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# **September 2005 Policy Brief** 

RSC Contact: Sheila Cole

### Background on the Prostitution/Sex Trafficking Provision in International HIV/AIDS Funding

*On August 11, 2005, the United States Government was sued by an
organization that refused to certify, as a condition of receiving U.S.
HIV/AIDS funds, that it is against prostitution and sex trafficking. The
following policy brief outlines the law being challenged, its
legislative history, and background information on the organization that
filed the lawsuit.*

**[U.S. Law]{.underline}**

Under U.S. law, funds authorized by the United States Leadership Against
HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-25),
must not be used "to promote or advocate the legalization or practice of
prostitution or sex trafficking" and organizations must have a policy
"explicitly opposing prostitution and sex trafficking."

> "(e) LIMITATION- No funds made available to carry out this Act, or any
> amendment made by this Act, may be used to promote or advocate the
> legalization or practice of prostitution or sex trafficking
>
> **"(f) LIMITATION- No funds made available to carry out this Act, or
> any amendment made by this Act, may be used to provide assistance to
> any group or organization that does not have a policy explicitly
> opposing prostitution and sex trafficking."**
>
> ---Source: P.L. 108-25, Title III, Subtitle A, Section 301, (e), (f)
> (emphasis added)

**[DKT International Sues U.S. Government:]{.underline}**

On August 11, 2005, DKT International filed a lawsuit in the District
Court of the District of Columbia against the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID) and its director Andrew Natsios,
challenging a federal law and USAID's implementing regulations that
require, in order to receive international HIV/AIDS funding, U.S. and
foreign non-governmental organizations to adopt a policy "explicitly
opposing prostitution and sex trafficking." DKT's lawsuit challenges
this policy as an unconstitutional infringement of speech.

According to its court filing, in June 2005, **DKT applied for a
\$60,000 subgrant to market condom lubricants in Vietnam. The grant was
initially approved by USAID, but rescinded when DKT refused to certify
its opposition to prostitution and sex trafficking**. DKT has asked the
court to prevent USAID's withdrawal of funds, pending a ruling in the
case. In its lawsuit, DKT argues:

-   **"DKT has no policy on prostitution and does not wish to adopt one.
    It believes it has a First Amendment right not to do so."**

-   In addition to the policy it is required to sign, DKT believes it
    will also have "to restrict its own speech, outside of its work with
    the USAID funds, to speech consistent with that policy. Thus, the
    USAID-required policy would restrict even speech and activities paid
    for with private and non-U.S. government funds."

-   "As a result of the statute and the USAID requirement, DKT has also
    been penalized for exercising its First Amendment right not to speak
    by being excluded from eligibility for all future USAID grant
    funds."[^1]

In its filing for a preliminary injunction, DKT states, **"Different
people in the \[DKT\] organization may have divergent views on the
controversial subject of whether prostitution should be legalized or
decriminalized,** either as a matter of public health policy, or as a
matter of fundamental beliefs about self-determination. ...DTK believes
a policy explicitly opposing prostitution will likely result in
stigmatizing many of the people most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS---the sex
workers---and would result in limiting its access to that vulnerable
group it is trying to reach." [^2] (Author's note: while the law in
question refers to "prostitutes," numerous international organizations
refer to prostitutes as "sex workers.")

DKT's president, Philip D. Harvey, issued the following statement, "The
U.S. government's 'anti-prostitution' policy does a grave disservice to
international AIDS-prevention programs and to those who carry them out.
The policy does no good, and is clearly doing considerable harm." Though
it is not a claim made in the lawsuit, DKT's statement includes the
charge that the U.S.'s anti-prostitution/sex trafficking "policy harms
America's image and America's interests abroad. An anti-prostitution
'policy' is a hollow gesture. No one pretends that such a policy will
contain or ameliorate the darker aspects of the world's oldest
profession. **Rather it represents posturing by American politicians who
are increasingly seen around the world as patronizing, bullying, and
obsessed with sex.**"[^3]

