> **Session No. 11**

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**Course Title: Coastal Hazards Management**

**Session Title: The Human Coast**

**Author: Katherine Eschelbach, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill**

**Time: 50 minutes**

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**Objectives**

1.  Explore and understand coastal population, demographic, and
    settlement trends

2.  Discuss current coastal economic activity and market demands

3.  Discuss how the amount of human activity taking place in the coastal
    zone may be exacerbating our nation's vulnerability to natural
    hazards

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**Scope**

Session 11 broadly introduces students to the activity of humans in the
coastal zone. Assuming many of the students do not have an extensive
background in population statistics or economics, the material is very
basic. The session discusses the settlement patterns, population trends
and predictions, and economic activity at the coast. A large bulk of the
information on these topics is in the form of statistics. Thus, rather
than the instructor listing statistical information for the full
session, the session will commence with a trivia game, called "Human
Coast Trivia". The students will be asked to prepare for the game prior
to the session, by researching population, demographic, and economic
activity statistics. This session will then also provide a short summary
of the human activities in the coastal zone, given in the form of a
brief lecture and slide show by the Instructor. These combined
activities will provide valuable background knowledge in order to
introduce the other sessions in "Section 3: Humans and the Coast".

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**Supplemental Instructions:**

The internet is a tremendous resource for background information on
population trends. Many of the federal government websites cited in the
lecture remarks below are reliable and provide large amounts of
information for students and the public. The students should become
familiar with several of the websites as powerful resources of
information.

As a means of accomplishing this goal, Session 11 will begin with a
trivia game: "Human Coast Trivia". The students will be asked to do
background research on the internet to prepare for the game. **The
students should be instructed to prepare as follows:**

1.  Each student should visit as many web sites as they deem feasible
    (**excluding** this session website) to introduce themselves to the
    following topics: coastal populations, coastal population trends
    over time, coastal settlement and distribution patterns, coastal
    economic activity, and coastal population predictions.

2.  Each student may bring one sheet of 8.5" x 11" paper ("cheat sheet")
    to class with any statistics that they found to be most helpful in
    understanding the above topics. The sheets will then be available to
    the teams during the course of the "Human Coast Trivia" game.

3.  Teams will not be selected until the day of class, therefore it is
    up to each individual to judge which information will be most
    helpful to them to include on their own cheat sheet. The format and
    size of the font is also up to the individual, but it must also be
    kept in mind that there will only be a limited time available to
    answer each question, thus the format and font size chosen should be
    designed for easy and quick reference.

4.  The trivia questions will be focused primarily on coastal human
    population and activity in the United States, but world wide coastal
    statistics also may be used. Students should be prepared for both
    scales, as most statistics commonly found on the internet are fair
    game.

The session will conclude with a brief slideshow, to be given as a short
lecture by the Instructor, pertaining to the main background information
that the students should take with them from this session. *The rules
and questions for the trivia game are included in the Remarks section,
under Part II: Human Coast Trivia Game, immediately following the
notation of PowerPoint Slide 10.3: Human Coast Trivia Game Board (pages
11-6 to 11-11).*

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**Readings:**

*Instructor Reading:*

Bookman, C.A., T.J. Culliton, and M.A. Warren. 1999. *Trends in U.S.
Coastal Regions, 1970*

> *1998. Addendum to the Proceedings, 'Trends and Future Challenges for
> U.S. National Ocean and Coastal Policy'.* U.S. Department of Commerce,
> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean
> Service Special Projects Office. Silver Spring, MD.
> <http://state-of-coast.noaa.gov/natdialog/index.html>.

*Additional Background Reading:*

Beatley, T., D.J. Brower, and A.K. Schwab. 1994. *An Introduction to
Coastal Zone*

*Management.* Island Press: Washington, D.C.

Beach, Dana. 2001. *Coastal Sprawl: The Effects of Urban Design on
Aquatic Ecosystems in*

> *the United States.* Prepared for the Pew Oceans Commission.
> <http://www.pewoceans.org/articles/2002/04/25/brief_25978.asp>

Culliton, T.J. 1998. Population, distribution, density and growth.
NOAA's state of the coast

> report. NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland.
>
> [http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/websites/retiredsites/natdia_pdf/trends_addendum.pdf]{.underline}

Edwards, S.F. 1989. \"Estimates of Future Demographic Changes in the
Coastal Zone.\" *Coastal Management.* 17(3): 229-240.

Edwards, S.F. 1987. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone Economics:
Concepts, Methods, and*

*Case Studies.* Taylor & Francis: New York, NY.

Hunter, L.M. 2001. The Environmental Implications of Population
Dynamics.

