> **Session No. 22 & 23**

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**Course Title: Coastal Hazards Management**

**Session Title: Growth Management**

**Author: Katherine Eschelbach, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill**

**Time: 80 minutes**

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

**Objectives**

1.  1 Discuss the principles of the following growth management
    techniques and why

> they are important: Smart growth, New Urbanism and regional planning.

2.  2 Discuss pressures of development on biological diversity and the
    15 principles

> of sustainable development
>
> 22.3 Discuss how various growth management techniques can be used
> during the disaster recovery process.

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**Scope**

Session 22 and 23 are combined as one unit. These sessions broadly
introduce students to growth management techniques for the coastal zone.
Assuming many of the students do not have an extensive background in
growth management, the material is very basic. The session discusses the
ideas, principles, and rationale for growth management techniques,
including: Smart Growth, New Urbanism, regional planning, and
sustainable development. The students will be asked to prepare for the
session by reading the assigned readings. The students can also be asked
to contribute their ideas as to why each of the sustainable development
principles could be influential in the coastal zone during the
presentation of sustainable development principle slides (Slides
#50-64).

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**Supplemental Considerations:**

The Internet is a tremendous resource for background information on
growth management techniques. Many of the federal government websites
cited in the lecture remarks below are reliable and provide large
amounts of information for students and the public. The students should
become familiar with several of the websites as powerful resources of
information.

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**Readings:**

*Instructor and Student Reading:*

Beatley, T., D.J. Brower, and A.K. Schwab. 1994. *An Introduction to
Coastal Zone*

*Management.* Island Press: Washington, D.C. pp.1-33: "Introduction" and
pp. 185-196:

"Conclusions: Future Directions in U.S. Coastal Management".

Duany, A., E. Plater-Zyberk, and J. Speck. 2000. *Suburban Nation: The
Rise of Sprawl and the*

> *Decline of the American Dream.* New York, NY: North Point Press. pp.
> 3-21: "What is Sprawl, and Why?", pp. 183-215: "How to Make a Town",
> and pp. 215-243: "What is to be Done".

Kunstler, J.H. 1993. *The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of
America's Man*

*Made Landscape.* New York, NY: Touchstone*.*

*Additional Background Reading:*

American Planning Association. 2002. *Planning for Smart Growth: State
of the States 2002*.

<http://www.planning.org/guidebook/index.htm>

Berke, P.R. 2002. "Does Sustainable Development Offer a New Direction
for Planning?

Challenges for the Twenty-First Century." *Journal of Planning
Literature.* Volume

> 17(1).

Berke, P.R. and M.M. Conroy. "Are We Planning for Sustainable
Development? An Evaluation

of 30 Comprehensive Plans." *APA Journal.* Volume 66(1).

Calthorpe, P., W. Fulton, and R. Fishman. 2001. *The Regional City*.
Washington DC: Island

Press.

Duany, A., E. Plater-Zyberk, and J. Speck. 2000. *Suburban Nation: The
Rise of Sprawl and the*

*Decline of the American Dream.* New York, NY: North Point Press. pp.
21-153.

Ehrlich, P. and A. Ehrlich. 1981. *Extinction: The Casues and
Consequences of the*

*Disappearance of Species.* New York: Ballantine Books.

Godschalk, D.R. 2000. "Smart Growth Efforts around the Nation." *Popular
Government*. Pp.

12-20.

Harrigan, L. and A. van Hoffman. 2002. *Forty Years of Fighting Sprawl:
Montgomery County,*

> *Maryland, and Growth Control Planning in the Metropolitan Region of
> Washington, D.C.* Harvard University: Joint Center for housing
> Studies.
> <http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/communitydevelopment/W02-6_von_hoffman.pdf>

Peck, Sheila. 1998. *Planning for Biodiversity: Issues and Examples.*
Washington, DC: Island

Press.

Wilson, E.O. and F.M. Peter. 1988. *Biodiversity.* Washington, D.C.:
National Academy Press.

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**PowerPoint slides:**

\[**PowerPoint 22.1** Lecture Outline\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.2** Introduction: Growth Management in the Coastal
Zone\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.3** Growth Management\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.4** Growth Management Tools\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.5** Growth Management Plans\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.6** Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.7** Why do we need it?\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**8** Smart Growth Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**9** Smart Growth Principles\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.10** Images of Smart Growth\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**11** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.12** Images of Smart Growth\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.13** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.14** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.15** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.16** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.17** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.18** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.19** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.20** New Urbanism\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**21** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**22** Principles of New Urbanism\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.23** Principles of New Urbanism\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**24** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.12** Principles of New Urbanism\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.25** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.26** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.27** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.28** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**Power Point 22.29** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.30** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.31** Regional Planning\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.32** Key Issues Addressed\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**33** Regional Planning Examples\]

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**34** Adirondack Park Agency\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.35** Chesapeake Bay Program\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**36** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.37** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.38** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.39** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.40** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.41** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.42** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.43** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.44** Regional Planning Examples\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.45** Biodiversity Defined\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**46** Biodiversity Decline\]

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**47** Why is it important?\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.48** Planning for Biodiversity\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**49** Sustainable Development\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.50** Sustainable Development Principles\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.51** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.52** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.53** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.54** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.55** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.56** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.57** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.58** Sustainable Development Principles\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**59** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**60** Sustainable Development Principles\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.61** Sustainable Development Principles\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**62** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.63** Sustainable Development Principles\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.64** Sustainable Development Principles\]

### 

**General Requirements:**

The content of this session should be presented as a lecture. Class
discussion can be encouraged throughout the course of the lecture
period, but especially during the sustainable development principle
slides (Slides #50-64). Students should read the required readings
before class and can also use the additional readings as resources for
further investigation.

The following slides will be used for the lecture outline:

> \[**PowerPoint 22.1** Lecture Outline\]

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**Objective 22.1:** Discuss the principles of the following growth
management techniques and

> why they are important: Smart growth, New Urbanism and regional
> planning.