DKT International is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C.
According to its statement regarding its lawsuit against the
prostitution provision, DKT's programs serve "just under 10 million
couples," with an operating budget of \$50 million. (Author's note: it
is not clear if the "10 million couple" figure in DKT's release includes
the number of prostitutes served by DKT programs and/or how a
prostitute's "clients" would be counted as couples.) According to the
lawsuit, the group receives about 16% (approximately \$8 million) of its
\$50 million annual operating budget from the U.S. Government.[^4]

**[DKT's Founder and President Owns "Porn Powerhouse" & Sex-Toy
Store]{.underline}**

DKT's founder and president Philip Harvey is also the owner of Adam &
Eve, a North Carolina--based company that sells sex toys, adult videos,
and contraceptives through the mail and over the web. He is author of
the book *The Government vs. Erotica: The Siege of Adam & Eve*, which
details legal battles over the right to sell sexually explicit
materials. According to *Mother Jones* magazine, "Adam & Eve, which
seven years ago began producing its own X-rated movies, is a peculiar
porn powerhouse."[^5]

**[DKT's Vietnam Operation:]{.underline}**

According to DKT's court filing, since 1993, DKT International has
worked in Vietnam, "distributing over four hundred million condoms
throughout Vietnam's sixty-four provinces." Also according to its court
filing, since 1998, DKT has been a subgrantee of USAID funds for work in
Vietnam. The direct grantee, who subgranted to DKT, is Family Health
International (FHI). (According to documents obtained by the RSC in
2003, at the time, FHI was the largest recipient of USAID HIV/AIDS
funding with a ten-year projected grant award of over \$310 million.)

According to DKT's court filing, the group asked FHI for a \$60,000
subgrant to package lubricants and condoms. FHI initially approved the
grant, but withdrew its approval after DKT\'s representative in Vietnam
refused to sign the USAID certifying document that "DKT International
hereby certifies that it has a policy explicitly opposing prostitution
and sex trafficking."[^6]

According to a 2002 feature article on DKT's founder and president,
Philip Harvey:

> "Every year, Harvey takes a long trip overseas to look in on his
> program managers and the customers they serve. This year he hit India,
> Vietnam, and the Philippines, where he spoke with prostitutes and
> their customers as well as the local merchants who hawk DKT condoms,
> alongside aspirin and Coca-Cola, from ramshackle stalls. 'It's
> important to get into the marketplace and see how the products are
> sold,' he says.
>
> [**"In Vietnam, Harvey visited a brothel in the jungle outside Hanoi.
> He sat by the outdoor bar with the madam and her girls, nursing an
> ice-cold Heineken and talking aids and condoms. 'The one thing that's
> consistent about brothel visits is how nice everyone is,' he
> says,**]{.mark} 'how interested they are in telling you what their
> problems are and how the condoms could be better \-- and in some cases
> how hard it is to get customers who've had too much to drink to use
> them in the first place.'"[^7]

**Vietnam Statistics**[^8]

> Estimated total population, July 2004: 82,689,518
>
> Estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS, end 2003: 220,000
>
> Adults (15-49): 200,000
>
> Women (15-49): 65,000
>
> Estimated adult prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS, end 2003: 0.4%
>
> Estimated number of AIDS deaths in 2003: 9,000

**[Implementing Regulations: USAID's 2005 Directive:]{.underline}**

The U.S. Agency for International Development's Acquisition and
Assistance Policy Directive (AAPD) of June 9, 2005, which is cited in
the DTK lawsuit, requires:

