A

Ability days, 2-3

Abstinence as part of young adult education, 9-26---9-28, 25-25---25-29

Abuse prevention. *See* Violence prevention.

**Access to health care, Leading Health**

**Indicator.** *See* Understanding and

Improving Health, pp. 44-45.

**Access to quality health services**---Focus

Area 1. *See also* Health insurance.

access to, 1-20---1-24

clinical preventive services, 1-4---1-5,

1-13---1-14

components of system, 1-3

disparities, 1-7---1-9

emergency services, 1-5---1-6, 1-30---1-31,

1-33---1-34

long-term care services, 1-6, 1-34---1-36

medical homes for special health care

needs, 16-49---16-50

patient and family health education,

7-21---7-22

patient health education and promotion, 7-6

primary care, 1-5, 5-7---5-8

rehabilitative services, 1-6, 1-34---1-36,

28-16

service systems for special health care

needs, 16-50---16-51

STDs and, 25-4---25-5

Acellular pertussis vaccine, 14-4, 14-12

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. *See* AIDS; HIV.

Activity. *See* Physical activity.

Activity limitations. *See also* Disabilities.

arthritis and, 2-11---2-14

chronic back conditions and, 2-20---2-21

Acute myocardial infarctions (AMI), 12-10

Addictive disorders, mental disorders and,

18-6---18-7, 18-20

Administrative license revocation (ALR),

26-9, 26-46

Adolescent health. *See also* Teenagers.

alcohol use, 26-3

binge drinking, 26-29---26-33

calcium recommended daily intakes, 19-34

chlamydia, 25-15---25-16, 25-30

contraception use, 9-23---9-26, 13-18

death rates, 16-21---16-23

dental caries in, 21-11---21-16

disabilities, 6-10---6-11, 6-20

drownings, 15-40---15-42

drug use, 26-5

emotional disturbances and, 18-6

externalizing disorders, 18-7

health instruction in schools, 7-4---7-5, 7-14

HIV, 13-16

homicides, 15-43---15-44

inhalants use, 26-37---26-38

marijuana use, 26-26---26-27

mental health and, 18-3, 18-16---18-17

motor vehicle crashes, 15-25---15-26,

26-13---26-14

noise-induced hearing loss, 28-17

otitis media, 28-14---28-15

overweight or obesity in, 19-4,

19-13---19-16

perceived risk of substance abuse,

26-41---26-43

physical activity and, 22-17---22-25

physical fighting among, 15-51---15-52

preventing alcohol and drug use,

26-22---26-29

proportion engaging in sexual intercourse,

9-20---9-22

quality of school meals and snacks, 19-40

riding with a driver drinking alcohol,

26-19---26-20

safety belt use, 15-29---15-30

sale of tobacco products to, 27-29

sexual behavior and STDs, 25-25---25-29

smoking and, 27-12---27-14, 27-15---27-18

smoking cessation attempts, 27-21---27-22

spit tobacco use, 27-6, 27-14---27-15

steroid use, 26-35---26-37

substance abuse

disapproval, 26-38---26-41

past-month use, 26-25---26-27

suicide, 18-12---18-14

tobacco use, 27-4---27-5, 27-12---27-18

tobacco use disapproval, 27-30---27-31

unintended pregnancy and, 9-5---9-6,

9-19---9-20

vaccine coverage levels, 14-39---14-40,

14-42---14-44

weapons carried on school property,

15-52---15-54

Adolescents. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Adult-onset diabetes. *See* Diabetes.

Adverse events. *See also* Medication errors.

elderly persons and adverse drug events,

17-7

integrated system for monitoring and

reporting events, 17-12---17-13

sources of risk, 17-3---17-5

vaccines and, 14-49---14-50

Affective disorders, 18-4---18-5

Aflatoxins, 10-5

African Americans. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Age factors

arthritis, 2-6

chronic kidney disease and, 4-4

diabetes and, 5-5

disability rates, 6-4

heart disease and, 12-4---12-5

STDs and, 25-8---25-9

stroke and, 12-4---12-5

susceptibility of foodborne infections

caused by *Campylobacter* species,

10-6, 10-7

vertebral fractures due to osteoporosis and,

2-19---2-20

Age groups. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Age-related macular degeneration, 28-4

Agoraphobia, suicide and, 18-20

AIDS. *See also* HIV.

ACTG-076, 13-25

blood transfusions and, 13-7, 13-10,

17-4---17-5

costs of, 13-5

education programs for students,

7-14---7-16

men who have sex with men and, 13-15

occurrence of, 13-3, 13-5---13-7,

13-13---13-14

perinatal transmission, 13-7

prevention education in prison systems,

13-19

STDs and, 25-9---25-10

time interval between AIDS diagnosis and

death, 13-24---13-25

time interval between HIV diagnosis and

AIDS diagnosis, 13-24

zidovudine therapy, 13-7, 13-15

Air quality

adverse health effects from toxic

emissions, 8-17---8-18

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and,

24-9

EPA standards, 8-15

lung cancer and, 3-12

motor vehicle emissions and, 8-5,

8-16---8-17

nonattainment areas, 8-5, 8-10, 8-15

in office buildings, 8-24---8-25

scope of problem, 8-5, 8-7

smoking policies, 27-27---27-28

Alaska Natives. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Alcohol use. *See also* Substance abuse.

abuse, 26-3

administrative license revocation, 26-9,

26-46

adolescents riding with a drinking driver,

26-19---26-20

alcohol dependence, 26-3

annual consumption, 26-33

binge drinking, 26-29---26-33

blood alcohol concentration, 26-9,

26-46---26-27

cirrhosis death rate, 26-15---26-16

counseling services, 1-17

disapproval by adolescents, 26-39

drownings and, 15-41

education programs for students,

7-14---7-16

fetal alcohol syndrome and, 16-5, 16-45

fetal mortality and, 16-18

followup care after emergency department

treatment, 26-45

hospital emergency department visits,

26-18---26-19

infant health and, 16-5, 16-43---16-45

lost productivity in the workplace, 26-21

low-risk drinking guidelines, 26-34---26-25

mental disorders and, 18-6---18-7

motor vehicle crash deaths and, 15-7,

15-32

occurrence of, 26-3---26-4

oral cancer and, 21-25

oropharyngeal cancer and, 3-17

preventing adolescent use, 26-22---26-29

risks of, 26-4

treatment lag, 26-44---26-45

violence and, 26-20---26-21

Allergens

food allergies and, 10-5---10-6, 10-14

indoor levels, 8-24

Alternative fuels, 8-16---8-17

Alzheimer\'s disease, 18-4, 18-8

Amblyopia, 28-5

American Indians or Alaska Natives. *See*

Editor's Note, I-1.

Amputations, diabetes and, 5-3, 5-22---5-23

Anaphylaxis, food-induced, 10-5,

10-14---10-15

Anemia

among low-income females in third

trimester of pregnancy, 19-37---19-38

causes of, 19-38

Angioplasty, 12-11

Anhedonia, depression and, 18-19

Animal feeds. *See* Food safety.

Anorexia nervosa relapse rates,

18-15---18-16

Antibiotic-resistant infections, 14-16---14-18

Antibiotics

common cold and, 14-32---14-33

ear infections and, 14-31---14-32

intensive care unit use, 14-35

Antimicrobial resistance

food safety and, 10-13

infectious diseases and, 14-22---14-35

Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection, 13-6,

13-23

Anxiety disorders

adults receiving treatment for,

18-18---18-20

occurrence of, 18-5

Apnea. *See* Obstructive sleep apnea.

Area Health Education Centers (AHECs),

7-23

Arteriovenous fistulas, use for vascular

access in hemodialysis, 4-14---4-15

**Arthritis**---Focus Area 2

activity limitations, 2-11---2-14

costs of, 2-4

disparities, 2-6

education interventions, 2-16

employment rate and, 2-14---2-15

*Haemophilus influenzae* type b and, 14-5

joint symptoms, 2-11---2-14

medical management of, 2-16

mental health and, 2-14

occurrence of, 2-3

pain and, 2-11

physical activity and, 22-3

public health impact, 2-3---2-4

racial disparities in rate of knee

replacements, 2-15---2-16

risk factors, 2-7

Asian Americans; Asians or Pacific

Islanders. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Aspirin, diabetes and, 5-29---5-30

Assaults

by current or former intimate partners,

15-46---15-47

occurrence of, 15-5, 15-51

work-related, 20-14

Assisted living, 1-34

Assistive technology, disabilities and, 6-21

Asthma. *See also* Respiratory diseases;

Environmental health.

absence from school or work due to

asthma, 24-18

activity limitations and, 24-17---24-18

appropriate care, 24-19---24-20

beta antagonists, 24-7

costs of, 8-9, 24-4---24-5

death rates, 8-8---8-9, 8-11, 24-13---24-14

disparities, 24-5---24-6

environmental health and, 8-8

hospital emergency department visits,

24-16---24-17

hospitalization rates, 8-11, 24-14---24-15

hospitalization rates for pediatric cases,

1-27---1-29

indoor allergen levels and, 8-24

management of, 24-3, 24-7

occurrence of, 8-8, 24-3---24-4

patient education, 24-18---24-19

surveillance systems, 24-20

Atherosclerotic disease. *See* Cardiovascular

disease.

Atrial fibrillation (AF), 12-5

Attempted rape, 15-47---15-48

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD), 18-7

Automobiles. *See* Motor vehicles.

Azidothymidine (AZT). *See* Zidovuline

therapy.

B

Back conditions. *See* Chronic back

conditions.

Bacterial meningitis, 14-6, 14-15---14-16

Balloon angioplasty, 12-11

Barium enema, use in colorectal cancer

diagnosis, 3-15

Beach closings, 8-20

Benzene, 8-17

Bicycling

head injuries and, 15-13

helmet use, 15-33---15-34

motor vehicle emissions and, 8-16

for physical activity, 22-30---22-32

Binge drinking, 26-29---26-33

Binge eating. *See* Bulimia nervosa.

Biological products. *See* Medical product

safety.

Birth control. *See* Contraception.

Birth defects

fetal alcohol syndrome and, 16-45

fetal mortality and, 16-3, 16-15---16-16,

16-18---16-19

Blacks. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Blindness. *See also* Vision.

diabetes and, 5-3

occurrence of, 28-3

prevention of 28-6---28-7

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC), 26-9,

26-46---26-27

Blood lead levels (BLLs)

lead-based paints and, 8-21---8-22

work exposures, 20-14---20-15

Blood pressure. *See* High blood pressure.

