BOREAS TE-09 NSA Canopy Biochemistry

Summary

The BOREAS TE-09 team collected several data sets related to chemical
and photosynthetic properties of leaves. This data set contains canopy
biochemistry data collected in 1994 in the NSA at the YJP, OJP, OBS, BS
and OA sites including biochemistry lignin, nitrogen, cellulose, starch,
and fiber concentrations. These data were collected to study the spatial
and temporal changes in the canopy biochemistry of boreal forest cover
types and how a high-resolution radiative transfer model in the
mid-infrared could be applied in an effort to obtain better estimates of
canopy biochemical properties using remote sensing. The data are
available in tabular ASCII files.

Table of Contents

\* 1 Data Set Overview

\* 2 Investigator(s)

\* 3 Theory of Measurements

\* 4 Equipment

\* 5 Data Acquisition Methods

\* 6 Observations

\* 7 Data Description

\* 8 Data Organization

\* 9 Data Manipulations

\* 10 Errors

\* 11 Notes

\* 12 Application of the Data Set

\* 13 Future Modifications and Plans

\* 14 Software

\* 15 Data Access

\* 16 Output Products and Availability

\* 17 References

\* 18 Glossary of Terms

\* 19 List of Acronyms

\* 20 Document Information

1\. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS TE-09 NSA Canopy Biochemistry.

1.2 Data Set Introduction

These data describe the canopy biochemistry (lignin, nitrogen,
cellulose, starch, fiber) at the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
(BOREAS) Northern Study Area (NSA) Young Jack Pine (YJP), Old Jack Pine
(OJP), Old Black Spruce (OBS), Black Spruce (BS) and Old Aspen (OA)
sites.

These data were collected to study the spatial and temporal changes in
the canopy biochemistry of boreal forest cover types and how a
high-resolution radiative transfer model in the mid-infrared could be
applied in an effort to obtain better estimates of canopy biochemical
properties using remote sensing.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

These data were collected to study the spatial and temporal changes in
the canopy biochemistry of boreal forest cover types and how a
high-resolution radiative transfer model in the mid-infrared could be
applied in an effort to obtain better estimates of canopy biochemical
properties using remote sensing. Canopy biochemistry (lignin, nitrogen,
cellulose, starch, fiber) can be related to a number of ecosystem
processes, such as litter decomposition, nutrient cycling rates, soil
CO2 fluxes, carbon allocation between below ground and above ground
components, and photosynthetic capacity. There is some evidence
suggesting that several aspects of canopy biochemistry can be estimated
using high-resolution reflectance data in the mid-infrared. While
several biochemical components can be accurately measured in the
laboratory with ground plant material, making reliable estimates in real
forests is difficult because the structure of shoots, branches, and
trees influences the reflectance spectra.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

Sampling period, site identification, sample identification, fiber
concentration (%), cellulose concentration (%), lignin concentration
(%), total soluble sugars (%), nitrogen concentration (%), and starch
concentration (%).

1.5 Discussion

At the NSA (Thompson, Manitoba), foliage from the upper third of the
canopies of the YJP, OJP, OBS, and BS stands was sampled five times
during 1994 in conjunction with each field campaign (Focused Field
Campaign Winter (FFC-W), FFC-Thaw (FFC-T), Intensive Field Campaign
(IFC)-1, IFC-2, and IFC-3), while samples from OA were taken only during
IFCs. Samples were taken either on the day of or on the day following
the Airborne Visible and Infrared Imagining Spectrometer (AVIRIS)
missions in the NSA. Five samples were taken from five different
dominant trees at each site at each date. Trees sampled were black
spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and aspen (Populus
tremuloides). Samples were lyophilisated and ground (Tecator Cyclotec
1093 sample mill) to pass through a 0.40-mm mesh screen. For each
biochemical component, analyses were conducted on two random subsamples
that were equivalent to 100 mg dry weight for total soluble sugars or
starch concentration; 1 g for fiber, cellulose, or lignin
concentrations; and 500 mg for nitrogen concentration. Data given in
TABLE1 were averaged for the two subsamples.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS TE-09 NSA Photosynthetic Capacity and Foliage Nitrogen Data

BOREAS TE-09 PAR and Leaf Nitrogen Data for NSA Species

BOREAS Northern Study Area in situ Diurnal Gas Exchange and Water
Potential Data of Boreal Forest Stands.

