*Facilitators Field Reference*

*for the*

*1990 Dude Fire Staff Ride*

March 2008

**SIGNIFICANT LESSONS / CONTRIBUTIONS TO WILDLAND FIREFIGHTING FROM THE
DUDE FIRE:**

Transition/transfer of command protocols

Development of LCES as a safety guideline

Cultural impacts on communication and cooperation between resources

Knowledge of plume dominated fire behavior

Increased focus on use of indicators for anticipating fire behavior

Implementation of more realistic fire shelter training guidelines

**STAFF RIDE DIFFICULTY RATING:**

**[Physical]{.underline}**

Light to moderate for all stands, 1-4.

Bottom elevation: 5500 ft

Top elevation: 6000 ft

Travel between most stands is predominately gradual up and down pitches.
Stand 1 is a flat open area adjacent to the Control Road which requires
a short walk from the quarry up the road across the Control Road. The
walk up the power line from stand 2 to the Bonita subdivision is the
most arduous walking travel of the site visit. Hiking within Walk Moore
Canyon from parking area to Stand 2 and from Stand 3 to Stand 4 is
generally rolling terrain with periodic uneven rocky areas. Hiking
within Walk Moore Canyon will be along old dozer line and jeep roads.
The dozer line and jeep trail has been degraded from erosion making
hiking on rocky uneven ground. Hiking within the Bonita subdivision will
be on gravel road with occasional slopes.

From the parking lot at the mouth of Walk Moore Canyon, following the
recommended route up the power line, around to the top of Walk Moore
Canyon, through Bonita Creek subdivision, to the Corner House, and back
down Walk Moore Canyon to the parking lot is approximately 2.8 miles.

**[Logistics]{.underline}**

Moderate -- Key factors are knowledge of road systems to access Dude
Fire area and within Bonita Creek subdivision. Refer to maps and
directions. Parking is limited at Stand 1, parking to access Walk Moore
Canyon, and within Bonita Creek subdivision at Stand 3. The staff ride
has a primary route of travel and stops; however an alternate route is
highlighted in maps included with this package. Should the alternate
route be used group size and parking must be assessed. If the alternate
route is used, parking is limited due to private property limitations.

Travel from Payson to Bonito Creek Subdivision is on primarily paved
surfaces. The road becomes dirt at the junction of Houston Mesa Road (FS
road 199) and FS road 64 (Control Road). The Houston Mesa road does
cross multiple wet crossings however water levels are generally 3-6
inches deep. Vehicles with high clearance are recommended. When parking
at the Stands, leave a card in the vehicle windshield with
date/time/itinerary/# in group/etc.

Participants should bring food and water in a day backpack. It is
suggested that participants break for lunch along the route. Because of
the possible extreme temperature fluctuations which can be experienced
in the local area thru out the year, participants should prepare for
inclement weather including hot and dry conditions. A cooler with ice,
water, and Gatorade would be recommended during the summer months.

**[Hazards]{.underline}**

**Vehicles:** Due to the proximity of the Bonita Creek subdivision and
potential for traffic, practice proactive vehicle safety while in the
area. Lights on for safety, and be courteous to other drivers. Due to
washboard conditions in some areas of the dirt roads, slow down as
needed. When inclement weather is forecast, ensure that vehicles are
maintained properly and equipped with safety items which include chains
or snow tires.

**Terrain:** Terrain is rolling to steep in some areas with loose rock
in places. Footing may be uneven. Vegetation is often dense and brushy.
Sturdy hiking boots and long pants and sleeve shirts are recommended.

**Other users:** All road systems are accessed by both home owners and
forest visitors and traffic can become heavy at times. The area of the
Dude fire is a popular recreation area year round. Hiking areas may be
accessed by forest visitors and local home owners. Foot travel between
Stand 2 and the Bonita Creek subdivision runs below a power line with
travel adjacent to private lands and within private lands when accessing
the subdivision. Care must be taken in recognition of being within
private lands and inherent issues such as pets, traffic, and local
residents.

**Weather:** The area is within an arid desert environment - hydration
is key. Be prepared for all types of weather which may occur year round,
including snow. Be sure to bring sunscreen and insect repellant as
needed. Given the nature of the terrain (Mogollon Rim), storms can
appear quickly. Lightning is common with accompanying thunderstorms.
Check weather forecasts prior to your trip.

