+---------+------------------------------------------------+----------+
| # Last  | # Surge Protection Anthology                   | # Surges |
| updated |                                                |  Happen! |
|  Decemb | # Part 8 -- Annex A -- Citations               |          |
| er 2002 |                                                |          |
|         | ## Coo                                         |          |
|         | rdination of cascaded surge-protective devices |          |
|         |                                                |          |
|         | (See also file [Bibliography                   |          |
|         | 1992](http://www.eeel.nis                      |          |
|         | t.gov/811/spd-anthology/Bibliography 1992.pdf) |          |
|         | for additional citations)                      |          |
+---------+------------------------------------------------+----------+

GOEDDE, G.L., MARZ, M.B., and HENRY, D.C., "Coordinating Lightning
Stroke Protection From the Utility System to Load Devices,"
*Proceedings, Second International Power Quality/ESD Conference*,
October 1990.

-   Describes secondary surge phenomena and the importance of
    transformer secondary circuit protection coordination to both
    utilities and end users.

-   An effective MOV protection coordination scheme is described and
    recommended.

-   Multiple grounds at different potentials, especially under lightning
    surge conditions, prevent distribution transformer primary arresters
    from protecting secondary circuits.

-   13 references

HASSE, P., ZAHLMANN, P., WIESINGER, J., and ZISCHANK, W., "Principle for
an Advanced Coordination of Surge-protective Devices in Low-voltage
Systems," *Proceedings, 22^nd^ International Conference on Lightning
Protection*, Budapest, 1994.

-   Proposes a scheme where the performance of SPDs for any waveform is
    converted to an equivalent configuration referred to the performance
    under the Combination Wave.

-   7 references

HOSTFET, O.T., HERVLAND, T., NANSEN, B., and HUSE, J., "Coordination of
Surge Protective Devices in Power Supply Systems: Needs for Secondary
Protection," *Proceedings, 21^th^ International Conference on Lightning
Protection*, Berlin, September 1992.

-   On the basis of observed failures on secondary surge protection
    devices, theoretical and experimental investigations are performed
    in order to clarify the need for such protection including the
    sharing of energy stresses in relation to the primary surge
    protection system.

-   The higher energy stresses will generally occur on the device with
    the lowest limiting voltage. Therefore, the protection level for the
    secondary protection should be selected higher than for the primary
    protection.

-   5 references

LAI, J.S., "Performance Criteria for Cascading Surge-Protective
Devices," *Proceedings, Open Forum on Surge Protection Application,
NISTIR-4654*, August 1991.

-   Voltage limiting level of cascaded devices, their separation
    distance, and surge waveform are used as parameters to compute the
    energy deposited in the devices.

-   Experimental verification shows reasonable agreement between
    simulation and experiment.

-   Contains details of the data base used for the Lai & Martzloff *IEEE
    Transactions IA-24* 1993 paper \[291\].

-   10 references

LAI, J.S. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Coordinating Cascaded Surge-Protection
Devices: High-Low versus Low- High," *IEEE Transactions IA-24,* No.4,
July/August 1993. (First publication, *Conference Record, IEEE IAS
Annual Meeting*, September 1991.)

-   *Accessible as* [Coordination
    1993](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Coordination 1993.pdf)
    Computations and experiments showing the effect of line length and
    impinging surge waveform on sharing energy between service entrance
    arrester and SPD inside building.

-   While the 8/20 μs waveform can still result in a contribution from
    both devices to sharing the energy, the 10/1000 μs waveform does not
    produce any inductive separation of the devices past the rise time,
    so that energy is equally shared between devices of equal rating.

-   11 references

MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and PHIPPS, K., "Gapped Arresters
Revisited: A Solution to Cascade Coordination," *IEEE Transactions
PWRD-13*, No.4, December 1998.

*Accessible as* [**Gapped
arresters**](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Gapped arresters.pdf)

-   Demonstrates the principle of a coordination scheme compatible with
    downstream SPDs having lower limiting voltage than the SPD at the
    service entrance.

-   23 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Surge Voltage Suppression in Residential Power
Circuits," *Unclassified GE TIS Report 76CRD092*, 1976.

*Accessible as* [**Coordination
1976**](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Coordination 1976.pdf)

-   Performance of mid-seventies vintage of service entrance SPD and
    simple MOV plug-in SPD.

-   Introduction of the concept of cascade coordination achieved by the
    inductance of wiring.

-   4 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D. and CROUCH, K.E., "Coordination of overvoltage
protection in low-voltage residential systems," Translated from
*Conference record, Canadian Conference on Communications and Power*,
1978.

*Accessible as* [**Coordination
1978**](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Coordination 1978.pdf)

-   Summary tutorial aimed at the French-speaking Canadian community to
    solicit comments for IEEE Std 587.

-   Tests by injecting a simulated lightning flash current into the
    grounding system of a simulated house.

-   The unidirectional current induces oscillatory transients in the
    house wiring system.

-   4 references

    MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Coordination of SPDs in Low-Voltage AC Power
    Circuits," *IEEE Transactions PAS-99*, No. 1, Jan/Feb 1980.

    *Accessible as* [**Coordination
    1980**](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Coordination 1980.pdf)

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-   Coordination between voltage-switching and voltage-limiting SPDs.

-   Coupling between equipment grounding conductor and phase wires.

