On- Road Evaluation of the SAVE-IT Vehicle Prototype \--

Task 14C Final Report for the

SAfety VEhicles using adaptive Interface Technology (SAVE-IT) Project

Appendices

Volume 2 Appendices

**Prepared by**

**University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute**

**for**

**Delphi Corporation**

**and the USDOT Volpe National Transportation Systems Center**

**February 15, 2008**

#  {#section .SaveIT-H1}

**AUTHORS**

The authors of this report are David LeBlanc, David W. Eby, Zevi
Bareket, and Jonathon M. Vivoda of the University of Michigan
Transportation Research Institute.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

[EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4](#__RefHeading___Toc190855276)

[14.0 Program Overview 5](#__RefHeading___Toc190855277)

[14.1 Introduction 6](#__RefHeading___Toc190855278)

[14.1.1 Objectives 6](#__RefHeading___Toc190855279)

[14.1.2 Overview of Work in Context of Project
7](#__RefHeading___Toc190855280)

[14.1.3 Organization of Report 7](#__RefHeading___Toc190855281)

[14.2 SAVE-IT Prototype System Description
8](#__RefHeading___Toc190855282)

[14.2.1 Baseline (Non-Adaptive) Collision Warning System
9](#__RefHeading___Toc190855283)

[14.2.2 Adaptive Collision Warning System
11](#__RefHeading___Toc190855284)

[14.2.3 Distraction Alert 13](#__RefHeading___Toc190855285)

[14.2.4 Distraction Mitigation System 13](#__RefHeading___Toc190855286)

[14.3 Method 16](#__RefHeading___Toc190855287)

[14.3.1 Overview 16](#__RefHeading___Toc190855288)

[14.3.3 Experimental Data Archive 18](#__RefHeading___Toc190855289)

[14.3.2 Recruitment 18](#__RefHeading___Toc190855290)

[14.3.3 Experiments on the Track 19](#__RefHeading___Toc190855291)

[14.3.3.1 Track Site and Surrogate Target
21](#__RefHeading___Toc190855292)

[14.3.3.2 Vehicle Instrumentation 22](#__RefHeading___Toc190855293)

[14.3.4 Experimental Method for On-Road Testing
24](#__RefHeading___Toc190855294)

[14.4 Results 26](#__RefHeading___Toc190855295)

[14.4.1 Potential Safety Impacts of the Adaptive Mechanisms
26](#__RefHeading___Toc190855296)

[14.4.1.1 FCW Surprise Trial Conduct 26](#__RefHeading___Toc190855297)

[14.4.1.1 Results of Track Experiments 28](#__RefHeading___Toc190855298)

[14.4.1.2 Results from On-Road Observations
31](#__RefHeading___Toc190855299)

[14.4.1.3 Head Pose as a Surrogate for Attention: Analyzing FOT Data
42](#__RefHeading___Toc190855300)

[14.4.2 Acceptance of the Adaptive Mechanisms for Crash Warning Systems
56](#__RefHeading___Toc190855301)

[14.4.2.1 Acceptance on the Van der Laan Scale
56](#__RefHeading___Toc190855302)

[14.4.2.2 Post-Drive Questionnaire Responses
58](#__RefHeading___Toc190855303)

[14.4.2.2 Video Review 70](#__RefHeading___Toc190855304)

[14.4.2.3 Final Questions Regarding Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Crash
Warning Systems 73](#__RefHeading___Toc190855305)

[14.4.3 Acceptance of Adaptive Mechanisms for Distraction Mitigation
75](#__RefHeading___Toc190855306)

[14.5 Discussion of Results 78](#__RefHeading___Toc190855307)

[14.5.1 Overview 78](#__RefHeading___Toc190855308)

[14.5.2 Safety and Performance Features of the Adaptive Crash Warning
System 79](#__RefHeading___Toc190855309)

[14.5.2.1 Lane Departure Warning 79](#__RefHeading___Toc190855310)

[14.5.2.2 Forward Crash Warning 82](#__RefHeading___Toc190855311)

[14.5.3 Acceptance of the Adaptive Features of the Crash Warning Systems
85](#__RefHeading___Toc190855312)

[14.5.4 Driver Acceptance of Adapting Available IVIS Features with the
Distraction Mitigation System 87](#__RefHeading___Toc190855313)

[14.6 References 88](#__RefHeading___Toc190855314)

[14.7 Acknowledgments 89](#__RefHeading___Toc190855315)

[14.8 Appendix A: Pre-Drive Questionnaire and Driver Responses
90](#appendix-a-pre-drive-questionnaire-and-driver-responses)

[14.9 Appendix B: Case Study Table 103](#appendix-b-case-study-table)

[14.10 Appendix C: Informed Consent Forms
108](#appendix-c-informed-consent-forms)

[14.10.1 Informed Consent for Test-Track Trials to Assess Driver
Interface Technology
108](#informed-consent-for-test-track-trials-to-assess-driver-interface-technology)

[14.10.2 Informed Consent for On-the-Road Trials to Assess Driver
Interface Technology
110](#informed-consent-for-on-the-road-trials-to-assess-driver-interface-technology)

[14.10 Appendix D: Procedures for Test Track Subject Running
113](#appendix-d-procedures-for-test-track-subject-running)

[14.12 Appendix E: Dana Test Track 119](#appendix-e-dana-test-track)

[14.13 Appendix F: List of Recorded Data Signals and Other Data
Acquisition Details
120](#appendix-f-list-of-recorded-data-signals-and-other-data-acquisition-details)

[14.13.1 List of Recorded Data Signals
120](#list-of-recorded-data-signals)

[14.13.2 Details of Video Recording Approach
129](#details-of-video-recording-approach)

[14.13.3 Details of Audio Recording Approach
129](#details-of-audio-recording-approach)

[14.14 Appendix G: Procedures for On-the-Road Subject Running
130](#appendix-g-procedures-for-on-the-road-subject-running)

[14.15 Appendix H: Post-Track-Testing Questionnaire
134](#appendix-h-post-track-testing-questionnaire)

[14.16 Appendix I: Post-Road-Testing Questionnaire
135](#appendix-i-post-road-testing-questionnaire)

[14.16.1 Questionnaire for Non-Adaptive and Adaptive LDW Systems
135](#questionnaire-for-non-adaptive-and-adaptive-ldw-systems)

[14.16.2 Questionnaire for Non-Adaptive and Adaptive FCW Systems
136](#questionnaire-for-non-adaptive-and-adaptive-fcw-systems)

[14.17 Appendix J: Driver Responses to Post-Drive Questionnaires
137](#appendix-j-driver-responses-to-post-drive-questionnaires)

[14.18 Appendix K: Drivers' Ratings of Alert Utility Based on Reviewing
Video Clips
143](#appendix-k-drivers-ratings-of-alert-utility-based-on-reviewing-video-clips)

[Script: 143](#script)

[14.18.1 Analysis of Responses 143](#analysis-of-responses)

[14.19 Appendix L: Drivers' Responses to Final General Questions
Regarding Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Crash Warning Systems
146](#appendix-l-drivers-responses-to-final-general-questions-regarding-adaptive-and-non-adaptive-crash-warning-systems)

[14.20 Appendix M: Willingness to Engage in IVIS Tasks during Driving:
Cumulative Plots of Driver Ratings
148](#appendix-m-willingness-to-engage-in-ivis-tasks-during-driving-cumulative-plots-of-driver-ratings)

[14.21 Appendix N: Additional On-Road FCW Alerts Introduced by the
Adaptive Mechanisms
150](#appendix-n-additional-on-road-fcw-alerts-introduced-by-the-adaptive-mechanisms)

[14.22 Appendix O: On-Road FCW Alerts during Adaptive-Mode Driving That
Are Common to the Non-Adaptive System
154](#appendix-o-on-road-fcw-alerts-during-adaptive-mode-driving-that-are-common-to-the-non-adaptive-system)

[Figure 14.41. Subject 121, 0.8 seconds earlier
155](#figure-14.41.-subject-121-0.8-seconds-earlier)

# 14.8 Appendix A: Pre-Drive Questionnaire and Driver Responses {#appendix-a-pre-drive-questionnaire-and-driver-responses .SaveIT-H1}

This appendix presents the questions and driver responses from the
pre-drive questionnaire. This addressed driving habits, self reported
values associated with driving patterns and behavior, and demographics.

**Driving**

1\. How do you typically prefer to get around?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Drive yourself                             | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Have someone drive you                     | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Use public transport or taxi               | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

2\. In an average week, how many days per week do you normally drive?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | **Fr      | **P      |
|                                              | equency** | ercent** |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Three                                      | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Four                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Five                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Six                                        | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Seven                                      | 20        | 76.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

3\. During the past 3 months, have you done the following?

a\. Driven in your immediate neighborhood?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 25        | 96.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

b\. Driven to places beyond your neighborhood?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

c\. Driven to neighboring towns?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

d\. Driven to more distant towns?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 24        | 92.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

e\. Driven to places outside the state?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 14        | 53.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 12        | 46.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

f\. Driven to places outside the USA?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | **Fr      | **P      |
|                                              | equency** | ercent** |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 24        | 92.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

g\. Driven when it is raining?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

h\. Driven alone?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

i\. Parallel parked?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 24        | 92.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

j\. Made left-hand turns when there might be oncoming traffic?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 22        | 84.6     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

k\. Driven on interstates or expressways?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

l\. Driven on high-traffic roads?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

m\. Driven during rush-hour traffic?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

n\. Driven at night?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

o\. Backed up your car?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

4\. How comfortable are you driving in the following situations?

a\. In your immediate neighborhood?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

b\. To places beyond your neighborhood?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 24        | 92.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

c\. To neighboring towns?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 23        | 88.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

d\. To more distant towns?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 21        | 80.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 5         | 19.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

e\. To places outside the state?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 15        | 57.7     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 10        | 38.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

f\. When it is raining?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 14        | 53.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 11        | 42.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

g\. Alone?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 25        | 96.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

h\. Parallel parking?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 15        | 57.7     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 9         | 34.6     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

i\. Making left-hand turns when there might be oncoming traffic?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 17        | 65.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 9         | 34.6     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

j\. Merging onto interstates or expressways?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 17        | 65.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 8         | 30.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

k\. Driving on interstates or expressways?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 23        | 88.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

l\. Driving on high traffic roads?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 16        | 61.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 9         | 34.6     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

m\. Driving in rush-hour traffic?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 10        | 38.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 12        | 46.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

n\. Driving at night?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 15        | 57.7     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 10        | 38.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

o\. Backing up your car?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very comfortable                           | 21        | 80.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat comfortable                       | 5         | 19.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat uncomfortable                     | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very uncomfortable                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

5\. How many accidents have you been involved in over the past year
where you were the driver, and police were called to the scene?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Zero                                       | 25        | 96.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > One                                        | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

6\. How many times in the past year have you been pulled over by the
police, regardless of whether or not you received a ticket?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Zero                                       | 17        | 65.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > One                                        | 8         | 30.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Two                                        | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

7\. How many times in the past year have you received a traffic ticket
(other than a parking ticket) where you were found to be guilty,
regardless of whether or not you think you were at fault?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Zero                                       | 23        | 88.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > One                                        | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

8\. How often do you do each of the following? Check the response most
appropriate for you.

a\. Pass a slow driver on his or her right side.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 6         | 23.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 8         | 30.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 8         | 30.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

b\. Drive especially close to the car in front of you as a signal to its
driver to go faster or to get out of the way.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 14        | 53.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 9         | 34.6     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

c\. Attempt to pass someone that you hadn't noticed to be signaling a
left turn.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 18        | 69.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 7         | 26.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

d\. Forget where you left your car in a parking lot.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 6         | 23.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 9         | 34.6     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 10        | 38.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

e\. Switch on one thing, such as headlights, when you meant to switch on
something else, such as wipers.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 13        | 50.0     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 11        | 42.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

f\. Sound your horn to indicate your annoyance to another driver.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 6         | 23.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 17        | 65.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

g\. Realize that you have no clear recollection of the road along which
you have just been traveling.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 10        | 38.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 9         | 34.6     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 6         | 23.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

h\. Cross an intersection knowing that the traffic light has already
turned red.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 15        | 57.7     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 7         | 26.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

i\. Fail to notice that pedestrians are crossing when turning onto a
side street from a main road.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 13        | 50.0     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 11        | 42.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

j\. Become angered by another driver's behavior, and give chase with the
intention of giving him/her a piece of your mind.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 24        | 96.0     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 1         | 4.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

k\. Disregard the speed limit on a residential road.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 6         | 23.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 8         | 30.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 10        | 38.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

l\. On turning right, nearly hit a cyclist who has come up on your
right.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 21        | 80.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

m\. Pull out into an intersection so far that the driver with the right
of way has to stop and let you out.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 19        | 73.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 5         | 19.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

n\. While waiting in line to turn onto a main road, you pay such close
attention to the main stream of traffic that you nearly hit the car in
front of you.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 16        | 61.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 7         | 26.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

o\. Drive even though you realize that you may be over the legal
blood-alcohol limit.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 20        | 76.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

p\. Underestimate the speed of an oncoming vehicle when passing.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 11        | 42.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 11        | 42.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

q\. Hit something when backing up that you had not previously seen.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 11        | 42.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 15        | 57.7     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

r\. Intending to drive to destination A, you "wake up" to find yourself
on the road to destination B, perhaps the latter is your more usual
destination.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 12        | 46.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 7         | 26.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 6         | 23.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

s\. Stay in a highway lane that you know will be closed ahead until the
last minute before forcing your way into the other lane.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 10        | 38.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 11        | 42.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

t\. Get into the wrong lane approaching an intersection.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 10        | 38.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 12        | 46.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

u\. Miss "Yield" signs, and narrowly avoid colliding with traffic having
the right of way.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 19        | 73.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 7         | 26.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

v\. Fail to check your rear view mirror before pulling out, changing
lanes, etc.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 12        | 46.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 12        | 46.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

w\. Get involved in unofficial "races" with other drivers.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 22        | 84.6     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

x\. Brake too quickly on a slippery road, or steer the wrong way in a
skid.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 7         | 26.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 16        | 61.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

y\. Disregard the speed limit on the highway.

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 5         | 19.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 8         | 30.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

9\. How would you rate your driving?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Excellent                                  | 9         | 36.0     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Good                                       | 14        | 56.0     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Average                                    | 2         | 8.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Fair                                       | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Poor                                       | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Missing/Did not answer                     | 1         | \-\--    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

10\. How do you feel about driving?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Have always enjoyed driving                | 20        | 76.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Used to enjoy driving, but don\'t enjoy it | 5         | 19.2     |
| > as much now                                |           |          |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never liked driving that much              | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Neither like nor dislike                   | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

**Technology**

**11. Indicate the amount of experience that you have had using the
following technologies by circling the** most appropriate number on the
scale provided. On this scale 1 means no experience and 7 means
extensive experience.