2\. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Hank Margolis, Ph.D.

Universite Laval

Faculte de foresterie et de geomatique

2.2 Title of Investigation

Relationship between measures of absorbed and reflected radiation and
the photosynthetic capacity of boreal forest canopies and understories.

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Martin Charest

Universite Laval

Faculte de foresterie et de geomatique

Sainte-Foy, Quebec Canada

\(418\) 656-2131, ext. 4063

Charest@vm1.ulaval.ca

Contact 2

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Mika'lou Sy

Universite Laval

Faculte de foresterie et de geomatique

Sainte-Foy, Quebec Canada

Contact 3

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Hank Margolis, Ph. D.

Universite Laval

Faculte de foresterie et de geomatique

Sainte-Foy, Quebec Canada

\(418\) 656-7120

margolha@vm1.ulaval.ca

Contact 4

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Shelaine Curd

Raytheon STX Corporation

NASA/GSFC

Greenbelt, MD

\(301\) 286-2447

\(301\) 286-0239 fax

shelaine.curd@gsfc.nasa.gov

3\. Theory of Measurements

For total soluble sugars and starch concentrations, each subsample was
extracted in a 15-ml aliquot of methanol-chloroform-water solvent
(M-C-W: 12-5-3). Extracts were centrifuged three times for five minutes
each time at 3,500 rpm. Two 75-ml aliquots were used to quantify soluble
sugars (Dubois et al., 1956), and another group of two 75-ml aliquots
was used for starch (Boehringer Mannheim Company, 1993).
Spectrophotometric measurements were made using a Spectronic 20 (Bausch
and Lomb). Transmittance readings first were made using glass cells and
were then converted to corresponding absorbencies.

Fiber, lignin, and cellulose analyses were conducted following material
extraction in a mixture of H2SO4 0.5 M and cetyltrimethylammonium
bromide (Ryan et al., 1990). Fiber concentration was analyzed from these
first extracts while lignin and cellulose were conducted on insoluble
residues (Ryan et al., 1990). A second extraction in 72% H2SO4 for 3
hours at 20-238 C removed the cellulose concentration (Ryan et al.
1990). Residues were then ashed at 4508 C for 8 hours to obtain the
ash-free lignin concentration (Ryan et al., 1990).

Nitrogen concentration analysis was conducted using the micro-Kjeldahl
method (Parkinson and Allen, 1975). The sample distillation was
conducted using a Kjeltec 1030 autoanalyzer, which is a single unit for
fast and automatic distillation, titration, and calculation using the
Kjeldahl method. Results from this distillator model are presented on a
digital display or printed.

4\. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

Shotgun, cooler with icebags, plastic bags, pruner, automatic dispenser,
glass test tubes, Eppendorf pipet, high-precision balancegrinding
machine, centrifuge, distillator, spectrophotometer, glass cells,
chemical products, lysophilisator.

4.1.1 Collection Environment

Sites:

Samples were collected from five sites at the NSA in Thompson, Manitoba.
The sites are described in Appendix I and can be identified in Figure
5.1.5a of the BOREAS Experiment Plan, Version 3.0.

YJP T8S9T

OJP T7Q8T

OBS T3R8T

BS T6R5S

OA T2Q6A

Sampling:

Sampling dates, except those in the winter and thaw periods, correspond
with either the day of or the day following the AVIRIS missions in the
NSA. For each site, branches were taken from the upper third of the
canopy of five dominant trees in a representative location using a
shotgun. Branches were kept in labeled plastic bags, stored in a cooler
containing icebags, and transported to the laboratory in Thompson. From
each bag, an appropriate amount of foliage was lyophilisated and ground.
Two equivalent subsamples were then taken and extracted for each
biochemical component. Analyses were conducted on those extracts.

