estimates the impact of dollars being spent in
the community from outside the region ("new dollars"). New money can be
used to pay wages to local workers and to purchase goods from local
businesses. When an industry produces a good or service, it pays wages
and benefits to workers and it pays to purchase inputs from its supplier
industries. These wages, benefits, and input prices are the ***direct
effects*** of the new money. When the supplier industries, in turn,
increase their production to meet demand, the wages and benefits they
pay their workers, and the price they pay for their input goods and
services, are the ***indirect effects*** of the new money. When the
workers from both these businesses, in turn, spend their wages to buy
food, go to movies, purchase a car, etc., the results are ***induced
effects*** of the new money. Adding the effect categories together, one
can estimate the ***total economic effect*** of new money on a local
economy. The economic impact of the new spending is a function of the
diversity of the regional economy, and how much is imported.

With the acquisition of Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area
properties and their inclusion in FODO, visitors are somewhat more
likely to stay overnight in the Calloway County/Stewart County area than
they are without any expansion of FODO's boundaries, as under
Alternative A. A New Jersey driving tour study defines two types of
visitors to a given area. 'Excursionists' are defined as those visitors
that stay less than 24 hours in the destination visited, while
'tourists' are visitors staying at least 24 hours in the destination
visited (UMTRI, 1996). Under Alternative B, excursionists are somewhat
more likely to become tourists. The New Jersey driving tour study found
that for both types of visitors, approximately 32 percent of visitor
spending was spent on lodging, 40 percent was spent on food and
beverage, 17.5 percent was spent on retail, 5.5 percent was spent on
vehicle-related expenditures, and 5.5 percent was spent on sightseeing
and recreational activities (UMTRI, 1996).

Increased visitation in the area due to the addition of Fort Heiman and
the ten eligible properties to Fort Donelson National Battlefield could
produce economic benefits. These benefits derive from tourist spending
in sectors that have high capture rates (see text box) by local
businesses (e.g., food and beverage, lodging, and recreation services).
A study conducted by the Preservation Alliance of Virginia on the
economic benefits of heritage tourist spending indicates that, in
Virginia, historic preservation visitors tend to stay longer in an area,
visit twice as many places in an area, and spend, on average, over 2.5
times more money than other visitors (PAVA, 1996). A 1997 study of
visitors to a Civil War Driving Tour in the State of Virginia found
average spending per person per day of \$73.26, versus \$46.62 for all
leisure travelers (Bowman, 2001). A New Jersey study of heritage
travelers conducted from 1993 to 1995 found that primary heritage
overnight visitors actually spent less per night than partial heritage
visitors and all New Jersey visitors, \$37.20 versus \$64.46 and
\$65.06, respectively. This was attributed to the fact that primary
heritage visitors tend to stay for shorter periods of time than partial
heritage visitors (NJHT, 1997). Thus, they spend less on high local
value-added services in the lodging and food and beverage sectors.

Addition of Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties at FODO
would most likely increase the length of time heritage visitors spend
touring in the region, and the amount spent on retail, food and
beverage, recreation, sightseeing, and sales tax. The distance between
Forts Heiman, Henry and Donelson might even prompt some visitors to
spend an additional night in Dover or Murray. If a visitor put in a
partial day visiting the FODO and the Dover Hotel, he or she might stay
overnight to take the trip over to Forts Heiman and/or Henry.

Hence, NPS acquisition and management of Fort Heiman and the ten
eligible properties is likely to increase the probability that a visitor
would stay in the Calloway County-Stewart County area at least for an
additional half day. This would create positive economic impacts through
an increase in the local lodging and food service sales tax collections,
and the possible expansion, at a future date, of the capacity of the
hospitality industry (i.e., construction of new hotels and restaurants).
The magnitude of the potential growth is unknown at this time. The
potential beneficial impact should be regional, long-term, and minor to
moderate in intensity.

Another modest potential economic impact from the addition of Fort
Heiman and the ten eligible properties to FODO is the possible creation
of one or more additional full-time equivalent (FTE) positions with the
NPS dedicated to managing or working at that site. About 60 percent of
any new hires are expected to be local residents. This beneficial impact
should be long-term, regional, and have a negligible impact on total
employment in the two counties.

