> FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
>
> 2001
>
> [Report to the OIE]{.smallcaps}
>
> Part I: Great Britain
>
> Department for
>
> **Environment,**
>
> **Food & Rural Affairs**
>
> 14 January 2002

1 INTRODUCTION [7](#introduction)

1.1 REGIONAL FRAMEWORK [7](#regional-framework)

1.1.1 National government [7](#national-government)

1.1.2 Regional government [7](#regional-government)

1.1.3 Local government [7](#local-government)

1.1.4 Veterinary services [9](#veterinary-services)

1.2 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN GREAT BRITAIN
[9](#livestock-production-in-great-britain)

1.2.1 Pigs [9](#pigs)

1.2.2 Sheep [10](#sheep)

1.2.3 Cattle [11](#cattle)

2 CONTROL OF THE FMD EPIDEMIC 2001
[11](#control-of-the-fmd-epidemic-2001)

2.1 FMD HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN [11](#fmd-history-of-great-britain)

2.2 ORGANISATION [11](#organisation)

2.3 STATUTORY CONTROLS [13](#statutory-controls)

2.4 Confirmation of disease [14](#confirmation-of-disease)

2.5 Procedures for confirming disease
[14](#procedures-for-confirming-disease)

2.6 Virus type [15](#virus-type)

2.7 Compulsory slaughter and destruction of animals on FMD infected
holdings
[15](#compulsory-slaughter-and-destruction-of-animals-on-fmd-infected-holdings)

2.8 Preventive slaughter of animals on holdings at risk of FMD
[15](#preventive-slaughter-of-animals-on-holdings-at-risk-of-fmd)

2.9 Movement controls: 20 February -- 1 October 2001
[16](#movement-controls-20-february-1-october-2001)

2.9.1 National Controlled area movement restrictions
[16](#national-controlled-area-movement-restrictions)

2.9.2 Infected area movement restrictions
[17](#infected-area-movement-restrictions)

2.9.3 Restricted Infected Areas [17](#restricted-infected-areas)

2.9.4 Categorisation of the country into 3 FMD risk areas
[18](#categorisation-of-the-country-into-3-fmd-risk-areas)

2.9.5 Movement Control areas [21](#movement-control-areas)

2.9.6 Movements to slaughter [21](#movements-to-slaughter)

2.10 Movement controls: 1 October to the present day
[22](#movement-controls-1-october-to-the-present-day)

2.10.1 Classification of counties according to FMD status
[22](#classification-of-counties-according-to-fmd-status)

2.10.2 Movement controls [24](#movement-controls)

2.11 Serological surveillance [26](#serological-surveillance)

2.11.1 Lifting of Infected Area restrictions
[26](#lifting-of-infected-area-restrictions)

2.11.1.1 General approach [26](#general-approach)

2.11.1.2 Procedures for lifting Infected Areas in Great Britain
[26](#procedures-for-lifting-infected-areas-in-great-britain)

2.11.1.3 Procedures where FMD seropositive sheep and/or goats have been
found in the 3-km protection zones
[27](#procedures-where-fmd-seropositive-sheep-andor-goats-have-been-found-in-the-3-km-protection-zones)

2.11.1.4 Procedures where FMD seropositive animals were found in the
course of 10-km Surveillance Zone Surveillance
[27](#procedures-where-fmd-seropositive-animals-were-found-in-the-course-of-10-km-surveillance-zone-surveillance)

2.11.1.5 Procedures in counties of particular concern
[28](#procedures-in-counties-of-particular-concern)

2.11.2 Serological methods and interpretation of serological results
[28](#serological-methods-and-interpretation-of-serological-results)

2.11.2.1 Serological tests used [28](#serological-tests-used)

2.11.2.2 Definition of a seropositive animal and procedures to identify
them
[29](#definition-of-a-seropositive-animal-and-procedures-to-identify-them)

2.11.2.3 Procedures where singleton seropositive animals were found
[29](#procedures-where-singleton-seropositive-animals-were-found)

2.11.2.4 Procedures where more than one serologically positive animal
was found on a holding
[30](#procedures-where-more-than-one-serologically-positive-animal-was-found-on-a-holding)

2.11.3 Serological surveillance in Protection Zones (PZs)
[30](#serological-surveillance-in-protection-zones-pzs)

2.11.4 Serological surveillance in Surveillance Zones (SZs)
[31](#serological-surveillance-in-surveillance-zones-szs)

2.11.5 Serological sampling in counties of concern
[32](#serological-sampling-in-counties-of-concern)

2.11.6 Epidemiological sampling [32](#epidemiological-sampling)

2.11.7 Contiguous premises, dangerous contact premises and Form D
premises
[33](#contiguous-premises-dangerous-contact-premises-and-form-d-premises)

2.12 Restocking procedures [33](#restocking-procedures)

2.12.1 Restocking with sentinels [33](#restocking-with-sentinels)

2.12.2 Restocking without sentinels [34](#restocking-without-sentinels)

2.12.3 Livestock used for restocking
[34](#livestock-used-for-restocking)

3 COURSE OF THE FMD EPIDEMIC IN GREAT BRITAIN
[35](#course-of-the-fmd-epidemic-in-great-britain)

3.1 Overview [35](#overview)

3.2 Regional distribution of FMD outbreaks
[37](#regional-distribution-of-fmd-outbreaks)

3.3 Stamping out disease [37](#stamping-out-disease)

3.4 Tracings and pre-movement inspections
[38](#tracings-and-pre-movement-inspections)

3.5 Timing of FMD outbreaks [39](#timing-of-fmd-outbreaks)

3.6 Lifting Infected Area Restrictions
[39](#lifting-infected-area-restrictions)

4 RESULTS OF SEROLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
[39](#results-of-serological-surveillance)

4.1 Overview [39](#overview-1)

4.2 Protection Zone testing [39](#protection-zone-testing)

4.3 Surveillance Zone testing [40](#surveillance-zone-testing)

4.4 Pre-movement testing [40](#pre-movement-testing)

4.5 Restocking [46](#restocking)

4.6 Results of serosurveillance in counties of concern
[46](#results-of-serosurveillance-in-counties-of-concern)

4.6.1 England -- Devon [46](#england-devon)

4.6.2 England - Cumbria [47](#england---cumbria)

4.6.3 England -- North Yorkshire [49](#england-north-yorkshire)

4.6.4 England -- Durham [51](#england-durham)

4.6.5 England -- Northumberland [52](#england-northumberland)

4.6.6 South Wales [53](#south-wales)

4.6.7 Scotland -- Dumfries & Galloway and the Scottish Borders
[54](#scotland-dumfries-galloway-and-the-scottish-borders)

ANNEX 1 [56](#annex-1)

ANNEX 2 [57](#annex-2)

ANNEX 3 [63](#annex-3)

ANNEX 4 [65](#annex-4)

ANNEX 5 [68](#annex-5)

**RESUME**

With the exception of a single outbreak of FMD in cattle on the Isle of
Wight, Hampshire in 1981, there had been no outbreaks of FMD in Great
Britain since 1967/68.

On 20 February 2001 and outbreak of FMD caused by the O1 Pan Asia strain
of virus was confirmed in pigs in an abattoir in Essex. The source of
the infection was traced to a pig unit in North-East England where
disease was believed to have been introduced at the beginning of
February. Sheep on a neighbouring holding became infected by airborne
spread from the pig unit. These sheep were subsequently moved through
markets in Northumberland and Cumbria between 13 and 22 February 2001.
Disease was subsequently disseminated to other parts of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland as a result of movements through markets and
dealers before the existence of disease in the country was recognised.

Between 20 February and 30 September 2001, a total of 2,026 MD outbreaks
were confirmed in Great Britain: a further 4 were confirmed in Northern
Ireland. Over 4 million animals were killed as part of the FMD control
programme. The epidemic in Great Britain peaked towards the end of March
and the last outbreak was confirmed on 30 September 2001. The greatest
number of outbreaks occurred in the counties of Cumbria, Dumfries &
Galloway, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Powys and Devon; these 7
counties accounted for 80% of all the outbreaks in Great Britain. The
epidemic was essentially sheep based, other classes of livestock
becoming infected through direct contact with infected sheep or through
the movements of people, vehicles and fomites.

The United Kingdom is a Member State of the European Union (EU) and as
such is bound by Treaty to implement common legislative provisions in
the field of animal health control. In the case of Foot and Mouth
Disease, these are set down in Council Directive 85/511/EEC. The
provisions of this Directive formed the basis of the UK's approach to
the control of the 2001 FMD epidemic.

All FMD susceptible livestock on affected holdings were killed as were
those on contiguous premises and premises judged to be at risk of
disease through links with an infected premises. Carcases were disposed
of by burial, burning or rendering.

Additional controls were imposed on premises within 10-km of an infected
premises though the size and extent of these Infected Areas was often
increased to take account of the density of IPs and the extensive nature
of farming in some areas. After depopulation farms were required to be
cleansed and disinfected. Restocking was not permitted until at least 21
days after final C&D had been completed and then only under official
control.

Infected Area restrictions were lifted following serological testing of
all holdings with sheep and/or goats within 3 km of an infected
premises. The csp ELISA test was used as a serological screening test,
blood samples giving an inconclusive test were resolved by VNT. Flocks
of sheep and/or goats with seropositive sheep were killed: probang
samples taken from seropositive animals at slaughter and examined at for
FMD virus at the Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright

On 23 February, all movements of livestock throughout Great Britain were
banned other than to slaughter for human consumption or for reasons of
welfare and then only under official control. On 17 September 2001 and
in the light of the improved disease situation and with a view to
developing an orderly exit strategy, the GB authorities classified the
177 administrative areas in the country into three categories (FMD free,
FMD at risk and FMD high risk). On 1 October 2001, new movement controls
were introduced respecting the varying FMD risk status of the country's
administrative units.

To become FMD free, an administrative area had (a) either not to have
had an FMD outbreak or if it had, the last outbreak had occurred not
less than 3 months previously, (b) all flocks of sheep and/or goats
within 3-km of an infected premises had been serologically tested and
(c) a statistically based serological survey able to detect a 2%
prevalence of seropositive flocks of sheep and/or goats with 95%
confidence in the 3- 10 km area around an outbreak, had been completed..

All counties in Great Britain had achieved FMD Free status by 14 January
2002, three and half months after the last outbreak was confirmed in
Great Britain on 30 September 2001.

Approximately 2.5 million blood samples from 27,000 premises with sheep
and/or goats were examined by cspELISA as part of the serological
surveillance programme. Seropositive sheep were found in only 46 flocks
(31 in the 3-km protections zones, 13 in the 3-10 km Surveillance zones
and 2 as a result of premovement inspections). In only 2 of these 46
flocks was FMD virus isolated from seropositive sheep: FMD was confirmed
on both premises. In the remaining 44 flocks either the whole flock, the
management groups with seropositive sheep or only the individual
seropositive sheep (where there was only one seropositive sheep in a
management group) were killed.

In the counties of Cumbria, Dumfries & Galloway, Northumberland, North
Yorkshire, Powys and Devon, which collectively experienced 80% of all
the outbreaks in Great Britain, additional serosurveillance was carried
out such that 88-100% of all premises with sheep and goats were
serologically tested.

In addition to this serosurveillance, some 80,000 flocks were inspected
as part of the epidemiological inquiries linked to confirmed FMD
outbreaks and 250,000 consignments of livestock were subject to an
official veterinary inspection prior to movement being licensed between
20 February and 30- September. No suspect cases of FMD were identified
as a result of these pre-movement inspections.

# INTRODUCTION

## REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

### National government

The United Kingdom comprises the countries of England, Scotland and
Wales, collectively known as Great Britain, and Northern Ireland. The
United Kingdom is a Member State of the European Union (EU) and as such
is bound by Treaty to implement common legislative provisions in the
field of animal health control. In the case of Foot and Mouth Disease,
these are set down in Council Directive 85/511/EEC.

### Regional government

As a result of devolution, policy responsibility for FMD control and
eradication and implementation of Directive 85/511/EEC rests with the
Department of the Environment and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in England (a
Government Department newly created in June 2001 by combining the
previous Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food with the
environment parts of the previous Department of the Environment, Regions
and Transport and parts of the Home Office), the Agriculture Department
of the National Assembly for Wales (NAWD), the Environment and Rural
Affairs Department of the Scottish Executive (SEERAD) and the Department
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the Northern Ireland Assembly
(DARDNI).

### Local government

For the purposes of local government, Great Britain is divided into 177
Counties, Metropolitan Districts and Unitary Authorities. These
authorities are responsible, in varying degrees, for enforcing the
provisions of national legislation in respect of animal health controls.
A map of Great Britain, showing the 177 regional and local
administrative units is shown at Figure 1; they are listed in Annex 1.

