##### APPENDIX B

**GENERAL PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS**

######### Revised 05/26/06

> The basis for all investigation, design, and report preparation of
> WFLHD projects shall be the Western Federal Lands Highway Division's
> *"Project Development and Design Manual"* (PDDM), and the Federal
> Highway Administration's "*Standard Specifications for Construction of
> Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects, FP-03"* (FP-03).
>
> The following information is to be used as a general basis for
> providing engineering and design services for WFLHD Projects. The
> information is contained in various sources and supplements the PDDM.
> The information is not intended to be all-inclusive.

Chapter 3 - ENVIRONMENT [B-2](#CHAPTER_3___ENVIRONMENT)

Chapter 5 - SURVEYING AND MAPPING
[B-12](#CHAPTER_5___SURVEYING_AND_MAPPING)

Chapter 6 - GEOTECHNICAL [B-16](#Ch6_Geotechnical)

Chapter 7 - HYDROLOGY/HYDRAULICS [B-24](#Ch7_Hydraulics)

Chapter 9 - HIGHWAY DESIGN [B-27](#Ch9_HwyDesign)

Chapter 10 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN [B-34](#Ch10_StructDesign)

**Supplement to**

**CHAPTER 3 - ENVIRONMENT**

Environmental Procedures and Requirements may be found at the following
web site:

[http://environment.fhwa.dot.gov/guidebook/index.htm](http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/guidebook/contents.htm)

All environmental reports shall be developed using the following
criteria:

\- Typed single‑space or space‑and‑a‑half, using Times New Roman 12
point font, and bound margins shall be 300 millimeters.

\- Documents shall be fully proofed and edited, and a consistent writing
style shall be used.

\- All written material prepared shall be reproduced front to back in
standard book format with page numbers at the bottom center of each
page.

\- Measurements and quantities shall be shown in Metric units.

\- Consistency of capitalization and punctuation usage, format, and
style shall be maintained throughout documents submitted.

\- All documents shall be prepared on white paper in a standard 215
millimeters by 280 millimeters size with the exception that maps or
other illustrations may be wider than 215 millimeters (but no wider than
432 millimeters) provided they are folded to fit within the standard
size.

\- All documents shall contain, at a minimum, a general area map showing
the location of the project in the state, an area map showing the
project location with respect to nearby towns and other features (the
general area map can be an inset on the area map), a vicinity map
showing the specific location of the route and project, and appropriate
alignment maps. Other maps and illustrations should be used that will
help demonstrate or clarify points or items of interest in the document.

\- All reports are subject to review and acceptance by the FHWA.
Revisions are to be made to the draft document based on the FHWA\'s
review.

\- Copies of the documents shall be provided to the FHWA on compact
discs, 650 MB or greater, capable of being read on any standard computer
CD reader drive, or via electronic transfer, at the time of approval and
at other times FHWA may request information contained in working copies
of documents.

**A. Preparation of the Environmental Document**

[A.1. Alternatives Discussion]{.underline}

Each alternative discussed shall cover the following information:

\- Description of the condition of any roads (e.g., paved, graded, etc.)
on an alignment alternative, the name and location of adjacent and
intersecting roads, and relevant elevations for roads with steep grades.

\- Description of the alternatives' termini, location, road attributes,
proposed right-of-way, and property ownership.

\- Description of the terrain type, vegetation, streams, and wildlife
areas from the beginning to the end of the project.

\- Description of the cities, towns, communities, major businesses,
schools, and churches served.

\- Description of any nearby projects or current construction of roads,
dams, or bridges that might effect project development, construction, or
traffic.

\- Discussion of construction and maintenance costs and factors
contributing to those costs.

[A.2. Affected Environment, Environmental Consequences, and Mitigation
Measures]{.underline}

All studies performed shall identify the following:

\- All impacts along with classification as positive (beneficial) or
negative (adverse), direct (primary) or indirect (secondary), and
long-term (greater than five years) or short-term.

\- Project specific and cumulative (additive and interactive) impacts

\- Positive and negative values defined on the basis of widely accepted
values and industry standards.

\- Direct impacts defined as impacts without intermediate causal links.

Impact significance shall be determined as specified under the
requirements of NEPA. Evaluations of significance shall include an
assessment of the intensity and extent of potential impacts. The measure
of intensity is based on the following:

\- Changes in the unique characteristics of the area,

\- Impacts which are likely to be controversial,

\- Cumulative impacts,

\- Changes which may set a precedent for future actions,

\- Impacts on resources considered to be important or valuable from the
perspective of scientific opinion and agency concerns, and

\- Impacts involving uncertain, unique or unknown risks.

[A.3. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Report Format]{.underline}

1\. The cover may be designed by the Firm, subject to FHWA approval, but
should not be too complicated or detailed, and shall also contain the
type of document, the forest highway number, the State or county route
numbers, and local route names. "Department of Transportation, Federal
Highway Administration, Western Federal Lands Highway Division\" shall
be placed on the cover.

2\. Immediately following the inside cover page shall be the Table of
Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables, and List of Abbreviations, in
order.

3\. Executive Summary, maximum length of 20 pages, shall be placed after
the List of Abbreviations and shall follow the general outline for the
body of the EIS.

4\. The body of the DEIS shall follow the general outline below (consult
TA 6640.8A for additional information):

> [Chapter 1]{.underline} Purpose and Need for Action

1.1 Proposed Action

1.2 Description of Existing Roadway

1.3 Background

1.4 Purpose and Need

1.5 Project Scoping

1.6 Project Process and Status

> [Chapter 2]{.underline} Alternatives
>
> 2.1 Design Criteria Common to All Build Alternatives
>
> 2.2 Alternatives Under Consideration
>
> 2.2.1 Subsection for each alternative including the "no-build"
>
> Alternatives Considered but Eliminated
>
> [Chapter 3]{.underline} Affected Environment, Environmental
> Consequences, and Mitigation Measures
>
> 3.1 Separate Section for each Social, Economic, or Environmental Issue
>
> [Chapter 4]{.underline} Relationship of Local Short-Term Uses vs.
> Long-Term Productivity
>
> [Chapter 5]{.underline} Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of
> Resources
>
> [Chapter 6]{.underline} Secondary and Cumulative Impacts
>
> [Chapter 7]{.underline} List of Preparers and Reviewers
>
> [Chapter 8]{.underline} List of Agencies, Organizations, and Persons
> Receiving Copies of the EIS.
>
> [Chapter 9]{.underline} Comments and Coordination
>
> [Chapter 10]{.underline} Environmental Commitments Summary

[BIBLIOGRAPHY]{.underline}

[INDEX]{.underline}

[APPENDICES]{.underline}

[A.4. Environmental Analysis (EA) Report Format]{.underline}

\- The cover may be designed by The Firm, subject to FHWA approval, but
should not be too complicated or detailed, and shall also contain the
type of document, the forest highway number, the State or county route
numbers, and local route names. "Department of Transportation, Federal
Highway Administration, Western Federal Lands Highway Division\" shall
be placed on the cover.

\- Follow the report format utilized in the example EA document provided
as Government Furnished data.

**B. Biological Resources**

[B.1. Focus of Studies]{.underline}

The primary focus of the biological technical studies shall be to:

1.1 Determine the presence or absence of Species of Concern (SOC) and
Indicator species, federally listed or proposed Threatened and
Endangered species, and Sensitive species;

1.2 Define and document applicable vegetation and wildlife within and
adjacent to the proposed project alignments;

1.3 Evaluate the affect of the proposed project alternatives on these
resources.

A detailed description of survey methods selected for each task
assignment is to be provided for the project files. Detailed field notes
are to be maintained that shall provide sampling methodology, location,
date, taxonomic data, characteristics of the population, and a list of
all species identified. All references shall be clearly documented,
including phone logs and personal contact reports. These shall be
maintained on a daily basis and placed in the project files for the
administrative record.

Conduct background research to ascertain the occurrence, distribution,
abundance, and life history of federally protected or Forest Service
Sensitive species within or adjacent to the proposed alignments. The
data shall be collected from various sources, including published and
unpublished information available from the USFS, USFWS, USACE, and State
DF&G. Regional experts associated with other groups may also be
contacted to collect information, including experts at
University/Colleges among other sources. Specific types of data which
shall be sought include population levels, temporal periods of
occurrence, concentration area, habitat utilization patterns, food
utilization, and responses to disturbance. Existing management plans, if
available, developed by the USFS, USFWS, and State DF&G shall also be
reviewed. Supplementary data shall also be collected from other sources
as needed, including existing EAs, EISs, other technical and scientific
literature, unpublished information, experts with specific expertise,
and consultant files.

Species, vegetation, and/or communities shall be mapped at an
appropriate scale to show the geographic distribution in the project
area.[^1] Mapping shall be accomplished using a combination of available
aerial photography interpretation and ground-truthing. Color U.S.
Geological Survey topographic quadrangle maps reproduced at appropriate
scales as approved by the FHWA shall be used as base maps.

[General Wildlife]{.underline}

1.1 Define, on the basis of existing data and limited field surveys, the
occurrence, distribution, and abundance of specific vertebrate and
invertebrate species, including commercially and recreationally valuable
species, in relation to the habitat types in the project corridor
vicinity.

1.2 The possible impacts (both positive and negative) that the proposed
project may have on these species and any proposed mitigation designed
to avoid or minimize these impacts is also to be evaluated and defined.
Specific vertebrates to be considered shall be defined by Indicator
species lists of the U.S. Forest Service, and species of concern
identified by the Department of Game and Fish and the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service.

