**UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY**![](media/image1.png){width="1.4993055555555554in"
height="1.5416666666666667in"}

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

OFFICE OF

PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND

TOXIC SUBSTANCES

October 24, 2007

**[MEMORANDUM]{.underline}**

**SUBJECT:** Ecological Hazard and Environmental Risk Assessment Chapter
for the Copper 8-Quinolinolate Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED)
Document (Case No.: 4026)

**FROM:** Genevieve Angle, Biologist

Risk Assessment and Science Support Branch (RASSB)

Antimicrobials Division (7510P)

**TO:** Mark Hartman, Branch Chief

Diane Isbell, Team Leader

ShaRon Carlisle, Chemical Review Manager

> Sanyvette Williams, Risk Assessor

Regulatory Management Branch II

Antimicrobials Division (7510P)

**THRU:** Nader Elkassabany, Team Leader, Team Two

Risk Assessment and Science Support Branch (RASSB)

Antimicrobials Division (7510P)

Norman Cook, Branch Chief

Risk Assessment and Science Support Branch (RASSB)

> Antimicrobials Division (7510P)
>
> **[Chemical Names]{.underline} [PC Codes]{.underline} [CAS
> Nos]{.underline}.**
>
> Copper 8-quinolinolate 024002 10380-28-6

Attached is the Ecological Hazard and Environmental Risk Assessment
chapter for the copper 8-quinolinolate RED Document.

**ECOLOGICAL HAZARD AND ENVIRONMENTAL**

**RISK ASSESSMENT CHAPTER**

**Copper 8-Quinolinolate**

### PC Code 024002

### CASE No.: 4026

**10/24/07**

**Genevieve Angle, Biologist**

**Antimicrobials Division**

**Office of Pesticide Programs**

**U.S. Environmental Protection Agency**

**1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW**

**Washington, DC 20460**

Table of Contents

Page

Executive Summary
..........................................................................................
1

1\. Ecological Toxicity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

A. Toxicity to Terrestrial Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \...3

1\. Birds, Acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2\. Birds, Subacute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3\. Mammals, Acute and Chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

B. Toxicity to Aquatic Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

1\. Freshwater Fish, Acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

2\. Freshwater Invertebrates, Acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

3\. Estuarine and Marine Organisms, Acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . \... . . . . .7

4\. Aquatic Organisms, Chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

C. Toxicity to Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..8

II\. Risk Assessment and Risk Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..9

A. Environmental Fate Assessment Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..10

B. Environmental Exposure And Ecological Risk Assessment. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .10

C. Endangered Species Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

III\. Confirmatory Data Required. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 15

IV\. Label Hazard Statements for Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

V. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1 -- Acute Oral Toxicity of Copper 8-Quinolinolate to Birds. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Table 2 -- Subacute Oral Toxicity of Copper 8-Quinolinolate to Birds. .
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 4

Table 3 -- Acute Toxicity of Copper 8-Quinolinolate to Freshwater Fish.
. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 4

Table 4 -- Acute Toxicity of Copper 8-Quinolinolate to Freshwater
Invertebrates. . . . .. . . . . . . . 5

Table 5 -- Acute Toxicity of Copper 8-Quinolinolate to Estuarine and
Marine Organisms. . . . . . 6

Table 6 -- Chronic Toxicity of Copper 8-Quinolinolate to Freshwater
Organisms. . .. . . . . . . . . . 7

Table 7 -- Toxicity of Copper 8-Quinolinolate to Aquatic Plants. . . . .
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..8

**Ecological Hazard and Environment Risk Assessment**

### For Copper 8-Quinolinolate

**Executive Summary**:

Copper 8-quinolinolate (copper 8) is currently registered as a
fungicide, algaecide and bacteriocide for materials preservation, wood
preservation and food handling/storage establishments. Materials
preservative uses include: industrial textiles, webbing, rope, canvas,
leather, kraft paper, paperboard, adhesives and paint. Wood preservative
uses include: log homes, shingle roofs, siding, fences, poles, posts,
decks, furniture, playground equipment, sills and baseboards and
structural building lumber. Food handling/storage establishment uses
include potato processing, storage and transportation facilities.

Copper 8-quinolinolate is hydrolytically stable at pH 5, 7 and 9. More
than 80% of it is stable in aerobic and anaerobic soils. In aerobic
soils its half-life is 16 weeks, but it may be over one year in
anaerobic soils. It does not show any tendency to migrate from top soil.
It is therefore likely to contaminate surface water through surface
water run-off. Its degradation pathway appears to be aqueous photolysis
with a half-life of 60 to 96 hours. The estimated log K~ow~ for copper
8-quinolinolate is 2.5, which indicates that it is not likely to
bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms like fish.

The wood treatment uses of copper 8 have high potential for
environmental exposure and thus require an ecological risk assessment.
Uses in rope, webbing, and roofing shingles are likely to provide for
some environmental exposures as well; however, only the wood treatment
uses have been examined in this assessment. All other uses are
considered indoor and have minimal to no environmental exposure
potential following use.

> EPA has performed an environmental risk assessment using estimated
> environmental concentrations (EECs) for copper 8 developed by modeling
> its release from a dock into water and toxicity values from the tables
> in section I to develop risk quotients (RQs) and compare them to
> levels of concern (LOCs) for copper 8. LOCs were not exceeded for
> fish, freshwater invertebrates, the eastern oyster or aquatic plants
> in bodies of water 6 acre feet in size or greater, whereas risks to
> endangered freshwater fish and the eastern oyster as well as risks to
> aquatic plants were of concern in bodies of water 1 acre foot in size
> or less. Since it is unlikely that a dock of the size used in the
> calculations for EEC will be present on a body of water less than 6
> acre feet in size, the risks to aquatic organisms from copper 8 in
> this assessment appear to be small. There were no acceptable acute
> toxicity studies for other estuarine and marine organisms nor were
> there any acceptable chronic toxicity studies available for aquatic
> organisms. Therefore, risk to these species could not be assessed.