None Extensive

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
|                                                           | Mean     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| > a\. Personal Computer                                   | 6.1      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| > b\. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)                    | 3.2      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| > c\. VCR/DVD Player                                      | 6.5      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| > d\. Cellular phone                                      | 6.3      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| > e\. In-vehicle navigation system                        | 2.0      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| > f\. Satellite radio                                     | 2.7      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| > g\. Collision warning system                            | 1.2      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| > h\. IPod or MP3 player                                  | 3.0      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| > i\. Text/Instant messaging                              | 3.6      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+

12\. In general, how interested are you in news items concerning new
technology?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Not at all interested                      | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Not very interested                        | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat interested                        | 10        | 38.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very interested                            | 13        | 50.0     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

13\. In general, do you find new technology easy or difficult to use?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very easy                                  | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat easy                              | 16        | 61.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Neither easy nor difficult                 | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat difficult                         | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very difficult                             | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

14\. In general, how enjoyable do you find using new technology?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Not at all enjoyable                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Not very enjoyable                         | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Somewhat enjoyable                         | 12        | 46.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Very enjoyable                             | 12        | 46.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

15\. How often do you talk on a cellular phone while driving?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 5         | 19.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 12        | 46.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

16\. How often do you send text messages while driving?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 22        | 84.6     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

17\. How often do you tune your radio/CD player while driving?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Never                                      | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hardly ever                                | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasionally                               | 8         | 30.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Quite often                                | 5         | 19.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Frequently                                 | 6         | 23.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Nearly all the time                        | 6         | 23.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

**Demographics**

18\. What is your birth date? converted to \[age at beginning of study\]

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 35.5                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 38.2                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 38.9                                       | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 40.4                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 40.7                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 41.3                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 45.1                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 45.4                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 46.1                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 46.3                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 46.6                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 46.7                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 48.8                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 49.4                                       | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 49.8                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 49.9                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 50.0                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 50.3                                       | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 51.1                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 51.2                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 52.1                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 52.4                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > 57.0                                       | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

19\. Are you male or female?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Male                                       | 15        | 57.7     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Female                                     | 11        | 42.3     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

The next few questions are about your HOUSEHOLD.

20\. Are you currently...?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Married                                    | 18        | 69.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Separated                                  | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Divorced                                   | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Widowed                                    | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Single (never married)                     | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

21\. Do you live...?

+-------------------------------------------------+----------+---------+
|                                                 | F        | Percent |
|                                                 | requency |         |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------+---------+
| > In a home, condominium, or apartment that you | 4        | 15.4    |
| > rent                                          |          |         |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------+---------+
| > In a home, condominium, or apartment that you | 22       | 84.6    |
| > own                                           |          |         |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------+---------+
| > In a family member's home, condominium, or    | 0        | 0.0     |
| > apartment                                     |          |         |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------+---------+

22\. How long have you lived at your current location?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Less than a year                           | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > One to 5 years                             | 6         | 23.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > More than 5 years                          | 17        | 65.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

23\. How many people NOT INCLUDING YOURSELF live in your household?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Zero                                       | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > One                                        | 6         | 23.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Two                                        | 9         | 34.6     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Three                                      | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Four                                       | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Eleven                                     | 1         | 3.9      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

24\. Do you work outside the home for pay?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Yes                                        | 18        | 69.2     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > No                                         | 8         | 30.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

25\. If you work outside the home for pay, is this full-time, part-time,
or occasional work?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Full-time                                  | 11        | 45.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Part-time                                  | 6         | 25.0     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Occasional                                 | 2         | 8.3      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > I don't work outside the home              | 5         | 20.8     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Missing/Did not answer                     | 2         | \-\--    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

26\. What is your race?

+----------------------------------------------+-------------+---------+
|                                              | Frequency   | Percent |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------+---------+
| > White/Caucasian                            | 24          | 92.3    |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------+---------+
| > African American/Black                     | 2           | 7.7     |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------+---------+
| > Asian                                      | 0           | 0.0     |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------+---------+
| > Native American                            | 0           | 0.0     |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------+---------+
| > Other, please                              | 0           | 0.0     |
| > specify\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_      |             |         |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------+---------+

27\. Which of the following ethnic categories best describes you?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Hispanic                                   | 26        | 100.0    |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Non-Hispanic                               | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

28\. Which of the following income groups includes your TOTAL HOUSEHOLD
INCOME last year before taxes?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Less than \$20,000                         | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > \$20,000 to \$49,999                       | 3         | 13.0     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > \$50,000 to \$79,999                       | 9         | 39.1     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > \$80,000 to \$99,999                       | 4         | 17.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > \$100,000 or more                          | 7         | 30.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

29\. What is the highest grade or level of school you completed?

+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
|                                              | Frequency | Percent  |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Some high school or less                   | 0         | 0.0      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > High school degree or equivalent           | 2         | 7.7      |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Some college or technical                  | 7         | 26.9     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > College degree                             | 10        | 38.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Some graduate education                    | 4         | 15.4     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| > Graduate degree or higher                  | 3         | 11.5     |
+----------------------------------------------+-----------+----------+

# 14.9 Appendix B: Case Study Table {#appendix-b-case-study-table .SaveIT-H1}

The case study table on the following pages presents results and
responses from individual drivers.

.

Table 14.32. Case Study Table

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="27">Table of Case by Case Data</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="26">Subject ID Number</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>8</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>9</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>0</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>7</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>8</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>9</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>0</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Age</td>
<td>49.8</td>
<td>49.4</td>
<td>46.1</td>
<td>51.2</td>
<td>38.2</td>
<td>38.9</td>
<td>38.9</td>
<td>52.4</td>
<td>50.3</td>
<td>51.1</td>
<td>49.4</td>
<td>45.1</td>
<td>45.4</td>
<td>50.3</td>
<td>41.3</td>
<td>49.9</td>
<td>40.4</td>
<td>57.0</td>
<td>40.7</td>
<td>46.3</td>
<td>35.5</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>46.6</td>
<td>52.1</td>
<td>46.7</td>
<td>48.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Gender</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>F</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2">Income</td>
<td colspan="26">1 - &lt; 20,000 | 2 - 20,000-49,999 | 3 - 50,000-79,999
| 4 - 80,000-99,999 | 5 - &gt;=100,000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>3</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2">Education</td>
<td colspan="26">1 - &lt;= high school | 2 - high school/equiv | 3 -
some college | 4 - college degree | 5 - some grad | 6 - grad degree or
higher</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2">Dangerous driving actions index</td>
<td colspan="26">Mean of frequency of events; scale of 1 to 6: 1 - Never
| 6 - Nearly all the time</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>2.1</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.1</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2">Technology exposure index</td>
<td colspan="26">Mean of experience with 9 different types of
technology; scale of 1 to 7: 1 - None | 7 - Extensive</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>2.3</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>4.7</td>
<td>6.0</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>2.1</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>6.4</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>3.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Freq. while driving:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of 1 to 6: 1 - Never | 6 - Nearly all the
time</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Talk on cell phone</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Send text messages</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Tune radio/CD</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Van der Laan usefulness scale:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of -2 to 2: Usefulness scale</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - Non-Adapt LDW</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TT - Adapt LDW</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OTR - Non-Adapt LDW</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>-0.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>-0.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OTR - Adapt LDW</td>
<td>-0.2</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>-0.4</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>-0.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - Non-Adapt FCW</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TT - Adapt FCW</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OTR - Non-Adapt FCW</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>-0.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>-1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OTR - Adapt FCW</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - Adapt Distract alert</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>-0.4</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>8</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>9</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>0</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>7</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>8</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>9</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>0</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Van der Laan satisfying scale:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of -2 to 2: Satisfying scale</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - NA LDW</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>-0.5</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>-0.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TT - Adapt LDW</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OTR - NA LDW</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>-0.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>-1.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OTR - Adapt LDW</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - NA FCW</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>-0.5</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TT - Adapt FCW</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OTR - NA FCW</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>-0.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>-0.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OTR - Adapt FCW</td>
<td>-0.5</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>-0.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - Adapt Distract</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>-0.5</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>-0.3</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>If available, I would want <em>[system]</em>:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of 1 to 5: 1 - Strongly agree | 5 - Strongly
disagree</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - NA LDW</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TT - Adapt LDW</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OTR - NA LDW</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OTR - Adapt LDW</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - NA FCW</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TT - Adapt FCW</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OTR - NA FCW</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OTR - Adapt FCW</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - Adapt Distract</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Most you would pay for <em>[system]</em>:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of 1 to 5: 1 - 0-500 | 2 - 501-1,000 | 3 -
1,001-1,500 | 4 - 1,501-2,000 | 5 - &gt;2,000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - NA LDW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TT - Adapt LDW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OTR - NA LDW</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OTR - Adapt LDW</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - NA FCW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TT - Adapt FCW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>OTR - NA FCW</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>OTR - Adapt FCW</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>TT - Adapt Distract</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>8</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>9</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>0</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>7</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>8</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>9</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>0</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>How often - function as expected:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of 1 to 6: 1 - Never | 6 - Nearly all the time (0
- did not receive a warning)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NA LDW</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adapt LDW</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NA FCW</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adapt FCW</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>How often - appropriate warning:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of 1 to 6: 1 - Never | 6 - Nearly all the time (0
- did not receive a warning)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NA LDW</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adapt LDW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NA FCW</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adapt FCW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>How often - unnecessary warning:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of 1 to 6: 1 - Never | 6 - Nearly all the time (0
- did not receive a warning)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NA LDW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adapt LDW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NA FCW</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adapt FCW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>When unnecessary, level of annoyance:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of 1 to 5: 1 - None | 5 - Extreme (0 - did not
receive a warning)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NA LDW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adapt LDW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NA FCW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adapt FCW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>How often - potential forward crash:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of 1 to 6: 1 - Never | 6 - Nearly all the time (0
- did not receive a warning)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NA LDW</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adapt LDW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NA FCW</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adapt FCW</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>8</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>0</p>
<p>9</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>0</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>7</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>8</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>9</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>0</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>4</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>5</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>6</p></td>
<td><p>1</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Video Review - Expected alert:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Mean of combined responses; scale of 1 to 5: 1 -
Strongly agree | 5 - Strongly disagree</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Overall</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Subject data overall</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NA LDW</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NA FCW</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adapt LDW</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adapt FCW</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adapt - alert given</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Adapt - alert</p>
<p>suppressed</p></td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Scripted data overall</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Scripted LDW</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Scripted FCW</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Video Review - Alert was useful:</strong></td>
<td colspan="26">Mean of combined responses; scale of 1 to 5: 1 -
Strongly agree | 5 - Strongly disagree</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Overall</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Subject data overall</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>4.7</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NA LDW</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>4.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NA FCW</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adapt LDW</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adapt FCW</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adapt - alert given</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Adapt - alert</p>
<p>suppressed</p></td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Scripted data overall</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Scripted LDW</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Scripted FCW</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2">System preference</td>
<td colspan="26">Scale of 1 to 6: 1 - Non-adaptive | 2 - Adaptive | 3 -
Neither | 4 - Both | 5 - Don’t Know | 6 - Other</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>6*</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>4/6</td>
<td>.</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

\* Subjects marked with a "6" wanted a system where the driver could
switch between the two systems.

# 14.10 Appendix C: Informed Consent Forms {#appendix-c-informed-consent-forms .SaveIT-H1}

## ![](media/image1.wmf){width="1.0in" height="0.4583333333333333in"}14.10.1 Informed Consent for Test-Track Trials to Assess Driver Interface Technology {#informed-consent-for-test-track-trials-to-assess-driver-interface-technology .SaveIT-H2}

**1. Title of research project**

> Demonstration and Evaluation of Technologies for SAfety VEhicle(s)
> using adaptive Interface Technology (SAVE-IT): Test Track Trials

**2.** **Names of researchers**

> David J. LeBlanc, PhD, University of Michigan
>
> David W. Eby, PhD, University of Michigan

**3. Description of the research**

> This experiment examines several warning systems designed to alert the
> driver during various potentially unsafe driving scenarios. The
> experiment today will include two questionnaires as well as driving on
> the test track. The results of this study will eventually be described
> in a detailed report for the sponsor and the public, with the intent
> of making future vehicles that you may drive less distracting and
> safer.

**4. Description of human subject involvement**

> As a subject in this study, you will be asked to complete two
> questionnaires today that will ask you about yourself, your driving,
> and your assessment of the technology you will experience in the
> vehicle on the test track.
>
> During this experiment, you will be asked to drive a vehicle that is
> equipped with various devices designed to warn you if you are
> traveling at an unsafe distance from the vehicle in front of you, if
> you drift out of your lane, or if you are distracted from looking
> forward for too long. While you drive around the track, your reaction
> times will be measured given various test conditions. Your driving
> performance will be recorded by a computer in the vehicle, and
> videotaped by several small cameras located throughout the vehicle.

**5. Length of human subject participation**

> Your participation today will take place during a single session and
> will last approximately two hours. You may also be contacted again in
> the near future to take part in phase 2 of this experiment, which will
> involve on-the-road driving in the same vehicle you will be using
> today.

**6. Risks and discomforts of participation**

> There is only minimal risk in this study. You will experience risks
> similar to those experienced during normal driving. While driving on
> the test track, you will be asked to look away from the forward scene
> at times, but to minimize potential risks, we will use a closed track,
> a surrogate towed vehicle, and an additional experimenter assigned to
> work a passenger side brake if necessary.

**7. Measures to be taken to minimize risks and discomforts**

> You may choose not to answer any questions on the surveys. During the
> driving portion of the study, if you need to take a break or would
> like to stop the study completely, please let the experimenter know
> and we will stop.

**8. Expected benefits to subjects or to others**

> Although you may not receive benefit from your participation, others
> may ultimately benefit from the knowledge obtained in this study.

**9. Costs to subject resulting from participation in the study**

> You will be responsible for your travel costs to and from the session.

**10. Payments to subject for participation in the study**

> You will be paid \$50 for your participation in today's experiment.

**11. Confidentiality of records/data**

> You will not be identified in any reports on this study. Records will
> be kept confidential to the extent provided by federal, state, and
> local law. However, the Institutional Review Board, the sponsor of the
> study (the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), or
> university and government officials responsible for monitoring this
> study may inspect these records. Since videotape recordings of the
> experiment include shots of you as you drive the vehicle, you will be
> identifiable in some recordings. Your consent to be videotaped, and
> your preference for how recordings of your session will be used will
> be obtained below.

**12. Management of physical injury**

> In the unlikely event of physical injury resulting from research
> procedures, the University will provide first aid medical treatment or
> emergency care. Additional medical care will be provided if the
> University determines that it is responsible to provide such
> treatment. By signing this form, you do not give up your right to seek
> additional compensation if you are harmed as a result of participation
> in this study.

**13. Availability of further information**

> If significant new knowledge is obtained during the course of this
> research which may relate to your willingness to continue
> participation, you will be informed of this knowledge.

**14. Contact information**

> Should you have any questions about the research, please contact David
> W. Eby, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150, (734) 763-2466,
> e-mail: <eby@umich.edu>.

**15. Required IRB contact information**

> Should you have any questions regarding your rights as a research
> participant, please contact the Institutional Review Board, 540 E.
> Liberty Street, Suite 202, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2210, (734) 936-0933,
> e-mail: <irbhsbs@umich.edu>.

