Glossary

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| **Term**       | **Description**                                     |
+================+=====================================================+
| Absorbed dose  | The amount of energy deposited by ionizing          |
|                | radiation in a unit mass of tissue. Expressed in    |
|                | units of joule per kilogram (J/kg), which is given  |
|                | the special name 'gray' (Gy). The traditional unit  |
|                | of absorbed dose is the rad (100 rad equal 1 Gy).   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ACERER         | DHHS Advisory Committee on Energy-Related           |
|                | Epidemiologic Research                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Activities     | Methods used within a communications channel to     |
|                | deliver a message (e.g., the activity of holding    |
|                | training classes to help seniors start their own    |
|                | walking clubs is an example of using a community    |
|                | channel).                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Activity       | The rate of decay of radioactive material expressed |
|                | as the number of nuclear disintegrations per second |
|                | (See Becquerel).                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| AEC            | Atomic Energy Commission, predecessor of the        |
|                | Department of Energy.                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Airdrop        | A nuclear device dropped from an aircraft and       |
|                | exploded in the atmosphere.                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Alpha particle | A particle emitted from the nucleus of some         |
|                | radioactive atoms when they decay. An alpha         |
|                | particle is essentially a helium atom nucleus. It   |
|                | generally carries more energy than gamma or beta    |
|                | radiation, and deposits that energy very quickly    |
|                | while passing through tissue. Alpha particles       |
|                | cannot penetrate the outer, dead layer of skin.     |
|                | Therefore, they do not cause damage to living       |
|                | tissue when outside the body. When inhaled or       |
|                | ingested, however, alpha particles are especially   |
|                | damaging because they transfer relatively large     |
|                | amounts of ionizing energy to living cells.         |
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| AM             | Arithmetic Mean                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Atom           | The smallest particle of an element that is capable |
|                | of entering into a chemical reaction.               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Atomic mass    | The mass of an atom relative to other atoms. The    |
|                | atomic mass of any element is approximately equal   |
|                | to the total number of protons and neutrons in its  |
|                | nucleus.                                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Attitudes      | An individual\'s predispositions toward an object,  |
|                | person, or group, that influences his or her        |
|                | response to be positive or negative, favorable or   |
|                | unfavorable.                                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Audience       | See primary target audience and secondary target    |
|                | audience.                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Audience       | A formal description of the characteristics of the  |
| profile        | people who make up a target audience. Some typical  |
|                | characteristics useful in describing segments       |
|                | include media habits (magazines, TV, newspaper,     |
|                | radio, and Internet), family size, residential      |
|                | location, education, income, lifestyle preferences, |
|                | leisure activities, religious and political         |
|                | beliefs, level of acculturation, ethnicity,         |
|                | ancestral heritage, consumer purchases,             |
|                | psychographics.                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Audience       | A group of people who are enough alike on a set of  |
| segment(s)     | predictors that one can develop program elements    |
|                | and communication activities that will likely be    |
|                | equally successful with all members of the segment. |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Background     | The amount of ionizing radiation to which a person  |
| Radiation      | is exposed from natural sources, such as            |
|                | terrestrial radiation due to naturally occurring    |
|                | radionuclides in the soil or cosmic radiation       |
|                | originating in outer space.                         |
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| Balloon        | A nuclear device suspended from a balloon and       |
|                | exploded in the atmosphere.                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Barge          | A nuclear device exploded from a barge moored in    |
|                | the lagoon of Enewetak or Bikini.                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Barriers       | Hindrances to desired change. These may be factors  |
|                | external or internal to audience members themselves |
|                | (e.g., lack of proper health care facilities, the   |
|                | belief that fate causes illness and one cannot      |
|                | alter fate).                                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Baseline study | The collection and analysis of data regarding a     |
|                | target audience or situation prior to intervention. |
|                | Generally, baseline data are collected in order to  |
|                | provide a point of comparison for an evaluation.    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Becquerel (Bq) | A measure of the rate of radioactive decay: The Bq  |
|                | corresponds to one decay (disintegration) per       |
|                | second. It replaces the traditional unit activity,  |
|                | the curie (Ci).                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Beta Particle  | An electron (or positron) ejected from the nucleus  |
|                | of a decaying atom. Beta particles penetrate the    |
|                | dead skin layer. The beta particle is not stopped   |
|                | in tissue as quickly as an alpha particle,          |
|                | producing less damage per living cell. Beta         |