**Data Gaps**:

**Confirmatory Data Required For Wood Treatment Risk Assessment:**

1.  Estuarine/marine fish acute study (850.1075),

2.  Estuarine/marine shrimp acute study (850.1035),

3.  Acute sediment toxicity to freshwater invertebrates (850.1735),

4.  Acute sediment toxicity to estuarine invertebrates (850.1740),

5.  Aquatic invertebrate (freshwater) life-cycle study (850.1300),[^1]

6.  Fish early life-stage (freshwater) study (850.1400),^1^

7.  Fish early life-stage (estuarine/marine) study (850.1400),^1^

8.  Chronic mysid shrimp study (850.1350),^1^

9.  Freshwater diatom (850.5400),

10. Blue-green cyanobacteria (850.5400),

11. Freshwater green alga (850.5400),

12. Freshwater floating macrophyte duckweed (850.4400),

13. Freshwater rooted macrophyte rice seedling emergence (850.4225),

14. Freshwater rooted macrophyte rice vegetative vigor (850.4250),

15. Wood leaching study (AWPA E11-06),

16. Environmental runoff monitoring study (None). This test can be
    waived provided labels that include anti-sapstain treatment are
    amended as outlined below for such wood preservative labels,

17. Residues in honey/beeswax and toxicity of treated wood residues to
    bees -- combination of Guideline 860.1500 and 850.3030 ("Honey Bee
    Toxicity of Residues on Foliage.")**.** The toxicity portion of this
    study is in lieu of the honeybee contact LD50 test 850.3020. The
    residue and toxicity test can be waived provided the label is
    amended to prohibit the use of treated wood for beehive
    construction, with a statement such as, "Wood treated with copper
    8-quinolinolate shall not be used in the construction of beehives."

**Label Hazard Statements/Use Recommendations:**

Copper 8-quinolinolate labels must state:

"This pesticide is toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, oysters, and
shrimp."

\"Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams,
ponds, estuaries, oceans, or other waters unless in accordance with the
requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit and the permitting authorities are notified in writing
prior to discharge. Do not discharge effluent containing this product to
sewer systems without previously notifying the local sewage treatment
plant authority. For guidance contact your State Water Board or Regional
Office of the EPA.\"

> Wood preservative labels that include anti-sapstain treatment must
> state: \"Treated lumber must be stored under cover, indoors, or at
> least 100 feet from any pond, lake, stream, wetland, or river to
> prevent possible runoff of the product into the waterway. Treated
> lumber stored within 100 feet of a pond, lake, stream, wetland, or
> river must be either covered with plastic or surrounded by a berm to
> prevent surface water runoff into the nearby waterway. If a berm or
> curb is used around the site, it should consist of impermeable
> material (clay, asphalt, concrete) and be of sufficient height to
> prevent runoff during heavy rainfall events."
>
> All wood preservative labels must state: The honey bee residue and
> toxicity test can be waived provided the label is amended to prohibit
> the use of treated wood for beehive construction, with a statement
> such as, "Wood treated with copper 8-quinolinolate shall not be used
> in the construction of beehives.

**I. Ecological Toxicity Data**

The toxicity endpoints presented below are based on the results of
ecotoxicity studies submitted to EPA to meet the Agency's data
requirements for the uses of copper 8-quinolinolate.

**A. Toxicity to Terrestrial Animals**

> **(1) Birds, Acute**

In order to establish the toxicity of copper 8 to avian species, the
Agency requires an acute oral toxicity study using the technical grade
active ingredient (TGAI). The preferred test species is either mallard
duck (a waterfowl) or bobwhite quail (an upland game bird). The results
of two acute oral toxicity studies, submitted for copper 8, are provided
in the following table (Table 1).

# Table 1. Acute Oral Toxicity of Copper 8 to Birds

+-----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+----------+
| **        | **Che    | **En     | **To   | **Satisfies  | **Ref    |
| Species** | mical,** | dpoint** | xicity | G            | erence** |
|           |          |          | Cate   | uidelines/** |          |
|           | **%      | **(      | gory** |              | **(MRID  |
|           | Active   | mg/kg)** |        | **Comments** | No.)**   |
|           | Ingr     |          |        |              |          |
|           | edient** |          |        |              |          |
|           |          |          |        |              |          |
|           | **       |          |        |              |          |
|           | (a.i.)** |          |        |              |          |
|           |          |          |        |              |          |
|           | **       |          |        |              |          |
|           | Tested** |          |        |              |          |
+-----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+----------+
| Bobwhite  | Copper 8 | LD~50~ = | Sl     | Yes (core)   | 4        |
| quail     | 99.5%    | 618      | ightly |              | 29271-01 |
|           |          |          | toxic  | \- 14-day    |          |
| (*Colinus |          |          |        | test         |          |
| virg      |          |          |        | duration     |          |
| inianus*) |          |          |        |              |          |
|           |          |          |        | \- 4-5       |          |
|           |          |          |        | months of    |          |
|           |          |          |        | age          |          |
+-----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+----------+
| Mallard   | Copper 8 | LD~50~ = | Rela   | Yes (core)   | 4        |
| duck      | 99.5%    | \>2000   | tively |              | 29271-02 |
|           |          |          | no     | \- 14-day    |          |
| (*Anas    |          | NOAEL =  | ntoxic | test         |          |
| platyr    |          | 2000     |        | duration     |          |
| hynchos)* |          |          |        |              |          |
|           |          |          |        | \- 15 months |          |
|           |          |          |        | of age       |          |
+-----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+----------+

These acceptable acute oral toxicity studies indicate that copper 8 is
slightly toxic to relatively nontoxic to birds on an acute oral basis.
The guideline requirement OPPTS 850.2100/(71-1) is satisfied.

> **(2) Birds, Subacute**

A subacute dietary study using the TGAI may be required on a
case-by-case basis depending on the results of lower-tier ecological
studies and pertinent environmental fate characteristics in order to
establish the toxicity of a chemical to avian species. This testing was
required for copper 8. The preferred test species is either the mallard
duck or bobwhite quail. The results of two subacute dietary toxicity
studies, submitted for copper 8, are provided in the following table
(Table 2).