> Prior to receiving HIV/AIDS funds under a grant or cooperative
> agreement, U.S. and non-U.S. non-governmental organizations that are
> prime recipients must provide a certification that they are in
> compliance with the ..."Prohibition on the Promotion or Advocacy of
> the Legalization or Practice of Prostitution or Sex Trafficking" that
> appear\[s\] below.
>
> ...**[The following must be included]{.mark}** in the Standard
> Provisions of any grant or cooperative agreement or subagreement
> funded with FY04-FY08 HIV/AIDS funds with a U.S. nongovernmental
> organization, non-U.S., non-governmental organization or public
> international organizations.
>
> "PROHIBITION ON THE PROMOTION OR ADVOCACY OF THE LEGALIZATION OR
> PRACTICE OF PROSTITUTION OR SEX TRAFFICKING (ASSISTANCE) (JUNE 2005)
>
> [**(a) The U.S. Government is opposed to prostitution and related
> activities, which are inherently harmful and dehumanizing, and
> contribute to the phenomenon of trafficking in persons.** **None of
> the funds made available under this agreement may be used to promote
> or advocate the legalization or practice of prostitution or sex
> trafficking.**]{.mark} Nothing in the preceding sentence shall be
> construed to preclude the provision to individuals of palliative care,
> treatment, or post-exposure pharmaceutical prophylaxis, and necessary
> pharmaceuticals and commodities, including test kits, condoms, and,
> when proven effective, microbicides.
>
> \(b\) Except as noted in the second sentence of this paragraph, **[as
> a condition of entering into this agreement or any subagreement, a
> non-governmental organization or public international organization
> recipient/subrecipient must have a policy explicitly opposing
> prostitution and sex trafficking]{.mark}**. The following
> organizations are exempt from this paragraph: the Global Fund to Fight
> AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; the World Health Organization; the
> International AIDS Vaccine Initiative; and any United Nations agency.
>
> \(c\) The following definition applies for purposes of this provision:
> Sex trafficking means the recruitment, harboring, transportation,
> provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial
> sex act. 22 U.S.C. 7102(9).
>
> \(d\) The recipient shall insert this provision, which is a standard
> provision, in all subagreements.
>
> \(e\) This provision includes express terms and conditions of the
> agreement and any violation of it shall be grounds for unilateral
> termination of the agreement by USAID prior to the end of its term.
> (End of Provision)"[^9]

**[Legislative History of Prostitution/Sex Trafficking
Provision:]{.underline}**

The provision was adopted in the House International Relations Committee
as an amendment to H.R. 1298. The amendment was authored by Rep. Chris
Smith (R-NJ) and adopted 24-22 on April 2, 2003. No attempt was made on
the House floor to change the provision and it passed the House as part
of H.R. 1298 by a vote of 375-41 on May 1, 2003.[^10] The Senate
considered the legislation and did not modify the provision, which
passed the Senate by voice vote on May 16, 2003, as part of H.R. 1298.
The bill was signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 27,
2003.

*The following is the transcript of the amendment author's statement
during the House Committee proceedings:*

Mr. **SMITH OF NEW JERSEY.** Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

This amendment recognizes two despicable practices, human trafficking
and prostitution. Both practices that involve the severe degradation and
exploitation of women, the literal rape of countless women around the
globe.

The horrors of trafficking, Mr. Chairman, a form of modern-day slavery
and prostitution, cannot be understated. I am very saddened to say that
as many as 4 million people, mostly women, are bought and sold as forced
prostitutes in our world, and millions more suffer in prostitution,
usually with an MO in their own lifestyle and own life that is also a
tragedy indeed. In addition to being demeaned and forcibly violated,
many of these victims suffer from AIDS.

Unfortunately, reports show that human trafficking is on the rise in
many African nations, and with this comes the spread of HIV and AIDS. We
also know that the fear of HIV and AIDS has caused traffickers to seek
younger and younger victims, since young girls are less likely to be
infected with this dreaded disease. I was shocked and outraged to learn
that in India, some of the trafficking victims are as young as 8 and 9
years old. Last summer I think Members of this Committee who were here
for the hearing on the human trafficking report saw the video of dozens
of these little girls in India being rescued from prison-like basement
dwellings, and were outraged.