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="5.7652777777777775in"
height="8.157638888888888in"}

Figure 1

### Veterinary services

Under concordats agreed with the Scottish Executive and the National
Assembly for Wales, the State Veterinary Service provides a national
veterinary service for the whole of Great Britain. Northern Ireland has
its own Veterinary Service and Chief Veterinary Officer.

The UK's Chief Veterinary Officer (who is also DEFRA's CVO and Director
General Animal Health and Welfare) is head of the SVS. The State
Veterinary Service comprises 3 HQ policy units (1 in England, 1 in
Scotland and 1 in Wales providing veterinary advice to their respective
Ministers and administrative counterparts) and a regional organisation
comprising 5 Regional Offices (3 in England, 1 in Scotland and 1 in
Wales) and 23 Divisional Animal Health Offices (15 in England, 5 in
Scotland and 3 in Wales). At the time the FMD epidemic started, the SVS
employed 304 whole time veterinary staff, 117 Temporary Veterinary
Inspectors (TVIs) , 230 animal health officers and 750 administrative
staff . By week 10 of the outbreak, the total veterinary resource
available had risen to 344 whole time veterinary staff, 1,152 TVIs, 113
non-UK veterinarians and 17 consultants.

The Meat Hygiene Service, a part of the Food Standards Agency, provides
official veterinary control of slaughterhouses in Great Britain. MHS
Official Veterinary Surgeons are responsible for the ante and post
mortem inspection of all livestock slaughtered in GB for human
consumption and are part of the UK's surveillance system for notifiable
diseases.

## LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN GREAT BRITAIN

The livestock industry in Great Britain is diverse and exhibits marked
geographic variations. There are approximately 11 million beef and dairy
cattle, 6 million breeding pigs and 20 million breeding sheep in Great
Britain. Their numbers and geographical distribution are summarised in
Annex 2. These figures are based on June 2000 Agriculture census data
and because of the slaughter of animals that took place during the 2001
FMD epidemic can only be used as guide to the animal populations and
holdings actually present on the ground.

### Pigs

The greatest concentration of [pigs]{.underline} occurs in the eastern
part of England notably in the counties of Lincolnshire, Norfolk and
Suffolk.

No outbreaks of FMD were reported in pigs or other classes of livestock
in these counties at anytime during the course of the 2001 epidemic.

### Sheep

Sheep production in Great Britain is highly structured and geared mainly
to the production of meat (from lambs under 1 year old and cull ewes) as
well as wool. Sheep bred and reared on extensive and common grazings in
hill and upland farms in Northern England, Scotland and Wales move south
and east to lower ground where they are mated with lowland rams for meat
production. Lambing takes place from late winter to late spring and
tends to be earlier in lowland flocks and later in hill and upland
flocks.

For reasons of climate and topography, the grazing season is shorter in
Northern England, Scotland and Wales making it impossible to maintain
uniform stocking densities all year round. As a consequence, replacement
breeding stock tend to be sent to low ground grazings during the winter
months while lambs which cannot be finished in a single grazing season
are sold as "stores" for fattening to other parts of the country during
the winter and spring following their birth.

This structure, and the fact that sheep for breeding, finishing or
slaughter are traditionally sold through markets, with the greatest
number of movements taking place in the autumn and late winter accounts,
in part, both for the size of the FMD epidemic and its geographical
extent. Of particular note was (a) the absence of disease in sheep and
other types of livestock north of the Clyde/Forth valley in Scotland,
the sheep industry in this area being largely self-contained, (b) the
very high concentration of sheep being overwintered in Northern Cumbria
and south west Scotland around the Solway firth at the start of the
epidemic and which was instrumental in the decision to cull all sheep
within 3-km of an infected holding in this area and (c) the
concentration of sheep and cattle in Devon.

Two other features to note are (a) that the economics of the industry
over time have resulted in a reduction in manpower on farms and (b) that
for purposes of management of sheep such as lambing, worming, shearing
and dipping against ectoparasites, sheep tend to be gathered and farmers
assist one another in these labour intensive activities. These two
factors have combined to favour spread of disease by mechanical methods
and through fomites despite the imposition of a standstill on the
movement of livestock throughout the course of the epidemic.

### Cattle

Dairy cattle are concentrated in the West Midlands and the South west of
England and the South West of Scotland: beef cattle, particularly those
on extensive grazings, are often found associated with sheep. Outbreaks
of disease have occurred in cattle and have most often occurred on
holdings with both sheep and cattle. In many cases, cattle have proved
to be the first indicator of the presence of FMD on mixed holdings.
Thereafter disease has spread direct from cattle to cattle through a
variety of means.

It is this diversity of production both in terms of geography and
production system that has accounted for the series of smaller epidemics
that has been a feature of the 2001 FMD outbreak in Great Britain. Each
small epidemic has had its own, unique epidemiological features. These
differences account for the fact that some parts of the country have
never experienced disease (notably the East of England and Northern
Scotland) while other parts of the country (Southern Scotland, North
West and South West England and parts of Wales) have had large numbers
of outbreaks.

# CONTROL OF THE FMD EPIDEMIC 2001

## FMD HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN

With the exception of a single outbreak of FMD in cattle on the Isle of
Wight, Hampshire in 1981, there had been no outbreaks of FMD in Great
Britain since 1967/68.

## ORGANISATION

In England and Wales, control of the epidemic was overseen by DEFRA
(previously MAFF) through the National Disease Control Centre (NDCC)
located at SVS HQ in London. Policy for the conduct of the operation was
overseen by the Chief Veterinary Officer supported by veterinary and
administrative staff and a team of epidemiologists within DEFRA's Animal
Health Group. Laboratory diagnosis of disease was carried out at the FMD
World Reference Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright.

In Scotland, the Scottish Executive had overall responsibility for the
FMD control in Scotland, but there was very close liaison between SEERAD
and DEFRA on policy development and between SVS staff in Scotland and in
England. This ensured a high level of co-ordination of policies and
implementation, taking account of the individual circumstances in
different regions. The same can be said for communications and liaison
with NAWAD and DARDNI. Liaison officials for NAWAD and SEERAD were
present in the NDCC and JCC and the CVO (UK) was in almost daily contact
with senior veterinary advisers to SEERAD and NAWAD on FMD policy
development and implementation.

Responsibility for controlling disease in the field (identification and
confirmation of disease, epidemiological enquiries linked to each
outbreak and tracing on movements of animals, people and vehicles etc)
rested with SVS staff in Local Disease Control Centres (LDCCs). As the
epidemic escalated and threatened to overwhelm the resources of the SVS,
non-veterinary field operations (slaughter and disposal of livestock,
valuations, cleansing and disinfection etc) were overseen by DEFRA,
SEERAD and NAWAD and other Government Departments' administrative staff
supported by the army in 12 regions each headed by a Regional Operations
Director.

To oversee such a large operation, two National Executive bodies (the
Joint Co-ordinating Committee (JCC) and the Cabinet Office (COBR) were
established on 25 March. The JCC had the task of maintaining an up to
date picture of progress of the campaign in the field, facilitating the
flow of information and the rapid dissemination of instructions. COBR
met on a daily basis and was provided with information needed for
decision taking across Government. Meetings of COBR were chaired by a
Government Minister ensuring that major policy decisions were taken at
senior government level. Representative from the Scottish Executive and
National Assembly for Wales were present to ensure consistency of
approach across GB The outcome of these COBR meetings and the necessary
operational requirements were disseminated through the JCC to all
functional units on a daily basis.

At the peak of the epidemic, the NDCC and LDCCs were manned 24 hours
each day. SVS wholetime veterinary staff were augmented by private
veterinary practitioners and veterinarians from overseas who were
appointed by DEFRA as Temporary Veterinary Inspectors (TVIs). A great
many other organisations were involved directly or indirectly with the
eradication campaign (Meat and Livestock Commission, Agriculture
Development Advisory Service, Environment Agencies, the Meat Hygiene
Service, Local Authority staff and the police to name but a few) as well
as staff from other Government Departments and at least 1,950 military
personnel.

While the first outbreak of disease was formally confirmed by the CVO on
the basis of laboratory examination of samples from affected animals,
local veterinary staff were subsequently authorised to diagnose disease
on the basis of clinical signs alone and before receiving the results of
the laboratory examinations, following consultation with a veterinarian
at the NDCC who officially confirmed the presence of disease. A target
time of 2 hours was set from the initial phone call from a farmer or
veterinarian to either confirm disease on clinical grounds or where
there was reason to question the diagnosis to identify the case as one
requiring slaughter on grounds of suspect FMD. Thereafter, units were
despatched by the LDCC to arrange valuation, slaughter and disposal and
an epidemiological enquiry was carried out by local epidemiological
teams to identify the possible origin of infection and the extent of
onward transmission.

When the NDCC had given authority to slaughter livestock on the farm,
the veterinary officer on the farm contacted the local DECC who arranged
for an Incident Commander to travel to the IP and assume responsibility
for bio-security and disposal of the carcases. The VO was responsible
for determining the order of slaughter and for supervising the slaughter
team during the killing process to ensure they were despatched humanely.

Carcases of animals slaughtered on infected premises (IPs), dangerous
contact premises (DCs) and contiguous premises (CPs) were disposed of by
burning on farm, rendering in dedicated plants or by burial in mass
burial sites supervised by the army. Strict attention was paid to the
biosecurity of the vehicles used to transport carcases, burial sites and
rendering plants including, in the latter case, exhaust gases and waste
water disposal facilites.

## STATUTORY CONTROLS

As a Member State of the European Union, Great Britain's policy towards
the control of the 2001 epidemic has been to stamp out disease without
recourse to vaccination**.** Statutory controls for FMD in Great Britain
are set down in the Animal Health Act 1981 and the Foot and Mouth
Disease Order 1983 which implements, in national law, the provisions of
Council Directive 85/511/EEC. Scotland and Northern Ireland have similar
legislation.

All the measures provided for in Directive 85/511/EEC have been applied
to each FMD outbreak, in particular stamping out disease on infected
holdings, the establishment of 3-km protection and 10-km surveillance
zones around infected holdings and the imposition of movement controls
within these areas together with epidemiological enquiries to identify
the origin of infection and the extent to which it may have been spread.

Under the Foot and Mouth Disease Order 1983, FMD is made a notifiable
disease. All suspect cases must be reported to the national authorities
who can, if they believe there are reasonable grounds for suspecting
that disease exists, place the holding under official control while
laboratory investigations are carried out to determine whether disease
is present. If disease is confirmed, all FMD susceptible livestock on
the holding are slaughtered and the premises are cleansed and
disinfected before restocking can take place. Restocking may only take
place under official control. Movement controls are imposed within 10-km
of an infected holding and movements of livestock, vehicles and people
onto and off the infected holding are traced. Compensation for
slaughtered animals is paid at the market value at the time of
slaughter.

## Confirmation of disease

Anyone suspecting FMD in an animal is obliged by law to notify the SVS
or the Police. Official movement restrictions are imposed on the
premises by the service of a notice (Form A) prohibiting any animal,
person or thing entering or leaving the premises except under licence,
and an official investigation is carried out by a DEFRA Veterinary
Officer (VO). If signs suggestive of FMD are present, the VO, after
consulting DEFRA SVS HQ, serves a notice (Form C) prohibiting the
movement of animals within a radius of 8 km of the premises concerned
and arranges for sample from the affected animal(s) to be sent to the
Institute of Animal Health, Pirbright for testing. The VO reports
his/her findings to SVS HQ where the Chief Veterinary Officer will
confirm the outbreak if the laboratory results confirm the presence of
an FMD virus. The Chief Veterinary Officer may, if he considers it
necessary, confirm the presence of disease on the basis of clinical
signs alone and without waiting for the results of laboratory tests.

Notices are posted at all entrances to the FMD infected premises and
there are official controls on the movement of people on and off the
farm. An approved disinfectant is provided so that footwear, clothing
and vehicles may be disinfected before entering or leaving the premises.
Once the presence of disease has been confirmed the infected animals and
all other FMD susceptible livestock on the holding are valued and
killed.

## Procedures for confirming disease 

The first outbreak of FMD was confirmed only after the laboratory
examination of samples taken from animals exhibiting clinical signs
suspicious of FMD at the World Reference Laboratory, Institute of Animal
Health (IAH) Pirbright Samples of epithelial and vesicular tissue plus
vesicular fluid were examined as prescribed in the by OIE Manual of
Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines 2000 for FMD virus
isolation.

When the extent of disease became apparent, SVS veterinary officers were
allowed to confirm disease on the basis of clinical signs. Where disease
was confirmed on clinical grounds alone, fluid and tissue samples were
still taken from clinically affected animals and examined at IAH
Pirbright using prescribed OIE tests. Where laboratory examination of
samples failed to detect the presence of virus, the case remained
confirmed as did the consequent arrangements for the establishment of
3-km and 10-km protection and surveillance zones and slaughter of
animals on contiguous premises.

