*Globodera pallida* host range

Prepared by:

Melinda Sullivan, Ph.D.

Plant Pathologist

USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST

National Weed Management Laboratory Fort Collins, CO

Bold= confirmed in the literature

Non Bold = listed in either CABI Compendium or GPDD

**Note:** Most papers were prepared before *Globodera pallida* was
distinguished from *G. rostochiensis*. Many older papers refer to the
potato cysts nematodes as a strain of *Heterodera schachtii*.

**[Primary Hosts:]{.underline}**

***Lycopersicon esculentum*** (tomato)

***Solanum melongena*** (eggplant, aubergine)

***Solanum tuberosum*** (potato)

**[Minor Hosts:]{.underline}**

***Datura stramonium*** (Devil's trumpet, Jamestown-weed)

***Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium*** (currant tomato) (syn.
**Lycopersicon racemigerum)**

***Oxalis tuberosa*** (oca)

***Solanum aviculare*** (kangaroo apple)

***Solanum gilo (syn. Solanum integrifolium**)* (scarlet or tomato
eggplant)

***Solanum indicum*** (Indian nightshade)

*Solanum marginatum* (white-edged (margined) nightshade)

*Solanum mauritianum* (tree tobacco, earleaf nightshade)

***Solanum nigrum*** (black nightshade) (Winslow (1954) found as a
non-host, appears there are multiple varieties that vary in
susceptibility/resistance (Scholte (2000).

*Solanum quitoense* (Naranjillo)

*Solanum sarrachoides* (hairy nightshade)

**[Other hosts:]{.underline}**

***Atropa belladonna?*** (deadly nightshade)***-*** Reported as a host
by Franklin (1940), Found to be negative by Winslow (1954)

*Datura tatula* (jimsonweed)

***Hyoscyamus niger*** (black henbane)

***Lycopersicon esculentum aureum***

***Lycopersicon glandulosum*** (Peruvian nightshade)

***Lycopersicon hirsutum*** (hairy tomato)

*Lycopersicon mexicanum*

***Lycopersicon peruvianum*** (wild tomato)

***Lycopersicon pyriforme*** (garden tomato)

***Physalis philadephica*** (Mexican groundcherry)

*Physochlainia orientalis* (purple trumpet flowers)

***Salpiglossis spp.*** (painted tongue)

**Saracha jaltomata**

**Many *Solanum spp*.**

***Solanum acaule*** (Wild Andean potato)

*Solanum aethiopicum* (Ethiopian nightshade, African eggplant)

***Solanum ajanhuiri*** (Ajanhuiri)

*Solanum alandiae*

***Solanum alatum*** (red fruited nightshade)

***Solanum americanum*** (American black nightshade)

***Solanum anomalocalyx***

***Solanum antipoviczii** (now **S. stoloniferum*****)**

***Solanum armatum*** (forest nightshade)

***Solanum ascasabii***

*Solanum asperum*

*Solanum berthaultii* (wild potato)

*Solanum blodgettii* (mullein nightshade)

*Solanum boergeri*

***Solanum brevimucronatum***

***Solanum brevidens*** (wild potato-diploid)

***Solanum bulbocastanum*** -- (ornamental nightshade) - also listed as
*S. bulbocastana*

*Solanum calcense*

*Solanum calcense x Solanum cardenasii*

*Solanum caldasii*

***Solanum canasense***

***Solanum capsibaccatum***

*Solanum capsicoides* (cockroach berry)

***Solanum cardiophyllum*** (heartleaf horsenettle)

***Solanum carolinense*** (Carolina horsenettle)

***Solanum chacoense*** -- (Chaco potato) also reported as *S.
chacoense* v. *subtilis*

***Solanum chaucha***

***Solanum chenopodioides***

*Solanum chloropetalum*

***Solanum citrullifolium*** (watermelon nightshade) -- also listed as
*S. citrillifolium*

***Solanum coeruleifolium*** (chaucha)

***Solanum commersonii*** (Commerson's nightshade)

***Solanum curtilobum*** (rucki)

*Solanum curtipes*

***Solanum demissum*** (nightshade)

*Solanum demissum x Solanum tuberosum*

***Solanum dulcamara*** (bittersweet)

***Solanum durum***

*Solanum elaeagnifolium* (silverleaf nightshade)