**16. Voluntary nature of participation**

> Your participation in this project is voluntary. Even after you sign
> the informed consent document, you may decide to leave the study at
> any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which you may
> otherwise be entitled. You may skip or refuse to answer any questions
> or complete any tests that make you feel uncomfortable without
> affecting your study compensation.

**17. Documentation of the consent**

> One copy of this document will be kept together with the research
> records of this study. Also, you will be given a copy to keep.

**18 & 19a. Consent of the subject & Audio/Video Recording of subjects**

> I have read the information given above. \[Project staff\] has offered
> to answer any questions I may have concerning the study. I hereby
> consent to participate in the study and agree to be videotaped and
> audio taped. I understand that segments from the tapes may be used in
> presentations to explain the results. My name will not be disclosed.
> When the project is completed, the raw tapes will be archived and may
> be used for future research, with the same assurances as described
> above.

**ADULT SUBJECT OF RESEARCH**

Printed name Consenting signature

Date

**19b. Use of Video Recordings in media \[Optional\]**

Segments from taping of my sessions may be used by the media (e.g., on
TV) to help explain this research to the public.

Signature Date

**19c. Use of Video Recordings by sponsor \[Optional\]**

The U.S. Department of Transportation and Delphi Automotive Systems, the
sponsors of this project, may ask for every piece of data collected
(including video/audio tape) except your name, address, and phone
number. I agree to the release of the desired data to them for any
purpose. The data will be identified only by a subject number.

Signature Date

## ![](media/image1.wmf){width="1.0in" height="0.4583333333333333in"}14.10.2 Informed Consent for On-the-Road Trials to Assess Driver Interface Technology {#informed-consent-for-on-the-road-trials-to-assess-driver-interface-technology .SaveIT-H2}

**1. Title of research project**

> Demonstration and Evaluation of Technologies for SAfety VEhicle(s)
> using adaptive Interface Technology (SAVE-IT): On-The-Road Driving
> Trials

**2.** **Names of researchers**

> David J. LeBlanc, PhD, University of Michigan
>
> David W. Eby, PhD, University of Michigan

**3. Description of the research**

> This experiment examines several warning systems designed to alert the
> driver during various potentially unsafe driving scenarios. The
> experiment today will include a questionnaire as well as driving along
> a pre-determined route. You will also be asked a series of questions
> while driving about your comfort level performing common tasks. The
> results of this study will eventually be described in a detailed
> report for the sponsor and the public, with the intent of making
> future vehicles that you may drive less distracting and safer.

**4. Description of human subject involvement**

> As a subject in this study today, you will be asked to participate in
> two driving sessions. During each session, you will drive a vehicle
> that is equipped with various devices designed to warn you of
> potentially unsafe driving scenarios. Each session will involve
> driving a pre-determined route one time, to assess two different
> versions of the car's warning system. Your driving performance will be
> recorded by a computer in the vehicle, and videotaped by several small
> cameras located throughout the vehicle. During the experiment, please
> follow all applicable traffic laws and regulations.
>
> After the driving portion of each session, you will be asked to
> complete a questionnaire that will ask you about your assessment of
> the technology you will experiences in the vehicle. In addition, at
> the end of the second session, you will be shown video recorded during
> your drives, and will be asked about the appropriateness of the
> warnings or lack of warnings you received from the vehicle.

**5. Length of human subject participation**

> Your participation today will take place during two 3.5-hour sessions
> with a break in the middle (7 hours total).

**6. Risks and discomforts of participation**

> There is only minimal risk in this study. You will experience risks
> similar to those experienced during normal driving.

**7. Measures to be taken to minimize risks and discomforts**

> You may choose not to answer any questions on the surveys. During the
> driving portion of the study, if you need to take a break or would
> like to stop the study completely, please let the experimenter.

**8. Expected benefits to subjects or to others**

> Although you may not receive benefit from your participation, others
> may ultimately benefit from the knowledge obtained in this study.

**9. Costs to subject resulting from participation in the study**

> You will be responsible for your travel costs to and from the session.

**10. Payments to subject for participation in the study**

> You will be paid \$85 for your participation in each session of
> today's experiment (\$170 total).

**11. Confidentiality of records/data**

> You will not be identified in any reports on this study. Records will
> be kept confidential to the extent provided by federal, state, and
> local law. However, the Institutional Review Board, the sponsor of the
> study (the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), or
> university and government officials responsible for monitoring this
> study may inspect these records. Since videotape recordings of the
> experiment include shots of you as you drive the vehicle, you will be
> identifiable in some recordings. Your consent to be videotaped, and
> your preference for how recordings of your session will be used will
> be obtained in sections 18-19.

**12. Management of physical injury**

> In the unlikely event of physical injury resulting from research
> procedures, the University will provide first aid medical treatment or
> emergency care. Additional medical care will be provided if the
> University determines that it is responsible to provide such
> treatment. By signing this form, you do not give up your right to seek
> additional compensation if you are harmed as a result of participation
> in this study.

**13. Availability of further information**

> If significant new knowledge is obtained during the course of this
> research which may relate to your willingness to continue
> participation, you will be informed of this knowledge.

**14. Contact information**

> Should you have any questions about the research, please contact David
> W. Eby, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150, (734) 763-2466,
> e-mail: <eby@umich.edu>.

**15. Required IRB contact information**

> Should you have any questions regarding your rights as a research
> participant, please contact the Institutional Review Board, 540 E.
> Liberty Street, Suite 202, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2210, (734) 936-0933,
> e-mail: <irbhsbs@umich.edu>.

**16. Voluntary nature of participation**

> Your participation in this project is voluntary. Even after you sign
> the informed consent document, you may decide to leave the study at
> any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which you may
> otherwise be entitled. You may skip or refuse to answer any questions
> or complete any tests that make you feel uncomfortable without
> affecting your study compensation.

**17. Documentation of the consent**

> One copy of this document will be kept together with the research
> records of this study. Also, you will be given a copy to keep.

**18 & 19a. Consent of the subject & Audio/Video Recording of subjects**

> I have read the information given above. \[Project staff\] has offered
> to answer any questions I may have concerning the study. I hereby
> consent to participate in the study and agree to be videotaped and
> audio taped during driving and video review. I understand that
> segments from the video recorded during driving may be used in
> presentations to explain the results. My name will not be disclosed.
> When the project is completed, the raw tapes will be archived and may
> be used for future research, with the same assurances as described
> above.

**ADULT SUBJECT OF RESEARCH**

Printed name Consenting signature

Date

**19b. Use of Video Recordings in media \[Optional\]**

Segments from taping of my driving sessions may be used by the media
(e.g., on TV) to help explain this research to the public.

Signature Date

**19c. Use of Video Recordings by sponsor \[Optional\]**

The U.S. Department of Transportation and Delphi Automotive Systems, the
sponsors of this project, may ask for every piece of data collected
(including video/audio tape) except your name, address, and phone
number. I agree to the release of the desired data to them for any
purpose. The data will be identified only by a subject number.

Signature Date

# 14.10 Appendix D: Procedures for Test Track Subject Running {#appendix-d-procedures-for-test-track-subject-running .SaveIT-H1}

Experimenters used the following procedure when running the test-track
drives.

**Notes:**

-   Three people are required to run a subject: experimenter (E); brake
    person (BP) who sits in the front passenger seat and is responsible
    for using the passenger-side brake, it necessary; and a lead vehicle
    driver (LVD);

-   A communication device is used between E and LVD (i.e.,
    walkie-talkie).

There are six parts to a test-track session.

1\. E meets subject at guard shack

\- Subject (S) fills out required Dana paperwork (or turns in paperwork
if already completed)

\- E or BP alerts LVD to prepare surrogate vehicle for testing

\- LVD moves surrogate vehicle to track circle

2\. E and BP take S to subject room

\- S fills out consent form

\- E checks S's driver license

\- S completes pre-survey

-While S completes survey, BP will get SAVE-IT car ready to go, ensure
data collection instruments are working properly

3\. E takes S to SAVE-IT vehicle

\- E briefly explains the technology in the vehicle

\- E confirms that head pose tracking system functions with the subject;
if not, asks subject to adjust seat to provide a pose tracking "lock".

\- E explains the testing routine (what we'll be doing, reiterate track
procedures)

4\. Test Track (same direction of track flow each time -
counter-clockwise)

\- 4 laps of practice total; 2 with and 2 without lead vehicle (1 lap @
35 mph, 1 lap @ 50 mph for each scenario); return to circle; practice
time will also include some braking experience for subject

\- See TTMatrix for sequence of track test conditions; surrogate vehicle
leaves track area during LDW and distraction alert trials

5\. Return SAVE-IT car to parking area; return to subject room

\- S fill out post-survey

\- E will briefly discuss on-road portion of study, schedule S if study
allows at that time

\- Subject payment

6\. E takes S back to guard shack

**[Outline of Information to Cover with Subject]{.underline}**

All subjects will receive information regarding the following items:

i.  The vehicle - location of controls, seat adjustments, etc.

    a.  Passenger-side brake (used only in emergency)

ii. Check for head position recognition

iii. Technology in the vehicle

     a.  Explanation of what will be recorded

> \- 6 cameras on vehicle (locations); audio recording

b.  Three warning systems - LDW, Distraction, Frontal Crash Warning
    (FCW)

> \- LDW:
>
> \- senses position of vehicle in lane (can sense different colored
> lines, solid or dashed)
>
> \- buzzing sound and vibration in driver's seat on side where line was
> crossed
>
> \- Distraction:
>
> \- flashing red light near windshield
>
> \- FCW:
>
> \- senses vehicles in front; uses closing speed to produce alert
>
> \- solid red light near windshield and beep

c.  Adaptive versus non-adaptive systems

> \- Non-adaptive:
>
> \- gives above alerts using pre-determined algorithms/formulas
>
> \- Adaptive:
>
> \- senses the driver's head position, and only gives alerts if the
> driver is not paying attention (looking away), thus eliminating
> "nuisance alerts"

iv. Track rules

    a.  Opening gate

    b.  Speed limits

    c.  Crossing into circle to enter/leave track area

    d.  Emergency procedures to avoid crash: veer into middle of oval or
        into lane 2

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 73%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><blockquote>
<p><strong>Test</strong></p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p><strong>Speed</strong></p>
</blockquote></td>
<td colspan="2"><blockquote>
<p><strong>Headway (sec)</strong></p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p><strong>Brake (g)</strong></p>
</blockquote></td>
<td colspan="2"><blockquote>
<p><strong>Mode</strong></p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><strong>Test Description</strong></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p><strong>Alert</strong></p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p><strong>LV</strong></p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>P</strong></td>
<td>35/50</td>
<td colspan="2">---</td>
<td><strong>---</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Practice:</strong> 2 laps without lead vehicle [these laps
will include normal and hard braking practice]</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>All off</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td rowspan="10"><blockquote>
<p>No Lead Vehicle</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="8"></td>
<td rowspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>LDW on</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="8"><strong>LDW</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>1</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">50</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td colspan="2">N</td>
<td>G-1: driver experiences non-adaptive LDW alert by crossing lanes at
their own discretion</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">50</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td colspan="2">A</td>
<td>G-2: driver experiences adaptive suppressed LDW alert by crossing
lanes at their own discretion</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>3</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">50</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td colspan="2">A</td>
<td>G-3: driver experiences adaptive system still provides LDW for
head-not-forward by crossing lanes at their own discretion with their
head turned somewhat</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="8"></td>
<td rowspan="4"><blockquote>
<p>Dist. on</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="8"><strong>Distraction alert</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>4</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">50</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td colspan="2">A</td>
<td>D: distraction alert for distracted driver (without lead vehicle).
At least 2 trials to support the ability of drivers to provide
subjective feedback of the alert</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>P</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">35/50</td>
<td>---</td>
<td><strong>---</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Practice:</strong> 2 laps with lead vehicle (1 lap @ 35 mph,
1 lap @ 50 mph)</td>
<td rowspan="4"><blockquote>
<p>FCW on</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td rowspan="24"><blockquote>
<p>Includes lead vehicle</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="8"><strong>FCW</strong> trials – includes measurements of
some driver responses as well as exposing drivers to adaptive
features.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>5</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">50</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td><mark>A</mark></td>
<td colspan="2">A: surprise lead vehicle braking with distracted driver
(adaptive FCW alert without distraction alert) - measurement of driver
response</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="8"></td>
<td rowspan="3"><blockquote>
<p>All off</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>6</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">50</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>--</td>
<td colspan="2">C: (3 times in a row): lead vehicle braking with alerted
driver and no alert - measurement of driver response</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>7a</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">35</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>N</td>
<td colspan="2">F-3: <strong>experimenter</strong> demonstrates the FCW
alert with lead vehicle braking (E looking away)</td>
<td rowspan="17"><blockquote>
<p>FCW on</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>7b</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">35</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>N</td>
<td colspan="2">E-3: <strong>experimenter</strong> demonstrates the FCW
alert with lead vehicle leaving lane (E looking away)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>8a</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">35</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>A</td>
<td colspan="2">F-3: <strong>experimenter</strong> demonstrates the FCW
alert with lead vehicle braking (E looking away)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>8b</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">35</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>A</td>
<td colspan="2">E-3: <strong>experimenter</strong> demonstrates the FCW
alert with lead vehicle leaving lane (E looking away)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>8c</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">35</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>*</td>
<td colspan="2">H: driver completes IVIS task with lead vehicle NOT
braking</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>9</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">35</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>N</td>
<td colspan="2">F-1: driver experiences non-adaptive FCW alert with lead
vehicle braking</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>10</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">35</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>N</td>
<td colspan="2">E-1: driver experiences non-adaptive FCW alert with lead
vehicle leaving lane</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>11</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">35</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>A</td>
<td colspan="2">F-2: driver experiences adaptive suppressed FCW alert
with lead vehicle braking</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>12</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">35</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>A</td>
<td colspan="2">E-2: driver experiences adaptive suppressed FCW alert
with lead vehicle leaving lane</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>13a</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">50</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>*</td>
<td colspan="2">H: driver completes IVIS task with lead vehicle NOT
braking (2 laps; *A or N mode depending upon next test)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>13b</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">50</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td><mark>N</mark></td>
<td colspan="2">B: surprise lead vehicle braking with distracted driver
(non-adaptive FCW alert without distraction alert) - measurement of
driver response. (The sequence of A and B are to be
counterbalanced)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**[Prior to Lane Departure Warning Tests:]{.underline}**

The following tests will show you how the lane departure warning system
works. This system is designed to warn a driver if they are drifting out
of their lane or off the road. The warning you will receive from this
system is a flashing red light, and a buzzing sound and vibration in
driver's seat on the side where you crossed over the line. For the
following tests, please keep the car traveling at approximately 50 mph.

1 (G-1): First you will experience the system in non-adaptive mode. This
mode gives you the alert when you cross a line without signaling
regardless of whether or not the system determines that you are
attentive.

**Instructions:** Please drift out of your lane to your right or left at
your discretion without signaling to experience the alert.

2 (G-2): Now you will experience the same lane departure warning system
in adaptive mode. During this experience, you will not get the warnings
as you cross over the lanes because the system senses that you are
attentive and looking forward.