## Virus type

In addition to the use of OIE prescribed diagnostic tests for the FMD
virus, additional tests were undertaken at IAH Pirbright to analyse the
nucleic acid sequence of the viral genome. These analyses showed that
the virus was of the O1 "Pan Asia" strain. Sequence data showed it was
most closely related to an isolate from South Africa obtained during an
outbreak in 2000, since eradicated. It is possible that the viruses
responsible for the UK and South African outbreaks may have had a common
origin. Twenty seven (27) isolates from different geographical regions
of GB were subject to partial nucleotide sequencing during the course of
the epidemic. There was no detected evidence of significant genomic
variation.

## Compulsory slaughter and destruction of animals on FMD infected holdings

In accordance with the provisions of Directive 85/511/EEC all FMD
susceptible livestock on premises where FMD was confirmed were killed on
farm and their carcases destroyed by burial, incineration or rendering.
The extent to which these methods were used varied during the epidemic
and depended, in part, on the species of animal involved. Cattle over 5
years of age could not be buried but were destroyed by incineration or
rendering because of BSE concerns. Rendering was the preferred route for
the destruction of all cattle for this reason.

A target time of 24 hours was set for the destruction of animals on
confirmed/suspect FMD holdings starting from the time suspicion of FMD
was reported to the Local Disease Control Centre.

## Preventive slaughter of animals on holdings at risk of FMD

FMD susceptible species on holdings identified as being at risk of
disease (**dangerous contacts**) as a result of the epidemiological
enquiry carried out in connection with each outbreak, were compulsorily
destroyed as were FMD susceptible species on all holdings **contiguous**
to an infected premises without waiting for the presence of disease to
be confirmed. A target time of 48 hours was set for the animals on
contiguous holdings to be destroyed, starting from the time suspect FMD
was reported to the Local Disease Control Centre

Where there was clinical evidence of disease on such holdings the
presence of disease was confirmed on clinical grounds and samples were
sent to IAH for laboratory examination for virological and/or
serological examination.

Where there was no clinical evidence of disease, blood samples were
taken for serological examination and if FMD antibodies were detected,
disease was confirmed on the holding.

Although all FMD susceptible livestock on contiguous holdings were
required to be compulsorily slaughtered an exception was sometimes
allowed for cattle if the official veterinarian responsible for the
infected holding concluded, on the basis of a risk assessment, that the
conditions of biosecurity under which the cattle have been held have not
resulted in their exposure to FMD

In one part of the country, notably Cumbria in England and the adjacent
county of Dumfries & Galloway in Scotland, in which two counties 53% of
all FMD outbreaks occurred, the compulsory slaughter of all sheep within
a 3-km radius of infected holdings within defined areas was undertaken
because of concerns that extensive, undisclosed disease in sheep might
pose a threat to dairy and beef cattle in the area.

## Movement controls: 20 February -- 1 October 2001

##  {#section .unnumbered}

### National Controlled area movement restrictions

The FMD Order 1983 also allows for the establishment of **Controlled
Area** **Restrictions.** These may be applied to restrict movement of
animals outside an Infected Area where there has been, or is likely to
be, a risk of widespread dissemination of the disease, for instance if
an infected animal is found to have passed through a market.

Once FMD had been confirmed on 20 February and as soon as it became
apparent that disease had probably been spread through the movement of
sheep across a sizeable part of the country, the whole of Great Britain
was designated a **Controlled Area** for the purposes of the FMD Order
1983. The effect was to ban movements of all farmed livestock through
out Great Britain including a ban on markets, shows etc. These movement
controls were additional to the movement controls imposed in Infected
Areas in accordance with the provisions of Directive 85/511/EEC.

However, as it would not have been possible to impose a permanent and
total movement standstill across the whole of the country, certain
movements under official control were permitted for reasons of animal
welfare or to allow animals to be slaughtered for human consumption.

##  {#section-1 .unnumbered}

##  {#section-2 .unnumbered}

### Infected area movement restrictions

Where any outbreak of FMD was confirmed, an **Infected Area** with a
radius of at least 10 km was established around the infected holding,
although its size was increased if the prevailing weather conditions
were likely to spread the disease further or to take account of natural
boundaries. All holdings within 3-km of an infected holding were placed
under official (Form D) movement restrictions thereby creating the
Protection Zone required under Directive 85/511/EEC.

Because of the nature and intensity of the outbreaks during the 2001
epidemic, in some parts of the country (notably Cumbria, Devon,
Northumberland, North Yorkshire and South Powys) 3-km protection zones
overlapped and became coalesced.

### Restricted Infected Areas

At a late stage in the epidemic stricter biosecurity controls were
introduced in certain areas (notably around outbreaks in Cumbria to the
south of Penrith, around Thirsk in North Yorkshire and around Hexham in
Northumberland) in an effort to control disease and to prevent it
spreading. Within these Restricted Infected Areas (RIAs), there was:

-   a general ban on the movement of animals onto and off farms except
    under licence to slaughter for human consumption or to the Livestock
    Welfare Disposal Scheme;

-   all vehicles, including silage, feed, milk tankers and farmers own
    vehicles were required to be cleansed and disinfected before
    entering and when leaving farms;

-   all movements of feed and milk onto and off farms were required to
    be licensed, silage vehicles additionally required specific licences
    to go onto and of farms and the discharge of slurry by jet or spray
    could only take place under licence;

-   all milk tankers operating in the area were required to be dedicated
    for use in the area and accompanied by a official to ensure that
    cleansing and disinfection requirements were met;

-   the establishment of official cleansing and disinfection stations
    within the area and the application of coloured stickers to vehicles
    to indicate that cleansing and disinfection had been carried out;

-   livestock farms were required to maintain footbaths at every exit to
    their premises and renew the disinfectant frequently;

-   people moving onto and off farms were required to leave clothing and
    footwear used when handling FMD susceptible livestock, on the
    premises and observe proper hygiene precautions;

-   regular patrols by and local authority officials and the police to
    ensure that the above requirements were being complied with.

### Categorisation of the country into 3 FMD risk areas

The movements that were permitted respected the over-riding need to
control disease and for this purpose, the country was divided into three
types of area:

-   [Provisionally free areas]{.underline} (PFAs) where there had never
    been an outbreak of FMD

-   [At risk areas]{.underline} (ARAs) where there had been FMD
    outbreaks which have been stamped out and around which Infected Area
    restrictions had been lifted

-   [Infected areas]{.underline} (IAs) where there have been FMD
    outbreaks and where Infected Area movement restrictions continued to
    apply pending completion of serological surveillance around
    outbreaks.

The extent and geographical distribution of these three types of area
are shown in Figure 2 which shows the boundaries of the PFAs, the
maximum extent of IAs during the epidemic and the location of all FMD
outbreaks during the course of the epidemic..

Movements under official control were permitted from PFAs to ARAs to
IAs, i.e from areas of low to high FMD risk. Movements in the reverse
direction were not permitted until 21 June 2001 when limited movements
of cattle and pigs were allowed from ARAs to PFAs on condition that the
animals being moved were subject to prior official veterinary
examination and that they were quarantined on the holding of destination
for 21 days after they have been moved.

> ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.7652777777777775in"
> height="8.157638888888888in"}

Figure 2

The following movements, under official control and in accordance with a
licence were allowed:

-   [Movement to slaughter]{.underline} for human consumption;

-   [Occupational licences]{.underline} to allow repeat movements of
    animals within holdings, for example across roads, for normal
    management purposes (milking etc) -- some 58, 691 licences were
    issued;

-   [Local movement licences]{.underline} between premises in the same
    ownership over short distances (5-10 km) subject to prior official
    veterinary inspection;

-   [Long distance movement licences]{.underline} for reasons of welfare
    or for male animals intended for breeding subject to prior official
    veterinary inspection, cleansing, disinfection and sealing of
    vehicles and official supervision of the journey. A similar
    [Specific Licence]{.underline} was used in Scotland;

-   [Animal treatment licences]{.underline} for single journeys for
    veterinary treatment, emergency special needs, research subject to
    prior official veterinary inspection and checks on disease status of
    the holding;

-   [Movements of sheep, cattle and goats to common
    grazings]{.underline} to allow movements of animals onto open hills
    or moors and other commons or to allow animals to move off for
    shearing or other essential husbandry practices such as dipping, all
    subject to prior veterinary inspection; and

-   [Gathering licence]{.underline} to permit the movement of animals
    from grazings used by several stock keepers to a suitable location
    to carry out essential husbandry procedures. Change of ownership was
    not permitted using this licence nor was veterinary inspection
    necessarily required.

-   In addition to the above, movements under the [Livestock Welfare
    Disposal Scheme]{.underline}, a scheme set up to permit animals to
    be sent for disposal on the grounds of welfare, were also allowed
    again subject to prior official veterinary inspection.

Table 1 shows the number of licences issued in respect of each of these
type of movements up to 30 September 2001.

**Table 1*.* The type and number of animal movement licences issued in
England, Wales and Scotland between 5th March and 30th September, 2001
to alleviate welfare problems caused by Foot and Mouth disease
restrictions**

+--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------------------+
|                    | ###    |        |        | **Number of       |
|                    | Number |        |        | consignments      |
|                    |  of Li |        |        | subject to        |
|                    | cences |        |        | veterinary        |
|                    |  issue |        |        | inspection**      |
|                    | d {#nu |        |        |                   |
|                    | mber-o |        |        |                   |
|                    | f-lice |        |        |                   |
|                    | nces-i |        |        |                   |
|                    | ssued  |        |        |                   |
|                    | .unnum |        |        |                   |
|                    | bered} |        |        |                   |
+--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------------------+
| #### Type of Mo    | *      | ***Wa  | **     | ***GB***          |
| vement Licence {#t | **Engl | les*** | *Scotl |                   |
| ype-of-movement-li | and*** |        | and*** |                   |
| cence .unnumbered} |        |        |        |                   |
+--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------------------+
| Local Movement     | 87,746 | 27,823 | 7472   | 123,041           |
+--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------------------+
| Longer Distance    | 61,921 | 20,679 | 8247   | 90,847            |
+--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------------------+
| Specific Movement  | N/A    | N/A    | 20,838 | 20,838            |
+--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------------------+
| Animal Treatment   | 137    | ###    | 45     | 265               |
|                    |        | ## 83  |        |                   |
|                    |        | {#sect |        |                   |
|                    |        | ion-3  |        |                   |
|                    |        | .unnum |        |                   |
|                    |        | bered} |        |                   |
+--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------------------+
| Livestock Welfare  | 9649   | 4994   | 773    | 15,366            |
| Disposal Scheme    |        |        |        |                   |
+--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------------------+
| #### TOTAL {#      | **159  | **53   | **37   | **250,407**       |
| total .unnumbered} | ,453** | ,579** | ,375** |                   |
+--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------------------+

N/A = Not applicable

A total of 250,407 veterinary inspections of FMD stock were made in
association with movements for welfare purposes, in addition to those
which were made within infected areas. No cases of FMD were identified
as a result of these official pre-movement inspections.

### Movement Control areas

On occasion, additional movement controls have been imposed, referred to
as **Movement Control Areas (MCA),** within certain Infected Areas,
where the veterinary judgement was that livestock movements should be
further restricted to prevent the spread of disease. Within these areas,
long distance movement licences were withdrawn and the only new movement
licences issued were those permitting animals to go for slaughter**.**
Only in exceptional circumstances could Divisional Veterinary Managers
issue licences to relieve welfare problems.

### Movements to slaughter

Animals were allowed to move under licence to slaughter in officially
approved slaughterhouses. All movements were subject to official control
and the animals slaughtered were subject to both ante and post mortem
veterinary inspections for FMD. Animals could move direct to slaughter
from their holding of origin in which case they were subject to
pre-movement official veterinary inspection on the holding of origin.
Alternatively they could move to slaughter via official collection
centres. In this case they had to be slaughtered within 24 hours of
arrival at the collection centre and were subject to official veterinary
inspection before moving from the collection centre to the
slaughterhouse. No animals destined for slaughter were allowed to return
to their holdings of origin.

## Movement controls: 1 October to the present day

In the light of the improved disease situation, and with a view to
developing an orderly exit/recovery strategy, on 17 September 2001 the
GB authorities replaced the then existing division of the country into
FMD provisionally free areas (PFAs), FMD at risk areas (ARAs) and FMD
infected areas (IAs) with a system which respected administrative
(County, Unitary Authority or Metropolitan District Council) boundaries.
Administrative units were classified according to their FMD disease
status and a new movement regime reflecting the FMD risk status of these
units was introduced on 1 October 2001.