Blood supply safety, 17-5, 17-16

Blood transfusions, AIDS and, 13-7, 13-10,

17-4---17-5

Blood-glucose monitoring, diabetes and,

5-30---5-31

Body mass index (BMI), 12-10, 19-5, 19-10,

19-14---19-15

Bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis

and, 2-17---2-18

Bones, calcium intake and, 19-34

Breast cancer

death rates, 3-12---3-13

risk factors, 3-13

screening, 3-6

Breastfeeding

infant health and, 16-5---16-6,

16-46---16-48

iron deficiency prevention, 19-39

Bronchitis, 24-8---24-9

Brownfields, 8-23

Bulimia nervosa relapse rates, 18-15---18-16

C

Calcium

blood pressure and, 19-35

deficiencies, 19-3---19-4, 19-33---19-35

osteoporosis and, 19-34---19-35

recommended daily intakes, 19-34

salt consumption and, 19-32

*Campylobacter* species, foodborne illness

due to, 10-6---10-8, 10-10---10-11

**Cancer**---Focus Area 3. *See also* specific

cancers.

costs of, 3-3

death rates, 3-3---3-4, 3-10---3-19

dietary factors, 19-3, 19-29---19-30

disparities, 3-4---3-6

occurrence of, 3-3

overweight or obesity and, 19-5

physician counseling for prevention, 3-22

population-based State registries, 3-27

screening, 3-6---3-7, 3-22

sites of new cases, 3-4

survival rate, 3-28

tobacco use and, 27-3

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 12-17

Cardiovascular disease (CVD). *See* Heart

disease.

Caregivers, people with disabilities and, 6-22

Cataracts, 28-14

CD4+ testing, 13-23

Cellulitis, *Haemophilus influenzae* type b

and, 14-5

Centers for excellence, health

communication and, 11-17

Cerebral palsy among infants, 16-38---16-39

Cerebrovascular disease. *See* Stroke.

Cervical cancer

death rates, 3-13---3-14

Medicare coverage of screenings, 1-15

screening, 3-6---3-7, 3-14

Cesarean births, 16-30---16-31

Chemotherapy, oral health and, 21-5

**Child health**---Focus Area 16

asthma and, 8-8

bacterial meningitis and, 14-15---14-16

blindness or visual impairment,

28-12---28-13

calcium recommended daily intakes, 19-34

courses of antibiotics for ear infections,

14-31---14-32

death rates, 16-19---16-20

deaths resulting from injury, 15-4, 15-17

dental caries in, 21-3---21-4, 21-11---21-13

diabetes, 5-3

disabilities, 16-6

drownings, 15-41---15-42

education opportunities for children with

disabilities, 6-20

emergency pediatric care, 1-33---1-34

emotional disturbances and, 18-6

externalizing disorders, 18-7

food allergies, 10-5

growth retardation among low-income

children, 19-16---19-18

health instruction in schools, 7-4---7-5, 7-14

hepatitis B virus infections, 14-12---14-13

hospitalization rates for pediatric asthma,

1-27---1-29

iron deficiencies, 19-36---19-37

lead poisoning, 8-21---8-22

maltreatment of, 15-45---15-46

medical homes for special health care

needs, 16-49---16-50

mental disorders, 18-3, 18-7,

18-13---18-14, 18-16---18-17

noise-induced hearing loss, 28-17

otitis media in, 28-14---28-15

overweight or obesity in, 19-4,

19-13---19-16

population-based immunization registries,

14-41---14-42

quality of school meals and snacks, 19-40

regular dental visits for low-income

children, 21-31---21-32

sepsis from sickling hemoglobinopathies,

16-49

service systems for special health care

needs, 16-50---16-51

source of ongoing care, 1-20

special health care needs, 16-49---16-51

suffocation death rate, 15-20---15-21

toxoplasmosis rates, 10-12

vaccination programs, 14-5

vaccine coverage levels, 14-35---14-41

vision disorders and, 28-4---28-5

Child restraints, use of, 15-30

Childbirth classes, 16-28---16-29

Childhood injury prevention, counseling

services regarding, 1-17

Children. *See* Child health; Editor's

Note, I-1.

Chlamydia. *See* Sexually transmitted

diseases.

Cholesterol

heart disease and, 12-3, 12-7, 12-9, 12-29

high blood levels, 12-27---12-28

high-density lipoprotein, 12-10

low-density lipoprotein, 12-29

mean total blood levels, 12-25---12-26

screening, 12-8---12-9, 12-28---12-29

**Chronic back conditions**---Focus Area 2.

*See also* Disabilities.

activity limitation and, 2-20---2-21

disparities, 2-7

ergonomic interventions, 2-8

occurrence of, 2-6

prevention interventions, 2-8

risk factors, 2-21

work-related injuries, 20-12

**Chronic kidney disease**---Focus Area 4

angio-tensin-converting enzyme and, 4-7

cardiovascular disease complications,

4-11---4-12

costs of, 4-5

counseling necessary prior to renal

replacement therapy, 4-13---4-14

diabetes and, 4-4---4-7, 4-19---4-20

dialysis, 4-4---4-5, 4-14---4-15

disparities, 4-5---4-6

end-stage renal disease, 4-3---4-4,

4-10---4-14, 4-19---4-20

interventions, 4-7

occurrence of, 4-3---4-4

renal replacement therapy, 4-13---4-15

risk factors, 4-7

transplantation, 4-3---4-7

transplantation waiting list, 4-16---4-18

treated chronic kidney failure, 4-3---4-4,

4-10---4-14

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD)

activity limitation, 24-20---24-21

death rates, 24-21---24-22

disparities, 24-9---24-10

smoking and, 24-8

Chronic renal insufficiency, 4-3

Cigarette smoking. *See* Tobacco use.

Cigars. *See* Tobacco use.

Cirrhosis death rate, 26-15---26-16

Cleft lip and palate, 21-5, 21-34---21-35

Clinical preventive care, 1-4---1-5,

1-13---1-14

Clinical preventive services (CPS). *See*

Access to quality health services.

Clot-dissolving therapy. *See* thrombolytic

agents.

Cocaine. *See* Drug use.

Cochlear implants, 28-16

Cognitive-behavioral treatment, anorexia

nervosa and, 18-16

Colds, antibiotics and, 14-32---14-33

Colleges

binge drinking among students,

26-29---26-33

health instruction for students, 7-14---7-16

Colonoscopy, use in colorectal cancer

diagnosis, 3-15

Colorectal cancer (CRC)

death rates, 3-14---3-15

Medicare coverage of screenings, 1-15

proportion of adults receiving screening

examinations, 3-24---3-25

risk factors, 3-15

screening, 3-7

Communication disorders. *See* Disabilities.

Communications. *See* Health

communication.

**Community-based programs**---

Focus Area 7. *See also* Educational

programs.

culturally and linguistically appropriate

health promotion programs,

7-23---7-24

disparities, 7-8

environmental health, 8-7

health centers with oral health component,

21-33---21-34

health promotion programs, 7-22---7-24

patient and family health education,

7-21---7-22

people with disabilities and, 6-17---6-18

prevention programs, 11-4

Condoms

HIV prevention and, 13-8,

13-16---13-18

STDs and, 25-11

use among adolescents, 9-23---9-26,

13-18, 25-25---25-29

Conduct problems, 18-7

Confidentiality in health communication, 11-8

Congenital heart defects, infant deaths due

to, 16-15---16-16

Congenital rubella syndrome, 14-12, 16-39

Congenital syphilis. *See* Sexually transmitted

diseases.

Congestive heart failure. *See* Heart disease.

Conjugate vaccines, 14-5---14-6

Contraception

emergency contraceptive pills, 9-17---9-18

health insurance coverage, 9-29---9-30

male involvement, 9-18---9-19

methods, 9-3---9-5

misinformation concerning, 9-8

oral contraceptives, 9-26

rates of use, 9-14---9-17

use among adolescents, 9-23---9-26

young adult education, 9-26---9-28

Coping skills. *See also* Mental health.

stress and, 18-9

Coronary artery bypass surgery, 12-11

Coronary heart disease (CHD). *See* Heart

disease.

Coronary stenting, 12-11

Correctional institutions. *See also* Jail

system; Juvenile justice system; Prison

systems.

substance abuse treatment, 26-43

Cotinine, serum, 27-25---27-26

Counseling services

health behaviors, 1-15---1-18

health insurance coverage, 1-15

medication use and risks, 17-15

nutrition, 19-42---19-44

Cryptosporidiosis, 8-6

Cubans; Cuban Americans. *See* Editor's

Note, I-1.

*Cyclospora cayetanensis*, 10-11

D

Dairy products

calcium and, 19-35

*trans*-fatty acids and, 19-30

Data and information systems, 3-27,

8-29---8-30, 17-12---17-14, 23-19

Day care facilities and vaccine coverage

levels for children, 14-38

Deafness. *See also* Hearing.

Defibrillation, 12-11---12-12

Dementia. *See* Alzheimer's disease; Mental

health.

Dental caries

among children, 21-11---21-13

early childhood caries, 21-3

fluoride and, 21-4, 21-28

sealants, 21-4, 21-26---21-27

tooth extraction and, 21-17---21-18

untreated, 21-4, 21-13---21-16

Dental examinations, diabetes and,

5-28---5-29

Dental health. *See* Oral health.

Depression. *See also* Mental health.

adults receiving treatment for,

18-18---18-19

among elderly, 18-8

costs of, 18-19

disabilities and, 6-10---6-12

gender factors, 18-8

occurrence of, 18-4---18-5

postpartum, 16-26

Dermatitis, 20-15---20-16

Determinants of health, 18-20

Developing countries, environmental health

and, 8-7---8-8

Developmental disabilities, among infants,

16-38---16-39

Device errors, 17-6

Devices. *See* Medical product safety.

**Diabetes**---Focus Area 5

amputations and, 5-3, 5-22---5-23

aspirin consumption, 5-29---5-30

cardiovascular disease and, 5-3,

5-20---5-21

chronic kidney disease and, 4-4---4-7,

4-19---4-20

complications, 5-3

costs of, 5-4

death rates, 5-17---5-20

dental examinations, 5-28---5-29

diabetic retinopathy, 28-13

diagnosis rates, 5-16---5-17

diet and nutrition counseling and education,

19-42---19-44

dietary factors, 19-3

dilated eye examinations, 5-25---5-26

disparities, 5-8---5-9

education interventions, 5-12---5-13

foot examinations, 5-26---5-27

foot ulcers, 5-21

glycosylated hemoglobin screening,

5-24---5-25

heart disease and, 12-8, 12-10

hospitalization rates, 1-27---1-29

macrovascular complications, 5-25

microalbumin screening, 5-23

microvascular complications, 5-25

overweight or obesity and, 19-5

pregnancy and, 5-21

self-blood-glucose-monitoring, 5-30---5-31

stroke and, 12-8, 12-10

transition points, 5-9

types of, 5-3, 5-13---5-16

vision disorders and, 28-4

Dialysis. *See also* Chronic kidney disease.

arteriovenous fistula use for vascular

access, 4-14---4-15

health care coverage, 4-5

limitations of, 4-4

Diarrhea, reduction in infants through

breastfeeding, 16-47

Diet. *See* Nutrition. *See also* Obesity;

Overweight.