[Threatened, Endangered, and Forest Service Sensitive Wildlife Species
(TES Wildlife).]{.underline}

1.1 Define, on the basis of existing data and limited field surveys; the
occurrence, distribution, and abundance of any federally protected or
Forest Service Sensitive vertebrate or invertebrate species in relation
to the habitat types in the corridor vicinity.

1.2 Define possible impacts that the proposed project may have (both
positive and negative) on these species, and any proposed mitigation
designed to avoid or minimize these impacts.

[General Botanical]{.underline}

1.1 Each vegetation type shall be defined on the basis of existing data
and limited visual reconnaissance, and may include plant species
composition (primarily dominants), species richness/diversity, and other
community and site characteristics, including edaphic soil and water
relationships, slope, aspect, elevation and land use history. (Total and
relative area of each vegetation type shall be determined from the
mapped data).

The vegetation types and/or communities shall be mapped at an
appropriate scale to show the geographic distribution in the project
area.[^2] If present, disturbed and developed areas shall be mapped,
including roads, towns, and other types of housing areas, campgrounds,
and other recreational areas. If available, existing vegetation maps
shall be used to assist vegetation mapping.

Limited ground-truthing surveys shall be completed to verify the results
of aerial photography interpretation and to identify the successional
stage of each vegetation community mapped. Ground-truthing shall consist
of evaluating selected representative areas of each vegetation type.
Successional status shall be determined based on evidence of natural and
human-caused environmental irregularities.

[Threatened, Endangered, and Forest Service Sensitive Plant Species (TES
Botanical)]{.underline}.

1.1 Define, on the basis of existing data and limited field surveys; the
occurrence, distribution, and abundance of any federally protected or
Forest Service Sensitive plant species in relation to the proposed
alignments.

1.2 Define possible impacts that the proposed project may have (both
positive and negative) on these species, and any proposed mitigation
designed to avoid or minimize these impacts.

Listed species to be considered will be determined by the appropriate
regulatory agency. Forest Service Sensitive species will be determined
by the USFS. For the proposed alignments and immediate vicinity,
temporal and spatial distributions and densities of TES species shall be
defined on the basis of existing information and limited field surveys.

[B.2. Biological Assessment/Biological Evaluation (BA/BE)
Report]{.underline}

In general, the BA/BE shall address the temporal and spatial occurrence
of listed or proposed Threatened or Endangered species in the project
area, any possible adverse impacts of the proposed project preferred
alternative on these species, and recommend alternative actions or
measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate these impacts.

The Biological Report shall include:

1.1 Any mapping or exhibits necessary to supplement the text, and
sufficient detail to present an adequate description of the environment
affected by the proposed project alignments relative to Indicator
species and Species of Concern.

1.2 An Introduction with a description of the biological setting;
including biomes and dominant plant communities.

> \- Historic background of the species, and status/success of
> protection efforts; including the views of recognized experts in the
> field.
>
> \- Distribution of the species within the project area; including USGS
> maps.
>
> \- An analysis of the effects of the proposed project alignments on
> the species and habitat, including consideration of cumulative effects
> and the results of any related actions.
>
> \- A determination of whether the proposed project is likely to affect
> the species and whether that effect is adverse or not; including the
> views of recognized experts.
>
> \- Suggested mitigation for adverse impacts; including the views of
> recognized experts.
>
> \- Tabulated estimates of the costs of suggested alternative actions
> or mitigation measures.
>
> \- List of preparers, including education and experience
> qualifications for this work.
>
> \- Summary of coordination.
>
> \- Bibliography for referenced literature.

**C. Historical and Archaeological Survey**

[C.1. Focus of Studies]{.underline}

The primary focus of the historical and archeological studies shall be
to:

1.1 Determine the presence of historical, archaeological, or traditional
cultural properties within or adjacent to the proposed project
alignment;

1.2 Map the location of any properties discovered, evaluate specific
sites to determine eligibility for the National Register of Historic
Places (NHRP); and

1.3 Determine the need for and extent of further site testing or
laboratory analysis.

All work shall be conducted in accordance with the Department of the
Interior\'s [Archeological and Historic Preservation: Secretary of the
Interior\'s Guidelines]{.underline} (*Federal Register* 48(190):44716ff;
September 29, 1983).

[Historical and Archeological Studies]{.underline}

\- Conduct background research of the project area within a regional
archeological framework to include a literature review of documents for
both prehistoric and historic periods, and archival and record searches
for historic periods.

\- Perform a 100 percent pedestrian walk-through of the alignment
corridors in order to determine the presence of historical,
archaeological, and cultural resources.[^3]

\- Record all resources discovered within an Area of Potential Effect on
site forms and isolated artifact forms acceptable to the FHWA and the
SHPO and provide an artifact collection strategy and technique which is
clearly supported and documented in the final report.

\- Map all resource sites discovered by determining site boundaries and
establishing a permanent site datum, taking bearing and distance
measurements from the site datum to prominent natural features or
project survey traverse points, computing coordinates of the site datum
and recording same in field notes and on site record forms, and plotting
site boundaries on full size USGS 7.5 minute quadrangles.

\- Perform testing of resource sites discovered as determined and
approved by the FHWA. Five sites are to be assumed.[^4] Testing outside
of the survey corridor shall be limited to two 0.91 meters by 0.91
meters pits for each site, and shall be performed only when it can be
clearly justified by the FHWA that tests within the corridor are
insufficient to provide recommendations for NHRP status.

\- Evaluate, for NHRP eligibility, all resource sites that have been
identified as likely to be affected by the proposed project. Sites shall
be recommended as either eligible or not eligible with respect to
specific criteria of eligibility in accordance with 36 CFR 60.

\- Identify the nature of potential impacts to all resource sites that
are likely to be affected by the proposed project, evaluate these
impacts with respect to criteria of Effect and Adverse Effect, and
recommend measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate impacts identified
and the resulting effect determination proposed if the measure(s) are
implemented.

\- Coordinate with the FHWA and SHPO during research, field studies,
eligibility and effect determinations and document all correspondence,
including phone logs and personal contacts.

[Traditional Cultural Properties.]{.underline}

-   Conduct appropriate historic and ethnographic background research in
    the corridor area, contact and interview knowledgeable individuals,
    groups, and organizations, and conduct field work in consultation
    with these groups to inspect and record significant traditional
    cultural properties.

-   Identify traditional cultural properties within or adjacent to the
    proposed corridor. All work shall be conducted in accordance with
    National Register Bulletin #38, [Guidelines for Evaluating and
    Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties]{.underline}. Identified
    properties shall be evaluated for significance in accordance with 36
    CFR 60.4 and step-by-step procedures outlined in NRB #38, pp. 11-16.

[Historical and Archeological Report]{.underline}

A final report shall be prepared for submission by the FHWA to the State
Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) in a request for concurrence with
eligibility. This report shall contain all of the information required
in performance of the Historical and Archaeological Studies work task.
The report shall contain all photographs, maps, drawings, and exhibits
necessary to augment the text and fully document the findings.

1.1 Executive Summary - The executive summary is to serve as an interim
planning document for the FHWA so that it may consider any necessary
future cultural resource investigations at the earliest possible time.
This report shall contain a description of the resource sites
discovered, recommendations for the sites' eligibility, the site
locations and other pertinent features with respect to the proposed
project, and a summary of potential impacts. The report shall also
include recommendations for further testing or laboratory analysis of
the sites. The report must contain sufficient detail so that it can be
used by the FHWA to seek concurrence on eligibility to the NRHP.

1.2 Text, photographs, tables, plans, maps, and drawings must be
technically and professionally suitable for publication and prepared in
a format reflecting standards of professional archaeological journals.

1.3 No oversize materials shall be accepted in the final report.

1.4 The cover, title page, and the acknowledgements section of the final
report must bear a reference to the contract number and the source of
funds and the name of the Principal Investigator.

1.5 Forward - Written by principal investigator describing the overall
research context, the significance of the work, and any other background
information relating to the manner in which the work was accomplished.

1.6 Completed Department of Commerce, NTIS Form OF 272.

1.7 Technical abstract - (see: Landes, Kenneth K., [A Scrutiny of the
Abstract, II]{.underline}, Geological Notes 50(90): 1992 - 1999, (1966)
for guidance on preparation of a technical abstract).

1.8 The final report shall be of a quality equal to or surpassing that
for an M.A. thesis in anthropology from an accredited university. The
report shall be written in a scholarly tone; to reference, use, and
build on the available literature; to make a contribution to the
understanding of the history and prehistory of the area; and to meet the
accepted standards for a professional report.

**D.** **Wetland Delineation**

Wetland delineation studies shall require USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangle
maps, project mapping, aerial photographs, and visual inspection to
identify the extent and type of wetland within and adjacent to the
project corridor. In performing the wetland delineation study, the
following shall be performed:

\- Identify all wetland areas within or adjacent to the project
corridor.

\- Determine the type and importance of any wetlands identified.

\- Locate identified wetlands on project mapping.

\- Determine the extent of impacts from the proposed alternatives on
wetlands.

\- Examine alternative measures to avoid or minimize impacts.

\- If alternatives are not available to avoid or minimize impacts,
develop mitigation measures for all identified wetland impacts.

The accuracy of the delineation shall be commensurate with the scale of
the mapping on which the boundaries shall be marked (boundaries can be
marked within about 3 meters). Survey personnel shall adhere to
requirements for delineation of wetlands in accordance with the [Corps
of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual (1987)]{.underline}.[^5]

[D.2]{.underline} [Wetland Report]{.underline}

Results shall be presented of the wetland delineation study in a Wetland
Report. The report shall include the following:

\- The total area of the wetlands identified, by type.

