**[CURRICULUM VITAE]{.underline}**

George Christopher Cunningham

**Education:**

B.S. University of San Francisco (4‑year scholarship)

Post Graduate University of Southern California (scholarship)

University of California, Berkeley

Research Assistant in Biochemistry

M.D. University of California, Los Angeles

University of California, Los Angeles

Intern in Department of Pediatrics

Children\'s Hospital of the East Bay

Resident in Pediatrics

Children\'s Hospital of the East Bay

Research Staff Fellow

M.P.H. School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley

> > Physician and Surgeon, Board of Medical Examiners, State of
>
> > California
>
> Clinical Instructor Pediatrics UCSF

Clinical Instructor Pediatrics UC Davis

Lecturer, School of Public Health UC Berkeley

**Memberships:**

Diplomate, American Board of Pediatrics

Fellow, American Academy of Pediatrics (Served on Indian Health
Committee and

Government Relations Title V Committee and Elected to Committee of the

Section of Community Pediatrics)

Member, American College of Medical Genetics, ACMG Committee on
Professional Practices, Chair, ACMG Committee on Public Health Genetics

Member, American Society of Human Genetics

Member, The Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Member, International Society for Neonatal Screening

Associate Pediatrician, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Medical Center

Member, Coalition of State Genetic Coordinators (Treasurer)

Member, Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory
Directors

Committee on Standardization

Chairman, American College of Medical Genetics Committee on Public
Health Genetics

Member, Federal Food and Drug Administration Molecular and Clinical
Genetics Devices Panel of the Medical Device Advisory Committee, Office
of Device Evaluation, Center for Devices and Radiological Health

Emeritus Staff, Children's Hospital Oakland

**Past and Present Consultative Appointments:**

International Down Syndrome Committee

International Association of Bioethics

Office of Technology Assessment U.S. Senate, 1986‑87

American Academy of Pediatrics Services Development Committee

National Research Council

Children\'s Defense Fund

Advisory Board, California Congress of Parents and Teachers, Inc.

Westinghouse Health Systems, IPO Consultant, 1981

Institute of Medicine

Council of State Governments

New York Committee on Life and the Law

National Newborn Screening and Genetic Resource Center

**Awards:**

California Rural Indian Health Board

Award for Outstanding Services to California Indians, 1971

California Association for Maternal and Child Health

Leadership Award, June 1974

California Human Services Organization

Award for Outstanding Human Services Administration, May 10, 1975

California Parents and Teachers Association, Inc.

Certification of Appreciation for Services to Children and Youth of
California, May 1976

California Dietitians Award, May 12, 1978

Meritorious Service to Mothers and Children

Children\'s Medical Center of Northern California

Recognition Award for Contributions to Research in Children\'s Health,
November 1984

American Physician Executives

> Innovation Award for Maternal Serum Alpha Fetoprotein Program, April
> 1993

**Work Experience:**

1966‑68 Chief, Hereditary Defects Unit, Bureau of Maternal and Child
Health, California State Department of Public Health, Berkeley

Jan. 1969 Chief, Maternal and Child Health Branch, California State
Department of Health, Sacramento

Aug. 1977 Chief, Genetic Disease Section, California State Department of
Health Services

April 1980 Chief, Maternal and Child Health Branch, California
Department of Health Services, Berkeley

Feb. 1981- Chief, Genetic Disease Branch, California State Department of
Health

Present Services, Berkeley

**Reviewer of Articles for:**

Journal of Medical Screening

Prenatal Diagnosis

Obstetrics and Gynecology

New England Journal of Medicine

**Publications**:

1\. Tolbutamide Tolerance in Hypoglycemic Children. G. Cunningham. [Am.
J. Dis. Child.]{.underline}, 107:414‑423, April 1964.

2\. Nephrotic Syndrome with Hypercatabolic Hypoalbuminemia. G.
Cunningham and M. Holliday. [Proceedings]{.underline}, 13th Annual
Meeting of the Western Society of Pediatric Research, November 1965.

3\. Phenylketonuria ‑ Early Detection, Diagnosis and Treatment. G.
Cunningham. [California Medicine]{.underline}, 105:1‑7, July 1966.

4\. After PKU What: Estimate Criteria and Recent Data. G. Cunningham.
[Public Health Laboratory]{.underline}, 25(4):118‑125, July 1967.

5\. Two Years of PKU Testing in California: The Role of the Laboratory.
G. Cunningham. [California Medicine]{.underline}, 110:11‑16, January
1969.