Although this comes as a shock to most Americans, in other parts of the
world many officials in both government and the private sector who work
on these issues feel that legalizing prostitution and focusing primarily
on safe sex for victims of trafficking who are being raped every day is
a solution. Some actually look at prostitution as a workers' rights
issue, and believe it is a legitimate form of employment. Those who
advocate these approaches are doing, I would respectfully submit, a
grave disservice to women, and it saddens me greatly that the value of
women could be so demeaned.

As the prime sponsor of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act that was
signed into law in 2000 by President Clinton, I believe that the United
States should do everything within its power to combat and eliminate
human trafficking and prostitution. By doing so, we will most certainly,
as a direct consequence, mitigate the spread of HIV/AIDS.

[]{.mark}

**[My amendment, Mr. Chairman, is clear and simple. It states that no
funds made available under this act may be used to provide assistance to
any group or organization that does not have a policy explicitly
opposing prostitution and sex trafficking.]{.mark}**

It does not state that prostitutes and trafficked women should not be
treated for AIDS. As a matter of fact, the underlying language in the
bill on page 47---and I know there is a perfecting amendment, and it in
fact does not perfect, it is a gutting amendment that may be offered
momentarily---points out that nothing in this act shall be construed to
preclude the provision to individuals of palliative treatment or
postexposure pharmaceuticals, including the distribution of condoms, and
it goes on, in brothels and places of that sort.

**[The issue that is before us today is whether or not we will provide
money to organizations that seek the legalization of prostitution and
also enable the traffickers, and stand side by side with the traffickers
and, regrettably, enable them to enslave these women, whether or not we
will provide the money to them.]{.mark}**

If indeed there are going to be condom distributions in a brothel, which
should be seen only as a short-term endeavor, those distributions should
not be carried out by a group that is also comprised of the very slavers
that have these women and will not let them go. That is an unseemly
partnership.

The perfecting amendment that will be offered in a moment will do just
that, completely gut this amendment, and I frankly find it outrageous
that we would want to give money to an organization that does that kind
of thing. We should find those, like the Red Cross, who are there to
help and assist the victimized women who are enslaved by these
traffickers, instead of standing toe to toe with the oppressor against
the oppressed.[^11]

**[Congress Affirms Provision in 2004:]{.underline}**

In 2004, despite the fact that the United States Leadership Against
HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act had been in law for over a year,
there were reports that the prostitution/sex-trafficking provision was
not being enforced at the agency level. On July 8, 2004, Rep. Todd Akin
(R-MO) authored an amendment to the FY05 Commerce, Justice, State
Appropriations bill (H.R. 4754) to specifically reinforce Congressional
intent regarding the prostitution/sex-trafficking provision. The
amendment (H.Amdt. 653) provided that none of the funds in the bill may
be used to promote or advocate the legalization of prostitution or sex
trafficking, and that no funds may be given to any group or organization
that does not have a policy that is explicitly opposing prostitution and
sex trafficking. A handful of Democrat Members of Congress opposed the
amendment and a recorded vote was called on the amendment. On July 8,
2004, it passed the House by a bipartisan vote of 306-113.[^12]