\- The area of each wetland impacted by each alternative alignment.

\- A brief narrative description of the major functions for each wetland
identified.

\- Location or design alternatives to avoid or minimize wetland impacts.

\- Discussion of mitigation measures proposed for each alternative which
impacts wetlands.

\- A brief discussion of delineation methods and procedures.

**E. Hazardous Waste Investigations, Initial Site Assessment (ISA)**

[E.1. Focus of Studies]{.underline}

The primary focus of the studies shall be to:

\- Address requirements in the ASTM Standard;

\- Identify sites as having a potential for hazardous waste involvement
within or adjacent to the proposed corridor and recommendations for
further investigation of those sites having a potential hazardous waste
involvement including, if any, type(s) of testing, and approximate
number of samples anticipated to be tested.

[E.2 Report]{.underline}

A concise report shall be prepared (from 5 to 20 pages depending on the
complexity of the assessment) with appropriate appendices. The format
for the report shall be as recommended in the ASTM Standard.

In addition to the ASTM Standard\'s requirements, the report shall
describe in the \"Findings and Conclusion\" section a description of
those sites as having a potential for hazardous waste involvement within
or adjacent to the proposed corridor and recommendations.

F.  **Mitigation Commitment Summary.**

The purpose of Mitigation Commitment Summary is to document how
environmental commitments for a project will be accomplished. The
Mitigation Commitment Summary will list all mitigation commitments
included in NEPA documents and permits. In addition, the summary will
also document how each mitigation commitment will be accomplished for
the project. Lists the specific locations (sheet, page, SCR Subsection,
and paragraph) in the plans and SCR's where each of the requirements and
stipulations are satisfied. The Mitigation Commitment Summary will be
completed before PS&E sign-off. However, the mitigation commitments
should be addressed in the plans and specifications as early as
possible.

Provide Mitigation Commitment Summary on 215 x 280 millimeter sheets.
Format to be supplied by WFLHD. See SOW Section VI GOVERNMENT FURNISHED
MATERIALS AND SERVICES.

Supplement to

**CHAPTER 5 - SURVEYING AND MAPPING**

**A. GPS controlled aerial photography for mapping.**

> Establish the horizontal and vertical control needed to control the
> aerial photography for the project. Project control shall be tied to
> state plane coordinate system and adjusted to project datum.
>
> Control points shall be numbered sequentially beginning with point
> number HV1, then HV2, HV3, etc.
>
> Control points shall be a number 13 (metric) rebar a minimum of 460
> millimeters long, with a yellow plastic cap stamped "FHWA".
>
> Control points shall be marked with 1a 1.22 meters lath, with the
> point identification written on both sides of the lath set near the
> point. Red or fluorescent pink flagging shall be attached to the lath.
>
> Each control point shall be referenced with double swing ties using
> aluminum tags provided by WFLHD. Distances and bearings to references
> shall be recorded on the tags and in a sketch drawn for each point.
>
> Provide controlled color vertical aerial photography for mapping of
> the project corridor with the approximate number of flight lines and
> exposures required in Section 3 SOW Tasks. Furnish vertical aerial
> photography at a scale of 1:5000 for mapping purposes using Kodak 2445
> color film and a camera with a 152 millimeter focal length lens
> equipped with eight fiducial marks. All photography shall require
> three sets of color contact prints on a semi-gloss, double-weight
> paper, color film diapositives. Deliver the negatives to the COTR. A
> BUREAU OF STANDARDS CAMERA CALIBRATION is required. Endlap is to be
> 60%, side lap is to be 25%, and tip or tilt shall not exceed six
> degrees. Flight lines are to be flown from south to north or west to
> east, whichever is prevalent. Exposures are to be numbered in the
> direction of the flight line. The Project number symbol \[i.e. OR PFH
> 244\] shall also appear on each exposure. First and last photographs
> in each flight line shall contain the photography scale and date.
>
> All photography, film processing, print making and diapositives shall
> be in accordance with the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION REFERENCE
> GUIDE OUTLINE & SPECIFICATIONS FOR AERIAL SURVEYS AND MAPPING BY
> PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS FOR HIGHWAYS.
>
> Aerial photography shall be fully controlled for mapping with pug
> points and X, Y, & Z coordinates.
>
> Remove aerial target materials when survey data and photography is
> verified as acceptable.

**B. Set project control.**

> Set project control points within the project limits so that points
> are spaced not to exceed 250 meters. Control points shall be placed
> such that the point is not within the traveled way. Differential
> levels shall be run over all project control.
>
> Control points shall be a No. (metric),13 (metric), with yellow
> plastic cap supplied by WFLHD, a minimum of plied by WFLHD, a minimum
> of 460 millimeters long. Rebar shall be driven to [+]{.underline} 100
> millimeters below ground surface. Control points shall be marked with
> a 1.22 meter lath with the point identification written on both sides
> of the lath set near the point. Red or fluorescent pink flagging shall
> be attached to the lath.
>
> Each control point shall be referenced with double swing ties using
> aluminum tags provided by WFLHD. Place tag on side of feature away
> from road. Take measurement from side of feature facing control point.
> Distances and bearings to references shall be recorded on the tags and
> in a sketch drawn for each point.
>
> Provide the raw and adjusted closures of the control point traverses
> for the control points set. Provide for each point a reference sketch
> of its location. Provide a bound printout of the control points
> showing point number, coordinates (at project datum), and elevation.
> Provide the datum adjustment factor calculated and used for the
> project.

**C. Preliminary alignment (station staking).**

> **Existing roadway.**
>
> Station staking shall be set along one edge of the roadway. A PK nail
> with red stake chaser shall be set at even 50 meter intervals near the
> edge of pavement. Stationing may be set using a measuring wheel.
>
> Offset stakes shall be set for all station staking points. Offset
> stakes shall show the station with the offset distance circled facing
> the staked point. The location preference for offset stakes is on a
> cut slope above the ditch rather than on a fill slope where the option
> exists. Offset stakes shall not be set on the roadway shoulder where
> they may be destroyed by roadway maintenance equipment or errant
> traffic.
>
> **Unroaded terrain**.
>
> Station staking shall be set along tangent between control points.
> Points shall be marked using PK nail, boat nail, spike, or 250
> millimeter wooden hub as appropriate, each with a [red \"stake
> chaser]{.underline}." Points shall be set at even 50 meter intervals.
> Stationing may be set using a cloth tape and compass. Stakes shall be
> set facing back on line and labeled with the Station. Stakes shall
> have the top 50 millimeters painted yellow. When off the existing
> roadway yellow flagging shall be attached at eye level to vegetation
> near the point set.
>
> Stationing shall begin at station 10+000 at the beginning of the
> project in either situation.

**D. Centerline staking.**

> **Centerline design alignment staking.** All centerline control points
> (PC\'s, PT\'s, TS\'s, SC\'s, CS\'s, and ST\'s) shall be set. Points
> shall be marked using PK nail, boat nail, spike, or 250 millimeter
> wooden hub as appropriate, each with a [red \"stake
> chaser]{.underline}."
>
> Intermediate centerline points shall be set at even 15 meter
> intervals. Points shall be marked using PK nail, boat nail, spike, or
> 250 millimeter wooden hub as appropriate, each with a [yellow \"stake
> chaser]{.underline}."
>
> Stakes shall be set facing back on line and labeled with the Station.
> Stakes shall have the top 50 millimeters painted yellow. When off the
> existing roadway yellow flagging shall be attached at eye level to
> vegetation near the point set.
>
> Offset stakes shall be used when there is a possibility that the
> centerline stake may be lost due to traffic or other causes. Offset
> stakes shall show the stationing with the offset distance circled and
> facing the centerline point. The location preference for offset stakes
> is on a cut slope above the ditch rather than on a fill slope where
> the option exists. Offset stakes shall not be set on the roadway
> shoulder where they may be destroyed by roadway maintenance equipment
> or errant traffic. The purpose of the offset stake is for ease in
> locating the centerline point. Offset stakes may be set using a cloth
> tape at an approximated angle perpendicular to the centerline at the
> Station set.
>
> **Right-of-Way Staking.** Right-of-way points shall be set opposite
> all beginning (TS) and ending (ST) curve points, and at all changes in
> width of the new right-of-way. Intermediate right-of-way points shall
> be set along the right-of-way line such that right-of-way points are
> intervisible. Maximum distance between right-of-way points shall not
> exceed 60 meters.
>
> All right-of-way points shall be marked with a wooden hub and blue
> stake chaser. A 1.22 meter lath shall be set at each point and shall
> be labeled "ROW" followed by the station and distance from centerline
> written on both faces of the lath. Blue flagging shall be attached to
> the lath. All right-of-way points shall be set to a horizontal
> accuracy of  [+]{.underline}150 millimeters. Measurement from
> centerline with a cloth tape is acceptable.

**E. Project Mapping.**

See Survey section of Appendix C for project mapping requirements.

**F. Progress Reports.**

> Weekly progress reports for weeks in which field work was in progress
> shall be completed and shall be received by the end of the week
> following the reporting period. Field crew daily reports may be
> submitted in lieu of weekly reports. Progress report content to be
> similar to examples contained in Chapter 5, Federal Lands Highway
> Project Development Design Manual.

**G. General requirements.**

> Brushing shall be kept to the minimum required to perform the needed
> surveys and impacts shall not be visible from the roadway. No trees
> shall be felled. Cut brush shall be properly disposed of.
>
> Adequate traffic safety shall be provided. Traffic control devices
> shall comply with the requirements of the Manual on Uniform Traffic
> Control Devices (MUTCD), dated 1988.