**Requirements:**

The content should be presented as a lecture, supported by PowerPoint
slides.

The following slides will be used during this objective:

\[**PowerPoint 22.2** Introduction: Growth Management in the Coastal
Zone\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.3** Growth Management\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.4** Growth Management Tools\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.5** Growth Management Plans\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.6** Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.7** Why do we need it?\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**8** Smart Growth Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**9** Smart Growth Principles\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.10** Images of Smart Growth\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**11** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.12** Images of Smart Growth\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.13** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.14** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.15** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.16** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.17** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.18** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.19** Images of Smart Growth\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.20** New Urbanism\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**21** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**22** Principles of New Urbanism\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.23** Principles of New Urbanism\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**24** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.12** Principles of New Urbanism\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.25** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.26** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.27** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.28** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.29** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.30** Principles of New Urbanism\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.31** Regional Planning\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.32** Key Issues Addressed\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**33** Regional Planning Examples\]

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**34** Adirondack Park Agency\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.35** Chesapeake Bay Program\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**36** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.37** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.38** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.39** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.40** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.41** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.42** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.43** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.44** Regional Planning Examples\]

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**Remarks:**

**I. Introduction: Growth Management in the Coastal Zone**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.2** Introduction: Growth Management in the Coastal
> Zone\]

1.  The coastal areas of the world are very densely populated and center
    around a large amount of economic activity. It is important to
    understand the current growth management techniques available to
    planners in the coastal zone due to the amount of pressure these
    activities have on biological diversity and sensitive environmental
    areas as well as an increased vulnerability to natural hazards. This
    session will introduce the principles of smart growth, new urbanism
    and regional planning as techniques to manage growth in the coastal
    zone.

**II. Growth Management**

\[**PowerPoint 22.3** Growth Management\]

1.  The **definition of growth management** is:

    -   Growth management is a [conscious government program intended to
        influence]{.underline} the [rate]{.underline},
        [amount]{.underline}, [type]{.underline},
        [location]{.underline}, and/or [quality]{.underline} of future
        development and redevelopment.

2.  It should be emphasized that is it a **conscious** government
    program

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1.  These tools are used when there is concern for the growth patterns
    of a jurisdiction, but must be initiated by an active interest in
    influencing these aspects of future growth.

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3.  The following slides will introduce several specific growth
    management tools and example plans.

    -   The examples may or may not be from coastal areas, but are
        important to understand because of their applicability to the
        trends of development the coastal zone.

**III.** **Growth Management Tools**

\[**PowerPoint 22.4** Growth Management Tools\]

1.  Regulations

-   Regulations that can accomplish growth management include:

    -   Zoning ordinances,

    -   subdivision ordinances,

    -   impact fees,

    -   transfer of development rights, or

    -   adequate public facilities

2.  Land Acquisition

-   Land Acquisition can be accomplished through:

    -   fee simple acquisition,

    -   easement acquisition,

    -   land trusts, or

    -   land banking

3.  Taxes

-   Taxes can be used as a growth management tool through:

    -   preferential assessment,

    -   special assessment,

    -   improvement districts,

    -   tax base sharing or

    -   site specific taxes

4.  Public Spending

-   Public Spending techniques to manage growth include:

    -   capital improvements programming, or

    -   adequate public facilities ordinance

**IV.** **Growth Management Plans**

\[**PowerPoint 22.5** Growth Management Plans\]

1\. *Montgomery County, Maryland*: Wedges and Corridors

[]{.mark}

-   "As a result of rapid growth in travel and development, this county
    is facing numerous transportation challenges. These include freeways
    that are heavily congested during peak periods; local roads that are
    increasingly unable to cope with traffic demands, especially for
    cross-county (east-west) movements; and limitations in transit
    service to a number of major activity centers."[^1]

-   "Like most other counties in Maryland, Montgomery County has zoning
    jurisdiction over most of the land within its borders (with the
    exception of three smaller, incorporated cities).

-   "This informs its philosophy to both land use and transportation
    planning. The county\'s general plan is based on a long-standing
    \"**wedges and corridors**\" concept.

    -   This concept specifies that development should follow
        transportation corridors, while the areas between these
        corridors, or \"wedges,\" are preserved.

    -   The county has successfully encouraged growth of jobs near
        transit centers and highways, although residential development
        has been considerably more dispersed.

    -   Land use forecasts used in travel modeling are consistent with
        the county\'s general plan. Then, given this assumed pattern of
        future growth, the county\'s goal is to develop a future
        transportation network that moves people as efficiently as
        possible.

2.  *Portland, Oregon*: Urban Growth Boundary

-   Portland's Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) limited the amount of land in
    which the population and certain economic activities could grow.

-   The Original urban growth boundary encompasses about 236,000 acres.

-   In 1998, the UGB was increased about 1.5 percent. An additional
    14,500 acres was added to sustain Portland's growth until 2040.

**V. Smart Growth**

\[**PowerPoint 22.6** Smart Growth\]

1.  What is smart growth?

-   Growth that recognizes that connections between development and
    quality of life.

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-   It leverages new growth to improve the community.

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-   Time, attention and resources are invested into restoring the
    community and vitality of city centers.

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-   New growth is more town-centered, more pedestrian and
    transit-oriented, and includes a greater amount of mixed-use
    development.

**VI. Why do we need it?**

\[**PowerPoint 22.7** Why do we need it?\]

1.  Sprawling development in coastal areas is causing a drastic increase
    in the consumption of land as compared to increases in population
    for the same areas. This is due to several factors:

-   Unnecessary land consumption.

-   Auto dependence.

-   Fragmented open space, wide gaps between development.

-   Lack of public spaces and community centers.

-   Fragmented and dispersed communities

2.  Smart growth is needed in order to decrease the impacts of these
    factors, which range from habitat destruction to loss of funding for
    schools to increased risk to natural hazards.