6\. Causes for High Phenylalanine with Normal Tyrosine in Newborn
Screening Programs. J. Berman, G. Cunningham, R. Day, et al. [Am. J.
Dis. Child.]{.underline}, 117:54‑65, January 1969.

7\. Phenylalanine Tolerance Tests. G. Cunningham, R.W. Day, J. Berman,
and D.Y. Hsia. [Am. J. Dis. Child.]{.underline}, 117:626‑635, June 1969.

8\. Biochemical Screening Programs and Problems. G. Cunningham.
[Proceedings]{.underline}, Bi‑Regional Institute on Earlier Recognition
of Handicapping Conditions of Childhood, U.C. Berkeley School of Public
Health, pp. 37‑41, May 3‑7, 1970.

9\. Phenylketonuria Testing - Its Role in Pediatrics and Public Health.
G. Cunningham. [Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory
Sciences]{.underline}, 2:45‑101, January 1971.

10\. Use of Growth Charts for Assessing Progress of Children and
Teaching Parents. G. Cunningham. Conference Report, U.S. AID and U.S.
HEW, Columbia, MD, May 10‑12, 1971.

11\. Therapeutic Abortions in California. E.W. Jackson, M. Tashiro, and
G. Cunningham. [California Medicine]{.underline}, 115:28‑33, July 1971.

12\. Intermediate Benefit Analysis ‑ Spencer\'s Dilemma and School
Health Services. J. Hazell, F. Hodges, and G. Cunningham.
[AJPH]{.underline}, 62:560‑565, April 1972.

13\. Genetics in Relation to Maternal and Child Health and Handicapped
Children. G. Cunningham. [Maternal and Child Health Practices. Problems,
Resources and Methods of Delivery]{.underline}, H. Wallace, E. Gold, and
E. Lis, (eds); Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1973.

14\. Effect of Feeding on Screening for PKU in Infants. V. Dontanville
and G. Cunningham. [Pediatrics]{.underline}, 51:531‑538, March 1973.

15\. Chapter 5 ‑ Phenylketonuria. N. Holtzman, D. Morales, G.
Cunningham, and D. Wells. [Pediatric Screening Tests]{.underline},
W.K. Frankenburg and B.W. Camp (eds); Springfield, IL: Charles C.
Thomas, 1975.

16\. Geographic Considerations in Assessment of Children At-Risk in the
United States. G. Cunningham. [Proceedings]{.underline}, Working
Conference on \"At Risk Factors and the Health and Nutrition of Young
Children\", pp. 139-161, Cairo, Egypt, June 23-27, 1975.

17\. Intrauterine Growth and Neonatal Risk in California. Monograph,
Community Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara,
January 1976.

18\. California\'s Position on Pregnancy Testing. G. Cunningham.
[AJPH]{.underline}, 66:7, July 1976.

19\. Report - Maternal and Child Health Program. G. Cunningham et al.
American Academy of Pediatrics, 1977.

20\. Fatal Ectopic Pregnanacy After Sterilization or Abortion - New
York, California. E. Hughes, C. Immordino, J. Pakter, and G. Cunningham.
[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]{.underline}, p. 75, March 4,
1977.

21\. Family Planning Services Provided by Obstetricians‑Gynecologists in
Private Practice, California, 1975. S.L. Solter, D.B. Petitti, R.W.
Rochat, and G.C. Cunningham. [Advances in Planned
Parenthood]{.underline}, 13(2):7‑13, 1978.

22\. Appendix II - Community Administration and Organization. G.
Cunningham. [Ambulatory Maternal Health Care and Family
Planning]{.underline} [Services: Policies, Principles,
Practices]{.underline}, F.E.F. Barnes (ed); Crawfordsville, IN:
Donnelley & Sons, 1978.

23\. Monitoring Perinatal Mortality Rates, California, 1970 to 1976. R. 
Williams, G. Cunningham, F. Norris, and M. Tashiro. [Am. J. Obst. and
Gyn.]{.underline}, 136(5):559‑568, March 1, 1980.

24\. Improving Pregnancy Outcome: Effective Approaches in Times of Cost
Containment. S.M.C. Payne, H.M. Wallace, G. Cunningham, and D. McNellis.
Abstract, [Proceedings]{.underline}, APHA 109th Annual Meeting in Los
Angeles, California, November 5, 1981.