Use object descriptor codes from the SIDE SHOT FEATURE CODE listing
(provided by WFLHD) as appropriate.

**H. Survey precision.**

> Control points shall be set to Second Order, Class II Survey Standards
> (Project Development and Design Manual, Chapter 5).
>
> All centerline points and right-of-way points shall be set to a
> horizontal accuracy of []{.underline} 50 millimeters and a vertical
> accuracy of []{.underline} [+]{.underline} 75 millimeters.
>
> Offset stakes may be set at a distance determined by cloth tape
> measure and positioned normal to the alignment by commonly accepted
> field practice.
>
> Terrain topography shall be accurate to [+]{.underline} 100
> millimeters vertical within 20 meters of the existing roadway
> centerline and within ½ % of the horizontal distance from the existing
> roadway centerline when beyond 20 meters.

[]{#Ch6_Geotechnical .anchor}**Supplement to**

**CHAPTER 6 - GEOTECHNICAL**

# General

The geotechnical investigation shall be comprised of the following major
elements:

A.  **Field Investigation and Laboratory Testing of Samples**

B.  **Subsurface Exploration Program**

C.  **Engineering Analysis of Field and Laboratory Data**

D.  **Geotechnical Report**

**A. Field Investigation and Laboratory Testing of Samples**

1.  General

> Employ geologist(s) or geotechnical engineer(s) having experience in
> the geotechnical investigation of highway projects. To complete the
> field investigation, perform the following tasks:

a.  Visual assessment and geological mapping of the project corridor to
    determine the spatial distribution and characteristics of the soil
    and bedrock units that exist within the project corridor.

b.  Determination of the existence of such features as landslides, fill
    failures or slumps, springs or seeps, rockfall problems, and areas
    of wet or soft soils that could impact the project design and that
    should be mitigated during project construction.

c.  Gather information for the design of pavement structure, cut slopes,
    embankments, retaining walls, stability hazard analysis, structure
    foundations, and development of material sources.

2\. Cut slopes

> a\. Evaluate the type and density of excavation materials within
> proposed cuts.

b\. Obtain representative samples of materials from a sufficient number
of cuts to characterize the materials and their engineering properties.
Describe the extent of each geologic or soil unit on a
station-to-station basis.

> c\. Provide an estimate of the anticipated shrink or swell of the cut
> materials for calculation of excavation and embankment quantities.
>
> d\. Identify materials that are likely to be unstable or unusable in
> construction, such as moist or wet silts or clays.
>
> e\. Identify, if present, non-frost-susceptible materials (select
> topping) that can be used to construct the top 200 to 300 millimeters
> of the roadbed.
>
> f\. Evaluate the depth to rock and quality of rock within proposed
> cuts. Identify the rock type and define the attitude and spacing of
> bedding, foliation, fracture, or jointing that will control cut slope
> stability.

d.  

> f\. Evaluate the depth to rock and quality of rock within proposed
> cuts. Identify the rock type and define the attitude and

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
                          

                          

                          

                          

                          

                          

                          

                          

                          

                          
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

> g\. Evaluate the stability of proposed cuts in both overburden and
> rock. Where potential for the proposed cut slope to fail exists,
> provide recommendations to mitigate the anticipated failure.
>
> h\. Determine the potential for groundwater to be encountered in the
> cut excavation or in the subgrade and provide underdrain or horizontal
> drain recommendations as appropriate.
>
> i\. Provide site-specific, station-to-station, cut slope
> recommendations in table form. Show station intervals, material type,
> suitability of materials for embankments, recommended cut slope
> inclination, recommended method of excavation (excavator, ripping, or
> controlled blasting), and any pertinent comments.
>
> j\. Anticipated exploration methods:

#### [Proposed Cut Height]{.underline} [Method of Evaluation]{.underline}

> 0 - 2 meter Visual and/or Test Pits
>
> 2 - 5 meter Test Pits and/or Borings
>
> \> 5 meter Borings
>
> Space the explorations approximately 60 meter apart for variable
> conditions, and up to 150 meter apart for more uniform conditions. To
> the extent possible, explorations should be made within the prism of
> the proposed cut. Extend explorations to the bottom of the proposed
> ditch, or to the base of soft materials which extend below the ditch
> level.
>
> k\. Sampling. Obtain representative samples of each type of material
> for soil classification and for embankment suitability evaluation.
> 0btain rock core samples from core drill holes in rock cuts. Obtain
> the samples from cuts that are most likely to be excavated during
> construction (i.e., sections in which the roadway widening will
> probably be accomplished on the cut side).
>
> l\. Testing. Perform classification tests on representative soil
> samples:

##### Sieve Analysis AASHTO T 11 and T 27

##### Hydrometer Analysis to 0.02 millimeters AASHTO T 88

> Specific Gravity AASHTO T 100
>
> Atterberg Limits AASHTO T 89 and T 90
>
> Field Moisture Content AASHTO T 265
>
> Perform rock strength testing as required for cut slope design.
>
> 3\. Embankments
>
> a\. Identify and explore areas of potentially soft soils at proposed
> embankment locations.
>
> b\. Evaluate subsurface conditions and suitability for embankment
> support.
>
> c\. Provide recommendations for embankment foundation preparation,
> embankment design, and embankment construction.
>
> d\. Identify possible embankment construction problems, such as
> "pumping" soils, the need for maintenance rock, and the need for
> subgrade reinforcement.
>
> e\. Explorations. Explorations are not required where the surface
> reconnaissance indicates firm foundation conditions exist. Where
> foundation conditions are unknown, locate explorations near the
> deepest portions of proposed embankments. Extend explorations to
> competent material or to a depth of twice the proposed embankment
> height in soft material.
>
> f\. Sampling. Obtain representative samples of each type of material
> for soil classification and for embankment support evaluation,
> including settlement analysis, if appropriate.
>
> g\. Testing. Perform classification tests on representative soil
> samples:
>
> Sieve Analysis AASHTO T 11 and T 27
>
> Hydrometer Analysis to 0.02 millimeters AASHTO T 88
>
> Specific Gravity AASHTO T 100

##### Atterberg Limits AASHTO T 89 and T 90

> Field Moisture Content AASHTO T 265
>
> Perform shear strength or consolidation tests as required for
> embankment foundation analysis.
>
> 4\. Retaining Walls
>
> a\. Evaluate subsurface conditions and suitability for foundations.
>
> b\. Provide recommendations for wall foundation preparation, wall
> design, and wall construction.
>
> c\. Space explorations approximately 20 meters apart for variable
> conditions and up to 50 meters apart for more uniform conditions. To
> the extent possible, explorations should be made along the face of the
> proposed wall. Extend explorations to competent material or to a depth
> equal to twice the base width below the wall foundation.
>
> d\. Evaluate subsurface drainage conditions and provide drainage
> recommendations and provisions for wall designs.
>
> e\. Sampling. Obtain representative samples of each type of material
> for soil classification and for wall foundation analysis, including
> settlement analysis, if appropriate.
>
> f\. Testing. Perform classification tests on representative soil
> samples:
>
> Sieve Analysis AASHTO T 11 and T 27
>
> Hydrometer Analysis to 0.02 millimeters AASHTO T 88
>
> Specific Gravity AASHTO T 100
>
> Atterberg Limits AASHTO T 89 and T 90
>
> Field Moisture Content AASHTO T 265
>
> Perform shear strength or consolidation tests as required for
> embankment foundation analysis.
>
> 5\. Pavement Design---Reconstruction
>
> a\. Provide recommendations for constructing a stable subgrade.
>
> b\. Determine the potential for frost heaving or thaw weakening of the
> pavement to occur, if any.
>
> c\. Identify areas by station limits within the existing subgrade
> where weak or wet soils will require subexcavation.
>
> d\. Identify areas of wet subgrade where underdrains may be required.
> Recommend station limits for proposed underdrains.
>
> e\. Explorations. Supplement boring and backhoe test pits described
> under cuts and embankments, as necessary, to obtain subgrade samples.

f.  Sampling. Using either hand tools or mechanical equipment, obtain
    samples of cut slope materials from a minimum of six representative
    road cuts or natural backslopes. Using pavement sampling drilling
    tools, hand tools, or mechanical equipment, obtain samples and layer
    thicknesses of the existing roadway surfacing, base, and subgrade
    materials at a minimum interval of km.1.0 km. Obtain a sealed
    moisture sample from each R-value sample location for determining in
    situ moisture contents.

> g\. Testing. Perform R-Value and classification tests on
> representative soil samples:
>
> Sieve Analysis AASHTO T 11 and T 27
>
> Hydrometer Analysis to 0.02 millimeters AASHTO T 88
>
> Specific Gravity AASHTO T 100
>
> Atterberg Limits AASHTO T 89 and T 90

####### Field Moisture Content AASHTO T 265

######## R-Value AASHTO T 190 {#r-value-aashto-t-190 .unnumbered}

> 6\. Pavement Design---3R

a.  Identify areas by station limits within the existing subgrade where
    weak or wet soils will require subexcavation.

b.  Identify areas of wet subgrade where underdrains may be required.
    Recommend station limits for proposed underdrains.

c.  Obtain overlay design information by nondestructive deflection
    methods in accordance with ASTM D 4694. Determine actual pavement
    layer thickness measurements, at km1.6 km intervals, by coring
    through the pavement with pavement coring tools. (Fill and patch all
    pavement core holes with cold mix asphalt patching material).