**VII. Smart Growth Principles**

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**8** Smart Growth Principles\]

1.  The following are several smart growth principles:

-   Create range of housing opportunities & choices

-   Create walkable neighborhoods

-   Encourage community & stakeholder collaboration

-   Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of
    place

-   Make development decisions predictable, fair & cost effective

**VIII. Smart Growth Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**9** Smart Growth Principles\]

1.  *Continued...*

-   Mix land uses

-   Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty & critical
    environmental areas

-   Provide a variety of transportation choices

-   Strengthen & direct development towards existing communities

-   Take advantage of compact building design

2.  The following slides show examples of each principle.

**IX. Images of Smart Growth**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.10** Images of Smart Growth\]

1.  Create range of housing opportunities and choices

    -   This principle could include:

        -   Inclusionary zoning ordinances for new housing developments.

        -   Revising zoning and building codes to permit a wider variety
            of housing types.

        -   Implementing regional fair-share housing allocation plan.

        -   Implementing a program to identify and dispose of vacant and
            abandoned buildings.

**X. Images of Smart Growth**

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**11** Images of Smart Growth\]

1.  Create walkable neighborhoods

    -   This could include:

        -   Concentrating critical services near homes, jobs and
            transit.

        -   Adopting design standards for streets that ensure safety and
            mobility for pedestrians.

        -   Connecting walkways, parking lots and other public and
            private services.

**XI. Images of Smart Growth**

\[**PowerPoint 22.12** Images of Smart Growth\]

1.  Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration

-   This could include:

    -   Cultivate relationships with schools, universities and colleges.

    -   Bring developers and the development community into the
        visioning process together.

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-   Work with media to disseminate information.

**XII. Images of Smart Growth**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.13** Images of Smart Growth\]

1.  Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of
    place

    -   This could include:

-   Creating active and secure open spaces.

-   Encouraging the adaptive reuse of historic or architecturally
    significant buildings.

-   Enacting clear design guidelines so that streets, buildings and
    public space work together.

-   Planting trees throughout communities.

**XIII. Images of Smart Growth**

\[**PowerPoint 22.14** Images of Smart Growth\]

1.  Make development decisions predictable, fair & cost effective

-   This could include getting the community involved in the
    decision-making process through:

    -   Holding public participation meetings

    -   Holding public brainstorming sessions

    -   Attending community festivals/street fairs

**XIV. Images of Smart Growth**

\[**PowerPoint 22.15** Images of Smart Growth\]

1.  Mix land uses

-   This could include:

    -   Providing incentives through state funds to encourage residents
        to live near where they work.

    -   Adopting new smart growth codes to parallel existing conditional
        development codes.

    -   Using innovative zoning tools to encourage mixed-use
        communities.

    -   Zoning areas by building type, not use.

**XV. Images of Smart Growth**

\[**PowerPoint 22.16** Images of Smart Growth\]

1.  Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty and critical
    environmental areas

-   This could include:

    -   Coordination of local, state and federal planning on land
        conservation and development.

    -   Creating a network of trails and greenways.

    -   Creating partnerships with NGOs to acquire and protect lands.

    -   Employing regional development strategies that better protect
        and preserve open space edge areas.

**XVI. Images of Smart Growth**

\[**Power Point 22.17** Images of Smart Growth\]

1.  Provide a variety of transportation choices

    -   This could include:

        -   Financing and providing incentives for multimodal
            transportation system that includes supportive land use and
            development.

        -   Connecting transportation modes to one another.

        -   Requiring sidewalks for all new development.

        -   Zoning for concentrated activity centers around transit
            service.

        -   Collaboration with employers to provide incentives to
            minimize rush-hour congestion impacts.

**XVII. Images of Smart Growth**

\[**PowerPoint 22.18** Images of Smart Growth\]

1.  Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities

-   *On slide:* example of Astros Field, a former brownfield site in
    Houston, TX, which:

    -   Strengthened the state & local brownfields program.

    -   Created economic incentives for businesses and homeowners to
        locate in areas with existing infrastructure.

    -   Located civic buildings in existing communities rather than
        greenfield areas.

**XIII. Images of Smart Growth**

\[**PowerPoint 22.19** Images of Smart Growth\]

1.  Take advantage of compact building design

-   (On slide: example of UC Irvine Campus)

-   This principle could be executed by:

    -   Ensuring ready access to open space in compactly-developed
        places.

    -   Encouraging developers to reduce off-street parking.

    -   Matching building scale to street type in zoning and permit
        approval process.

    -   Employing a design review board to ensure that compact buildings
        reflect desirable standards.

**XIX. New Urbanism**

\[**PowerPoint 22.20** New Urbanism\]

1.  What is New Urbanism?

-   Urban design movement originating in the late '80s -- early '90s.

-   Aims to reform all aspects of real estate development.

-   Involves: new development, urban retrofits, and suburban infill.

-   Affects both regional and local plans.

-   Supports the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact,
    mixed-use communities.

-   Currently 500 "New Urbanist" projects in the U.S. alone, half in
    urban areas.

**XX. Principles of New Urbanism**

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**21** Principles of New Urbanism\]

1.  The following are the principles of New Urbanism:

-   Walkability

-   Connectivity

-   Mixed-use & Diversity

-   Mixed-housing

-   Quality of Architecture & Urban Design

-   Traditional Neighborhood Structure

-   Increased Density

-   Transportation

-   Sustainability

**XXI. Principles of New Urbanism**

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**22** Principles of New Urbanism\]

1.  Principle 1: Walkability

    -   On slide: example of Kentlands, Maryland, a New Urbanist
        development. Other examples include: Celebration, Florida and
        Southern Village, North Carolina.

    -   Single family homes connected by pedestrian paths separating
        pedestrians from automobiles and providing direct and walkable
        routes

    -   Most errands should be accomplished within a 10-min. walk from
        home or work.

    -   Pedestrian-friendly street design

**XXII. Principles of New Urbanism**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.23** Principles of New Urbanism\]

1.  Principle 2: Connectivity

-   Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic and eases
    walking.