<http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1191/>**.**

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**PowerPoint slides:**

**Session 11**

\[**PowerPoint 11.1** Lecture Outline\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.2** Introduction: Humans in the Coastal Zone\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.3** Human Coast Trivia Game Board\]

\[**Power Point 11.4** How many people live in the coastal zone?\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.5** How many people live in the coastal zone?\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.6** Who lives in the Coastal Zone?\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.7** Where do people live in the Coastal Zone?\]

> \[**PowerPoint 11**.**8** Why to people live in the Coastal Zone?\]

\[**PowerPoint 11**.**9** Economic and Resource Trends\]

> \[**PowerPoint 11.10** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 11**.**11** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.12** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]

> \[**PowerPoint 11.13** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]

### 

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**General Requirements:**

The professor should review some of the additional background reading
and understand the trivia game rules based on the accompanying
PowerPoint presentation. ***The students should NOT be permitted to look
at the answers to the trivia questions over the internet prior to class,
or be advised to read the instructor readings.***

The content of this session should be presented as a lecture and trivia
game. Class discussion can be encouraged throughout the course of the
lecture period. Students should read the required readings before class
and can also use the additional readings as resources for further
investigation. The students will be required to research population,
economic and settlement trends/statistics on the internet in order to
prepare for the trivia game. *The instructions for this homework
assignment are listed on page 11-2, under Supplemental Instructions.*

The following slides will be used for the lecture outline:

> \[**PowerPoint 11.1** Lecture Outline\]

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**Objective 11.1:** Understand historical coastal settlement patterns
and current population trends

**Requirements:**

The content should be presented as a lecture and a trivia game,
supported by PowerPoint slides. The first slide, PowerPoint 11.2, should
introduce the students to the topics to be covered during the session.
PowerPoint 11.3 should be presented as a trivia game. The rules and
questions for the trivia game are listed below in the Remarks section,
and encompass the material for both Objective 11.1 and 11.2. The
remaining PowerPoint slides are to be presented as a brief lecture to
summarize the main points of the session, which were also introduced as
a part of the trivia game.

The following slides will be used during this objective:

\[**PowerPoint 11.2** Introduction: Humans in the Coastal Zone\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.3** Human Coast Trivia Game Board\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.4** How many people live in the coastal zone?\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.5** How many people live in the coastal zone?\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.6** Who lives in the Coastal Zone?\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.7** Where do people live in the Coastal Zone?\]

> \[**PowerPoint 11**.**8** Why to people live in the Coastal Zone?\]

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**Remarks:**

**I. Introduction: Humans in the Coastal Zone**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.2** Introduction: Humans in the Coastal Zone\]

1.  The coastal areas of the world are very densely populated and center
    around a large amount of economic activity. It is important to
    understand the trends and predictions centered around human activity
    in the coastal zone due to the amount of pressure these activities
    have on sensitive environmental areas as well as an increased
    vulnerability to natural hazards. This session will introduce the
    trends of coastal settlement and explore why so many people are
    economically driven to live there through a brief lecture and slide
    show.

2.  First, however, we will play "Human Coast Trivia" to see what you
    have learned from your homework assignment in terms of these topics.
    Then, there will be a brief slide show to summarize the main points
    of the session.

**II. Human Coast Trivia Game**

\[**PowerPoint 11.3** Human Coast Trivia Game Board\]

*The instructions for this homework assignment are listed on page 11-2,
under Supplemental Instructions.*

1.  **Rules of the Human Coast Trivia Game:**

> **(*Note to the Instructor: The Instructor should read and understand
> the rules prior to class period. The rules should also be read aloud
> to the class before the start of the game.)***

-   This trivia game is similar to the format of the game show,
    "Jeopardy!". The students will be asked questions based on the
    numerical point value chosen on the trivia board (PowerPoint Slide
    11.3). The higher the point value, the more difficult the question.

-   It may be helpful to the instructor to select one volunteer
    scorekeeper / timekeeper for the game.

-   The students will be evenly divided into two teams by the instructor
    before the start of the game.

-   Each student will take a turn at answering a question on each team
    until all of the students have answered a question. Then, the same
    order of students will start over again.

-   The first team's student will select a category and point value and
    the Instructor will read the question associated with that point
    value to the student.

    -   The next question will go to the next individual student on the
        second team, the third turn to the second individual on the
        first team, and so forth.

-   The students will have 10 seconds to answer the question on their
    own. The student may opt to confer with their teammates and give an
    answer, but will only be allowed 15 seconds to answer the question
    correctly. The individual student who selected the question must
    answer, even if teammates are consulted. They may use the permitted
    1 page cheat sheets brought to the class period, whether the
    individual or the team is answering the question. No laptops are
    permitted.

-   If the question is left unanswered or is answered incorrectly, the
    other team will have 5 seconds to answer. If answered correctly, the
    opposing team will steal the assigned points and retain their turn.

-   There will be several hidden "bonus questions" that when chosen,
    will allow the student to confer with his/her teammates for 30
    seconds to correctly answer the question. The other team will not be
    permitted to steal the question, even if it is unanswered or
    answered incorrectly.