Infected Area restrictions implementing the provisions of Council
Directive 85/511/EC continued to be applied around FMD outbreaks as were
additional RIA and MCA restrictions where the disease situation
warranted them. The whole of Great Britain remained a Controlled Area
and arrangements for the licensed movement of animals to slaughter for
human consumption or under the Livestock Welfare Disposal Scheme and the
Over Thirty Months Scheme continued unchanged. In FMD free counties,
movements of sheep, goats and camelids were not subject to a
pre-movement serological test but were restricted to a maximum of three
destinations within the respective control area within a fourteen day
period. Livestock markets and fairs were not re-opened in England and
Wales but were allowed, subject to tight movement, identification and
bio-security controls, in those counties of Scotland which had never
experienced an outbreak of FMD. Commercial movements from farm to farm
were allowed under licence with a 21 day standstill. The conditions of
the occupational licence were revised to enable movements between farms
in the same occupation, management and control which were not more than
20-km apart.

### Classification of counties according to FMD status

On 17 September 2001, Counties, Metropolitan Districts and Unitary
Authorities in England, Scotland and Wales were classified on the
following basis.

-   *FMD free counties*

> No outbreaks of FMD for 3 months, and
>
> Serological surveillance complete in both the 3-km [and]{.underline}
> 3-10-km zones around individual FMD infected holdings and seropositive
> sheep/goat flocks destroyed, and.
>
> All "at risk" flocks (farms under Form D investigation and farms known
> to have received sheep between 1 -- 23 February) resolved, i.e.
> destroyed or tested negative for FMD.

-   *FMD at risk counties*

> No outbreaks of FMD in the county for the past 30 days and entirely
> out with an existing Infected Area, and
>
> Serological surveillance completed in the 3-km protection zones, and
>
> Serological surveillance in the 3-10-km zones around individual FMD
> infected holdings not completed and at risk flocks (farms under Form D
> investigation and farms known to have received sheep between 1 -- 23
> February) still to be resolved, i.e. destroyed or tested negative for
> FMD.

-   *FMD high risk counties*

> Outbreaks of FMD have occurred in the past 30 days, or
>
> Serological surveillance in the 3-km protection zones around
> individual FMD infected holdings not complete, and
>
> Serological surveillance in the 3-10-km zones around individual FMD
> infected holdings not complete, and
>
> "at risk" flocks (farms under Form D investigation and farms known to
> have received sheep between 1 -- 23 February) still to be resolved

In allocating counties to these classifications, the Chief Veterinary
Officer reserved the right to take into account the number of sheep in
the county concerned, the previous weight of FMD infection and the
amount of serological surveillance completed. Additional surveillance
over and above that carried out in the 3-10 km zones around outbreaks
might be necessary in areas with high sheep populations and a history of
heavy infection in order to be confident about the disease status of the
flocks in those areas.

Of particular concern were the counties of Cumbria, Northumberland,
Durham, North Yorkshire and Devon in England, for the South Powys in
Wales and the administrative areas of Dumfries & Galloway and the
Scottish Borders in Scotland where the intensity of disease had been
greatest. Furthermore, the nature of the sheep industry was such that
considerable movement of sheep would normally take place in the autumn
months from these "hot spot" areas in the north to counties in the
south, east and west. Such movements, if allowed, would have the
capability of spreading disease, if it existed, out of these "hot spot"
areas to those parts of the country that had remained or become free of
disease

### Movement controls

The new movement controls introduced on 1 October 2001 and remaining in
force today are summarised in Table 2.

###### Table 2: Summary of permitted livestock movements in force in England and Wales at 11 January 2002 {#table-2-summary-of-permitted-livestock-movements-in-force-in-england-and-wales-at-11-january-2002 .unnumbered}

  --------------------------- --------------- --------------- -----------------
  **Farm to Farm movements**  **Cattle**      **Pigs**        **Sheep**

  FC to another FC and within **Permitted**   **Permitted**   **Permitted**
  the same FC                                                 

  FC to AR                    **Permitted**   **Permitted**   **Permitted**

  FC to HR                    Not permitted   Not             Not permitted
                                              permitted\*\*   

  FC/AR/HR to IA/RIA          Not permitted   Not permitted   Not permitted

  AR to another AR and within **Permitted**   **Permitted**   **Permitted\***
  the same AR                                                 

  AR to FC                    Not permitted   Not permitted   Not permitted

  AR to HR                    Not permitted   Not permitted   Not permitted

  HR within the same HR       **Permitted**   **Permitted**   **Permitted\***

  HR to a different HR        Not permitted   Not permitted   Not permitted

  HR to AR/FC                 Not permitted   Not permitted   Not permitted
  --------------------------- --------------- --------------- -----------------

Key:

FC = FMD Free county

AR = FMD At Risk county

HR = FMD High Risk county

IA/RIA = Infected are or Restricted Infected Area within a High Risk
county

\* = only from serologically tested flock: rams must be individually
tested

\*\* = individually identified pigs may make one move per 3 monthly
period to a HR but not to an Infected Area

-   All movements remained subject to official control. Local
    Authorities issued [licences]{.underline}.

-   All livestock to be moved were subject to an [official veterinary
    inspection]{.underline} for evidence of FMD prior to movement. In
    FMD At Risk and FMD High Risk Counties the flocks/herds of origin
    for sheep, goats and camelids additionally had to be [serologically
    tested]{.underline} with negative results before movements were
    permitted. Movements of sheep, goats and camelids were restricted to
    a maximum of three destinations in the respective control area
    within a fourteen period. These movements were required to take
    place within 14 days of the negative test result being confirmed by
    a Divisional Veterinary Manager.

-   In the case of [rams and male goats for breeding]{.underline}, each
    animal could only move once. Animals from a farm could move to no
    more than three destinations within a 14 day time limit provided
    each animal to be moved was individually identified and subjected to
    an official veterinary inspection prior to movement. In FMD High
    Risk ands FMD At Risk counties, both the herd/flock of origin and
    the individual animals to be moved had to be serologically tested
    for FMD with negative results. In FMD Free counties, neither the
    flock/her or individual animal needed be tested but each animal to
    be moved had to be identified and subject to an official veterinary
    inspection prior to movement.

-   All [vehicles]{.underline} used for movements under 10 km had to be
    cleansed and disinfected: all vehicles used for movements over 10 km
    were required to be cleansed and disinfected and secured with a
    numbered seal at an approved cleansing and disinfection station.

-   Animals being moved had to be [individually identified]{.underline}
    and the identity of the animal being moved had to be recorded on the
    holding of despatch and the holding of destination.

-   [Journeys were subject to a time limit]{.underline} not exceeding 9
    hours and these movements had to begin within 24 hours of the
    official veterinary inspection. Multiple pick-ups and drop offs were
    not permitted and there could be no scheduled stops. Livestock
    carrying vehicles were allowed to [transit counties]{.underline} of
    a higher risk status using trunk roads or motorways; they were not
    allowed to transit counties with a lower risk status.

-   [Twenty one day movement restrictions]{.underline} were be applied
    to all permitted movements except in the case of pigs moving within
    closed pyramids. No susceptible livestock were permitted to move off
    a farm within 21 days of susceptible livestock moving on, except
    under licence to slaughter.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   [Sheep and goats were only permitted to move once]{.underline},
    other than to slaughter unless a veterinary assessment suggests
    wholly exceptional and unforeseen circumstances have arisen.

## Serological surveillance

### Lifting of Infected Area restrictions

#### General approach

Article 9 of Directive 85/511/EEC permits the lifting of the protection
and surveillance zones established around each infected holding, 15 and
21 days respectively after the completion of preliminary cleansing and
disinfection on the affected holding. Commission Decision 2001/295/EC
amended the measures for releasing restrictions set down in Directive
85/511/EC but its provisions do not apply to the United Kingdom.

Decision 2001/295/EC requires, *inter alia,* that a serological survey
of all holdings with sheep and goats in [protection zones]{.underline}
using a protocol able to detect a 5% prevalence of disease on each
holding with 95% confidence. In [surveillance zones,]{.underline} a
random sample of holdings with sheep and goats should be tested using a
protocol able to detect 2% infected holdings with 95% confidence. On
each of the selected holdings a sampling protocol able to detect with
95% confidence a 5% prevalence of infection on each holding, should be
followed.

#### Procedures for lifting Infected Areas in Great Britain

Given the extent and nature of the outbreak and the impact it had had on
industries other agriculture, Infected Area restrictions imposed around
confirmed FMD outbreaks in Great Britain were lifted when a serological
survey of all holdings with sheep and/or goats in the 3-km protection
zone established around each outbreak had been completed. The survey has
not commenced until at least 21 days had elapsed after preliminary
cleansing and disinfection on the infected holding. The serological
sampling was designed to detect a 5% prevalence of seropositive sheep
with 95% confidence [in each management group of sheep and/or
goats]{.underline} on the holding. On each premises., the sampling frame
comprised all sheep and/or goats other than unweaned lambs.

However, it should be noted that even after the Infected Area
restrictions were lifted, the holdings previously within the IA remained
subject to national movement restrictions imposed by the Controlled Area
Order 2001.

#### Procedures where FMD seropositive sheep and/or goats have been found in the 3-km protection zones

When seropositive animals were found in any management group, the whole
group was resampled 7 days later and after each animal in the group had
been individually identified. Where only one seropositive animal was
found in a management group after rebleeding, only that animal was
killed. Where \>1 sheep/goats were seropositive on rebleeding, all the
sheep/goats in the management group were killed. In addition, where more
than 1 seropositive animals were found on a holding more than 1-km from
an Infected Premises, then any sheep and/or goat holding within 3-km of
the seropositive holding which had not already been tested as a result
of the original PZ sampling, was also tested.

Before any seropositive sheep were killed, they were probanged and the
probang samples are sent to IAH Pirbright for virus isolation. If FMD
virus was found, the holding was confirmed as having disease and the
procedures foreseen in Directive 85/511/EEC were applied including
slaughter of all FMD susceptible species on the holding and the
establishment of 3-km protection and 10-km surveillance zones around it.
If FMD virus was not isolated, then the holding was classed as a
"dangerous contact" and the premises had to be cleansed and disinfected
before restocking.

#### Procedures where FMD seropositive animals were found in the course of 10-km Surveillance Zone Surveillance

The surveillance zone sampling comprised premises that were more than
3-km but less than 10-km from an Infected Premises. Surveillance Zone
sampling was carried out on a randomly selected sample of holdings with
sheep and/or goats on them, the number of holdings sampled being that
required to detect 2% holdings with seropositive sheep with 95%
confidence in accordance with the provisions of Commission Decision
2001/295. Such sampling normally took place some considerable time after
Protection Zone sampling but did not take place less than 21 days after
preliminary cleansing and disinfection of the Infected Premises within
10-km of the holding. On each selected holding, testing was carried out
with the aim of detecting a 5% prevalence of seropositive animals with
95% confidence [in each management group of sheep and/or
goats]{.underline} on the holding.

Seropositive animals and holdings were dealt with in exactly the same
way as for Protection Zone Surveillance. In addition, where seropositive
sheep were found, all holdings with sheep and/or goats within 3-km of
the seropositive holding that had not already been sampled, were tested.
This included holdings that were more than 10-km from the Infected
Premises.

#### Procedures in counties of particular concern

Due to the number of outbreaks that had occurred in the counties of
Cumbria, Northumberland, Durham, North Yorkshire, Devon, South Powys,
Dumfries & Galloway and the Scottish Borders, serological surveillance
additional to that described above was carried out invariably resulting
in \>95% of holdings with sheep/goats in the county being serologically
examined.

### Serological methods and interpretation of serological results

#### Serological tests used

The serological tests used were the, competitive solid phase ELISA (csp
ELISA) developed by the World Reference Laboratory, IAH Pirbright and
the virus neutralisation test (VNT) as prescribed in the by OIE Manual
of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines 2000.

The UK has separately provided the OIE Standards Commission with data to
support an application for the cspELISA to be regarded as a prescribed
test by the OIE.

cspELISA tests were undertaken at the IAH, Pirbright, the Centre for
Applied Microbiological Research (CAMR), Porton Down, the Animal Health
Trust Veterinary Laboratory, Newmarket and at the Penrith, Shrewsbury
and Luddington Regional Laboratories of the VLA. Between them, these six
laboratories all operating to Containment Level 4 standards, sometimes
with derogations, had the capacity to undertake a total of 180,000 tests
per week.

Serological sampling was normally carried out only on sheep and goats
and, unless requested for epidemiological or other specific reasons, at
a level aimed at detecting a 5% prevalence of seropositive animals with
95% confidence in each management group on a holding.

Flow charts showing the decision trees for the interpretation of
serological test results and the action taken in respect of seropositive
flocks are provided at Annex 3 and Annex 4 respectively.