There is strong community support for the addition of Fort Heiman and
the battlefield core area properties to FODO. This is evidenced by the
support of a local friends group, the county executives of both Calloway
and Stewart counties, both state governments, and large numbers of the
public. During the July 2002 scoping meeting for the project (see
Appendix D of this BAS & EA), held in Dover, as well as two other public
meetings held in the spring of 2002 on the Vicksburg Campaign Trail in
both Dover and Murray, public reaction was universally in favor of
expanding FODO's boundaries to include Fort Heiman.

While community support for the project is strong, an increase in the
number of visitors and tourists to the area could potentially have some
adverse social impacts on the community, especially residents living in
the immediate vicinity of Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area
properties or along access roads. For example, during scoping, one
neighbor who farms in Calloway County privately voiced concern about
increased traffic along the small, low-capacity country roads leading to
Fort Heiman.

Doxey's index of irritation, which represents changing attitudes of a
host community, is based on a linear sequence of increasing host
irritation as the number of tourists in the area grows. In the presence
of tourist development, hosts pass through stages of euphoria, apathy,
irritation, antagonism, and loss. How this sequence progresses is
determined by how compatible tourists and hosts are in terms of culture,
economic status, race, and nationality, and how many tourists are
present in the community (Molnar et al., 1996). Having so many
non-residents visiting the community could cause minor annoyance to
local residents and they may resent the intrusion. This is particularly
true because both Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area properties
are located in rural or small-town areas with low traffic that is almost
all local in origin. If necessary, these impacts could be partially
mitigated through the purchase of properties in the immediate area that
would be negatively impacted by the increased traffic and noise.

In addition, an increase in visitors to Fort Heiman and the ten eligible
properties at Fort Donelson could hypothetically increase the
probability of site vandalism. Problems with vandalism have occurred at
other historic Civil War sites. In addition, access to Fort Heiman and
the other properties along narrow, small roads through rural and urban
fringe residential areas could create conditions unfavorable to
tourists. These social impacts are expected to be localized, long-term,
and negligible to minor in intensity. These impacts, particularly
incidents of vandalism, would be reduced by an increased presence of NPS
personnel at Fort Heiman and the Fort Donelson battlefield core area
properties. In accordance with the FODO's GMP, law enforcement and
facility maintenance would be undertaken to protect and preserve site
conditions at Fort Heiman and the battlefield sites (NPS, 1999a). In
addition, the purchase of adjacent properties on a willing-seller basis,
if necessary, would create a buffer around any developments at Fort
Heiman and the ten eligible battlefield core area properties, further
reducing these adverse social impacts.

School groups should benefit tremendously from the addition of Fort
Heiman and the ten eligible properties to Fort Donelson and its
management by the NPS. Students would gain awareness and knowledge of
their local history, as well as being able to see, first-hand, the
vestiges of the fort. A park ranger might even guide a group along paths
through the woods to some of the fortifications to discuss military
strategy, the importance of landform in selecting the fort site, the
strategic importance of Fort Heiman in guarding the Tennessee River, and
the role of the battlefield core area properties in the conduct and
outcome of the Battle of Fort Donelson. As a result of the visits,
children might also gain appreciation for some earthworks or other
artifacts from the Civil War they discover in and around their own
neighborhoods, while playing in the woods and fields. This beneficial
impact should be long-term, regional, and minor.

***Utilities and Public Services***

Under Alternative B, the NPS would acquire Fort Heiman and ten eligible
properties on the core battlefield area at Fort Donelson and at some
undefined point in the future perhaps construct small-scale facilities
there. Management of Fort Heiman and the battlefield properties would
not involve any activities that would have the potential to disrupt or
damage utility lines in the area. In addition, no additional utility
hookups would be necessary as a result of this alternative.

As a result of Alternative B, visitation to Fort Heiman and the
battlefield core area properties would be expected to increase over the
current level. Increased visitation may result in an increase in the
demand for utilities and public services in the area. As more visitors
come to the area and stay overnight, increased use of water,
electricity, and gas would be expected for the area. However, this
increase would only be expected to have a negligible to minor impact on
levels of demand in the area, and should not require any additional
utility connections or increased capacity. The increased presence of
visitors and traffic in the area would likely result in a proportionate
increase in the demand and need for public services, such as law
enforcement. Overall, these impacts would be long-term, negligible to
minor, and regional.