|                | particles may interact with living tissue by        |
|                | entering from the outside or by ingestion or        |
|                | inhalation.                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Biological     | The time required for a biological system, such as  |
| half-life      | a person, to eliminate by natural processes, other  |
|                | than radioactive decay, one-half of the amount of a |
|                | substance, such as a radionuclide, that has entered |
|                | it.                                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Cancer         | A collective term for malignant tumors. A malignant |
|                | tumor generally is unencapsulated, grows by         |
|                | invasion, and is able to metastasize via lymphatic  |
|                | and blood systems to distant tissue sites.          |
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| CDB            | County Data Base                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CDC            | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: CDC has |
|                | 11 centers, offices and an institute. It is an      |
|                | agency of the Department of Health and Human        |
|                | Services. CDC is a non-regulatory agency -- its     |
|                | mission is to promote health and quality of life by |
|                | preventing and controlling disease, injury and      |
|                | disability.                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CIC            | Coordination and Information Center                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Coefficient of | The standard deviation divided by the value of the  |
| variation      | parameter considered.                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Collective     | The estimated dose for an area of the country       |
| Dose           | multiplied by the estimated population in that area |
|                | of the country.                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Communication  | Central themes of a communication effort to which   |
| (or creative)  | all messages are relate. Concepts represent the     |
| concepts       | \"hooks\" to which an audience can connect or       |
|                | relate.                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Communication  | A quantifiable statement of a desired program       |
| objectives     | achievement necessary to reach a goal.              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Community      | A communication channel in which messages are       |
| channel        | disseminated at the community level (e.g., library, |
|                | supermarket, local swimming pool).                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Comprehension  | A measure to determine whether messages are clearly |
|                | understood.                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Concept        | The process of learning about the target            |
| testing        | audience\'s responses to possible concepts on which |
|                | you might base your message. This process usually   |
|                | requires qualitative research, such as focus        |
|                | groups.                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Contributing   | Determinants that directly or indirectly cause the  |
| factors        | problem. A contributing factor can be biological,   |
|                | behavioral, or attitudinal; or an element of the    |
|                | physical or social environment; or the result of    |
|                | policies related to the problem.                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Cost/benefit   | Examines the overall cost of a program compared to  |
| evaluation     | the dollar value of the effects that can be         |
|                | attributed to the program. These two values yield a |
|                | cost-benefit ratio.                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Crater         | The result of a nuclear device placed shallow       |
|                | enough underground to produce a movement of earth   |
|                | when exploded.                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Credibility    | A quality that contributes to the ability of a      |
|                | message source to influence the target audience.    |
|                | Some components of credibility include whether the  |
|                | message source is trustworthy, believable,          |
|                | reputable, competent, and knowledgeable.            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Curie (Ci)     | The traditional unit of measure used to express the |
|                | amount of radioactive material present. One curie   |
|                | is 37 billion atoms undergoing radioactive decay    |
|                | each second.                                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Decay constant | The fraction of a number of atoms of a radioactive  |
|                | nuclide that decays in unit time.                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Decay product  | A nuclide resulting from the radioactive            |
|                | disintegration of a radionuclide, being formed      |
| (or Daughter   | either directly or as a result of successive        |
| product)       | transformations in a radioactive series. A decay    |
|                | product may be either radioactive or stable.        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Delivery/\     | Studies of the functioning of components of program |
| implementation | implementation; includes assessments of whether     |
| evaluation     | materials are being distributed to the right people |
|                | and in the correct quantities, the extent to which  |
|                | program activities are being carried out a planned  |
|                | and modified if needed, and other measures of how   |
|                | and how well the program is working. Sometimes      |
|                | referred to as process evaluation.                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Demographics   | Data such as gender, age, ethnicity, income, or     |
|                | education that can be collected from a target       |
|                | audience and can be useful for defining the target  |
|                | audience and understanding how to communicate more  |
|                | effectively with the target audience.               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Deposition     | The activity of a radionuclide deposited per unit   |
| density        | area of ground. Reported as Bq m^-2^.               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Detonation     | A single nuclear device explosion; one or more may  |