> 7\. Materials Sources.
>
> Investigate potential materials sources as required in the Statement
> of Work.
>
> a\. Describe the geology of the site(s), including the extent and
> composition of overburden materials.
>
> b\. Provide recommendations for the development of the source(s).
> Highlight characteristics, such as degrading particles, poor-quality
> natural fines, or fines that adhere to coarse particles, which may
> have a negative effect on the production of aggregates from the
> source.
>
> c\. Evaluate the quality of the material and determine if any special
> treatments or additives will be required.
>
> d\. Explorations. Perform sufficient explorations to characterize the
> quality and quantity of the source. Core drill borings will be the
> most likely technique utilized in quarries, and backhoe pits in gravel
> deposits.
>
> e\. Sampling. Obtain representative bag samples, as appropriate, to
> supplement drill core samples.
>
> f\. Testing: Crush the core and bag samples to a maximum size
> appropriate for the material and perform the following aggregate
> quality tests:
>
> Sieve Analysis on lab crushed materials AASHTO T 11 and T 27
>
> Atterberg Limits AASHTO T 89 and T 90
>
> Sand Equivalent AASHTO T 176
>
> Durability Index AASHTO T 210
>
> Los Angeles Abrasion AASHTO T 96
>
> Sodium Sulfate Soundness AASHTO T 104
>
> Accelerated Weathering by DMSO WFLHD-DMSO
>
> For gravel deposits, perform Sieve Analysis, Atterberg Limits, and
> Sand Equivalent tests on both the natural soil fines and the
> lab-crushed fines.

**B. Subsurface Exploration Program**

> 1\. Drill inspector
>
> Provide a qualified and experienced drill inspector for logging all
> borings and test pits. The drill inspector is responsible for the
> following tasks:
>
> a\. Locating underground utilities prior to drilling or digging
> backhoe pits. Call and coordinate with the appropriate underground
> utility services to locate the utilities at each boring, test pit, and
> subgrade sample location. Field verify utility locations with the
> utility locator. Identify any impacts utility locations will have on
> exploration locations and relocate explorations impacted by the
> underground utilities.
>
> b\. Coordinating with landowners regarding access for explorations on
> private land.
>
> c\. Coordinating test pit explorations with the backhoe operator and
> flagging subcontractor.
>
> d\. Recording subsurface conditions and obtaining samples at each
> boring and test pit exploration.
>
> e\. Providing an approximate location of the boring or test pit in
> reference to the preliminary alignment so that the survey crew can
> locate the exploration point.
>
> f\. Placing a lath, length 1.2 meters, with pink and blue flagging at
> each completed boring and test pit. Mark lath with boring or test pit
> number.

g.  Upon completion of the Geotechnical Report, deliver the drill core
    to WFLHD Geotechnical Section.

h.  Additional duties described in the following sections.

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2.  Boring and Test Pit Logs.

> Provide final boring and test pit logs in a graphical format
> acceptable to the COTR.

Provide the following information, as appropriate:

> a\. Exploration number, elevations, and approximate station and offset
> (or coordinates) referenced to the preliminary alignment.
>
> b\. A field description of the materials encountered in accordance
> with the Unified Soil Classification System (ASTM D 2487), including
> estimated size range of boulders, if encountered.
>
> c\. An estimate of the relative density of granular materials (very
> loose to very dense) and the consistency of fine-grained soils (very
> soft to hard).
>
> d\. Notes regarding the reaction of the drill or excavator and other
> information and observations provided by the operator.
>
> e\. Depth to groundwater if encountered. Note depth and extent of
> seepage.
>
> f\. Depths of any changes in material.
>
> g\. Sample depths, SPT blow counts, core run number, depth interval,
> percent recovery, and RQD (ASTM D 6032).
>
> h\. Incorporate test pit logs into a sketch of the test pit drawn on
> the nearest cross section. In each sketch show the location of the
> test pit with respect to the existing road, limits of the test pit
> excavation, sample locations, contacts denoting changes in material,
> groundwater or seepage level, and other pertinent features in the
> cross section, such as rock outcrops and fill material.
>
> 3\. Drilling
>
> Provide drilling crew or subcontractor experienced in geotechnical
> drilling techniques. The Firm or the subconsultant driller shall be
> responsible for:

a.  Providing flaggers if required during drilling.

b.  Obtaining and hauling drill water.

c.  Providing core boxes and sample bags for samples obtained from
    borings and subgrade sampling.

> 4\. Overburden Materials

a.  Advance borings in overburden material with hollow-stem augers to
    auger refusal or to the bottom depth of the boring.

b.  Each boring shall include Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs) at 1.5
    meters intervals (0.75 meter intervals in soft or wet materials that
    may be detrimental to slope stability or construction).

c.  The drill inspector shall record a log of the drilling and place SPT
    samples in air-tight plastic bags and label each bag, using
    water-proof ink, with the project name, boring number, sample
    number, and depth interval.

> 5\. Bedrock or Dense Materials:

a.  Use wireline core-drilling equipment to advance borings in material
    that cannot be augered.

b.  The drill inspector shall:

    i.  Record a log of the core drilling.

    ii. Place recovered core samples in core boxes labeled with the
        project name, boring number, depth interval, and box number.

    iii. Separate core runs with blocks identifying the run number and
         depth.

    iv. Take color photographs of the core in boxes.

    v.  Secure core boxes with fiberglass-reinforced tape.

> 6\. Test Pits
>
> The Firm is responsible for providing the backhoe and operator for
> excavating the test pits and providing plastic or canvas sample bags
> of adequate size to collect representative samples. The Firm is also
> responsible for providing flaggers, if necessary, to safely control
> traffic during test pit excavation and backfilling operations. Use
> wireline core drilling to advance borings in materials that cannot be
> augered. The drill inspector shall:

a.  Record logs of the test pits.

b.  Direct excavation of test pits to the depth established in Task B or
    to refusal in rock, if more shallow.

c.  Take photographs of the test pits showing the excavation face and
    spoils pile.

d.  Obtain sufficient samples of representative material encountered in
    the test pit excavations for classification and correlation
    purposes.

e.  Label all sample bags with the test pit number and representative
    depth interval.

f.  Direct the backfilling of test pits. Reslope ground to natural
    contours and cover disturbed areas with conserved topsoil.

> 7\. Subgrade Sampling

a.  The Firm or drilling subcontractor is responsible for obtaining
    subgrade samples in a manner that avoids contaminating materials in
    different layers. The typical process is:

    i.  Begin sampling by carefully augering through the pavement, if
        present, without disturbing the underlying base material.

    ii. Hand excavate the fragmented pavement to the top of the base.
        Carefully loosen the base materials with the auger while
        avoiding mixing the base with the underlying materials.

    iii. Hand excavate and place all base material in a sample bag(s).

    iv. Hand clean the bottom of the hole to avoid mixing the base with
        the underlying material. Carefully loosen the underlying
        material with the auger while avoiding mixing individual,
        distinct layers.

    v.  Sample each distinct strata encountered using the same process
        to a depth of 1.5 meters or to auger refusal, if shallower.
        Obtain 30 kg samples of sandy, silty, or clayey materials, and
        60 kg samples in gravelly materials. Limit samples to kg30 kg
        per bag.

b.  The drill inspector shall:

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i.  Record a log of each subgrade boring.

ii. Place a representative sample of soil from each sample in a plastic
    bag for moisture content determination. Place this sample inside the
    bulk sample bag.

iii. Label the moisture content sample and the subgrade sample bags with
     project name, hole number, sample number, and depth.

**C. Engineering Analysis of Field and Laboratory Data**

> Field and laboratory test data shall be analyzed and utilized in the
> determination of such aspects of the project as slope stability;
> usability of excavation materials for common borrow, select borrow, or
> drainage materials; structure or embankment settlements; culvert,
> bridge, and retaining wall foundation designs; material source
> development plans; pavement and overlay designs; and other aspects of
> the project design requiring engineering analysis.
>
> Utilize the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
> Officials AASHTO publication, *Guide For Design of Pavement
> Structures* 1993 edition, for new pavement and pavement overlay design
> on this project.

**D. Geotechnical Report**

Prepare a report that presents the results of the investigations,
analyses, conclusions, and recommendations. The geotechnical report
shall provide the basis for the highway design. It shall be utilized by
the highway design engineer, made available to prospective bidders, and
provided to the construction engineer, and should be prepared with those
users in mind.

See Appendix C for the items required in the Geotechnical report.
Additional items are listed in the SOW.

**Supplement to**

**CHAPTER 7 - HYDROLOGY/HYDRAULICS**

# Hydraulic Reconnaissance

> Provide a Hydraulic Reconnaissance Report that identifies the
> hydraulic issues on the project. Include a summary of the information
> developed below:

1.  Delineate the drainage basin for the specified stream crossings and
    river locations. Determine the peak discharges for the 2, 10, 25,
    50, 100, and 500-year events. To determine peak discharges use the
    most recent and applicable USGS multiple regression equations. Check
    for USGS gaging station(s) within the area to verify regression
    input and output variables. This work includes verifying the basin
    characteristics for the gaging station(s) against those estimated
    from USGS maps. If stations exist, obtain or perform a Log Pearson
    type III flood frequency analysis. Compare the Log Pearson results
    against those estimated using the regression analysis.

2.  

> 2\. Provide a log-log plot of drainage area versus discharge for the
> 2, 25, and 50-year peak discharges. Show on the plot the drainage area
> that a selected culvert size could handle for the 25-year flood with a
> headwater to diameter ratio of one. For the particular culvert size,
> assume inlet control for a circular metal pipe. The selected culvert
> sizes should range in 300-millimeter increments, from 600 millimeters
> to 3050 millimeters diameter.