-   Once all of the questions have been selected, the points will be
    tallied for each team and the leading team announced. (A running
    point tally may be kept by the Instructor on a chalkboard, or dry
    erase board, if available.)

-   There will be one final question that both of the teams confer on
    for 1 minute and each give their answer. Once the question is read,
    the team can wager a set number of points (maximum being their
    earned point total to this point in the game). If a team answers the
    question correctly, they receive the wagered amount of points. If
    the team answers incorrectly, the wagered amount of points is
    deducted from their total. The team with the highest number of
    points after this question is the winner of the game.

*Note: The Instructor and students may find that there are slightly
different answers to questions, due to the highly variable nature of
statistical reporting that exists. Thus, the instructor should provide a
small amount of leniency in judging the correct answers to account for
this. If this occurs, it is an **opportunity for the Instructor to make
the point that statistics vary by the source of the statistic and what
the statistic is based on** -- and point out that they should use their
time to confer on questions, they should not only use the time to find
the answer, but also decide what the most reliable source is for the
answer. The students will learn that they should be selective in their
sources (as some internet sources are more reliable than others) and try
to understand the data used for that statistic rather than just
accepting it at face value.*

2.  **Questions and Answers:**

-   **Population 100**

    -   Question: What is the current population of the world?

    -   Answer: 6,379,955,609 (as of 7/12/04)[^1] - - *approximately 6
        billion people is an acceptable answer*

-   **Population 200**

    -   Question: What percentage of the US population lives in the
        coastal zone?

    -   Answer: approximately 53%^2^

-   **Population 300**

    -   Question: What is the percentage of land area in the US coastal
        zone?

    -   Answer: approximately 17%^3^

-   **Population 400**

    -   Question: What is the average density of US population in the
        coastal zone?

    -   Answer: 277 people per square mile^2^ (*Note:* *in 1997*)

-   **Population 500**

    -   Question: What is the density of population in the coastal zone
        of Shanghai, China?

    -   Answer: 2,000 people per square kilometer^4^

-   **Trends 100**

    -   Question: Growth used to be concentrated along the US coast in
        large urban areas such as New York City, Chicago, Miami, and Los
        Angeles. In which decade did development start to extensively
        spread to other, more rural, coastal areas due to: a demand for
        vacation housing, improvements in transportation networks, and
        an increasing number of retirees?

    -   Answer: the 1950's ^8^

-   **Trends 200**

    -   Question: In the 1990's, how many of the 20 fastest growing
        counties of the US were in the coastal zone?

    -   Answer: 17^2^

-   **Trends 300**

    -   Question: What state has the nation's fastest growing counties
        at an increase of 4,400 people per week?

    -   Answer: Florida^2^

-   **Trends 400**

    -   Question: By 2030 it is expected that the number of people who
        live in cities worldwide will: **A**) double, **B**) triple, or
        **C**) be reduced by half

    -   Answer: A) Double^7^

-   **Trends 500**

    -   Question: In 1965, the deepest oil well in the Gulf of Mexico
        was 632 feet (or 0.12 miles) deep. How deep was the deepest well
        in the same area in 1996?

    -   Answer: 7,620 feet (or 1.44 miles) deep^2^

-   **Housing and Settlement Patterns 100**

    -   Question: Name three reasons why people have settled in the
        coastal zone since prehistoric times.

    -   Answer: *Possible answers include:* favorable climate
        conditions, navigation, communication, or transportation^6^

-   **Housing and Settlement Patterns 200**

    -   Question: How many of the 20 US counties with the largest number
        of new housing units are coastal?

    -   Answer: 16^2^

-   **Housing and Settlement Patterns 300**

    -   Question: How many new homes, on average, were built every day
        in the US coastal zone for the past 25 years?

    -   Answer: 2,000^2^

-   **Housing and Settlement Patterns 400**

> **\* BONUS QUESTION**

-   Question: How many of the 10 largest cities of the world are
    coastal? AND, of these 10 largest cities, name 5 of the coastal
    cities.

-   Answer: 8; possible cities = Tokyo, Japan; Mumbai, India; New York
    City, USA; Shanghai, China; Lagos, Nigeria; Los Angeles, USA;
    Calcutta, India; Buenos Aires, Argentina (*Mexico City, Mexico and
    Sáo Paulo, Brazil are within the top 10, but are considered
    inland*)^11^

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-   **Housing and Settlement Patterns 500**

    -   Question: How many seasonal homes were there on the northeastern
        seaboard in 1997?

    -   Answer: almost 500,000^5^

-   **Economics 100**

    -   Question: The saltwater fishing industry provides how many jobs
        to Americans?

    -   Answer: 200,000^2^

-   **Economics 200**

    -   Question: Name three reasons why growth is attractive to coastal
        cities.

    -   Answer: Growth brings jobs, creates economic prosperity, adds
        new industries, improves regional infrastructure, enhances
        educational opportunities, and increases tax revenues.^13^

-   **Economics 300**

    -   Question: The average American spends how many recreational days
        on the coast each year?