|                | comprise a test; several tests comprise a series.   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| DHHS           | Department of Health and Human Services             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| DOE            | Department of Energy, successor of the Atomic       |
|                | Energy Commission                                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Dose           | When radiation enters a person's body, that person  |
|                | receives a radiation dose. Several different terms  |
|                | describe these radiation doses. The rad or gray     |
|                | expresses the concentration (amount of energy       |
|                | divided by the tissue mass) of energy deposited by  |
|                | radiation in the body. The rad is the most basic    |
|                | unit of radiation dose, but its use is limited      |
|                | because different types of radiation have different |
|                | effects on the cells in the body. The rem or        |
|                | sievert (Sv) is a unit of radiation dose that takes |
|                | into account these different effects. It puts       |
|                | different types of radiation on an equivalent basis |
|                | in terms of their potential impact on human cells.  |
|                | A third measure of dose, effective dose, is used to |
|                | account for the fact that a rem of radiation dose   |
|                | to one part of the body does not have the same      |
|                | potential health effect as a rem to another part.   |
|                | The effective dose allows estimation of dose to the |
|                | entire body from individual organ doses. To help    |
|                | people interpret these radiation doses, it may be   |
|                | helpful to compare them with other radiation doses  |
|                | people typically receive in daily life, termed      |
|                | background radiation. Each year the average         |
|                | American receives an effective dose of about 3 mSv  |
|                | (300 millirem or 0.3 rem) from background           |
|                | radiation. This radiation is from naturally         |
|                | occurring sources, such as the sun, air, soil and   |
|                | radon gas. Manmade sources such as medical x-rays   |
|                | add about 60 millirem per year to the average       |
|                | person's dose.                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Dose           | A factor used to convert radionuclide intake by     |
| coefficient    | members of the general public to dose. Usually      |
|                | expressed as dose per unit intake (e.g., Sv Bq^-1^) |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| #              | A scientific study that estimates past doses to     |
| ######## Dose  | people from releases of radioactivity or other      |
| Reconstruction | pollutants. The reconstruction is done by           |
|                | determining how much material was released, how     |
|                | people came in contact with it and the amount       |
|                | absorbed by their bodies.                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ######         | Methods developed to estimate the radiation doses   |
| ### Dosimetric | to people or their environment exposed to ionizing  |
|                | radiation. Such methods rely heavily on dose        |
|                | reconstruction techniques (see Dose Reconstruction) |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| #########      | A single dosimetric quantity useful for comparing   |
| Effective dose | the overall health detriment associated with        |
|                | irradiation of the whole body. It takes into        |
|                | account the absorbed doses received by the various  |
|                | organs and tissues of the body, and weights them    |
|                | according to present knowledge of the               |
|                | radiosensitivity of each organ as well as accounts  |
|                | for the type of radiation and the potential of each |
|                | type to inflict biological damage. The effective    |
|                | dose is used, for example, to compare the overall   |
|                | health detriments of different radionuclides in a   |
|                | given mix. The unit of effective dose is the        |
|                | sievert (Sv); 1 Sv = 1 Joule kg^-1^                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Effective      | The time required for the amount of a radionuclide  |
| half-life      | deposited in a living organism to be diminished 50  |
|                | percent as a result of the combined action of       |
|                | radioactive decay and biological elimination.       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Effects        | A measure of the extent to which a program          |
| evaluation     | accomplished its stated goals and objectives. Also  |
|                | called impact, outcome, or summative evaluation.    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Electron       | An elementary particle with a unit negative         |
|                | electrical charge and a mass 1/1837 that of the     |
|                | proton. Electrons surround the positively charged   |
|                | nucleus and determine the chemical properties of    |
|                | the atom.                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Electron-volt  | A unit of energy equivalent to the amount of energy |
|                | gained by an electron in passing through a          |
|                | potential difference of one volt, abbreviated eV    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| EML            | Environmental Measurements Laboratory               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Environmental  | A component of the social, biological, or physical  |
| factor         | environment that can be causally linked to the      |
|                | health problem.                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| EPA            | Environmental Protection Agency                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Epidemiology/  | The study of the determinants of disease in people. |
|                | Two basic types of epidemiologic studies are the    |
| Epidemiologic/ | follow-up or cohort study and the case-control      |
|                | study. In follow-up studies, groups are identified  |
| E              | with regard to the presence or absence of some      |
| pidemiological | exposure and are followed through time to assess    |
|                | and compare disease rates in each group. In         |
|                | case-control studies, people with disease (cases)   |
|                | are identified and their prior exposure history is  |
|                | compared with that of people without disease        |