# Table 2. Subacute Oral Toxicity of Copper 8 to Birds

+-----------+----------+----------+---------+---------------+--------+
| **        | **Che    | **En     | **T     | **Satisfies   | *      |
| Species** | mical,** | dpoint** | oxicity | Guidelines/** | *Refer |
|           |          |          | Cat     |               | ence** |
|           | **%      | *        | egory** | **Comments**  |        |
|           | Active   | *(ppm)** |         |               | *      |
|           | Ingr     |          |         |               | *(MRID |
|           | edient** |          |         |               | No.)** |
|           |          |          |         |               |        |
|           | **       |          |         |               |        |
|           | (a.i.)** |          |         |               |        |
|           |          |          |         |               |        |
|           | **       |          |         |               |        |
|           | Tested** |          |         |               |        |
+-----------+----------+----------+---------+---------------+--------+
| Bobwhite  | Copper 8 | LC~50~   | S       | Yes (core)    | 429    |
| quail     | 99.5%    | (diet) = | lightly |               | 271-03 |
|           |          | 3248     | toxic   | \- 8-day test |        |
| (*Colinus |          |          |         | duration      |        |
| virg      |          | NOAEC =  |         |               |        |
| inianus)* |          | 1300     |         | \- 14 days of |        |
|           |          |          |         | age           |        |
+-----------+----------+----------+---------+---------------+--------+
| Mallard   | Copper 8 | LC~50~   | Rel     | Yes (core)    | 429    |
| duck      | 99.5%    | (diet) = | atively |               | 271-04 |
|           |          | \>5200   | n       | \- 8-day test |        |
| (*Anas    |          |          | ontoxic | duration      |        |
| platyr    |          | NOAEC =  |         |               |        |
| hynchos)* |          | 2600     |         | \- 10 days of |        |
|           |          |          |         | age           |        |
+-----------+----------+----------+---------+---------------+--------+

The results from these acceptable studies indicate that copper 8 is
slightly toxic to relatively nontoxic to avian species through subacute
dietary exposure. These studies fulfill guideline requirements OPPTS
850.2100/ (71-2a -- Bobwhite quail and 71-2b -- Mallard duck).

> **(3) Mammals, Acute and Chronic Toxicity**

Wild mammal testing is not required by the Agency. In most cases, rat
toxicity values obtained from studies conducted to support data
requirements for human health risk assessments substitute for wild
mammal testing. Refer to the human toxicology chapter of this RED for
mammalian toxicity data.

> **B. Toxicity to Aquatic Animals**

The Agency requested that aquatic toxicity studies be conducted with
copper 8-quinolinolate since, under typical use conditions, it can be
introduced into the aquatic environment.

> **(1) Freshwater Fish, Acute**

In order to establish the acute toxicity of copper 8 to freshwater fish,
the Agency requires freshwater fish toxicity studies using the TGAI. The
preferred test species are rainbow trout (a coldwater fish) and bluegill
sunfish (a warmwater fish). The results of four freshwater fish acute
studies submitted for copper 8, 3 coldwater and 1 warmwater, are
presented in Table 3.

# 

# Table 3. Acute Toxicity of Copper 8 to Freshwater Fish 

+------------+---------+----------+--------+----------------+---------+
| *          | **Chem  | **En     | **To   | **Satisfies    | **Refe  |
| *Species** | ical,** | dpoint** | xicity | Guidelines/**  | rence** |
|            |         |          | Cate   |                |         |
|            | **%     | **       | gory** | **Comments**   | **(MRID |
|            | Active  | (mg/L)** |        |                | No.)**  |
|            | Ingre   |          |        |                |         |
|            | dient** |          |        |                |         |
|            |         |          |        |                |         |
|            | **(     |          |        |                |         |
|            | a.i.)** |          |        |                |         |
|            |         |          |        |                |         |
|            | **T     |          |        |                |         |
|            | ested** |          |        |                |         |
+============+=========+==========+========+================+=========+
| Bluegill   | Copper  | LC~50~ = | Very   | Yes (core)     | 42      |
| Sunfish    | 8 100%  | 0.0216   | highly |                | 8990-03 |
| (*Lepomis  |         |          | toxic  | \- 96-hr test  |         |
| mac        |         | NOAEC =  |        | duration       |         |
| rochirus)* |         | 0.0108   |        |                |         |
|            |         |          |        | \-             |         |
|            |         |          |        | flow-through   |         |
|            |         |          |        | test system    |         |
+------------+---------+----------+--------+----------------+---------+
| Rainbow    | Copper  | LC~50~ = | Very   | Yes (core)     | 42      |
| Trout      | 8 100%  | 0.0089   | highly |                | 8990-02 |
| (O*n       |         |          | toxic  | \- 96-hr test  |         |
| corhynchus |         | NOEC =   |        | duration       |         |
| mykiss*)   |         | 0.0062   |        |                |         |
|            |         |          |        | \-             |         |
|            |         |          |        | flow-through   |         |
|            |         |          |        | test system    |         |
+------------+---------+----------+--------+----------------+---------+
| Rainbow    | Copper  | LC~50~ = | Very   | Yes (core)     | 43      |
| Trout      | 8 80%   | 0.0097   | highly |                | 5637-01 |
| (O*n       |         |          | toxic  | \- 96-hr test  |         |
| corhynchus |         | NOAEC =  |        | duration       |         |
| mykiss*)   |         | 0.0071   |        |                |         |
|            |         |          |        | \- static      |         |
|            |         |          |        | renewal test   |         |
|            |         |          |        | system         |         |
+------------+---------+----------+--------+----------------+---------+
| Coho       | Copper  | LC~50~ = | Very   | Yes (core)     | 42      |
| Salmon     | 8 100%  | 0.0139   | highly |                | 9024-01 |
| (O*n       |         |          | toxic  | \- 96-hr test  |         |
| corhynchus |         | NOAEC =  |        | duration       |         |
| kisutch*)  |         | 0.0066   |        |                |         |
|            |         |          |        | \-             |         |
|            |         |          |        | flow-through   |         |
|            |         |          |        | test system    |         |
+------------+---------+----------+--------+----------------+---------+

Freshwater acute toxicity tests indicate that copper 8 is very highly
toxic to the coldwater rainbow trout and very highly toxic to the
warmwater bluegill sunfish on an acute basis. Guideline requirement
OPPTS 850.1075 (72-1a&b) is fulfilled. Because acute toxicity to fish is
\<1.0 mg/L the environmental hazard section of copper 8 labels must
state: "This pesticide is toxic to fish."

**(2)** **Freshwater Invertebrates, Acute**

The Agency requires a freshwater aquatic invertebrate study using the
TGAI to establish the acute toxicity to freshwater invertebrates. The
preferred test species is *Daphnia magna*. The results of one study
submitted for copper 8 is provided in the following table (Table 4).