*Solanum famatinae*

***Solanum fraxinifolium***

***Solanum fructo-tecto***

***Solanum garciae***

***Solanum gibberulosum***

***Solanum giganteum*** (African holly)

***Solanum gigantophyllum***

*Solanum glaucophyllum* (waxyleaf nightshade)

***Solanum goniocalyx*** (yellow potato)

*Solanum gracile* (whitetip nightshade)

***Solanum heterodoxum*** (melonleaf nightshade)

***Solanum heterophyllum*** (unarmed nightshade)

*Solanum hirtum* (huevo de gato)

*Solanum hispidum* (devil's fig)

*Solanum intrusum* (garden huckleberry)

***Solanum jamesii*** (wild potato)

*Solanum jujuyense*

***Solanum juzepczukii*** (ckaisalla)

***Solanum kesselbrenneri*** (phureja)

*Solanum kurtzianum*

***Solanum lanciforme*** (heartleaf nightshade)

***Solanum lapazense***

***Solanum lechnoviczii***

***Solanum leptostygma*** (potato)

***Solanum longipedicellatum** (now S. stoloniferum)*

***Solanum luteum*** (red-fruited nightshade)

***Solanum macolae***

*Solanum macrocarpon* (African eggplant)

***Solanum maglia***

***Solanum mamilliferum*** (chauca)

***Solanum miniatum*** (red-fruited nightshade)

*Solanum multidissectum*

***Solanum muricatum*** (pepino melon)

*Solanum nitidibaccatum* (Argentinian nightshade)

*Solanum ochroleucum (*syn. *S. nigrum)*

***Solanum ottonis*** (divine nightshade)

***Solanum pampasense***

***Solanum parodii***

***Solanum penelli***

***Solanum phureja*** (chauca)

***Solanum photeinocarpum*** (terimini inuhoozuki)

***Solanum pinnatisectum*** (tansyleaf nightshade)

***Solanum platypterum***

***Solanum platense***

***Solanum polyacanthos***

***Solanum polyadenium*** (potato)

***Solanum prinophyllum*** (forest nightshade)

*Solanum radicans* (cusmayllo)

***Solanum raphanifolium*** (wild potato)

***Solanum rostratum*** (buffalobur nightshade)

***Solanum rybinii*** (phureja)

***Solanum salamanii***

***Solanum saltense***

***Solanum sambucinum***

*Solanum sanctae-rosae*

***Solanum scabrum***

*Solanum schenkii*

***Solanum schickii***

***Solanum semidemissum***

***Solanum simplicifolium***

*Solanum sinaicum* (nightshade)

***Solanum sisymbrifolium?*** (sticky nightshade) (According to Scholte
(2000). *S. sisymbriifolium* combines a high hatching effect with
complete resistance to *Globodera* *rostochiensis* and *G. pallida*).

***Solanum sodomaeum*** (apple of Sodom)

***Solanum soukupii***

*Solanum sparsipilum*

***Solanum stenotomum*** (pitiquina)

***Solanum stoloniferum***

***Solanum suaveolens***

***Solanum subandigenum*** (Andigena)

***Solanum sucrense***

***Solanum tarijense***

***Solanum tenuifilamentum*** (chauca)

***Solanum tomentosum***

***Solanum toralopanum*** (apharuma)

*Solanum triflorum* (cutleaf nightshade)

***Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena*** (potato)

*Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum* (Irish potato)

***Solanum tuberosum 'Aquila',***

***Solanum tuberosum ' Xenia N'***

***Solanum utile-*** South American genus-strongly attacked

***Solanum vallis-mexicae***

*Solanum vernei* (purple potato)

