**Hydrogeophysics, Publisher: Kluwer**

**Editors: Yoram Rubin and Susan Hubbard**

***Section I: Background and Fundamentals of Hydrogeology***

[Chapter 1]{.underline}

Hydrogeophysics: An Overview

Susan Hubbard and Yoram Rubin

1.  **Background**

1.1.1 Importance of understanding the shallow subsurface in light of
growing

populations and shrinking resources: need for improved ability to find
and

> sustain water resources, to detect and remediate contamination, to
> better manage
>
> agricultural lands and ecosystems, to estimate fluxes from near
> subsurface
>
> and their contribution to climate change, etc.

1.  1.1.2 Reasons to incorporate geophysics into hydrological studies

> • Multiple scales, natural heterogeneity, and coupled processes
> associated with
>
> subsurface: difficult to characterize using conventional hydrogeologic
> methods.
>
> • Scales and resolutions of hydrogeological and geophysical
> measurements
>
> (show/discuss new schematic of different measurement support scales of
>
> geophysical and hydrological measurements vs. coverage).
>
> • Geophysics: minimally invasive, example of cost-effectiveness

3.  Development of Hydrogeophysics

• History & terminology

• Characterization and monitoring within heterogeneous systems:

> concepts.( multiple methods/geometries, petrophysical link, data
> differencing, data integration, scale concepts, etc.)

• Table: use of geophysical methods for different hydrogeological
applications

**1.2 State of Hydrogeophyiscs**

1.2.1 Scientific approaches and scientific advances/gaps

1.2.2 Technological advances/gaps

1.2.3 Educational Issues (how are students coming to the field, which
departments

are housing these research groups, training and future needs, etc.)

> 1.2.4 Institutional Issues (i.e., which professional societies are
> associated with
>
> hydrogeophysics, national vs. international, etc.)
>
> 1.2.5 Trends

**1.3 Preview Book Content**

1.  Describe four main sections of book and tutorial/case study approach

2.  Intended audience

3.  Tables and discussion:

> • Chart showing *typical* limitations, relative costs, resolution
> range and frequency of use for hydrogeological investigation for the
> different geophysical methods used in hydrogeophysics;
>
> • Link table presented in 1.1.3 to chapters where those applications
> are discussed.

**[Chapter 2]{.underline}**

Hydrological Measurement Techniques

Jim Butler

**[Chapter 3]{.underline}**

Geostatistical Inverse Modeling

Peter Kitanidis

3.1 Introduction to the geostatistical approach with updated references.

3.2 The basic equations of the geostatistical approach.

3.3 Meaning and relation to other methods.

3.4 The significance of model selection.

3.5 Discussion and (space allowing) illustrative application.

**Section II: Fundamentals of Geophysical Methods**

**[Chapter 4]{.underline}**

**The Relationships Between the Electrical and Hydrological Properties
of Rocks and Soil**

David Lesmes and Shmulik Friedman

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Objective: electrical prediction of soil hydraulic properties

4.1.2 Significance: rapid and non-invasive measurements, etc.

> 4.1.3 Approach: review petrophysical models used to derive
> electrical-hydraulic predictive relationships and to evaluate the
> practical and theoretical limitations of these relationships

4.2 Hydrogeological and Electrical Properties

4.2.1 Controlling Factors

1.  Pore/grain size

2.  Pore/grain shape and orientation

3.  Tortuosity/Connectivity

4.  Pore fluid composition and configuration

5.  Surface properties

4.2.2 Hydrogeological Properties

4.  4.2.2.1 Porosity (n)

    4.2.2.2 Water Content (θ) 

> 4.2.2.3 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Κ~s~)

6.  4.2.2.4 Soil Moisture Retention function (ψ(θ))

    5.  Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity function (Κ~r~(θ))

4.2.3 Electrical Properties

1.  Complex Conductivity/Permittivity (σ^\*^(f)=iωε^\*^(f))

2.  High-Frequency Permittivity (ε~∞~ = high-frequency permittivity
    limit)

3.  Low-Frequency Conductivity (σ~dc~)

4.  Induced Polarization (IP) Parameters

> Field IP parameters: phase, PFE, Chargeability
>
> Normalized IP parameters: σ'', MF, MN

4.3 Permittivity Models: Prediction of Hydrogeological Properties

7.      4.3.1 ε~∞~ v. Porosity (n)

>      4.3.2 ε~∞~ v. Water Content (θ) 
>
>      4.3.3 ε~∞~ v. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Κ~s~)