**Snags:** There are dead trees scattered in the burn area, with none
posing an immediate threat along the trail. Be aware of the potential
for snags to come down without notice if hiking outside of travel
routes. Hard hats are optional.

**Rocks:** Rolling rocks and debris in the area can pose a hazard. Wear
good hiking shoes, with good socks adequate for hiking and watch your
footing.

**Animals:** During the spring, summer and fall, rattlesnakes are known
to inhabit the Dude Fire Staff ride area and may be active during staff
ride timeframes. Bears and other wildlife also utilize the area but are
not of significant concern. Please do not leave any food or trash in the
area.

**NOTE TO FACILITATORS**: This is a suggested format. Do not feel
limited by the identified stands or discussion items. It is provided as
a word document so that users may adapt and revise it to fit their
specific audience, objectives, and time demands.

**Stand 1 -- Control Road Overview**

**[Maps]{.underline}**

Travel Map

Topographical Map with stand locations & GPS coordinates

**[Visual Aids (Recommended)]{.underline}**

Photo of 1990 Mogollon Rim vegetation

**[Access]{.underline}**

GPS coordinates (WGS 84), parking at Stand 1: 34˚22.343́ x 111˚14.615́

GPS coordinates (WGS 84), Stand 1: 34˚22.478́ x 111˚14.525́

From Payson**:**

-   Travel north on Highway 87 approximately 1.8 miles to Houston Mesa
    Road.

-   Go right/east 10 miles on Houston Mesa Road to Control Road (FR64).

    -   Note that the Houston Mesa Road will pass through a car gate.

    -   There is a sign which says 8 miles to Control Road (FR64)

-   Go east 2.8 miles on Control Road (FR64) to Stand 1 parking, turn
    right into the parking area.

    -   The Control Road is a dirt road -- have high clearance vehicles.

From Heber:

-   Take Highway 260 west approximately 37 miles to Tonto Village.

-   Go right/north 1 mile to Tonto Village.

-   At Tonto Village there is a sign, go left on gravel road (Control
    Road/FR64).

-   Go west 9.4 miles on Control Road to Stand 1 parking, turn left into
    parking the parking area.

From parking area to Stand 1: walk to the north side of Control Road
(FR64) across from the parking area. The stand is located at a flat camp
site which can be utilized for groups as large as 50 participants. The
hike is less than 200 yards back up the parking road, east along the
Control Road to Stand 1. The location provides an overview of Dude Fire
area.

**[Terrain Orientation]{.underline}**

View of Dude Fire

Point of Origin

Walk Moore Canyon

Bonita Creek Subdivision

Mogollon Rim

**[Facilitator Notes]{.underline}**

**[Background Information]{.underline}**

-   June 1990 proved to be one of Arizona's hottest months in recorded
    history. Temperatures reached record or near-record highs for the
    days just prior to June 26---the day of the Dude entrapment. On this
    day, the temperature climbed to a record 122 F in Phoenix and 106 F
    in nearby Payson (10 miles south of the Dude Fire). An extended
    period of drought combined with these temperatures to produce
    critically high fire danger throughout Arizona. Furthermore, below
    normal precipitation had occurred the previous six months. At
    Payson, June precipitation was only 40% of normal. In fact, general
    drought conditions had persisted for three years.

-   Local personnel knew of the conditions of the fuels and what fire
    behavior could be exhibited. The Bray Fire which occurred only a few
    miles west of the Dude two weeks prior ran from the highline trail
    to the top of the rim in 4 minutes.

-   At the onset of the Dude Fire, strong high pressure persisted over
    Arizona. Record high temperatures with 10-15% humidities were
    observed and forecast in the Dude Fire Area. While atmospheric
    moisture over the state was quite limited, enough did exist to
    threaten some thunderstorm activity over the mountainous areas,
    including the Rim Country north of Payson. The topography of the
    Mogollon Rim provides a favorable forcing mechanism which
    contributes to the development of thunderstorms when the convective
    environment is favorable.

-   The fire occurred in the third year of a drought. The southwest area
    Severity chart showed that the five-day mean Energy Release
    Component was in the extreme range. Heavy fuels and ground fuels
    were very dry. The national fire danger rating system fuel moisture
    values at a nearby station for June 26 were 1 hour =3%; 100 hour
    =6%; 1000 hour = 8%.

