+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ## sassafras {#sassafras .Title-Header}                               |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Sassafras albidum* (Nutt.) Nees                                      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Plant Symbol = SAAL5                                                  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Contributed by: USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center

### ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="2.6993055555555556in" height="1.7902777777777779in"}

### Alternate Names

Common sassafras, ague tree

### Uses

*Ethnobotanic*: All parts of the sassafras plant are spicy and aromatic.
The roots, bark, leaves, new shoots, and pith from the branches of
sassafras were used extensively for a wide variety of purposes by may
Native American tribes including the Cherokee, Chippewa, Choctaw, Creek,
Delaware, Oklahoma, Houma, Iroquois, Koasati, Mohegan, Nanticoke,
Rappahannock, and Seminole. The medicinal uses of sassafras by Native
Americans were many. Infusions made from the bark of the roots were
taken internally as a preventive to ward off fever, as well as a remedy
to treat diarrhea, rheumatism, measles, and scarlet fever. An infusion
of the roots was used as a blood purifier, and as a dietary aid to treat
"overfattness." Infusions of the plant were used as a cough medicine,
mouthwash, and gargle for colds. Root infusions were also used to treat
fevers that occurred in women after giving birth and as a wash for
eyesores. Decoctions made from roots were used to treat heart troubles.
An infusion of the plant was mixed with whiskey and used for rheumatism,
tapeworms, and as a blood remedy to purify the blood. The leaves were
made into a poultice that would be rubbed onto bee stings, wounds, cuts,
sprained ankles, and bruises. Nosebleeds were treated with a decoction
made from the pith of new sprouts. The pith from branches was made into
a decoction used to wash and dress burns. Infusions of the plant were
used to treat lower chest pain, nausea, vomiting, indigestion,
constipation and diarrhea. The bark was used as an emetic purification
after funeral ceremonies. Bark infusions were given to babies and
children to treat itching, enlarged eyes, fever, drooling, and loss of
appetite. Children with worms drank and were bathed in an infusion that
included the bark of sassafras. The plant was taken to treat gallstones
and bladder pain. In addition to this variety of medicinal uses,
sassafras was used for food, construction and other purposes. The leaves
were used fresh as a spice, much like bay leaves, for flavoring in meat
soups. Leaves were dried and pounded and used as a thickening agent and
to add flavor to foods and soups. "Filé", made from the ground roots or
leaves, is an important spice used today in Cajun foods, such as gumbo.
The white or red roots, made a pleasant-tasting tea, although the red
roots were preferred. The wood from the sassafras tree was used to make
furniture. The flowers were used as a fertilizer when planting beans.
The plant was used as a fragrance to scent soap. The bark contains oil
of sassafras, an important flavoring.

*Wildlife*: The fruits are readily eaten by wildlife. Birds, such as
quails, wild turkeys, kingbirds, crested flycatchers, mockingbirds,
sapsuckers, pileated woodpeckers, yellowthroat warblers and phoebes eat
the fruits and disperse the seeds. Black bears, beaver, rabbits and
squirrels eat the fruit, bark and wood. White-tailed deer browse the
twigs and foliage.

*Other:* Sassafras has been cultivated since 1630 for its leaves, bark,
and wood. The plants are used for tea, oil, and soap. The heartwood is
orange-brown and course-grained. It is used for purposes requiring
lightwood, such as boat construction, because it is soft but durable.

### Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural
Resources for this plant's current status (e.g. threatened or endangered
species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

### Description

*General*: Laurel Family (Lauraceae). Sassafras is a native, perennial,
deciduous shrub or tree. The trees are short to medium-tall (9 to 18 m),
and spread from 6 to 8 m. Young trees have greenish bark. Older trees
have reddish brown bark that is rough, thick, and deeply ridged. The
leaves are alternate and variable in shape with either none or one to
three lobes at the apex. The two-lobed leaves are mitten-shaped. The
leaves are light, bright green during the summer and turn to bright
yellow-orange and red-orange in the fall. The trees are dioecious (a
tree will have either male or female flowers) with fragrant flowers. The
female flowers (1cm across), borne on small, terminal clusters before
the leaves, are without petals, but have six greenish-yellow sepals (3
to 5 mm long). Male flowers are inconspicuous. The female trees have
small, oval fruits (6 to 10 mm) that are dark blue with thick, red
stalks. The leaf buds appear at the same time the tree flowers in early
spring. The fruits ripen in the fall.

*Distribution*: Sassafras is native to the eastern United States. For
current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this
species on the PLANTS Web site.

*Habitat*: This plant is a pioneer tree on disturbed sites in its native
range. It is adapted to various soils with low pH. It can be found in
woodlands, fields and along roadsides.

### Establishment

Sassafras trees are valued for their fragrant spring bloom, interesting
horizontal branching pattern, and striking fall color. The small trees
are medium to fast growing and work well for landscape use as specimen
trees and mass plantings. They are easy to culture and require little
care. Although adapted to dry, sandy soils, they do best in moist,
fertile soils in partial to full shade. Seeds, root-cuttings or suckers
may propagate sassafras trees. Seeds are produced every one or two years
after the plant reaches the minimum seed-bearing age of ten years. Seeds
may be gathered when the fruits turn a dark blue. Seeds should be
cleaned and stored at cool temperatures where they will last for up to
two years. The seeds require prechilling for 120 days in order to
germinate. Sow the seeds .5 to 1.5 cm deep in prepared beds in the late
fall. The plants do not transplant well because of a deep taproot. It is
therefore best to purchase young plants that have been grown in
containers for successful transplanting.