Digital divide, 11-9

Digital rectal examinations (DRE), 3-18

Dilated eye examinations, diabetes and,

5-25---5-26

Diphtheria vaccine, 14-4, 14-12

**Disabilities**---Focus Area 6. *See also*

Editor's Note, I-1.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 6-3,

6-20---6-21

assistive devices, 6-21

caregivers, 6-22

causes of, 2-4

childhood disabilities, 16-6

community residential care facilities,

6-17---6-18

disparities, 6-5---6-6

education opportunities for children and

youth, 6-20

emotional support, 6-14---6-15

employment rates, 6-18---6-19

environmental barriers, 6-4---6-5, 6-21

family planning for disabled individuals, 9-8

health promotion programs, 6-6

identifying people with disabilities, 6-9

life satisfaction issues, 6-16---6-17

mammography screening, 6-6---6-7

mental health and, 6-10---6-12, 18-3---18-4,

18-9

occurrence of, 6-4

osteoporosis risk, 6-6

social participation, 6-13---6-14

surveillance programs, 6-22

unintentional injuries and, 15-4

wellness and treatment services, 6-20

Disaster planning, 8-26

Disparities. *See* Editor's Note, I-1; Healthy

People 2010 Goal 2, Understanding and

Improving Health, pp. 11-16.

Diving-related injuries, 15-13

Dog bites, injury rate from, 15-42---15-43

Drinking and driving. *See* Alcohol use.

Drinking water. *See* Water quality.

Drownings, 15-6, 15-40---15-42

Drug dependence, 26-5

Drug use. *See also* Substance abuse.

AIDS and, 13-14---13-15

anxiety disorders and, 18-19

death rate, 26-16---26-17

disapproval by adolescents, 26-40---26-41

education programs for students,

7-14---7-16

followup care after emergency department

treatment, 26-45

HIV infection and, 9-7, 13-4

HIV/AIDS programs provided by treatment

facilities, 13-19

hospital emergency department visits,

26-18

infant health and, 16-5, 16-43---16-45

injection drug use treatment, 26-44

lost productivity in the workplace, 26-21

mental disorders and, 18-6---18-7, 18-20

occurrence of, 26-5

preventing adolescent use, 26-22---26-29

treatment lag, 26-43

violence and, 26-20---26-21

Drugs. *See* Medical product safety;

Medications; Substance Abuse.

E

Ear infections. *See* Otitis media.

Eating disorders

gender factors, 18-8

relapse rates, 18-15---18-16

Economic issues

AIDS and, 13-5

arthritis and, 2-4

asthma and, 8-9, 24-4---24-5

cancer and, 3-3

depression and, 18-19

diabetes and, 5-4

digital divide, 11-9

family planning, 9-7---9-8

food security, 19-44---19-46

foodborne illnesses and, 10-3

infectious diseases and, 14-3

injuries and, 15-4---15-5

kidney disease and, 4-5

lost productivity due to alcohol and drug

use, 26-21

mental disorders and, 18-5---18-6

obesity and, 19-5

poisonings and, 15-20

unintended pregnancies, 9-5---9-6

vaccines and, 14-4

vision disorders and, 28-3

work-related injuries and, 20-3

Edentulism, 21-18

Education levels. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

breastfeeding rates and, 16-47

oral health and, 21-7

tobacco use and, 27-6

**Educational programs**---Focus Area 7. *See*

*also* Community-based programs; Health

communication.

arthritis interventions, 2-16

for asthma, 24-18---24-19

for children and youth with disabilities, 6-20

cholesterol control program, 12-9

diabetes programs, 5-12---5-13

disparities, 7-8

family planning, 9-8

health instruction in schools, 7-4---7-5,

7-14---7-16

health promotion programs for elderly

persons, 7-25---7-26

high blood pressure control, 12-8

high school graduation rates, 7-12---7-13

nurse-to-student ratio in schools, 7-17

nutrition programs in schools, 19-6

patient and family education from health

care organizations, 7-21---7-22

reproductive health issues for young adults,

9-26---9-28

worksite nutrition or weight management

programs, 19-41---19-42

worksite programs, 7-5, 7-18---7-21

Elderly persons. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

adverse drug events, 17-7

Alzheimer\'s disease, 18-4

asthma

deaths, 24-13---24-14

emergency department visits,

24-16---24-17

hospitalization for, 24-14---24-15

calcium recommended daily intakes, 19-34

congestive heart failure hospitalization

rates, 12-18---12-19

depression and, 18-8

health promotion activity, 7-25---7-26

heart disease and, 12-4---12-5

hip fracture, 15-39---15-40

leisure-time physical activity, 22-8---22-9

medication reviews, 17-14

mental disorders, 18-3---18-4, 18-8, 18-22

pneumococcal infections, 14-16---14-17

pneumonia or influenza, hospitalization for,

1-27---1-29

stroke and, 12-4---12-5

tooth extraction, 21-18---21-20

vaccination, 14-45---14-49

vertebral fractures, hospitalization for, 2-18

Elevated serum creatinine, cardiovascular

disease complications from, 4-12

Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP),

9-17---9-18

Emergency departments (EDs), 1-5---1-6,

1-30, 24-16---24-17

Emergency medical services (EMS). *See*

Access to quality health services.

Emotional problems. *See* Mental health.

Emphysema, 24-8---24-9

Employer-sponsored programs

health promotion programs, 7-18---7-21

insurance plans, 1-15

nutrition programs, 19-41---19-42

weight management programs,

19-41---19-42

Employment rates

arthritis and, 2-14---2-15

for people with disabilities, 6-18---6-19

End-stage renal disease (ESRD). *See*

Chronic kidney disease.

Endurance, physical activity and,

22-13---22-15, 22-17

Energy recovery, toxic pollutants from,

8-23---8-24

**Environmental health**---Focus Area 8. *See*

*also* Respiratory diseases.

air quality, 8-5, 8-9---8-10, 8-15---8-18

communities, 8-7

components of, 8-3

developing countries and, 8-7---8-8

disaster planning, 8-26

disease monitoring, 8-30

disparities, 8-10---8-11

education programs for students,

7-14---7-16

energy recovery and, 8-23---8-24

global community, 8-7---8-10, 8-31---8-32

hazardous waste, 8-6, 8-21---8-22

homes, 8-21---8-22

indoor air quality, 8-24---8-26

information systems, 8-29

infrastructure, 8-28---8-32

lead-based paints and, 8-21---8-22,

8-26---8-27

municipal solid waste, 8-24

pesticides and, 8-6---8-7, 8-28---8-29

substandard housing, 8-27

surveillance, 8-28---8-32

toxic substances, 8-6

urban sprawl and, 8-9

vector control programs, 8-30

water quality, 8-6, 8-18---8-20, 8-31---8-32

**Environmental quality, Leading Health**

**Indicator.** *See* Understanding and

Improving Health, pp. 40-41.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 27-24,

27-28

Epiglottitis, *Haemophilus influenzae* type b

and, 14-5

Errors. *See also* Medical product safety,

medication or device errors, 17-6

*Escherichia coli* O157:H7, foodborne illness

due to, 10-8, 10-10---10-12

Estrogen replacement therapy, osteoporosis

and, 2-9, 19-35

Ethanol-blended fuels, 8-17

Ethnic groups. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Ethnicity. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Exercise. *See also* Physical activity.

counseling services regarding, 1-17

Externalizing disorders, 18-7

Eye examinations, diabetes and, 5-25---5-26

Eye injury. *See* Injuries and injury

prevention.

F

Falls

death rate, 15-37---15-38

head and spinal cord injuries, 15-13

hip fracture rates, 15-39---15-40

Families, access to health care, 1-22---1-24

**Family planning**---Focus Area 9. *See also*

Pregnancy.

abortions, 9-6, 9-20

barriers to, 9-7

consequences of unintended pregnancies,

9-5---9-6

contraception use among adolescents,

9-23---9-26

contraceptive use, 9-3---9-5, 9-14---9-17

costs of, 9-7---9-8

costs of unintended pregnancies, 9-6

disparities, 9-6---9-7

education for young adults on reproductive

health issues, 9-26---9-28

emergency contraception, 9-17---9-18

health insurance coverage of contraceptive

services and supplies, 9-29---9-30

for homeless women, 9-7---9-8

impaired fecundity, 9-28---9-29

male involvement, 9-18---9-19

for people with disabilities, 9-8

proportion of adolescents engaging in

sexual intercourse, 9-20---9-22

public education, 9-8

spacing pregnancies, 9-12---9-14

for substance abusers, 9-7

unintended pregnancy rates, 9-3---9-4,

9-11---9-12, 9-16---9-17, 9-19---9-20

Fats, consumption of, 19-25---19-30

Fecal occult blood tests, 3-15

Females. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 16-5, 16-45

Fetal mortality

occurrence of, 16-4, 16-12---16-13

risk factors, 16-18

Fighting. *See also* Violence prevention.

among adolescents, 15-51---15-52

Firearms

death rates, 15-14

loaded and unlocked firearms in homes,

15-15

nonfatal injuries, 15-15---15-16

Fires, residential, 15-6, 15-34---15-37

Fitness. *See* Physical activity.

Flexibility, physical activity and,

22-15---22-17

Fluoridated water. *See* Oral health.

Fluoride, dental caries and, 21-4, 21-28

Folic acid

maternal levels of, 16-41---16-42

neural tube defects and, 16-6, 19-4

Food insecurity. *See* Food security.