25\. Progress Report of the Expanded Newborn Screening Program in
California for the First Ten Months. G. Cunningham, V.L. Mordaunt, L.
Greve, and W.R. Centerwall. Abstract, [Clinical Research]{.underline},
30(1):117A, February 1982.

26\. Fetal Growth and Perinatal Viability in California. R. Williams, R.
Creasy, G. Cunningham, W. Hawes, F. Norris, and M. Tashiro. [Obst. and
Gyn.]{.underline}, 59(5):624-632, May 1, 1982.

27\. Genetic Disease Section Activities. G. Cunningham.
[Proceedings]{.underline}, Bi-regional Conference on MCH Block Grant,
Regions 6 & 9. San Diego, p. 283, October 4‑6, 1982.

28\. Computer Applications for California Newborn Screening Program. E.
Gordon, K. Kan, V.L. Mordaunt, T. Follet, and G. Cunningham; Sixth
Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, Washington,
D.C., November 1982.

29\. Chapter 17 - Genetic Programs. G. Cunningham. [Maternal and Child
Health Practices: Problems, Resources and Methods of
Delivery]{.underline}, H. Wallace, E. Gold, and A. Oglesby (eds), second
edition, New York: Wiley & Sons, 1982.

30\. Nursing Utilization of Teleprinters in California Newborn Screening
Program. R. Curtis, N. Fitzmaurice, E. Gordon, V.L. Mordaunt, and G.
Cunningham. [Proceedings]{.underline}, Congress of Medical Informatics,
May 1983.

31\. Ethical Issues in Perinatal Care. G. Cunningham.
[Proceedings]{.underline}, Bi-regional Institute, Regions 8 & 9, San
Francisco, July 24‑25, 1985.

32\. The California AFP Screening Program. L. Lustig, G. Cunningham, and
G. Wells. [Preventing Low Birthweight and infant Mortality: Programmatic
Issues for Public Health Social Workers]{.underline}. C.J. Morton, M.L.
Balassone, and S. Guendelman (eds), pp. 187-193, 1987.

33\. Early Discharge and Thyroid Screening in Southern California. B.
Foley, D. Fisher, L. Shapiro, and G. Cunningham. [Advances in Neonatal
Screening]{.underline}, B. L. Therrell (ed), p. 36. Elsevier Publishers,
1987.

34\. Phenylalanine Level of Newborns in Their First Few Days of Life. G.
Cunningham and K. Kan. [Advances in Neonatal Screening]{.underline},
B.L. Therrell (ed), p. 179, Elsevier Publishers, 1987.

35\. The California Experience with User Fees for Delivery and
Development of Genetic Services. G. Cunningham.
[Proceedings]{.underline}, The Challenge to Provide Genetic Services:
Equal Access in a Time of Cost Containment, Boston, MA, May 17-19, 1987.

36\. The California Alpha Fetoprotein Screening Program Defended. G.
Cunningham. [West. J. Med.]{.underline} 147:87, Letter to the Editor,
July 1987.

37\. Computer Assisted Management of a Regionalized Newborn Screening
Program. V. Mordaunt, G. Cunningham, and K. Kan.
[Proceedings]{.underline}, 21st Hawaii International Conference on
System Sciences, pp. 7-16, Kailu-Kona, HI, January 5-8, 1988.

38\. Factors Affecting Screening for Congenital Primary Hypothyroidism.
K. Kan, G. Cunningham, and V. Mordaunt. [Proceedings]{.underline}, 6th
National Neonatal Screening Symposium, p. 117, Portland, OR, May 22‑25,
1988.

39\. Twenty‑two Years Later: California\'s Maternal PKU Program. S. Ahn,
G. Cunningham, and V. Mordaunt. [Proceedings]{.underline}, 6th National
Neonatal Screening Symposium, p. 139, Portland, OR, May 22‑25, 1988.

40\. Computer Assisted Management of a Regionalized Newborn Screening
Program. V. Mordaunt, G. Cunningham, and K. Kan.
[Proceedings]{.underline}, 6th National Neonatal Screening Symposium, p.
10, Portland, OR, May 22‑25, 1988.

41\. CORN National Data Collection on Newborn Screening. G. Cunningham,
[Proceedings]{.underline}, 6th National Neonatal Screening Symposium, p.
106, Portland, OR, May 22-25, 1988.

42\. Laboratory Confirmation of Galactosemia: Experience and New
Approaches. W.G. Ng, G. Cunningham, et al. Abstract,
[Proceedings]{.underline}, 6th National Neonatal Screening Symposium,
Portland, OR, May 22-25, 1988.