4.4 Conductivity Models: Prediction of Hydrogeological Properties

>     4.4.1 σ~dc~ v. Porosity (n)
>
>     4.4.2 σ~dc~ v. Water Content (θ) 
>
>     4.4.3 σ~dc~ v. Solution Conductivity (σ~w~)
>
>     4.4.4 σ~dc~ v. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Κ~s~)

5.  Complex Conductivity and IP Models: Prediction of Hydrogeological
    Properties

4.5.1 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Κ~s~)

8.  4.5.2 Soil Moisture Retention (ψ(θ))

> 4.5.3 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Κ~r~(θ))

5.  Conclusions

**[Chapter 5]{.underline}**

**Electrical Methods**

Andrew Binley & Andreas Kemna

Introduction and outline referring back to fundamental properties
chapter. Relate to determining hydrological information. Scalable --
important in hydrology.

1.  Historical development

> Outline early approaches of dc resistivity and induced polarisation.
> What they were originally developed for and used for.
>
> Development of multi-electrode arrays and imaging techniques including
> 3D and time-lapse. Uses of electrodes in arbitrary geomoetries (eg
> soil core work). New autonomous systems.

2.  Basic measurement principles

# 5.2.1 Dc resistivity {#dc-resistivity .unnumbered}

> Four electrode. Electrode types. Wave form used and why. Self
> potential (is this covered elsewhere ?) removal. Concept of apparent
> resistivity.

# 5.2.2 Induced polarisation {#induced-polarisation .unnumbered}

> Time domain concept of apparent chargeability. Ways in which it can be
> measured. Standards. Electrode types. EM induction and coupling
> effects. Frequency domain -- phase and magnitude. Spectral IP.

3.  Modelling and data inversion

\[Keep general so this applied to 1D, 2D and 3D problems\]

#  5.3.1 Concept of inversion. {#concept-of-inversion. .unnumbered}

#  5.3.2 Development of forward models of electrical problem -- dc resistivity,  {#development-of-forward-models-of-electrical-problem-dc-resistivity .unnumbered}

> (first order) chargeability, complex resistivity.

3.  Inverse methods (general).

5.4 electrical sounding

Concept and illustrate wide use in hydrogeology.

5.5 Surface imaging

> General concept, measurement schemes and why different ones used.
> Roll-over surveys. Pseudo sections. Inversions now standard.

5.5.1 Examples.

5.5.2 Limitations -- depth of sensitivity (reference depth of
investigation), space

constraints.

6.  Single borehole methods

5.6.1 Mise-a-la-masse method. Why used and give examples

5.6.2 Borehole to surface imaging.

Limitations

5.7 Cross-borehole tomography

Advantages

Different measurement schemes -- illustrate effect on synthetic example

Problems specific to cross-hole methods.

Examples

8.  Current trends and future directions

\[Related to hydrogeophysics\]

> Measurement speed. Suitable for time lapse imaging of many
> hydrological processes (examples).

Computer controlled, moving to autonomous systems for monitoring.

Fast inversion capability (can see results in the field).

Anisotropy.

**[Chapter 6]{.underline}**

**Near-surface Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Induction (CSEM):**

**Gackground and Recent Advances**

ME Everett and MA Meju

The paper is organized as follows. After an overview of the CSEM method,
the basic physics behind frequency and time-domain CSEM prospecting
systems are discussed, followed by an account of 3-D forward modeling.
After this, some recent advances made in understanding CSEM responses in
heterogeneous and fractured media are provided, with illustrative
examples relevant to hydrogeophysics. Then, inversion of CSEM data is
treated. The paper concludes with an outlook and discussion section. The
emphasis in this paper is on inductively-coupled loop-loop CSEM systems,
although other configurations including those that employ a
directly-coupled source will be discussed. Loop-loop systems are chosen
to simplify the discussion and because they are easy to use in the field
and widely employed in hydrogeophysical applications.

6.1 Introduction

6.2 CSEM overview

6.2.1 The governing equations

6.2.2 Incoherent and coherent noise in CSEM data

6.2.3 Hydrogeophysical targets

6.2.4 The scale effect

6.3 Basic physics, time domain

6.4 Basic physics, frequency domain

6.5 3-D forward modeling

6.6 Heterogeneous media: fractal responses

6.7 Fractured media: paradox of anisotropy

6.8 Inversion

6.9 Outlook and Discussion

6.10 References

**[Chapter 7]{.underline}**

**GPR Methods for Hydrogeological Studies**

Peter Annan

1.  Introduction (1 -- 2 pages)

> •A brief background on GPR and its hydrogeology applications.