**Table 4. Acute Toxicity of Copper 8 to Freshwater Invertebrates**

+------------+----------+-----------+--------+--------------+--------+
| *          | **Che    | **E       | **To   | **Satisfies  | *      |
| *Species** | mical,** | ndpoint** | xicity | G            | *Refer |
|            |          |           | Cate   | uidelines/** | ence** |
|            | **%      | *         | gory** |              |        |
|            | Active   | *(mg/L)** |        | **Comments** | *      |
|            | Ingr     |           |        |              | *(MRID |
|            | edient** |           |        |              | No.)** |
|            |          |           |        |              |        |
|            | **       |           |        |              |        |
|            | (a.i.)** |           |        |              |        |
|            |          |           |        |              |        |
|            | **       |           |        |              |        |
|            | Tested** |           |        |              |        |
+============+==========+===========+========+==============+========+
| Waterflea  | Copper 8 | EC~50~ =  | Highly | Yes (core)   | 432    |
| (*Daphnia  |          | 0.162     | toxic  |              | 284-01 |
| magna)*    | 98%      |           |        | \- 48-hr     |        |
|            |          | NOAEC =   |        | test         |        |
|            |          | \< 0.036  |        | duration     |        |
|            |          |           |        |              |        |
|            |          |           |        | \-           |        |
|            |          |           |        | flow-through |        |
|            |          |           |        | test system  |        |
+------------+----------+-----------+--------+--------------+--------+

The results of MRID 432284-01 indicate that copper 8 is highly toxic to
freshwater invertebrates. This study fulfills guideline requirement
OPPTS 850.1010 (72.2a). Because the acute aquatic invertebrate toxicity
value is \< 1.0 mg/L, the environmental hazard section of copper 8
labels must state: "This pesticide is toxic to aquatic invertebrates."

> **(3) Estuarine and Marine Organisms, Acute**

Acute toxicity testing with estuarine and marine organisms using the
TGAI is required when the end-use product is intended for direct
application to the marine/estuarine environment or effluent containing
the active ingredient is expected to reach this environment. The
preferred fish test species is the sheepshead minnow. The preferred
invertebrate test species are mysid shrimp and eastern oysters. This
testing is required for copper 8 based on the chemical's potential to
reach estuarine and marine environments. The results of one toxicity
study submitted for copper 8 is presented in Table 5.

# Table 5. Acute Toxicity of Copper 8 to Estuarine and Marine Organisms

+-----------+----------+----------+--------+----------------+---------+
| **        | **Che    | **En     | **To   | **Satisfies    | **Refe  |
| Species** | mical,** | dpoint** | xicity | Guidelines/**  | rence** |
|           |          |          | Cate   |                |         |
|           | **%      | **       | gory** | **Comments**   | **(MRID |
|           | Active   | (mg/L)** |        |                | No.)**  |
|           | Ingr     |          |        |                |         |
|           | edient** |          |        |                |         |
|           |          |          |        |                |         |
|           | **       |          |        |                |         |
|           | (a.i.)** |          |        |                |         |
|           |          |          |        |                |         |
|           | **       |          |        |                |         |
|           | Tested** |          |        |                |         |
+===========+==========+==========+========+================+=========+
| Eastern   | Copper 8 | LC~50~ = | Very   | Yes (core)     | 42      |
| oyster    |          | 0.0363   | highly |                | 8990-04 |
| (*Cr      | 100%     |          | toxic  | \- 48-hr test  |         |
| assostrea |          | EC~50~ = |        | duration       |         |
| vi        |          | 0.0111   |        |                |         |
| rginica*) |          |          |        | \- static test |         |
|           |          | NOAEC =  |        | system         |         |
|           |          | 0.003    |        |                |         |
+-----------+----------+----------+--------+----------------+---------+

The results of the one core study indicate that copper 8 is very highly
toxic to estuarine/marine invertebrates on an acute basis. The Eastern
oyster study (428990-04) fulfills the guideline requirement OPPTS
850.1025/(72-3b) for an acute estuarine/marine mollusk study. Study MRID
429024-02 for mysid shrimp is INVALID and must be repeated. The
guideline requirements OPPTS 850.1075/(72-3a) for an acute
estuarine/marine fish study and OPPTS 850.1035/(72-3c) for an
estuarine/marine shrimp study are not fulfilled. Because
estuarine/marine acute toxicity values are \< 1.0 mg/L, the
environmental hazard section of copper 8 labels must state: "This
pesticide is toxic to oysters and shrimp."

> **(4) Aquatic Organisms, Chronic**

Chronic toxicity testing (fish early life stage and aquatic invertebrate
life cycle) is required for pesticides when certain conditions of use
and environmental fate apply. Preferred freshwater and estuarine/marine
fish and invertebrate species include: fathead minnow, rainbow trout,
*Daphnia magna*, and mysid shrimp. Two studies were submitted for copper
8, but are INVALID and must be repeated. The rainbow trout study
(429024-03) does not fulfill the guideline requirement for a fish early
life stage toxicity test (72-4a/OPPTS 850.1400) due to the percent RSD
of weight in one replicate of the solvent control being \>40%. The study
on the waterflea (428990-05) also does not fulfill the guideline
requirement for a chronic aquatic invertebrate because dissolved oxygen
concentrations fell to extremely low levels during the test and the
highest measured concentration in one exposure solution was greater than
twice the lowest measured concentration at the same level.

C.  **Toxicity to Plants**

Non-target plant phytotoxicity testing is required for pesticides when
certain conditions of use and environmental fate apply. The use of
copper 8 as a wood treatment may result in chemical leachate from
treated wood into the aquatic environment. Aquatic plant toxicity data
are necessary for a non-target plant risk assessment. Testing is
conducted with one species of aquatic vascular plant (*Lemna* *gibba*)
and four species of algae: (1) freshwater green alga, *Selenastrum
capricornutum,* (2) marine diatom, *Skeletonema costatum,* (3)
freshwater diatom, *Navicula pelliculosa,* and (4) bluegreen
cyanobacteria, *Anabaena flos-aquae.* The rooted aquatic macrophyte rice
(*Oryza sativa*) is also tested in seedling emergence and vegetative
vigor tests.

Two marine diatom studies and a saltwater green algae study were
reviewed. Results of these studies are presented in Table 7.