**Instructions:** Please drift out of your lane to your right or left at
your discretion without signaling.

3 (G-3): The system is still in adaptive mode, so it will sense whether
or not you are attentive. During the next test, the system will sense
that you are looking away and the car is drifting out of the lane, so
you will receive an alert.

**Instructions:** Please drift out of your lane to your right or left at
your discretion without signaling, but this time turn your head slightly
to face the "m" or "y" sticker on the dashboard or side view mirror.

**[Prior to Distraction Alert Test:]{.underline}**

The distraction alert is designed to sense when you are looking away,
and give you an alert to bring your gaze back towards the front of the
windshield. The alert you will receive is a flashing red light reflected
on the windshield in front of you. During this test, please keep the car
traveling at approximately 50 mph.

4 (D): When the system senses that you have had your head turned for too
long, you will receive an alert to draw your gaze forward.

**Instructions:** As you drive along the straight portion of the track,
please turn your head to face either the "m" or "y" sticker on the
dashboard or the side view mirror.

**Return to staging area**

Practice laps with lead vehicle (1 @ 35 mph, 1 @ 50 mph); headway = ±
0.5 (± 0.3 is better)

**[Prior to Forward Crash Warning Alert test:]{.underline}**

5 (A): \[continue to instructions\]

**Instructions:** For the next test, we are going to ask you to complete
a task using the navigation system while you drive. Keep the car
traveling at approximately 50 mph with a 2 second distance between this
car and the vehicle ahead; I'll prompt you until we have the right gap
between us. When entering data into the navigation system, there will be
a slight delay after you press the screen before your entry shows up.
Please type the following address into the navigation system: 6975
Maple.

> **After braking:**

FCW description: The test we just completed was an example of the
forward crash warning system. This system is designed to sense your
speed and the speed of the vehicle in front of you. If the system
determines that the closing speed is too great, in other words the gap
between your car and the car ahead is closing too quickly, you will
receive an alert. The alert for this system is a flashing red light
reflected on the windshield in front of you, and an audible beep sound.

6 (C): The next series of tests will have all of the vehicle's alert
systems turned off. We would like to get some basic information about
your braking response. We will be conducting this test several times.

**Instructions:** Please try to keep about a 2 second distance between
this car and the vehicle ahead; I'll prompt you until we have the right
gap between us. The vehicle ahead of us will begin to brake. Please
delay your braking until the last moment using normal but firm braking.
\[conduct 3 times\]

**[Prior to F-3/E-3]{.underline}:**

**Instructions:** Please pull the car into the staging area during the
next pass. \[Switch places in staging area; monitors off\]: I am now
going to drive a few laps in the car and demonstrate for you the
difference between the forward crash warning system in adaptive and
non-adaptive mode. The advantage of adaptive mode is that you will get
fewer alerts when you are paying attention. The possible disadvantage is
that will be delayed if the system determines that you are aware of a
situation when you are not. I will be driving at about 35 mph with about
2 seconds of headway. This demonstration will show you the difference in
how the system works when it senses that my head is turned and I am not
paying attention to the car ahead.

7a (F-3): First I will demonstrate the system in non-adaptive mode. The
vehicle in front of us will brake, and I will wait to brake until we get
an alert. Since the non-adaptive system does not sense my head position,
the alert will occur at the same point as it would if I was looking
forward.

7b (E-3): Now I will demonstrate the same system, but the vehicle ahead
will brake and move out of the lane. This demonstration is similar to a
car ahead of you slowing down and moving into a turn lane. We will get
the same alert at the same point as during the last test.

8a (F-3): Next I will be showing you how the frontal crash warning
system reacts in adaptive mode. The vehicle in front of us will brake,
and I will wait to brake until we get an alert. Since the adaptive
system will sense that my head is not facing forward, we will get an
alert earlier than before.

8b (E-3): Finally, I will demonstrate the adaptive mode of the system
again, but the vehicle ahead will brake and move out of the lane. We
will again receive an earlier alert since I am not looking forward.

**Return to staging area**

8c: For the next test, we are going to ask you to complete a task using
the navigation system while you drive. We'll be traveling at about 35
mph; please try to keep a 2 second distance between this car and the
vehicle ahead; I'll prompt you until we have the right gap between us.
Please type the following address into the navigation system: 7609
April.

**[Prior to F-3/E-3]{.underline}:**

**Instructions:** I will now pull the car into the staging area and we
can switch places again. \[Switch places in staging area; monitors on;
then\]: Please pull out of the staging area and keep the car traveling
at approximately 35 mph with a 2 second distance between this car and
the vehicle ahead; I'll prompt you until we have the right gap between
us. The next series of tests will be similar to the tests I just
demonstrated for you, but you will be looking forward.

9 (F-1): For the next test, the frontal crash warning system will be in
non-adaptive mode. As you drive, the vehicle in front will brake. Please
try to wait for the alert before braking, but do not depend on the
alert, and brake when you feel you must.

10 (E-1): The system is still in non-adaptive mode, but the vehicle
ahead will now brake and move out of the lane. Like before, this test
will simulate the real world situation of a car ahead slowing down to
move into a turn lane. Since the vehicle ahead will move out of the
lane, keep driving and only brake if you feel you must. Once we pass the
other vehicle, I'll ask you to stop the car. The alert will activate at
the same moment as during the last test.

11 (F-2): The frontal crash warning system is now in adaptive mode. As
you drive, the vehicle in front will brake. The system will sense that
you are looking forward, so it will give you an alert later than before.
This aspect of the system is designed to eliminate unnecessary or
"nuisance" alerts. You may not be comfortable waiting for the alert, so
do not depend on it, and brake when you feel you must.

12 (E-2): The system is still in adaptive mode, but the vehicle ahead
will now brake and move out of the lane. As before, the system will
sense that you are looking forward, so it will give you an alert later
than before, eliminating "nuisance" alerts (in fact, you may not receive
any alert). Since the vehicle ahead will move out of the lane, keep
driving and only brake if you feel you must. Once we pass the other
vehicle, I'll ask you to stop the car.

13a (H): \[continue to instructions\]

**Instructions:** Now we are going to ask you to complete a task again
using the navigation system while you drive. Keep the car traveling at
approximately 50 mph with a 2 second distance between this car and the
vehicle ahead; I'll prompt you until we have the right gap between us.
Please type the following address into the navigation system: 8346
Henry.

> **After completion** \[BP clears out address\]**:** Good, now please
> type this address into the system: 4157 State

13b (B): \[continue to instructions\]

**Instructions** \[BP clears out address\]**:** OK, now the following
address: 3201 Arbor

> **After braking:** During the last test, we attempted to surprise you
> again, were you surprised by the braking of the vehicle ahead?

**Return to staging area**

# 14.12 Appendix E: Dana Test Track {#appendix-e-dana-test-track .SaveIT-H1}

![](media/image2.wmf){width="5.170138888888889in"
height="7.158333333333333in"}

Figure 14.32. DANA test track

# 14.13 Appendix F: List of Recorded Data Signals and Other Data Acquisition Details {#appendix-f-list-of-recorded-data-signals-and-other-data-acquisition-details .SaveIT-H1}

This appendix includes descriptions of the recorded "numerical" data
signals, video data, and audio data.

## 14.13.1 List of Recorded Data Signals {#list-of-recorded-data-signals .SaveIT-H2}

Table 14.33. summarizes the data collected during both the track testing
and the on-road drives. Table 14.33 is several pages long, and
summarizes each signal by indicating which relational database table it
belongs to, the signal ID, the name of the channel (or signal), a short
description, units, and a "style ID". A style is meaningful for signals
that logged as categorical or ordinal values, e.g. "true/false". The
style ID is then described in Table 14.34.

Table 14.33. List of numerical data signals recorded during in-vehicle
evaluation

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Table                ID     Channel                   Description           Units     StyleId
  -------------------- ------ ------------------------- --------------------- --------- ---------
  AlertEvent           225    ASAttentive               Adaptive suppression  none      1
                                                        driver attentive                

  AlertEvent           227    ASBrake                   Adaptive suppression  none      1
                                                        brake depressed                 

  AlertEvent           226    ASHeadForward             Adaptive suppression  none      1
                                                        head forward                    

  AlertEvent           229    ASPostCross               Adaptive suppression  none      1
                                                        pre-crossing                    
                                                        allowance                       

  AlertEvent           228    ASPreCross                Adaptive suppression  none      1
                                                        pre-crossing                    
                                                        allowance                       

  AlertEvent           184    DistractionAlertByte      Distraction alert     none      
                                                        byte                            

  AlertEvent           188    DistractionAlertStatus    Distraction Alert     none      89
                                                        Status                          

  AlertEvent           181    FcwAlertByte              Cipv fcw alert bytes  none      

  AlertEvent           186    FcwAlertStatus            Fcw Alert Status      none      89

  AlertEvent           185    HeadwayAlertByte          Headway alert byte    none      

  AlertEvent           189    HeadwayAlertStatus        Headway Alert Status  none      89

  AlertEvent           183    LdwAlertByte              Ldw alert byte        none      

  AlertEvent           187    LdwAlertStatus            Ldw Alert Status      none      89

  AlertEvent           41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  Bytes                250    Comment                   Comment button        none      11

  Bytes                280    EnableByte                Enable byte from Ivis none      
                                                        echo message                    

  Bytes                275    SaveData                  Save data switch      none      1

  Bytes                278    Scenario                  Scenario derived from none      94
                                                        switch                          

  Bytes                282    Subject                   Subject number 1- 255 none      

  Data                 71     Adaptive                  Adaptive mode         none      11

  Data                 225    ASAttentive               Adaptive suppression  none      1
                                                        driver attentive                

  Data                 227    ASBrake                   Adaptive suppression  none      1
                                                        brake depressed                 

  Data                 226    ASHeadForward             Adaptive suppression  none      1
                                                        head forward                    

  Data                 229    ASPostCross               Adaptive suppression  none      1
                                                        pre-crossing                    
                                                        allowance                       

  Data                 228    ASPreCross                Adaptive suppression  none      1
                                                        pre-crossing                    
                                                        allowance                       

  Data                 65     Brake                     Brake                 none      11

  Data                 172    BRTAssumed                Brake reaction time,  sec       
                                                        assumed                         

  Data                 177    CipvAzimuth               Cipv Azimuth          deg       84

  Data                 175    CipvRange                 Cipv range            m         33

  Data                 176    CipvRangeRate             Cipv range rate       m/sec     17

  Data                 193    CurveRadius               Curve Radius from Yaw m         90
                                                        rate and speed                  

  Data                 188    DistractionAlertStatus    Distraction Alert     none      89
                                                        Status                          

  Data                 222    DrivingDemand             Driving task demand   none      91

  Data                 66     ExtendedBrake             Extended Brake        none      11

  Data                 230    EyeState                  Eye state             none      92

  Data                 186    FcwAlertStatus            Fcw Alert Status      none      89

  Data                 233    GazeDurationWarning       Gaze not forward time none      1
                                                        limit                           

  Data                 232    GazeNotForward            Gaze not forward      none      1

  Data                 189    HeadwayAlertStatus        Headway Alert Status  none      89

  Data                 138    LanePositionValid         Lane Position Valid   none      1

  Data                 187    LdwAlertStatus            Ldw Alert Status      none      89

  Data                 139    LeftBoundaryType          Left lane boundary    none      82
                                                        type                            

  Data                 137    LeftLaneCrossing          Left Lane Crossing    none      1

  Data                 129    LeftLaneOffset            Distance to left lane m         83
                                                        marker from camera, +           
                                                        to right                        

  Data                 170    MissDistanceAdaptive      Range - Alert         m         33
                                                        threshold range,                
                                                        adaptive                        

  Data                 171    MissDistanceNonAdaptive   Range - Alert         m         33
                                                        threshold range,                
                                                        nonadaptive                     

  Data                 231    PoseIdentified            Pose Identified       none      1

  Data                 236    PoseNotForward            Pose Not Forward      none      1

  Data                 140    RightBoundaryType         Right lane boundary   none      82
                                                        type                            

  Data                 136    RightLaneCrossing         Right Lane Crossing   none      1

  Data                 130    RightLaneOffset           Distance to right     m         83
                                                        lane marker from                
                                                        camera, + to right              

  Data                 278    Scenario                  Scenario derived from none      94
                                                        switch                          

  Data                 62     Speed                     Vehicle speed         m/sec     

  Data                 168    SpeedFiltered             Host speed filtered   m/sec     

  Data                 41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  Data                 64     TurnSignal                Turn signal           none      32

  Data                 166    VDot                      Host acceleration     m/sec2    

  Data                 167    VpDot                     CIPV acceleration     m/sec2    

  Data                 169    VpFiltered                CIPV speed filtered   m/sec     

  Data                 192    YawRate                   Yaw rate              deg/sec   17

  Dsm                  234    DistractionLimit1         Distraction Limit 1   none      1

  Dsm                  235    DistractionLimit2         Distraction Limit 2   none      1

  Dsm                  144    DsmIndex                  Dsm sequence counter  none      

  Dsm                  41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  Dvi                  77     AlertAudible              Audible alert type    none      78

  Dvi                  78     AlertHaptic               Haptic alert type     none      32

  Dvi                  80     AlertVisual               Exogenous icon        none      11

  Dvi                  41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  Dvi                  81     VisualColor               Exogenous icon color  none      80

  Dvi                  79     VisualPulse               Exogenous Pulse type  none      79

  FDVideoInput         162    VideoDigitalIn            Digital input from    none      
                                                        port 0 of 6812 board            

  FDVideoInput         255    VideoFD                   Forward and driver    none      
                                                        video                           

  FDVideoInput         160    VideoTime                 Time of video system  csec      

  Floats               281    BrtDefault                Brake reation time    sec       
                                                        default from ivis               

  Gps                  58     Differential              True if Gps fix is    none      1
                                                        differential                    

  Gps                  56     FixMode                   Gps fix mode          none      74

  Gps                  51     GpsHeading                Gps heading from      deg       19
                                                        Trimble Gps                     

  Gps                  237    GpsNewEven                True if new gps data  none      1
                                                        this sequence and               
                                                        even time                       

  Gps                  52     GpsSpeed                  Speed from gps        m/sec     36

  Gps                  55     GpsTime                   Gps millisecs in week msec      
                                                        from Gps                        

  Gps                  48     Latitude                  Latitude from Trimble deg       15
                                                        Gps                             

  Gps                  49     Longitude                 Longitude from        deg       15
                                                        Trimble Gps                     

  Gps                  50     NumberOfSats              Number of sattelites  none      
                                                        from Gps                        

  Gps                  41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  GpsInput             58     Differential              True if Gps fix is    none      1
                                                        differential                    

  GpsInput             56     FixMode                   Gps fix mode          none      74

  GpsInput             59     GpsBytes                  Number of bytes in    none      
                                                        Gps buffer for debug.           