7.2 GPR Basic Principles (4 pages)

-   GPR (EM) fields -- basics

-   relationship between EM fields and materials

-   GPR phenomena (velocity, attenuation, reflection, transmission,
    wavefronts about a local source)

7.3 Methodology (3 to 4 pages)

7.3.1 reflection profiling

9.  7.3.2 CMP/WARR

7.3.3 Transillumination

7.3.4Mapping (3D)

7.4 Data Processing and Display (3 to 4 pages)

7.4.1 basic information

7.4.2 data display

7.4.3 velocity analysis

7.4.4 migration

7.4.5 attribute rendering (2D and 3D)

7.5 Hydrogeological Applications and Examples (5 pages)

7.  7.5.1 soil stratigraphy -- reflection

7.5.2 water content -- CMP/WARR/transillumination

8.  7.5.3 contaminant hydrogeology

    7.5.4 air sparge monitor

    7.5.5 Time lapse monitoring

    6.  Summary & Conclusion (1 page)

**[Chapter 8]{.underline}**

**Relations between Seismic and Hydrological Properties**

Steven R. Pride, University of Rennes, France.

In this chapter, we first give an introduction and review of
poroelasticity which is the basic framework for understanding possible
relations between seismic and hydrological properties. Emphasis is given
to the role of saturation in the seismic properties. The connection
between seismic attenuation and permeability is then addressed by
reviewing the various ways that seismic waves can induce fluid flow. The
multitude of factors intervening in a direct relation between
attenuation and permeability are explored. Finally, organized fracture
networks in rocks simultaneously create anisotropy in both the elastic
and hydrological properties. The relation between seismic and
hydrological symmetry properties is therefore reviewed.

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Poroelasticity in fully and partially saturated media

8.3 Seismic attenuation and permeability

8.4 Seismic anisotropy and the permeability tensor

8.5 Summary and Conclusions

**[Chapter 9]{.underline}**

**Shallow Seismic Methods**

Don Steeples

[9.1 Foundations of Near-Surface Seismology]{.underline}

9.1.1 Seismic wave propagation

9.1.1.1 Basic review of wave physics

9.1.1.2 The wave equation

9.1.1.3 Types of seismic waves

9.1.1.4 Energy partitioning and mode conversion

9.1.1.5 Ray theory

9.1.2 Seismic waves in layered media: Seismogram analysis

9.1.2.1 Reflections from near-vertical incidence

9.1.2.2 Mechanisms of seismic-energy loss

9.1.2.3 Resolution considerations

9.1.3 Physical properties

9.1.3.1 Contrast in velocity and density

9.1.3.2 Measuring velocities

9.1.3.3 Typical values

9.1.3.4 Geological, chemical, and physical constraints on velocity

9.1.3.5 Porosity and permeability

[9.2 Seismic Refraction]{.underline}

9.2.1 Fundamentals of the methods

9.2.2 Theoretical foundations

9.2.2.1 Theoretical basis for the refraction method

9.2.2.2 Applications of refraction

9.2.2.3 Thickness derivation of a flat-lying layer over an infinite
half-space

9.2.3 Field methods

9.2.4 Methods of interpretation

9.2.4.1 The Intercept-Time Method (ITM).

9.2.4.2 The Generalized Reciprocal Method (GRM)

Interpreting data using the GRM

Procedures and examples

Refraction case history: GRM vs. refraction tomography

[9.3 Seismic Reflection]{.underline}

9.3.1 Seismic reflection data acquisistion

9.3.2 Processing seismic reflection

9.3.2.1 Digital sampling

9.3.2.2 The Fourier transforms

9.3.2.3 Fourier spectra

9.3.2.4 The *z*-transforms

9.3.2.5 Crosscorrelation

9.3.2.6 Field processing

Data enhancement

Stacking

9.3.3 Filtering: A seismic data example

9.3.4 Interpreting seismic reflections

9.3.5 Borehole seismology

9.3.5.1 Seismic tomography

9.3.5.2 Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP)