**XXIII. Principles of New Urbanism**

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**24** Principles of New Urbanism\]

1.  Principle 3: Mixed-use and diversity

-   On slide: Kentlands, Maryland: Mixed-use units (usually called
    \"Live / Works\" in Gaithersburg) surround Market Square.

-   A mix of shops, offices, apartments and homes.

-   Mixed-use within neighborhood, within block, within buildings.

**XXIV. Principles of New Urbanism**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.25** Principles of New Urbanism\]

1.  Principle 4: Mixed-housing

-   A range of types, sizes and prices in close proximity.

**XXV. Principles of New Urbanism**

\[**PowerPoint 22.26** Principles of New Urbanism\]

1.  Principle 5: Quality of architecture & urban design

-   Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense
    of place.

-   Human-scale architecture.

**XXVI. Principles of New Urbanism**

\[**PowerPoint 22.27** Principles of New Urbanism\]

1.  Principle 6: Traditional neighborhood structure

-   Highest density at town center; progressively less dense towards the
    edge.

    -   This urban-to-rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building
        and street types for each area along the continuum.

**XXVII. Principles of New Urbanism**

\[**PowerPoint 22.28** Principles of New Urbanism\]

1.  Principle 7: Increased density

-   Kentlands, Maryland: Apartments are common as well. Densities of
    apartment clusters generally run around the 50 units / acre range.

-   More buildings, residences, shops and services closer together for
    easy walking.

-   To enable a more efficient use of services and resources.

**XXIII. Principles of New Urbanism**

\[**PowerPoint 22.29** Principles of New Urbanism\]

1.  Principle 8: Transportation

-   A network of high-quality transit connecting cities and towns
    together.

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-   Pedestrian-friendly designs that encourage the use of bicycles,
    scooters and walking as daily transportation.

**XXIX. Principles of New Urbanism**

\[**PowerPoint 22.30** Principles of New Urbanism\]

1.  Principle 9: Sustainability

-   Minimal environmental impact of development.

-   Less use of finite fuels.

-   More local production

-   A way of considering future generations and acknowledging their
    needs

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-   On slide: diagram created by an example of a practicing consulting
    firm, Perkins Design Associates, of three components of
    sustainability: economic viability, social benefit and environmental
    sensitivity
    ([http://www.perkinsdesign.com/mission.html]{.underline}). The
    mission of the Perkins Institute includes: "We understand that
    planning and design are complex processes that must include...a
    recognition that site design and development must be sustainable,
    they must balance environmental, social, and economic objectives
    within the communities in which they are located."

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-   On slide: picture of a small family farm from the Sustainability
    Institute's website,
    [http://www.sustainabilityinstitute.org]{.underline}. The
    Sustainability Institute focuses on "understanding the root causes
    of unsustainable behavior in complex systems to help restructure
    systems and shift mindsets that will help move human society toward
    sustainability. Our staff includes biologists, writers, social
    scientists, system dynamics modelers, and facilitators bringing a
    wide variety of experiences and skills to our work."

**XXX. Regional Planning**

\[**PowerPoint 22.31** Regional Planning\]

1.  Similar to "Urban Planning" definition but applied to an area which
    is defined by economic, ecological and/or social factors

2.  Planning is future-oriented and comprehensive: Links knowledge and
    action to improve the quality of public and private development
    decisions affecting people and places; It embraces visionary and
    utopian thinking, while reconciling present realities.

3.  According to Peter Calthorpe, regional planning is a set of
    principles to respond to sprawl and disinvestment in our cities.

-   Now more than ever, regions define our lives and most of us say that
    we are from a region when asked "where are you from".

-   Calthorpe suggests that a region is a large and multifaceted
    metropolitan area encompassing hundreds of places that we would
    traditionally think of as distinct and separate "communities." These
    regions are more and more becoming defined by distinct metropolitan
    functions or sub-regions:

```{=html}
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```
-   Economic sub-region: business and financial relationships

-   Ecological sub-region: watersheds, agriculture, and ecosystems

-   Social sub-region: social interrelationships, a sense of regional
    identity, a "tacit compact" between residents

**XXXI. Key Issues Addressed**

\[**PowerPoint 22.32** Key Issues Addressed\]

1.  Key Issues addressed in Regional Planning:

-   Environmental quality (e.g., air and water)

-   Affordable housing

-   Transportation and transit systems

-   Economic development

-   Open space protection

-   Intergovernmental coordination

**XXXII. Regional Planning Examples**

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**33** Regional Planning Examples\]

1.  Four regional planning examples will be discussed in the next
    slides:

-   New York State Adirondack Park Agency

-   Chesapeake Bay Program

-   Tahoe Regional Planning Agency

-   Portland Metro's 2040 Plan

2.  These examples utilize different techniques and tools to plan for
    specific regions but also exemplify different processes particularly
    related to who initiates and leads regional planning processes.

**XXXIII. Adirondack Park Agency**

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**34** Adirondack Park Agency\]

1.  "The Adirondack Park Agency (APA) was created in 1971 by the New
    York State Legislature to develop long-range land use plans for both
    public and private lands within the boundary of the Park."[^2]

2.  The APA is a New York State governmental agency with an
    eleven-member board, and a staff consisting of 60 people. The Agency
    Board meets monthly to act on Park policy issues and permit
    applications. Agency Board meetings take place the second Thursday
    and Friday of each month and are open to the public."^2^

3.  "The APA is responsible for:

-   maintaining the protection of the forest preserve, and overseeing
    development proposals of the privately owned lands.

-   preparing the State Land Master Plan, which was signed into law in
    1972, followed by the Adirondack Park Land Use and Development Plan
    in 1973.

```{=html}
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```
-   Both plans are periodically revised to reflect the changes and
    current trends and conditions of the Park." ^2^

4.  The mission of the APA is to protect the public and private
    resources of the Park through the exercise of the powers and duties
    provided by law. This mission is rooted in three statutes
    administered by the Agency in the Park, they are:

    -   The Adirondack Park Agency Act

    -   The New York State Freshwater Wetlands Act and

    -   The New York State Wild, Scenic, and Recreational Rivers System
        Act

**XXXIV. Chesapeake Bay Program**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.35** Chesapeake Bay Program\]

1.  As the largest estuary in the United States and one of the most
    productive in the world, the Chesapeake Bay was this nation\'s first
    estuary targeted for restoration and protection.