**Table 7. Toxicity of Copper 8 to Aquatic Plants**

+-----------+------------+-------------+------------------+----------+
| **        | **C        | *           | **Satisfies      | **Ref    |
| Species** | hemical,** | *Endpoint** | Guidelines/**    | erence** |
|           |            |             |                  |          |
|           | **% Active | **(mg/L)**  | **Comments**     | **(MRID  |
|           | In         |             |                  | No.)**   |
|           | gredient** |             |                  |          |
|           |            |             |                  |          |
|           | **(a.i.)** |             |                  |          |
|           |            |             |                  |          |
|           | **Tested** |             |                  |          |
+===========+============+=============+==================+==========+
| Marine    | Copper 8   | EC~50~ =    | No               | 4        |
| diatom    |            | 0.0073      | (supplemental)   | 29024-04 |
| (*        | 100%       |             |                  |          |
| Nitzschia |            |             | \- 5-day test    |          |
| p         |            |             | duration         |          |
| unctata*) |            |             |                  |          |
|           |            |             | \- static test   |          |
|           |            |             | system           |          |
|           |            |             |                  |          |
|           |            |             | \- NOEC not      |          |
|           |            |             | determined       |          |
+-----------+------------+-------------+------------------+----------+
| Marine    | Copper 8   | EC~50~ =    | Yes (core)       | 4        |
| diatom    |            | 0.0019      |                  | 30735-01 |
| (*Sk      | 98%        |             | \- 5-day test    |          |
| eletonema |            | NOEC = \<   | duration         |          |
| c         |            | 0.0007      |                  |          |
| ostatum*) |            |             | \- static test   |          |
|           |            |             | system           |          |
+-----------+------------+-------------+------------------+----------+
| Saltwater | Copper 8   | EC~50~ =    | Yes (core)       | 4        |
| Green     |            | 0.0154      |                  | 29024-05 |
| alga      | 100%       |             | \- 5-day test    |          |
| (*D       |            | NOEC =      | duration         |          |
| unaliella |            | 0.009       |                  |          |
| tert      |            |             | \- static test   |          |
| iolecta)* |            |             | system           |          |
+-----------+------------+-------------+------------------+----------+

The studies above are classified as acceptable and partially fulfill the
guideline requirements for an algae toxicity test (850.5400, 123-2).
Three additional algal toxicity tests under 850.5400 are outstanding:
freshwater diatom (*Navicula pelliculosa*), blue-green cyanobacteria
(*Anabeana flos-aquae*), and freshwater green alga (*Selenastrum
capricornutum*). Other outstanding non-target aquatic plant toxicity
tests are: floating freshwater aquatic macrophyte duckweed (*Lemna
gibba*) -- 850.4400 and rooted freshwater macrophyte rice (*Oryza
sativa*) -- 850.4225 and 850.4250 (2 tests on seedling emergence and
vegetative vigor).

**II. Risk Assessment and Characterization**

Copper 8-quinolinolate uses are classified as "indoor" with the
exception of the wood treatment uses. An ecological risk assessment is
not typically conducted for "indoor" uses. A risk assessment for the
wood preservative uses is conducted below using the toxicity values from
section I and estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) calculated
by modeling copper 8 leaching into a body of water from a dock. These
values were used to develop risk quotients (RQs) and compare them to
levels of concern (LOCs) in section B below.

#######  A. Environmental Fate Assessment Summary 

Copper 8-quinolinolate is hydrolytically stable at pH 5, 7 and 9. More
than 80% of it is stable in aerobic and anaerobic soils. In aerobic
soils its half-life is 16 weeks, but it may be over one year in
anaerobic soils. It does not show any tendency to migrate from top soil.
It is therefore likely to contaminate surface water through surface
water run-off. Its degradation pathway appears to be aqueous photolysis
with a half-life of 60 to 96 hours. The estimated log K~ow~ for copper
8-quinolinolate is 2.5, which indicates that it is not likely to
bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms like fish.

> **B. Environmental Exposure and Ecological Risk Assessment**

Risk assessment integrates the results of the exposure and ecotoxicity
data to evaluate the likelihood of adverse ecological effects. One
method of integrating the results of exposure and ecotoxicity data is
called the quotient method. For this method, risk quotients (RQs) are
calculated by dividing exposure estimates by ecotoxicity values, both
acute and chronic:

RQ = EXPOSURE/TOXICITY

RQs are then compared to levels of concern (LOCs). These LOCs are
criteria used by OPP to indicate potential risk to nontarget organisms
and the need to consider regulatory action. The criteria indicate that a
pesticide used as directed has the potential to cause adverse effects on
nontarget organisms. LOCs currently address the following risk
presumption categories: (1) **acute** - the potential for acute risk is
high, regulatory action may be warranted in addition to restricted use
classification; (2) **acute restricted use** - the potential for acute
risk is high, but this may be mitigated through restricted use
classification; (3) **acute endangered species** - the potential for
acute risk to endangered species is high, and regulatory action may be
warranted, and (4) **chronic risk** - the potential for chronic risk is
high, and regulatory action may be warranted, (5) **non-endangered plant
risk** -- potential for effects in non-target plants, and (6)
**endangered plant risk** -- potential for effects in endangered plants.
Currently, EPA does not perform assessments for chronic risk to plants,
acute or chronic risks to nontarget insects, or chronic risk from
granular/bait formulations to birds or mammals.

The ecotoxicity test values (measurement endpoints) used in the acute
and chronic risk quotients are derived from required studies. Examples
of ecotoxicity values derived from short-term laboratory studies that
assess acute effects are: (1) LC~50~ (fish and birds), (2) LD~50~ (birds
and mammals), (3) EC~50~ (aquatic plants and aquatic invertebrates) and
(4) EC~25~ (terrestrial plants). Examples of toxicity test effect levels
derived from the results of long-term laboratory studies that assess
chronic effects are: (1) LOAEC (birds, fish, and aquatic invertebrates),
and (2) NOAEC (birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates). For birds and
mammals, the NOAEC generally is used as the ecotoxicity test value in
assessing chronic effects, although other values may be used when
justified. However, the NOAEC is used if the measurement endpoint is
production of offspring or survival. Risk presumptions, along with the
corresponding RQs and LOCs are tabulated below.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Risk Presumptions for Terrestrial Animals**
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Risk Presumption         RQ                                    LOC
  ------------------------ ------------------------------------- ---------

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Birds and Wild Mammals**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------ ------------------------------------- ---------
  Acute Risk               EEC^1^/LC50 or LD50/sqft^2^ or        0.5
                           LD50/day^3^                           

  Acute Restricted Use     EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day (or 0.2
                           LD50 \< 50 mg/kg)                     

  Acute Endangered Species EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day     0.1

  Chronic Risk             EEC/NOAEC                             1
  ------------------------ ------------------------------------- ---------