Food labels, nutrition information and, 19-7

Food security, 19-5, 19-44---19-46

**Food safety**---Focus Area 10

allergen risk, 10-5---10-6, 10-14---10-15

antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, 10-4,

10-13

chemical contaminants, 10-4---10-5

costs of foodborne illnesses, 10-3

disparities, 10-6---10-7

emerging pathogens, 10-4, 10-10---10-13

environmental health and, 8-9

foodborne death rates, 10-3

foodborne illness rates, 10-3

global food supply, 10-4---10-5

naturally occurring toxins, 10-4---10-5

parasites, 10-11---10-12

pesticides and, 10-4---10-5, 10-16

preparation practices and, 10-4

retail employee training, 10-4,

10-15---10-16

storage practices and, 10-4

Foot examinations, diabetes and,

5-26---5-27

Foot ulcers, diabetes and, 5-21

Fractures

hip, 15-39---15-40

osteoporosis and, 2-7---2-8, 2-18---2-20

Fruit, consumption of, 3-6, 3-15, 12-7, 19-3,

19-6, 19-8, 19-18---19-19, 19-24---19-25

G

Galactosemia screening, 16-48

Gallbladder disease, overweight or obesity

and, 19-5

Gay men. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Gender. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Generalized anxiety disorder, adults

receiving treatment for, 18-18---18-20

Genetic counseling, developmental

disabilities and, 16-39

Genetic markers, diabetes and, 5-6

Genital herpes. *See* Sexually transmitted

diseases.

Geocoding, 23-10---23-11

Geographic information systems (GIS),

23-10---23-11

Geographic location. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Gestation length as cause of infant death,

16-3---16-4

Gestational diabetes, 5-21

Gingivitis, 21-21

Glaucoma, 28-4, 28-13

Global environmental health, 8-7---8-10,

8-31---8-32

Glycosylated hemoglobin, diabetes and,

5-24---5-25

Gonorrhea. *See* Sexually transmitted

diseases.

Grain products

consumption of, 19-22---19-25

folic acid fortification, 16-42

Group B *Streptococcus* (GBS)

bacterial meningitis and, 14-6

rate of new infections, 14-28---14-29

Growth retardation, low-income children and,

19-16---19-18

Gynecologic examinations, health insurance

coverage for, 1-15

H

*Haemophilus influenzae* type b (Hib)

bacterial meningitis and, 14-6

developmental disabilities and, 16-39

invasive diseases caused by, 14-5---14-6

vaccine, 14-4---14-6, 14-12

Hashish, disapproval of by adolescents,

26-40---26-41

Hazardous substances, 8-6

hazardous waste sites, 8-22---8-23

Head injuries

bicycle helmet use and, 15-33---15-34

hospitalization rate for, 15-11---15-12

Health behaviors, counseling services

regarding, 1-15---1-18

Health care services. See Access to quality

health services. *See also*

Community-based programs; Educational

programs; Managed care organizations.

Health care workers and needlestick injuries,

20-17---20-18

**Health communication**---Focus Area 11

attributes of effective communication, 11-4

audience-centered perspectives,

11-6---11-7

centers for excellence, 11-17

community-centered prevention, 11-4

digital divide, 11-9

disparities, 11-9---11-10

health literacy, 11-9, 11-15

interactive media and, 11-7---11-8,

11-13---11-17

Internet and, 11-7---11-8, 11-13---11-15

Leading Health Indicators, 11-5

mass media and, 11-7

multidimensional interventions, 11-6

national health information infrastructure,

11-10

privacy and confidentiality, 11-8

provider-patient communication, 11-8,

11-17---11-18

research and evaluation, 11-15---11-16,

11-17

targeting specific population segments,

11-6---11-7

Health departments, role in health education

and promotion, 7-7

Health improvement plans, 23-16---23-17

Health insurance

contraception coverage, 9-29---9-30

coverage for nicotine dependency

treatment, 27-23---27-24

employer-sponsored plans, 1-15

preventive services coverage, 1-15

proportion of people with insurance, 1-6

Health literacy, 7-16, 11-9, 11-15, 21-5

Health maintenance organizations (HMO).

*See also* Managed care organizations.

coverage of contraceptive services and

supplies, 9-30

monitoring and reporting adverse events,

17-12---17-13

preventive services, 1-9

Health professionals' training, 1-26,

23-14---23-15

Health status, 21-23

Health status indicators, 23-9---23-12

Health-related quality of life issues. *See*

Quality-of-life issues.

Healthy cities, 7-3, 7-22

Healthy communities, 7-3, 7-22

Healthy People 2010 objectives

defined, RG-2---RG-10

short titles. *See* Understanding and

Improving Health, pp. 53-62.

target setting, RG-8

**Hearing**---Focus Area 28

adaptive devices, 28-16

deafness, 28-7

disparities, 28-9

examinations, 28-16

otitis media and, 28-8, 28-14---28-15

protection devices, equipment, and

practices, 28-16---28-17

referral for evaluation and treatment, 28-16

rehabilitation services, 28-16

screening newborns, 28-8, 28-14

Hearing aids, 28-16

Heart attacks. *See* Heart disease.

Heart defects, infant deaths due to,

16-15---16-16

**Heart disease**---Focus Area 12. *See also*

High blood pressure; Cholesterol.

age factors, 12-4---12-5

alcohol use, 26-4

artery-opening therapy, 12-17

atrial fibrillation, 12-5

cholesterol levels and, 12-3, 12-7, 12-9,

12-29

chronic kidney failure and, 4-11---4-12

congestive heart failure and, 12-18---12-19

death rates, 12-4, 12-6---12-17

diabetes and, 5-3, 5-20---5-21

diet and nutrition counseling and education,

19-42---19-44

dietary factors, 19-3, 19-29

disparities, 12-5---12-7

early treatment of, 12-11---12-12, 12-17

electric shock therapy, 12-17

heart attacks, 12-10---12-12, 12-17, 26-4

overweight or obesity and, 12-7, 19-5

physical activity and, 12-7, 22-3---22-4

recurrences, 12-12

saturated fatty acids and, 19-29

screening, 12-13

smoking and, 12-8, 27-4

treatment adherence difficulties,

12-12---12-13

Heavy metals, exposure to, 8-28---8-29

Height loss, vertebral fractures due to

osteoporosis and, 2-20

*Helicobacter pylori*, 14-30

Hemodialysis. *See* Dialysis.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

high-risk populations, 14-19

rate of new cases, 14-18---14-19

risk to international travelers, 14-27---14-28

vaccine, 14-4---14-5

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

high-risk populations, 14-44---14-45

HIV infection and, 13-21---13-22

infections in children and infants,

14-12---14-13

needlestick injuries, 20-17---20-18

occurrence of, 14-13---14-15

surface antigen screening, 17-4

vaccines, 14-12, 25-29

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

chronically infected persons, 14-23---14-24

needlestick injuries, 20-17---20-18

rate of new cases, 14-22---14-23

High blood pressure

calcium intake and, 19-35

chronic kidney disease and, 4-7

control of, 12-22---12-24

education campaign, 12-8

heart disease and, 12-12

occurrence of, 12-20---12-21

overweight or obesity and, 19-5

salt consumption and, 19-32

screening, 12-8, 12-24---12-25

stroke and, 12-4, 12-6, 12-7

High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 12-10

Hispanics or Latinos. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

**HIV** (human immunodeficiency virus)---

Focus Area 13

antiretroviral therapy, 13-6, 13-23

breastfeeding and, 16-5

condom use and, 13-8, 13-16---13-18

contraception use among adolescents and,

9-25---9-26

counseling and testing in prison systems,

13-19---13-20

death rates, 13-23---13-24

determinants of transmission, 13-7

disparities, 13-8---13-10

drug use and, 13-14---13-15

education programs for students,

7-14---7-16

emergence of, 17-4

hepatitis B virus and, 13-21---13-22

interventions, 13-8

male involvement in prevention of, 9-18

needlestick injuries, 20-17---20-18

occurrence of, 13-6, 13-16

opportunities, 13-10

perinatal transmission, 13-7, 13-25

prevention education in prison systems,

13-19

serostatus testing, 13-18

STDs and, 13-21---13-22, 25-9---25-10,

25-23

substance abuse and, 9-7

time interval between HIV diagnosis and

AIDS diagnosis, 13-24

treatment guidelines, 13-22---13-24

tuberculosis and, 13-20---13-21

young adult education, 9-26---9-28

zidovudine therapy, 13-7, 13-25

Home health care, 1-34

Homeless persons

family planning for, 9-7---9-8

mental disorders and, 18-14---18-15

Homes

blood lead levels and age of housing, 8-8

environmental health, 8-8

fires, 15-6, 15-34---15-35

indoor allergen levels, 8-24

lead-based paints, 8-21---8-22, 8-26---8-27

medical homes for special care needs,

16-49---16-50

radon levels, 8-12, 8-25---8-26

smoke alarm use, 15-36---15-37

substandard housing, 8-27

Homicides

occurrence of, 15-4---15-6, 15-43---15-45

work-related, 20-5, 20-13---20-14

Hospice care, 1-34

Hospitalization rates

for ambulatory-care-sensitive conditions,

1-27---1-29

for asthma, 24-14---24-15

for congestive heart failure, 12-18---12-19

for head injuries, nonfatal, 15-11---15-12

for peptic ulcer disease, 14-29---14-31

for spinal cord injuries, nonfatal,

15-12---15-13

for vertebral fractures, 2-18

Hospitals

antibiotic use among intensive care unit

patients, 14-35

emergency departments, 1-5---1-6,

1-42---15-43, 24-16---24-17,

26-18---26-19

infections acquired by intensive care unit

patients, 14-34

level III, 16-29---16-30

patient and family health education,

7-21---7-22

pediatric emergency care, 1-33---1-34

Housing. *See* Homes.

Human immunodeficiency virus. *See* HIV.

*See also* AIDS.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

cervical cancer and, 3-14

occurrence of infections, 25-20

Humped backs, vertebral fractures due to

osteoporosis and, 2-20

Hunger. *See* Food security.

Hyperlipidemia, diet and nutrition counseling

and education, 19-42---19-44

Hypertension. *See* High blood pressure.

Hypothyroidism screening, 16-6, 16-48

I

Illicit drugs. *See* Substance abuse.

**Immunization**---Focus Area 14. *See also*

Infectious diseases; Vaccines.

disparities, 14-6

population-based registries, 14-41---14-42

**Immunization, Leading Health Indicator.**

*See* Understanding and Improving Health,

pp. 42-43.