43\. Cardiac Anomalies Associated with Congenital Primary
Hypothyroidism. M.B. Hall, K.L. Jones, G. Cunningham. Abstract,
[Proceedings]{.underline}, 6th National Neonatal Screening Symposium,
Portland, OR, May 22-25, 1988.

44\. Statewide Genetics Program. G. Cunningham.
[Proceedings]{.underline} of the Region Nine Regional Institute on
Current Major Issues in Maternal and Child Health. San Francisco, July
25‑27, 1988.

45\. Council of Regional Genetic Networks/Minimum Data Set, G.
Cunningham and M.W. Jenckes. [Am. Soc. Hum. Gen. Suppl.]{.underline},
3:A212, September, 1988.

46\. Should Newborns be Screened for Incurable Diseases? G. Cunningham.
[Pediatric News]{.underline}, p. 32, September, 1988.

47\. Update on Alpha‑Fetoprotein Screening. G. Cunningham. [The West. J.
of Med.]{.underline}, 149:449‑450, October 1988.

48\. Computer Assisted Management of a Regionalized Newborn Screening
Program. V.L. Mordaunt, G. Cunningham, and K. Kan. [J. of Medical
Systems]{.underline}, 12(2):77‑88, 1988.

49\. California\'s Experience with Low MS-AFP Results. L. Lustig, G.
Cunningham, R. Schonberg, and G. Tompkinson. [Am. J. Med.
Genet.]{.underline}, 31:211-222, 1988.

50\. The Diagnosis of Immature Teratoma by Maternal Serum Alpha‑
Fetoprotein Screening. F.J. Montz, J. Horenstein, L. Platt, G.
D\'Ablaing, J.B. Schaerth, and G. Cunningham. [Obst. and
Gyn.]{.underline}, 73(3):522-525, March 1989.

51\. Computer Assisted Management of a Regionalized Newborn Screening
Program. V. Mordaunt, G. Cunningham, and K. Kan. Presented at the Fourth
Annual National Symposium on Information Technology, University of South
Carolina, April 2‑5, 1989.

52\. California State Sickle Cell Certification Program. E. Vichinsky,
G. Cunningham, et al. Abstract, [Proceedings]{.underline}, 14th Annual
Meeting of National Sickle Cell Centers, Duke University, North
Carolina, April 1989.

53\. Measuring the Impact of Genetic Disorders. G. Cunningham.
[Proceedings]{.underline}, Genetic Services for Underserved Populations,
a National Symposium held in Arlington, Virginia, May 1989.

54\. An Overview of Barriers to Care. G. Cunningham, [Ibid]{.underline}.

55\. The Absence of a Relation Between the Periconceptional Use of
Vitamins and Neural Tube Defects. J. Mills, G. Cunningham, et al. [N.
Eng. J. M.]{.underline}, 321:430-435, August 1989.

56\. Quality Assurance of Demographic Information to Improve Newborn
Screening Program Management. V. Mordaunt, K. Kan, P. Gacoscos, and G.
Cunningham. Abstract, [Proceedings]{.underline}, 7th National Neonatal
Screening Symposium, New Orleans, November 1989.

57\. Is Second Screening for PKU Good Public Policy? G. Cunningham and
K. Kan. [Proceedings]{.underline}, 7th National Neonatal Screening
Symposium, New Orleans, November 1989.

58\. Incidence of congenital hypothyroidism by race and sex. Abstract,
in Proceedings, Seventh Neonatal Screening Symposium, New Orleans,
November 1989.

59\. Defining DNA Diagnostic Tests Appropriate for Standard Clinical
Care. R. Lebo, G. Cunningham, M. Simons, and L. Shapiro, [Am. J. Hum.
Genet.]{.underline}, 47:583-590, 1990.

60\. Balancing the Individual\'s Rights to Privacy Against the Need for
Information to Protect and Advance Public Health. G. Cunningham.
[Genetic Screening. From newborns to DNA typing]{.underline}, B.
Knoppers and C. Laberge, (eds), Elsevier, 1990.

61\. Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening Activities of State
Health Agencies: A Survey. G.Cunningham and K. Kizer. [Am. J. Hum.
Genet.]{.underline}, 47:899-903, 1990.

62\. Update on Alpha Fetoprotein Screening in California. G. Cunningham.
[Western Journal of Medicine]{.underline}, 152:4, April 1990.