    -   Answer: 10 ^2^

-   **Economics 400**

    -   Question: How many ports are there in the US that handle more
        than 1 million metric tons of cargo each year?

    -   Answer: 145 ^2^

-   **Economics 500**

    -   Question: Which public beach receives more visitors than any
        National Park in the US?

    -   Answer: Miami Beach^2^

-   **Predictions 100**

    -   Question: How many people will live in the US coastal zone by
        2015?

    -   Answer: 166 million people^2^

-   **Predictions 200**

> **\* BONUS QUESTION**

-   Question: Name four of the five coastal states in the US that are
    projected to have the most growth by 2015.

-   Answer: *Possible answers =* California, Florida, Texas, Washington
    and Virginia^2^

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-   **Predictions 300**

    -   Question: Name the two coastal cities in the US that are
        projected to increase the most in population by 2015.

    -   Answer: Los Angeles (increase of 1.6 million), San Diego (1.2
        million) ^2^

-   **Predictions 400**

    -   Question: The region of California from Santa Barbara to San
        Diego amounts to 13% of the US coastal population and increased
        by 6.1 million people from 1970 to 1997. How many more people
        are projected to live in this region by 2015?

    -   Answer: 5.2 million more people ^2^

-   **Predictions 500**

    -   Question: The Mediterranean region is projected to have a
        population of how many people in the next 30 years?

    -   Answer: 555 million ^4^

-   **Final Round: US Development Trends**

    -   Question: From 1973 to 1994, the urban area of Charleston, South
        Carolina had a 40% increase in population. In comparison, did
        Charleston's developed land area spread at a rate: **A**) slower
        than the rate of its population growth (densify at a 9% increase
        in land area), **B**) the same as its rate of population growth
        (spread at approximately 43%), or **C**) higher than its
        population growth (dramatically spread at a 250% increase in
        land area).

    -   Answer: C) 250% ^5^

***Note to Instructor:** After the completion of the trivia game, a
short power point presentation follows the game board slide (PowerPoint
slide 11.3). The slide show and lecture is available for the purpose of
summarizing the main points of the session and game and providing some
visual representation of the information. The lecture notes provided
below contain these statistics, although the Instructor can use their
discretion on how much time they have to discuss these with the class.*

*The instructor should be selective and provide only the statistics that
they feel most relevant to the class with each slide due to these time
constraints. The instructor should also strongly make the point during
several parts of the lecture that, as most likely seen during the trivia
game, these statistics vary considerably from source to source.
Statistical reporting of information can be biased and it is important
to understand the data used to generate that statistic before relying on
the information. The source of the information should also be taken into
consideration, especially when using the internet.*

**III. How many people live in the coastal zone?**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.4** How many people live in the coastal zone?\]

1.  Coastal areas are crowded: **more than half of the US population
    lives in the coastal zone**. This coastal population accounts for
    53% of the nation's total pop at 141 million[^2]

-   The coastal zone consists of 451 counties out of 3000+ counties in
    the US. ^2^

-   Coastal counties are the wealthiest, densest, the most populated
    counties in the US. With this comes extreme pressure on
    environmental systems, including increased solid waste production
    and demands on wastewater treatment, energy supplies and potable
    water, loss of green space and wildlife habitat, higher volume of
    stormwater runoff, and declines in water quality. The vulnerability
    of these populations to natural and technological hazards also
    increases as population numbers and densities rise in these already
    crowded areas. ^2^

2.  Coastal counties account for only 17% of the nation's total land
    area.[^3]

3.  44 % of the world\'s population (more people than inhabited the
    entire globe in 1950) live within 150 kilometers of the coast. In
    2001 over half the world\'s population lived within 200km of a
    coastline. ^9^

4.  3.6 billion people live within 150 kilometers of the coastline
    across the globe.[^4]

5.  China, the world's most populous country at 1.2 billion people (4.5
    times that of the US), has 94% of its population concentrated in the
    eastern third of the country. In Shanghai, the population density is
    more than 2,000 people per square kilometer. Nearly 100 million
    Chinese are thought to have migrated from the poorer, inland
    provinces to the coastal cities in search of economic opportunity.
    ^4^

6.  By 2025, the coastal zone between Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro,
    Brazil is projected to become one contiguous urban area with up to
    40 million people. ^4^

7.  The Mediterranean region's population is approximately 380 million
    and is projected to reach 555 million within the next 30 years. ^4^

**IV. How many people live in the coastal zone?**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.5** How many people live in the coastal zone?\]

1.  In the 1990's, 17 of the 20 fastest growing US counties were in the
    coastal zone^2^

2.  Prediction: There will be an increase of 24.7 million people in the
    US coastal zone by 2015 (total of 166 million people) ^2^

3.  Most of the growth is projected for the following states:
    California, Florida, Texas, Washington and Virginia^2^

-   California and Florida combined are predicted to increase population
    by 13 million, which is more than half of the total expected
    increase for all coastal states^2^