Impaired fecundity, 9-28---9-29

Income levels. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

**Infant health**---Focus Area 16. *See also*

Maternal health.

alcohol use and, 16-5, 16-43---16-45

birth defect-caused deaths, 16-15---16-16

breastfeeding and, 16-5---16-6,

16-46---16-48

causes of death, 16-3

cleft lips, cleft palates, and craniofacial

abnormalities, 21-34---21-35

congenital heart defect-caused deaths,

16-15---16-16

congenital syphilis, 25-24

dental caries, 21-3

developmental disabilities, 16-38---16-39

disparities, 16-7---16-8

fetal alcohol syndrome, 16-5, 16-45

group B streptococcal disease,

14-28---14-29

hearing screening, 28-8, 28-14

hepatitis B virus infections, 14-12---14-13

illicit drug use and, 16-43---16-45

iron deficiency prevention, 19-39

low birth weight, 16-3---16-5,

16-32---16-33, 16-39

maternal age and, 16-4

mortality rates, 16-3---16-4, 16-7,

16-12---16-19

neural tube defects, 16-6, 16-40

newborn screening programs,

16-48---16-49

nonprone sleeping position, 16-36---16-38

perinatal HIV transmission, 13-7, 13-25

preterm births, 16-5, 16-34---16-36

spina bifida, 16-6, 16-40

STDs and, 25-24---25-25

substance abuse and, 16-5

sudden infant death syndrome,

16-16---16-19

tobacco use and, 16-5, 16-43---16-45

very low birth weight, 16-3---16-5,

16-29---16-30, 16-32---16-33

Infants. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

**Infectious diseases**---Focus Area 14. *See*

*also* Immunization; specific diseases.

antimicrobial resistance, 14-22---14-35

at-risk populations, 14-7

costs of, 14-3

death rates, 14-3

disparities, 14-6

global issues, 14-3

hospital-acquired infections in intensive

care units, 14-34

international travel and, 14-27---14-28

perinatal infections, 14-12---14-13

protection strategies, 14-7

vaccine-preventable diseases, 14-4---14-5,

14-7---14-8, 14-11---14-22

Infertility, 9-29

STDs and, 25-7, 25-22---25-23

Influenza

hospitalization rates, 1-27---1-29

vaccination rates, 14-5, 14-6, 14-45---14-49

Information technology (IT), medical product

safety and, 17-8

Inhalants, use among adolescents,

26-37---26-38

Injection drug use (IDU)

AIDS and, 13-14---13-15

treatment for, 26-44

**Injuries and injury prevention**---Focus

Area 15. *See also* Occupational safety

and health; Violence prevention.

bicycle helmet use, 15-33---15-34

child restraint use, 15-30

childhood fatalities, 15-20

costs of injuries, 15-4---15-5

data collection, 15-22

death due to injuries, 15-3---15-4

developmental disabilities and, 16-39

disparities, 15-6---15-7

dog bite injuries, 15-42---15-43

drownings, 15-40---15-42

eye injuries, 28-14

falls, death rate, 15-37---15-38

firearms and, 15-14---15-16

fractures, 2-7---2-8, 2-18---2-20,

15-39---15-40

graduated driver licensing model laws,

15-32---15-33

head injuries, nonfatal, 15-11---15-12

hospital emergency department visits,

15-22---15-23

motor vehicle crash death rates, 15-3,

15-4, 15-25---15-26

motorcycle helmet use, 15-31

nonfatal motor vehicle crash injuries, 15-4

nonfatal pedestrian injuries on public roads,

15-28---15-29

pedestrian death rate, 15-26---15-27

poisonings, 15-17---15-20

programs for students, 7-14---7-16

protective gear for school-sponsored

physical activities, 15-43

residential fire death rate, 15-34---15-35

safety belt use, 15-29---15-30

spinal cord injuries, nonfatal, 15-12---15-13

suffocation, 15-20---15-21

surveillance systems, 15-21

trauma care systems, 1-32

unintentional injuries, 15-4---15-5, 15-24

unintentional injury death rate,

15-23---15-24

**Injury and Violence, Leading Health**

**Indicator.** *See* Understanding and

Improving Health, pp. 38-39.

Insulin-dependent diabetes. *See* Diabetes.

Insurance. *See* Health insurance.

Intensive care units (ICUs)

antibiotic use among patients, 14-35

hospital-acquired infections, 14-34

Intentional injuries. *See* Injuries and injury

prevention.

International travel, infectious diseases and,

14-27---14-28

Internet

access for public health employees, 23-9

access rates, 11-13---11-14

for health communication, 11-7---11-8,

11-13---11-17

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), 16-5

Intravenous polio vaccine (IPV),

14-49---14-50

Iron deficiencies, 19-3---19-4, 19-36---19-39

J

Jail system. *See also* Correctional

institutions; Juvenile justice system;

Prison systems.

mental illness diversion programs, 18-20

STD screening, 25-30

Japanese Americans. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Joint symptoms, arthritis and, 2-11---2-14

Juvenile diabetes. *See* Diabetes.

Juvenile justice system. *See also*

Correctional institutions; Jail system;

Prison systems.

mental disorder screening, 18-17

STD screening, 25-30

K

Kidney disease. *See* Chronic kidney

disease.

Knee replacements and racial disparities,

2-15---2-16

L

Laboratories, in support of public health

services, 23-17

Latex allergies, 20-5

Latinos. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Lead

poisoning, 8-21---8-22

work exposures, 20-14---20-15

Lead-based paints, 8-21---8-22, 8-26---8-27

Leading Health Indicators

identified, *See* Understanding and

Improving Health, pp. 24-45.

public health infrastructure and, 23-9,

23-11---23-12

Lesbians. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Life satisfaction. *See* Quality-of-life issues.

Limitation in activity. *See* Activity limitations.

*Listeria monocytogenes*

bacterial meningitis and, 14-6

foodborne illness due to, 10-8,

10-10---10-11

Literacy, health communication and, 11-9,

11-15

Long-term care services, 1-6

Low back pain (LBP). *See* Chronic back

conditions.

Low birth weight (LBW)

as cause of infant death, 16-3---16-4

developmental disabilities and, 16-39

occurrence of, 16-32---16-33

long-term disabilities and, 16-5

risk factors, 16-5

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 12-29

Lung cancer

death rates, 3-11---3-12

risk factors, 3-12

Lyme disease, rate of new cases,

14-21---14-22

M

Major depressive disorder, 18-19

Malaria, risk to international travelers,

14-27---14-28

Males. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Mammography

barriers for people with disabilities and,

6-6---6-7

breast cancer death reduction, 3-13

health insurance coverage, 1-15

Medicare coverage, 1-15

proportion of women receiving

mammograms, 3-26---3-27

Managed care organizations (MCOs). *See*

*also* Health maintenance organizations.

diabetes management and, 5-7

patient and family health education,

7-21---7-22

patient health education and promotion, 7-6

STD treatment of nonplan patients, 25-30

Manic depressive illness, 18-4---18-5

Manufacturing process, toxic pollutants from,

8-23---8-24

Marijuana

disapproval by adolescents, 26-40---26-41

infant health and, 16-44---16-45

use, 26-5, 26-26---26-27

**Maternal health**---Focus Area 16. *See also*

Child health; Infant health.

alcohol use and, 16-43---16-45

cesarean birth, 16-30---16-31

childbirth classes, 16-28---16-29

death rate, 16-23---16-24

disparities, 16-7---16-8

folic acid intake, 16-41---16-42

illicit drug use and, 16-43---16-45

illness and complications due to pregnancy,

16-24---16-26

intrauterine growth retardation and, 16-5

mortality causes, 16-6---16-7

prenatal care, 16-26---16-28

tobacco use and, 16-43---16-45

weight gain during pregnancy, 16-36

Measles

occurrence of, 14-5, 14-8

resurgence of, 14-4, 14-37

vaccine, 14-4, 14-12

Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR),

14-4, 14-12

Medicaid

family planning programs, 9-6---9-7

vaccination programs for children, 14-5

Medical homes for special health care

needs, 16-49---16-50

**Medical product safety**---Focus Area 17

automated information systems,

17-13---17-14

benefit-risk system, 17-3

blood supply, 17-5, 17-16

counseling on appropriate use and risks of

medications, 17-15---17-16

disparities, 17-7

information technology and, 17-8

integrated system for monitoring and

reporting adverse events, 17-12---17-13

known side effects of pharmaceuticals,

17-5---17-6

management of risk, 17-5---17-7

medication or device errors, 17-6

medication reviews for elderly patients,

17-14

prescription drug information,

17-14---17-15

product defects, 17-5

risk communication, 17-8---17-9

sources of risk, 17-3---17-5

Medical schools

preventive care training, 1-24---1-25

proportion of degrees awarded to members

of racial and ethnic groups, 1-25---1-26

Medicare, 2-8, 6-18

End-Stage Renal Disease Program, 4-6

kidney disease costs, 4-5

preventive services coverage, 1-15

Medications

automated information systems,

17-13---17-14

counseling on appropriate use and risks,

17-15---17-16

errors, 17-4, 17-6, 17-13, 17-14

informational materials, 17-14---17-15

known side effects, 17-5---17-6

medication reviews for elderly patients,

17-14

product defects, 17-5

Medicine. *See* Medications.

Melanoma, 3-7. *See also* Skin cancer.

death rates, 3-18---3-19

risk factors, 3-19

Men. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Meningitis

bacterial, 14-6, 14-15---14-16

developmental disabilities and, 16-39

*Haemophilus influenzae* type b and,

14-5---14-6

Meningococcal disease, rate of new cases,

14-20

Menopause

bone loss rate, 2-8

counseling services, 1-16---1-18

Mental disorders. *See* Mental health.

**Mental health**---Focus Area 18

addictive disorders and, 18-6---18-7, 18-20

adults receiving treatment for,

18-17---18-20

affective disorders, 18-4---18-5

among children, 18-7, 18-13---18-14,

18-16---18-17

among elderly persons, 18-3---18-4,\
18-8, 18-22

anxiety disorders, 18-5, 18-18---18-20

arthritis and, 2-4, 2-14

burden of disability study, 18-3

consumers\' satisfaction with mental health

services, 18-21

costs of, 18-5---18-6

crisis interventions for elderly persons,

18-22

cultural competence of mental health plans,

18-21

defined, 18-3

depression, 18-18---18-19

disabilities and, 6-10---6-12

disparities, 18-7---18-9

eating disorders, 18-8, 18-15---18-16

emotional disturbances, 18-6

employment of persons with serious mental

illness, 18-15

externalizing disorders, 18-7

homeless persons and, 18-14---18-15

jail diversion programs, 18-20

juvenile justice facility screening, 18-17

occurrence of, 18-3---18-4

percentage of people seeking treatment,

18-5

resilience and, 18-9

schizophrenia, 18-4, 18-18---18-19

screening and assessment, 18-16

screening elderly persons, 18-22

serious mental illness, 18-14---18-15,

18-18---18-20

state activities, 18-21---18-22

stigma of, 18-9

stress and, 18-9

substance abuse and, 18-20

suicide, 18-12---18-14

treatment options, 18-5

treatment services for elderly persons,

18-22

**Mental Health, Leading Health Indicator.**

*See* Understanding and Improving Health,

pp. 36-37.