  GpsInput             51     GpsHeading                Gps heading from      deg       19
                                                        Trimble Gps                     

  GpsInput             52     GpsSpeed                  Speed from gps        m/sec     36

  GpsInput             55     GpsTime                   Gps millisecs in week msec      
                                                        from Gps                        

  GpsInput             54     GpsWeek                   Gps week from Trimble none      
                                                        Gps                             

  GpsInput             48     Latitude                  Latitude from Trimble deg       15
                                                        Gps                             

  GpsInput             49     Longitude                 Longitude from        deg       15
                                                        Trimble Gps                     

  GpsInput             50     NumberOfSats              Number of sattelites  none      
                                                        from Gps                        

  Header               20     Driver                    Driver number 1- 255  none      38

  Header               21     Trip                      Trip number           none      39

  HeaderId             42     TimeOfDay                 Time of day (local)   none      

  Id                   20     Driver                    Driver number 1- 255  none      38

  Id                   21     Trip                      Trip number           none      39

  IvisHead             204    SwitchId                  Ivis switch           none      

  IvisHead             41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  IvisHead             208    TouchpadX                 Ivis touchpad X       none      

  IvisHead             207    TouchpadY                 Ivis touchpad Y       none      

  IvisHead             206    Tune                      Ivis tune clicks      none      

  IvisHead             205    Volume                    Ivis volume clicks    none      

  IvisState            199    CurrentButton             Current Ivis button   none      

  IvisState            200    CurrentFolder             Current Ivis folder   none      

  IvisState            201    CurrentMessage            Current Ivis message  none      

  IvisState            197    CurrentPage               Current Ivis page     none      

  IvisState            198    LastPage                  Last Ivis page        none      

  IvisState            41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  IvisState            203    TuneClicks                Ivis tune clicks      none      

  IvisState            202    VolumeClicks              Ivis volume clicks    none      

  Ldw                  126    ImageFrame                Ldw image frame       none      
                                                        number                          

  Ldw                  132    LaneWidth                 Average lane width    m         83

  Ldw                  133    LateralSpeed              lateral speed         m/sec     17

  Ldw                  124    LdwAlignmentError         Ldw Alignment Error   none      1

  Ldw                  123    LdwCameraBlocked          Ldw Camera Blocked    none      1

  Ldw                  135    LdwCurvature              Road curvature        1/m       85

  Ldw                  131    LdwHeading                Angle of host vehicle deg       84
                                                        with respect to the             
                                                        lane, + to right                

  Ldw                  125    LdwNightMode              Ldw Night Mode        none      1

  Ldw                  121    LdwOperational            Ldw operation status  none      1

  Ldw                  122    LdwReducedVisability      Ldw Reduced           none      1
                                                        Visability                      

  Ldw                  127    LeftBoundaryConf          Left lane boundary    none      
                                                        detection confidence            

  Ldw                  196    PanAngle                  Pan Angle             deg       84

  Ldw                  134    PitchAngle                Pitch Angle of host   deg       84
                                                        vehicle with respect            
                                                        to the horizontal               

  Ldw                  128    RightBoundaryConf         Right lane boundary   none      
                                                        detection confidence            

  Ldw                  41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  Parameters           282    Subject                   Subject number 1- 255 none      

  QuadVideoInput       256    VideoQuad                 Side, rear, and ivis  none      
                                                        video                           

  RawAcm600            190    Acm600                    Acm message to radar  none      
                                                        sensor                          

  RawAcm600            41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawAlertEvent        182    AlertEvent                Alert event message   none      

  RawAlertEvent        41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawCimError          82     CimError                  CIM error can message none      

  RawCimError          41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawCimIvis           221    CimIvis                   CIM can message to    none      
                                                        Ivis                            

  RawCimIvis           41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawCimSpeed          61     CimSpeed                  CIM speed messGW      none      

  RawCimSpeed          41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawCimStatus         60     CimStatus                 CIM status            none      

  RawCimStatus         41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawCipvTarget        173    CipvTarget                Cipv target message   none      

  RawCipvTarget        41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawCountermeasures   165    Countermeasures           CIM countermeasures   none      

  RawCountermeasures   41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawDsm               143    RawDsm                    Dsm can message       none      

  RawDsm               41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawFlsStatus         142    FlsStatus                 Radar sensor status   none      
                                                        message                         

  RawFlsStatus         41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawIvisHead          194    RawIvisHead               Ivis head can message none      

  RawIvisHead          41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawIvisState         195    RawIvisState              Ivis state can        none      
                                                        message                         

  RawIvisState         41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  RawLdw               120    Ldw                       Ldw can messages      none      

  RawLdw               41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  Secondary            70     AbsTcActive               Abs or traction       none      11
                                                        control active                  

  Secondary            75     Ay                        Lateral acceleration  m/sec2    

  Secondary            174    CipvId                    Cipv scan id          none      

  Secondary            178    CipvScanIndex             Cipv radar scan index none      

  Secondary            67     Dark                      Dark photocell        none      1

  Secondary            72     K1                        K1 energized -        none      11
                                                        batteries connected             
                                                        in parallel                     

  Secondary            76     OutsideTemperature        Outside temperature   deg C     76

  Secondary            69     Prndl                     Prndl                 none      12

  Secondary            191    RadarIndex                Radar scan index      none      

  Secondary            74     SteerRaw                  Raw steering wheel    deg       84
                                                        signal, ccw is                  
                                                        negative                        

  Secondary            73     Throttle                  Throttle position     \%        

  Secondary            41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  Secondary            63     Wipers                    Windshield wipers     none      77

  Status               87     Acm2FAMissing             Acm message 2FA       none      1
                                                        Missing                         

  Status               113    Acm600Missing             Acm message 0x600     none      1
                                                        Missing                         

  Status               112    Acm605Missing             Acm message 0x605     none      1
                                                        Missing                         

  Status               96     AuxPowerOk                Aux power ok          none      1

  Status               114    AuxVisionMissing          Missing Aux vision    none      1
                                                        processor message               

  Status               97     BatteryOk                 Battery \> 10.5 volts none      1

  Status               84     BatteryVoltage            Battery Voltage       volts     86

  Status               102    CanFifoOverrun            Public can fifo       none      1
                                                        overrun                         

  Status               103    CanMessageOverrun         Public can message    none      1
                                                        overrun                         

  Status               105    CanRxErrors               Public can receive    none      81
                                                        errors                          

  Status               104    CanTxErrors               Public can transmit   none      81
                                                        errors                          

  Status               118    CanTxOverflow             CIM can transmit      none      1
                                                        overflow                        

  Status               119    CimOverload               Cim processor         none      1
                                                        overload                        

  Status               100    Class2CrcError            Class2 crc error      none      1

  Status               99     Class2Overflow            Class2 buffer         none      1
                                                        overflow                        

  Status               101    Class2SymbolError         Class2 symbol error   none      1

  Status               90     DriverButton              User event button     none      11

  Status               109    Dsm555Missing             Dsm message 0x555     none      1
                                                        Missing                         

  Status               110    Fls603Missing             Fls message 0x603     none      1
                                                        Missing                         

  Status               111    Fls604Missing             Fls message 0x604     none      1
                                                        Missing                         

  Status               91     JBox1Enable               Jbox1 enable          none      2

  Status               92     JBox2Enable               Jbox2 enable          none      2

  Status               93     JBox3Enable               Jbox3 enable          none      2

  Status               94     JBox4Enable               Jbox4 enable          none      2

  Status               106    Ldw4E1Missing             Ldw message 0x4E1     none      1
                                                        Missing                         

  Status               107    Ldw4E2Missing             Ldw message 0x4E2     none      1
                                                        Missing                         

  Status               108    Ldw4E3Missing             Ldw message 0x4E3     none      1
                                                        Missing                         

  Status               117    PartialLdwMessage         Partial Ldw message   none      1

  Status               116    PartialTrackMessage       Partial fls Track     none      1
                                                        message                         

  Status               98     RAP                       RAP?                  none      1

  Status               95     RunMode                   Run mode              none      1

  Status               115    ScanIndexMismatch         Scan Index Mismatch   none      1
                                                        between 603,604, 605            

  Status               41     Time                      Time in centiseconds  csec      
                                                        since das started               

  Summary              270    Acm600Count               Count of acm 600 can  none      
                                                        messages                        

  Summary              267    AlertEventCount           Count of Alert event  none      
                                                        can messages                    

  Summary              271    CimErrorCount             Count of cim error    none      
                                                        can messages                    

  Summary              273    CimSpeedCount             Count of Cim speed    none      
                                                        can messages                    

  Summary              264    CimStatusCount            Count of Cim status   none      
                                                        can messages                    

  Summary              223    CimVersion                Cim version           none      

  Summary              266    CipvTargetCount           Count of Cipv Target  none      
                                                        can messages                    

  Summary              272    CountermeasuresCount      Count of              none      
                                                        countermeasures can             
                                                        messages                        

  Summary              247    DasTemperatureHist        Das temperature       none      
                                                        Histogram                       

  Summary              45     DasVersion                Das software version  none      

  Summary              252    DasVoltageHist            Das Voltage Hist      none      

  Summary              258    Distance                  test distance         m         

  Summary              263    DsmCount                  Count of Dsm can      none      
                                                        messages                        

  Summary              249    EndTime                   Last time for test    csec      

  Summary              265    FlsStatusCount            Count of Fls Status   none      
                                                        can messages                    

  Summary              268    IvisHeadCount             Count of Ivis head    none      
                                                        can messages                    

  Summary              269    IvisStatusCount           Count of Ivis status  none      
                                                        can messages                    

  Summary              262    LdwCount                  Count of ldw can      none      
                                                        messages                        

  Summary              248    StartTime                 First time for test   csec      

  Summary              44     TestStart                 Absolute date/time    none      
                                                        corresponding to test           
                                                        time = 0 in access              
                                                        date/time format                

  Summary              47     TODTestStart              Absolute date/time    none      
                                                        corresponding to test           
                                                        time = 0 in access              
                                                        date/time format                
                                                        based on computer               
                                                        clock                           

  VideoFD              255    VideoFD                   Forward and driver    none      
                                                        video                           

  VideoFD              160    VideoTime                 Time of video system  csec      

  VideoParameter       259    AudioEnable               Audio save enable     none      1

  VideoParameter       260    FDDivisor                 Divisor for           none      
                                                        forward/driver video            

  VideoParameter       261    QuadDivisor               Divisor for quad      none      
                                                        video                           

  VideoQuad            256    VideoQuad                 Side,rear, and ivis   none      
                                                        video                           

  VideoQuad            160    VideoTime                 Time of video system  csec      
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 14.34. Style IDs and mapping of categorical data into text
descriptions

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  StyleId          Value            Name
  ---------------- ---------------- -------------------------------------
  1                0                False

  1                1                True

  2                0                Disabled

  2                1                Enabled

  4                0                Auto

  4                1                Manual

  5                0                Stopped

  5                1                Paused

  5                2                Running

  5                3                Initialized

  5                4                Stopping

  5                5                Starting

  11               0                Off

  11               1                On

  12               0                Unknown

  12               1                Park

  12               2                Reverse

  12               3                Neutral

  12               4                OverDrive

  12               6                Drive1

  12               7                Drive2

  12               8                Drive3

  12               9                Drive

  32               0                None

  32               1                Left

  32               2                Right

  32               3                Both

  72               0                Off

  72               1                Parking

  72               2                Low

  72               3                High

  74               0                Unknown

  74               1                0D

  74               2                2DHold

  74               3                2D

  74               4                3D

  74               5                OverDetermined

  77               0                Off

  77               1                Low

  77               2                Invalid

  77               3                High

  78               0                Off

  78               1                LdwLeft

  78               2                LdwRight

  78               3                Fcw

  79               0                Off

  79               1                3 pulse, 5Hz

  79               2                1 pulse,1Hz

  79               3                3 pulse, 5Hz(distr)

  80               0                Amber

  80               1                Red

  81               0                LT97

  81               1                GT97LT128

  81               2                GT128LT255

  81               3                GT255

  82               0                None

  82               1                Solid

  82               2                Dashed

  82               3                Virtual

  82               4                BottsDots

  82               5                RoadEdge

  87               0                LT30sec

  87               1                Lt1min

  87               2                Lt2min

  87               3                Lt4min

  88               0                Unknown

  88               1                Low

  88               2                Medium

  88               3                High

  89               0                None

  89               1                Alert

  89               2                Suppressed

  91               0                None

  91               1                Low

  91               2                Medium

  91               3                High

  92               0                NotFound

  92               1                FoundOpen

  92               2                FoundClosed

  94               1                Ldwn_1

  94               10               Fnbl_10

  94               11               Fab_11

  94               12               Fabl_12

  94               13               Fsbc_13

  94               2                Ldwa_2

  94               3                Ldwah_3

  94               4                Dist_4

  94               5                Fsbc_5

  94               6                Fresp_6

  94               7                Fbdem_7

  94               8                Fbldem_8

  94               9                Fnb_9
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

## 14.13.2 Details of Video Recording Approach {#details-of-video-recording-approach .SaveIT-H2}

Video recording was intended to capture data from the six NTSC video
streams from separate cameras, combined by quad splitters into two
recorded video streams. See Section 14.3 for examples of video from
these cameras.

The forward scene and the driver's face views were combined together and
captured continuously at 5 Hz at the track and 10 Hz during on-road
studies. The combined images were compressed using JPEG compression
techniques. The combined images were recorded, per ignition cycle, into
a single file that is a concatenation of JPEG representations of the
combined image, with headers that also include a timestamp for
associating the video data with the numerical data.

The two side views, the rear view, and the view of the center stack and
driver's hands were combined in a quad splitter, then captured with a
second framegrabber. The data is approximately 2 Hz all the time. The
compression is identical to that described for the combined forward and
driver-face images.

## 14.13.3 Details of Audio Recording Approach {#details-of-audio-recording-approach .SaveIT-H2}

Audio from within the cabin was collected continuously during all
testing activities. The audio data was recorded at 48 kbps and was
time-stamped in half-second packets for approximately synchronizing with
the numerical and video data.

# 14.14 Appendix G: Procedures for On-the-Road Subject Running {#appendix-g-procedures-for-on-the-road-subject-running .SaveIT-H1}

**NOTES**: Distraction Alert turned off for all OTR subject running; DTD
adjusted so IVIS screen doesn't change much during drive.

1\) 8:50 AM - Experimenter (E) checks vehicle for readiness (cables in
trunk, IVIS read-out of systems, etc.)

2\) 9:00 AM - E meets Subject (S) in UMTRI lobby

\- E asks S if they have parking permit are parked in visitor area

\- E takes S to room 112

\- S fills out consent form

\- E checks driver license (re-check)

\- E gives S description of the testing activities:

***Script*:** Today we will be asking you to drive the same vehicle that
you drove on the test track, only this time you will drive the car on
normal roadways. You will drive the same route twice today, the first
time with the car's warning systems in \[non-adaptive/adaptive\] mode,
and the second time with the warning systems in
\[non-adaptive/adaptive\] mode. The route you will drive will include
both freeway and surface street driving. While driving, please follow
all applicable traffic laws. Please drive as you normally would in your
own vehicle. We will not be asking you to drift out of your lane, delay
your braking, or trying to surprise you today. If you feel the need to
experiment with the warning systems, please do so early in the drives.
*\[During driving, E will not prompt driver if they start to speed,
etc., unless the driving behavior becomes unsafe\].* To ensure that all
subjects have a similar driving experience, we will also ask you not to
turn on the radio in the vehicle or talk to me unless you have questions
about one of the car's warning systems.