-   Los Angeles (1.6 mill) and San Diego (1.2 mill) are expected to
    increase in pop by 2.8 million people alone, with Houston Texas the
    next highest hotspot at 1.2 million people^2^

-   California stats: The region of the coast from Santa Barbara to San
    Diego accounts for 13 percent of the US coastal population and
    averages about 3,400 newcomers every WEEK. This region increased by
    6.1 million people between 1970 and 1997 and is projected to
    increase by 5.2 million more by 2015. ^2^

-   Florida stats: has many of the nation's fastest growing counties --
    has increased by 4,400 people per week. ^2^

4.  19 of the US's 20 most densely populated counties are located in the
    coastal zone. Since 1970, the density increased by 62 people per
    square mile. ^2^

-   277 people per square mile lived in coastal counties of the US
    in 1997. the national average for all counties is 91 people per
    square mile. ^2^

-   Population densities are expected to reach 327 by 2015 and they were
    at 187 people per square mile in 1960. Densities are the highest
    along the east coast, especially in the northeast. It has a
    population density of 645 persons per square mile and is about 33%
    of the coastal population in the US. ^11^

-   The Pacific region is next with 25% of the coastal population. The
    growth has occurred in warmer areas, however, with California and
    Florida leading the way -- thus, the population share of the
    northeast is expected to decline to 29% by 2015. By that same year,
    the Pacific region is expected to have a similar population number
    as the north east. Between 1960 an 2010 there will be an expected
    158% increase. A 188% increase in population is expected over the
    same time period in the southeast. ^11^

**V. Who lives in the Coastal Zone?**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.6** Who lives in the Coastal Zone?\]

1.  Coastal housing: 16 of the 20 counties in the nation with the
    largest number of new housing units being constructed are coastal.
    ^2^

2.  An average of 2,000 new homes were built every day in the US coastal
    zone for the past 25 years. ^2^

-   Single family homes are the highest percentage of new housing at 60%
    with 453,000 new homes built every year. ^2^

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-   Multi-unit dwellings are more popular on the west coast, which are
    built at a rate of 300,000 units per year. ^2^

3.  Coastal areas are major tourist destinations. In 1997, there were
    almost 500,000 seasonal homes on the northeastern seaboard. [^5]

4.  The growth in seasonal homes in crease by 45% between 1960 and 1990
    and was especially concentrated in the Northeast with 484,000
    seasonal homes being located there in 1990. Barrier islands are also
    popular locations for seasonal homes, with a large amount of housing
    in the southeast located from West Palm Beach to Miami, Florida.
    California also has high numbers of seasonal housing, accounting for
    60% of the west coast dwellings. Michigan has more than half of the
    Great Lakes states seasonal housing along its coastal zone. ^2^

**VI. Where do people live in the Coastal Zone?**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.7** Where do people live in the Coastal Zone?\]

1.  Favorable climate conditions along with ease of navigation,
    communication, and transportation has encouraged human settlement in
    coastal zones since prehistoric times.[^6]

2.  Migration is due to global transportation and communication recently
    and is usually seen as an opportunity economically. ^9^

3.  Growth used to be concentrated along the coast in large urban areas
    such as New York City, Chicago, Miami, and Los Angeles. Starting in
    the 1950's, development spread to other coastal areas that are more
    rural as a result of demand for vacation housing, improvements in
    transportation networks, and the increasing number of retirees.[^7]

4.  14 of the largest 20 cities in the US are in the coastal zone. 7 of
    the 14 exceed 1 million people. 45% of the 53% of people that live
    at the coast live in urban areas.[^8]

5.  By 2030 it is expected that the number of people who live in urban
    areas will double and nearly 5 billion people will live in cities.
    ^9^

6.  Megacity = a city with greater than 10 million people. In 1960 only
    New York and Tokyo were mega cities. In 1999, there were 17 mega
    cities, 13 of which are in less-developed countries. ^9^

7.  8 of the 10 largest cities in the world are coastal.

**Top Ten Largest Cities:**[^9]

1.  Tokyo, Japan - Coastal

2.  Mexico City, Mexico - Inland

3.  Mumbai, India - Coastal

4.  Sáo Paulo, Brazil - Inland

5.  New York City, USA - Coastal

6.  Shanghai, China - Coastal

7.  Lagos, Nigeria - Coastal

8.  Los Angeles, USA - Coastal

9.  Calcutta, India - Coastal

10. Buenos Aires, Argentina - Coastal

**VII. Why to people live in the Coastal Zone?**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.8** Why to people live in the Coastal Zone?\]

1.  The potential for work and economic opportunities in coastal cities
    is a strong attractive force. With many of the world's largest
    cities being within the coastal zone, economic activity is also
    naturally concentrated in these large cities. ^6^

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Objective 11.2** Discuss current coastal economic activity and market
demands.