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
                          

                          

                          

                          

                          

                          

                          

                          

                          

                          
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

3.  Conduct one or more field review of the project as needed. At
    prescribed flood plain, stream and river crossings, and lake
    locations, take photographs and provide written comments. Discuss
    local stream stability (i.e., aggrading, degrading, lateral shifts),
    bed material size (D50), debris abundance, and local scour and
    deposition characteristics. Provide observations on the possible
    structural type for each stream crossing (culvert versus bridge) and
    on possible river or lake characteristics relative to the road
    (i.e., lateral erosion of embankments, road elevations versus water
    elevations). Support all observations with written justification
    (i.e., may need bridge to pass up-stream debris flows).

4.  Contact the appropriate State Department of Fish and Game to
    determine all fish issues on the project. Provide a rough check of
    the capacity, fish passage capability, and condition of existing
    structures. A detailed hydraulic analysis is not needed unless it is
    determined that existing structure needs to be replaced.

## Hydraulic Structure Design

> **[Culvert Structures.]{.underline}** Design culverts structures
> according to the FLH PDDM. Minor hydraulic structures are culverts
> with a diameter equal to or less than 1.2 meters. Design structures to
> pass the 50-year storm with HW/D less than 1.5. Check that culverts
> will pass the 100-year storm without water overtopping the road. Skew
> culverts to match natural drainage channels. Design culverts requiring
> fish passage consistent with applicable regulatory agency guidelines.
>
> **[Roadway Drainage.]{.underline}** Design roadside ditches with
> minimum depth of 300 millimeters below top of subgrade. Provide ditch
> line and toe of fill profiles. Design and specify appropriate
> ditch-lining material to minimize erosion assuming a 25-year storm.
> Maintain minimum ditch grade of 0.5 percent. Ensure drainage
> structures can be incorporated within minimum ditch depths. If 600
> millimeter culverts are spaced 150 meters on sustained ditch grades,
> hydrologic and hydraulic analysis is not required. Culverts under
> approach roads may be 450 millimeters. Hydraulic and hydrologic
> analysis is to be submitted for alternate pipe diameters and spacing.
> Design cross drain ditch relief culverts on a 2-6% culvert gradient.
> Do not specify a drop inlet or mechanical catch basin unless there is
> a specific design rationale. WFLHD preference is to not install
> culverts under high fills or on steep grades. To limit cover depth and
> flatten culvert invert profile, use down drains with energy
> dissipators.dissipators. Evaluate the need for culvert anchors
> according to the FLH PDDM. Bevel inlets and outlets to match proposed
> slopes. Do not specify bevels flatter than 1:3.
>
> **[Floodplain Hydraulics]{.underline}.** Collect topographic data and
> stream cross-sections at each floodplain encroachment site. Develop
> water surface profiles using the peak discharge estimates (2,10, 25,
> 50, 100 and 500 year) and the USCOE computer program HEC-RAS, or a
> comparable one dimensional, fixed boundary computer model. Calibrate
> the HEC-RAS model by comparing computed water surface profiles to
> survey and site investigation information (i.e., top of bank and high
> water mark elevations, stream bed particle sizes). Using the computed
> water surface profiles, document the occurrence and general location
> of overtopping floods (i.e., the 50-year flood overtops the road
> approaches or structures). Prepare a hydraulic report for the
> floodplain analysis. State in the report whether or not the road
> profile requires raising, and if so by how much. Summarize recommended
> erosion protection and mitigation measures for the specified
> floodplain locations. Also summarize other environmental or
> engineering problems and solutions identified at the specified
> floodplain locations. Include comments on lateral channel stability,
> aggradation and degradation trends, Manning's "n" values, bed material
> sizes (D50, D90), evidence of local scour, hydraulic controls, high
> water marks, debris problems, and existing erosion protection features
> (i.e. riprap).
>
> **[Bridges.]{.underline}** Collect topographic data at bridge
> location. Cross-sections should be obtained at the upstream bridge
> face and downstream bridge face. In addition, one section should be
> obtained upstream and two sections downstream of the structure. The
> upstream section shall be located approximately one bridge length or
> hydraulic opening upstream of the bridge. The two downstream sections
> shall be located approximately at one and three bridge lengths or
> hydraulic openings downstream of the bridge. The survey shall consist
> of enough data points (horizontal and vertical) to define main and
> overflow channels, approach roads, floodplain slopes and widths, and
> any other features that may significantly affect the bridge
> hydraulics. The survey shall tie into locally established horizontal
> and vertical control at each bridge sites. Elevations on structures
> shall have an accuracy of 6.1 millimeters[]{.underline}. Ground
> elevations shall have an accuracy of 3.1 millimeter. Horizontal
> distances from previously established controls shall have an accuracy
> of 0.5 percent of the horizontal distance.
>
> Develop water surface profiles using the flood peak estimates (2,10,
> 25, 50, 100 and 500 year) and the USCOE computer program HEC-RAS, or a
> comparable one dimensional, fixed boundary computer model. Calibrate
> the HEC-RAS model by comparing computed water surface profiles to
> survey and site investigation information (i.e., top of bank and high
> water mark elevations, stream bed particle sizes). Using the computed
> water surface profiles, document the occurrence and general location
> of any overtopping floods (i.e., the 50-year flood overtops the road
> approaches but not the bridge itself).
>
> Estimate the bridge scour depths using FHWA HEC-18 and HEC-20. Compute
> pier and contraction scour and determine bank stability for the
> abutments using the 50 and 500-year flood events. At existing bridges,
> check the computer scour depth against foundation depths determined
> from record drawings. If the scour depths exceed foundation depths,
> recommend appropriate scour protection (i.e., riprap). At proposed
> bridges, determine maximum scour depth. Apply FHWA or other acceptable
> methods to evaluate and design riprap scour protection. Assume that
> the riprap extends at least 0.3 meters above the 50-year flood
> elevation, has a slope no steeper than 1 (vertical) to 1.75
> (horizontal),1 (vertical) to 1.75 (horizontal), and has an embedded
> toe. Documentation on bridge scour shall include comments on lateral
> channel stability, aggradation and degradation trends, Manning's "n"
> values, bed material sizes (D50, D90), evidence of local scour,
> hydraulic controls, high water marks, debris problems, existing scour
> protection features (i.e. riprap), and stream and bridge compatibility
> (i.e., piers well-aligned with the stream flow).

**Supplement to**

**Chapter 9 - Highway Design**

A.  Drafting

> Utilize WFLHD Standard Format for Plans found at
>
> at <http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/design/manual> . These standards
> specify text size and element color, weight, level and line code.
> Adjust plotting software, pen tables, and resource files to make plan
> sheets look like WFLHD example plans.

B.  Software

> Complete and submit all work in Microstation V8, Geopak, Word,
> Microsoft Project, and Excel in formats acceptable to WFLHD.

C.  Electronic Files

> Provide electronic copy of all plan and cross section sheets in
> Microstation V8 format, SCR's in Microsoft Word format, and the CPM
> schedule in Microsoft Project format. Provide an index of all
> electronic files and a brief description of their content. Utilize
> Geopak files tracking sheet.
>
> Provide a CD ROM at Final PS&E phase of the project containing all
> electronic files in the following format. Provide a listing of all
> files and their contents. Also provide electronic version of
> individual files such as permits at the time specified in the project
> submittals table.

1.  All Geopak input, ASCII report, and all other design files including
    .gpk and .tin files.

2.  Microstation plan sheet files utilizing WFLHD's V8 level library.

3.  Microsoft Word special contract requirements.

4.  Quattro ProMicrosoft Excel spreadsheets.

5.  Microsoft Project files.

6.  Microstation and Microsoft Word Permit application files.

7.  WFLHD Engineers Estimate program files.

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D.  General Design Guidelines

    1.  Plans. Refer to WFLHD Standard Format for Plans found at

    2.  at
        [**http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/design/manual**](http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/design/manual),
        and any example WFLHD plans provided as Government furnished
        data for guidance in developing final plan sheets for a complete
        contract package.

    3.  Design cross‑sections. Evaluate the alignment for curve widening
        requirements using the "Policy on Geometric Design of Highways
        and Streets, AASHTO 2001." Widen the roadway to include curve
        widening, guardrail shy distance, guardrail terminal sections,
        mailboxes, and turnouts/parking areas.

> Adjust cut and fill slopes to meet Geotechnical recommendations and
> meet WFLHD recommended slope ratios based on cut and fill heights per
> the FLH PDDM.
>
> Provide cross sections at all changes to the roadway and other
> critical areas (e.g. shoulder widening for guardrail terminal
> sections, curve widening, culvert inlet and outlets, culvert catch
> basins and inlet ditches, under drains, etc.) Show guardrail,
> culverts, etc. on cross sections.

4.  Alignment and Safety. Perform all work in accordance with the PDDM.
    If the manual does not cover a specific situation, use the current
    version of either the "Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and
    Streets, AASHTO Green Book2001" or the respective State agencies
    design manual. Obtain concurrence and provide mitigation measures if
    design exceptions are required. Document design standards, design
    exceptions, and mitigation on WFLHD Highway Design Standards form
    (WFLHD-3).

> Whenever possible, set the grade on bridges to allow a minimum 1.0
> meter to 3.0 meters freeboard (clearance between soffit elevation of
> the bridge superstructure and water surface elevation) at Q~50~. In
> addition, maintain a minimum 3.0 meters clearance between the soffit
> and the stream bed. See Section III Statement of Work Tasks for
> specific requirements.
>
> To assure deck drainage, new bridge construction should include a
> minimum 0.5% grade on structures less than 50 meters long, and a
> minimum 1% grade on bridges over 50 meters long. Whenever possible,
> adjust the vertical alignment for the road to assure that there is
> this minimum grade. Adjust horizontal alignment to assure that all
> spirals and template transitions (superelevation to crown, crown to
> superelevation) are fully off the ends of bridges.