Extractions:

Automatic dispensers were used to deliver the 15-ml aliquots of
methanol-chloroform-water solvent (M-C-W: 12-5-3) in glass test tubes
containing ground material for soluble sugars and starch analysis.

Raw fiber concentration is strongly correlated to the proximate carbon
fraction (Ryan et al., 1990) and is used in entomology to estimate the
non-nutritive component of foliage. It was determined from a mixture of
H2SO4 0.5 M and cetyltrimethyl-ammonium extracts. Residues of this first
extraction were extracted in 72% H2SO4 for 3 hours at 20-238 C to remove
cellulose concentration. Residues were then ashed at 4508 C for 8 hours
to obtain the ash-free lignin concentration. For nitrogen analysis,
samples were digested using a solution mixing 350 ml of H2O2, 0.42 g Se
powder, and 14 g Li2SO4.H2O in a flat-bottomed, boiling flask and
carefully adding 420 ml H2SO4 while swirling and cooling the mixture was
stored at 18 C.

Quantities estimated:

Components were calculated according to respective references and were
expressed in percentage of foliage material dry weight basis.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

One or two persons collected branches at all sites, putthem in labeled
plastic bags in a cooler containing icebags, and transported them to
laboratory. Foliage was then sampled, lyophilisated, and ground.
Subsamples were taken for extractions and analyses.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The mission was undertaken to establish the relationship between
biochemical patterns and high-resolution mid-infrared reflectance data
taken with AVIRIS on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) ER-2 aircraft.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Foliar concentrations in fiber (%), cellulose (%), lignin (%), total
soluble sugars (%), nitrogen (%), and starch (%).

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Not applicable.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

Samples were harvested from the upper third of the canopy of five
dominant trees for all sites at all sampling dates.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Grinding machine

Tecator Cyclotec 1093 sample mill

Tecator Inc., P.O. Box 405

Herndon, VA, 22070 USA

\(703\) 435-3300.

Weighing balance

Mettler-Toledo AG, Type AB104

IM Langacher, CH-8606 Greifensee,

Switzerland

\(01\) 944 22 11

Telex: 82 61 50

Chemical Products

Sigma Chemical Company

P.O. Box 14508

St. Louis, MO, 63178-9916 USA

1-800-3253010

Centrifuge

IEC Model HN-SII Centrifuge

300, Second Avenue

Needham Heights, Mass. 02194 USA

Spectrophotometer

Spectronic 20

Bausch and Lomb

Glass cells

Hellma

Fisher Scientific,

8505 Devonshire Rd Montreal (Quebec)

Canada H4P 2 L4

Starch test kit

Boehringer Mannheim, UV-method, Cat. No. 207748

Sigma Chemical Company

P.O. Box 14508

St. Louis, MO, 63178-9916 USA

1-800-3253010

Distillator

Kjeltec auto1030 analyzer

Tecator Inc., P.O. Box 405, Herndon,

Virginia, 22070 USA

\(703\) 435-3300.

Dispenser

Compet, 5 ml bottle top dispenser

Nichiryo Co. LTD.

Tokyo, Japan

4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

The weighing balance was accurate to within 0.0001 g.

The automatic dispenser was accurate to within 1%.

The spectrophotometer was accurate to within 0.001 absorbance unit.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

Not applicable.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

The control level on the spectrophotometer was verified (0 absorbance
unit) after each group of five samples.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

Not available.

5\. Data Acquisition Methods

Sites:

Samples were collected from five NSA sites in Thompson, Manitoba. The
sites are described in Appendix I and can be identified in Figure 5.1.5a
of the BOREAS Experiment Plan (Version 3.0).

YJP T8S9T

OJP T7Q8T

OBS T3R8T

BS T6R5S

OA T2Q6A

Sampling:

Sampling dates, except those in the winter and thaw periods, correspond
with either the day of or the day following the AVIRIS missions in the
NSA. For each site, branches were taken from the upper third of the
canopy of five dominant trees in a representative location using a
shotgun. Branches were kept in labelled plastic bags, stored in a cooler
containing icebags, and transported to the laboratory in Thompson. From
each bag, an appropriate amount of foliage was lyophilisated and ground.
Two equivalent subsamples were then taken and extracted for each
biochemical component. Analyses were conducted on those extracts.