**Requirements:**

The content should be presented as lecture, supported by PowerPoint
slides.

The following slides will be used during this objective:

\[**PowerPoint 11.9** Economic and Resource Trends\]

> \[**PowerPoint 11.10** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 11.11** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]

\[**PowerPoint 11.12** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]

> \[**PowerPoint 11.13** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Remarks:**

**VIII. Economic and Resource Trends**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.9** Economic and Resource Trends\]

1.  18 of the 20 wealthiest counties in the US are coastal based on per
    capita income. ^5^

2.  In 1985, total GNP originating in the coastal zone totaled 31% of US
    GNP, equaling \$1.5 trillion.[^10]

3.  "Their population growth and related development place many of the
    Nation's coastal areas under increasing pressure. Growth brings
    jobs, creates economic prosperity, adds new industries, improves
    regional infrastructure, enhances educational opportunities, and
    increases tax revenues."[^11]

**IX. What do People do in the Coastal Zone?**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.10** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]

1.  "The average American spends 10 recreational days on the coast each
    year." ^2^

2.  Tourism and recreation are one of the most significant economic
    activities in the coastal zone. ^2^

3.  Miami Beach receives more visitors than any National Park. ^2^

4.  Coastal states together earn 85% of the total US tourist revenues^2^

5.  Recreational boats and saltwater fishing are popular measures of
    economic recreational activity. The number of salt water anglers
    increased between 1970 and 1985 and generates over \$15 billion
    every year in total economic output and provides over 200,000 jobs.
    ^2^

6.  Over 77 million people participate in recreational boating
    activities each year in the US ^2^

Taken from: <http://www.unu.edu/unupress/lecture3.html>

Table 1: The Contributions of Tourism to the Economies of some OECD
Nations (OECD, 1989)

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

United States Six percent of GNP, US\$293 billion

(Includes residents and international visitors)

Canada Four percent of GNP

United Kingdom Four percent of GNP, greater than 9 billion pounds

Switzerland 6.2% of gross domestic product

16.9 billion Swiss francs

Turkey Three percent of gross national product

2 billion U.S. dollars

Yugoslavia Ten percent of foreign exchange earnings

Portugal Nine percent of gross domestic product

Norway 3.3% of total gross product

NKr 36.8 billion

New Zealand 3.9% of gross domestic product

NZ\$2.3 billion\
Italy 8.0% of gross domestic product

70-75 billion lira

Germany 4.6% of national income

96 billion DM

France 390 billion French francs

Finland 40% of export of goods and services

MK 4.1 billion

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**X. What do People do in the Coastal Zone?**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.11** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]

1.  The US leads the world in the value of imports and exports. In 1994
    the total value of imports and exports = \$1.2 trillion. ^2^

2.  Domestically, barges are the vessel of choice, with the focus of
    activity at the port (both domestically and internationally). There
    are approximately 145 ports, each handling over 1 million metric
    tons of cargo each year -- with the top 10 ports handling over 900
    million metric tons per year. ^2^

**XI. What do People do in the Coastal Zone?**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.12** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]

1.  By 2010, the US will import over 60% of its oil and gas, making the
    US vulnerable to economic impacts according to the world oil
    markets. ^2^

2.  Of the oil produced in the US, 20% of it comes from federal offshore
    lands. In 1997, the government received a total of approx. \$73
    million from bonuses, rent and royalties from offshore petroleum
    activities. ^2^

3.  In the Gulf of Mexico the industry employs about 84,000 people --
    which is also where 98% of the nation's gas is produced. Petroleum
    and oil production also takes place in California and Alaska's
    coastal zones. Technology is also increasing the ability of the
    companies to find oil. In 1965, the deepest well was 632 feet deep
    in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1996, the deepest well was 7,620 feet
    deep. ^2^

4.  Sand and Gravel and other minerals are also mined off the shore.
    This includes uses of sand and gravel for construction and beach
    nourishment and beds of phosphate, titanium, gold, barite,
    manganese, cobalt and platinum. ^2^

**XII. What do People do in the Coastal Zone?**

> \[**PowerPoint 11.13** What do people do in the coastal zone?\]

1.  As global populations increase, so will their need for food. Coastal
    regions provide a large amount of the food supply. The increasing
    demand is causing a decrease in supply and one option used to
    supplement the supply is through aquaculture. Aquaculture, the farm
    raising of fish and crustaceans, represents 20% of the US
    consumption. The largest marine aquaculture production is in salmon,
    with oysters high in production as well. ^2^

2.  Fisheries are reaching their limits on their capacity to produce
    fish. 86 species are over fished and 10 are approaching an over
    fished condition. Shellfish growing waters earned \$200 million in
    1995's commercial harvest. ^2^

> Objective 11.3 Discuss how the amount of human activity taking place
> in the coastal zone may be exacerbating our nation's vulnerability to
> natural hazards
>
> **Requirements:**
>
> This Objective should include class discussion about the facts learned
> during the previous Objectives, and how these facts indicate
> increasing vulnerability of coastal communities to hazards.
>
> **Remarks:**

###### Human Factors Contributing to Vulnerability

-   The type and extent of **disaster losses** that the United States
    experiences are, in part, **a function of its population**,
    including its size, growth, composition, and distribution. As areas
    become **more densely populated**, they can also become **more
    exposed to hazards**.[^12]

    -   The permanent population of the hurricane-prone coastal counties
        of the United States, for example, continues to grow at a rapid
        rate. Recent demographic trends point toward increasing exposure
        to many natural hazards.[^13]

-   Of greater importance to disaster exposure is **how the population
    is dispersed** on the land.