|                | (controls).                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Equivalent     | A quantity used in radiation protection to place    |
| Dose           | all radiation on a common scale for calculating     |
|                | tissue damage. Equivalent dose is the product of    |
|                | the absorbed dose in grays and the radiation        |
|                | weighting factor. The radiation weighting factor    |
|                | accounts for differences in radiation effects       |
|                | caused by different types of ionizing radiation.    |
|                | Some radiation, including alpha particles, causes a |
|                | greater amount of damage per unit absorbed dose     |
|                | than other radiation. The sievert (Sv) is the unit  |
|                | used to measure equivalent dose. The sievert        |
|                | replaces the rem, the traditional unit (1 Sv equals |
|                | 100 rem).                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Euthyroid      | A thyroid that functions normally.                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Evaluation     | Written plan that documents all tasks related to    |
| plan           | evaluation (e.g., designing surveys, planning data  |
|                | collection and analysis, reporting on findings).    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Expert review  | Examination and critique of program plans or        |
|                | materials by selected people who are knowledgeable  |
|                | in a relevant content area.                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Exposure       | 1\) A term generally used to mean subjected to or   |
|                | being in the presence of radioactivity or           |
|                | radiation. 2) A measure of the ionization produced  |
|                | in air by x or gamma radiation. It is the sum of    |
|                | the electrical charges of all ions of one sign      |
|                | produced in air when all electrons liberated by     |
|                | photons in a volume element of air are completely   |
|                | stopped in air, divided by the mass of the air in   |
|                | the volume element. The unit of exposure frequently |
|                | used is the roentgen, R. In the SI system of units, |
|                | the unit of exposure is the coulomb per kilogram, C |
|                | kg^-1^; 1 R = 2.58 x 10^-4^ C kg^-1^.               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Exposure Rate  | A measure of the ionization produced in air by x or |
|                | gamma radiation per unit of time (frequently        |
|                | expressed in R hr^-1^ or\                           |
|                | mR hr^-1^).                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Exposure route | A pathway by which a radionuclide or other toxic    |
|                | material can enter the body. The main exposure      |
|                | routes are inhalation, ingestion, absorption        |
|                | through the skin, and entry through a cut or wound  |
|                | in the skin.                                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Exposure/reach | Measures the extent to which a message was          |
| evaluation     | disseminated (e.g., how many members of the target  |
|                | audience encountered the message). However, this    |
|                | type of evaluation does not measure whether         |
|                | audience members paid attention to the message or   |
|                | whether they understood, believed, or were          |
|                | motivated by it. Also referred to as process        |
|                | evaluation.                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| #########      | The dose received from radiation sources outside of |
|  External dose | the body.                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| F              | A strategy (health communication, health policy,    |
| actor-specific | engineering, and/or health service intervention)    |
| strategy       | that is designed to cause change in a specific      |
|                | factor that contributes to the health problem.      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Fallout        | Radioactive debris that falls to earth following a  |
|                | nuclear explosion. The radioactive debris, once     |
|                | having been airborne, following a nuclear           |
|                | detonation, that has been deposited on the earth.   |
|                | Special forms of fallout include \"local\",         |
|                | \"intermediate\", and global.                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Femtocurie     | One billionth of a microcurie, 3.7 10^-5^           |
|                | disintegration per second, abbreviated fCi.         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| FIPS           | Federal Information Processing Standard. The code   |
|                | system used to number counties within each state of |
|                | the United States. The first and second digits are  |
|                | the two-digit state/equivalent territory            |
|                | identifier; the last three digits are the county or |
|                | equivalent area identifier.                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Fission        | A nuclear transformation characterized by the       |
|                | splitting of a nucleus into at least two other      |
|                | nuclei and the release of a relatively large amount |
|                | of energy.                                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Fission yield  | The percentage of fissions leading to a particular  |
| (or yield)     | nuclide by direct formation and by decay of         |
|                | precursors.                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Focus group    | A type of qualitative research in which an          |
| interviews     | experienced moderator leads about 8-10 respondents  |
|                | through a discussion of a selected topic, allowing  |
|                | them to talk freely and spontaneously.              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Formative      | Evaluation conducted during program development.    |
| evaluation     | Formative evaluation measures the extent to which   |
|                | to concepts, messages, materials, activities, and   |
|                | channels meet researchers\' expectations with the   |
|                | target audience.                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Fusion         | A nuclear transformation characterized by the       |
|                | joining together of two light nuclei (usually       |
|                | hydrogen) under extreme pressure and heat that      |
|                | results in a release of a substantially larger      |