2.  In the late 1970s, scientific and estuarine research on the Bay
    pinpointed three areas requiring immediate attention: nutrient
    over-enrichment, dwindling underwater Bay grasses and toxic
    pollution. Once the initial research was completed, the Bay Program
    evolved as the means to restore this exceptionally valuable
    resource. ^3^

3.  Formed in 1983 by the Chesapeake Bay Agreement.

4.  "The Chesapeake Bay Program is a unique regional partnership that
    has led and directed the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay
    since 1983. The [Chesapeake Bay Program
    partners](http://www.chesapeakebay.net/baypartners.htm) include:

-   [Maryland](http://www.state.md.us/),

-   [Pennsylvania](http://www.state.pa.us/) and

-   [Virginia](http://www.state.va.us/); the

-   [District of Columbia](http://www.washingtondc.gov/);

-   the [Chesapeake Bay Commission](http://www.chesbay.state.va.us/), a
    tri-state legislative body;

-   the [Environmental Protection Agency](http://www.epa.gov/),
    representing the federal government; and

-   participating citizen advisory groups."[^3]

5.  Initial goals: to reduce the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus
    entering the Bay by 40% by 2000 and restore living resources, such
    as finfish, shellfish, bay grasses and other aquatic life.

-   "Achieving a 40% nutrient reduction will ultimately improve the
    oxygen levels in Bay waters and encourage aquatic life to flourish.
    In 1992, the Bay Program partners agreed to continue the 40%
    reduction goal beyond 2000 as well as to attack nutrients at their
    source - upstream in the Bay\'s tributaries. As a result,
    Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia began
    developing [tributary
    strategies](http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/473.pdf) to achieve
    nutrient reduction targets."^3^

-   "On June 28, 2000, the Chesapeake Bay Program partners signed the
    new [Chesapeake 2000
    Agreement](http://www.chesapeakebay.net/c2k.htm), which will guide
    the next decade of restoration and protection efforts throughout the
    Bay watershed. The agreement commits to protecting and restoring
    living resources, vital habitats and [water
    quality](http://www.chesapeakebay.net/wquality.htm) of the Bay and
    its watershed." ^3^

**XXXV. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency**

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**36** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

1.  "More than a hundred years ago, conservationists voiced concern
    about the impacts of tourism, ranching, and logging on the Lake
    Tahoe environment.

-   Their idea to make Lake Tahoe a national forest or national park
    didn\'t gain wide support in Washington D.C., primarily because much
    of the land in the Basin was already privately owned and had been
    developed or logged.

-   Even then, many thought it was too late to preserve Lake Tahoe. But
    conservationists continued lobbying for environmental protection as
    logging and ranching waned, ski resorts expanded, and Stateline
    casinos went high-rise."[^4]

2.  "The debate came to a climax in the late 1960s after two decades of
    rapid growth. The governors and lawmakers in California and Nevada
    approved a bi-state compact which created a regional planning agency
    to oversee development at Lake Tahoe.

-   In 1969, the United States Congress ratified the agreement and
    created the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency."^4^

3.  "The [Compact](http://www.trpa.org/BiState.htm), as revised in 1980,
    gave TRPA authority to adopt environmental quality standards, called
    thresholds, and to enforce ordinances designed to achieve the
    thresholds. The TRPA Governing Board adopted the thresholds in
    l982." ^4^

4.  "The Governing Board adopted a long-range regional plan in April of
    1984.

-   The same day, two parties filed suit in federal court claiming they
    were not convinced the plan would adequately protect the Lake Tahoe
    environment. The judge effectively ordered a moratorium on a new
    building at Lake Tahoe.

-   The Executive Director of TRPA then called together a consensus
    group to hammer out another regional plan.

-   After three years of negotiations, the lawsuit was settled and the
    TRPA Governing Board adopted the [1987 Regional
    Plan](http://www.trpa.org/1987Reg.html) in effect today." ^4^

5.  "TRPA was the first bi-state regional environmental planning agency
    in the country.

-   The survival of TRPA, despite the controversy over the last 20
    years, is a tribute to the men and women who had the vision and the
    courage to try something that had never been tried before.

-   Preservation of the environment is a cause that is now widely
    supported by both residents and visitors to the Lake Tahoe Region."
    ^4^

**XXXVI. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency**

\[**PowerPoint 22.37** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

1.  On slide: A picture of the lake

**XXXVII. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.38** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

1.  On slide: A picture of the lake shore with development

**XXXVIII. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency**

\[**PowerPoint 22.39** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\]

1.  On slide: Watersheds Map

**XXXIX. Portland Metro 2040 Plan**

\[**PowerPoint 22.40** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

1.  Portland Metro Open Space

    -   The following maps illustrate the basic process Portland used to
        create its regional plan.

    -   First, Metro identified open space within and outside of the
        urban growth boundary.

        -   There is 35,000 acres of open space within the UGB which was
            only adjusted by 3,500 acres to accommodate the next twenty
            years of growth.

**XL. Portland Metro 2040 Plan**

\[**PowerPoint 22.41** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

1.  Metro Centers, Districts, and Corridors

    -   Portland next determined their metro centers, districts and
        corridors, which helps to direct growth to a hierarchy of
        centers: the central city, 6 regional centers, along with
        numerous town centers and transit oriented developments.

    -   The central city and regional centers are projected to capture
        38 percent of future job growth. Meanwhile, this compact form
        and transportation corridors is projected to quadruple the
        transit ridership in the region.

**XLI. Portland Metro 2040 Plan**

\[**PowerPoint 22.42** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

1.  Clackamas: A Regional Center

-   Portland's plans also include urban design at the neighborhood or
    community level in line with Peter Calthorpe's Regional City
    concept; this goes back to the 3 interrelated phenomena that
    supports regional planning.