-   At 1155 on June, 25, Wayne Stutzsman, a resident at the old Cowan
    Ranch about 2 ¼ miles Southwest of the origin heard one clap of
    thunder. Two more claps were heard closer at 1224. By 1230 ashes
    were falling on his deck. He reported the fire to the Whispering
    Pines Fire Department because the line to the Forest Services was
    busy. Before 1300 he and Al Kendall drove and hiked into the fire
    arriving before 1400 with tools to fight the fire. The origin of the
    fire was on a steep southwest slope at approximately 6400 feet. The
    Mogollon Rim crest is located 1/2 mile northeast and 1000 feet above
    the point of ignition. Below the origin the slope becomes more
    gradual, falling off to about 5600 feet in two miles to the south.
    (The entrapment site in Walk Moore Canyon is located approx 2.5
    miles south of the fire's origin at approx 5560 feet.) First
    reported to the Forest Service at 1315 and sighted from the air at
    1330 it was reported at that time at an estimated size of 5 acres.
    The fire was approximately 10 acres by the time Stutzsman and
    Kendall reached the fire at 1400. An air tanker was present and the
    Payson Helitack crew also arrived. Stutzsman and Kendall worked
    around the fire for approximately 2 hours. They then walked back to
    Dude Creek to get a drink and rest. They met Jeff Prevey, Pleasant
    Valley Hotshots near the creek. The first ground crews began
    arriving on foot as they had parked their trucks where the creek
    crosses the road. Once resources began to arrive the local citizens
    left the area.

-   An hour later, torching and making short runs, the fire had grown to
    50 acres. At 1500 a Type II Incident Management team was ordered. By
    1515 the fire was approximately 100acres. At 1615 a spot fire was
    sighted approximately one mile east of the main fire. The helicopter
    made five bucket drops and the tanker dropped 2 loads of retardant
    on the spot without success.

-   At 1730 Gila County Sheriffs Department evacuated the 58 residence
    Bonita Creek Estates subdivision.

-   By 1800 additional resources beyond the three local Payson initial
    attack resources, had been ordered including 18 crews (360
    firefighters). The Type II IMT was on the fire. Prior to dark,
    resources consisted of: six air tankers; two helicopters; three lead
    planes. On the top of the Rim, seven engines, one dozer, and two
    water tenders were available. In addition, two strike teams of size
    engines each had been sent to the fire.

-   Around 1930 the 20 person Perryville inmate crew arrived at the
    Payson Ranger District on June 25^th^. Larry Terra was the
    Perryville Crew Supervisor and a Fire Safety Coordinator. Dave
    LaTour was ordered as the Crew Representative for the crew and met
    Terra at the Ranger station upon arrival. LaTour had previous crew
    rep experience with this crew and was qualified as a Task Force
    Leader and was working on his Division Supervisor qualification, but
    was not carded as such yet. The crew was under contract with the
    Arizona Division of Forestry. They were instructed to eat and report
    to Base Camp. Following dinner they were redirected to the Bonita
    Creek Estates subdivision on the fireline.

-   At 2105 a Type I IMT was ordered. This team received a Line Officers
    briefing at 0430 on the 26^th^. It was decided that the Type I team
    would shadow the Type II team from 0600 to 1300 and take the fire at
    1300 on the 26^th^.

-   The Tonto Fire Net used by the Type II team had heavy use, making
    communication very difficult. The use of multiple undesignated
    frequencies resulted in the lack of communication between line
    personnel and overhead.

-   At 0100 (June 26) Perryville arrived at the Bonita Creek Estates
    subdivision. Shortly afterwards, they were moved again to the
    Junction of Walk Moore Canyon and the Control Road. They arrived
    there at 0230.

-   The Perryville Crew had been at the Doce Fire from June 13 to 16 on
    the Prescott National Forest. They had been assigned night shift the
    first night and were reported to dig line all night and did very
    well. Comments made by the Bray Fire IC stated that the Perryville
    crew was well behaved, motivated and trying to get Hotshot status.
    For them this was another fire where they could prove themselves and
    work with the type of resources with whom they were trying to gain
    respect and status as part of that group. Little did they know that
    they were already part of a tragic chain of events which would
    entrap 11, critically burn one and kill 6, and put a tragic twist on
    an already significant incident before the day was over.