***Solanum verrucosum***

***Solanum villosum*** (red-fruited nightshade)

*Solanum violaceimarmoratum*

***Solanum wittmackii***

***Solanum wittonense***

***Solanum xanti*** (chaparral nightshade)

***Solanum yabari*** (pitiquina)

*Solanum zuccagnianum* (gilo)

**Web Resources:**

**CABI Crop Compendium.**
[www.cabicompendium.org](http://www.cabicompendium.org/)

Extensive list of hosts. List *Salpiglossis spp.* that are actually
*Solanum spp.*

**Global pest and disease database.** https://www.gpdd.info.

Extensive list of hosts.

**HYPP Zoology**. *Globodera rostochiensis* (Wollenweber, {Globodera
pallida (Stone)}.
<http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Produits/HYPPZ/RAVAGEUR/6gloros.htm>

This species exclusively
[parasitizes](http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Produits/HYPPZ/ZGLOSS/6g---046.htm)
the
[Solanaceae](http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Produits/HYPPZ/CULTURES/6c---104.htm),
especially
[potato](http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Produits/HYPPZ/CULTURES/6c---031.htm),
[tomato](http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Produits/HYPPZ/CULTURES/6c---029.htm),
[egg
plant](http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Produits/HYPPZ/CULTURES/6c---039.htm)
and a few volunteer plants such as bittersweet (*Solanum dulcamara*) and
henbane (*Hyoscyamus niger*).

**Society of Nematologists.** *Globodera pallida*.
<http://nematode.unl.edu/pest5.htm>

Potato (*Solanum tuberosum*) is the major host. Other hosts include many
*Solanum* species, oca  (*Oxalis tuberosa*), jamestown-weed (*Datura
stramonium*), tomato (*Lycopersicon* spp.), and *Salpiglossis* spp.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

**Literature:**

**1. Castelli, L., Bryan, G., Block, V.C., Ramsay, G., and Phillips,
M.S.** 2005. Investigation of resistance specificity amongst fifteen
wild *Solanum* species to a range of *Globodera pallida* and *G.
rostochiensis* populations. Nematology 7: 689-699.

Several populations of *G. pallida* and *G. rostenchiensis* were used to
assess resistance responses in 15 wild *Solanum* species. There was a
range of responses and interactions between *Globodera* population and
potato genotype. Seven species appeared to have potentially useful
levels of resistance with low multiplication rates. Five species (*S.
gourlayi*, *S. oplocense*, *S. spegazinii*, *S. okadae*, and *S.
verrucosum*) provided a high level of resistance to all PCN populations
assayed.

**2. Doncaster, C.C.** 1953. A study of host-parasite relationships. The
potato eelworm (*Heterodera rostochiensis*) in black nightshade
(*Solanum nigrum*) and tomato. Journal of Helminthology 27: 1-8.

Black nightshade is capable of stimulating hatching of juveniles from
cysts. Larvae of *H. rostochiensis* penetrated *S. nigrum*. However,
only \~0.5% of the nematodes completed the second molt in 8 weeks, while
the same stage was reached in tomato in a little over two weeks. Many
larvae did not develop at all. In black nightshade, few larvae reached
maturity, but males reached a more advanced stage than females.

**3. Ellenby, C.** 1954. Tuber forming species and varieties of the
genus *Solanum* tested for resistance to the potato root eelworm
*Heterodera rostochiensis* Wollenweber. Euphytica 3: 195-202.