-   Clackamas has a traditional mall and strip mall transformed into a
    mixed use town center that includes mixed housing types, employment,
    commercial, civic, and open spaces.

**XLII. Portland Metro 2040 Plan**

\[**PowerPoint 22.43** Portland Metro 2040 Plan\]

1.  Portland Metro Composite

-   All of these different aspects are layered together to determine the
    overall regional plan for what the Portland Metro area would like to
    look like in 2040.

**XLIII. Regional Planning Examples**

\[**PowerPoint 22.44** Regional Planning Examples\]

1.  *Other examples of regional planning:*

    -   The Dallas Plan

    -   Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (Clean Air Act)

    -   Regional Planning Agency (NYC 1922)

    -   Metropolitan Council (Minneapolis--St. Paul 1967)

    -   River Basin Planning

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Objective 22.2** Discuss pressures of development on biological
diversity and the 15 principles

> of sustainable development

**Requirements:**

The content should be presented as lecture, supported by PowerPoint
slides.

The following slides will be used during this objective:

\[**PowerPoint 22.45** Biodiversity Defined\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**46** Biodiversity Decline\]

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**47** Why is it important?\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.48** Planning for Biodiversity\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**49** Sustainable Development\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.50** Sustainable Development Principles\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.51** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.52** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.53** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.54** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**Power Point 22.55** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.56** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.57** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.58** Sustainable Development Principles\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**59** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**60** Sustainable Development Principles\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.61** Sustainable Development Principles\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**62** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\[**PowerPoint 22.63** Sustainable Development Principles\]

> \[**PowerPoint 22.64** Sustainable Development Principles\]

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Remarks:**

**XLIV. Biodiversity Defined**

\[**PowerPoint 22.45** Biodiversity Defined\]

1.  The World Bank defines biodiversity as:

    -   *The variability among living organisms from all sources,
        including land based and aquatic ecosystems, and the ecosystems
        of which they are part. These include diversity within species,
        between species, and of ecosystems. Diversity is the key to
        ensuring the continuance of life on Earth. It is also a
        fundamental requirement for adaptation and survival and
        continued evolution of species. -* World Bank

**XLV. Biodiversity Decline**

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**46** Biodiversity Decline\]

1.  *Due to types and intensity of human development and resource use,
    there are...*

    -   Fewer genetic combinations within populations

    -   Fewer populations within species

    -   Fewer species within natural communities

    -   Fewer communities within landscapes

    -   Fewer distinct landscapes

2.  The following slides present information from Shelia Peck's book,
    *Planning for Biodiversity*

**XLVI. Why is it important?**

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**47** Why is it important?\]

1.  *Preservation of...*

    -   Ecosystem functions

    -   Broad use of natural environments

    -   Environmental experiences including recreational, spiritual and
        educational

    -   Our existence

**XLVII. Planning for Biodiversity**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.48** Planning for Biodiversity\]

1.  Planning for the protection of biodiversity involves:

    -   Developing conservation priorities

    -   Collecting baseline information

    -   Assessment of change and disturbances

    -   Understanding the region and connectivity

    -   Designing reserves

    -   Monitoring and adaptive management

2.  The biodiversity framework described by Peck allows for planners to
    develop "a sense of biodiversity in the areas in which they work"
    which will help others in considering biodiversity at different
    spatial scales and "to help in the assessment of biodiversity
    issues" since it usually requires a range of interrelated factors be
    addressed."

**XLVIII. Sustainable Development**

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**49** Sustainable Development\]

1.  *Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
    present generation without compromising the ability of future
    generations to meet their own needs. -* World Commission on the
    Environment & Development, Brundtland Commission\
    1987

2.  It is not...

    -   Smart Growth

    -   Growth Management

    -   Zoning

3.  These are all tools & techniques of guiding development, but they
    are devoid of principles. *The following slides show examples and
    list each of the Sustainable development principles in turn.*

    -   *Note to instructor*: *An optional way to involve the students
        in the material of the following slides is to ask the students
        to contribute their thoughts on why their communities could
        benefit from the implementation of each principle as each slide
        is shown. Coastal applications should be emphasized.*

**XLIX. Sustainable Development Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22.50** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 1: A sustainable community is an integral part of and is
    in harmony with the natural environment.

**L. Sustainable Development Principles**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.51** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 2: Sustainable development strives to maintain
    biodiversity and healthy ecosystems.

**LI. Sustainable Development Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22.52** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 3: Natural hazards are a part of the natural environment;
    disasters happen when a natural hazard intersects with the built
    environment; natural hazards cannot be changed, but the built
    environment can.

**LII. Sustainable Development Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22.53** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 4: A sustainable community is a steward of the land and
    natural resources, not a consumer.

**LIII. Sustainable Development Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22.54** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 5: A sustainable community manages development and
    redevelopment to achieve its goals.

**LIV. Sustainable Development Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22.55** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 6: A sustainable community maintains a transportation
    system that effectively and efficiently meets its needs.

**LV. Sustainable Development Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22.56** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 7: A sustainable community strives to be waste free.

**LVI. Sustainable Development Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22.57** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 8: A sustainable community seeks to eliminate air and
    water pollution.

**LVII. Sustainable Development Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22.58** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 9: A sustainable community consumes only the non-renewable
    resources absolutely necessary to meet present needs.

**LVIII. Sustainable Development Principles**

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**59** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 10: A sustainable community nurtures community character
    and sense of place.

**LIX. Sustainable Development Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22**.**60** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 11: A sustainable community is a place of beauty; both
    natural and built.

**LX. Sustainable Development Principles**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.61** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 12: A sustainable community is one in which individual
    rights, duties and responsibilities are respected and honored.

**LXI. Sustainable Development Principles**

> \[**PowerPoint 22**.**62** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 13: A sustainable community is one in which each person is
    valued, living and working in dignity.