-   Where an unidirectional current is injected into the ground system
    only, the response of the system is an oscillating voltage involving
    the phase conductors.

-   Without substantial connected loads in the system, the open-circuit
    surges appearing at the service entrance propagate along the branch
    circuits with very little attenuation.

-   7 references

    MARTZLOFF, F.D. "The coordination of transient protection for
    solid-state power conversion equipment," Conference Record, IEEE/IAS
    International Semiconductor Power Converter Conference, May 1982.

    *Accessible as* [**Coordination
    1982**](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Coordination 1982.pdf)

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-   Tutorial aimed at semiconductor-oriented audience for an overview of
    overvoltages and IEEE and IEC work.

-   Emphasizes that protection of sensitive equipment is possible if
    proper coordination is implemented

-   Provides some examples

-   17 references

    MARTZLOFF, F.D. and LAI, J.S., "Cascading Surge-Protective Devices:
    Coordination versus the IEC 664 Staircase," *Proceedings, PQA '91
    Conference*.

    *Accessible as* [**Coordination
    1991**](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Coordination 1991.pdf)

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-   Coordination of cascaded devices can be achieved under various
    combinations of parameters, but some combinations might leave the
    smaller device subjected to the highest stress.

-   Significant parameters in achieving successful coordination involve
    three factors, over which the occupant of the premises has no
    control: the relative limiting voltages of the two devices, their
    separation distance, and the prevailing waveforms for impinging
    surges.

-   13 references

    MARTZLOFF, F.D. and LAI, J.S., "Cascading Surge-Protective Devices:
    Options for Effective Implementation," *Proceedings, PQA '92
    Conference*, September 1992.

    *Accessible as* [**Coordination
    1992**](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Coordination 1992.pdf)

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-   Implications of the situation resulting from the present
    uncoordinated application of devices with low limiting voltage at
    the end of branch circuits and devices with higher limiting voltage
    at the service entrance.

-   The reality of having many millions of 130-V rated varistors
    installed on 120-V systems makes the ideal scenario of a
    well-coordinated cascade difficult or perhaps unattainable in the
    near future.

-   As a compromise, a cascade with equal voltage ratings for the
    arrester and the suppressor can offer successful coordination, if
    the impinging surges are presumed to be relatively short.

-   Tolerances on device characteristics might make the compromise
    ineffective.

-   Bibliography with 32 citations

    MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Annotated Bibliography -- Application of
    surge-protective devices and coordination of cascades," Unpublished
    working document submitted to IEEE and IEC working groups in support
    of a task force intended to develop standards on the subject of
    cascade coordination.

    *Accessible as* [**Bibliography
    1992**](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Bibliography 1992.pdf)

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-   Compilation of titles, abstracts, conclusions, and, for some of the
    citations, comments by the reviewer.

-   47 citations

    MARTZLOFF, F.D. and MANSOOR, A., "The role and stress of
    surge-protective devices in sharing lightning current," Proceedings,
    EMC Europe 2002 Symposium, 2002.

    *Accessible as* [**Role of
    SPDs**](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Role of SPDs.pdf)

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-   Numerical simulation of the dispersion of lightning current for a
    direct flash to the building.

-   Not only the service entrance SPD gets involved in the exit current,
    but also SPDs downstream in the building.

-   Comparison of actual failure rates of these downstream SPDs with
    model prediction yields inferences on assumptions made for the
    lightning flash.

-   23 references

    MARZ, M.B. and MENDIS, S.R., "Protecting Load Devices from the
    Effects of Low-Side Surges," *Proceedings, IEEE/ICPS Conference*,
    May 1992.

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-   Utilities are becoming aware of the low-side surge phenomenon and
    are applying secondary arresters to protect their distribution
    transformers. This practice can increase the voltage stress at the
    customer service entrance.

-   If any ground paths exist on the customer side of the service
    entrance, these surges can penetrate further into the customer\'s
    system.

-   Damage caused by low-side surges can be avoided if properly
    coordinated arresters are installed at the transformer secondary,
    service entrance, and load device.

-   15 references

    STANDLER, R.B., "Coordination of Surge Arresters and Suppressors for
    Use on Low-Voltage Mains," *Proceedings, 9^th^ International Zürich
    Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,* 1991.

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-   Results of both a theoretical analysis and laboratory experiments
    are reported on sharing of current between an arrester at the
    service entrance and a suppressor at receptacles during surges.

-   Shows that it is better to design the arrester with a smaller
    conduction voltage than the suppressor, in order to obtain better
    coordination, better electromagnetic compatibility, and lower cost.

-   Computations were made with only resistance of wire between cascaded
    devices, no inductance.

-   9 references

    STRINGFELLOW, M.F. and STONELY, B.T., "Coordination of Surge
    Suppressors in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits," *Proceedings, Forum
    on Surge Protection Application, NISTIR-4657*, August 1991.

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-   Experiments showing the effect of line length and impinging surge
    waveform on sharing energy between service entrance arrester and
    surge suppressor inside building.

-   Metal-oxide varistors were applied at three points on the system.
    These were at the service entrance, at the distribution panel and at
    the load.

-   Removal of protection at either load or distribution panel resulted
    in unacceptably large oscillatory voltages. Best load protection was
    achieved with MOVs in all three locations.

-   4 references

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