9.3.6 *S*-wave and three-component seismology

9.3.6.1 Three-component recording methods

9.3.6.2 Transforming data to vertical and horizontal components

[9.4 Surface-Wave Analysis]{.underline}

9.4.1 Surface waves

9.4.1.1 Phase velocity and group velocity

9.4.1.2 Rayleigh waves

9.4.1.3 Love waves

9.4.2 The spectral analysis of surface waves

9.4.3 Alternative dispersion-curve methods

9.4.4 Case history

Alabama (USA) power plant

**[Chapter 10]{.underline}**

**Geophysical Well Logging**

Miroslav KOBR and Stanislav MARES

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.1.1 Logging methods,

10.1.2. Acceptable logging units (systems)

10.1.3. Benefits and limitations

10.1.4. Borehole parameters influencing the logs quality

10.2. LOGGING STUDYING ELEMENTS OF THE HYDROGEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE

10.2.1. Elements of the structure according to cross-hole correlation

10.2.2. Demonstration of porous aquifers on logs

10.2.3. Demonstration of fractured aquifers on logs

> 10.2.4. Aquifers reservoir properties (clay content, porosity,
> permeability, ground water quality)

10.3. LOGGING STUDYING WATER FLOW IN WELLS

10.3.1. Vertical water flow and its parameters

10.3.2. Horizontal water flow and its parameters

10.3.3. Groundwater discharge of the well and contribution of individual
aquifers

10.3.4. Derived hydraulic parameters (hydraulic conductivity,
transmissivity)

10.4. LOGGING STUDYING WATER FLOW IN THE ROCK MEDIUM

10.4.1. Filtration velocity

10.4.2. Direction of groundwater flow

10.5. LOGGING CHECKING QUALITY OF THE WELL COMPLETION

10.5.1. Physical parameter of different casing materials (steel, PVC,
wood)

> 10.5.2. Checking the real construction of the cased well (connection
> of casing parts, perforated intervals, defects on the casing)

10.5.3. Quality of the cementation

10.5.4. Casing inspection of old wells

10.6. LOGGING IN CONTAMINATION STUDIES

10.6.1. Monitoring wells around the waste deposits

> 10.6.2. Logging in wells connected with special mining activities
> (leaching of Uranium etc.)
>
> 10.6.3. Monitoring wells around the industrial contamination sources
> (chemical factories, underground storage tanks for fuels, etc.)

10.7. CASE HISTORIES

> 10.7.1. Groundwater resources evaluation and protection in
> hydrogeological regions

10.7.1. Protection of mineral and thermal waters

10.7.2. Contamination studies

**[Chapter 11]{.underline}**

**Direct Push Technologies**

Peter Dietrich

1\. Principle of Direct Push Technologies

1.1 Direct Push Rod Systems

1.2 Equipment for Advancing Direct Push Rods

1.3 Methods for Sealing Direct Push Holes

2\. Tools for In Situ Measurements

2.1 Cone Penetrometer

2.2 Electrical Conductivity/Resistivity Probes

2.3 Seismic Probes

2.4 Nuclear Logging Tools

2.5 Hydraulic Conductivity Probes

2.6 Membrane Interface Probe

2.7 Rapid Optical Screening Tool

3\. Sampling Tools

3.1 Soil Sampling

3.2 Gas Sampling

3.3 Groundwater Sampling

4\. Permanent Installation of Equipment

4.1 Installation of Minipumps

4.2 Installation of Electrodes

5\. Application Concepts

5.1 Derivations of Site Specific Parameter Relationships

5.2 Site Characterisation

5.3 Tomographic Applications

**[Chapter 12]{.underline}**

**Remote Sensing Methods**

Jeffrey Paine

1\. Introduction

2\. Hydrogeological Applications of Remotely Sensed Data

3\. Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface, Airborne, and Borehole
Electromagnetic Induction (EM)

4\. EM Applied to Soil and Groundwater Salinization

5\. EM Applied to Groundwater Exploration

6.  Summary

***Section III: Hydrogeophysical Case Studies***

# Chapter 13 {#chapter-13 .unnumbered}

# Hydrogeophysical Case Studies at the Regional Scale {#hydrogeophysical-case-studies-at-the-regional-scale .unnumbered}

Goldman, Shtivelman, Meju and Gvirtzman

13.1 Characterization of ground water salinity using time domain
electromagnetic (TDEM) method ([M. Goldman]{.underline})

> *The sub-chapter describes the results of the application of the TDEM
> method in different aquifers of Israel. It is further divided into
> sections according to the aquifer in question, i.e. Mediterranean
> coastal aquifer, Dead Sea coastal aquifer, Gulf of Eilat coastal
> aquifer and deep Judea Group carbonatic aquifer. For each aquifer, the
> relation between the TDEM resistivities and ground water salinities is
> studied.*