**LXII. Sustainable Development Principles**

\[**PowerPoint 22.63** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 14: A sustainable community provides housing opportunities
    for all its residents.

**LXIII. Sustainable Development Principles**

> \[**PowerPoint 22.64** Sustainable Development Principles\]

1.  Principle 15: A sustainable community is democratic and empowers its
    residents to be engaged in the life of the community.

> **Objective 22.3 Discuss how various growth management techniques can
> be used during the disaster recovery process.**

**Requirements:**

This objective should be presented as lecture, with ample opportunity
for class discussion.

**Remarks:**

####### **The Process of Recovery and Reconstruction**

> (Note: much of this section is excerpted from *Planning For
> Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction* by Jim Schwab, et al. 1998.
> Chicago: American Planning Association.)

-   Many of the growth management techniques we have discussed in this
    session could **play a role during the recovery and reconstruction**
    phases of a coastal disaster. This can only happen, however, if a
    "blue-sky" pre-disaster recovery plan is formulated that lays out
    all of the policy options that the community may be able to follow
    should the situation arise.

    -   It is also important that the various **development approaches**
        that are mentioned earlier, including the New Urbanism school of
        planning, **incorporate elements of hazard mitigation** into
        their concepts and principles.

-   The substantial destruction wrought by powerful hazards provides
    communities with opportunities to reshape development by **building
    more sustainably** and by moving out of harm's way, creating new
    energy and transportation efficiencies, and even considering new
    urban design opportunities that may enhance the community's
    attractiveness and long-term economic development potential.

-   In the **aftermath of a natural disaster**, property owners and
    local officials often make decisions to rebuild homes, businesses,
    and public facilities in the same style, place and design as the
    originals. The **pressures** to do so vary with the type and
    intensity of disaster.

    -   They are, however, almost always a significant factor as
        short-term emergency response and recovery operations wind down
        and reconstruction begins to dominate post-disaster thoughts and
        activities.

    -   These **early decisions can foreclose many opportunities to
        reshape the patterns** of development in a community so as to
        make it better and safer by reducing vulnerability to future
        disasters.

        -   This can result in a cycle of damage and repair at intervals
            that also vary greatly depending on the types and
            frequencies of disasters for which the community is at risk,
            producing considerable and growing costs to all levels of
            government as well as greater human costs and displacement.

        -   Depending on the will and circumstances of the community,
            however, there can also be **forces advocating changes** in
            construction patterns over time to avoid future damages. If
            engaged properly, these forces can be significant allies for
            emergency managers and public officials seeking to redirect
            the existing pattern of development to create a safer
            community.

-   The process of post-disaster reconstruction planning should include
    policy objectives concerning **economic activity**, not just the
    objective of restoring normal economic activity but that of making
    it more resistant to such disruptions should nature strike again.

    -   In essence, this means seizing the opportunity, where it is
        deemed appropriate, to move the community's most vital
        businesses out of harm's way.

    -   In other cases, such as waterfront or water-related activities
        that must remain along the coast or shoreline or in a
        floodplain, the objective may be instead to make them less
        vulnerable to damage through floodproofing, elevation or other
        structural mitigation approaches.

-   Communities that choose to relocate entirely to avoid future hazard
    losses have a prime opportunity to **incorporate sustainable
    development principles into the rebuilding process.** Not only can
    the economic base of the community be made more disaster-resilient,
    but the local business and residential sectors can be made more
    environmentally sound and economically sound through
    institutionalizing energy efficiency in the rebuilding process.

    -   This can be accomplished, for example, by adding provisions in
        the local building code to require that all new structures
        receive a portion of their energy from renewable sources, such
        as solar or wind energy.

        -   These communities can, in effect, insulate themselves not
            only from future natural disasters but from economic shocks
            as well, by reducing energy costs and thus retaining in the
            local economy the additional dollars saved, presumably
            generating new jobs as money re-circulates locally instead
            of leaving the community.

-   Of course, many of these measures can be taken at times other than
    following a disaster. However, few events besides disasters result
    in the need to rebuild so much of the community so quickly and hence
    pose the same opportunity to reshape the local economy so
    dramatically.

-   The process of planning for post-disaster recovery and
    reconstruction affords the opportunity to think about building a
    disaster-resistant economy not only in a structural and locational
    sense, but in terms of the businesses that are more likely to
    recover quickly from disasters. For instance, a town totally
    dependent on tourism will probably face a more dire predicament
    following a disaster than one with a more diversified economy, some
    of which consists of industries more capable of withstanding the
    impact of a local disaster.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Appendix A: Course Developer References**

<http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/toolbox/montgomery_context.htm>

<http://www.apa.state.ny.us/About_Agency/index.html>

<http://www.chesapeakebay.net/index_cbp.cfm>

<http://www.trpa.org/TRPABckg.html>

[http://www.sustainabilityinstitute.org/]{.underline}

[http://www.perkinsdesign.com/mission.html]{.underline}

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Appendix B: Power Point Graphics Citations**

**Session 22**

**PowerPoint 22.1:** Lecture Outline

-   (Source: www.smartgrowthamerica.com/images_rehab.html)

**PowerPoint 22.2** Introduction: Humans in the Coastal Zone

-   (Source: http://www.nku.edu/\~longa/clippings/sprawl.jpg)

-   (Source:http://www.sarahleen.com/contents/images/stories-cgi/American/2Sprawlville.JPG)

-   (Source: www.smartgrowthamerica.com/images_rehab.html)

**PowerPoint 22.5** Growth Management Plans

-   (Source:
    http://www.metro-region.org/imageRepository/ugb_073101_small.jpg)

-   (Source:
    http://www.mc-mncppc.org/info/resident_guides/master_planning/1-2.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.7** Why do we need it?