Extractions:

Automatic dispensers were used to deliver the 15-ml aliquots of
methanol-chloroform-water solvent (M-C-W: 12-5-3) in glass test tubes
containing ground material for soluble sugars and starch analysis.

Raw fiber concentration is strongly correlated to the proximate carbon
fraction (Ryan et al., 1990) and is used in entomology to estimate the
non-nutritive component of foliage. It was determined from a mixture of
H2SO4 0.5 M and cetyltrimethyl-ammonium extracts. Residues of this first
extraction were extracted in 72% H2SO4for 3hours at 20-238 C to remove
cellulose concentration. Residues were then ashed at 4508 C for 8 hours
to obtain the ash-free lignin concentration. For nitrogen analysis,
samples were digested using a solution of 350 ml of H2O2, 0.42 g of Se
powder, and 14 g of Li2SO4.H2O in a flat-bottomed 1-liter boiling flask
and carefully adding 420 ml H2SO4 while swirling and cooling the
mixture, which was stored at 18 C.

Quantities estimated:

Components were calculated according to respective references and were
expressed in percentage of foliage material dry weight basis.

6\. Observations

Not applicable.

6.1 Data Notes

None.

6.2 Field Notes

None.

7\. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

NSA-YJP flux tower site:

Lat/Long: 55.89575 N, 98.28706 W

UTM Zone 14, N: 6194706.9, E: 544583.9

NSA-OJP flux tower site:

Lat/Long: 55.842 N, 98.62396 W

UTM Zone 14, N: 6198176.3, E: 523496.2

NSA-OA canopy access tower site (auxilliary site number

T2Q6A, BOREAS Experiment Plan, Version 3.0):

Lat/Long: 55.88691 N, 98.67479 W

UTM Zone 14, N 6193540.7, E 520342

NSA-OBS flux tower site:

Lat/Long: 55.88007 N, 98.48139 W

UTM Zone 14, N:6192853.4, E: 532444.5

NSA-UBS canopy access tower site (auxilliary

site number T6R5S, BOREAS Experiment Plan, Version 3.0):

Lat/Long: 55.90802 N, 98.51865 W

UTM Zone 14, N 6195947 E 530092

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not applicable.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

These data represent point source measurements that may be generally
representative.

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

The overall time period of sample acquisition was from 01-Feb-1994
through 18-Sep-1994.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Samples were collected on the following dates:

FFC-W : OJP, OBS, and YJP on 17-Feb-1994

BS on 18-Feb-1994

FFC-T : OJP, OBS, and YJP on 28-Apr-1994

BS on 29-Apr-1994

IFC-1 OASP, OJP, and YJP on 08-Jun-1994

OBS and BS on 09-Jun-1994

IFC-2 OASP, OJP, and BS on 04-Aug-1994

OBS and YJP on 05-Aug-1994

IFC-3 OBS on 15-Sep-1994

OASP, YJP, OJP, and BS on 16-Sep-1994

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

For each sampling date, branches were collected at 6:00 a.m. (local
time)for OBS, at 8:00 a.m.for YJP, and between 3:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m.
for the OBS, and OA sites.

7.3 Data Characteristics

Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition files
(te09bioav.def) and (te09biopd.def).

7.4 Sample Data Record

Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition files
(te09bioav.def) and (te09biopd.def).

8\. Data Organization

In TABLE 1, data are presented for each sample (i.e., for each tree) and
represent the average of two subsamples.

In TABLE 2, the subsequent averaged contents and corresponding standard
errors are given on the basis of both site and sampling date.

8.1 Data Granularity

Data presented for each sample and representing the average of the two
subsamples are contained in one data file. The subsequent averaged
contents and corresponding standard errors are given on the basis of
both site and sampling date are contained in a separate data file.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length
separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single
apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data
records are shown in the companion data definition files (te09bioav.def)
and (te09biopd.def).

9\. Data Manipulations

Not applicable.

9.1 Formulae

None.

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

None.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

None.