**4.3.4.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

As discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this BAS & EA, there are various
heritage tourism and recreation develop-ments occurring in the region.
All of these develop-ments indicate support for expanded recreational
opportunities and heritage tourism in the area.

The primary attraction bringing heritage visitors to the Calloway County
-- Stewart County area to spend money is Fort Donelson. Other heritage
tourism and recreational developments, when combined with the expanded
Fort Donelson, would increase the plottage effect (see text box).
Expansion of FODO's boundaries to include Fort Heiman and the other
properities, coupled with other projects in the area, is likely to keep
people in the area for a longer period of time, spending more money.
This economic impact would be long-term, beneficial, and negligible to
minor in intensity.

The other heritage tourism and recreational developments, when combined
with the expanded Fort Donelson, would also beneficially impact
recreation in the region. With more activities to engage in, visitors
would have more to do without having to drive long distances. This
increase in recreation is expected to be long-term and minor to moderate
in intensity.

As discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this BAS & EA, if Alternative B is
selected as the action to be taken, the NPS would likely undertake
developments to enhance visitor experience at Fort Heiman and the ten
eligible battlefield core area properties at Fort Donelson. Such
develop-ments could include: improving access to the fort; constructing
one or more parking areas for cars, buses, and RVs; developing trails
around the sites; installing interpretive wayside signs and markers; and
providing informational pamphlets that describe the historic events.
These developments have the potential to impact the socioeconomic
environment over the short- and long-term. The following is a general
discussion of such impacts, which should be considered in subsequent
NEPA documentation regarding these developments.

No changes in the local or regional population would be anticipated as a
result of future NPS developments at Fort Heiman and the eligible
properties at Fort Donelson. Construction activities could create
employment in the area, as well as temporarily increase local and
regional income and revenues. These beneficial impacts would have a
negligible to minor impact on the regional economy, and would only be of
temporary duration. No permanent employment opportunities would be
created by these potential future developments, and no long-term
associated economic benefits would result. An additional negligible to
minor, beneficial economic impact that could potentially result from
construction contracts would be an increase in State revenue from
collection of a contractor's tax, if the contracts awarded are more than
\$10,000.

Economic impacts resulting from construction activities would largely
depend on who is awarded the construction contracts, the costs of the
developments, and whether materials and labor come primarily from local
suppliers or suppliers outside of the region. The higher the percentage
of local suppliers, materials, and labor used, the higher the local
benefits would be. This would also determine whether new jobs are
created, or whether existing workers are used. Construction contracts
would likely be awarded competitively, and either local or non-local
firms could win the bidding.

Potential future NPS developments at Fort Heiman and the ten eligible
properties in the Fort Donelson battlefield core area may have temporary
and longer-term, negligible to minor adverse social consequences.
Temporary construction activities, and associated noise and traffic
impacts, may disturb and/or receive opposition from nearby residents,
although the likely projects are of a small enough scale that this is
deemed improbable. Improved access and parking at the sites may increase
the number of visitors to sites over the long-term, as well as the
number of visitors at a given site at any one time. Such congestion and
increased traffic may also disrupt and/or receive community opposition,
although once again, the numbers of visitors would probably be too low
to instigate such opposition.

Cumulative impacts on utilities and public services would result from
somewhat more visitors being in the Murray-Dover region at the same
time, and for longer periods of time. The demand for utilities and
public services would also increase; however, additional utility hookups
would only be necessary if commercial uses in the area were to expand.
However, the NPS would aid in public service responsibilities on their
lands, further reducing the increase in demand.

**4.3.4.2 Conclusion**

Implementation of Alternative B would produce negligible changes to the
resident population of the area. Increases in employment and visitor
spending associated with this alternative would have long-term,
beneficial effects on the regional economy. While the beneficial effects
resulting from employment opportunities would be negligible, effects
associated with visitor spending are expected to be minor to moderate in
intensity. Socially, long-term, minor, beneficial impacts would be
experienced by the regional community, due to high levels of support for
expansion of Fort Donelson National Battlefield to include Fort Heiman
and ten eligible properties in the FODO battlefield core area. However,
adverse social impacts may result from nuisances, such as occasional
congestion or trespassing. These adverse impacts would be long-term,
localized, and negligible to minor in intensity.