Mental illness

defined, 18-3

occurrence of, 18-4

Mental retardation

among infants, 16-38---16-39

fetal alcohol syndrome and, 16-45

Metals. *See* Heavy metals.

Methylene chloride, 8-17

Mexicans; Mexican Americans. *See* Editor's

Note, I-1.

Microalbumin, diabetes and, 5-23

Microalbuminuria, chronic kidney disease

risk from, 4-7

Milk, calcium and, 19-35

Monounsaturated fatty acids, 19-30

Mothers. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Motor vehicles

adolescents riding with a driver drinking

alcohol, 26-19---26-20

alcohol use and, 26-46---26-47

alcohol-related crashes, 15-32

child restraint use, 15-30

crashes due to excessive sleepiness

caused by obstructive sleep apnea,

24-23

deaths due to crashes, 15-3, 15-4,

15-25---15-26, 15-32

emissions, 8-5, 8-16---8-17

graduated driver licensing model laws,

15-32---15-33

nonfatal injuries due to crashes,

15-27---15-28

safety belt use, 15-29---15-30

work-related deaths, 20-5

Motorcycles

head injuries and, 15-13

helmet use, 15-31

Mumps

occurrence of, 14-5

vaccine, 14-4, 14-12

Muscular strength, physical activity and,

22-13---22-15, 22-17

*Mycobacterium avium*, 13-23

*Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, 13-27

Mycotoxins, 10-5

Myocardial infarctions. *See* Heart attacks.

Myopia, 28-4

N

National health information infrastructure,

11-10

Native Americans. *See* American Indians or

Alaska Natives; Editor's Note, I-1.

Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders.

*See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Nearsightedness, 28-4

Needle and syringe exchange programs,

13-19

Needlesticks injuries, 20-17---20-18

*Neisseria meningitidis*

bacterial meningitis and, 14-6

meningococcal disease and, 14-20

Neonates

mortality rate, 16-3, 16-13---16-15

STDs and, 25-25

Neural tube defects, 16-6, 16-40

Newborn screening programs, 16-48---16-49

Nicotine. *See also* Smoking; Tobacco use.

dependency treatment, 27-23---27-24

Noise-induced hearing loss, 28-8,

28-16---28-17

Nonattainment areas, 8-5, 8-10

Noninsulin-dependent diabetes. *See*

Diabetes.

Nursing home care, 1-34

pressure ulcer occurrence, 1-33---1-36

regular dental visits for residents, 21-31

**Nutrition**---Focus Area 19. *See also*

Obesity; Overweight.

ABCs for health, 19-3

anemia among low-income females in third

trimester of pregnancy, 19-37---19-38

away-from-home foods and, 19-7,

19-30---19-32

calcium deficiencies, 19-3---19-4,

19-33---19-35

caloric intake from fat, 12-14

counseling services, 1-17, 19-43---19-44

diabetes and, 5-4---5-5

disease and, 19-3

disparities, 19-5

education programs for students,

7-14---7-16

fat consumption, 19-25---19-30

folic acid intake, 19-4

Food Guide Pyramid, 19-3, 19-6

food insecurity and, 19-5, 19-44---19-46

food label information, 19-7

fruit consumption, 19-18---19-19,

19-24---19-25

grain product consumption, 19-22---19-25

growth retardation among low-income

children, 19-16---19-18

heart disease and, 12-7

iron deficiencies, 19-3---19-4,

19-36---19-39

proportion of adults at a healthy weight,

19-10---19-11, 19-10---19-20

quality of school meals and snacks, 19-40

sodium consumption, 19-30---19-32

stroke and, 12-7

vegetable consumption, 19-20---19-22,

19-24---19-25

worksite nutrition or weight management

programs, 19-41---19-42

O

Obesity. *See also* Nutrition; Overweight.

adults and, 19-11---19-13

body mass index (BMI), 19-5, 19-11, 19-15

causes of, 19-15

children and, 19-13---19-16

clinical practice guidelines, 12-10

costs of, 19-5

diabetes and, 5-4---5-5

disease risks, 19-5

heart disease and, 12-7

occurrence of, 12-14

proportion of adults at a healthy weight,

19-10---19-11

stroke and, 12-7

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

disparities, 24-10---24-11

management of, 24-22

vehicular crashes due to excessive

sleepiness caused by apnea, 24-23

Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD),

20-15

**Occupational safety and health**---Focus

Area 20

assaults, 20-14

blood lead concentrations, 20-14---20-15

cost of work-related injuries, 20-3

deaths from work-related injuries, 20-6,

20-9---20-10

disparities, 20-6

eye injuries, 28-14

hearing protection, 28-16---28-17

homicides, 20-13---20-14

needlestick injuries, 20-17---20-18

overexertion injuries, 20-11---20-12

pneumoconiosis deaths, 20-12---20-13

repetitive motion injuries, 20-11---20-12

skin diseases or disorders, 20-15---20-16

stress reduction programs, 20-16---20-17

work-related injuries and illnesses, 20-3

work-related injuries resulting in medical

treatment, lost time from work, or

restricted work activity, 20-11

Older adults. *See* Elderly persons; Editor's

Note, I-1.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 19-29

Oppositional-defiant disorder, 18-7

Oral and pharyngeal cancers, 21-5,

21-22---21-25. *See also* Oropharyngeal

cancer.

**Oral health**---Focus Area 21. *See also*

Teeth.

chemotherapy and, 21-5

cleft lip and palate, 21-5, 21-34---21-35

community-based health centers with oral

health component, 21-33---21-34

craniofacial health surveillance system,

21-35

dental caries, 21-3---21-4, 21-11---21-16

dental sealants, 21-4, 21-26---21-27

disparities, 21-7

long-term care residents, 21-31

oral and pharyngeal cancers, 21-5,

21-22---21-25

periodontal disease, 21-20---21-22

public dental health programs,

21-35---21-36

radiotherapy and, 21-5

regular dental visits and, 21-28---21-32

school-based health centers with oral

health component, 21-32---21-33

surveillance system, 21-35

tooth extraction among elderly persons,

21-18---21-20

tooth extraction due to dental caries or

periodontal disease, 21-17---21-18

water fluoridation and, 21-4, 21-28

Oral polio vaccine (OPV), 14-49

Organophosphate pesticides. *See*

pesticides.

Oropharyngeal cancer. *See also* Oral and

pharyngeal cancers.

death rate, 3-16---3-17

Osteoarthritis, 2-6---2-7

overweight or obesity and, 19-5

Osteopenia, 2-5

**Osteoporosis**---Focus Area 2

bone mineral density (BMD) and,

2-17---2-18

calcium intake and, 19-34---19-35

disparities, 2-7

estrogen replacement therapy and, 19-35

fractures and, 2-18---2-20

occurrence of, 2-18

people with disabilities and, 6-6

Otitis media

breastfeeding and, 16-47

courses of antibiotics for, 14-31---14-32

hearing disorders and, 28-8, 28-14---28-15

Overexertion injuries, 20-11---20-12

Over-the-counter drugs. *See* Medications.

**Overweight**---Focus Area 19. *See also*

Nutrition; Obesity.

among children and adolescents, 19-4,

19-13---19-16

assessment of, 12-10

body mass index, 19-5

breast cancer and, 3-13

causes of, 19-15

chronic back conditions and, 2-21

clinical practice guidelines, 12-10

coronary heart disease and, 12-7

defined, 19-4

diabetes and, 5-4---5-5

disabilities and, 6-7

disease risks, 19-5

occurrence, 12-14

proportion of adults at a healthy weight,

19-10---19-11

stroke and, 12-7

**Overweight and Obesity, Leading Health**

**Indicator.** *See* Understanding and

Improving Health, pp. 28-29.

Ozone, 8-5

P

Pacific Islanders. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Pain, arthritis and, 2-11

Paints, lead-based, 8-21---8-22, 8-26---8-27

Panic disorder, suicide and, 18-20

Pap test

cervical cancer death reduction, 3-14

health insurance coverage, 1-15

proportion of women receiving tests,

3-23---3-24

Parasites. *See* Food safety.

Pathogens. *See* Food safety.

Pedalcycles. *See* Bicycling.

Pedestrians

deaths on public roads, 15-26---15-27

nonfatal injuries on public roads,

15-28---15-29

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 16-26,

25-21---25-23

Pelvic pain, STDs and, 25-7

Penicillin-resistant infections, 14-16---14-18

Peptic ulcer disease, hospitalization rates

for, 14-29---14-31

Perchloroethylene, 8-17

Performance-enhancing substances,

26-35---26-37

Perinatal mortality, 16-12---16-13

Periodontal disease. *See also* Oral health.

occurrence of, 21-20---21-22

tobacco use and, 21-22

tooth extraction and, 21-17---21-18

Periodontitis, diabetes and, 5-29

Personal care activities, arthritis and,

2-12---2-14

Pertussis vaccine, 14-4, 14-12, 14-50

Pesticides

environmental health and, 8-6---8-7, 8-23

food safety and, 10-4---10-5, 10-16

urine concentrations of metabolites,

8-28---8-29

*Pfiesteria piscicida*, 8-6

Pharmacies

automated information systems,

17-13---17-14

counseling on appropriate use and risks of

medications, 17-15---17-16

Pharyngeal cancer. *See* Oral and

pharyngeal cancers.

Phenylketonuria screening (PKU), 16-6,

16-48

**Physical activity**---Focus Area 22

access to school facilities outside of school

hours, 22-25---22-26

adolescents and, 22-17---22-25

arthritis and, 22-3

asthma and, 24-17---24-18

bicycling, 22-30---22-32

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and,

24-20---24-21

coronary heart disease and, 22-3---22-4

counseling services, 1-17

diabetes and, 5-4---5-5

disabilities and, 6-7

disparities, 22-4---22-6

education programs for students,

7-14---7-16

endurance and, 22-13---22-15, 22-17

flexibility and, 22-15---22-17

heart disease and, 12-7

moderate physical activity, 22-9---22-11,

22-17---22-18

muscular strength and, 22-13---22-15,

22-17

no leisure-time physical activity, 22-8---22-9

percentage of population engaging in,

12-14

physician counseling for cancer prevention,

3-22

protective gear for school-sponsored

activities, 15-43

school physical education programs, 22-5,

22-20---22-22

stroke and, 12-7

television and, 22-23---22-25

vigorous physical activity, 22-11---22-13,

22-19---22-20

walking, 22-27---22-29

weight status and, 19-16

worksite programs, 22-25---22-26

**Physical Activity, Leading Health**

**Indicator**. See Understanding and

Improving Health, pp. 26-27.