63\. Periconceptional Use of Multivitamins and the Prevalence of Neural
Tube Defects. J. Mills, G. Cunningham, et al. [N Engl J
Med]{.underline}, 322:15, Letter to Editor, April 1990.

64\. Vitamins During Pregnancy and Neural Tube Defects. J. Mills, G.
Rhoads, J.L. Simpson, and G. Cunningham, [JAMA]{.underline}, 263:20,
Letter to the Editor, May 1990.

65\. Risk of neural tube defects in relation to maternal fertility and
fertility drug use. J. Mills, G. Cunningham, et al;
[Lancet]{.underline}, 336:103-104, July 14, 1990.

66\. Newborn screening for hemoglobinopathy using HPLC. F. Lorey, V.
Mordaunt, and G. Cunningham. [Proceedings]{.underline}, 8th National
Neonatal Screening Symposium, Saratoga Springs, NY, January 1991.

67\. Screening for hemoglobinopathies in California using HPLC.
Abstract, Proceedings, Eighth Neonatal Screening Symposium, Saratoga
Springs, NY, January 1991.

68\. Maternal PKU Camp: Four years experience. M. McElroy, V. Mordaunt,
and G. Cunningham. Abstract, [Proceedings]{.underline}, 8th National
Neonatal Screening Symposium, Saratoga Springs, NY, January 1991.

69\. Vitamins, folic acid and neural tube defects: Comments on
investigations in the United States. J.L. Simpson, J. Mills, G.
Cunningham, et al. [Prenatal Diagnosis]{.underline}, Vol. 11, 1991.

70\. Reply to Lippman. G. Cunningham, [Am. J. Hum. Genet.]{.underline},
48:6, Letter to the Editor, June 1991.

71\. Second-trimester Maternal Serum Alpha-fetoprotein Levels and the
Risk of Subsequent Fetal Death. D.K. Waller, L. Lustig, G. Cunningham,
M. Golbus, E. Hook. [N Engl J Med]{.underline}, 325:6-10, 1991.

72\. Development of a National Genetic Services Database. F.J. Meaney,
G. Cunningham, and S. Riggle. [Proceedings]{.underline}, Symposium on
Computer Applications in Medical Care by the American Medical
Information Association, Washington, D.C., November 17, 1991.

73\. Genetic Heterogeneity in Neural Tube Defects. J.L. Simpson, J.
Mills, G. Cunningham, et al. [Ann. Genet.]{.underline}, 34:279-286,
1991.

74\. Distribution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in
childbearing women in California. G. Cunningham, F.J. Capell, et al.
[AJPH]{.underline}, 82(2), February 1992.

75\. The Council of Regional Networks for Genetic Services (CORN)
Newborn

> Screening Reports: Methods and Results. S. Riggle and G. Cunningham.
> [Proceedings]{.underline}, 9th National CORN Meeting, Raleigh, NY,
> April 7-10, 1992.

76\. Differentiation of homozygous E vs Hb E/Beta thalassemia using HPLC
results from newborn screening. Abstract, Proceedings, 9th Neonatal
Screening Symposium, Raleigh, NC, April 1992.

77\. The California Maternal Serum -Fetoprotein Screening Program: The
role of ultrasound in the detection of Spina Bifida. L. Platt, L.
Feuchtbaum, R. Filly, L. Lustig, M. Simon, G. Cunningham. [Am. J. Obst.
and Gyn.]{.underline}, 166(5):1328-29, May 1992.

78\. California Newborn Screening Program - A Case Study. G. Cunningham.
Background paper prepared for the Institute of Medicine Committee on
Assessing Genetics Risks, Washington, DC, July 1992.

79\. Statewide Governmentally Administered Prenatal Blood Screening - A
Case Study in Cost Effective Prevention. G. Cunningham. Background paper
prepared for the Institute of Medicine Committee on Assessing Genetics
Risks, Washington, DC, July 1992.

80\. Birth Prevalence of Primary Congenital Hypothyroidism by Sex and
Ethnicity. F. Lorey and G. Cunningham. [Human Biology]{.underline},
64(4):531-538, August 1992.

81\. Gene frequencies and birth prevalence of hemoglobin disorders by
ethnic group in a universal testing program. Abstract in [Am J Hum
Gen]{.underline}, 1992.

82\. Race-specific median MSAFP values by gestational age. G.
Tompkinson, G. Cunningham. Abstract in [Am J Hum Gen]{.underline}, 1992.

