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La Sra. Claudia Hosch, Jefa de División de la Región 6 de la Agencia
para la Protección Ambiental (EPA) de los Estados Unidos de América
disertará el día 23 de abril sobre el tema Permisos de Descarga de Aguas
Residuales y Pluviales en el Hotel Crystal Palace. Con tal motivo el
Centro de Documentación perteneciente al Departamento de Prensa y
Cultura de la Embajada de Estados Unidos, aprovecha la oportunidad para
presentarle una selección de fuentes de información relacionadas al
tema.

El Centro de Documentación o IRC por su sigla en inglés (Information
Resource Center), establecido para apoyar los programas de la Embajada
de los Estados Unidos de América, brinda información actualizada sobre
los Estados Unidos en las áreas de Economía, Legislación, Democracia,
Derechos Humanos, Narcotráfico, Medio Ambiente, Propiedad Intelectual,
Terrorismo, Biotecnología y Asuntos de la Mujer, a un público que
incluye a los oficiales del gobierno uruguayo, los formadores de opinión
en los sectores públicos y privado, académicos, periodistas,
investigadores, profesionales y estudiantes.

-   Compartimos artículos en publicaciones de los Estados Unidos, así
    como también sitios web que no coinciden necesariamente con las
    opiniones del gobierno de los Estados Unidos.

-   Links to Internet sites other than official US Government sites
    (State Department, US Department of Commerce, etc.) should not be
    construed as an endorsement of the views contained therein.

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####### ***[EN INTERNET]{.underline}***

***[SITIOS DE GOBIERNO]{.underline}***

**Environmental Protection Agency. National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)**

<http://www.epa.gov/compliance/monitoring/programs/cwa/npdes.html>

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the NPDES Permit Program controls
water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants
into waters of the United States. Industrial, municipal, and other
facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to
surface waters. Since its introduction in 1972, the NPDES permit program
is responsible for significant improvements to our Nation\'s water
quality.

**Compliance Monitor\
**<http://www.epa.gov/compliance/monitoring/inspections/index.html>

EPA conducts inspections of facilities subject to the regulations to
determine compliance. EPA inspections involve: reviewing discharge
monitoring reports; interviewing facility personnel knowledgeable of the
facility; inspecting the processes that generate and treat wastewater;
sampling wastewater discharges to navigable waterways and other points
in the generation or treatment process and reviewing how samples are
collected and analyzed by the laboratory.

> **\-\-\-\--. Pretreatment of Wastewater (Industrial Users) Compliance
> Monitoring**
>
> <http://www.epa.gov/compliance/monitoring/programs/cwa/wastewater.html>
>
> The General Pretreatment Regulations establish responsibilities of
> federal, state and local government, industry and the public to
> implement Pretreatment Standards to control pollutants from the
> industrial users which may pass through with Publicly Owned Treatment
> Works (POTW) treatment processes or which may contaminate sewage
> sludge. The POTW acts as the control authority for these industrial
> users and monitors the wastewater they discharge to determine whether
> they are in compliance with the pretreatment standards.
>
> **\-\-\-\--. Industrial Storm Water Compliance Monitoring**
>
> <http://www.epa.gov/compliance/monitoring/programs/cwa/stormwater.html>\
> Storm water discharges are generated by runoff from land and
> impervious areas such as paved streets, parking lots and building
> rooftops during rainfall that often contain pollutants in quantities
> that could adversely affect water quality. Most storm water discharges
> are considered point sources and require coverage by a National
> Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit.
>
> EPA conducts inspections of three types of facility operations subject
> to the storm water regulations: construction sites; industrial sites
> and municipal separate storm sewer systems.

**\-\-\-\-\--. Municipal Storm Water: Combined Sewer Overflows, Sanitary
Sewer Overflows Compliance Monitoring**

> <http://www.epa.gov/compliance/monitoring/programs/cwa/csos.html>

**\-\-\-\--. Combined Sewer Overflows**

<http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=5>

> Sewers designed to collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage, and
> industrial wastewater in the same pipe. Combined sewer systems
> transport all of their wastewater to a sewage treatment plant, where
> it is treated and then discharged to a water body. During periods of
> heavy rainfall the wastewater volume in a combined sewer system can
> exceed the capacity of the sewer system or treatment plant. For this
> reason, combined sewer systems are designed to overflow occasionally
> and discharge excess wastewater directly to nearby streams, rivers or
> other water bodies.
>
> **\-\-\-\-\--. Sanitary Sewer Overflows**
>
> <http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=4>
>
> Properly designed, operated, and maintained sanitary sewer systems are
> meant to collect and transport all of the sewage that flows into them
> to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW). Overflow from sewers occur
> from municipal sanitary sewers in almost every system occasionally as
> unintentional discharges of raw sewage. These types of discharges are
> called sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs).
>
> SSOs have a variety of causes, which include: severe weather; improper
> system operation and maintenance and vandalism.