### Management

The trees can form dense thickets from sucker growth. These thickets can
be quite striking in color during the fall months. If a single stem is
desired, remove the suckers that develop. Mowing can easily control the
suckers. The tree may be pruned in the winter to remove dead wood.

### Pests and Potential Problems

The trees can develop a variety of insect and disease problems that are
generally not serious. Insects will eat the foliage, but rarely eat the
entire leaves. The plants may experience root rot if grown in wet, clay
soils.

### Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

These plant materials are somewhat available from commercial sources.
Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil
Conservation Service) office for more information. Look in the phone
book under "United States Government." The Natural Resources
Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading "Department of
Agriculture."

### References

Bailey, L.H. & E.Z. Bailey 1976. *Hortus Third: A concise dictionary of
plants cultivated in the United States and Canada*. Simon and Schuster
Macmillan Co., New York, New York. 1290 pp.

Banks, W.H. 1953. *Ethnobotany of the Cherokee Indians*. Master of
Science Thesis, University of Tennessee, Tennessee. 216 pp.

Bushnell, D.I., Jr. 1909. *The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb St. Tammany
Parish Louisiana*. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology.
Bulletin 48. 59pp.

Dirr, M.A. 1997. *Dirr's hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated
encyclopedia*. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 493 pp.

Dirr, M.A. 1998. *Manual of woody landscape plants. Fifth Edition*.
Stipes Publishing, Champaign, Illinois. 1187 pp.

Halfacre, R.G. & A.R. Showcroft 1979. *Landscape plants of the
Southeast*. Sparks Press, Raleigh, North Carolina. 325 pp.

Hamel, P.B. & M.U. Chiltoskey 1975. *Cherokee plants and their uses: A
400-year history*. Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina. 65
pp.

Herrick, J.W. 1995. *Iroquois medical botany*. Syracuse University
Press, Syracuse, New York. 278 pp.

Kniffen, F.B., H.F. Gregory, & G.A. Stokes 1994. *The historic Indian
Tribes of Louisiana*. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana. 324 pp.

Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim & A.L. Nelson 1951. *American wildlife and
plants: A guide to wildlife food habits*. Dover Publications, New York.
500 pp.

Moerman, D.E. 1998. *Native American ethnobotany*. Timber Press,
Portland, Oregon. 927 pp.

Moerman, D.E. 1999. *Native American Ethnobotany Database: Foods, drugs,
dyes and fibers of native North American Peoples. The University of
Michigan-Dearborn.* \[Online\]. Available:

<http://www.umd.umich.edu/cgi-bin/herb>

(19 June 2001)

Rogers, D.J. & C. Rogers 1991. *Woody ornamentals for Deep South
gardens*. University of West Florida Press, Pensacola, Florida. 296 pp.

Small, J.K. 1933. *Manual of Southeastern flora*. University of North
Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 1554 pp.

Smith, A.I. 1979. *A guide to wildflowers of the Mid-south*. Memphis
State University Press, Memphis, Tennessee. 281 pp.

Speck, F.G. 1941. *A list of plant curatives obtained from the Houma
Indians of Louisiana*. Primitive Man Quarterly Bulletin of the Catholic
Anthropological Conference 14(4): 49-75.

Sturtevant, W.C. 1954. *The Mikasuki Seminole: medical beliefs and
practices*. Doctoral Dissertation, Yale University. 538 pp.

Swanson, R.E. 1994. *A field guide to the trees and shrubs of the
Southern Appalachians*. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore,
Maryland. 399 pp.

Taylor, L.A. 1940. *Plants used as curatives by certain Southeastern
Tribes*. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.

88 pp.

Whitcomb, C.E. 1983. *Know it and grow it, II: A guide to the
identification and use of landscape plants*. Lacebark Publications,
Stillwater, Oklahoma. 740 pp.

Young, J.A. & C.G. Young 1992. *Seeds of woody plants in North America*.
Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon. 407 pp.

### Prepared By

## *Diana L. Immel*

Formerly USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, c/o Environmental
Horticulture Department, University of California, Davis, California

### Species Coordinator

## *M. Kat Anderson*

USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, c/o Plant Sciences Department,
University of California, Davis, California

Edited: 27sep01 jsp; 03jun03 ahv; 060816 jsp

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your
local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS
Web site\<[http://plants.usda.gov](http://plants.usda.gov/)\> or the
Plant Materials Program Web site
\<[http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov](http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov/)\>

*The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in
all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national
origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual
orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases
apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
alternative means for communication of program information (Braille,
large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA\'s [TARGET
Center](http://www.usda.gov/oo/target.htm) at 202-720-2600 (voice and
TDD).*

*To file a complaint of discrimination write USDA, Director, Office of
Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence
Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or
TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.*

*Read about [Civil Rights at the Natural Resources Convervation
Service](http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/about/civilrights/).*