*The following is excerpted from the House floor debate on the Akin
Amendment:*

> Mr. AKIN. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
>
> About a year or so ago we passed the \$15 billion AIDS package, and we
> did so because we believed in the principles of prevention coupled
> with treatment.
>
> **[Now, the amendment that I am offering here today is to make a
> crystal-clear understanding that the intention of the United States
> Congress and the American people is in regard to the distribution of
> this money.]{.mark}**
>
> The amendment simply codifies existing law by ensuring that no
> taxpayer funds designated for this bill, which has to do with
> tuberculosis, malaria, as well as AIDS, may be used to promote or
> advocate the legalization of prostitution or sex trafficking, and that
> no funds may be given to any group or organization that does not have
> a policy that is explicitly opposing prostitution and sex trafficking.
>
> **[We have received word that there are groups who actively promote
> prostitution on their Web site, that they have received U.S. tax
> dollars in the past, and that is why this language is important and
> why it must be enforced.]{.mark}**
>
> If we subsidize any organization, we unavoidably enrich and empower
> all of the activities of that particular organization, and clearly it
> is not in the interest of our foreign policy to enrich or empower
> organizations that refuse to denounce prostitution and sex
> trafficking.
>
> Now, I probably should make this point very clear that, first of all,
> my amendment applies only to the \$15 billion of AIDS money, and also,
> that this amendment in no way prevents the distribution of condoms or
> medications to prostitutes or women sold into the sex trade. It simply
> mandates that the organization distributing these items must have a
> statement opposing prostitution and sex trafficking. In fact, in
> paragraph (e) of the law, it says, "Nothing in the preceding sentence
> shall be construed to preclude the provision to individuals of," and
> it goes on to the different types of medical care.
>
> Mr. Chairman, when the United States sends tax dollars to treat and
> prevent AIDS in Africa, we are telling women that we are interested in
> their well-being, and **[we must never confuse that message by
> financially supporting organizations that actually promote
> prostitution and sex trafficking.]{.mark}**
>
> Now, this may be a little bit theoretical; sometimes we deal with
> statistics in this Chamber. But in my own experience, traveling to
> India, to Mumbai, we had a tour of the red light district, and we saw
> the people that were victims of the sex traffic trade. In fact, we saw
> their children, about two dozen of them. And one of the things that we
> were told is that when those children come, first of all, to this
> house where they can be finally treated decently, and they are told
> that they have a bed, when it comes nighttime, they crawl underneath
> the bed. They crawl under the bed because that is where their mother
> trained them to stay while she was making her living in the evenings.
>
> **[So we do not want to have any way that any of our policies could be
> construed with United States money for in any way endorsing or
> supporting any organization that is not explicitly willing to denounce
> the trafficking and the misuse of women and children in the sex
> trade]{.mark}**. ...
>
> Mr. WOLF. Mr. Chairman, just for 30 seconds. This is a good amendment,
> and I strongly, strongly support it. I want to thank the gentleman
> from Missouri for offering it.
>
> The exploitation of women is very common, and, unfortunately, a
> growing, growing problem. I appreciate the leadership of the gentleman
> from New Jersey (Mr. Smith) and the gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr.
> Pitts) and others on this issue.
>
> So I strongly support the amendment.
>
> ...
>
> Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. Chairman, I rise in strong support of the
> Akin amendment which affirms, reaffirms existing U.S. policy of two of
> the most heinous practices known to humankind: sex trafficking and
> prostitution.
>
> It should be very clear that the Akin amendment reiterates that
> funding in this bill cannot be used to circumvent provisions already
> existing in law, Public Law 108-225. As with the existing law, the
> Akin amendment states that no taxpayer funds designated for HIV/AIDS
> prevention may be used to promote or to advocate the legalization of
> prostitution or sex trafficking, and that no funds may be given to any
> group or organization that does not have a policy explicitly opposing
> prostitution or sex trafficking.
>
> As the author of both the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000
> and the Trafficking Victims Reauthorization Act of 2003, I believe
> that the U.S. should do everything in its power to combat and to
> eliminate human trafficking in prostitution.
>
> Those who advocate the legalization of prostitution, I believe, are
> doing a grave disservice to women and demeaning their dignity.
>
> []{.mark}
>
> **[Individuals and groups seeking to receive U.S. assistance to fight
> AIDS who believe \[in\] the legalization of prostitution or they turn
> a blind eye to prostitution are part of the problem. They are not part
> of the solution.]{.mark}**
>
> Mr. Chairman, the horrors of sex trafficking, which is indeed
> modern-day slavery, and the ugliness of prostitution cannot be
> understated. The recently released "Trafficking in Persons Report,"
> which was done pursuant to our Act, has pointed out that some 600,000
> to 800,000 people are trafficked every year across borders. I urge a
> "yes"\' vote for the Akin amendment.