Alternative B would modestly increase the amount and diversity of
available recreational opportunities in a region that already boasts
recreation assets in both quantity and quality. This beneficial impact
would be long-term and minor to moderate in intensity. The resultant
plottage effect would have long-term, regional, negligible to minor,
beneficial impacts on the economy and visitor spending.

Implementation of Alternative B would have no potential to damage or
disrupt utilities in the area, or require additional utility
connections. However, increased visitation to the region as a result of
this alternative would increase demand for utilities a minor amount. The
demand for public services in the region would also incur a minor
increase, particularly in the area of law enforcement due to traffic
problems.

**4.3.5 Transportation**

Access to Fort Heiman from both Dover and Fort Donelson to the east and
Murray to the north would be along SR 121, followed by driving along two
county-maintained roads (Cypress Trail, Kline Trial, and Ft. Heiman Rd)
for approximately four miles to the fort. Access to the ten eligible
properties in the Fort Donelson battlefield core area from the existing
national battlefield itself would be via several local streets and
roads, including Main Street, Wynns Ferry Road, and Forge Road.

It is not possible at this time to accurately project how many people
would visit Fort Heiman annually under this alternative. However, a
reasonable range for the foreseeable future, based on visitation figures
for similar NPS units related to military history in the South (see
Appendix F), would be 10,000-20,000 visitors per year. If more
facilities were developed over time at Fort Heiman, this level of
visitation could grow substantially. Assuming that 80% of the visitors
are members of the public and 20% are K-12 or university students
arriving by bus, and further assuming two visitors per car and 25
students per bus, then 4,000-8,000 private vehicles (including autos,
SUV's, and RV's) and 80-160 school buses annually would visit the site.
This translates to a daily average of approximately 11-22 private
vehicles and less than 1.0 school buses (on week days during the school
year). The ADT for SR 121 is 1870; using the assumed range, the ADT
would be raised to approximately 1880-1895, or a traffic increase of
about one percent above current levels. This would not change the LOS on
SR 121 from its current A or B condition in the vicinity of the exit to
access the fort.

ADT's for Cypress Trail, Kline Trail and Ft. Heiman Road are unknown,
but they would be considerably less than the 1870 for SR 121. Thus, the
percentage increase in traffic along these roads would be much higher,
but even 22 vehicles more per day would not cause problems with traffic
on these collectors and local roads. Given the levels of visitation
likely to occur over the foreseeable future, impacts to transportation
and traffic are expected to be localized, long-term and negligible to
minor.

Along streets and roads leading to the ten eligible battlefield core
area properties near FODO, traffic increases would probably be greater
than those leading to Fort Heiman. These increases are not expected to
change LOS or produce more than minor, localized traffic congestion.

Nevertheless, Alternative B could still lead to the following
potentially adverse, localized impacts on the road systems in nearby
portions of Calloway and Stewart counties:

-   Increased risk of injury to pedestrians, bicyclists, children and
    animals due to the increased number of cars moving along back roads
    through residential areas;

-   Limited or insufficient turnaround radii for buses and RVs, due to
    narrow road width;

-   Increased wear and tear on roads; and

-   Increased incidence of accidents.

The duration of these impacts are expected to be long-term. The
intensity of the impacts would range from negligible to minor. These
potential problems would be exacerbated by the fact that many people
driving the local roads would be unfamiliar with the terrain and local
traffic patterns. The intensity of these impacts would occur at the
local level rather than the regional level.

To help reduce these adverse impacts on these roads, the NPS would work
with the States of Kentucky and Tennessee Department of Transportations
and Calloway and Stewart County highway engineers to protect public
safety. Measures could include: additional signage; establishment of
speed limits, especially around curves; and special restrictions for
buses and RVs. If necessary, stronger measures like redesign of
intersections, realignment of curves to improve line-of-sight, and road
widening could be undertaken.

1.  **Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Potential construction-related impacts at Fort Heiman and the FODO
battlefield core area properties on local and county transportation
systems would be temporary and localized in geographic extent. Most of
the projected improvements are modest in nature, and would not be major
construction projects requiring extensive excavating or hauling. Much of
the work should involve landscape and paving contractors. The primary
transportation impact resulting from construction would be increased
congestion on local roads from slow-moving and turning construction
vehicles. The impact is expected to be negligible to minor in intensity.