13.2 Salinization mechanism of lakes: an interpretation using marine
TDEM measurements (H. Gvirtzman and M. Goldman).

> *The sub-chapter shows the results of hydrogeological interpretation
> of the resistivity data obtained in the Sea of Galilee using a novel
> marine TDEM system. It is shown that two different salt transport
> mechanisms exist beneath the internal part of the lake and at the
> margins of the lake. The former is represented mainly by diffusion and
> the latter by advection of diluted saline ground water.*

3.  Deep electromagnetic imaging of a regional aquifer  in a semi-arid
    region of Brazil

(M. Meju).

 

> *The sub-chapter shows application of the combined TDEM-MT
> (magnetotelluric) methods to investigate a deep (\>1 km) structure of
> the large-scale aquiferous systems of the Serra Grande Group in
> northeast Brazil. The formations outcrop near the eastern margin of
> the basin but lie under thick sedimentary cover elsewhere and reliable
> definition of their depth distribution in this area of sparse
> borehole exploration is a major problem that has implications for
> cost-effective development of groundwater resources in the region.
> TDEM-MT depth profiling along a 300 km transect facilitates tracking
> of the key aquifers and their confining formations down to a depth of
> 2km and located potential structural controls on groundwater flow in
> the region.*

# Seismic reflection survey to study the aquifer in the Western Mesaoria area of Cyprus (V. Shtivelman).

#   {#section .unnumbered}

> *The investigated site is located in the vicinity of the village of
> Meniko. The area suffers from insufficient supply of fresh
> groundwater. A number of wells drilled in the area produced a
> relatively good quality water used for agriculture; on the other hand,
> some wells proved to be dry or produced water of poor quality. In
> order to understand the hydrological situation in the area, a seismic
> reflection survey was carried out at the site with the objective of
> studying the general structure of the subsurface in the area and, in
> particular, detecting and tracing the water-bearing layers. The
> resulting seismic section presents a rather complicated structural
> picture of the subsurface. The continuity of the reflections related
> to the water-bearing layers is clearly interrupted at many locations,
> apparently by a system of faults, which may explain the lateral
> changes in the properties of the aquifer.*

**[Chapter 14]{.underline}**

**Hydrogeophysical Case Studies at the Local Scale: the Saturated Zone**

Hyndman and Knoll

**[Chapter 15]{.underline}**

**Vadose Zone Applications**

Jeff Daniels, Andrew Binley, Doug LaBrecque, and David Alumbaugh

15.1 Overview of detection and monitoring vadose zone processes (Jeff)

2.  Near surface detection and characterization (Jeff)

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15. 15.2.1 Hydrogeophysical characterization near waste pits: examples
    from BNL (gpr, EM induction, magnetics)

    15.2.2 creosote contamination detection: example from Marion Ohio
    (EM. Gpr)

    3.  direct detection: shallow hydrocarbon example (GPR)

15.3 Vadose zone monitoring (Andy)

> Monitoring flow in the vadose zone with surface resistivity imaging
> and VES soundings

4.  Characterizing transport processes (Doug and David)

15.4.1 Monitoring of Infiltration at the Socorro-Tech-Vadose Zone Test
(ERT

images)

15.4.2 Comparison of ERT with neutron, EM39 and GPR at Socorro

**[Chapter 16]{.underline}**

**Hydrogeophysical Case Studies at the Lab Scale**

Ty Ferre, Andrew Binley, Jil Geller, and Tissa Illangasekare

16.1 Unique Contributions of Lab Scale Measurements

16.1.1 Introduction

16.1.2 Spatial Averaging of Point Sampling Methods

16.1.2.1 Basic concepts of spatial sensitivity

16.1.2.2 Sample area defined

16.1.2.3 Effects of heterogeneous medium properties

16.1.3 Imaging for small scale studies

16.1.3.1 Concepts of x-ray tomography

2.  Concepts of MRI

3.  Concepts of ERT

16.2 Case Studies

16.2.0 Effects of dielectric permittivity distribution on TDR response

> 16.2.0.1 Numerical analysis of the spatial sensitivity of TDR
>
> 16.2.0.2 TDR response across sharp dielectric permittivity boundaries
>
> 16.2.0.3 Effects of changing TDR sensitivity on wetting front
> monitoring