^1^ abbreviation for Estimated Environmental Concentration (ppm) on
avian/mammalian food items

^2^ [mg/ft^2^]{.underline} ^3^ [mg of toxicant consumed/day]{.underline}

LD50 \* wt. of bird LD50 \* wt. of bird

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Risk Presumptions for Aquatic Animals**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------- ------------------------------ --------
  Risk Presumption                RQ                             LOC

  Acute Risk                      EEC^1^/LC50 or EC50            0.5

  Acute Restricted Use            EEC/LC50 or EC50               0.1

  Acute Endangered Species        EEC/LC50 or EC50               0.05

  Chronic Risk                    EEC/MATC^2^ or NOAEC           1
  ------------------------------- ------------------------------ --------

^1^ EEC = (ppm or ppb) in water

^2^ MATC = maximum allowable toxicant concentration

  ------------------------------- ------------------------------ --------
  **Risk Presumptions for                                        
  Plants**                                                       

  Risk Presumption                RQ                             LOC
  ------------------------------- ------------------------------ --------

+------------------------------+------------------------------+--------+
| ## Terrestr                  |                              |        |
| ial and Semi-Aquatic Plants  |                              |        |
+------------------------------+------------------------------+--------+
| Acute Risk                   | EEC/EC25                     | 1      |
+------------------------------+------------------------------+--------+
| Acute Endangered Species     | EEC/EC05 or NOAEC            | 1      |
+------------------------------+------------------------------+--------+

+------------------------------+------------------------------+--------+
| ## Aquatic Plants            |                              |        |
+------------------------------+------------------------------+--------+
| Acute Risk                   | EEC^1^/EC50                  | 1      |
+------------------------------+------------------------------+--------+
| Acute Endangered Species     | EEC/EC05 or NOAEC            | 1      |
+------------------------------+------------------------------+--------+

1.  EEC = (ppb/ppm) in water

> **[Maximum Expected Environmental Concentrations]{.underline}:**
>
> EPA calculated the leaching of copper 8 from a dock into water. It was
> assumed that 4% of the total applied copper 8 would leach from the
> wood into the water. The retention rate of the wood was assumed to be
> 22 μg/cm^2^. The length and width of the dock was assumed to be 30
> meters and 10 meters, respectively, and the thickness of the wood was
> assumed to be 0.1 meters. The number of poles underneath the dock was
> assumed to be 18 and the dimensions of the poles were assumed to be 2
> meters (length) x 0.15 meters (width) x 0.15 meters (height). The
> poles were assumed to be 0.5 meters inserted into the sediment. Based
> on these specifications, copper 8 EECs were calculated for water body
> sizes ranging from 1 acre foot to 24 acre feet. The highest EEC
> calculated for the smallest body of water (1 acre foot) was 0.00226 mg
> copper 8 per liter of water. The calculated EEC for a slightly larger
> body of water (6 acre feet) is 0.00038 mg copper 8 per liter of water.
> For details on the assumptions made and calculations conducted to
> arrive at this EEC as well as the uncertainties and limitations of the
> calculations, consult Siroos Mostaghimi's 4/25/2007 memo "Estimated
> Environmental Concentrations for Copper 8-Quinolinolate (Cu8Q) from
> Treated Wood Used to Build Docks."
>
> **[Maximum Ecotoxicity Values]{.underline}:**
>
> From the toxicity tables in section I above, the highest toxicity in
> an acceptable fish study was achieved in a study on the rainbow trout
> (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*). The LC~50~ value obtained in this study was
> 0.0089 mg/L (MRID 428990-02). The EC~50~ value obtained in the study
> on the freshwater invertebrate (*Daphnia magna*) was 0.162 mg/L (MRID
> 432284-01). The EC~50~ value obtained in the study on the eastern
> oyster (*Crassostrea virginica*) was 0.0111 mg/L (MRID 428990-04).
> There were no acceptable acute toxicity studies for estuarine and
> marine fish or shrimp nor were there any acceptable chronic toxicity
> studies available for aquatic organisms. Therefore, risk to these
> species cannot be assessed. The highest toxicity in an acceptable
> aquatic plant toxicity study was achieved in a study on the marine
> diatom (*Skeletonema costatum*). The EC~50~ value obtained in this
> study was 0.0019 mg/L and the NOEC was \< 0.0007 (MRID 430735-01). Due
> to outstanding plant toxicity studies, the non-target plant risk
> assessment is incomplete.
>
> **[Acute Freshwater Fish LOC's:]{.underline}**
>
> Comparing the maximum calculated EEC (0.00226 mg/L) to the highest
> toxicity found in a fish acute study (0.0089 mg/L), an RQ of **0.254**
> is obtained. This is less than the LOCs for acute and chronic risks to
> aquatic animals but greater than the LOCs for endangered species and
> acute restricted use. Therefore, there is the potential for copper 8
> to cause adverse effects to endangered freshwater fish and these risks
> may need to be mitigated. The calculated EEC for a slightly larger
> body of water (6 acre feet) is 0.00038 mg copper 8 per liter of water.
> This EEC brings the RQ for freshwater fish down to 0.043, therefore
> the risk to endangered fish species is no longer considered
> significant in this size body of water. However, as discussed below an
> endangered species effect determination will not be made at this time.
>
> **[Acute Freshwater Aquatic Invertebrate LOC's]{.underline}:**
>
> Comparing the maximum calculated EEC to the toxicity value found in
> the study on the freshwater invertebrate (0.162 mg/L), an RQ of 0.014
> is obtained. This is less than all LOCs for aquatic organisms,
> therefore the potential for risks from copper 8 to aquatic
> invertebrates is not high. The calculated EEC for a slightly larger
> body of water (6 acre feet) is 0.00038 mg copper 8 per liter of water.
> The calculated RQ is less than 0.00 and therefore no risk is triggered
> for a larger water body. However, as discussed below an endangered
> species effect determination will not be made at this time.
>
> []{.mark}
>
> **[Acute Aquatic Estuarine/Marine Species]{.underline}:**
>
> For the eastern oyster, the RQ is **0.204**. This is less than the
> LOCs for acute and chronic risks to aquatic animals but greater than
> the LOCs for endangered species and acute restricted use. Therefore,
> there is the potential for copper 8 to cause adverse effects to
> endangered estuarine and marine organisms and these risks may need to
> be mitigated. The calculated EEC for a slightly larger body of water
> (6 acre feet) is 0.00038 mg copper 8 per liter of water. This EEC
> brings the RQ for the eastern oyster down to 0.034 and the RQ for
> aquatic plants down to 0.2 so the risks to endangered estuarine/marine
> organisms and aquatic plants are no longer considered significant
> either. This risk assessment is incomplete due to outstanding fish and
> shrimp toxicity studies.
>
> **[Chronic Aquatic Toxicity Studies]{.underline}:**
>
> Chronic freshwater fish and invertebrate studies are triggered based
> on acute toxicity. No valid studies are available for copper 8.
> Estuarine/marine chronic toxicity studies for fish and invertebrates
> are required. This risk assessment is incomplete.
>
> **[Plant Toxicity Studies]{.underline}:**
>
> Comparing the maximum calculated EEC (0.00226 mg/L) to the highest
> toxicity value found for aquatic plants (0.0019 mg/L), an RQ of 1.189
> is obtained. This is greater than the LOC of \>1.0 and therefore there
> is the potential for acute risk to aquatic plants, including
> endangered species, from copper 8. The calculated EEC for a slightly
> larger body of water (6 acre feet) is 0.00038 mg copper 8 per liter of
> water. This EEC brings the RQ for aquatic plants down to 0.2 so the
> risks to endangered estuarine/marine organisms and aquatic plants are
> no longer considered significant for the larger body of water. This
> risk assessment is incomplete due to outstanding plant toxicity
> studies.
>
> **[Avian and Mammalian Species]{.underline}:**
>
> Based on available avian toxicity data for copper 8, the various wood
> treatments are not expected to be acutely toxic.
>
> **[Uncertainties and Limitations]{.underline}:**
>
> **Fate and Environmental Modeling**: There are a number of
> uncertainties and limitations with this preliminary environmental risk
> assessment. Extrapolating risk conclusions from the pond scenario used
> in the environmental modeling may either underestimate or overestimate
> potential exposures and risks. Numerous uncertainties exist with the
> modeling used since environmental properties are likely to be
> regionally specific because of local hydrogeological conditions.
> Further, any alteration in water quality parameters may impact the
> environmental behavior of the pesticide. Additionally, there are
> pertinent data (wood leaching) lacking; such data would be useful in
> refining this preliminary risk assessment.
>
> **Toxicity Data**: This screening level risk assessment relies on
> selected toxicity endpoints from what are believed to be the most
> sensitive species tested, but it does not necessarily mean that the
> selected toxicity endpoints reflect sensitivity of the most sensitive
> species existing in a given environment. Surrogates were used to
> predict potential risks for various species, and data for several
> species are lacking. Submission of additional non-target organism data
> will refine this screening level assessment.
>
> **Stakeholder** **Modeling Efforts**: The American Chemistry Council
> (ACC) Biocides Panel Copper Reregistration Task Force is presently
> developing modeling pertinent to the wood preservative and roofing
> uses of various copper products. This modeling effort is intended to
> provide estimated environmental exposures which can be used by the
> Agency to refine environmental assessments. Such data would be useful
> in refining this screening level assessment.