***Handout and Facilitate Tactical Decision Game #1 or Discussion Point
#1***

**Stand 2 -- Powerline Junction**

**[Maps]{.underline}**

Topographical Map with stand locations & GPS coordinates

Perryville Crew Movement Map

**[Visual Aids (Recommended)]{.underline}**

Photo representative of 1990 fuel conditions

**[Access]{.underline}**

GPS Coordinates (WGS 84), parking at Stand 2: 34˚22.224́ x 111˚42.170́

GPS Coordinates (WGS 84), Stand 2: 34˚ 22.516́ x 111˚14.016́

From Stand 1**:** Continue east on FR 64 approximately .7 miles -- turn
left into developed Dude Fire Interpretive Memorial parking lot and park
vehicles for Stand 2.

At north end of parking lot is a Memorial/Interpretive sign and trail to
access Walk Moore Canyon. Hike north in Walk Moore Canyon .5 miles along
jeep trail to junction of power line and Walk Moore Canyon.

**[Terrain Orientation]{.underline}**

Junction of Walk Moore Canyon & Control Road (FR 64)

Junction of Powerline & Walk Moore Canyon

**[Facilitator Notes]{.underline}**

**[Background Information]{.underline}**

-   At 0230 Perryville met with Division Supervisor Dale Ashby at the
    Control Road and Walk Moore Canyon Junction. Ashby told LaTour to
    anchor to the Control Road and construct line up the jeep trail.
    Ashby and Tim Short, Field Observer scouted the route of the jeep
    trail and across the power line to the subdivision. They flagged the
    route as they went.

-   The Perryville Crew began clearing a fireline up the jeep trail
    inside Walk Moore Canyon and then up the power line right-of-way
    into the Bonita Creek Estates subdivision. Prescott IHC assisted
    Perryville with the power line later that morning and then with
    securing the houses.

-   By 0300 (June 26), the main fire was within one-quarter mile of the
    Bonita Creek Estates structures. Engines moved into position to make
    a stand. A person watching the fire from the Bonita Creek Estates
    subdivision for one hour beginning at 0200 noted that the falling
    embers quickly grew to spot fires. He watched the fire move in and
    out of the crowns. It would run for 60-90 seconds, die down for 5-10
    minutes, and then run again. The fire would spot, start new fires,
    and then the main fire would catch up to these spot fires. The brisk
    down-canyon winds continued to push the fire to approximately 500
    acres by 0500. At this time the winds subsided and the fire lay down
    -- keeping it away from the Bonita Creek Estates structures.

-   Prescott IHC left at approximately 0430 to perform a burnout
    operation around the subdivision. Perryville arrived at the
    subdivision at 0500.

-   By 0600 on June 26, 1990 the fire was estimated at 1900 acres.

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-   Perryville worked in the subdivision until around 0930, they ate and
    following lunch they were directed to improve dozer line, working
    back down Walk Moore Canyon toward the Control Road where they had
    started. (by this time, the jeep trail had been bladed by a dozer.)

-   Crew locations were as follows: lowest and closest to the Control
    Road, was the Navajo Scouts Crew, then the Perryville Crew, the
    Alpine IHC was 50 to 100 yards above Perryville, the Prescott IHC
    was above Alpine near the corner house, then the Flathead IHC above
    Prescott , next was the Zig Zag IHC, then the Redmond IHC, and
    finally the Plumas IHC. By 1215 the hotshot crews finished the prep
    work at the corner house and the Plumas IHC began burning out the
    line. At this time, the main fire was backing slowly down the slope.
    Several instances of short-range spotting from the burnout occurred
    from 1100-1300. Because of the fire behavior, the burnout was
    stopped.

***Handout and Facilitate Tactical Decision Game #2 or Discussion Point
#2***

***Additional background information to discuss prior to leaving stand
2***

-   At 1230, Louis Sorrell, Crew Boss of the Navajo Scouts 2 Crew and
    Dave LaTour, Crew Representative for the Perryville Crew, exchanged
    fire status, weather conditions, watch outs and escape route
    information. Sorrell says that at this time his crew still had no
    communications with outside forces, solely among his crew and the
    Perryville Crew.