|                | amount of energy than that from fission.            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Gamma          | A high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted     |
|                | from a decaying atomic nucleus. Gamma rays are      |
|                | similar to medical x-rays, but are emitted at very  |
|                | specific energies characteristic of their decaying  |
|                | atoms. They penetrate tissue farther than beta or   |
|                | alpha particles, but leave a lower concentration of |
|                | ions in their path to potentially cause cell        |
|                | damage.                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Gatekeeper     | Someone with whom you must work before you can      |
|                | reach a target audience (e.g., a schoolteacher) or  |
|                | accomplish a task (e.g., a television public        |
|                | service director).                                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| G              | Geographic factors and trends in a specific locale  |
| eodemographics | (e.g., where people live, population density,       |
|                | health care, climate, eating patterns, spending     |
|                | patterns, leisure activities, local industry, and   |
|                | outdoor activities) that can help with location     |
|                | decisions (e.g., selecting a clinic site) or local  |
|                | contact interventions.                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GM             | Geometric Mean                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GMT            | Greenwich Mean Time                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Goal           | The overall improvement in the health problem the   |
|                | health communication effort will strive to create.  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GSD            | Geometric Standard Deviation                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| H Hour         | Detonation time (zero hour), the time the device    |
|                | was detonated.                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Half-life      | The length of time in which any radioactive         |
|                | substance will lose one half of its radioactivity.  |
|                | The half-life determines how long a substance will  |
|                | remain radioactive.                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| HASL           | Health and Safety Laboratory                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Health         | An action performed by an individual that can       |
| behavior       | negatively or positively affect his or her health   |
|                | (e.g., smoking, exercising)                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Health         | The study and use of communication strategies to    |
| communication  | inform and influence individual and community       |
|                | decisions that enhance health.                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ICRP           | International Commission on Radiological Protection |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Implementation | Written plan that documents all tasks related to    |
| plan           | program implementation from \"rollout\" forward     |
|                | (e.g., kickoff event, newsletter mailings,          |
|                | conferences). This plan differs from a research or  |
|                | development plan that documents tasks prior to      |
|                | rollout (e.g., researching the target audience,     |
|                | concept testing, getting buy-in from stakeholders). |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| In-depth       | A qualitative research method that involves a       |
| personal       | one-on-one discussion between an interviewer and a  |
| interviews     | respondent about selected topics. The structure and |
|                | interviewing style are less rigid than in           |
|                | quantitative, interviewer-administered surveys.     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Integrated     | The intake of a radionuclide over time in an area   |
| Intake         | having a specific deposition density. Reported as   |
|                | Bq per Bq m^-2^.                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Intermediate   | The nomenclature for test yields varied according   |
|                | to information policy governing specific years.     |
|                | From 1945 through 1963, \"Intermediate\" referred   |
|                | to test yields from 20 to 200 kt.                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Internal dose  | The dose received from radioactive material taken   |
|                | into the body.                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Interpersonal  | A communication channel that involves dissemination |
| channel        | messages through one-on-one communication (e.g.,    |
|                | mentor to student, friend to friend, pharmacist to  |
|                | customer).                                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| IOM            | Institute of Medicine                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Isotopes       | Forms of the same element having the same number of |
|                | protons, but different numbers of neutrons.         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Key informants | Persons or organizations whose opinions can be seen |
|                | as representative of a community or target audience |
|                | because of their experience or expertise with the   |
|                | target audience.                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Kickoff        | Start date for the public portion of a health       |
|                | communication effort, after the internal,           |
|                | preparatory work is complete, that often includes   |
|                | an announcement or event such as a news conference, |
|                | health fair publicity, or program registration      |
|                | drive.                                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Kilocurie      | One thousand curies, 3.7 x 10^13^ disintegrations   |
|                | per second, abbreviated kCi. (see curie)            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Kriging        | Interpolation technique used to estimate the ^131^I |
| procedure      | deposition densities in counties where measurements |
|                | were not available.                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| kt             | A kiloton. The energy of a nuclear explosion that   |