-   (Source: http://www.inman.com/images/Sprawl_homes.jpg)

-   (Source:
    http://www.lwvbn.org/sprawl/sprawl_presentation/slides_html/sld050.htm)

**PowerPoint 22.10** Images of Smart Growth

-   (Source:
    http://www.sarahmazor.com/communities/lantana/village_streetscape.gif)

**PowerPoint 22.11** Images of Smart Growth

-   (Source: <http://www.coast-santabarbara.org/about-COAST.html>)

**PowerPoint 22.12** Images of Smart Growth

-   (Source:http://www.mercedriverstakeholders.org/images/Stakeholder%20meeting41%20sm.JPG)

**PowerPoint 22.13** Images of Smart Growth

-   (Source: http://www.granville.oh.us/)

**PowerPoint 22.14** Images of Smart Growth

-   (Source: http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/mueller/advise.htm)

**PowerPoint 22.15** Images of Smart Growth

-   (Source: http://www.akropp.com/full%20size%20images/1032a.JPG)

**PowerPoint 22.16** Images of Smart Growth

-   (Source: http://www.monteaglemtnchamber.com/areaphoto.htm)

**PowerPoint 22.17** Images of Smart Growth

-   (Source:http://www.subwaymark.bravepages.com/mainline/namerica/Freight/morristownerie-092902-02.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.18** Images of Smart Growth

-   (Source: http://www.ballparks.com/baseball/national/bpkaus.htm)

**PowerPoint 22.19** Images of Smart Growth

-   (Source: http://www.physics.uci.edu/\~silverma/build/Building1.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.22** Principles of New Urbanism

-   (Source: http://www.beyonddc.com/features/kentlands.html)

**PowerPoint 22.23** Principles of New Urbanism

-   (Source: http://www.granville.oh.us/ )

**PowerPoint 22.24** Principles of New Urbanism

-   (Source: http://www.beyonddc.com/features/kentlands.html)

**PowerPoint 22.25** Principles of New Urbanism

-   (Source: http://www.beyonddc.com/features/kentlands.html)

**PowerPoint 22.26** Principles of New Urbanism

-   (Source: http://www.beyonddc.com/features/kentlands.html)

**PowerPoint 22.27** Principles of New Urbanism

-   (Source: http://www.beyonddc.com/features/kentlands.html)

**PowerPoint 22.28** Principles of New Urbanism

-   (Source: http://www.beyonddc.com/features/kentlands.html)

**PowerPoint 22.29** Principles of New Urbanism

-   (Source: http://web.reed.edu/wallpaper/cyclist.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.30** Principles of New Urbanism

-   (Source: http://www.perkinsdesign.com/mission.html)

-   (Source: http://www.sustainabilityinstitute.org/)

**PowerPoint 22.34** Adirondack Park Agency

-   (Source:
    <http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/do/camping/adirondacks.html>)

**PowerPoint 22.35** Chesapeake Bay Program

-   (Source: Source:http://www.dnr.state.md.us/streams/acid/img4.gif)

**PowerPoint 22.36** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency

-   (Source: http://www.wamware.com/tahoe.htm)

**PowerPoint 22.37** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency

-   (Source: http://www.photo.net/ca/sierra)

**PowerPoint 22.38** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency

-   (Source:http://www.tahoeguide.com/tahoe/SITE/top/listing.cfm/realestate/48/0/direct?c=1)

**PowerPoint 22.39** Tahoe Regional Planning Agency

-   (Source: http://www.trpa.org/wshed.html)

**PowerPoint 22.40** Portland Metro 2040 Plan

-   (Source: [www.planning.ci.portland.or.us/
    pl_sowa_sum.html](http://www.planning.ci.portland.or.us/pl_sowa_sum.html)**)**

**PowerPoint 22.41** Portland Metro 2040 Plan

-   (Source: [www.planning.ci.portland.or.us/
    pl_sowa_sum.html](http://www.planning.ci.portland.or.us/pl_sowa_sum.html)**)**

**PowerPoint 22.42** Portland Metro 2040 Plan

-   (Source: [www.city-data.com/
    city/Clackamas-Oregon.html](http://www.city-data.com/city/Clackamas-Oregon.html))

-   (Source:
    http://www.newneville.com/PropertyPages/Clackamas%20Convenience.htm)

**PowerPoint 22.43** Portland Metro 2040 Plan

-   (Source:
    http://www.metro-region.org/imageRepository/ugb_073101_small.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.50** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source:http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php@URL_ID=1218&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html)

**PowerPoint 22.51** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source: Source:http://estuaries.gov/images/egretrs.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.52** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source: http://mass.gov/agency/images/mema/flood.1.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.53** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source: http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/news/news/010604c.htm)

**PowerPoint 22.54** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source: http://www.temple.edu/facilities/dcliapic1.htm)

**PowerPoint 22.55** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source: http://www.townofchapelhill.org/transit/routes/)

**PowerPoint 22.56** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source:
    http://www.greens.org.nz/images/photolibrary/canberra/toxic-waste-72.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.57** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source:
    http://www.marisaparadisolaw.com/nss-folder/pictures/air%20pollution%20smoke%20stacks.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.58** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source:http://www.se.gov.sk.ca/media/Saskatchewan%20Environmentnewsline/RRR.htm)

**PowerPoint 22.59** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source: http://www.restauranteur.com/co/telluride/telluride.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.60** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source:
    http://www.yellowstone-reservations.com/jackson_lodging.htm)

**PowerPoint 22.61** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source:
    http://cosmo.nyu.edu/\~mb144/figures/sdss/collaboration-01-350-11.small.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.62** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source: http://garrydelong.com/fisherman_john_l.JPG)

**PowerPoint 22.63** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source:
    http://www.zombiezodiac.com/rob/ped/dublin/24%20housing.jpg)

**PowerPoint 22.64** Sustainable Development Principles

-   (Source: http://www.groundworknews.org/commun/commun-dudley.html)

**Lecture References:**

[^1]: <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/toolbox/montgomery_context.htm>

[^2]: <http://www.apa.state.ny.us/About_Agency/index.html>

[^3]: <http://www.chesapeakebay.net/index_cbp.cfm>

[^4]: <http://www.trpa.org/TRPABckg.html>