    -   The movement from rural to urban areas continues to rise
        throughout the world. The result of **urbanization** is an
        increase in localized population density, heightening the
        probability that even small-scale disasters will affect larger
        numbers of people.

    -   Moreover, most of this urban group will reside in **megacities**
        -- giant urban complexes that are contiguous and interdependent
        and that sometimes extend beyond political boundaries. Because
        megacities are a fairly recent phenomenon, human experience with
        disasters in those sites is thin. But some fairly recent events
        in urban areas (Kobe earthquake, Hurricane Andrew) have shown
        that there is enormous potential for catastrophic disasters in
        megacities and that many of them are becoming increasingly
        vulnerable.[^14]

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   The location of these urban concentrations is crucial as well. We
    have seen earlier how so much of the world's urban population lives
    within day's drive of the coastline, and the proportion is
    increasing. **Nearly all of the nation's megacities lie within
    coastal plains**. Coastal areas are exposed to an assortment of
    natural hazards related to wind and flooding. [^15]

-   Not only is more of the Nation's coastline being developed, but the
    development **is increasingly dense and capital intensive**.

    -   Quaint summer cottages in remote beach areas and barrier islands
        reminiscent of a bygone era are quickly being replaced with
        high-rise condominiums and expensive office buildings. When this
        type of development is damaged, the **costs are very high**.
        [^16]

-   This trend also has **tremendous implications for population
    dislocation**. Evacuating thousands of people at once with limited
    routes of egress is exceedingly difficult, even with increased
    precision in forecasting technology.

    -   When disasters destroy whole neighborhoods, finding temporary
        shelter for all those displaced is a monumental task,
        contributing to many of the most difficult issues surrounding
        disaster recovery and reconstruction.

-   These and other demographic trends will alter the exposure and
    vulnerability to hazards by:

    -   increasing the number of households at risk for major disasters.

    -   Increasing the impact of geographically small-scale events;

    -   Increasing population dislocation after disasters;

    -   Increasing the necessity for cooperation among contiguous
        incorporated areas after future disasters;

    -   Increasing the need for greater governmental response.[^17]

###### Increasing the Tax Base Through Increased Development

-   **Government at all levels tends to boost development**. Local and
    state governments are eager to capture the tax base, economic
    growth, and perceived benefits from reduced tax rates, more jobs and
    more income. Local political campaigns frequently center on this
    issue and are won or lost accordingly.[^18]

-   Numerous local governmental jurisdictions in the United States
    coastal zone face this issue. There are 670 coastal counties across
    the country in addition to numerous coastal cities and towns. In
    Florida alone, there are 465 cities and counties, as well as
    regional entities (e.g., water management districts, regional
    planning councils), all considered "coastal" under the state's
    coastal management program. [^19]

-   In many coastal communities, **priority is given to attracting and
    encouraging growth,** with little consideration fro long-term
    environmental damage, loss of quality of life, or social costs that
    accompany such growth.

    -   Because the historical dependence on **local property taxes**
        continues to this day, attracting increasingly valuable property
        is a paramount goal for many communities.

    -   Coastal counties are especially motivated to capture
        **second-home growth**, which requires few traditional public
        services, such as schools, and helps keep local tax rates low.
        [^20]

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Appendix A: Course Developer References**

<http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html>

<http://state-of-coast.noaa.gov/natdialog/index.html>

[http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/coastalenv/coastal.html](http://www.globalchange.umih.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/coastalenv/coastal.html)

<http://www.aaas.org/international/ehn/fisheries/hinrichs.htm>

<http://www.pewoceans.org/articles/2002/04/25/brief_25978.asp>

<http://www.oceansatlas.com/fishatlas/generated/uba00101.htm>

<http://www.ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/briefingbooks/oceans/j.cfm>

<http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/intro/gornitz_04/>

[http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3Jjc9ZW4mNjE9KiY2NT1](http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3Jjc9ZW4mNjE9KiY2NT1rb3rb3M~)

[rb3M\~](http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3Jjc9ZW4mNjE9KiY2NT1rb3rb3M~)
*(click on "USES", then "Human Settlements on the Coast" if given blank
screen)*

Luger, M.I. 1992. Economic value of the coastal zone. Journal of
Environmental Systems.

21(4).