|                | is equivalent to an explosion of 1,000 tons of TNT. |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LLI            | Lower Large Intestine                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LLNL           | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Low Test Yield | The nomenclature for test yields varied according   |
|                | to information policy governing specific years.     |
|                | From 1945 through 1963, \"Low\" referred to test    |
|                | yields less than 20 kt.                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Mass-reach     | A channel in which messages disseminated to a large |
| media channel  | number of people simultaneously using various media |
|                | (e.g., radio, TV, newspapers, billboards).          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Materials      | Tangible products that contain the message to be    |
|                | delivered to the target audience (e.g., a brochure, |
|                | a PSA tape, or a script for an oral presentation).  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Megacurie      | One million curies, 3.7 x 10^16^ disintegrations    |
|                | per second, abbreviated MCi. (see curie)            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Microcurie     | One millionth of a curie, 3.7 x 10^4^               |
|                | disintegrations per second, abbreviated mCi. (see   |
|                | curie)                                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Millicurie     | One thousandth of a curie, 3.7 x 10^7^              |
|                | disintegrations per second, abbreviated mCi. (see   |
|                | curie)                                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Milliroentgen  | One-thousandth of a roentgen.                       |
| (mR)           |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MSL            | Mean Sea Level                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Mt             | A megaton. The energy of a nuclear explosion that   |
|                | is equivalent to an explosion of one million tons   |
|                | of TNT.                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Nanocurie      | One billionth of a curie, 37 disintegrations per    |
|                | second, abbreviated nCi. (see curie)                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NCEH           | National Center for Environmental Health, CDC       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NCI            | National Cancer Institute                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NCRP           | National Council on Radiation Protection and        |
|                | Measurements                                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Neoplastic     | Pertaining to the pathologic process resulting in   |
|                | the formation and growth of an abnormal mass of     |
|                | tissue.                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Neutron        | Neutrons are part of the nucleus of an atom having  |
|                | neither a positive nor a negative charge. Neutrons  |
|                | are about the same size as protons.                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NOAA           | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NRC            | National Research Council                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NRL            | Naval Research Laboratory                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NTS            | Nevada Test Site                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Nuclide        | A species of atom characterized by the constitution |
|                | of its nucleus. The nuclear composition is          |
|                | specified by the number of protons Z, the number of |
|                | neutrons N, and energy content; or alternatively,   |
|                | by the atomic number Z, the mass number = N + Z,    |
|                | and the atomic mass. To be regarded as a distinct   |
|                | nuclide, the atom must also be capable of existing  |
|                | for a measurable time; thus nuclear isomers are     |
|                | separate nuclides, whereas promptly decaying        |
|                | excited nuclear states and unstable intermediates   |
|                | in nuclear reactions are not so considered.         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Offsite        | The detection of radioactivity offsite is defined   |
|                | as detected outside the boundary of the test site.  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Onsite         | A notation that radioactivity was detected onsite   |
|                | only is made for tests from which there was a       |
|                | release of radioactivity into the atmosphere that   |
|                | was not detected beyond the boundaries of the test  |
|                | site.                                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ORERP          | Offsite Radiation Exposure Review Project           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| PHS            | Public Health Service                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Picocurie      | One millionth of a microcurie, 0.037 disintegration |
|                | per second, abbreviated pCi.                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Plowshare      | Name of nuclear tests carried out in the United     |
|                | States for civilian purposes, e.g., excavation.     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| PPG            | Pacific Proving Ground                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Proton         | Protons, along with neutrons, make up the nucleus   |
|                | of an atom. Protons have a single positive charge.  |
|                | While protons and neutrons are about 2,000 times    |
|                | heavier than electrons, they are still very small   |
|                | particles.                                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Rad            | A measure of the amount of energy absorbed by the   |
|                | body. The rad is the traditional unit of absorbed   |
|                | dose, equal to 100 ergs/gram in any medium; now     |
|                | replaced by the gray (1 gray equals 100 rad).       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Radiation      | Energy moving in a form of particles or waves.      |
|                | Familiar radiations are heat, light, radio waves    |
|                | and microwaves. Ionizing radiation is a very        |
|                | high-energy form of electromagnetic radiation. It   |
|                | is invisible and cannot be sensed without the use   |
|                | of detection equipment. Ionizing radiation creates  |
|                | ionization within tissue; these ions can cause cell |