9.2.1 Processing Steps

Data were recorded automatically by a computer and also printed on a
printer. Subsequent calculations of different parameters were performed
using MS Excel for Windows 5.0.

BORIS Staff processed the data by:

1\) Reviewing the initial data files and loading them online for BOREAS
team access.

2\) Designing relational data base tables to inventory and store the
data.

3\) Loading the the data into the relational data base tables.

4\) Working with the TE-09 team to document the data set.

5\) Extracting the standardized data into logical files.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.

9.3 Calculations

All variables were measured.

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

None.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

None.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10\. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

Analyses of all components were conducted on a uniform basis but there
are some missing values that have been accounted for in averages and
standard error calculations.

10.2 Quality Assessment

None.

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

Data were checked for obvious problems.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

High.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

Data was examined for general consistency and clarity.

11\. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

None.

11.3 Usage Guidance

This data file does not contain values for subsamples. A sample
represents a tree and comprises two subsamples. The averaged content in
TABLE2 is that of five samples (replications). Standard errors are among
samples, not between subsamples.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

12\. Application of the Data Set

These data were collected to study the spatial and temporal changes in
the canopy biochemistry of boreal forest cover types and how a
high-resolution radiative transfer model in the mid-infrared could be
applied in an effort to obtain better estimaes of canopy biochemical
properties using remote sensing.

13\. Future Modifications and Plans

None given.

14\. Software

14.1 Software Description

None given.

14.2 Software Access

None given.

15\. Data Access

15.1 Contact Information

Ms. Beth Nelson

BOREAS Data Manager

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD

\(301\) 286-4005

\(301\) 286-0239 (fax)

Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

See Section 15.1.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or fax.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The TE-09 biochemistry data are available from the Earth Observing
System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS
contact at ORNL is:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

\(865\) 241-3952

ornldaac@ornl.gov

ornl@eos.nasa.gov

16\. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

Tabular ASCII files.

17\. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

None given

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Anonymous 1993. UV-method for the determination of native starch in
foodstuffs and other materials. Boehringer Mannheim. Cat. No. 207748.
Test combination for ca. 25 determinations.

Dubois, M., K.A. Gilles, J.K. Hamilton, P.A. Rebers and F. Smith, 1956.
Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.
Anal. Chem. 28: 350-356.

Parkinson, J. A. and S.E. Allen, 1975. A wet oxidation procedures
suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in
biological material. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal 6: 1-11.

Ryan, M. G., J.M. Melillo, and A. Ricca, 1990. A comparison of methods
for determining proximate carbon fractions of forest litter. Can. J.
For. Res. 20: 166-171.

Sellers, P., and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study:
Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den
Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D.
Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere
study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC
94).

Sellers, P., and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study:
Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC
96).

Sellers, P. J., F. G. Hall, R. D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J.
Berry, M. Ryan, K. J. Ranson, P. M. Crill, D. P. Lettenmaier, H.
Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P. G. Jarvis, S. T.
Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D. E. Wickland, and F. E.
Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results
and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (D24):
28,731-28,770.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

18\. Glossary of Terms

None given.

19\. List of Acronyms

AVIRIS - Airborne Visible-InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer

BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

BORIS - BOREAS Information System

CGI - Certified by Group

CPI - Checked by Principal Investigator

DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center

EOS - Earth Observing System

EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System

FFC-T - Focused Field Campaign-Thaw

FFC-W - Focued Field Campaign-Winter

GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center

IFC - Intensive Field Campaign

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NSA - Northern Study Area

OA - Old Aspen

OBS - Old Black Spruce

OJP - Old Jack Pine

ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

PANP - Prince Albert National Park

PRE - Preliminary

SSA - Southern Study Area

TE - Terrestrial Ecology

UBS - Upland Black Spruce site

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator

YJP - Young Jack Pine

20\. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 01-Jan-1997

Last Updated: 10-Mar-1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 08-Sep-1997

Science Review: 05-Nov-1997

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

Samples were collected by Hank Margolis and other TE-09 members.

Results are from laboratory analyses conducted by Martin Charest.

Data compilation was conducted by Mika'lou Sy.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Keywords

LEAF CHEMISTRY