16.2.1 Monitoring solute transport with ERT

> 16.2.1.1 Correlation of ERT response and solute concentration
>
> 16.2.1.2 Time lapse ERT images
>
> 16.2.1.3 Direct comparison with solution sampling
>
> 16.2.1.4 Interpretation of solute transport properties

16.2.2 Monitoring NAPL Saturation with x-ray and gamma methods

> 16.2.2.1 Comparison of gamma and x-ray responses
>
> 16.2.2.2 Time lapse NAPL distributions
>
> 16.2.2.3 Comparison with NAPL mass balances
>
> 16.2.2.4 Interpretation of NAPL transport

16.2.3 Monitoring NAPL Saturation with seismic methods

16.2.3.1 Correlation of P-wave signature and NAPL saturation

16.2.3.2 Time lapse NAPL distributions

16.2.3.3 Direct comparison with destructive measurements

16.2.3.4 Support of field measurements

***Section IV: Looking Forward***

**[Chapter 17]{.underline}**

**Emerging Technologies**

Yaramanci, Styles, Vereecken, Kemna

######  {#section-1 .unnumbered}

> 17.1. Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance *(by Ugur Yaramanci)*

### Introduction

### Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

### The Surface NMR method

### Information content of SNMR measurements

# 17.1.5 Case history Nauen / Berlin {#case-history-nauen-berlin .unnumbered}

# 17.1.6 Conclusions and future developments {#conclusions-and-future-developments .unnumbered}

17.2. The Microgravity Technique and its application to Hydrogeophysics
(Styles)

17.2.1 Theoretical background

17.2.2 Hydrogeological targets imagable using microgravity

17.2.2.1 Karst conduit flow

17.2.2.2 Aquifer saturation changes

17.2.2.3 Hydrocarbon reservoirs

17.2.2.4 Fault compartmentalisation

17.2.2.5 Aquifer changes using time-differential microgravity

17.2.3 Factors contributing to the gravity signal: position, height,
earth tides,

> terrain, geological effects

17.2.4 Equipment requirements and new developments including

quantum/Superconducting gradiometers etc.

17.2.5 Data Acquisition strategies including quality control and
surveying

17.2.6 Data reduction

17.2.7 Data Visualisation and interpretation

17.2.8 Data Inversion

17.2.9 Time Varying (4-D) Microgravity

17.2.10 Case Studies

17.3 Microseismology and its application in Hydrogeophysics (Styles)

17.3.1 Acoustic emission and microseismicity during fracture of rock or
from

> material deformation and/or fluid flow

17.3.2 Simple seismic theory

17.3.3 Location of events

17.3.4 Magnitude/Energy determination

17.3.5 Focal Mechanisms: Mode 1 (Volume Change) and Mode II (shear
events)

17.3.6 Seismic Moment

17.3.7 Temporal and spatial statistics

17.3.8 Equipment Deployment

> 17.3.8.1 Borehole/Surface
>
> 17.3.8.2 Accelerometer/Geophone/Seismometer

17.3.9 Data Recording

17.3.10 Data Processing and Analysis

17.3.11 Polarisation and Anisotropy Studies

17.3.12 Fracture Damage Characterisation using Microseismology

17.3.13 Direct imaging of fluid movement in aquifers/hydrocarbon
reservoirs

17.4 Electroseismic/Electrokinetic Signals associated with
permeability/fluid

changes and fracture flow (Styles)

17.4.1 Case Studies/New Directions

17.4.2 Fracture damage around underground cavities/repositories

17.4.3 Seismicity associated with water/hydrocarbon extraction

......

17.5 Magneto-Electrical Resistivity Imaging *(by Andreas Kemna and Harry
Vereecken)*

> 17.5.1 Introduction

17.5.2 Historical Development

17.5.3 Measurement Principles

17.5.4 Modeling and Inversion Approaches

17.5.5 Current Developments and Future Research Needs

**Chapter 18**

**Stochastic Framework for the Integration of Hydrogeologial and
Geophysical Data: Review and Examples**

Rubin and Hubbard

1.  Sources of Uncertainty and its Classification

18.2 Forward modeling with parametric uncertainty

18.2.1 Example: Estimation of spatial correlation structure using
field-scale

data

18.3 Point value Estimation and inference of statistical models by
inverse modeling:

18.3.1 Bayesian Estimators and Entropy with examples

18.3.2 The Hydrogeological Inverse Problem (ML and MAP) with examples

18.3.3 Full-Bayesian expected value estimators with examples

18.4 Model Selection Criteria