C.  **Endangered Species Considerations**

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. Section 1536(a)(2),
requires all federal agencies to consult with the National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS) for marine and anadromous listed species, or
the United States Fish and Wildlife Services (FWS) for listed wildlife
and freshwater organisms, if they are proposing an \"action\" that may
affect listed species or their designated habitat. Each federal agency
is required under the Act to insure that any action they authorize,
fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence
of a listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification
of designated critical habitat. To jeopardize the continued existence of
a listed species means \"to engage in an action that reasonably would be
expected, directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood
of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by
reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of the species.\" 50
C.F.R. \' 402.02.

To facilitate compliance with the requirements of the Endangered Species
Act subsection (a)(2) the Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Pesticide Programs has established procedures to evaluate whether a
proposed registration action may directly or indirectly reduce
appreciably the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed
species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or
distribution of any listed species (U.S. EPA 2004). After the Agency's
screening-level risk assessment is performed, if any of the Agency's
Listed Species LOC Criteria are exceeded for either direct or indirect
effects, a determination is made to identify if any listed or candidate
species may co-occur in the area of the proposed pesticide use. If
determined that listed or candidate species may be present in the
proposed use areas, further biological assessment is undertaken. The
extent to which listed species may be at risk then determines the need
for the development of a more comprehensive consultation package as
required by the Endangered Species Act.

For certain use categories, the Agency assumes there will be minimal
environmental exposure, and only a minimal toxicity data set is required
(Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of
Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Endangered and
Threatened Species Effects Determinations, 1/23/04, Appendix A, Section
IIB, pg.81). Chemicals in these categories therefore do not undergo a
full screening-level risk assessment, and are considered to fall under a
"No Effect" determination. The materials preservative uses of copper
8-quinolinolate fall into this category.

The preliminary analysis for wood treatment uses indicates that there is
a potential for copper 8 use to overlap with listed species and that a
more refined assessment is warranted, to include direct, indirect and
habitat effects. The more refined assessment should involve clear
delineation of the action area associated with proposed use of copper 8
and best available information on the temporal and spatial co-location
of listed species with respect to the action area. This analysis has not
been conducted for this assessment. **An endangered species effect
determination will not be made at this time.** The wood runoff label
statement is expected to provide some level of mitigation until such
time as a full endangered species assessment is possible.

III. **Confirmatory Data Required To Support Wood Treatment Use:**

-   Estuarine/marine fish acute study (850.1075),

-   Estuarine/marine shrimp acute study (850.1035),

-   Acute sediment toxicity to freshwater invertebrates (850.1735),

-   Acute sediment toxicity to estuarine invertebrates (850.1740),

-   Aquatic invertebrate (freshwater) life-cycle study (850.1300),[^2]

-   Fish early life-stage (freshwater) study (850.1400),^1^

-   Fish early life-stage (estuarine/marine) study (850.1400),^1^

-   Chronic mysid shrimp study (850.1350),^1^

-   Freshwater diatom (850.5400),

-   Blue-green cyanobacteria (850.5400),

-   Freshwater green alga (850.5400),

-   Freshwater floating macrophyte duckweed (850.4400),

-   Freshwater rooted macrophyte rice seedling emergence (850.4225),

-   Freshwater rooted macrophyte rice vegetative vigor (850.4250),

-   Wood leaching study (AWPA E11-06),

-   Environmental runoff monitoring study (None). This test can be
    waived provided labels that include anti-sapstain treatment are
    amended as outlined below for such wood preservative labels,

-   Residues in honey/beeswax and toxicity of treated wood residues to
    bees -- combination of Guideline 860.1500 and 850.3030 ("Honey Bee
    Toxicity of Residues on Foliage.")**.** The toxicity portion of this
    study is in lieu of the honeybee contact LD50 test 850.3020. The
    residue and toxicity test can be waived provided the label is
    amended to prohibit the use of treated wood for beehive
    construction, with a statement such as, "Wood treated with copper
    8-quinolinolate shall not be used in the construction of beehives."