5.  Right-of-way. Regulations, policy and guidance for Right-Of-Way and
    Utility tasks may be found at the following web sites:

> <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/realestate/index.htm>
>
> <http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/design/row>
>
> ConvertConvert existing right-of-way information to metricto metric
> units and place and place on the plan and profile sheets. Review
> existing right-of-way agreements and ensure that all commitments are
> included in the plans.
>
> Develop CADD files, utilizing Geopak and Microstation, which show the
> Existing Land Lines and Property lines of all Landowners along the
> project corridor.
>
> Prepare Right-of-Way Plans and Property Descriptions for private
> property acquisition.
>
> Prepare Right-of-Way Plats and Legal Exhibits necessary for Federal
> Land Transfers and private property acquisition.
>
> With FHWA guidance, determine initial estimate to do Government's
> portion of relocation work. Upon completion of right-of way plans or
> construction plans, as appropriate, send design package to utility
> companies including plans, cross-sections, drainage summary,
> excavations, structures and guardrail locations, miscellaneous
> excavations, etc. that may conflict with the location of existing
> facilities.
>
> Prepare draft notices to utility companies of scheduled dates for
> award of contracts.
>
> Request and review utility company's relocation plan to insure that
> their relocation will facilitate construction of the project.
>
> Obtain from utility company when the relocation can commence and how
> long it will take to complete the relocation.
>
> Upon determination by FHWA, that all or part of the relocation work
> will be paid by the Government, request and review company's cost
> estimate at the direction of FHWA.

6.  Approach Roads. Locate or verify approach roads and intersections to
    be impacted by project improvements. Design new intersections and
    approaches. Evaluate approach road intersections for adequate sight
    distance and safety. Utilize WFLHD standard details which are based
    on the respective State Department of Transportation's standards.
    Show location and approach road type on the plan and profile sheets.
    Include quantities in summary table. Provide design criteria and
    calculations to support design.

7.  Guardrail. Design for guardrail locations using the FLH PDDM and the
    respective State Department of Transportation's Design Manual. Use
    the AASHTO Roadside Design Guide for determining clear zone,
    recovery area and extent of guard rail need. Utilize approved WFLHD
    standard guardrail drawings. Document criteria used at each
    guardrail installation. Utilize the AASHTO Roadside design guide
    cost effectiveness analysis where needed. Coordinate the selection
    of the terminal end section through the COTR.

8.  Roadway obliteration. Show the location and extent of work involved
    in roadway obliteration on the plan view of the Plan and Profile
    sheets. Provide sufficient details to show the location and extent
    of work involved in roadway obliteration. Obliterate by removing all
    culverts and eliminating all ditches. It is preferred that the road
    shoulder be removed and excess excavation be utilized to "fill in
    the roadway" (20% out slope) where possible. Do not waste in areas
    of flat terrain that result in a strip mound. Provide typical
    sections to detail removal of culverts, placing excess excavation or
    recontouring existing ground, removing roadway fill and construction
    of barriers. Show areas to be top soiled and revegetated. Show
    necessary drainage features, if applicable.

9.  Mail Boxes. Locate/verify mailboxes that will be impacted by the
    road improvement. Prepare plans to relocate mailboxes. Include
    widening for mailbox turnouts. Utilize WFLHD standard details which
    are based on the respective State Department of Transportation's
    standards.

10. Temporary Traffic Control. Design a temporary traffic control plan.
    Design detours where necessary. Design type and location of signing
    and striping in conformance with Manual of Uniform Traffic and
    Control Devices (MUTCD).

11. Permanent Traffic Control. Design a permanent traffic control plan.
    Type and location of signing and striping should be in conformance
    with MUTCD. Coordinate with owner agency on the placement of
    regulatory signs. Note removal and replacement of existing signs.
    Compute "passing and no-passing" areas.

12. Revegetation. Take soil samples from five locations throughout the
    project. Provide initial revegetation recommendations based on soil
    samples taken from the project site and knowledge of native
    vegetation in the area. Coordinate these recommendations with the
    affected agencies and WFLHD, and then develop a revegetation plan
    for the project.

13. Erosion Control and Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan. Provide
    an erosion control plan in a separate section of the plans using
    only the plan view of the project showing the horizontal alignment
    (two plan views will fit on one sheet). Place the alignment with a
    lower stationing above the alignment with higher stationing. Show
    contours and erosion control symbols along the alignment.
    Incorporate the respective State's Department of Transportation Best
    Management Practices for temporary erosion control. Do not use straw
    bales. Provide energy dissipators at culvert outlets with steep
    grades or near riparian areas. In erodible soils, riprap ditches
    with gradients over 4%. Extend riprap lining in cut to fill
    transitions that may contribute sediment to live water. Include all
    permanent and temporary erosion control measures in the plan
    section.

> Using the plan developed above, provide a Storm Water Pollution
> Prevention Plan in compliance with the respective State's Department
> of Transportation guidelines suitable for application for the
> Pollution Discharge Elimination Permit by WFLHD.

14. Quantity Tables. Provide tables of quantities for each section of
    the plans. The location and quantity of all work for every pay item
    must be shown in a table. If pay items are needed that are not
    included in the list of approved pay items, a request may be made to
    include a new item in the WFLHD data base. With the request, include
    the Item Description and Unit of Measurement. For lump sum pay
    items, provide a table with estimated quantities associated with the
    lump sum item. Refer to sample PS&E for guidance of needed tables.
    Tables are to be located at the start of sections, i.e. plan and
    profile, guardrail, traffic control etc., on separate sheets if they
    cannot be conveniently fit on the first detail sheet of the section.

15. Summary of Quantities. Summarize all the individual tables into a
    Summary of Quantities Table plan sheet(s) using the Engineer's
    Estimate program supplied by WFLHD. Information included in the
    Summary of Quantities is a) Pay Item Number, b) total item
    quantity, c) plan section where item is shown (may include multiple
    sections), d) bid schedule quantity, and e) designate if the pay
    item is a contract quantity.

16. Quantities. Provide documentation for all plan quantities. Provide
    sketches and dimensions to illustrate quantity calculations. Provide
    printout of GEOPAK generated quantities. Develop the bid quantities
    from the plan quantities in conformance with the FLH PDDM. Show
    calculations adjusting from plan quantity to bid quantity.

17. Specifications. Provide special contract requirements (SCRs) which
    describe in detail the project work required when read in
    conjunction with the FP-03. Provide special contract requirements on
    both a hard copy and in an approved electronic format. WFLHD will
    prepare the complete contract specification document.

> Use active voice when writing all SCRs. Supplement and edit WFLHD's
> standard Library of Specifications (LOS) to develop the SCRs needed.
> Follow the LOS's format and method of adding, deleting, and
> supplementing the FP-03. Use the lastest version of the specification
> from the LOS at
> **[http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/design]{.underline}**<http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/design>
> for each review submittal.

18. Engineer's Estimate. Enter bid items, quantities, and unit price
    information for the project into WFLHD's Engineer's Estimate
    program. Provide the Engineer's Estimate printout and electronic
    files to WFLHD. The estimate program database is periodically
    updated with new pay items or bid tabulation data. Request the
    following updated file from the COTR for Plan-In-Hand and Final
    Design phase submittals or as needed: Item_Tbl.dbf. New pay items
    may only be added by WFLHD. Make requests for proposed new pay items
    to the COTR.

19. Unit Price Documentation and Analysis. Document basis for unit
    prices. Utilize either bid-based or cost-based estimating. Utilize
    WFLHD's Unit Bid Price Analysis form. Follow procedures and support
    unit prices as outlined in the FLH PDDM.

20. Contract Time. Utilize Microsoft Project software to prepare a
    Critical Path Method (CPM) Schedule for construction. Show all
    limitations of operations, production estimates, and quantities.
    Calculate critical path of construction activities to determine
    construction time. Provide critical path printout using Gantt chart
    type graphics.

> Prepare a written narrative that adequately defines the type of work,
> quantity and location of each activity. Indicate the resources
> (equipment and workforce) and production rates for all activities.
>
> As a minimum, show the following as individual activities:
> mobilization, staking, clearing, excavation, drainage with permit
> restrictions, structures, aggregate base, asphalt concrete surfacing,
> guardrail, signing/stripping, revegetation, and demobilization. In the
> CPM schedule, depict the order and interdependence of all activities.
>
> The CPM shall be used to document the contract time to be used in A+B
> Bidding when required.

21. Design Data Book. A Design Data Book shall be prepared during the
    development of this project. The purpose of this book is to document
    the scoping, environmental, location, and design considerations
    involved in the development of a construction project. The book
    shall consist of a loose leaf binder with index sheets provided by
    WFLHD. It is not expected that the Firm will have information for
    every section. The COTR can address any questions regarding book
    content. The book shall be the last item submitted to WFLHD at the
    conclusion of this project.

22. Construction Staking Data. The Project Engineer's (PE) Hold file
    submittal includes all information and number of copies identified
    in the PE Hold File Checklist. Provide the following data needed for
    construction of the project. Utilize WFLHD report printing program.
    Furnish one set of notes on write-in-the-rain paper, two copies on
    regular paper and an electronic copy.