**[Congress Seeks Additional Oversight of Provision in
2005:]{.underline}**

In 2005, Rep. Smith of New Jersey offered an amendment to require the
Secretary of State to meet certain reporting criteria on the enforcement
of the prostitution/sex-trafficking provision. The amendment to the
Foreign Relations Authorization Act (H.R. 2601), passed the House by
voice vote on July 20, 2005.

> AMENDMENT NO. 21A OFFERED BY MR. SMITH OF NEW JERSEY
>
> Amendment No. 21A offered by Mr. Smith of New Jersey:
>
> Page 300, after line 20, insert the following new section:
>
> SEC. 1027. FUNDING FOR NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS UNDER THE
> PRESIDENT\'S EMERGENCY PLAN FOR AIDS RELIEF.
>
> Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act,
> the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional
> committees a report that\--
>
> \(1\) identifies by name each nongovernmental organization that has
> received funding under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
> on or after the date of the enactment of the United States Leadership
> Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (Public Law
> 108-25), the date on which the funding was provided to the
> organization, and the date on which the organization filed a statement
> with the Government of the United States certifying that the
> organization has in effect a policy explicitly opposing prostitution
> and sex trafficking; and
>
> \(2\) contains a description of the plan of the Department of State to
> audit compliance by each nongovernmental organization that receives
> funding under the President\'s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief to have
> and adhere to a policy explicitly opposing prostitution and sex
> trafficking and to submit to the appropriate congressional committees
> the results of such audit.
>
> Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. ... Mr. Chairman, this amendment simply
> requires that the State Department submit a report to Congress that
> one, identifies by name all NGOs receiving funding under the
> President\'s emergency plan for AIDS relief, the date that the funding
> was provided, and the date on which the NGO filed the statement
> certifying its policy explicitly opposing prostitution and sex
> trafficking.
>
> Number two, it describes the Department of State\'s plans to **[audit
> the compliance by nongovernmental organizations receiving U.S. funding
> under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS relief to have and
> adhere to an explicit policy opposing prostitution and sex
> trafficking]{.mark}** and a description of the plan of the Department
> of State to transmit the results to the appropriate congressional
> committees.
>
> Mr. Chairman, I would just note for my colleagues, this is a very
> simple amendment. When the Hyde historic legislation on HIV/AIDS was
> considered by the committee, I offered the amendment that was included
> in that bill to ensure that the NGOs, to which we provide considerable
> amounts of money and, in many cases, we are talking tens of millions
> of dollars, are not in any way complicit in sex trafficking nor in the
> promotion of prostitution and its legality.
>
> I would hope that Members would realize that this is a very simple
> amendment. It just requires that we get basic information, which I
> think in our oversight capacity we have an obligation to do as a
> Congress and as certain committees of the Congress.
>
> ...
>
> Mr. KING of Iowa. ... I will just add to this debate that we know that
> it is dehumanizing and it is against the policy of the United States.
>
> There was legislation that was introduced last year that went into the
> Federal code that would prohibit any funds from going to organizations
> that do not have a policy specifically opposing sex trafficking and
> prostitution. But we have not gotten a report back from the Secretary
> of State's office, in spite of the fact that there have been a number
> of letters written, by the gentleman from Indiana (Mr. Souder) in
> particular, requesting that report.
>
> This amendment requires a report from the Secretary of State be
> delivered to the appropriate committees and allows this Congress to
> oversee the funding that we appropriated.
>
> ...
>
> Mr. SOUDER. ... **[This amendment seeks to obtain information
> necessary for Congressional oversight of State Department activities,
> to ensure that the Congressional policy against prostitution and human
> trafficking for the sex trade is reflected by those
> activities.]{.mark}**
>
> The King amendment will assist the Congress in [**ensuring compliance
> with current law.** **... That law required that any recipient of
> funding under the act have taken an official, public stand opposing
> the legalization of prostitution.**]{.mark}
>
> Regrettably, many NGOs involved in AIDS-related work have promoted
> legalizing prostitution, in the misguided belief that this will
> somehow reduce the spread of AIDS. In fact, promoting prostitution not
> only threatens to increase risky sexual behavior and thereby worsen
> the AIDS epidemic, it also legitimizes this degrading "business" that
> has enslaved so many women and children in the Third World and
> elsewhere.
>
> **[Despite the enactment of Public Law 108-25, we have learned that
> the State Department in fact awarded grants to NGOs that support
> legalizing prostitution. The Department has refused, however, to
> provide a complete accounting of this funding.]{.mark}** Hence, this
> amendment would require the State Department to inform Congress about
> the dates on which funding was awarded, the date each identified NGO
> filed a statement with the Federal Government asserting the NGO has a
> policy "explicitly opposing prostitution and sex trafficking," and a
> copy of the statement.