3\) 9:25 AM - E takes S to SAVE-IT vehicle

\- E pulls vehicle out of high bay

> \- E makes sure 'save data' setting is active and data monitor
> confirms this; checks for proper mode (non-adaptive/adaptive)

\- E conducts refresher training w/ S regarding FCW and LDW, Adaptive,
Non-Adaptive

***Script***: As a refresher from what you experienced during your test
track driving, now I'd like to describe for you the different warning
systems on this car once again. The [Lane Departure Warning]{.underline}
system is designed to sense the position of this vehicle in the lane
relative to the lines on each side of the lane. If the driver of this
car starts to drift out of the lane or off the road without using a turn
signal, the alert goes off. The alert for this system is a vibration in
the driver's seat and a buzzing sound on whichever side of the lane the
vehicle has crossed over the line, as well as a flashing red light the
reflects off the windshield in front of you. The other system you'll
experience today is the [Forward Crash Warning]{.underline} system. This
system is designed to sense the position and speed of this vehicle
relative to the position and speed of a vehicle in front of us. If the
gap between the two vehicles starts to close too quickly, the alert goes
off. In this case, the alert is a beeping sound, and once again a
flashing red light that reflects off the windshield in front of you *\[E
demonstrates alerts using IVIS\].*

These two systems work a little differently depending upon whether
they're in non-adaptive or adaptive mode. Non-adaptive mode provides
alerts based on your driving situation. The adaptive mode does this as
well, but takes into account whether you are looking forward and may not
provide an alert if you are looking forward, or may delay the alert. In
the long run, the adaptive system will have fewer warnings. However, the
adaptive system may occasionally suppress warnings when you're not
paying attention or are drowsy but your head is forward. Do you have any
questions about the warning system before we start? If you have a cell
phone, please make sure that it is turned off.

> \- E trains S on 3 IVIS tasks (radio tuning, phone dialing, nav system
> destination entry);\
> E sits in front passenger seat and moves through nav screens for
> subject

***Script***: As you drive today, I'll be asking you several times about
how safe you feel it would be to conduct three tasks you are about to
practice: tuning the radio, making a phone call, and using the
navigation system. I will ask you to rate the safety of each task on a
scale of 1-to-5, with 1 being very safe, and 5 being very unsafe.

**Radio tuning**: *\[E presses SRC button until Sat Radio comes up; then
press FM on the screen; turn volume up so that the radio is audible\]*
Please press "channel up" on the screen until you come to the preset of
103.3.

**Phone dialing**: *\[E presses the button w/ a phone icon\]* Please
enter the following number into the cell phone dialing system:
1-734-763-2466, then press "send."

**Navigation system**: \[E presses the NAV button; then "clear" on the
screen to remove the existing address\] Please enter the following
address into the navigation system: 2901 Baxter, then press "enter."

Please try to remember how much concentration it took to complete each
of those tasks. As I mentioned earlier, as we drive, I'll be asking you
to rate how safe you feel it would be to complete each task.

> \- E moves to back seat and S completes head position check; remind S
> not to put arm on top\
> of wheel while driving

4\) 9:45 AM - Drive A begins

> \- During drive, E asks S various hypothetical questions regarding the
> 3 tasks given the 3 levels of driving demand displayed on the monitor;
> E records responses on form *\[see OTRquestions.doc for form\]*

5\) 11:45 AM - Return to UMTRI; E takes S back to room 112

\- E asks S to park vehicle outside high bay, not blocking door.
Ignition is turned off.

\- E explains survey, including how to fill out scale at the top

\- S completes questionnaire regarding experiences with vehicle systems
during drive A

6\) 12:05 AM - Lunch

7\) 1:15 PM - Drive B begins

\- E changes mode

\- E confirms that data is being saved as drive starts

> \- During drive, E asks S various hypothetical questions regarding the
> 3 tasks given the 3 levels of driving demand displayed on the monitor;
> E records responses on form *\[see OTRquestions.doc for form\]*
>
> *Script*: For the next drive, I've changed the mode of the system to
> \[adaptive/non-adaptive\].

*\[If adaptive\]*: Recall that the adaptive mode provides alerts based
on your driving situation as well as whether you are looking forward or
not.

*\[If non-adaptive\]*: Recall that the non-adaptive mode provides alerts
based on your driving situation only, this one doesn't take into account
the position of your head.

8\) 3:15 PM - Return to UMTRI

\- E calls ERD to give a heads up -- either en route to UMTRI or upon
arrival

\- E pulls car into high bay

\- ERD staff retrieve data from car

\- E takes S to room 112

\- S fills out questionnaire regarding experiences with vehicle systems
during Drive B

> while E checks video camera for video review recording and ERD
> personnel readies video review
>
> \- ERD staff calls E in room 112 when data is ready to be loaded on
> laptop

9\) 3:35 PM - Video review *\[Begin recording with video camera; see
Video review.doc for script and questions; S's answers are recorded by
video camera and by E on data sheet\]*

10\) 4:25 PM - E asks S for overall impressions of systems *\[Script in
Video review.doc; responses are also recorded by video camera\]*

\- E calls ERD staff when completed so data can be copied to server

11\) 4:35 PM - S receives payment and is asked about future contact for
other studies

11\) 4:40 PM - E prepares for the next day (questionnaires, payment,
etc.)

***SUMMARY***\
Driving distance: 100.5 miles\
Driving time: 1 hour, 52 minutes\
**Surface streets: 58 minutes**

**Freeways: 54 minutes**

![](media/image3.png){width="6.455555555555556in"
height="4.301388888888889in"}

  ---------- ----------- ----------------------------------- --------- -------------------
  **Time**   **Mile**    **Instruction**                     **For**   **Toward**

  **9:00     **0.0**     **Depart 2901 Baxter Rd, Ann Arbor, **0.6     
  AM**                   MI 48105 on Baxter Rd (East)**      mi**      

  **9:01     **0.6**     **At near Dixboro, turn LEFT        **0.5     
  AM**                   (North) onto Green Rd**             mi**      

  9:01 AM    1.1         Turn RIGHT (East) onto Plymouth Rd  0.2 mi    

  9:02 AM    1.3         Take Ramp (RIGHT) onto US-23        4.2 mi    US-23

  9:06 AM    5.5         Road name changes to I-94 Bus       1.1 mi    
                         \[US-23\]                                     

  9:08 AM    6.6         At exit 35, turn RIGHT onto Ramp    0.3 mi    I-94 / Chicago /
                                                                       Detroit

  9:08 AM    6.9         Keep LEFT to stay on Ramp           0.4 mi    I-94 / Detroit

  9:08 AM    7.2         Keep RIGHT to stay on Ramp          0.3 mi    I-94 / Detroit /
                                                                       Airports

  9:09 AM    7.6         At exit 180B, take Ramp onto I-94   23.9 mi   I-94

  9:29 AM    31.5        At exit 204, turn off onto Ramp     0.2 mi    M-39 / Southfield
                                                                       Fwy / Pelham Rd

  9:29 AM    31.7        Keep LEFT to stay on Ramp           0.4 mi    M-39 / Southfield
                                                                       Fwy

  9:30 AM    32.1        Take Ramp (LEFT) onto SR-39         0.9 mi    M-39 / Southfield
                         \[Southfield Fwy\]                            Fwy

  **9:31     **33.0**    **At 3, stay on SR-39 \[Southfield  **13.3    
  AM**                   Fwy\] (North)**                     mi**      

  **9:45     **46.4**    **At near Southfield, merge onto    **5.9     
  AM**                   Southfield Rd**                     mi**      

  9:52 AM    52.3        Turn LEFT (West) onto W Maple Rd    0.2 mi    

  **9:53     **52.5**    **At Linden Park, stay on W Maple   **3.1     
  AM**                   Rd (West)**                         mi**      

  **9:58     **55.6**    **At near Franklin, turn LEFT       **15.0    
  AM**                   (South) onto US-24 \[Telegraph      mi**      
                         Rd\]**                                        

  10:16 AM   70.6        Keep RIGHT onto Local road(s)       0.1 mi    M-153 / Ford Rd
                                                                       East-West

  10:16 AM   70.8        Turn RIGHT (West) onto SR-153       0.2 mi    
                         \[Ford Rd\]                                   

  **10:16    **70.9**    **At near Dearborn Heights, stay on **11.7    
  AM**                   SR-153 \[Ford Rd\] (West)**         mi**      

  **10:33    **82.7**    **At near Cherry Hill, turn RIGHT   **4.3     
  AM**                   (North) onto N Beck Rd**            mi**      

  10:39 AM   87.0        Take Ramp (RIGHT) onto SR-14        0.9 mi    M-14 / Ann Arbor

  **10:40    **87.8**    **At near Plymouth, stay on SR-14   **9.9     
  AM**                   (West)**                            mi**      

  10:48 AM   97.7        At exit 8, take Ramp (LEFT) onto    1.1 mi    US-23 / Toledo
                         US-23                                         

  10:49 AM   98.8        At exit 41, keep RIGHT onto Ramp    0.4 mi    Plymouth Rd

  10:50 AM   99.2        Turn RIGHT (West) onto Plymouth Rd  0.2 mi    

  10:50 AM   99.4        Turn LEFT (South) onto Green Rd     0.5 mi    

  **10:51    **99.9**    **At near Dixboro, turn RIGHT       **0.6     
  AM**                   (West) onto Baxter Rd**             mi**      

  **10:52    **100.5**   **Arrive 2901 Baxter Rd, Ann Arbor,           
  AM**                   MI 48105**                                    
  ---------- ----------- ----------------------------------- --------- -------------------

# 14.15 Appendix H: Post-Track-Testing Questionnaire {#appendix-h-post-track-testing-questionnaire .SaveIT-H1}

After completing the test-track procedures, drivers were asked to
complete five slightly different versions of the post-track-testing
questionnaire. The five versions addressed the five warning subsystems
experienced on the track:

-   Non-adaptive Lane Departure Warning System

-   Non-adaptive Forward Crash Warning System

-   Adaptive Lane Departure Warning System

-   Adaptive Forward Crash Warning System

-   Distraction Warning System

![](media/image4.wmf){width="6.332638888888889in"
height="6.605555555555555in"}

# 14.16 Appendix I: Post-Road-Testing Questionnaire {#appendix-i-post-road-testing-questionnaire .SaveIT-H1}

After completing each of the two on-road drives, drivers were asked to
complete a questionnaire for the adaptive and non-adaptive systems.

## 14.16.1 Questionnaire for Non-Adaptive and Adaptive LDW Systems {#questionnaire-for-non-adaptive-and-adaptive-ldw-systems .SaveIT-H2}

![](media/image5.wmf){width="6.499305555555556in"
height="7.211805555555555in"}

## 14.16.2 Questionnaire for Non-Adaptive and Adaptive FCW Systems {#questionnaire-for-non-adaptive-and-adaptive-fcw-systems .SaveIT-H2}

![](media/image6.wmf){width="6.499305555555556in"
height="7.188194444444444in"}

# 14.17 Appendix J: Driver Responses to Post-Drive Questionnaires {#appendix-j-driver-responses-to-post-drive-questionnaires .SaveIT-H1}

This appendix provides tallies of responses to the post-drive
questionnaires. Some questions were not posed to subjects after the
test-track portion.

**If it were available, I would want a*(n) \[insert warning system\]* on
my next car:**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 24%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2" rowspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"><blockquote>
<p>Test Track</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td colspan="4">On The Road</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">Non-Adaptive</td>
<td colspan="2">Adaptive</td>
<td colspan="2">Non-Adaptive</td>
<td colspan="2">Adaptive</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Freq</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>Freq</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>Freq</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>Freq</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="5">LDW</td>
<td>Strongly agree</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>69.2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>41.7</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>54.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Mildly agree</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>30.8</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>23.1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>25.0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>27.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Agree/Disagree equally</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>11.5</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>7.7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>16.7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>18.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Mildly disagree</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Strongly disagree</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>16.7</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="5">FCW</td>
<td>Strongly agree</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>53.9</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>73.1</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>41.7</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>63.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Mildly agree</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>30.8</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>26.9</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>25.0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>27.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Agree/Disagree equally</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>7.7</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>16.7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>9.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Mildly disagree</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>7.7</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>8.3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Strongly disagree</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>8.3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="5">Distraction alert</td>
<td>Strongly agree</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>46.2</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Mildly agree</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>30.8</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Agree/Disagree equally</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>23.1</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Mildly disagree</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Strongly disagree</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**What is the most you would pay to have *(n) \[insert warning system\]*
on your next car?**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2" rowspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"><blockquote>
<p>Test Track</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td colspan="4">On The Road</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">Non-Adaptive</td>
<td colspan="2">Adaptive</td>
<td colspan="2">Non-Adaptive</td>
<td colspan="2">Adaptive</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Freq</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>Freq</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>Freq</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>Freq</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="5">LDW</td>
<td>$0-$500</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>73.1</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>65.4</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>81.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>$501-$1,000</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>19.2</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>26.9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>8.3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>$1,001-$1,500</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>16.7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>9.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>$1,501-$2,000</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>9.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>$2,001 - greater</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>7.7</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>8.3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="6">FCW</td>
<td>$0-$500</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>65.4</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>48.0</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>66.7</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>63.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>$501-$1,000</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>26.9</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>36.0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>25.0</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>36.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>$1,001-$1,500</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>8.0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>8.3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>$1,501-$2,000</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>$2,001 - greater</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Missing</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="5">Distraction alert</td>
<td>$0-$500</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>73.1</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>$501-$1,000</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>19.2</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>$1,001-$1,500</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>$1,501-$2,000</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>$2,001 - greater</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
<td>---</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**How often did the *\[insert warning system\]* function as you
expected:**

  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------- --------
                                      Non-Adaptive            Adaptive   

                                      Freq           \%       Freq       \%

  LDW    Never                        0              0.0      1          9.1

         Hardly ever                  1              8.3      0          0.0

         Occasionally                 2              16.7     3          27.3

         Quite often                  1              8.3      0          0.0

         Frequently                   4              33.3     4          36.4

         Nearly all the time          4              33.3     3          27.3

  FCW    Never                        2              16.7     0          0.0

         Hardly ever                  0              0.0      1          9.1

         Occasionally                 3              25.0     4          36.4

         Quite often                  3              25.0     1          9.1

         Frequently                   2              16.7     2          18.2

         Nearly all the time          2              16.7     3          27.3
  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------- --------

**How often did the *\[insert warning system\]* give a warning that you
felt was appropriate?**

  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------- --------
                                      Non-Adaptive            Adaptive   

                                      Freq           \%       Freq       \%

  LDW    Did not ever receive a       0              0.0      5          45.5
         warning                                                         

         Never                        0              0.0      0          0.0

         Hardly ever                  1              8.3      1          9.1

         Occasionally                 2              16.7     1          9.1

         Quite often                  4              33.3     1          9.1

         Frequently                   3              25.0     1          9.1

         Nearly all the time          2              16.7     2          18.2

  FCW    Did not ever receive a       1              8.3      1          9.1
         warning                                                         