#### Definition of a seropositive animal and procedures to identify them 

The cspELISA was used as a screening test. A positive cspELISA was one
giving 70% or more inhibition: an inconclusive result was one giving
60 - 69% inhibition: a negative result was one giving \<60% inhibition.

Where a batch of samples from a management group were tested and 5 or
less samples were positive to cspELISA, IAH Pirbright would
automatically carry out a VNT on those samples. If a sample gave a VNT
positive result, the sample was considered positive**.**

Where 6 or more samples from a management group were cspELISA positive,
the cspELISA test was repeated on those samples. If the 6 or more
samples remained cspELISA positive, then the samples were considered
serologically positive. If the repeat cspELISA samples were negative or
inconclusive, then they were subject to the VNT test. If the VNT test
was positive, then the samples were considered serologically positive:
if negative, then they were considered serologically negative.

Where 5 or less animals in a group were seropositive then **all** the
animals in that management group were individually identified and then
resampled. The resampling was undertaken 7 days after the first samples
were taken. The same testing procedure above was followed. This process
allowed an assessment to be made of whether or not there was a
developing disease situation and for the identification of any singleton
seropositive animal.

#### Procedures where singleton seropositive animals were found

A singleton seropositive animal defined the situation where only a
single seropositive result was found in a management group on a holding.
Such animals would have been sampled on two occasions at least 7 days
apart. On the second occasion, the animal would have been individually
identified. By the procedures set out above, it would have been
subjected to a VNT test.

Depending on the epidemiological circumstances in which the animal was
found (see below), it could be considered either a false positive or a
true positive. In either case, the animal was slaughtered and at
slaughter it was subject to a probang test for virus isolation at IAH
Pirbright If virus was isolated, disease was confirmed on the premises.

If virus was not isolated, the presence of disease was not confirmed but
an epidemiological enquiry was carried out. In the absence of any active
disease and no known epidemiological link it was be considered to be a
false positive.

#### Procedures where more than one serologically positive animal was found on a holding

Where more than one serological positive animal was found in a
management group on a holding, then the holding was considered to have
been exposed to

infection. Depending on the epidemiological circumstances in which the
seropositive animals were found, either :-

-   the whole management group was killed, or

-   all sheep and goats in all management groups on the holding were
    killed, leaving other susceptible livestock standing, or

-   all FMD susceptible livestock on the holding were killed

-   FMD was confirmed on the holdings and all susceptible livestock on
    the holding were killed.

At slaughter, all serologically positive animals were probanged and
tested for FMD virus. If virus was found, then disease was confirmed on
the premises. If virus was not found, no further action is taken.

### Serological surveillance in Protection Zones (PZs)

Because of the large number of FMD outbreaks and the fact that in some
parts of the country they occurred in close proximity of each other, the
serological surveillance required to lift PZ restrictions did not
commence until at least 21 days had elapsed after preliminary cleansing
and disinfection had been completed on all FMD infected premises within
3km of any infected holding, and often much later. This accounts for the
long delays in lifting Infected Area restrictions in counties such as
Cumbria and Devon due to the number of overlapping PZs.

The testing protocol described in above was followed including
resampling and virus testing of serological positive animals. In
addition, where more than one seropositive animal was found on a holding
situated more than 1km from an IP, then any sheep and goat holding
within 3km of holding where the seropositive animals were found, and
which had not already been serologically tested as a result of PZ
sampling, was also tested.

Where more than one seropositive animal was found on a holding, normally
all sheep and goats on the premises were slaughtered holding even if
virus was not isolated from probang samples. A clinical inspection was
also carried out of all other susceptible livestock on the holding but
unless they showed clinical signs suspicious of FMD (which would have
resulted in confirmation of disease on the premises) they were not
normally be slaughtered.

Exceptionally, if seropositive animals are found in only one management
group and that management group has good biosecurity then only that
management group of sheep and goats was slaughtered.

The seropositive animals were probang sampled for virus at the time of
slaughter. If virus was isolated then disease was confirmed on the
holding and all susceptible livestock were slaughtered.

### Serological surveillance in Surveillance Zones (SZs)

Surveillance zone sampling took place in the "doughnut" of premises that
were more than 3-km but less than 10km from any IP. Such sampling
normally took place some considerable time after PZ sampling had been
completed but in any event did not occur until at least 21 days had
elapsed after preliminary cleansing and disinfection had been completed
on any IP within 10km of the holding.

Planning for a structured serological surveillance of holdings with
sheep and goats in the 3-10 km zones around infected holdings commenced
following the completion of serological surveillance in the 3-km
protection zones. The Disease Control System (DCS) database recorded the
location of all FMD-infected holdings in Great Britain and all holdings
with cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. This database was used to provide
the Geographic Information System (GIS) software (ARCINFO) with the
necessary data to delineate the 3-10 km surveillance zones around
outbreaks of FMD in each county.

Where the surveillance zones formed a single confluent area as a result
of the density of FMD infected holdings, the zones was divided into a
number of sectors each comprising a sampling frame of approximately 200
sheep/goat flocks.

A simple random sample of the holdings was selected for each
surveillance zone or sector within a surveillance zone (where
surveillance zones formed a confluent area), sufficient to detect a 2%
prevalence of seropositive flocks with 95% confidence. At the same time,
a reserve randomly selected sample of premises, comprising approximately
15% of the individual sample sizes, was selected in case any of the
selected sample of holdings no longer contained sheep and/or goats. When
reserve lists were exhausted, a further random sample was provided by
the SVS HQ Epidemiology Team but without adjusting for the reduced
sampling frame.

Surveillance zone sampling was carried out in accordance with the
procedures described earlier. Sampling of sheep and goats on selected
holdings was that required to detect a 5% prevalence of seropositive
sheep in each management group with 95% confidence.

Seropositive animals and holdings were dealt with in exactly the same
way as described in earlier for PZ surveillance. In addition all
holdings with sheep and goats within 3km of a seropositive holding which
had not already been sampled, were serologically tested. This included
premises which were more than 10-km from an IP.

### Serological sampling in counties of concern

As a general rule the above procedures were followed for all outbreaks
of FMD in Great Britain and counties were classified according to the
criteria set out in Section 2.10.1 as serological surveillance work was
completed in respect of outbreaks within their boundaries.

However, Cumbria, Northumberland, Durham, North Yorkshire, Devon, South
Powys, Dumfries & Galloway and the Scottish Borders were regarded as
counties where additional surveillance over and above that carried out
in the 3-10 km zones around outbreaks was considered necessary before
the CVO could be confident about the disease status of the flocks in
those areas and accord the county FMD free status.

To this end, serological surveillance of sheep and goat flocks in theses
counties, additional to that required under Decision 2001/295/EC, was
carried out.

### Epidemiological sampling

Epidemiological sampling was carried out in areas considered to be at
high risk of containing infected animals and in areas where the disease
status of animals was unknown. It was also carried out to investigate
particular aspects of the epidemiology of an area where cases of disease
were occurring. The above protocols were followed for sampling and
retesting. In some instances sampling was carried out at a different
confidence/prevalence level than 95%:5%. Where more than one serological
positive animal was found, then depending on the epidemiological
investigation, either (a) the management group of sheep and goats was
slaughtered, (b) all sheep and goats on the premises were slaughtered or
(c) all susceptible animals on the premises were slaughtered because the
area was considered to be at high risk of infection taking account of
the history of infection in the area.

Where sheep and goats were slaughtered on holdings where disease has not
been confirmed, tissue samples taken from seropositive animals were also
tested for virus at IAH Pirbright. If FMD virus was isolated, the
presence of disease was confirmed and all animals on the holding were
slaughtered.

### Contiguous premises, dangerous contact premises and Form D premises

Serological sampling of sheep and goats also took place on (a) premises
contiguous to an IP, (b) premises judged to have been "dangerous
contacts" to an IP or (c) premises subject to Form D Movement
restrictions. If any seropositive animal was found, including a
[singleton seropositive animal]{.underline}, disease was confirmed on
those premises and all susceptible livestock on them were slaughtered on
the grounds that there was a recent known epidemiological link with an
IP and the animals on them had been exposed to infection.

## Restocking procedures 

Following the slaughter of livestock on an IP, cleansing and
disinfection of the premises was required to be completed in two stages.
Preliminary disinfection generally occurs within a few days but final
disinfection can be a much more protracted event which can take several
months. There is no compulsion to complete final C&D. In such cases a
period of 12 months must elapse after preliminary disinfection before
restrictions can be lifted

### Restocking with sentinels

Farmers have been allowed to restock with sentinel animals at any time
after a period of three weeks had elapsed since final cleansing and
disinfection of the holding was undertaken. Farms that restocked with
sentinel animals were subject to four inspections at weekly intervals
after the sentinel animals entered the premises. If sheep were involved,
blood sampling was carried out at the fourth inspection and following
the receipt of negative results a final inspection was carried out prior
to restrictions being lifted.

The shortest time scale for the removal of restrictions following
completion of final C&D under this regime was therefore eight weeks (3
weeks rest period, one week restocking, four weekly inspections) and
provided no sheep were involved as these would need to be blood tested.

### Restocking without sentinels

Following satisfactory completion of final C&D the owner could chose not
to restock with sentinels. In these cases, a period of four months must
elapse before restrictions are lifted.

The longest time scale for the removal of restrictions following
completion of final C&D is therefore six months. This would occur if the
owner chose to restock just before the end of the 4 month period.

### Livestock used for restocking

Sheep and goats which were used to restock premises and which originated
from holdings which either (a) were or had been in a previous infected
areas or (b) were in at risk areas, were required to be individually
serologically tested with negative results before movement to the
premises to be restocked. In addition, all management groups of sheep
and goats on the premises of origin were required to serologically
tested at 95%:5% with negative results. Such sampling was not required
in the management group or groups from which the restocking animals were
drawn if the drawn animals were sufficient to represent a 95%:5%
statistical sample of the management group they were in.

Sheep and goats on restocked premises were required be tested at 95%:5%
of management groups, 28 days after the last group of sentinel animals
had been moved on to the premises.

Where a singleton seropositive animal was found on the premises of
origin and subject to any epidemiological enquiry only the singleton
seropositive animal was destroyed and subjected to virus isolation. If
virus was isolated disease was confirmed. No sheep were allowed to move
off of that holding for restocking unless the entire testing procedure
had been repeated on the holding of origin with negative results and
even then no sheep could move until 21 days had elapsed after the first
test.

Where more than one seropositive animal was found the premises was be
treated in a similar way to serological positives found in the
surveillance zone.

Where a singleton seropositive was found on the premises of origin in
the absence of clinical disease the seropositive animal were slaughtered
and tested for virus. All the remaining animals were monitored weekly
and retested 21 days later.

Where more than one serological positive was found subject to an
epidemiological enquiry all animals on the premise were slaughtered and
tested for virus. If virus was isolated, disease was confirmed. The
premises of origin will also be re-examined.

#######  {#section-4 .unnumbered}

# COURSE OF THE FMD EPIDEMIC IN GREAT BRITAIN

## Overview

The first case of FMD was confirmed in pigs in an abattoir in Essex on
20 February. The source of the infection was traced to a pig unit in
Tyne & Wear where disease was believed to have been introduced at the
beginning of February. Sheep on a neighbouring holding are thought to
have become infected by airborne spread from the pig unit. These sheep
were subsequently moved through Hexham market in Northumberland and
Longtown markets in Cumbria between 13 and 22 February 2001. During
these movements other sheep became infected. Disease was subsequently
disseminated to other parts of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by the
movement of sheep and people through markets and dealers before the
existence of disease in the country had been recognised. Figure 3 shows
how the movement of animals through markets and dealers spread the
disease before 23 February 2001.

The Controlled Area Order imposed across the whole of Great Britain on
23 February 2001 prohibited the movement of livestock except under
official control, and banned the holding of markets, fairs etc.
Subsequent local spread is thought to have taken place through the
movement of people, vehicles and fomites.

The epidemic was essentially sheep based, other classes of livestock
becoming infected through direct contact with infected sheep or through
the movements of people, vehicles and fomites.

The number of outbreaks occurring each day in Great Britain as a whole
is shown in Figure 4.

Subsequent to the first outbreak being confirmed on 20 February 2001,
the number of FMD outbreaks confirmed each week in Great Britain as a
whole reached a peak of 303 in the week commencing 20 March, a maximum
of 53 outbreaks per day being recorded midnight- midnight on 26 March.
Thereafter, the number of outbreaks confirmed each week fell, roughly
halving every two weeks until the week commencing 15 May when 22 cases
were confirmed.