<http://state-of-coast-noaa.gov/bulletins/html/pop_01/national.html>

<http://www.unu.edu/unupress/lecture3.html>

The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment.
2002. *Human Links to Coastal Disasters.* Washington, D.C.: the Heinz
Center

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Appendix B: Power Point Graphics Citations**

**Session 11**

**PowerPoint 11.1:** Lecture Outline

-   (Source: USGS)

**PowerPoint 11.2** Introduction: Humans in the Coastal Zone

-   (Source: National Geographic)

-   (Source: NASA)

**PowerPoint 11.4** How many People Live in the Coastal Zone?

-   (Source: [www.planbleu.org/](http://www.planbleu.org/)
    [vanglaise/4-215a.htm](http://www.planbleu.org/vanglaise/4-215a.htm))

-   (Source: Time Magazine/ http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/ )

-   (Source:http://homepages.teuto.de/zierke/shasta_route/picpages/pop-distri-west.html)

-   (Source: NOAA)

**PowerPoint 11.5** How many People Live in the Coastal Zone?

-   (Source: Woods Hole/USGS)

-   (Source: NOAA)

**PowerPoint 11.6** Who Lives in the Coastal Zone?

-   (Source: [noehill.com/sf/vics/
    fulton1198.asp?back=vics](http://noehill.com/sf/vics/fulton1198.asp?back=vics))

-   (Source:
    [www.miami-fl-real-estate.com/](http://www.miami-fl-real-estate.com/))

**PowerPoint 11.7** Where do People Live in the Coastal Zone?

-   (Source: http://desip.igc.org/populationmaps.html)

-   (Source:http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/coastalenv/coastal.html)

**PowerPoint 11.8** Why do People Live in the Coastal Zone?

-   (Source: [www.blackbamboohawaii.com/
    oceansong/](http://www.blackbamboohawaii.com/oceansong/))

-   (Source: [www.visit-seattle.com/](http://www.visit-seattle.com/))

**PowerPoint 11.9** Economic and Resource Trends

-   (Source:http://geogdata.csun.edu/atlas.us1/US0021.GIF)

**PowerPoint 11.10** What do People do in the Coastal Zone?

-   (Source: http://www.weddings-in-keywest.com/2-scuba-divers.jpg)

-   (Source:
    http://www.rockcitynews.com/photos/vacation99/sailboats.jpg)

-   (Source:
    http://www.hobie3.org/2001/regattas/sanfelipe/images/Image056.jpg )

-   (Source: [www.disordered.org/
    Travel-DK.html](http://www.disordered.org/Travel-DK.html))

**PowerPoint 11.11** What do People do in the Coastal Zone?

-   (Source: http://www.aapa-ports.org/industryinfo/gallery.htm)

**PowerPoint 11.12** What do People do in the Coastal Zone?

-   (Source: [www.rfdbase.com/
    login/index.cfm](http://www.rfdbase.com/login/index.cfm))

**PowerPoint 11.13** What do People do in the Coastal Zone?

-   (Source:
    http://www.pacificislands.cc/pm22002/pmdefault.php?urlarticleid=0026)

-   (Source:http://webinstituteforteachers.org/2000/teams/downeast/letters/Cutler.html)

**Lecture References:**

[^1]: <http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html>

[^2]: <http://state-of-coast.noaa.gov/natdialog/index.html>

[^3]: [http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/coastalenv/coastal.html](http://www.globalchange.umih.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/coastalenv/coastal.html)

[^4]: <http://www.aaas.org/international/ehn/fisheries/hinrichs.htm>

[^5]: <http://www.pewoceans.org/articles/2002/04/25/brief_25978.asp>

[^6]: <http://www.oceansatlas.com/fishatlas/generated/uba00101.htm>

[^7]: <http://www.ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/briefingbooks/oceans/j.cfm>

[^8]: <http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/intro/gornitz_04/>

[^9]: [http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3Jjc9ZW4mNjE9KiY2NT1](http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3Jjc9ZW4mNjE9KiY2NT1rb3rb3M~)

    [rb3M\~](http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3Jjc9ZW4mNjE9KiY2NT1rb3rb3M~)
    *(click on "USES", then "Human Settlements on the Coast" if given
    blank screen)*

[^10]: Luger, M.I. 1992. Economic value of the coastal zone. Journal of
    Environmental Systems.

    21(4).

[^11]: [http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/websites/retiredsites/natdia_pdf/trends_addendum.pdf]{.underline}

[^12]: Mileti, Dennis S. 1999. *Disasters By Design: A Reassessment of
    Natural Hazards in the United States.* Washington, D.C.: Joseph
    Henry Press.

[^13]: Id.

[^14]: Id.

[^15]: Id.

[^16]: Id.

[^17]: Id.

[^18]: The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the
    Environment. 2002. *Human Links to Coastal Disasters.* Washington,
    D.C.: the Heinz Center.

[^19]: Id.

[^20]: Id.