83\. Reply to Milunsky. J.L. Simpson, G. Cunningham, et al. [Prenatal
Diagnosis]{.underline}, 12:(in press), Letter to the Editor, 1992.

84\. Phenylketonuria and other inherited metabolic defects. G.
Cunningham. [Antenatal and Neonatal Screening]{.underline}, 2d. ed., N.
Wald,(ed), Oxford University Press, (in press).

85\. Genetic heterogeneity and neural tube defects: relevance to folate
responsiveness. J.L. Simpson, G. Cunningham, et al.
[Proceedings]{.underline}, XIII European Congress on Perinatal Medicine,
Amsterdam, May 1992 (in press).

86\. Providers and Consumers of Prenatal Genetic Testing Services: What
do the National Data Tell Us? F. J. Meaney, S. Riggle, G. Cunningham.
[Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy]{.underline}, T1-257, (in press).

87\. Detection of Hb E/-Thalassemia versus Homozygous EE Using
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Results from Newborns. F. Lorey,
G. Cunningham, et al. [Biochemical Medicine and Metabolic
Biology]{.underline}, 49:67-73, 1993.

88\. Prenatal Genetic Services: Toward a National Data Base. F. J.
Meaney, S.M. Riggle, G. Cunningham et al. [Clinical Obstetrics and
Gynecology]{.underline}, 36:3, 510-520, September 1993.

89\. Prenatal screening to reduce the need for amniocentesis in women
age 35 and older. JE Haddow, G Palomaki, G Cunningham et al. [Am J Hum
Gen]{.underline}, 53:3, p4, Sept. 1993.

90\. Elevated MSAFP and Chromosome Abnormalities. L.B. Feuchtbaum, L.S.
Lustig, G. Cunningham, et al. Abstract in [Proceedings]{.underline},
American Society of Human Genetics, New Orleans, October 1993.

91\. A comparison and evaluation of two national surveys of genetic
services. F.J. Meaney, S.M. Riggle, G. Cunningham, et al. Abstract in
[Proceedings]{.underline}, American Society of Human Genetics, New
Orleans, October 1993.

92\. Differential protein production by genotype in different forms of
sickle cell disease detected in neonates. F. W. Lorey, G. Cunningham, B.
Lubin et al. Abstract in [Proceedings]{.underline}, American Society of
Human Genetics, New Orleans, October 1993.

93\. Incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in infants with sickle
cell trait. D. Gozal, F. Lorey, G.Cunningham et al. [The Journal of
Pediatrics]{.underline}, 211-214, February 1994.

94\. Are obese women at higher risk for producing malformed offspring?
K.D. Waller, J.L.Mills, G.Cunningham et al. [Am J Obstet
Gynecol]{.underline}, 541-548, February 1994.

95\. Obtaining consent of parents for immunization. Letter to the
Editor. G. Cunningham. [Arch Dis Child]{.underline}, 1994 (in press).

96\. Effect of specimen collection method on newborn screening for PKU.
F. W. Lorey, G. Cunninghan. [Screening]{.underline}, 3:57-65, 1994.

97\. Hb Oleander, a relatively common alpha chain mutant detected during
newborn screening can be confused with sickle hemoglobin. F. Lorey, G.
Cunningham et al. Submitted to 19th Meeting of National Sickle Cell
Program, New York, March 23-26, 1994.

98\. Validity of screening early collected newborn specimens for
phenylketonuria using a fluorometric method. K. Jew, K. Kan, R. Koch, G.
Cunningham. [Screening]{.underline}, 3:1; 1-9, March 1994.

99\. Reducing the need for amniocentesis in women 35 years of age or
older by the use of serum markers for screening. J.E. Haddow, G.E.
Palomaki, G. Cunningham et al. [N Eng J Med]{.underline} 330:1114-1118
April 1994.

100\. Universal screening for hemoglobinopathies using high performance
liquid chromatography. FW Lorey, F Shafer, G Cunningham, et al. [Eur J
Human Genetics]{.underline} 2:262-271, 1994.

101\. Universal screening for hemoglobinopathies by HPLC in California.
In [New Horizons in Neonatal Screening]{.underline}, JP Farriaux and JL
Dhondt, eds. Elsevier Science B.C. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp
203-206. 1994.

102\. Serial phenylalanine levels in affected and unaffected PKU
siblings. Abstract in [Proceedings]{.underline}, 10th National Neonatal
Screening Symposia, Seattle, WA, June 7-11, 1994.