Long-term impacts associated with these future developments would have
both adverse and beneficial, minor transportation-related impacts.
Improvements to site access road(s) would increase the safety level of
these roads, and would provide easier access to Fort Heiman and the
battlefield core area properties. Parking would also be enhanced at each
site, reducing any potential congestion from vehicles stopped along the
roadside, or from entering or leaving the parking areas. While improved
access would be a beneficial impact, it could lead to increased
visitation at each of the sites, increasing congestion and traffic along
local roadways.

[]{.mark}

Other transportation projects and trends are occurring or are projected
to occur in the counties and the overall region that might affect the
transportation system and traffic. However, the relatively minor
increases in traffic or transportation impacts associated with
Alternative B would not contribute appreciably to either adverse or
beneficial direct or indirect impacts on the region's transportation
system or traffic. Therefore, implementation of Alternative B would not
contribute substantially to cumulative transportation impacts in
Calloway and Stewart counties.

[]{.mark}

**4.3.5.2 Conclusion**

Alternative B would result in long-term, localized and regional,
negligible to minor, adverse increases in traffic congestion and delays,
local road damage, and the incidence of vehicular-related accidents.
There would also be long-term, localized, and negligible to minor,
adverse increases in noise levels and degradation of visual quality due
to increases in visitation and visitor traffic.

**4.3.6 Land Use**

The whole idea behind a national historic park is to preserve the
landscape and maintain its historic integrity. Short- and long-term land
use on Fort Heiman and the eligible battlefield properties at FODO is
not likely to change much from existing uses after NPS acquisition, with
the exception of some minor future site improvements, such as walking
trails, parking lots, and bus turnarounds. The land use types would
range from passive to low-density outdoor recreation. Currently, the
land use at all the sites is wooded and pastoral, rural residential,
although population density in the vicinity both of Fort Heiman and the
FODO battlefield core area properties is increasing.

The boundaries of Fort Heiman should be established to promote
preservation of the existing rural landscape near the fort. By acquiring
additional land when it becomes available within the boundaries, the NPS
could preserve the integrity and rural, tranquil character of the site.
Any land use changes within the park boundaries would most likely occur
from development activities of private landowners within the boundaries,
of which there may be a number at first, due to the earlier subdivision
of the main property. The potential exists, over the long-term, for the
development of incompatible residential, commercial, or resource
exploitation uses adjacent to NPS-owned sites, particularly in the areas
that are not zoned.

In accordance with NPS Management Policies, the park superintendent
would monitor land use proposals and changes to adjacent lands, and the
potential impacts that such changes may have on park resources or
values. Compatible adjacent land uses would be encouraged. In addition,
a land protection plan should be developed for Fort Heiman and the
battlefield core area properties to document which lands need to be in
public ownership to carry out park purposes. This plan would guide the
park's land acquisition priorities, with consideration given to the
relationship between the park and adjacent land uses and threats that
those land uses may have on park resources (NPS, 2001). Implementation
of these management policies would reduce potential adverse impacts on
the park resulting from land use changes or incompatible land uses
within or adjacent to park boundaries.

Extending the boundaries of FODO to include Fort Heiman and the eligible
battlefield core area properties could have a potentially minor to
moderate impact on land ownership in Calloway and Stewart counties, and
by extension, their tax bases. Property taxes are generally levied at
the county and city level. Land owned by the NPS is tax exempt, and
payments in lieu of taxes (PILT) are made (see text box).

Over the long-term, depending on actual visitation levels and associated
traffic, the highest and best use of at least some residential parcels
near Fort Heiman and the FODO battlefield core area properties could
change to commercial. Above a certain threshold, increases in traffic
might cause residential property values to decrease if the perceived
nuisance or inconvenience increases. At a still higher threshold, the
property might be worth more for commercial development than
residential. It is difficult to project what the impact of visitation
and development would be on individual sites, and how these impacts
would interact with other economic forces affecting property use and
value. Yet another possibility is that surrounding property values could
increase, due to the perception that having permanently protected open
space nearby is valuable for a number of reasons.