Susceptible species include: *Solanum bulbocastana*, *S. cardiophyllum*,
*C. lanciforme*, *S. jamesii*, *S. pinnatisectum*, *S. sambucinum*, *S.
commersonii*, *S. chacoense* v*. subtilis*, *S. garciae*, *S.
gibberulosum*, *S. parodii*, *S. saltense*, *S. schickii*, *S.
tarijense*, *S. acaule*. *S. desmissum*, *S. salamanii*, S.
semidemissum, *S. verrucosum*, *S. stoloniferum* (syn. *S. ajuscoense*,
*S. antipoviczii*, *S. longipedicellatum*, *S. malinchense*, *S.
tlaxcalense*, and *S. vallis-mexicae*), *S. platypterum*, *S.
polyadenium*, *S. capsicibaccatum*, *S. anomalocalyx*, *S.
brevimucronatum*, *S. canasense*, *S. gigantophyllum*, *S. lapazense*,
*S. lechnoviczii*, *S. macolae*, *S. pampasense*, *S. raphanifolium*,
*S. simplicifolium*, *S. soukupii*, *S. toralapanum*, *S. wittmackii,*
*S. maglia*, *S. leptostigma*, *S. subandigenum*, *S. sucrense*, *S.
stenotomum*, *S. yabari,* *S. goniocalyx*, *S. ajanhuiri*, *S. phureja*,
*S. ascasabii*, *S. kesselbrenneri*, *S. rybinii*, *S. juzepeczukii*,
*S. chaucha*, *S. tenuifilamentum*, *S. mamilliferum*, *S.
coeruleiflorum*, *S. cutrilobum*, and *S. tuberosum* ssp. *andigenum*.

**4. Franklin, M.T.** 1940. On the identification of strains of
*Heterodera schachtii*. Journal of Helminthology 18: 63-84.

Found *S. dulcamara*, *S. utile*, and *Atropa belladonna* as hosts of
the "potato strain of *Heterodera schachtii"*. No cysts were found on
*Atropa belladonna*, but the roots contained nematodes.

**5. Mai, W.F.** 1951. *Solanum xanti* and *Solanum integrifolium*, new
hosts of the golden nematode, *Heterodera rostochiensis*. The American
Potato Journal 28: 578-579.

Found *Solanum xanti* and *S. integrifolium* (scarlet or tomato
eggplant) to be hosts of the golden nematode. The number of nematodes of
the roots of these two hosts (46 and 13, respectively) did not approach
the number found on potato roots (713). However, either host would serve
to keep the nematode alive in the absence of potatoes or tomatoes. *S.
xanti* is native to California and *S. integrifolium* is grown in
various parts of the US as an ornamental. Noted that tomato
(*Lycopersicon esculentum*) (41 nematodes on roots) and European
bittersweet (*S. dulcamara*) (22 nematodes on roots) are other hosts of
the nematodes.

**6. Mai, W.F.** 1952. Susceptibility of *Lycopersicon* species to the
golden nematode. Phytopathology 42: 461.

*Lycopersicon esculatum*, *L. peruvianum*, *L. glandulosum*, *L.*

*pimpinellifolium*, and *L. hirsutum* were proven to be hosts of the
*Heterodera rostochiensis*.

**7. Mai, W.F. and Lownsberry, B.F.** 1948. Studies on the host range of
the golden nematode of potatoes, *Heterodera rostochiensis* Wollenweber.
The American Potato Journal 25: 290-294.

Found all North American varieties of cultivated potatoes and tomatoes
tested were susceptible to golden nematode. Potato varieties were more
strongly attacked than tomato varieties.

**8. Marks, R.J. and Brodie, B.B. (eds.)** 1998. Potato cyst nematodes
--Biology, Distribution, and Control. CAB International.

In Western Europe, only potato, tomato, and aubergine are hosts of
importance. Several weeds in the genus *Solanum* and four wild species
of the genus *Lycopersicon* are known to support some multiplication of
PCN. However, in western Europe these weeds are not of any importance.
The weed black nightshade (*Solanum nigrum*) is capable of stimulating
hatching of juveniles from cysts, but multiplication depends on the
geographical origin of the weed. Results have indicated that a Dutch
population of *G. rostochiensis* was able to multiply on roots of a
provenance of *S. nigrum* variety from Meckelenburg (Germany), but not
one of Dutch origin.

**9. Roberts, P.A. and Stone, A.R.** 1981. Host ranges of *Globodera*
species subgenus *Leptostemonum*. Nematologica 27: 172-189.