Physical assaults, 15-51

Physical examinations and health insurance

coverage, 1-15

Pneumococcal infections

ear infections, 14-32

penicillin-resistant infections, 14-16---14-18

rate of new cases, 14-16---14-18

vaccination rates, 14-5, 14-45---14-49

Pneumoconiosis, 20-12---20-13

*Pneumocystis carinii* (PCP), 13-23

Pneumonia

*Haemophilus influenzae* type b and, 14-5

hospitalization rates, 1-27---1-29

Poison control centers (PCCs), 1-31---1-32

Poisonings

costs of, 15-20

death rate, 15-18---15-20

nonfatal poisonings, 15-17---15-18

Polio

eradication, 14-37

intravenous polio vaccine, 14-49---14-50

oral polio vaccine, 14-49

vaccine, 14-12

vaccine-associated paralytic polio, 14-49

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 19-30

Postmenopausal women and estrogen

replacement therapy, 19-35

Postneonatal mortality, 16-14---16-15

Postpartum depression, 16-26

Poverty level. *See also* Editor's Note, I-1.

health insurance coverage and, 1-9

persons with source of ongoing care, 1-9

STDs and, 25-4

Pregnancy. *See also* Contraception; Family

planning.

abortions, 9-6, 9-20, 16-44

AIDS transmission, 13-7

alcohol use, 16-5, 16-43---16-45

anemia among low-income females in third

trimester, 19-37---19-38

childbirth classes, 16-28---16-29

consequences of unintended pregnancies,

9-5---9-6

costs of unintended pregnancies, 9-6

counseling services, 1-16---1-17

ectopic, 16-6, 16-26, 25-7

education programs for students,

7-14---7-16

folic acid levels, 16-41---16-42

gestational diabetes, 5-21

hepatitis B virus screening, 14-12---14-13

HIV transmission, 13-4, 13-7, 13-25

illicit drug use and, 16-43---16-45

impaired fecundity, 9-28---9-29

iron deficiencies, 19-38---19-39

listeriosis risks, 10-11

maternal illness and complications due to,

16-24---16-26

prenatal care, 16-26---16-28

risk among adolescents, 9-22

smoking cessation, 27-20---27-21

smoking during, 16-5

spacing pregnancies, 9-12---9-14

STD screening, 25-30---25-31

STDs and, 25-8

tobacco use and, 16-43---16-45, 27-3

toxoplasmosis risks, 10-12

unintended pregnancy rates, 9-3---9-4,

9-11---9-12, 9-16---9-17, 9-19---9-20

weight gain, 16-36

Prescription drugs. *See* Medications.

Pressure ulcers, occurrence among nursing

home residents, 1-33---1-36

Preterm births, 16-33---16-44, 16-34---16-36

Preterm infants, 16-5

Preventive care, barriers to, 1-4---1-5

Preventive services. *See* Access to quality

health services.

Primary care. *See* Access to quality health

Services.

Prison systems. *See* *also* Correctional

institutions; Jail system; Juvenile

justice system.

education in HIV/AIDS, STD, and TB

prevention, 13-19

HIV counseling and testing, 13-19---13-20

Privacy in health communication, 11-8

Product defects, 17-5. *See also* Medical

product safety.

Product safety. *See* Medical product safety.

Prostate cancer

death rates, 3-17---3-18

risk factors, 3-7

Prostate-specific antigen test (PSA), 3-18

Proteinuria

cardiovascular disease complications, 4-12

chronic kidney disease and, 4-20

Public dental health programs, 21-35---25-36

Public education. *See* Educational

programs.

Public health. *See* Public health

Infrastructure.

**Public health infrastructure**---Focus\
Area 23.

continuing education for employees, 23-15

data availability, 23-11

disparities, 23-6

epidemiology services, 23-17

essential services, 23-4

evaluation of statutes, ordinances, and

bylaws, 23-18

expenditures, 23-19

functions of, 23-3

geographic information systems,

23-10---23-11

health improvement plans, 23-16---23-17

Health Status Indicators and, 23-9---23-10,

23-11---23-12

Internet access for employees, 23-9

laboratory services, 23-17

Leading Health Indicators and,

23-9---23-10, 23-11---23-12

national performance standards,

23-15---23-16

personnel competencies, 23-14

population-based prevention research,

23-20

Priority Data Needs and, 23-9---23-10,

23-11---23-12

release of data, 23-13

school curricula, 23-14

tracking objectives, 23-12---23-13

Puerto Ricans, *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Purging. *See* Bulimia nervosa.

Q

Quality of health care. *See* Access to quality

health services.

Quality-of-life issues

arthritis and, 2-11

disabilities and, 6-16---16-17

Healthy People 2010 Goal 1. *See*

Understanding and Improving Health,

pp. 8-10.

R

Race. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Racial and ethnic groups. *See* Editor's Note,

I-1.

Radioactive wastes, 8-6

Radiotherapy, oral health and, 21-5

Radon in homes, 8-12, 8-25---8-26

Rape, 15-47---15-48

Rectal examinations. *See* Digital rectal

examinations.

Recycling of municipal solid waste, 8-24

Rehabilitation services

vision, 28-14

hearing, 28-16

Rehabilitative services, 1-6, 1-34---1-36

Renal replacement therapy, 4-13---4-15

Repetitive motion injuries, 20-11---20-12

Resilience, mental disorders and, 18-9

**Respiratory diseases**---Focus Area 24. *See*

*also* Asthma; Chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD);

Environmental health; Obstructive sleep

apnea (OSA)

asthma, 1-27---1-29, 8-8---8-9, 8-24

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

24-8---24-10, 24-20---24-22

environmental health and, 8-8---8-9

indoor allergen levels and, 8-24

obstructive sleep apnea, 24-10---24-11,

24-22---24-23

overweight or obesity and, 19-5

Respiratory distress syndrome, as cause of

infant death, 16-3

Respiratory infections, breastfeeding and,

16-47

**Responsible Sexual Behavior, Leading**

**Health Indicator**. *See* Understanding and

Improving Health, pp.34-35.

Retail food industry, 10-4, 10-15---10-16

Rheumatic conditions, objectives of

treatment, 2-11---2-16

Rheumatoid arthritis, 2-7

Rubella

occurrence of, 14-5

outbreaks, 14-12

vaccine, 14-4, 14-12

S

Safety belts, use of, 15-29---15-30

*Salmonella* serotype Enteritidis, foodborne

illness due to, 10-8, 10-12

*Salmonella* species, foodborne illness due

to, 10-8, 10-10---10-11, 10-13

Salt, consumption of, 19-32

Sanitation, water quality and, 8-31---8-32

Saturated fat, consumption of,

19-25---19-27, 19-29---19-30

Schizophrenia

adults receiving treatment for,

18-18---18-19

gender factors, 18-8

occurrence of, 18-4

Schools. *See also* Educational programs;

Medical schools.

access to physical activity facilities outside

of school hours, 22-25---22-26

environmental health of, 8-26

graduation rates, 7-12---7-13

health centers with oral health component,

21-32---21-34

health instruction for students, 7-4---7-5,

7-14---7-16

nurse-to-student ratio, 7-17

nutrition education, 19-6

physical education programs, 22-5,

22-20---22-22

protective gear for school-sponsored

physical activities, 15-43

quality of school meals and snacks, 19-40

smoke- and tobacco-free, 27-27

vaccine coverage levels for children, 14-38

weapon carrying by adolescents on school

property, 15-52---15-54

Screening tests, health insurance coverage

of, 1-15

Secondary disease prevention, 1-4

diabetes and, 5-23

Secondhand smoke. *See* Environmental

tobacco smoke.

Self-blood-glucose-monitoring, diabetes and,

5-30---5-31

Senior centers, health education and

promotion by, 7-8

Sepsis from sickling hemoglobinopathies,

16-49

Serious emotional disturbances (SED), 18-3

Serious mental illness (SMI)

adults receiving treatment for,

18-18---18-19

employment and, 18-15

homeless persons and, 18-14---18-15

jail diversion programs, 18-20

Serum cotinine, 27-25---27-26

Serum creatinine, cardiovascular disease

complications caused by

elevation, 4-12

Sexual activity. *See also* Sexually

transmitted diseases.

HIV and, 13-3---13-4

proportion of adolescents engaging in sexual intercourse, 9-20---9-22

television program messages, 25-29

Sexual assault, 15-48---15-50

Sexual orientation. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

**Sexually transmitted diseases**---Focus

Area 25

adolescent sexual behavior and,

25-25---25-29

behavioral factors, 25-4---25-7

biological factors, 25-3---25-4

cervical cancer and, 3-14

chlamydia, 16-26, 25-9, 25-15---25-16,

25-30

congenital syphilis, 25-24

contraception use among adolescents,

9-25---9-26

counseling services, 1-17

disparities, 25-7---25-10

education programs for students,

7-14---7-16

genital herpes, 25-19---25-20

gonorrhea, 16-26, 25-9, 25-16---25-17

hepatitis B vaccines, 25-29

HIV and, 13-8, 13-21---13-22, 25-9---25-10,

25-23

human papillomavirus infection, 25-20

infertility and, 25-22---25-23

male involvement in prevention of, 9-18

management of, 25-31

neonatal consequences, 25-25

occurrence of, 25-5

pelvic inflammatory disease and, 16-26

prevention, 25-11

prevention education in prison systems,

13-19

referral services for sex partners, 25-31

risk among adolescents, 9-22

screening during pregnancy, 25-30---25-31

screening in youth detention facilities and

jails, 25-30

social factors, 25-4---25-7

spread of infection in a population, 25-10

syphilis, 25-9, 25-17---25-19, 25-24

television program messages concerning

sexual behavior, 25-29

treatment of nonplan patients by managed

care providers, 25-30

vaccines, 25-11, 25-29

young adult education, 9-26---9-28

Sickle cell disease

developmental disabilities and, 16-39

screening, 16-6, 16-48

sepsis, 16-49

Side effects

known side effects of pharmaceuticals,

17-5---17-6

sources of risk from medical products,

17-3---17-5

Sight impairments. *See* Disabilities.