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="5.771527777777778in"
height="8.265277777777778in"}

Figure 3

During June an average of 26 cases per week were confirmed, during July
an average of 24, and during August an average of 18 were confirmed each
week and in the first week of September 13 cases were confirmed, all in
Cumbria and Northumberland . The last outbreak was confirmed on 30
September 2001 in Cumbria.

In Scotland, a total of 187 FMD outbreaks were confirmed of which 176
have been in Dumfries & Galloway and 11 in the Scottish Borders. The
first FMD outbreak was confirmed in Dumfries and Galloway on 1 March and
the last case in Scotland as a whole was confirmed on 30 May.

## Regional distribution of FMD outbreaks

The above summary does not reflect the uneven distribution of cases
across the country and the fact that in many counties there were never
any outbreaks confirmed.

The greatest numbers of outbreaks occurred in Cumbria (893), Devon
(173), Dumfries & Galloway, Scotland (176) and North Yorkshire (133), Co
Durham (85), Powys, Wales (70) and Northumberland (88). Collectively,
outbreaks in these 7 counties were responsible for 75.5% of all FMD
outbreaks in Great Britain. (see Table 1).

This reflects the original distribution of sheep that took place via
Longtown Market and subsequent spread by markets and dealers during
February and before the existence of disease in the country had been
recognised. These movements coupled with subsequent local spread
resulted in the epidemic resolving itself into 12 epidemiological groups
centred around outbreaks in Anglesey, Cumbria, Devon, County Durham,
Lancashire (East), Essex, Hereford & Worcester, Northumberland, North
Yorkshire, Wales (Powys), Staffordshire and Yorkshire.

##  Stamping out disease

A total of 2,026 outbreaks of FMD were confirmed in Great Britain during
2001. The first outbreak was confirmed on 20 February 2001 in Essex, the
last outbreak was confirmed in Cumbria on 30 September 2001. An
additional four (4) outbreaks were confirmed in Northern Ireland.

The last outbreak of FMD in England was confirmed on 30 September 2001,
the last outbreak of FMD in Wales was confirmed on 12 August 2001 and
the last outbreak of FMD in Scotland was confirmed on 30 May

FMD susceptible species on a further 7,499 premises in Great Britain
were killed and destroyed as dangerous contacts (4,170) or because the
holding was contiguous to an infected holding (3,329). FMD susceptible
livestock on a further 257 holdings were killed on suspicion of FMD but
where disease was not subsequently confirmed.

Over 4 million FMD susceptible livestock were killed on premises where
FMD was confirmed or suspected and on premises contiguous to an FMD
outbreak and on dangerous contact premises. A further 2.05 million
animals were slaughtered under the Livestock Welfare Disposal Scheme.

Details of the total number of infected holdings, the number of
dangerous contact holdings and the number of holdings where animals have
been killed on suspicion of FMD throughout the whole of the epidemic,
together with the total numbers of animals killed by species in each of
these categories are shown in Table 3 and Table 4.

> **Table 3: The number of holdings in Great Britain on which FMD has
> been confirmed or which have been compulsorily slaughtered as
> Dangerous Contacts or on suspicion of FMD**

+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
|             | **FMD       | **Dangerous | **Slaughter | **Total**   |
|             | confirmed** | contacts/** | on          |             |
|             |             |             | suspicion** |             |
|             |             | *           |             |             |
|             |             | *contiguous |             |             |
|             |             | premises**  |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| No. of      | > 2.026     | > 7,499     | > 257       | > 9,782     |
| holdings    |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

> **Table 4: Number of animals of different species slaughtered on
> holdings where FMD has been confirmed, classed as Dangerous Contacts
> or which have been slaughtered on suspicion of FMD. Numbers are in
> '000s**

+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
|             | **FMD       | **Dangerous | **Slaughter | **Total**   |
|             | confirmed   | contacts**  | on          |             |
|             | ('000s)**   |             | suspicion** | **('000s)** |
|             |             | **('000s)** |             |             |
|             |             |             | **('000s)** |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| >           | > 304       | > 278       | > 13        | > 595       |
|  **Cattle** |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > **Sheep** | > 903       | > 2,282     | > 109       | > 3,294     |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > **Pigs**  | > 20        | > 120       | > 2         | > 142       |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > **Goats** | > 0.9       | > 1         | > 0.3       | > 2.2       |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > **Total** | >           | > **2,681** | > **124.3** | >           |
|             | **1,227.9** |             |             | **4,033.2** |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

## Tracings and pre-movement inspections

Approximately 80,000 premises were visited by SVS veterinary staff in
the course of epidemiological inquiries linked to the 2,026 confirmed
FMD outbreaks. Additionally, 250,457 consignments of livestock were
subject to veterinary inspection prior to their movement being licensed
under the movement controls described in Section 2.9.4.

## Timing of FMD outbreaks

####  {#section-5 .unnumbered}

An analysis of FMD outbreaks by county showing the date of the last
outbreak is shown in Annex 1 and the timing of outbreaks across the
country as a whole is shown in Figure 4.

## Lifting Infected Area Restrictions

The last Infected Area restrictions in GB (England) were lifted on 28
November 2001 following satisfactory completion of serological
surveillance of all holdings with sheep and goats in the 3-km protection
zones surrounding the 2,026 outbreaks of FMD. There are currently no
infected area restrictions in place in Great Britain.

# RESULTS OF SEROLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE 

####  {#section-6 .unnumbered}

## Overview

A total of 3,073,500 ELISA tests have been carried as part of the FMD
control programme. Table 5 summarises the results of serological
surveillance up to 14 January 2002, the day the last county in Great
Britain (Northumberland) was declared FMD Free. Table 6 shows the number
of seropositive flocks by county and reason for testing as at 14 January
2001. Table 7 shows the number of premises serologically tested in each
administrative area as a pre-condition of movement under official
control. Table 8 shows the number of premises serologically tested in
each administrative area for the purpose of providing animals for
restocking

.

## Protection Zone testing

1,838,920 adult sheep on 10,219 farms within the 3-km protection zones
around all FMD outbreaks, were tested by cspELISA as part of the
programme to lift Infected Areas.

Of the 771,308 blood samples tested, 404 (0.05%) samples were
seropositive and 31/10,219 flocks (0.03%) had seropositive sheep.
Following probang testing of the sheep on the 31 farms, FMD virus was
isolated on only 2 farms (one in Cumbria the other in Devon): FMD virus
was not isolated from the other 29 holdings. The 2 farms where FMD virus
was isolated from serologically positive sheep were confirmed as FMD
outbreaks and all the susceptible livestock on the holding were
destroyed and 3-km and Infected Areas established around them. The
remaining 29 holdings were classed as dangerous contacts. On 19/29 farms
the entire flock was killed: on 3/29 farms the management group
containing the seropositive sheep was killed and on 7/29 farms where
only one animal was found to be seropositive, only that animal was
killed.

## Surveillance Zone testing

A further 2,695,940 sheep and/or goats on 11,799 holdings within 3-10 km
radius of FMD outbreaks have also be tested by cspELISA as apart of the
programme to declare Counties free of FMD. Of the 1,101,814 blood
samples tested, 167 samples (0.02%) were positive and 13 flocks
contained seropositive sheep (5 in Devon, 5 in Cumbria, 2 in
Northumberland and 1 in North Yorkshire). The FMD virus was not isolated
from sheep on these farms following probang testing. On 8/13 holdings (3
in Cumbria, 4 in Devon and 1 in Northumberland) the entire flock was
killed: on 2/13 holdings (1 in Cumbria and 1 in Durham) the management
group containing the seropositive sheep was killed, and on 3/13 holdings
only the seropositive animals were killed.

**Table 5: Results of serological tests carried out, and the reasons for
those tests, up to 14 January 2002**

  ------------------ ------------ --------------- --------------- ----------- --------------- -------- --------
  **Reason for       **No. of     **No of adults  **No of samples **No of     **% samples     **No of  **% of
  testing**          farms        on farms**      tested**        samples     serologically   flocks   flocks
                     tested**                                     +ve**       +ve**           +ve**    +ve**

  **3 km protection  10,219       1,838,920       771,308         404         0.05            31       0.30
  zone testing**                                                                                       

  **Epidemiology**   2,364        630,912         257,924         806         0.31            73       3.09

  **3-10 km zone     11,799       2,695,940       1,101,814       167         0.02            13       0.11
  testing**                                                                                            

  **Pre-movement**   4,190        1,528,262       585,333         69          0.01            2        0.05

  **Restocking**     800          153,293         105,651         1           0.00            0        1.80

  **Other**          2,811        619,764         251,470         953         0.27                     

  **Total**          **32,183**   **7,467,091**   **3,073,500**   **2,400**   **0.08**                 
  ------------------ ------------ --------------- --------------- ----------- --------------- -------- --------

## Pre-movement testing

Movement of livestock from holdings in Great Britain remain subject to
official control. A total of 1,528,262 sheep on 4,190 holdings have been
tested as part of this requirement. Of the 585,333 samples tested, 69
were positive (0.01%) and 2 flocks (0.03%) contained seropositive sheep.
In one flock (North

**Table 6: the number of seropositive flocks by county and reason for
testing as at 14 January 2001**

  ----------------- ---------------------------- ---------- ----------------
  **Objective**     **County**                   **No. of   **No of flocks
                                                 positive   with single
                                                 flocks**   seropositive
                                                            animals**

  **PZ testing**    Cumbria                      5          4

                    Devon                        9          4

                    Herefordshire                1          1

                    Kent                         2          1

                    Lancashire                   1          0

                    Northumberland               4          2

                    North Yorkshire excluding    3          1
                    Selby district                          

                    South Powys                  2          1

                    North Powys                  1          0

                    Sir Ynys Mon - Isle of       2          2
                    Anglesey                                

                    Sir Fynwy - Monmouthshire    1          1

                    **Total**                    **31**     **17**

  **SZ testing**    Devon                        4          0

                    Cumbria                      5          1

                    Northumberland               2          2

                    Durham                       1          1

                    North Yorkshire excluding    1          1
                    Selby district                          

                    **Total**                    **13**     **5**

  **Pre-movement    North Yorkshire excluding    1          0
  testing**         Selby district                          

                    Northumberland               1          1

                    **Total**                    **2**      **1**
  ----------------- ---------------------------- ---------- ----------------

**Table 7: The number of premises serologically tested in each
administrative area as a pre-condition of movement under official
control**

  -------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- --
  **[County]{.smallcaps}**                                                  **[Farms]{.smallcaps}**   **[Overall positive by    
                                                                                                      serology]{.smallcaps}**   

  BARNSLEY DISTRICT                                                         1                         0                         

  BLACKBURN WITH DARWEN                                                     2                         0                         

  BLAENAU GWENT - BLAENAU                                                   7                         0                         
  GWENT                                                                                                                         

  BOLTON DISTRICT                                                           1                         0                         

  BRADFORD DISTRICT                                                         32                        0                         

  CAERFFILI - CAERPHILLY                                                    30                        0                         

  CALDERDALE DISTRICT                                                       1                         0                         

  CASNEWYDD - NEWPORT                                                       6                         0                         

  CASTELL-NEDD PORT TALBOT -                                                3                         0                         
  NEATH PORT TALBOT                                                                                                             

  CHESHIRE                                                                  23                        0                         

  CITY OF PLYMOUTH                                                          1                         0                         

  CORNWALL                                                                  7                         0                         

  HEREFORDSHIRE                                                             188                       0                         

  CUMBRIA                                                                   681                       0                         

  DARLINGTON                                                                11                        0                         

  DERBYSHIRE                                                                1                         0                         

  DEVON                                                                     511                       0                         

  DORSET                                                                    1                         0                         

  DUMFRIES AND GALLOWAY                                                     14                        0                         

  DURHAM                                                                    353                       0                         

  EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE                                                  3                         0                         

  GATESHEAD DISTRICT                                                        3                         0                         

  GLOUCESTERSHIRE                                                           19                        0                         

  HALTON                                                                    1                         0                         

  HARTLEPOOL                                                                1                         0                         

  KENT                                                                      1                         0                         

  KIRKLEES DISTRICT                                                         1                         0                         

  LANCASHIRE                                                                267                       0                         

  LEEDS DISTRICT                                                            17                        0                         

  LEICESTERSHIRE                                                            1                         0                         

  LIVERPOOL DISTRICT                                                        1                         0                         

  MERTHYR TUDFUL - MERTHYR                                                  9                         0                         
  TYDFIL                                                                                                                        

  MIDDLESBROUGH                                                             1                         0                         

  NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE                                                       2                         0                         
  DISTRICT                                                                                                                      

  NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE                                                        2                         0                         

  NORTH POWYS                                                               136                       0                         

  NORTH SOMERSET                                                            2                         0                         

  NORTH YORKSHIRE DISTRICT                                                  2                         0                         
  OF SELBY                                                                                                                      