-   By approximately 1300, the Perryville Crew, now located
    approximately one-third down Walk Moore Canyon, ran out of drinking
    water. Crew Boss Larry Terra took crewmember Fred Hill left the
    fireline to get supplies, leaving Assistant Crew Boss Sandra Bachman
    in charge with the Crew Representative LaTour. Soon after, an ATV
    driven by a Forest Service employee delivered water up Walk Moore
    Canyon. The cew then gathered around the water supply to refill
    canteens. They were approximately 3300 feet from the Control Road.

***Handout Tactical Decision Game #3 or Strategic Discussion Point #3
prior to leaving Stand 2***

Tell participants to have their responses ready when they arrive at
Stand 3.

**Stand 3 -- Corner House Vista**

**[Maps]{.underline}**

Topographical Map with stand locations & GPS coordinates

Rate of Spread Map

Crew Location Map

**[Access]{.underline}**

GPS Coordinates (WGS 84): 34˚22.913́ x 111˚13.456́

From Stand 2:

-   From Stand 2 travel east beneath power line 200 yards until meeting
    the corner of the fence line. Cross the gate in the fence (running
    north and south) and continue east along the south side of fence on
    USFS land. Continue east along fence line, .2 miles until the
    junction with Bonita Creek Road. Travel 200 yards to Myrtle Point
    Trail Road.

-   Go left on Myrtle Point Trail (Memorial location) approximately 200
    yards to Burnt Joint Road.

-   Go left on Burnt Joint Road 200 yards to Big Al's Run.

-   Go right on Big Al's Run less than 200 yards to unnamed road
    junction and go left.

-   Stand 3 is located in this area in the vicinity above the log house
    (C*orner House*) on corner of subdivision.

-   Travel from Stand 2 will begin along a short steep pitch to the mesa
    on which Bonita Creek subdivision is located. Travel path will be
    through rocky brushy terrain until connecting with Bonita Creek Road
    (FR 1210) road. It is important to stay on USFS lands until the
    fence meets Bonita Creek Road.

Alternate Route (vehicle):

-   From Stand 2 parking lot, travel east on Control Road (FR64) .4
    miles to Bonita Creek Road (FR 1210).

-   Go left on FR 1210 .5 miles to Myrtle Point Road and go left.

    -   Dude Fire Memorial site is on left side of road.

-   From the memorial location on Myrtle Road travel 200 yards to Burnt
    Joint Road and go left.

-   Go left on Burnt Joint Road 200 yards to Big Al's Run.

-   Go right on Big Al's Run less than 200 yards to unnamed road
    junction and go left.

**[Terrain Orientation]{.underline}**

Head of Walk Moore Canyon

Safety zone northeast of corner house about 200 yards

Overview of subdivision

**[Facilitator Notes]{.underline}**

***Facilitate Tactical Decision Game #3 or Discussion Point #3 prior to
proceeding with stand orientation.***

**[Background Information]{.underline}**

-   At approximately 1330, it was discovered that Bonita Creek Estates
    was surrounded by fire and resources could not leave. Two dozers
    were then directed to build a safety zone within the burn-out which
    remained very hot from heavy fuels burning. At 1345 a spot fire was
    reported below the Control Road on the west side.

-   At 1400 the Alpine IHC weather observations recorded 87 degrees and
    21% RH. At approximately 1410, JP Mattingly, Alpine IHC
    Superintendent programmed the tactical frequency into LaTour\'s
    radio that was being used by the Type I IMT.

-   Large drops of icy cold rain were felt by crews, and briefly
    mistaken for water from the engine hoses used for structure
    protection. Tony Sciacca, Foreman of the Prescott IHC, noticed that
    smoke was beginning to settle at the feet of the crews, this made
    him uncomfortable and decided to pull their crew out and into the
    safety zone. They walked past Alpine on the way to the safety zone
    and told Alpine crewmembers they were pulling out. Prescott was the
    first crew in Walk Moore to reach the road at approximately 1415,
    just minutes after Perryville Crew had resupplied with water and
    returned to work just off the dozer line, the Navajo Scouts lookout
    noticed the wind shift change to the east and the fire began to
    crown. The Navajo Scouts began running back down the line toward the
    Control Road. A member of the Navajo Scouts yelled at Perryville
    members as they ran past to "Get out!" The Perryville Crew was
    physically divided into a lower and upper group. (Upper group: Dave
    LaTour, Donald Love, Geoffrey Hatch, Sandra Bachman, James Denny,
    Curtis Springfield, James Ellis, and Alex Contreras. Lower Group:
    Joseph Chacon, Gregory Hoke, Derrick Guy, Norman Enriquez, Robert
    Carillo, Patrick Flippen, William Davenport, Tim Smith, Glen Harder,
    and Steven Pender.