**[Notable Quotes:]{.underline}**

"The issue that is before us today is whether or not we will provide
money to organizations that seek the legalization of prostitution and
also enable the traffickers ... to enslave these women"

---Rep. Chris Smith, author of prostitution/sex-trafficking provision,
April 2, 2003

"Each year, an estimated 800,000 to 900,000 human beings are bought,
sold or forced across the world's borders. Among them are hundreds of
thousands of teen-age girls, and others as young as 5, who fall victim
to the sex trade. There's a special evil in the abuse and exploitation
of the most innocent and vulnerable. The victims of sex trade see little
of life before they see the very worst of life --- an underground of
brutality and lonely fear. Those who create these victims and profit
from their suffering must be severely punished. Governments that
tolerate this trade are tolerating a form of slavery."

---President Bush, address to the United Nations General Assembly
September 23, 2003[^13]

"Trafficking in human beings is nothing less than a modern form of
slavery. And President Bush has called upon all countries to confront
this evil. As the President has said, 'human life is the gift of our
Creator and it should never be for sale.' The United States has a
particular duty to fight this scourge because trafficking in persons is
an affront to the principles of human dignity and liberty, upon which
this nation was founded."

--- Secretary Condoleezza Rice, June 3, 2005[^14]

"The one thing that's consistent about brothel visits is how nice
everyone is...\"

---President of DTK International Philip Harvey,

as quoted in *Mother Jones* magazine November/December 2002

[^1]: <http://www.globalaidsalliance.org/docs/DKT_Complaint.pdf>

[^2]: [http://www.globalaidsalliance.org/docs/DKT_Preliminary%20Injunction%20Memorandum.pdf](http://www.globalaidsalliance.org/docs/DKT_Preliminary Injunction Memorandum.pdf)

[^3]: <http://www.populationaction.org/news/views/relatedDocs/DKTStatement.pdf>

[^4]: Ibid;
    [www.dktinternational.org](http://www.dktinternational.org/);
    <http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=9223>

[^5]: <http://www.reason.com/0112/cr.ng.pornocopia.shtml>;
    <http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/notebook/2002/11/ma_158_01.html>;
    [www.adameve.com](http://www.adameve.com/)

[^6]: <http://www.globalaidsalliance.org/docs/DKT_Complaint.pdf>;

[^7]: <http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/notebook/2002/11/ma_158_01.html>

[^8]: <http://www.avert.org/aidssoutheastasia.htm>

[^9]: <http://www.usaid.gov/business/business_opportunities/cib/pdf/aapd05_04.pdf>

[^10]: <http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2003/roll158.xml>.

[^11]: <http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa86302.000/hfa86302_0f.htm>

[^12]: Roll no. 340; <http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2004/roll340.xml>

[^13]: <http://www.un.org/webcast/ga/58/statements/usaeng030923.htm>

[^14]: <http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/47193.htm>