Different pathotypes of *G. rostochiensis* and *G. pallida* were able to
utilize accessions of *S. indica*, *S. plantense*, *S. prinophyllum*,.
*S. citrullifolium*,. *S. carolinense*, *S. fructo-tecto*, *S.
heterodoxum*, *S. rostratum*, and *S. sodmaeum*. Compared populations of
six *Globodera spp*. based on single link hierarchic clustering and
principal co-ordinate analysis based on host range on 19 *Solanum spp.*

**10. Scholte, K.** 2000. Screening of non-tuber bearing Solanaceae for
resistance to and induction of juvenile hatch of potato cyst nematodes
and their potential for trap cropping. Annals of Applied Biology 136:
239-248.

Indicated that *Solanum americanum*, *S. chenopodioides*, *S. nigrum*,
*S. scabrum*, *S. brevidens*, *S. fraxinifolium*, *S. rostratum*, *S.
photeinocarpum*, *S. suaveolens,* and *S. tuberosum* (4 cultivars
'Astarte', 'Saturna', 'Sirtema', 'Karakter') supported the production of
cysts. *Physalis philadelphica* and *Saracha jaltomata* also supported
the production of cysts by potato cyst nematodes. *S. sisymbriifolium*
combined a high hatching effect with complete resistance to *Globodera*
*rostochiensis* and *G. pallida*

**11. Stelter, H.** 1987. Die Wirtseingnung von Solanum-species fur drei
Globodera-arten. Nematologica 33: 310-315.

Written in another German, so I was unable to read whole document. Based
on table, *Solanum* species that produced greater than 5 cysts (++ or
greater) included: *S. alatum*, *S. armatum*, *S. carolinense*, *S.
dulcamaram* *S. durum*, *S. giganteum*, *S. gil*o, *S. heterophyllum*,
*S. luteum*, *S. melongena*, *S. miniatum*, *S. nigrum*, *S. nigrum*
var. *miniatum*, *S. ottonis*, *S. penelli,* *S. polyacanthos*, *S.
rostratum*, *S. villosum*, *S. wittonense*, *S. tuberosum* 'Aquila', and
*S. tuberosum* 'Xenia N'. Other species were listed with a "+" rating,
but I was not able to tell if those also included zeros. There were no
minuses (-) in the table.

**12. Triffit, M.J.** 1931. On the occurrence of *Heterodera radicola*
associated with *Heterodera schachtii* as a field parasite in Britain.
Journal of Helminthology 9: 205-208.

Reported cysts of the golden nematode on carrot roots. **This report has
not been substantiated and many doubt this report.**

**13. USDA-APHIS.** 1985. Pests Not Known to Occur in the United States
or of Limited Distribution No. 69: Potato Cyst Nematode.

*Lycopersicon esculentum* (tomato), *Solanum melongena* (eggplant), and
*S. tuberosum* (potato) are the commonly cultivated hosts. Other species
of the genus *Solanum* are also hosts.

**14. Van der Wal, A.F., Mulder, A., and Velema, R.A.J.** 1997.
Relationship between potato cyst nematode and their principal host. IV.
Tolerance of potato cultivars and the effect of potato cyst nematode on
initial plant growth. Potato Research 40: 345-353.

Evaluated and ranked 52 potato cultivars for tolerance to PCN
(*Globodera pallida*) based on initial growth response to infection,
maturity values, and relative yield.

**15. Winslow, R.D.** 1954. Provisional lists of host plants of some
root eelworms (*Heterodera spp.*). Annals of applied biology 41:
591-605.

Found *Lycopersicon esculentum*. *L. esculentum aureum*, *L. pyriforme*,
and *L. racemigerum* to be hosts of potato root eelworm. Also found
*Solanum avicular*e, *S. dulcamara*, *S. miniatum*, *S. muricatum*, *S.
tomentosum*, and *S. villosum* as hosts of potato root eelworm.