         Never                        2              16.7     4          36.4

         Hardly ever                  3              25.0     2          18.2

         Occasionally                 1              8.3      1          9.1

         Quite often                  2              16.7     1          9.1

         Frequently                   1              8.3      0          0.0

         Nearly all the time          2              16.7     2          18.2
  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------- --------

**How often did the *\[insert warning system\]* gave a warning that you
felt was unnecessary?**

  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------- --------
                                      Non-Adaptive            Adaptive   

                                      Freq           \%       Freq       \%

  LDW    Did not ever receive a       0              0.0      4          36.4
         warning                                                         

         Never                        0              0.0      1          9.1

         Hardly ever                  5              41.7     5          45.5

         Occasionally                 4              33.3     1          9.1

         Quite often                  0              0.0      0          0.0

         Frequently                   1              8.3      0          0.0

         Nearly all the time          2              16.7     0          0.0

  FCW    Did not ever receive a       1              8.3      2          18.2
         warning                                                         

         Never                        1              8.3      1          9.1

         Hardly ever                  1              8.3      2          18.2

         Occasionally                 3              25.0     3          27.3

         Quite often                  2              16.7     2          18.2

         Frequently                   2              16.7     0          0.0

         Nearly all the time          2              16.7     1          9.1
  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------- --------

**When the *\[insert warning system\]* gave a warning that you
considered unnecessary, what level of annoyance did you feel?**

  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------- --------
                                      Non-Adaptive            Adaptive   

                                      Freq           \%       Freq       \%

  LDW    Did not ever receive a       0              0.0      4          36.4
         warning                                                         

         None                         1              8.3      2          18.2

         Mild                         8              66.7     5          45.5

         Moderate                     2              16.7     0          0.0

         A lot                        1              8.3      0          0.0

         Extreme                      0              0.0      0          0.0

  FCW    Did not ever receive a       2              16.7     2          18.2
         warning                                                         

         None                         1              8.3      4          36.4

         Mild                         6              50.0     4          36.4

         Moderate                     2              16.7     1          9.1

         A lot                        1              8.3      0          0.0

         Extreme                      0              0.0      0          0.0
  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------- --------

**How often did the *\[insert warning system\]* alert you to a potential
forward crash?**

  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------- --------
                                      Non-Adaptive            Adaptive   

                                      Freq           \%       Freq       \%

  LDW    Did not ever receive a       1              8.3      6          54.6
         warning                                                         

         Never                        7              58.3     3          27.3

         Hardly ever                  2              16.7     1          9.1

         Occasionally                 1              8.3      1          9.1

         Quite often                  0              0.0      0          0.0

         Frequently                   1              8.3      0          0.0

         Nearly all the time          0              0.0      0          0.0

  FCW    Did not ever receive a       1              8.3      2          18.2
         warning                                                         

         Never                        3              25.0     1          9.1

         Hardly ever                  2              16.7     2          18.2

         Occasionally                 6              50.0     5          45.5

         Quite often                  0              0.0      0          0.0

         Frequently                   0              0.0      0          0.0

         Nearly all the time          0              0.0      1          9.1
  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------- --------

**How might the *\[insert warning system\]* be improved? (Write in space
below)**

Below are transcribed comments provided by subjects about each of the
five types of warning systems. The responses are categorized *post hoc*
by analysts, as denoted by brackets \[ \], for the reader's convenience.
The drivers did not see these categorizations. The following categories
are used:

-   \[Adaptation\] -- comment focuses on an aspect of the adaptive
    mechanism or adaptive system performance.

-   \[Concept\] -- comment on concept of the basic crash warning system
    (FCW, LDW, or distraction alert), where the topic is not about
    adaptation.

-   \[Displays\] --comment focuses on how the alert information is
    presented.

-   \[Functionality\] -- comment focuses on the performance of the
    generic system, and not specifically the adaptive/non-adaptive
    differences.

-   \[Other\] -- comment that does not fall naturally into another
    category.

-   \[Timing\] -- comment focuses on when the alert information is
    presented.

All bracketed text in the following lists was inserted by research staff
to clarify the driver's comments.

**Non-Adaptive Lane Departure Warning System following Test Track
Scenarios:**

-   \[Concept\]: Potentially a good base system for people like me - I
    sometimes crowd the driver's side of the lane.

-   \[Concept\]: Seems to be efficient w/o improvement

-   \[Display\]: Cut off speakers/sound system that might \"overwhelm\"
    other alarms (for cars w/huge sound systems!) \[seems to be asking
    for muting of other sounds during alerts\]

-   \[Display\]: Eliminate the buzz/vibration in the seat

-   \[Display\]: For the light in the front it is difficult to see
    because of the steering wheel position is in the way. Maybe You can
    put the light in front of driver. The buzzer in the seat I liked.

-   \[Display\]: I think both warning modes are unnecessary - the
    vibrator seems like it\'d be effective on its own - similar to the
    road cuts sometimes used on newer highways.

-   \[Display\]: Louder alert

-   \[Displays\]: I thought it was fine as; it hit on most senses

-   \[Functionality\]: May want to distinguish between crossing dashed
    line vs. solid line.

-   \[Other\]: I don\'t know that it could be \[improved\]

-   \[Other\]: I think that the system was perfectly adequate just as
    engineered.

-   \[Timing\]: Worked well - maybe a slightly earlier warning?

-   \[Timing}: Go off a little sooner, i.e., I felt I would have hit
    another car by the time it warned me.

**Adaptive Lane Departure Warning System following Test Track
Scenarios:**

-   \[Adaptation}: I\'m not sure the adaptive feature would be more
    valuable than the non-adaptive feature- especially if it\'s prone to
    more glitches.

-   \[Concept\], \[Adaptation}: I like the concept as is. Watch the
    cost! Make sure the system can reliably detect drivers head
    position.

-   \[Display\]: I liked the \"feel\" sensation possibly vibration in
    the steering wheel.

-   \[Display\]: Louder alerts

-   \[Display\]: More visible colored light

-   \[Displays\]: Again, the vibrator alone would work for me, and
    perhaps be less annoying or troublesome for passengers - the diver
    is the only one who needs the info

-   \[Functionality\]: I would like to see it work from right to left.
    Even if you turn part of your shoulders to look in back seat. (child
    in car seat)

-   \[Functionality\]: Same as non: Dashed vs. Solid \[refers to using
    different displays for crossing solid markers, versus dashed lane
    markers\]

-   \[Other\]: No changes to the system I used. It was effective.

-   \[Other\]: No comment worked well

-   \[Other\]: No improvement

-   \[Other\]: None, I thought it was ok.

-   \[Other\]: Same as non-adaptive

-   \[Timing\]:Warn sooner

**Distraction Alert System following Test Track Scenarios:**

-   \[Concept\]: \[Distraction alert is\] Not as helpful as the other
    systems. Don\'t tend to look away unless for a reason.

-   \[Concept\]: I think the other systems are better at alerting the
    driver and more advantageous in promoting response time.

-   \[Concept\]: With all the \"toys\" this should probably be
    \"standard equip\"

-   \[Display\]: Add the vibrations as someone is distracted, but the
    earlier warning was great.

-   \[Display\]: Change the location of the light or have an option to
    change the color of the light.

-   \[Display\]: Glare from the device onto the windshield was
    disturbing. Flash from the warning light could easily be missed by
    someone really distracted (looking over shoulder, etc.). Maybe have
    a flash on sides also or vibration?

-   \[Display\]: I found it least noticeable... perhaps locating small
    flashing lights at sides of the car as well... multiple lights,
    rather than one. i.e. several across the windshield and several
    along the passenger and driver window- so there is no chance that
    they are not over looked.

-   \[Display\]: Include a voice feature? Verbal alert supplement visual
    clues.

-   \[Display\]: Let other passengers know when driver is distracted in
    case they are the distractions (i.e. kids)

-   \[Display\]: Light didn\'t really catch my attention. Buzzer might
    be better, but would become annoying. Like a back seat driver
    telling you to keep your eyes on the road.

-   \[Display\]: Louder alert

-   \[Display\]: Switchable tone

-   \[Displays\]: Warning lights located other than in front of driver

-   \[Other\]: No improvements

-   \[Other\]: Not sure

-   \[Timing\]: Shorter time span for warning

-   \[Timing\]: Warn sooner

**Non-Adaptive Forward Crash Warning System following Test Track
Scenarios:**

-   \[Display\], \[Timing\]: The audible portion needs to work louder
    and every time. Also it seemed to go off too late. I would like the
    warning a few seconds sooner.

-   \[Display\]: Again audible cue for warning?

-   \[Display\]: Having a vibrating warning system along with light and
    beeper

-   \[Display\]: Since you\'re looking forward already perhaps the beep
    wouldn\'t be as necessary - the light is good, however. As you see
    it and register it quicker

-   \[Functionality\]: I might be interested in a warning about a high
    closing rate even if it is still a \"safe\" distance

-   \[Functionality\]: Seems like a good basic system- may get annoying
    depending on sensitivity - maybe make adjustable within certain
    parameters - allow driver to set alarm distances, with a built in
    base (can\'t dial it back too far so warning are too late)

-   \[Functionality\]: Will the warning sound add time for manual cars?

-   \[Other\]: Engineered effectively does fine job as is.

-   \[Other\]: I thought it worked fine as it did.

-   \[Other\]: No suggestions

-   \[Timing\]: Warn sooner

-   \[Timing}: More warning time needed

**Adaptive Forward Crash Warning System following Test Track
Scenarios:**

-   \[Adaptation\]: Didn\'t notice significant difference between
    adaptive and non-adaptive. Even though I\'m looking forward, I may
    not notice the brake lights or that the car is stopping rather than
    slowing, though I can see some difference than if I were looking
    away completely, so I guess there would be some value to the extra
    time if looking away.

-   \[Adaptation\]: Needs to be able to [always]{.underline} detect
    driver head position

-   \[Display\], \[Concept\]: A louder sound of the warning in front and
    on the sides of you. (in case you have the radio on loud) For the
    deaf move the light in other areas. I love the system!

-   \[Display\], \[Timing\]:Add audio cues, slightly earlier warning?

-   \[Display\]: Add vibration to the lane departure system

-   \[Display\]: Excellent system as is- sound of course is helpful
    since your peripheral vision may not pick up the dashboard light I
    like this system and would guess it would save significant numbers
    of lives if it comes in widespread use

-   \[Display\]: Make audible louder

-   \[Display\]: Once again, light placement

-   \[Display\]: Possibly have lights installed on the driver and
    passenger side below the windows -- in case the driver is gazing out
    the windows

-   \[Functionality\]: Does it adapt to road conditions?

-   \[Other\]: Also fine as is.

-   \[Timing\]: Alarm go off sooner

-   \[Timing\]: More warning time needed

-   \[Timing}: Warn sooner

**Non-Adaptive Lane Departure Warning System following On The Road
driving:**

-   \[Adaptation\]: 2 warnings 1 correct, 1 not - in my opinion prefer
    the adaptive system

-   \[Adaptation}: After driving in traffic I feel that the non-adaptive
    system is not nearly as useful as the adaptive system. Based on the
    fact that it went off with no real threat, it seems not to be
    necessary if you can use a system that takes into account whether or
    not you are paying attention.

-   \[Display\]: Light not visible in bright sunlight

-   \[Displays\]: Incorporate into seat bolsters

-   \[Displays\]: Sometimes the warning system went off but I didn\'t
    know why. So on the IVIS there should tell you in a short sentence
    or several words why the light warnings went on.

-   \[Functionality\] Needs to recognize lane markings better- picks up
    tar strips, and removed lane markings (i.e. from completed
    construction projects)

-   \[Functionality\]: Have the system distinguish between a deliberate
    lane change (without turn signal) and a non-deliberate drift out of
    the lane.

-   \[Functionality\]: On Ford road I tried the system on the left side
    where there was no line but clearly flat cement barrier and it did
    not react to my crossing or coming to close.

-   \[Functionality\]: Take account of road \"windyness\" - noticed the
    system on sharp curves with a opposite comber road surface. - bit
    superfluous there.

-   \[Other\]: Don\'t know

-   \[Other\]: No changes needed

**Adaptive Lane Departure Warning System following On The Road
driving:**

-   \[Adaptation\]: Move the camera so I (people) can rest arm on top of
    the steering wheel

-   \[Displays\]: A more gentle buzz in the seat.

-   \[Displays\]: If you go over the lane on the eight maybe there could
    be a vibration in the seat on the right side and/or on the back of
    the seat you are leaning on. I t would also be on the left side.

-   \[Functionality\]: No changes needed except possibly different
    programming for an aggressive driver

-   \[Other\]: Did not receive a warning

-   \[Other\]: I think it is functional just as is and shouldn\'t be
    changed. It didn\'t need to go off in the second drive and it
    didn\'t in the first drive it did go off when I drifted slightly.

-   \[Other\]: I want to be able to wear my sunglasses. (Some drivers
    were asked not to wear sunglasses if they appeared to affect head
    tracking.)

**Non-Adaptive Forward Crash Warning System following On The Road
driving:**

-   \[Adaptation\]: Make it adaptive :)

-   \[Adaptation}: I believe in comparison to the adaptive forward crash
    warning system the non- adaptive becomes substandard

-   \[Displays\]: a softer chime or a less harsh noise

-   \[Displays\]: Light not visible in bright sunlight

-   \[Functionality\]: Check on distance between cars needed to alert.

-   \[Functionality\]: Decrease distance between my car and car in front
    of me (making right turns) before signal goes off

-   \[Functionality\]: It could recognize that hard breaking is already
    occurring

-   \[Functionality\]: It reacted too quickly at slow speeds, going off
    all the time when I was behind someone turning right off the road.

-   \[Functionality\]: Take in to account, vehicles that are slowing to
    turn in front of my vehicle. Recognize lane changes in heavy
    traffic.

-   

**Adaptive Forward Crash Warning System following On The Road driving:**

-   \[Adaptation\]: Move camera over dash, also I felt I was not in
    danger when it gave me a warning.

-   \[Displays\]: Softer or more pleasant audio warning, buzzer seemed a
    bit harsh

-   \[Functionality\]: Compensate for lane changes - give a bit more
    time/leeway before warning.

-   \[Functionality\]: From Above: I only received two warnings - 1
    incorrect in my estimation, 1 correct. No suggestions for
    improvement

-   \[Functionality\]: I think that when it went off twice it was a
    little too sensitive. On one occasion a car turned out of my lane in
    to a parking lot and I didn\'t really come close but it went off.
    Another time a car crossed in front of me and although not close it
    went off again. the alert though isn't annoying and I guess better
    safe than sorry. I guess I would say it is better to be too
    sensitive than not sensitive enough.

-   \[Functionality\]: Possible different programming changes in
    distance per drivers habits - an adaptive program?

-   I need to be able to wear sunglasses the low overcast and sun today
    is quite tiring to my eyes

# 14.18 Appendix K: Drivers' Ratings of Alert Utility Based on Reviewing Video Clips {#appendix-k-drivers-ratings-of-alert-utility-based-on-reviewing-video-clips .SaveIT-H1}

Section 14.4.2.2 described the procedures used for asking the drivers to
review video of their own drives, as well as scripted events generated
by the research staff. Since each subject viewed clips from their own
driving experience, mean responses about how they collectively viewed
those clips are presented below by mode, system, and type of alert.