**Discharge Monitoring Report-Quality Assurance Study Program\
**<http://www.epa.gov/compliance/monitoring/programs/cwa/dmr/index.html>\
Major and selected minor permittees under the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program participate in the annual
Discharge Monitoring Report--Quality Assurance (DMR-QA) study program.
DMR-QA evaluates the analytical and reporting ability of the
laboratories that routinely perform inorganic chemistry and whole
effluent toxicity self-monitoring analyses required by their NPDES
permit.

**Clean Water Act Analytical Test Methods. Whole Effluent Toxicity
(WET)\
**<http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/methods/wet/>\
WET test methods consist of exposing living aquatic organisms (plants,
vertebrates and invertebrates) to various concentrations of a sample of
wastewater, usually from a facility\'s effluent stream. WET tests are
used by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permitting authority to determine whether a facility\'s permit will need
WET requirements.

**Water Quality Trading\
**<http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/watershed/trading.htm>\
An innovative approach to achieve water quality goals more efficiently.
Trading is based on the fact that sources in a watershed can face very
different costs to control the same pollutant. Trading programs allow
facilities facing higher pollution control costs to meet their
regulatory obligations by purchasing environmentally equivalent (or
superior) pollution reductions from another source at lower cost, thus
achieving the same water quality improvement at lower overall cost.

***[OTROS SITIOS]{.underline}***

*[**EN** **PUBLICACIONES PERIÓDICAS**]{.underline}*

Además de la información que se encuentra disponible en Internet, el IRC
cuenta con acceso a bases de datos que ofrecen el texto completo de más
de 10.000 publicaciones periódicas. Estos son, a modo de ejemplo,
algunos artículos recientes sobre el tema innovación en los Estados
Unidos.

**EPA Releases Energy Management Guide. WaterWorld, Mar2008, Vol. 24
Issue 3, p1-46, 2 pages.**

**Clean Water Act National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Compliance Monitoring Strategy for the Core Program and Wet Weather
Sources.**

<http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/policies/monitoring/cwa/npdescms.pdf>

**National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Compliance Inspection
Manual. EPA. July 2004. 802 pages**.

<http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/monitoring/cwa/inspections/npdesinspect/npdesinspect.pdf>

**O**

<http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/monitoring/cwa/inspections/npdesinspect/npdesmanual.html>

**Primer for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems. EPA. Office of
Water**

**Office of Wastewater Management. September 2004. 30 pages.**

<http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/primer.pdf>

***CÓMO REALIZAR CONSULTAS***

Si desea consultar los libros, revistas o bases de datos disponibles en
el Centro, o necesita asistencia para localizar información sobre los
temas de Estados Unidos antes mencionados, sírvase comunicarse de lunes
a viernes de 9:00 a 17: 30hs por el teléfono 418 77 77 int. 21664Y 2166,
por el fax 413 05 14, o por correo electrónico a: <ircmvd@state.gov>. El
acceso es con cita previa.

Los servicios del IRC están destinados a instituciones, tanto
gubernamentales como privadas, investigadores, medios de prensa, y
docentes, y son totalmente gratuitos.

El Centro funciona en Lauro Muller 1776, dentro del edificio de la
Embajada de los Estados Unidos, en el horario de lunes a viernes de 9:00
a 17:30 hs.

Para las personas que residen en el interior del país, el IRC recibe y
responde consultas por correo electrónico, teléfono, fax o correo
postal.

Centro de Documentación

Embajada de los Estados Unidos de América

Lauro Muller 1776. CP 11200 Montevideo, Uruguay

Tel 418 77 77 \*2166, \*2164 Fax 413 05 14

[http://uruguay.usembassy.gov](http://uruguay.usembassy.gov/)

E-mail: <ircmvd@state.gov>

**April 1, 2008**

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