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Staking Detail       | \-\--                                         |
| Report               |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Design centerline    | stationing, profile grade, and x, y           |
| and profile          | coordinates                                   |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Earthwork quantities | Computer generated listing.                   |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Slope stake notes    | slope stake catch point, and superelevation,  |
|                      | excavation and embankment slope ratios.       |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Clearing notes       | station, offset and quantities.               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Blue Tops            | subgrade, centerline and shoulders, station,  |
|                      | offset, elevation, xyz coordinates            |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Red Tops             | top of aggregate layers - centerline and      |
|                      | shoulders, station, offset, elevation, xyz    |
|                      | coordinates                                   |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Seeding notes        | station, offset and quantities                |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Control points       | List of horizontal and vertical control       |
|                      | points                                        |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Topography           | Design topography information (.tin file).    |
|                      |                                               |
|                      | Electronic copy only.                         |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

**Supplement to**

**Chapter 10 - Structural Design**

######## Design Criteria.

######## Design bridges, culverts, and retaining walls in accordance with the 1996 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 16th AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 3rd Edition, 2004, with current Interims except as noted. Any interpretations or deviations from these criteria must be coordinated with and approved by the COTR.

> Specific design values for foundations shall be contained in the
> geotechnical report. This shall include, for example, soil bearing
> capacity for spread footings, pile size and capacity recommendations,
> soil loads, and recommendations regarding construction issues that
> should be addressed in the plans or specifications. specifications.
>
> Likewise, hydraulic analysis and recommendations shall be addressed
> separately. Specific hydraulic recommendations must be considered on
> an individual basis.

######## Specific design criteria are as follows:

> Use concrete density equal to 23.6 kN per cubic meter for
> cast-in-place concrete and 25.1 kN per cubic meter for precast
> concrete. Design for MS18 design live load. Use 1.15 kN per square
> meter for provision of 50 millimeters AC wearing surface at the time
> of construction, and design for an additional 1.15 kN per square meter
> to provide for future paving allowance over the deck surface. For
> design of vertical abutments and retaining walls, use soil pressure
> based on the internal angle of friction as recommended in the
> goetechnical report. In the absence of a specific recommendation, a
> conservative design assumption is to compute active soil pressure
> based on an assumed angle of internal friction of 321 and a triangular
> soil pressure distribution. Alternatively, assume soil pressure to be
> equivalent to a fluid weighing 5.7 kN per cubic meter.

5.  Design for the appropriate seismic acceleration coefficient. In
    states where local seismic acceleration has been mapped by the local
    DOT, use those coefficients. In all other cases, use the
    coefficients given in AASHTO. Perform single-mode or multi-mode
    analysis, as appropriate.

    Typically, WFLHD does not put deck drains or scuppers on the bridge.
    Provide deck drainage as noted on the TS&L.

######## Detailed work items are as follows. Design phases are the same as those called for under the section "Standard Highway Design Submittals/Deliverables" above.

######## Preliminary Design. Prepare a vicinity map drawing of the proposed bridge, culvert, or retaining wall site.

######## Plot the vicinity map on M.BRDG, contained in the WFLHD cell library. Use the same scale for both plan and elevation views. Choose a scale which shows sufficient surrounding topography to show the entire stream width plus some additional length of roadway, allowing for a longer crossing than currently exists. Indicate existing topography to no greater than 0.5 meter contours. On the elevation view, plot the existing ground contour along centerline road. On the plan view, plot roadway centerline with station tic marks. Indicate curve data for the segment of roadway shown. Plot the locations of geotechnical borings. {#plot-the-vicinity-map-on-m.brdg-contained-in-the-wflhd-cell-library.-use-the-same-scale-for-both-plan-and-elevation-views.-choose-a-scale-which-shows-sufficient-surrounding-topography-to-show-the-entire-stream-width-plus-some-additional-length-of-roadway-allowing-for-a-longer-crossing-than-currently-exists.-indicate-existing-topography-to-no-greater-than-0.5-meter-contours.-on-the-elevation-view-plot-the-existing-ground-contour-along-centerline-road.-on-the-plan-view-plot-roadway-centerline-with-station-tic-marks.-indicate-curve-data-for-the-segment-of-roadway-shown.-plot-the-locations-of-geotechnical-borings. .unnumbered}

> Include typical roadway section information and a line graph of
> centerline roadway grade in the space provided. Indicate in the grade
> diagram the VPIs immediately upstation and downstation from the
> crossing plus vertical curve data for these VPIs.
>
> On a separate drawing, provide a plan view contour map showing the
> proposed roadway centerline and additional ground contours for a
> sufficient reach of the stream to indicate general streamflow
> alignment and the bank width at some reasonable distance away from the
> existing or proposed bridge crossing.
>
> Whenever possible, set the grade on bridges to allow a minimum one to
> three meters freeboard (clearance between soffit elevation of the
> bridge superstructure and water surface elevation) at Q~50~. In
> addition, maintain a minimum 3.0 meter clearance between the soffit
> and the stream bed. See Section III Statement of Work Tasks for
> specific requirements.
>
> To assure deck drainage, new bridge construction should include a
> minimum 0.5% grade on structures less than 50 meters long, and a
> minimum 1% grade on bridges over 50 meters long. If necessary, adjust
> the vertical alignment for the road to assure that there is this
> minimum grade. Adjust horizontal alignment to assure that all spirals
> and template transitions (superelevation to crown, crown to
> superelevation) are fully off the ends of bridges.

######## Intermediate Design. If called for in the Statement of Work, prepare a Type, Size, and Location (TS&L) drawing of the proposed bridge, culvert, or retaining walls.

> On bridge TS&L, indicate the proposed structure type, span length,
> beginning and ending stations, deck width, wingwall size and
> alignment, rail type, foundation type, and hydraulic data, and any
> utilities to be accommodated on the bridge. For culverts, indicate the
> alignment (skew), size, length, and end treatment for the proposed
> structure. Retaining wall TS&L shall indicate wall type, footing
> elevation, length of wall, and finish ground profile along the face
> and top of wall. Select a structure type that is appropriate to the
> site. Consideration of structure type should include cost of
> construction, construction constraints (including remoteness of site,
> availability of prefabricated sections, availability of cast-in-place
> concrete, etc.), maintenance costs, and overall aesthetics.
>
> On the elevation view, plot the existing and finish ground contour
> along centerline road for bridges, and along the face of wall for
> retaining walls. On a separate drawing, show a typical cross section
> through the bridge superstructure or retaining wall.
>
> If the bridge is to be constructed with partial width stages, develop
> a staged construction phasing plan as necessary for traffic
> maintenance during construction.
>
> Prepare preliminary cost estimates of the proposed bridge
> alternative(s). Summarize the data used to select the recommended
> alternative.

######## Plan-in-Hand Design. Design and prepare contract drawings and draft specifications for the proposed structure. When available, and with prior coordination with the COTR, it may be permissible to use WFLHD, FLH or state DOT standard drawings for some structures or structure elements. Depending on the specific application, it may be necessary to modify standard drawings before incorporating them into the contract plans.

a.  Girders. Calculate moments, shears, and stresses at critical
    sections. Show moment and shear capacities, prestressing steel
    strand patterns, and shear stirrup diagrams. Provide dead load
    deflection (camber) diagram. Produce the calculations for the
    deflections of the entire structure due to prestress camber, dead
    load, creep, and shrinkage.

b.  Abutments. For concrete deck bridges, unless otherwise indicated on
    the TS&L or in the Statement of Work, detail the abutment endwalls
    to be integral with the superstructure (no deck joints or
    independent backwalls). Produce plan and elevation drawings of the
    abutments so that design sections can be identified. For each
    different design section, produce the loading calculations, load
    groupings, foundation loads and design calculations.

c.  Culverts. Produce design calculations for the cast-in-place concrete
    portion of the culverts. Plan drawings shall clearly indicate the
    length, size, and orientation of the proposed culvert. Indicate
    precast culvert sections and cast-in-place portion. Provide
    construction details for cast-in-place concrete portions of the
    culvert including connection to precast sections.

d.  Retaining walls. Specific elements of retaining walls requiring
    design calculations will depend on the wall type selected. Produce
    design calculations for those portions of retaining walls which do
    not utilize standard plans. Plan drawings shall include plan and
    elevation views to indicate the line and grade of the proposed wall,
    typical sections through the wall at critical locations, and any
    additional details required to construct the wall.

e.  Compute contract quantities for all items to be incorporated into
    the bridge. Use FLH standard pay item numbers and quantities.
    Prepare an Engineer\'s Estimate of the cost of construction.

f.  Perform an independent design check. The design check shall consist
    of an independent set of calculations prepared by an engineer not
    involved with the initial design calculation. Compare loads,
    stresses, and capacities at critical sections in the superstructure
    and substructure.

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4.  Final Design. Make revisions to the design based on review comments
    by COTR and comments received in Plan-in-Hand review. Compute and
    check all required construction contract quantities for the bridge
    and list these on the plans.

[^1]: The "project area" is dependent upon the species under
    consideration. For many plants, only direct construction effects
    need be considered. In some cases, the resource agency will
    determine the area necessary for survey. Survey protocols may also
    determine the "project area" for other species.

[^2]: The "project area" is dependent upon the species under
    consideration. For many plants, only direct construction effects
    need be considered. In some cases, the resource agency will
    determine the area necessary for survey. Survey protocols may also
    determine the "project area" for other species.

[^3]: If no historical or archaeological sites are discovered during the
    research and pedestrian survey, work on this work item shall cease
    and a contract modification will be issued.

[^4]: If sites discovered do not require testing, a contract
    modification will be issued.

[^5]: Identification of wetland types will be general in nature. If
    functional analysis and specific mitigation plans are required,
    these work tasks will be considered in future contracts.