## Script: {#script .SaveIT-H2}

Here is a video segment from your drive. Please recall, as much as
possible, your state of mind and attentiveness to the driving task at
the time of the segment shown in the video. Please consider this
specific segment of your drive to let us know about your expectation and
preferences of the system. Please do not engage in "hypothetical
thinking" such as, "If I had not been paying attention, that alert would
have been useful." Please base your responses on your recall of the
driving situation and behavior at the time of the segment.

For each video event reviewed, there are two questions:

> A. I expected an alert from the system during this segment of my
> drive.
>
> ^1^ Strongly agree
>
> ^2^ Mildly agree
>
> ^3^ Agree/Disagree equally
>
> ^4^ Mildly disagree
>
> ^5^ Strongly disagree
>
> B: *\[If suppressed: If I had received an alert in this situation,\]*
> I felt *\[feel\]* that the system *\[would have\]* provided me with
> useful information during this segment of my drive.
>
> ^1^ Strongly agree
>
> ^2^ Mildly agree
>
> ^3^ Agree/Disagree equally
>
> ^4^ Mildly disagree
>
> ^5^ Strongly disagree

## 14.18.1 Analysis of Responses {#analysis-of-responses .SaveIT-H2}

The two following tables show the mean values of the responses for
several groupings of the events reviewed by drivers.

Table 14.35. Mean values of driver responses during video review

  ---------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
                               **A: Expected**       **B: Useful**

  **Overall**                  **2.74**              **2.35**

  **Subject Data Overall**     **3.60**              **2.87**

  Non-Adaptive                 3.53                  3.37

  LDW                          3.00                  3.27

  FCW                          3.93                  3.45

  Adaptive                     3.67                  2.33

  LDW                          3.55                  2.16

  FCW                          4.09                  3.00

  **Scripted Data Overall**    **1.94**              **1.87**

  LDW                          1.40                  1.58

  FCW                          2.48                  2.17
  ---------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------

Table 14.36. Scenario content of the potential alert events reviewed by
drivers

![](media/image7.wmf){width="6.495833333333334in"
height="2.178472222222222in"}

[]{.mark}

Table 14.37. Scripted scenarios used in the video review

+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
|      | **Scenario**        | **"Attentiveness"**   | **Likely       |
|      |                     |                       | SAVE-IT        |
|      |                     |                       | action**       |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
| **L  | Lane change without | Mostly attentive --   | Appropriate    |
| DW** | turn signal         | driver looks away     | suppression    |
|      | (freeway)/          | several times, but    |                |
|      |                     | not for more than 1   |                |
|      | \[trip 210, time    | sec each.             |                |
|      | 120370\]            |                       |                |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
|      | Lane change without | Attentive -- looking  | Appropriate    |
|      | turn signal         | forward               | suppression    |
|      | (freeway)\          |                       |                |
|      | \[trip 210, time    |                       |                |
|      | 172400\]            |                       |                |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
|      | Drift over outside  | Inattentive - driver  | Appropriate    |
|      | road edge           | looking to his right  | alert          |
|      | (freeway)\          | for prolonged period  |                |
|      | \[trip 210, time    | of time               |                |
|      | 155300\]            |                       |                |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
|      | Drift over center   | Inattentive - driver  | Appropriate    |
|      | dashed lane         | looking to his left   | alert          |
|      | (freeway)\          | for a long period.    |                |
|      | \[trip 210, time    |                       |                |
|      | 193040\]            |                       |                |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
|      | Drift over outside  | Inattentive - driver  | Inappropriate  |
|      | road edge (freeway) | feigns nodding off in | suppression    |
|      |                     | series of             |                |
|      | \[trip 210, time    | microsleeps.          |                |
|      | 182900\]            |                       |                |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
| **F  | Near intersection,  | Attentive -- looking  | Appropriate    |
| CW** | approaching slowing | forward               | del            |
|      | lead vehicle whose  |                       | ay/suppression |
|      | turn signal is on.  |                       |                |
|      |                     |                       |                |
|      | \[trip 214, time    |                       |                |
|      | 101500\]            |                       |                |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
|      | Approaching lead    | Attentive -- looking  | Appropriate    |
|      | vehicle that is     | forward               | del            |
|      | slowing gradually   |                       | ay/suppression |
|      | to a stop at a      |                       |                |
|      | traffic light.      |                       |                |
|      |                     |                       |                |
|      | \[trip 214, time    |                       |                |
|      | 300600\]            |                       |                |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
|      | Lead vehicle cuts   | Attentive --looking   | Appropriate    |
|      | in front of         | forward               | del            |
|      | driver's, then      |                       | ay/suppression |
|      | slows down until    |                       |                |
|      | light changes to    |                       |                |
|      | green               |                       |                |
|      |                     |                       |                |
|      | \[trip 214, time    |                       |                |
|      | 353300\]            |                       |                |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
|      | Near intersection,  | Inattentive --driver  | Appropriate    |
|      | approaching slowing | is looking to his     | alert,         |
|      | lead vehicle whose  | left for a long       | provided       |
|      | turn signal is on.  | period.               | earlier        |
|      |                     |                       |                |
|      | \[trip 214, time    |                       |                |
|      | 110300\]            |                       |                |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
|      | Passing a slower    | Ambiguous -- driver's | Ambiguous --   |
|      | vehicle, which      | head is to his left,  | alert would be |
|      | begins to brake as  | with occasionally eye | given early,   |
|      | lane change begins. | glances forward       | but is driver  |
|      |                     |                       | attentive?     |
|      | \[trip 214, time    |                       |                |
|      | 350820\]            |                       |                |
+------+---------------------+-----------------------+----------------+

# 14.19 Appendix L: Drivers' Responses to Final General Questions Regarding Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Crash Warning Systems {#appendix-l-drivers-responses-to-final-general-questions-regarding-adaptive-and-non-adaptive-crash-warning-systems .SaveIT-H1}

Following the video review, the 11 drivers who completed all test-track
and on-road experimental procedures were asked about their overall
impressions of the adaptive and non-adaptive crash warning systems. The
responses were captured by experimenters taking notes, and are provided
below.

1\) In your opinion, are there advantages to the adaptive system which
suppresses many warnings when you're looking forward?

-   No

-   Yes-appreciated more by more people b/c it would be going off
    constantly in rush hour - otherwise they would not buy it or
    disconnect

-   Less intrusive; prefer adapt; prefer system that can read eye
    position also; tell me things I already knew

-   Yes if drowsy - very helpful

-   Doesn\'t go off unnecessarily all the time - people ignore

-   May have purposely made move, don\'t want warnings in that case;
    adaptive takes that into account.

-   Yes

-   You won\'t get used to the system always going off - not
    desensitized to system b/c it doesn\'t always go off

-   Still are paying more attention looking straight ahead on the road
    -keeps you awake

-   Yes, if you take away drowsy driver stuff when went off he really
    needed it \[referring to the feigned drowsy-driver clip generated by
    UMTRI staff that was shown to all drivers\]

-   Prefer adapt; wont drive when sleepy; goes off less; but warning
    doesn\'t bother if non-adapt is cheaper than that one would be
    better

2\) In your opinion, are there advantages to the non-adaptive system
which does not consider where you are looking?

-   Yes always alert \"on toes\"

-   If your mind is \"out to lunch.\" In adaptive mode, the camera is
    fooled b/c you\'re looking forward but not alert.

-   Signal even if facing ahead; everyone use turn signals

-   Yes - especially inexperienced drivers. Longer trips - concentrating
    less.

-   On FCW not in LDW

-   If drowsy/ not paying attention; kept me a better driver

-   Yes

-   Going to make you analyze your driving more - make you more aware of
    your driving behavior - hopefully improve your driving

-   Liked better, driving (not always looking forward) liked to have
    head movement all over

-   Much less annoying than expected - warns you at all times

-   If cost benefit, then yes; if not careful then yes; benefit for
    others

3\) Do you have concerns with either system?

-   No

-   No concerns - good idea, especially LDW; system is too sensitive;
    needs to work well with glasses and sunglasses.

-   Overly responsive - traffic shifts. Could compensate for that
    movement.

-   People could become too dependent on system; pay less attention;
    like backup warning system, where people quit looking back how long
    until it warns you. Like a system in middle

-   Non-adaptive was too touchy, didn\'t take into account speed as
    expected turns in front

-   Becoming desensitized to both - might make passengers more nervous
    because of all the noises

-   Little reading on the screen telling why alerts went off

-   Adaptive - sleepy driver syndrome outweighs annoyance safety mild
    annoyances

-   No; if someone relied too much on system they might be less careful;
    fragility of system

4\) Which would you prefer in a vehicle that you or your family would
purchase:

a)  Non-adaptive system that gives the same warnings no matter where you
    are looking

b)  Adaptive system that suppresses most warnings when you are looking
    forward

c)  Neither system

d)  Both systems

e)  Don't know

> See results of drivers' responses to this last item in the main body
> of the report.

# 14.20 Appendix M: Willingness to Engage in IVIS Tasks during Driving: Cumulative Plots of Driver Ratings  {#appendix-m-willingness-to-engage-in-ivis-tasks-during-driving-cumulative-plots-of-driver-ratings .SaveIT-H1}

Drivers were asked to rate how safe they would feel engaging in three
IVIS tasks under different conditions. This section presents cumulative
charts of driver ratings of safety as a function of the IVIS task and
the driving demand level. See the following sections for background and
descriptions:

-   See Section 14.2.4 for information about the IVIS system and the
    distraction mitigation system, which is capable of allowing,
    advising against, or prohibiting the use of these three tasks and
    other IVIS functions as the level of estimated driving demand
    varies.

-   See Section 14.3.2.3 for more details on the training and procedures
    for this task.

-   See Section 14.4.3 for discussion of the major findings, which are
    supported by this appendix.

The figures that follow illustrate the cumulative safety ratings of
drivers.

![](media/image8.wmf){width="5.45625in" height="3.7506944444444446in"}

Figure 14.33. Driver willingness to engage in a touchscreen radio tuning
task as a function of driving demand. Distraction mitigation system
interventions are indicated

![](media/image9.wmf){width="5.6in" height="3.8520833333333333in"}

Figure 14.34. Driver willingness to engage in a touchscreen phone
dialing task as a function of driving demand. Distraction mitigation
system interventions are indicated

![](media/image10.wmf){width="5.583333333333333in"
height="3.8152777777777778in"}

Figure 14.35. Driver willingness to engage in a destination entry task
as a function of driving demand. Distraction mitigation system
interventions are indicated

# 14.21 Appendix N: Additional On-Road FCW Alerts Introduced by the Adaptive Mechanisms {#appendix-n-additional-on-road-fcw-alerts-introduced-by-the-adaptive-mechanisms .SaveIT-H1}

**14.21.1 250/239/469100 -- Subject 118**

Driver has been leaning forward and toward the driver's door, apparently
looking into the side mirror in preparation for changing lanes to pass
the slower lead vehicle. His face is largely out of the field of view
shortly before the alert occurs (the figure shows the moment when the
alert is recorded by the data system, and his eye has just come into
view). This driver contributed three of the six additional adaptive
alerts -- there is a good deal of body motion and direct viewing before
changing lanes.

![](media/image11.png){width="5.154166666666667in"
height="2.1645833333333333in"}

![](media/image12.png){width="4.999305555555556in"
height="3.967361111111111in"}

Figure 14.36. Subject 118

**14.21.2 250/290/59420 -- Subject 108**

In preparation to pass a slower vehicle on the freeway, the driver is
monitoring faster-moving vehicles in the left lane. His head moves
several times for short periods (half a second) back and forth between
the forward scene and the side mirror.

![](media/image13.png){width="4.999305555555556in"
height="2.104861111111111in"}

![](media/image14.png){width="4.999305555555556in"
height="3.967361111111111in"}

Figure 14.37. Subject 108

**14.21.3 250/294/98490 -- Subject 125**

This driver is monitoring his side mirror in preparation to pass a
slower vehicle on the freeway. The first two figures show that the
driver's head and gaze are forward at the time sample at which the FCW
alert was logged. The third shot is from 0.2 seconds earlier, in which
the driver's head and gaze are toward the side mirror.

![](media/image15.png){width="5.927777777777778in"
height="2.501388888888889in"}

![](media/image16.png){width="5.8069444444444445in"
height="4.602083333333334in"}

Figure 14.38. Subject 125

![](media/image17.png){width="6.493055555555555in"
height="2.734027777777778in"}

Figure 14.39. Subject 125, 0.2 seconds earlier

# 14.22 Appendix O: On-Road FCW Alerts during Adaptive-Mode Driving That Are Common to the Non-Adaptive System {#appendix-o-on-road-fcw-alerts-during-adaptive-mode-driving-that-are-common-to-the-non-adaptive-system .SaveIT-H1}

**14.22.1 250/240/494900 -- Subject 121, Adaptive System Advances the
Alert**

The driver is passing a slower vehicle on a multi-lane surface road. The
adaptive alert is 0.8 seconds earlier than the virtual non-adaptive
alert because the system has classified the head pose as not being
forward, due to recent head motions of the driver as she was looking out
the passenger side window to determine the traffic gap for an intended
lane change. Snapshots from the time of the earlier adaptive alert are
below, and snapshots at a time 0.8 seconds later are on the following
page. At the time of the adaptive alert, the driver's head had been
forward for approximately 0.5 to 1.2 seconds, depending on the
definition of "forward."

![](media/image18.png){width="4.716666666666667in"
height="1.9916666666666667in"}

![](media/image19.png){width="4.427777777777778in"
height="3.5034722222222223in"}

Figure 14.40. Subject 121

These are from the time that a non-adaptive system would have presented
the FCW alert (0.8 seconds later):

![](media/image20.png){width="5.874305555555556in"
height="2.472916666666667in"}

![](media/image21.png){width="6.002083333333333in"
height="4.756944444444445in"}

## **Figure 14.41. Subject 121, 0.8 seconds earlier** {#figure-14.41.-subject-121-0.8-seconds-earlier .SaveIT-H2}

**14.22.2 250/246/640330 -- Subject 113, Adaptive System Delays the
Alert**

The driver changes lanes around a decelerating vehicle that eventually
turns right. The non-adaptive system would have given an alert 1.1
seconds before the adaptive system actually presented its alert. The
driver's head pose is forward throughout. The time to collision for the
two moments are 9.9 and 3.8 seconds (adaptive alert), showing that the
forward conflict was not dangerously high at these moments. The driver
soon changes lanes and never applies the brakes. The snapshots below are
from the time of the actual adaptive alert.

![](media/image22.png){width="5.477083333333334in"
height="2.303472222222222in"}

![](media/image23.png){width="5.013194444444444in"
height="3.972916666666667in"}

Figure 14.42. Subject 113, at alert

These snapshots are from a time 1.1 seconds before the previous
snapshots (when the non-adaptive alert would have presented the FCW
alert).

![](media/image24.png){width="6.002083333333333in"
height="2.5243055555555554in"}

![](media/image25.png){width="6.002083333333333in"
height="4.756944444444445in"}

**Figure 14.43. Subject 113, 1.1 seconds earlier**