Given the uncertainty of the direction of land value, a conservative
finding is that there could be a short-term, localized, negligible to
minor adverse impact on land values in the areas around Fort Heiman and
the battlefield core area properties. If the areas are rezoned, there
could be a long-term, localized, moderately beneficial impact on
property values. Since rezoning is not a reasonably foreseeable event,
given the uncertainty as to traffic and visitation levels, as well as
the lack of land use zoning in the area at present, this potential
long-term impact does not offset the short-term impact.

1.  **Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Negligible land use changes would occur from construction activities
associated with potential future NPS developments at Fort Heiman and the
ten properties in the Fort Donelson battlefield core area. Once the
developments are finished, land use types would slightly change from
passive recreation to low-density recreation. Other land use impacts
would be attributed to the increased visitation and associated traffic
in the areas. Development of trails at Fort Heiman would lead to more
visitors on-site, not just at the roadsides. This could lead to possible
conflicts between visitors and adjacent property owners. Such
improvements at the sites could also lead to conflicts with adjacent
landowners because visitors might be more tempted to trespass and
litter. Adverse impacts such as these may be avoided or minimized if the
NPS posts signs on visitor behavior at the sites, and with increased NPS
presence or personnel on-site.

Additional heritage tourism and recreational projects could potentially
impact land use patterns in the region. The extent of this potential
impact would be the intensification of existing land uses (i.e., more
intense use of existing structures through renovation and marketing). It
is possible that, over the long-term, there would be an increase in
commercial use within the area, as the demand for tourism-generated
lodging, food and beverage services, and retail increases. However, the
expansion of FODO to include Fort Heiman and the eligible battlefield
core area properties would only contribute a minor amount to this
increased demand.

**4.3.6.2 Conclusion**

Noteworthy long-term changes in land use would occur as a result of NPS
acquisition and management at Fort Heiman and the Fort Donelson
battlefield core area properties, as use types change from rural and
small-town or low-density residential to passive or low-density
recreation. There would also likely be a short-term, localized, minor to
moderate, adverse impact on adjacent land values. Over the long-term,
the highest and best uses of residential parcels surrounding Fort Heiman
could possibly change to commercial. Such a change would pose a risk to
the character and ambience of Fort Heiman and the battlefield core area
properties. To prevent such risks, the NPS would develop a land
protection plan and work with adjacent landowners to identify the
impacts land use changes may have on the park's resources.

Alternative B would bring about long-term, negligible, beneficial
changes in land use at the Fort Heiman site and the Fort Donelson
battlefield core area properties. It would also likely induce
short-term, localized, minor to moderate, adverse impact on adjacent
land values. If rezoning were to occur, there is a potential for
long-term, localized, moderate, beneficial impact on adjacent land
values. There is also a potential for long-term, localized, adverse
impact on park resources in the event of developments on adjacent lands.

**4.3.7 Visual Resources**

Under Alternative B, FODO's boundaries would be adjusted to include Fort
Heiman and ten eligible properties within the Fort Donelson battlefield
core area, which would then be managed by the NPS. The impacts on visual
resources associated with this change in management and management
activities, would be both beneficial and adverse. Under NPS management,
it is likely that some vegetation, including trees, would be removed
from some of the sites for cultural resources protection and enhancement
of visitor interpretation. For example, it might be worthwhile to remove
trees in one location to provide a view of Kentucky Lake, not for a view
of the lake per se, but to give the visitor a sense of why Fort Heiman
was located where it was -- to view and command ship movement along the
Tennessee River and subject enemy watercraft to plunging fire. While
this would alter the visual quality of these sites, this impact would be
negligible to minor, localized, and both adverse and beneficial, since
removing vegetation would enhance the resources at and interpretation of
the sites.

Under NPS management, no actions would be taken that would degrade the
visual quality of the site or the site's resources. However,
enhancements to the properties may be made. In addition, the visual
character at some sites may be altered with the development of trails
among the various points of interest. However, any such trails would
allow visitors to more fully view the historical resources present on
the sites, resulting in a potential long-term, beneficial minor impact
on visual quality.

Long-term, localized, adverse impacts on visual quality both at Fort
Heiman and the battlefield core area properties may result from the
increased presence of visitors and associated traffic. This impact would
be expected to be negligible to minor in intensity, and would be more of
a social impact than one on visual resources.