|                | damage.                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Radioactive    | Spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of a      |
| decay          | radionuclide.                                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Radioactive    | Establishment of a radionuclide parent-daughter     |
| equilibrium    | relationship where by the activity of the daughter  |
|                | radionuclide is approximately the same as that of   |
|                | the parent radionuclide.                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Radioactivity  | Spontaneous transformation of an unstable atom,     |
|                | often resulting in the emission of radiation. This  |
|                | process is referred to as decay or disintegration   |
|                | of an atom.                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Radionuclide   | A radioactive, unstable nuclide.                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Rem            | Roentgen equivalent, man: The traditional unit of   |
|                | equivalent dose; replaced by the sievert (Sv) (1Sv  |
|                | = 100 rem). The rem measures the damage to a human  |
|                | from radiation exposure. It is determined by        |
|                | multiplying the number of rads by a number          |
|                | reflecting the potential damage caused by the       |
|                | particular type of radiation.                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Risk           | The probability of developing a given disease over  |
|                | a specified time period. Risk can be influenced by  |
|                | several factors: personal behavior or lifestyle,    |
|                | environmental exposure to other material, or inborn |
|                | or inherited characteristic that is known from      |
|                | scientific evidence to be associated with a health  |
|                | effect. Because many risk factors are not exactly   |
|                | measurable, risk estimates will be uncertain.       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Roentgen (R)   | A special unit of exposure to ionizing radiation.   |
|                | It is that amount of gamma or x-rays required to    |
|                | produce one electrostatic unit of charge of either  |
|                | sign per cubic centimeter of air at standard        |
|                | temperature and pressure.                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| S.I. units     | The *Systeme International* (or International       |
|                | System) of units and measurements. This system of   |
|                | units officially came into being in October 1960    |
|                | and has been adopted by nearly all countries,       |
|                | though the amount of actual usage varies            |
|                | considerably. Units used throughout this report are |
|                | listed as S.I. units with traditional unit          |
|                | comparisons given periodically.                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Safety         | Experiment designed to confirm that a nuclear       |
| Experiment     | explosion would not occur in case of an accidental  |
|                | detonation of the explosive associated with the     |
|                | device.                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Surface        | A nuclear device placed on or close to the earth's  |
|                | surface.                                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Sv             | Sievert. The unit of equivalent dose of any         |
|                | ionizing radiation that produces the same           |
|                | biological effect as a unit of absorbed dose of     |
|                | ordinary x-rays (1 sievert = 100 rem).              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TDB            | Town Data Base                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Test           | A test is defined in the Threshold Test Ban Treaty  |
|                | as either a single underground nuclear explosion    |
|                | conducted at a test site, or two or more            |
|                | underground nuclear explosions conducted within an  |
|                | area delineated by a circle having a diameter of    |
|                | two kilometers and conducted within a total period  |
|                | of time not to exceed 0.1 second.                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Thermonuclear  | A 'hydrogen bomb.' A device whose explosive energy  |
| Device         | comes from fusion of hydrogen nuclei as well as     |
|                | fission.                                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TOA            | Time of Arrival                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Tower          | A nuclear device mounted at the top of a steel or   |
|                | wooden tower and exploded in the atmosphere.        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ULI            | Upper Large Intestine                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Uncertainty    | The term used to describe the lack of precise       |
|                | knowledge in a given estimate based on the amount   |
|                | and quality of the evidence or data available. All  |
|                | estimates contain uncertainty. In this report,      |
|                | uncertainty exists because of a lack of precise     |
|                | knowledge about factors that are important in       |
|                | estimating a person's dose or risk.                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| UNSCEAR        | United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects  |
|                | of Atomic Radiation                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Weapons        | A nuclear test to evaluate the civil or military    |
| Effects        | effects of a nuclear detonation on various targets, |
|                | such as military hardware.                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| X-ray          | X-rays are an example of electromagnetic radiation  |
|                | that arises as electrons are deflected from their   |
|                | original paths or inner orbital electrons change    |
|                | their orbital levels around the atomic nucleus.\    |
|                | X-rays, like gamma rays are capable of traveling    |
|                | long distances through air and most other           |
|                | materials. Like gamma rays, X-rays require more     |
|                | shielding to reduce their intensity than do beta or |
|                | alpha particles. X- and gamma rays differ primarily |
|                | in their origin: x-rays originate in the electronic |
|                | shell; gamma rays originate in the nucleus.         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+