**IV. Label Hazard Statements for Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms and
Use Recommendations**

> Copper 8-quinolinolate labels must state:

"This pesticide is toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, oysters, and
shrimp."

\"Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams,
ponds, estuaries, oceans, or other waters unless in accordance with the
requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit and the permitting authorities are notified in writing
prior to discharge. Do not discharge effluent containing this product to
sewer systems without previously notifying the local sewage treatment
plant authority. For guidance contact your State Water Board or Regional
Office of the EPA.\"

> Wood preservative labels that include anti-sapstain treatment must
> state:
>
> \"Treated lumber must be stored under cover, indoors, or at least 100
> feet from any pond, lake, stream, wetland, or river to prevent
> possible runoff of the product into the waterway. Treated lumber
> stored within 100 feet of a pond, lake, stream, wetland, or river must
> be either covered with plastic or surrounded by a berm to prevent
> surface water runoff into the nearby waterway. If a berm or curb is
> used around the site, it should consist of impermeable material (clay,
> asphalt, concrete) and be of sufficient height to prevent runoff
> during heavy rainfall events."
>
> All wood preservative labels must state:
>
> "Wood treated with copper 8-quinolinolate shall not be used in the
> construction of beehives." (Note: If this statement is not added to
> wood preservation labels, bee studies are required as noted above.)

###### REFERENCES

42899002 Ward, G. (1993) Oxine Copper (Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Acute
Toxicity to Rainbow Trout, *Oncorhynchus mykiss*, Under Flow-Through
Test Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9006014A. Unpublished study
prepared by Toxikon Environmental Sciences. 43p.

42899003 Ward, G. (1993) Oxine Copper (Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Acute
Toxicity to Bluegill, *Lepomis macrochirus*, Under Flow-Through Test
Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9006014B. Unpublished study prepared by
Toxikon Environmental Sciences. 44p.

42899004 Ward, G.; Davis, J. (1993) Oxine Copper (Copper
8-Quinolinolate): Acute Toxicity to Embryos and Larvae of the Eastern
Oyster, *Crassostrea virginica*, Under Static Test Conditions: Lab
Project Number: J9006014I. Unpublished study prepared by Toxikon
Environmental Sciences. 45p.

42899005 Ward, G. (1993) Oxine Copper (Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Chronic
Toxicity to the Water Flea, *Daphnia magna*, Under Flow-Through Test
Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9006014F. Unpublished study prepared by
Toxikon Environmental Sciences. 52p.

42902401 Carr, K.; Ward, G. (1993) Oxine Copper (Copper
8-Quinolinolate): Acute Toxicity to Coho Salmon, *Oncorhynchus kisutch*,
Under Flow-Through Test Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9006014C.
Unpublished study prepared by Toxikon Environmental Sciences. 44p.

42902402 Ward, G. (1993) Oxine Copper (Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Acute
Toxicity to the Mysid, *Mysidopsis bahia*, Under Flow-Through Test
Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9006014J. Unpublished study prepared by
Toxikon Environmental Sciences. 42p.

42902403 Lintott, D.; Ward, G. (1993) Oxine Copper (Copper
8-Quinolinolate): Toxicity to Embryos and Lavae of the Rainbow Trout,
*Oncorhynchus mykiss*, Under Flow-Through Test Conditions: Lab Project
Number: J9006014E. Unpublished study prepared by Toxikon Environmental
Sciences. 64p.

42902404 Ward, G. (1993) Oxine Copper (Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Toxicity
to the Saltwater Alga, *Nitzschia punctata*, Under Static Test
Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9006014M. Unpublished study prepared by
Toxikon Environmental Sciences. 46p.

42902405 Ward, G. (1993) Oxine Copper (Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Acute
Toxicity to the Saltwater Green Alga, *Dunaliella tertiolecta*, Under
Static Test Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9006014L. Unpublished study
prepared by Toxikon Environmental Sciences. 46p.

42927101 Hakin, B.; Rodgers, M.; Grutzner, I. (1991) Ro 17-0099/000
(Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) to the Bobwhite
Quail: Lab Project Number: HLR 184-901854: RCC 284253. Unpublished study
prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd.; RCC UMWELTCHEMIE AG. 53p.

42927102 Hakin, B.; Rodgers, M.; Grutzner, I. (1991) Ro 17-0099/000
(Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Acute Oral Toxicity to Mallard Duck: Lab
Project Number: HLR 185-901733: RCC 284264. Unpublished study prepared
by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd.; RCC UMWELTCHEMIE AG. 38p.

42927103 Hakin, B.; Rodgers, M.; Grutzner, I. (1991) Ro 17-0099/000
(Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Dietary Toxicity (LC50) to Bobwhite Quail: Lab
Project Number: HLR 187-901685: RCC 279854. Unpublished study prepared
by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd.; RCC UMWELTCHEMIE AG. 39p.

42927104 Hakin, B.; Rodgers, M.; Grutzner, I. (1991) Ro 17-0099/000
(Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Dietary Toxicity (LC50) to the Mallard Duck:
Lab Project Number: HLR 186-901684: RCC 274228. Unpublished study
prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd.; RCC UMWELTCHEMIE AG. 39p.

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Test Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9006014K. Unpublished study
prepared by Toxikon Environmental Sciences. 45p.

43228401 Ward, G. (1994) Oxine Copper (Copper 8-Quinolinolate): Acute
Toxicity to the Water Flea, *Daphnia magna*, Under Flow-Through Test
Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9006014D. Unpublished study prepared by
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43563701 Nozaka, T. (1995) Acute Toxicity of Copper 8-Quinolinolate to
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[^1]: Testing with the more sensitive species (freshwater or
    estuarine/marine) based on acute toxicity test results is required.

[^2]: Testing with the more sensitive species (freshwater or
    estuarine/marine) based on acute toxicity test results is required.