103\. Reply to Haddow and Palomaki letter to the editor, Is Maternal
Obesity a Risk Factor for Open Neural Tube Defects? [Am J Obstet
Gynecol,]{.underline} 172:1, 246-247, Jan.1995.

104\. California\'s Public Health Policy on Preventing Neural Tube
Defects by Folate Supplementation. [West J Med]{.underline} 162:265-267,
March 1995.

105\. Relative hemoglobin percentages in newborns with differing final
diagnoses: sickle cell anemia, sickle beta thalassemia, sickle/HPFH, and
sickle carriers. FW Lorey, GC Cunningham. Abstract in
[Proceedings]{.underline}, 20th Annual meeting of the National Sickle
Cell Program, Boston, MA, March 1995.

106\. Results of screening for phenylketonuria using a lower cutoff
value in early collected specimens. JJ Arnopp, FW Lorey, GC Cunningham,
et al. [J International Soc Neonatal Screening]{.underline} 3: 193-199,
1995.

107\. Frequency of medium-chain ACYL-COA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency
among California children dying of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
or liver diesase. 2-tiered analysis of NBS specimens. LL McCabe, F
Lorey, G Cunningham et al. [Pediatric Research]{.underline} 37:4, A156,
April 1995.

108\. Fetal Karyotyping for Chromosome Abnormalities After an
Unexplained Elevated Maternal Serum Alpha Fetoprotein Screening.
L.B.Feuchtbaum, G. Cunningham, et al. [Obstetrics &
Gynecology]{.underline} 86:2 August 1995.

109\. Distribution of the HB-E allele and HB-3 related hemoglobinopathy
and -thalassemia in several Asian populations. Abstract. F Lorey, G
Cunningham, Am J Hum Gen 57:4 Suppl., n. 1844, 1995.

110\. Code of Ethical Principles for Genetics Professionals: An
Explication. R. C. Baumiller, G. Cunningham, et al. [AJMG]{.underline}
65:179-183, 1996.

111\. Distribution of hemoglobinopathy variants by ethnicity in a
multiethnic state. F. Lorey, J. Arnopp, G. Cunningham. [Genetic
Epidemiology]{.underline} 13:501, 501-512, 1996.

112\. Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism: false positive
rates in the first 48 hours of life. J. Arnopp, F. Lorey, G. Cunningham.
Abstract, International Society for Neonatal Screening, Boston, Oct.
21-24, 1996.

113\. The Association Between Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein and
Preterm Birth, Small for Gestational Age Infants, Preeclampsia, and
Placental Complications. K. Waller, L. Lustig, G. Cunningham, L.
Feuchtbaum, E. Hook. [Obstetrics and Gynecology]{.underline}, 88:5, p.
816-22 1996.

114\. Folic Acid Supplementation: Is it Really Working to Reduce NTDs?
M. Thomson, L. Robinson, R. Currier, D. Tompkinson, G. Cunningham.
Abstract, [AJMG]{.underline}, Feb-Mar 1997 meeting.

115\. A Public Health Perspective on the Control of Predictive Screening
for Breast Cancer, [Health Matrix:]{.underline} Journal of Law-Medicine
7:1, 31-48,1997.

116\. Analysis of the First Year of the Expanded AFP Program. G.
Cunningham. In [Proceedings]{.underline} of the International Conference
on Down Syndrome Screening Policy and Economic Evaluation, March 6-8,
1997, in Athens, Greece. (Published 1999.)

117\. Vitamin A and birth defects. J. Mills, J Simpson, G. Cunningham,
M. Conley, G. Rhoads. [Am J Obstet Gynecol]{.underline}, 177:1, 31-36,
1997.

118\. Double and triple positive results from maternal serum screening.
R. Currier, S. Goldman, M. Lassman, G. Cunningham. Abstract, [ASHG
Proceedings]{.underline}, Baltimore, October 1997.

119\. Racial differences in the rate of neural tube defects: The
California AFP Screening Program, 1990-1994. L. Feuchtbaum, R. Currier,
S. Riggle, M. Roberson, G. Tompkinson, F. Lorey, M. Lassman, G.
Cunningham. [ASHG]{.underline} [Proceedings]{.underline}, Annual
Meeting, October 28-November 1, 1997, Baltimore.