Sigmoidoscopy, use in colorectal cancer

screening, 3-15

Skin cancer. *See also* Melanoma.

occurrence of, 3-3

prevention, 3-7

protective measures, 3-19---3-21

Skin diseases or disorders, occupational,

20-15---20-16

Sleep apnea, overweight or obesity and,

19-5

Smoke alarms, 15-36---15-37

Smoking. *See also* Tobacco use.

adolescent cessation attempts,

27-21---27-22

among adolescents, 27-4---27-5,

27-12---27-14, 27-15---27-18

among adults, 27-10---27-11

cessation attempts, 27-19---27-20

cessation counseling services, 1-17

cessation during pregnancy, 27-20---27-21

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and,

24-8

environmental smoke exposure,

27-24---27-28

health insurance coverage for cessation

counseling, 1-15

heart disease and, 12-8, 12-10, 27-4

lung cancer and, 3-12

occurrence, 12-14

oropharyngeal cancer and, 3-17

Social activity participation, disabilities and,

6-13---6-14

Social support, disabilities and, 6-14---6-15

Socioeconomic status (SES). *See* Editor's

Note, I-1.

Sodium, consumption of, 19-30---19-32

Sources of ongoing care, 1-18---1-20

Special health care needs

medical homes for, 16-49---16-50

service systems for, 16-50---16-51

Spina bifida, 16-6, 16-40

Spinal cord injuries, hospitalization rate for,

15-12---15-13

Spit tobacco. *See also* Tobacco use.

adolescent use, 27-6, 27-14---27-15

Steroids, use among adolescents,

26-35---26-37

*Streptococcus*, Group B

bacterial meningitis and, 14-6

rate of new infections, 14-28---14-29

*Streptococcus pneumoniae,* bacterial

meningitis and, 14-6

Stress

disabilities and, 6-7

mental disorders and, 18-9

worksite programs, 20-16---20-17

**Stroke**---Focus Area 12. *See also* Heart

disease.

age factors, 12-4---12-5

clot-dissolving agents, 12-11

death rates, 12-4, 12-19---12-20

dietary factors, 19-3

gender factors, 12-6

high blood pressure and, 12-4, 12-7

occurrence of, 12-4

overweight or obesity and, 12-7, 19-5

physical activity and, 12-7

prevention, 12-20

risk factors, 12-4, 12-7---12-10

**Substance abuse**---Focus Area 26. *See*

*also* Alcohol use; Drug use.

comprehensive prevention efforts,

26-45---26-46

disapproval by adolescents, 26-38---26-41

disparities, 26-6---26-7

infant health and, 16-5, 16-43---16-45

inhalants use among adolescents,

26-37---26-38

perceived risk by adolescents,

26-41---26-43

risks of, 26-5---26-6

STDs and, 25-5---25-6

steroid use among adolescents,

26-35---26-37

treatment in correctional institutions, 26-43

**Substance Abuse, Leading Health**

**Indicator.** *See* Understanding and

Improving Health, pp. 32-33.

Substandard housing, 8-27

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

as cause of death, 16-3, 16-18

death rate, 16-16---16-19

nonprone sleeping position and,

16-37---16-38

suffocation and, 15-21

Suffocation, death rate, 15-20---15-21

Suicide

anxiety disorders and, 18-20

attempts by adolescents, 18-13---18-14

depression and, 18-19

drug-related hospital emergency

department visits, 26-18

followup care, 26-45

gender factors, 18-8

mental disorders, 18-3

mood disorders and, 18-5

occurrence of, 15-4, 15-5, 15-6,

18-12---18-13

prevention programs for students,

7-14---7-16

Syphilis. *See* Sexually transmitted diseases.

T

Talking therapy, anorexia nervosa and,

18-16

Teenagers. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

AIDS prevalence, 13-9

dating violence, 15-50

emotional disturbances and, 18-6

graduated driver licensing model laws,

15-32---15-33

overweight or obesity, 19-13---19-16

screening for mental disorders at juvenile

justice facilities, 18-17

STDs and, 25-8---25-9

unintended pregnancy and, 9-5---9-6,

9-19---9-20

Teeth. *See also* Oral health.

calcium intake and, 19-34

dental caries, 21-3---21-4, 21-11---21-16

sealants, 21-4, 21-26---21-27

Television

physical activity and, 22-23---22-25

sexual behavior messages, 25-29

Tetanus vaccine, 14-4, 14-12

Thinness, risks of excessive, 19-15

\"Thrifty gene,\" diabetes and, 5-6

Thrombolytic agents, 12-11

Tinnitus, 28-10, 28-16---28-17

**Tobacco use**---Focus Area 27. *See also*

Smoking.

adolescents and, 27-4---27-5,

27-12---27-18

advertising influencing adolescents,

27-30---27-31

among adults, 27-10---27-11

comprehensive control programs,

27-31---27-32

disapproval by adolescents, 27-30---27-31

disparities, 27-5---27-6

education programs for students,

7-14---7-16

fetal mortality and, 16-18

infant health and, 16-5, 16-43---16-45

insurance coverage for nicotine

dependency treatment, 27-23---27-24

oral cancer and, 21-25

periodontal disease and, 21-22

physician counseling for cancer prevention,

3-22

pregnancy and, 27-3

sales to minors, 27-29

tax on tobacco products, 27-34

tobacco control laws, 27-32---27-33

toxicity monitoring and reduction, 27-33

**Tobacco Use, Leading Health Indicator.**

*See* Understanding and Improving Health,

pp. 30-31.

Toxic substances. *See also* Lead.

environmental health and, 8-6, 8-28---8-29

food safety and, 10-4---10-5

*Toxoplasma gondii*, 10-12

*Trans*-fatty acids, 19-29---19-30

Transfusions. *See* Blood transfusions.

Transplantation of kidneys, 4-3---4-7,

4-16---4-18

Trauma care systems, 1-32

Treated chronic kidney failure. *See* End-

stage renal disease.

Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities,

8-10

Tuberculosis (TB)

curative therapy, 14-25---14-26

detection of, 14-27

HIV testing and, 13-20---13-21

latent infections, 14-27

prevention education in prison systems,

13-19

rate of new cases, 14-24---14-25

Type 1 diabetes. *See* Diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes. *See* Diabetes.

Typhoid risk to international travelers,

14-27---14-28

U

Underground storage tanks (USTs), 8-23

Uninsured persons, 1-14

with source of ongoing care, 1-20

vaccination programs for children, 14-5

Unintended pregnancy. *See* Pregnancy.

Unintentional injuries. *See* Injuries and injury

prevention.

Universities and health instruction for

students, 7-14---7-16

Urban sprawl, 8-9

Urinary microalbumin, diabetes and, 5-23

V

Vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP),

14-49

Vaccine-preventable diseases, 14-4---14-5,

14-7---14-8, 14-11---14-12, 14-37---14-40

Vaccines. *See also* Immunization.

conjugate vaccines, 14-5---14-6

coverage levels, 14-35---14-49

financing for, 14-5

function of, 14-3---14-4

hepatitis A virus, 14-4---14-5

measles and, 14-4

population-based registries, 14-41---14-42

safety, 14-49---14-50

vaccination rates, 14-5

Varicella vaccine, 14-4, 14-12

Vector control programs, 8-30

Vegetables, consumption of, 19-20---19-22,

19-24---19-25

Vertebral fractures, osteoporosis and,

2-18---2-20

Very low birth weight (VLBW), 16-3---16-5,

16-29---16-30, 16-32---16-33

**Violence prevention**---Focus Area 15. *See*

*also* Injuries and injury prevention.

alcohol-related violence, 26-20---26-21

disparities, 15-6---15-7

drug-related violence, 26-20---26-21

homicide rate, 15-43---15-45

maltreatment of children, 15-45---15-46

physical assault by current or former

intimate partners, 15-46---15-47

physical assault rate, 15-51

physical fighting among adolescents,

15-51---15-52

programs for students, 7-14---7-16

rape or attempted rape rates,

15-47---15-48

sexual assault, 15-48---15-50

STDs and, 25-6

weapon carrying by adolescents on school

property, 15-52---15-54

**Vision**---Focus Area 28

adaptive devices, 28-5

cataracts, 28-14

causes of impairment, 28-5

childhood blindness or visual impairment,

28-12---28-13

costs of disorders, 28-3

diabetic retinopathy, 28-13

dilated eye examinations, 28-12

disparities, 28-6

glaucoma, 28-13

occupational eye injury, 28-14

protective eyewear, 28-14

refractive error correction, 28-12

screening for preschool children, 28-12

vision rehabilitation, 28-14

visual devices, 28-5

Vitamin D, 19-35

W

Walking

as alternative mode of transportation, 8-16

for physical activity, 22-27---22-29

Waste

environmental health and, 8-6

hazardous sites, 8-22---8-23

populations in census tracts surrounding

waste treatment, storage, and

disposal facilities, 8-10

recycling of municipal solid waste, 8-24

Water fluoridation, dental caries and, 21-4,

21-28

Water quality

beach closings, 8-20

community water system safety, 8-18

fish contamination, 8-20

global environmental hazards, 8-31---8-32

percentage of population served by private

wells, 8-18

in rivers, lakes, and estuaries, 8-19---8-20

scope of problem, 8-6

waterborne disease outbreaks, 8-18---8-19

Water supply management, 8-19

Weapons carried by adolescents on school

property, 15-52---15-54

Weight status. *See also* Obesity;

Overweight.

body mass index for healthy weight, 19-10,

19-15

excessive thinness risks, 19-15

physical activity and, 19-16

proportion of adults at a healthy weight,

19-10---19-11

Well-child care, health insurance coverage

for, 1-15

\"Westernization,\" diabetes and, 5-4---5-5

Whites. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Women. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Work-related issues. *See also* Occupational

safety and health.

chronic back conditions, 2-21

health promotion programs, 7-5,

7-18---7-21

HIV infection, 13-10

lost productivity due to alcohol and drug

use, 26-21

lung cancer and, 3-12

nutrition programs, 19-41---19-42

smoking policies, 27-27

weight management programs,

19-41---19-42

worksite physical activity programs,

22-25---22-26

World Wide Web. *See* Internet.

Y

Years of potential life lost (YPLL), injuries

and, 15-4, 15-6

Young adults. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

AIDS, new cases of, 13-9

binge drinking, 26-29---26-33

chlamydia screening, 25-30

death rates, 16-21---16-23

education of reproductive health issues,

9-26---9-28

graduated driver licensing model laws,

15-32---15-33

occurrence of death due to injuries, 15-4

Youth. *See* Editor's Note, I-1.

Z

Zidovudine therapy, 13-7, 13-25