**Stand 4 -- Entrapment Site**

**[Maps]{.underline}**

Topographical Map with stand locations & GPS coordinates

Deployment Location Map

**[Visual Aids (Recommended)]{.underline}**

Fatality site photos

Set up fire shelters with deployment stakes (White) and fatality stakes
(Red) and/or nomex clothing as visuals prior to bringing the group to
Stand 4.

> *[Fireshelters and stake markers are cached at the fatality site
> immediately above trail. Look up-hill under the juniper
> tree.]{.underline}*

**[Access]{.underline}**

GPS coordinates (WGS 84): 34˚22.689́ x 111˚13.927́

From Stand 3: Travel southwest .5 miles down Walk Moore Canyon to Stand
4 (deployment/fatality markers). Travel will begin along east aspect of
Walk Moore Canyon and join a jeep trail in canyon bottom. This will lead
directly to deployment/ fatality area. Once on location, there should be
markers set up in advance.

Travel will be on gentle slopes with uneven rocky surface. Vegetation is
shrub, pinyon and juniper.

**[Terrain Orientation]{.underline}**

Walk Moore Canyon

Fatality site

Deployment site

**[Facilitator Notes]{.underline}**

**[Background Information]{.underline}**

-   Upon hearing and seeing the Navajo Scouts crew running past them,
    Perryville crewmembers started seeing the fire above them. They all
    began running down the line toward the Control Road. They were
    throwing fusees from their packs as they ran. Guy stopped to help
    Harder remove fusees from his pack. Smith and Harder tried to pull
    their shelters but never did and were impeded from opening the
    shelter pouches by a pack full of fusees and by gloves. Carrillo was
    running with his saw and had to stop a couple of times to pull up
    his chaps. Flippen took the saw from him so he could hold up his
    chaps to run faster. Carillo stopped, but a Navajo Scout told him
    "don't stop, the flame is on you". LaTour and Denny had grabbed
    water cans to carry them out. Smith and Harder saw Bachman fall down
    and Denney help her up. Carillo looked back at that point and saw
    behind Flippen what looked to him like a volcano. Flippen looked
    back and could see only a wall of flame. Hoke was cut off about 1422
    while running down with Contreras right behind and above him. Then
    he saw the crewmembers in front of him round a corner with fire
    crossing right behind them. Hoke turned and saw fire cross between
    he and Contreras. The fire came over Hoke who discarded his pack,
    moved about 10 paces away from it because there was fuel in it and
    Hoke deployed there. The wind almost blew Hoke over as he lay in his
    shelter. Contreras and the others turned back up, LaTour, and Love
    were the furthest up and were above Davenport. LaTour ordered the
    Perryville crew to deploy shelters. He reported on the radio that
    Chacon deployed and Denny helped Bachman deploy. LaTour proceeded up
    another 15 yards and deployed. Hatch, Denny, Contreras, Bachman, and
    Ellis deployed just below LaTour.

***Hand out and Facilitate Tactical Decision Game #4 or Discussion Point
#4***

**Recommended Integration Location - Ellis' Cross**

**[Maps]{.underline}**

Fire Progression Map

**[Visual Aids (Recommended)]{.underline}**

Fatality Stake (Red)

**[Access]{.underline}**

GPS Coordinates (WGS 84): 43° 22.35' x 111° 14.038'

From Stand 4: Continue back down Walk Moore Canyon past Stand 2 toward
the parking area to Ellis' cross that is adjacent to trail. Actual site
of fatality is in what is now the eroded creek bed that has formed.

**[Terrain Orientation]{.underline}**

None needed

**[Facilitator Notes]{.underline}**

**[Background Information]{.underline}**

-   Ellis traveled from his initial deployment site down canyon, then
    went back up canyon, met others coming down, and was escorted back
    down canyon with Latour, Davenport, and Love to this location where
    he exclaimed "I'm dead" then laid down and expired.

***Conduct Integration Phase of Dude Fire Staff Ride***