120\. Chromosome abnormalities before birth: 1) factors associated with
decisions to terminate autosomal trisomy pregnancies; 2) more data on
the natural history of pregnancies not electively terminated. E.B. Hook,
G. C. Cunningham, R.J. Currier, S. K. Goldman, F. W. Lorey, et al.
Asbtract in [AJHG]{.underline} v. 61, (suppl.) Annual Meeting, October
1997.

121\. Newborn screening for hemoglobin H disease using an automated HPLC
system. F. Lorey, E. Vichinsky, G. Cunningham, et al. Abstract in
[Blood]{.underline}, Journal of the American Society of Hematology, v.
90, no. 10, Suppl. 1, November 1997.

122\. Mortality Among Children with Sickle Cell Disease Identified by
Newborn Screening During 1990-1994 \-- California, Illinois, and New
York. G. Cunningham, F. Lorey, et al. [MMWR]{.underline}, v. 47, no. 9,
March 1998.

123\. Use of phenylalanine to tyrosine ratio as determined by tandem
mass spectrometry to improve screening for phenylketonuria of early
discharge specimens collected in first 24 hours. D. Chace, J. Sherwin,
S. Hillman, F. Lorey, G. Cunningham. [Clinical Chemistry]{.underline},
v. 44, n. 12, 1998.

124\. Impact of Asian Immigration on thalassemia in California. F.
Lorey, G. Cunningham. In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
Cooley's Anemia, Seventh Symposium, June 30, 1998 v. 850, ed. Alan R.
Cohen.

125\. Distribution of hemoglobin F, A, S, C, E and D quantities in
newborn screening specimens. J. Eastman, F. Lorey, J. Arnopp, R.
Currier, J. Sherwin, G. Cunningham. (Submitted December 1998.)

126\. Digit preferences in the first day of the last menstrual period.
D. K. Waller, W. D. Spears, Y. Gu, G. Cunningham. To be submitted to
Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.

127\. Issues in implementing prenatal screening for cystic fibrosis:
Results of a working conference. JE Haddow, G Palomaki, G Cunningham, et
al. [Genetics in Medicine]{.underline}, v. 1, n. 4, 1999. Also published
in [J. Med. Screen]{.underline}, 6, 1999.

128. Neural Tube Defect Prevalence in California (1990-1994): Eliciting
     Patterns by Type of Defect and Maternal Race/Ethnicity. L.
     Feuchtbaum, R. Currier, S. Riggle, M. Roberson, F. Lorey, G.
     Cunningham. [Genetic Testing]{.underline}, v. 3, n. 3, 1999.

129. Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism: an investigation of
     infant's birth weight, ethnicity and gender, California, 1990
     to 1998. (in press) DK Waller, F Lorey, G Cunningham et al.

130\. Population screening, molecular confirmation and birth prevalence
of hemoglobin H disease in CA newborns. F Lorey, B Lubin, J Sherwin, G
Cunningham et al. (in press)

131\. The genetics revolution: Ethical, legal, and insurance concerns.
G. Cunningham, [Postgraduate Medicine]{.underline}, v. 108, n. 1, July
2000.

132\. Assessing number-specific error in the recall of onset of last
menstrual period. D.K. Waller, WD Spears, G Cunningham, [Paediatric and
Perinatal Epidemiology]{.underline} v. 14, 263-267, 2000.

133. Regulating Genetic Services. G. Cunningham. [Encylclopedia of
     Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology]{.underline}, v.
     1, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

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134. Book review, "Engineering the Human Germline: An Exploration of the
     Science and Ethics of Altering the Genes We Pass To Our Children,"
     Gregory Stock and John Campbell, eds., NY, Oxford University Press,
     2000, in [N Eng J Med]{.underline}, v. 349, n. 19, 2000.

135. Use of phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio to test newborns for PKU in a
     large public health screening program. JW Eastman, JE Sherwin, F
     Lorey, G Cunningham et al. J Med Screen, v. 7, 2000.

136. Are estimates of gestational age from pregnant women who report
     non-preferred digits for the first day of the LMP more accurate? A
     comparison of estimates of gestational age based on LMP and early
     ultrasound examinations among 7,231 live births. DK Waller, WD
     Spears, Y Gu, G Cunningham. (In press.)

137. Letter to the editor re Farrell et al article, "Is Public Health
     Ready for Genetics? An Unanswered Question," in Feb. 2001 issue of
     Archives and editorial by Holtzman, in press.

138. The science and politics of screening newborns. The New England
     Journal of Medicine, Vol. 14, April 4, 2002.

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