  NORTH YORKSHIRE EXCLUDING                                                 715                       1                         
  SELBY DISTRICT                                                                                                                

  NORTHUMBERLAND                                                            506                       1                         

  REDCAR AND CLEVELAND                                                      11                        0                         

  RHONDDA, CYNON, TAF -                                                     25                        0                         
  RHONDDA, CYNON, TAFF                                                                                                          

  ROCHDALE DISTRICT                                                         2                         0                         

  SCOTTISH BORDERS                                                          4                         0                         

  SHROPSHIRE                                                                103                       0                         

  SIR FYNWY - MONMOUTHSHIRE                                                 98                        0                         

  SIR GAERFYRDDIN -                                                         3                         0                         
  CARMARTHENSHIRE                                                                                                               

  SOMERSET                                                                  26                        0                         

  SOUTH GLOUCESTERSHIRE                                                     1                         0                         

  SOUTH POWYS                                                               259                       0                         

  ST HELENS DISTRICT                                                        1                         0                         

  STAFFORDSHIRE                                                             5                         0                         

  STOCKTON-ON-TEES                                                          7                         0                         

  SUNDERLAND DISTRICT                                                       1                         0                         

  TELFORD AND WREKIN                                                        5                         0                         

  TOR-FAEN - TORFAEN                                                        10                        0                         

                             TORBAY                                         2                         0                         

  WAKEFIELD DISTRICT                                                        1                         0                         

  WARRINGTON                                                                1                         0                         

  WARWICKSHIRE                                                              2                         0                         

  WIGAN DISTRICT                                                            1                         0                         

  WILTSHIRE                                                                 2                         0                         

  WORCESTERSHIRE                                                            13                        0                         

  YORK                                                                      3                         0                         

  COUNTIES BEING VERIFIED                                                   39                        0                         

  **TOTAL**                                                                 **4189**                  **2**                     
  -------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- --

**Table 8: shows the number of premises serologically tested in each
administrative area for the purpose of providing animals for restocking
Pre-movement bleeds by county till 10/1/02 (cont)**

  ---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------------
  **County**                                     **Farms**   **Overall
                                                             positive by
                                                             serology**

  BRADFORD DISTRICT                              4           0

  CAERFFILI - CAERPHILLY                         2           0

  CAMBRIDGESHIRE                                 1           0

  CASTELL-NEDD PORT TALBOT - NEATH PORT TALBOT   1           0

  CHESHIRE                                       9           0

  CONWY - CONWY                                  1           0

  CORNWALL                                       5           0

  HEREFORDSHIRE                                  15          0

  COVENTRY DISTRICT                              1           0

  CUMBRIA                                        188         0

  DARLINGTON                                     1           0

  DERBYSHIRE                                     1           0

  DEVON                                          141         0

  DUMFRIES AND GALLOWAY                          47          0

  DURHAM                                         18          0

  EAST LOTHIAN                                   1           0

  ESSEX                                          1           0

  GATESHEAD DISTRICT                             1           0

  GLOUCESTERSHIRE                                33          0

  GREATER LONDON AUTHORITY                       1           0

  HARTLEPOOL                                     1           0

  HIGHLAND                                       1           0

  KENT                                           4           0

  LANCASHIRE                                     19          0

  LEICESTERSHIRE                                 1           0

  MERTHYR TUDFUL - MERTHYR TYDFIL                1           0

  NORTH POWYS                                    62          0

  NORTH YORKSHIRE DISTRICT OF SELBY              2           0

  NORTH YORKSHIRE EXCLUDING SELBY DISTRICT       47          0

  NORTHAMPTONSHIRE                               6           0

  NORTHUMBERLAND                                 12          0

  OXFORDSHIRE                                    1           0

  RHONDDA, CYNON, TAF - RHONDDA, CYNON, TAFF     3           0

  SCOTTISH BORDERS                               13          0

  SHROPSHIRE                                     13          0

  SIR FYNWY - MONMOUTHSHIRE                      19          0

  SIR YNYS MON - ISLE OF ANGLESEY                7           0

  SOMERSET                                       12          0

  SOUTH AYRSHIRE                                 2           0

  SOUTH GLOUCESTERSHIRE                          1           0

  SOUTH POWYS                                    61          0

  STAFFORDSHIRE                                  17          0

  SUFFOLK                                        1           0

  SURREY                                         1           0

  SWINDON                                        1           0

  THURROCK                                       2           0

  WARRINGTON                                     1           0

  WORCESTERSHIRE                                 4           0

  COUNTIES BEING VERIFIED                        13          0

  **TOTAL**                                      **800**     **0**
  ---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------------

Yorkshire) 2 management groups of sheep were killed: in the second
(Northumberland) the 2 seropositive sheep were killed.

## Restocking

153,293 sheep on 800 source flocks have been ELISA tested in connection
with restocking. Of the 105,651 samples tested only 1 sample from 1
flock was seropositive: the animal was seronegative when rebled 7 days
later and no further action was taken.

## Results of serosurveillance in counties of concern

### England -- Devon

Devon experienced 173 outbreaks of FMD, 8.5% of all outbreaks in GB. The
last outbreak of FMD was confirmed in Devon on 17 June 2001. The last
Infected Area was lifted on 2 August 2001 and the county was accorded
FMD At Risk status on 17 September 2001 and FMD Free status on 27
November 2001

Because of the high sheep population and the history of heavy FMD
infection in the county, additional surveillance to that required for
Protection and Surveillance zones around outbreaks was carried out. As a
consequence of the extensive nature of the outbreaks the surveillance
zones established around each outbreak formed a confluent surveillance
zone occupying a large part of the county. For the purposes of
serosurveillance a circle was drawn around the county as a whole and
divided into 12 sectors, the part of the confluent surveillance zone
within each sector comprising a sampling frame of approximately 200
sheep/goat flocks. Additional surveillance was carried out in flocks
within each sector but outwith the confluent surveillance zone
particular attention being paid to testing large flocks which did not
have other FMD susceptible livestock on them and flocks grazing open
moorland on Dartmoor and Exmoor.

The results of this serological surveillance are summarised in Table 9
and the action taken in respect of seropositive premises is summarised
in Annex 5

**Table 9: The results of serological surveillance in Devon**

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  **Testing are**   **No of premises  **No of premises  **No of premises
                    with sheep/goats  giving            virus positive on
                    serologically     seropositive      probang testing**
                    tested**          results**         

  Protection zones  1,845             9                 1

  Surveillance      1,780             4                 0
  zones                                                 

  Other             782               0                 0

  **TOTAL**         **4,407**         **13**            **1**
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

In total, 4,407 flocks of the estimated 5,000 flocks in Devon (88%) were
tested for evidence of antibodies to FMD (all 1,845 flocks in the
Protection Zone, 1,780 flocks in the SZ, 110 flocks on Dartmoor and 832
other flocks). Some flocks were tested more than once for different
reasons.

Only 13/4,407 flocks gave seropositive results and an additional one
gave an inconconclusive result (9 in the PZ, 4 in the SZ and 1 outwith
the SZ).

From only one of these 14 flocks was FMD virus isolated following
probang sampling. This single virus positive holding was depopulated and
confirmed as an FMD outbreak (No FMD 2001/ 1754) on 17 June 2001. Of the
remaining 13 seropositive holdings either the entire flock (9 holdings)
or relevant management groups (3 holding) were killed. On one premises
only single sheep were culled.

The statistical analysis of the results of this extensive testing within
the county as a whole indicated that the probability of the presence of
an as yet undisclosed seropositive flock is very low. The highest risk
sectors, based on the clinical incidence were 6 and 7. The analysis of
the results of the sampling in these two areas indicates a zero
prevalence in any untested flocks There is a very low probability that
within the SZ of sector 2 there could be 2 undisclosed seropositive
flocks. However, the epidemiological findings, the additional testing of
all flocks within a 3km radius of the seropositive flocks found and the
fact that all flocks known to have had an epidemiological link to
infected premises have been tested indicates that the county of Devon is
free of seropositive flocks and therefore of the FMD virus.

### England - Cumbria

Cumbria experienced 893 outbreaks of FMD, 44.1% of all outbreaks in GB
The last outbreak of FMD was confirmed in Cumbria on 30 September 2001.
The last infected area was lifted in Cumbria on 28 November 2001. The
county was accorded FMD At Risk status on 4 December 2001 and FMD Free
status on 1 January. Because of the high sheep population and the
history of heavy FMD infection in the county, additional surveillance to
that required for Protection and Surveillance zones around outbreaks was
carried out.

All flocks of sheep and/or goats in the PZs and SZs surrounding an
outbreak were cinically examined and serologically sampled in numbers
sufficient to provide a 95% confidence of finding a prevalence of 5%
seropositive animals in each management group on a holding;

All flocks of sheep and/or goats on unenclosed hill grazings within 3-10
km of an infected place were clinically examined and serologically
tested to give 95% confidence of finding a prevalence of 1% in
individual management groups.

All flocks and herds in Cumbria more than 10 km from an Infected Premise
were subject to the same sampling and inspection protocols as those
within 3-10 km of an IP described above.

The results of this serological surveillance are summarised in Table 10
and the action taken in respect of seropositive premises is summarised
in Annex 5.

**Table 10: The results of serological surveillance in Cumbria**

  ------------ ----------- ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------ --------------- ------------
  **Testing    **No of     **Premises   **Premises    **Premises    **Premises   **Premises      **Premises
  area**       premises in with sheep   with FMD      with sheep,   with no      serologically   with
               the area**  and/or       susceptible   goats and     stock**      tested**        positive
                           goats**      species other other FMD                                  serology
                                        than sheep    susceptible                                results**
                                        and goats**   species**                                  

  Protection   3,668       436          763           361           2313         797             5
  Zone                                                                                           

  Rest of the  3,547       684          292           852           1,650        1,536           5
  county                                                                                         

  **TOTAL**    **7,215**   **1,120**    **1,055**     **1,213**     **3,963**    **2,333**       **10**
  ------------ ----------- ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------ --------------- ------------

In the Protection Zones around infected premises 5/797 (0.63%) premises
tested gave seropositive test results. On 3 premises all management
groups of shhep and/or goats were killed and on 2 individual aniamls
were killed (see Annex 5). On only 1/5 premises was virus isolated from
probang samples. FMD was confirmed on this holding and all FMD
susceptible animals on the holding were killed.

Five (5) of the 1,536 (0.59%) premises tested in the Surveillance zones
around outbreaks and the rest of the county gave positive serological
test results. In each case, the entire flock (3 premises) management
group (1 premises) or individual animals (1 premises) were slaughtered
(see Annex 5) and probanged. FMD virus was not isolated from the animals
on these 5 holdings.

In addition, 792 premises have had sheep serologically tested as a prior
condition for movement under official control. None have given positive
serological test results for FMD antibodies.

116 groups of source sheep or goats have been serologically sampled in
Cumbria under restocking procedures. None have given seropositive test
results for FMD antibodies.(as of 3/12/01)

The foot and mouth disease status of Cumbria has been examined in great
detail. Investigations during the outbreak suggest that incursion of FMD
virus into extensively grazed sheep on the fells was limited and that it
was caught early. The contribution of such sheep to the maintenance and
propagation of the epidemic was minimal to the point of being
negligible.

100% of farms with susceptible stock have been visited in conjunction
with the Protection Zone or Surveillance Zone Clearance Program and all
premises with sheep and or goats in the county have been sampled
sufficient to detect greater than or equal to 5% prevalence of
seropositive animals in lowland flocks and greater than or equal to 1%
prevalence of seropositive animals in most of the extensively grazed
flocks, but all such flocks which were considered to have been
potentially exposed to infection were sampled at this more intensive
level.

All flocks with animals testing positive were subject to further
investigation as outlined in paragraph 4. As all positive flocks were
culled, it can be stated with 95% confidence that there are no flocks
remaining in Cumbria with greater than or equal to 5% prevalence of
seropositive animals within any management group in lowland flocks or 1%
prevalence in most of the fell flocks. This together with the
epidemiological finding of no active infection in the county since
September 2001, provides the necessary evidence to conclude that FMD
virus is now absent from the county.

### England -- North Yorkshire

North Yorkshire North Yorkshire experienced 133 outbreaks of FMD, 6.6%
of all outbreaks in GB The last outbreak of FMD was confirmed in North
Yorkshire on 18 August 2001. The last infected area was lifted in North
Yorkshire on 28 November 2001. The county was accorded FMD At Risk
status on 4 December 2001 and FMD Free status on 1 January 2002. Because
of the high sheep population and the history of heavy FMD infection in
the county, additional surveillance to that required for Protection and
Surveillance zones around outbreaks was carried out.