1.  **Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Construction activities associated with future NPS developments would
adversely affect the visual quality of the immediate area, although only
temporarily. The presence of construction workers and equipment on a
given site would temporarily degrade visitor experience there, which may
limit recreational opportunities and decrease visitor use of the site
for the duration of construction. Over the long-term, the visual
character at some sites may be altered with the development of trails
through the sites. Long-term, localized, negligible to minor adverse
impacts on visual quality may result from the increased presence of
visitors and associated traffic around Fort Heiman and the battlefield
core area properties at Fort Donelson.

[]{.mark}

Cumulative impacts on visual quality would primarily result from
increases in the numbers of tourists and associated traffic in the area.
Aside from the general growth in the residential population and size of
the area that would be considered residential, no other substantial land
use changes are occurring in the immediate region.

**4.3.7.2 Conclusion**

The increased presence of visitors and traffic would also alter the
visual quality around the sites, leading to a long-term, localized,
negligible to minor adverse impact on visual quality. However, NPS
management of Fort Heiman and the ten eligible properties, and site
improvements associated with management and protection of resources at
these sites, would result in long-term, minor, beneficial impacts on
visual quality.

**4.3.8 Human Health and Safety**

Under this alternative, the NPS would acquire ownership and undertake
management of Fort Heiman and ten eligible battlefield core area
properties. Neither the fort's nor the battlefield properties'
management would not involve any activities that would pose risks to the
health or safety of the public. On the contrary, beneficial impacts on
human health and safety would be expected to result from this
alternative.

According to the GMP for Fort Donelson, the NPS would undertake measures
to identify hazards and reduce risks to the public on NPS lands. Ranger
staffing levels could be increased to allow for more visibility and to
provide increased resource monitoring to identify and correct hazardous
conditions on NPS lands. Therefore, a long-term, localized, minor
beneficial impact on human health and safety at Fort Heiman and the ten
eligible properties at Fort Donelson is anticipated to result from this
alternative.

As a result of Alternative B, visitation to Fort Heiman and the ten
battlefield core area properties would be expected to increase over the
current minimal level. Increased visitation may result in an increase in
the number of accidents/ incidents occurring at the sites or in the
region. However, this increase would not be the result of the management
alternative; rather, it would be a natural and proportionate increase
due to the increased amount of people in the area. According to NPS
Management Policies, the park superintendent would develop and implement
a program of emergency preparedness to ensure an effective response to
all reasonably foreseeable types of emergency situations. As part of the
program, a systematic method for alerting visitors about potential
disasters and evacuation procedures would be included. The NPS would
also maintain an emergency medical services program to provide
appropriate emergency medical services to persons who become ill or
injured. This program would include provision of transportation for
persons who become sick or injured, as well as emergency pre-hospital
care, ranging from first aid to advanced life support, if necessary
(NPS, 2001). Thus, NPS management of Fort Heiman and the other
battlefield properties under Alternative B would result in a long-term,
moderate, localized, beneficial impact on public health and safety.

1.  **Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts**

Both worker and public health and safety may be impacted during any
construction of possible future improvements at Fort Heiman and the
battlefield core area properties, due to accidents and access to the
construction site. Impacts to public safety during construction could
arise if access to the site is possible, especially at night and during
hours when construction is not actively occurring. Public safety impacts
can be minimized by erecting barricades around the construction site and
locking the site at night and during work holidays. Small amounts of
solid, sanitary, construction, and vegetative waste would likely be
generated by construction activities. Potential future NPS developments
would not result in the generation of wastes over the long-term. As with
almost any construction project involving the use of heavy equipment,
there is some risk of an accidental POL (petroleum, oil, lubricant)
spill or unplanned release of some other toxic or hazardous contaminant
onto the ground. However, the NPS requires that all employees that would
be exposed to hazardous materials be trained and instructed in approved
methods for handling and storage of such materials (NPS, 2000d).
Therefore, the probability of a spill would be very low. All in all,
impacts to human health and safety from the above would be minor.

**4.3.8.2 Conclusion**

While increased visitation at Fort Heiman and at Fort Donelson's ten
eligible battlefield core area properties would likely result in a
proportionate increase in the number of accidents or incidents occurring
there, this increase would not be the result of the management
alternative. Rather, long-term, localized, moderate, beneficial impacts
on human health and safety would result from NPS management, due to
implementation of programs to protect visitor safety and provision of
aid in emergency situations.