FMD in North Yorkshire occurred in clusters throughout the county at
different times from 6 March to 18 August 2001. In each cluster, disease
entered as a spark from other areas due to personnel and vehicle
movements followed by spread throughout the cluster by local means. The
size of the clusters varied and the surveillance zones around individual
outbreaks overlapped. As with Devon, a list of premises with sheep
and/or goats in the coalesced Zones was used to provide the initial
sampling frame after which the SZ was was sub-divided to so that no part
of the SZ contained a sampling frame exceeding 200 premises

The results of the serological surveillance are summarised in Table 11
and the action taken in respect of seropositive premises is summarised
in Annex 5

**Table 11: The results of serological surveillance in North Yorkshire**

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **Testing are** | **No of         | **No of         | **No of         |
|                 | premises with   | premises giving | premises virus  |
|                 | sheep/goats     | seropositive    | positive on     |
|                 | serologically   | results**       | probang         |
|                 | tested**        |                 | testing**       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **Protection    | **1,315**       | **4**           | **0**           |
| zones**         |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **Surveillance  | **1,153**       | **1**           | **0**           |
| zone**          |                 |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
| **(North & West |                 |                 |                 |
| Yorkshire)**    |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **Surveillance  | **27**          | **0**           | **0**           |
| zone**          |                 |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
| **(             |                 |                 |                 |
| Middlesborough, |                 |                 |                 |
| Redcar,         |                 |                 |                 |
| Cleveland**     |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

In the Protection Zones around infected premises 4/1,315 (0.30%)
premises tested gave seropositive test results (1 was in Lancashire). In
each case, the entire flock was slaughtered (see Annex 5) and
seropositive animals were probanged. On none of the 4 premises was virus
isolated.

Only one (1) of the 1,180 premises tested in the Surveillance zones
around outbreaks gave positive serological test results. In this case,
the single seropositive sheep in the management group affected was
slaughtered (see Annex 5) and probanged. FMD virus was not isolated from
the sample.

In addition, sheep on a further 577 premises have been serologically
tested as a prior condition for movement under official control. On only
one premises were seropositive sheep detected. All the sheep on the
premises were killed but virus was not isolated on probang sampling.

A further 317 premises have been serologically tested for
epidemiological or other reasons. None gave seropositive test results.

Overall, 3,389 of the estimated 3,582 sheep/goats flocks/herds (95%)in
North Yorkshire have been tested for antibodies to FMD. On only 6
premises were seropositive sheep found and in these either the entire
flock or relevant management group killed. On none of the 6 premises was
FMD virus isolated on probang sampling.

### England -- Durham

Durham experienced 93 outbreaks of FMD. The last outbreak of FMD was
confirmed in Durham on 4 September 2001. The last infected area was
lifted in Durham on 27 October 2001. The county was accorded FMD At Risk
status on 4 December 2001 and FMD Free status on 1 January 2002. Because
of the history of disease in the area, additional surveillance to that
required for Protection and Surveillance zones around outbreaks was
carried out.

The results of the serological surveillance are summarised in Table 12
and the action taken in respect of seropositive premises is summarised
in Annex 5

**Table 12: The results of serological surveillance in Durham**

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  **Testing are**   **No of premises  **No of premises  **No of premises
                    with sheep/goats  giving            virus positive on
                    serologically     seropositive      probang testing**
                    tested**          results**         

  **Protection      **633**           **0**             **0**
  zones**                                               

  **Surveillance    **582**           **1**             **0**
  zone**                                                
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

In the Protection Zones around infected premises none of the 633
premises tested gave seropositive test results.

Only one (1) of the 582 premises tested in the Surveillance zones around
outbreaks gave positive serological test results. In this case, the
single management group affected was slaughtered (see Annex 5). FMD
virus was not isolated from the seropositive animals at slaughter.

In addition, sheep on a further 577 premises have been serologically
tested as a prior condition for movement under official control. On only
one premises were seropositive sheep detected. All the sheep on the
premises were killed but virus was not isolated on probang sampling.

A further 269 premises have been serologically tested for
epidemiological, movement or restocking requirements. None gave
seropositive test results.

### England -- Northumberland

Northumberland experienced 88 outbreaks of FMD. The last outbreak of FMD
was confirmed in Northumberland on 29 September 2001. The last infected
area was lifted in Northumberland on 8 November 2001. The county was
accorded FMD At Risk status on 19 November 2001 and FMD free status on
14 January 2002**.** Because of the history of disease in the area,
additional surveillance to that required for Protection and Surveillance
zones around outbreaks was carried out.

The results of the serological surveillance are summarised in Table 13
and the action taken in respect of seropositive premises is summarised
in Annex 5

**Table 13: The results of serological surveillance in Northumberland**

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  **Testing are**   **No of premises  **No of premises  **No of premises
                    with sheep/goats  giving            virus positive on
                    serologically     seropositive      probang testing**
                    tested**          results**         

  Protection zones  592               4                 0

  Surveillance      656               2                 0
  zones                                                 

  Other             250               2                 0

  **TOTAL**         **1498**          **8**             **0**
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

A total of 592 farms were tested in Protection Zones. Of these, 4
produced positive serological results, but virus was not isolated from
the seropositive animals from which probang samples were taken. Two of
these flocks were culled and in the other two flocks the only one or two
seropositive animals were slaughtered.

A total of 656 farms were tested in Surveillance Zones. Of these, two
(2) were found to have seropositive sheep. Virus was not detected in
either flock and all management groups (1 premises) or a single positive
animal (1 premises) was culled.

A further 250 sheep flocks were tested mainly as a prior condition for
movement under official control. Of these, one produced serologically
positive animals. The two seropositive animals in this flock were
killed. FMD virus was not isolated from probang samples taken from these
animals at slaughter. .

### South Wales

South Powys and associated administrative areas in South Wales
experienced 77 outbreaks of FMD. The last outbreak of FMD was confirmed
in South Powys on 12 August 2001. The last infected area was lifted in
these counties on 22 October 2001 and they were accorded FMD At Risk
status on 22 October 2001, and FMD Free status on 4 December 2001.

The type of farming in the area is predominantly sheep or mixed/sheep
and cattle enterprises on extensive upland/hill grazings. The IPs in
South Wales resulted in four surveillance zones. Three were distinct,
separate small SZs and one was a large confluent SZ encompassing the
majority of the IPs in South Wales. The three distinct SZs were sampled
conventionally. The large confluent zone was subdivide, first to
delineate the SZ around the IPs in the Brecon North, Libanus,
Crickhowell and Llanellen clusters from the remaining part of the SZ.
The latter was then subdivided into the subclusters to form individual
sampling frames to draw the necessary random sample of premises.

.

Additional surveillance sampling covering 100% of all sheep and goats
flocks rather than a random sample, was undertaken around the SZ for the
Brecon North, Libanus, Crickhowell and Llanellen IPs because of the
history of heavy infection in those areas.

Further additional serological surveillance was conducted on hill sheep
flocks grazing the Common Lands within the SZ areas.

The results of the serological surveillance are summarised in Table 14
and the action taken in respect of each seropositive holding is detailed
in Annex 5.

**Table 14: The results of serological surveillance in South Wales**

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  **Testing are**   **No of premises  **No of premises  **No of premises
                    with sheep/goats  giving            virus positive on
                    serologically     seropositive      probang testing**
                    tested**          results**         

  **Protection      **1,144**         **2**             **0**
  zones**                                               

  **Surveillance    **1,223**         **0**             **0**
  zone**                                                
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

#########  {#section-7 .unnumbered}

A total of 1,144 farms were tested in the Protection Zones. Of these, 2
produced positive serological results and in none was virus isolated
from sheep/goats on probang testing. Either the single seropositive or
the management groups containing the seropositive sheep were slaughtered
within SZ (see Annex 5).

Of the 1,223 flocks tested in the Surveillance Zones, including a 100%
bleed of all flocks in 4 areas, none were found to have seropositive
sheep

Because of concern over the status of hill sheep flocks particularly
around the areas covered by the SZs requiring a 100% sampling, the
majority of the flocks grazing all Common Grazings within South Powys
and South Wales were tested. 345 hill flocks of were serologically
tested in 53 grazings areas, all with negative results.

Serological testing of a further 195 premises as a pre-condition of
movement under official control or restocking has been carried. All
flocks have tested negative for antibodies to FMD.

Overall all the 1,144 flocks in the Protection Zones and 1,763/2,010
with sheep and/or goats in the Surveillance Zones in South Powys and
South Wales have been tested for evidence of antibodies to FMD. Only 2
flocks have tested seropositive and the affected management groups or
individual animals have been killed. From none of these seropositive
sheep was FMD virus isolated on probang sampling.

### Scotland -- Dumfries & Galloway and the Scottish Borders

In Scotland confirmed cases of FMD were confined to the two Scottish
administrative regions of Dumfries & Galloway and the Scottish Borders.
Disease entered the country as a result of the introduction of infection
via sheep from Longtown market in Cumbria.

The policy pursued in Scotland was the same as that in England and
Wales, described earlier. A total of 89,391 cattle and 654,618 sheep on
\[456 premises\] (187 confirmed FMD premises, 240 dangerous contacts,
155 contiguous premises and 29 premises slaughtered on suspicion of FMD)
were compulsorily slaughtered. In addition, sheep on 967 premises within
the contiguous surveillance zones around these outbreaks were
preventively killed.

As a consequence the residual sheep/goat population in these two areas
was considerably depleted.

Sheep and goats on a further 610 premises in the two areas together with
sheep on 110 further premises in Northern Scotland with links to
infected premises in these two areas, were serologically tested for FMD
antibodies.

A total of 76,341 blood samples from these 720 farms were serologically
tested. All samples gave a negative ELISA test result.

# ANNEX 1 {#annex-1 .unnumbered}

**Administrative units in Great Britain**

# ANNEX 2 {#annex-2 .unnumbered}

**Numbers of agricultural premises and livestock in GB**

**The numbers and geographical distribution of sheep, cattle and pigs in
Great Britain and goats based on June 2000 Agriculture Census data**

**ENGLAND**

  ---------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------- ----------- ------------ ----------
  **COUNTY**             **NO. OF                             **NO. OF                 
                         PREMISES**                           ANIMALS**                

                         **SHEEP**    **CATTLE**   **PIGS**   **SHEEP**   **CATTLE**   **PIGS**

  **NORTHUMBERLAND**     1521         1338         58         1641248     186606       17053

  **TYNE & WEAR**        35           98           18         10249       6585         2205

  **DURHAM**             964          1047         92         648982      98284        25526

  **CLEVELAND AND        206          293          61         80900       29197        54499
  DARLINGTON**                                                                         

  **NORTH EAST REGION**  2726         2776         229        2381379     320672       99283

  **CUMBRIA**            3761         3980         141        2627348     509567       54312

  **LANCASHIRE**         1807         2485         257        792700      255790       116170

  **CHESHIRE**           759          2054         186        205575      253888       62812

  **GREATER MANCHESTER** 268          557          81         70901       33356        8000

  **MERSEYSIDE REGION**  31           88           25         7958        10306        5461

  **NORTH WEST REGION    6626         9164         690        3704482     1062907      246755
  (INC MERSEYSIDE)**                                                                   

  **NORTH YORKSHIRE**    3893         4177         792        2084839     421837       823174

  **EAST RIDING OF       546          854          545        121062      64479        703780
  YORKSHIRE AND                                                                        
  N.LINCOLNSHIRE**                                                                     

  **WEST YORKSHIRE**     793          1246         191        228459      82418        77455

  **SOUTH YORKSHIRE**    248          584          113        83287       48600        67822

  **YORKSHIRE & THE      5480         6861         1641       2517647     617334       1672231
  HUMBER REGION**                                                                      

  **DERBYSHIRE**         1183         2071         140        465488      197381       37966

  **NOTTINGHAMSHIRE**    293          631          129        84369       57383        117089

  **LINCOLNSHIRE**       566          1023         244        203937      96251        300572

  **LEICESTERSHIRE**     810          1271         128        388776      139146       61119

  **COUNTY**             **NO. OF                             **NO. OF                 
                         PREMISES**                           ANIMALS**                

                         **SHEEP**    **CATTLE**   **PIGS**   **SHEEP**   **CATTLE**   **PIGS**

  **NORTHAMPTONSHIRE**   784          770          86         403646      78264        39779

  **EAST MIDLANDS        3836         5766         727        1546216     568425       556525
  REGION**                                                                             

  **STAFFORDSHIRE**      1155         2569         228        301678      247587       80196

  **SHROPSHIRE**         1874         2482         235        912452      280592       116857

  **WORCESTERSHIRE**     1008         993          276        372726      81694        99884

  **HEREFORDSHIRE**      1725         1599                    793937      132106       

  **WEST MIDLANDS**      97           161          32         22924       11204        13427

  **WARWICKSHIRE**       841          897          105        355172      80666        20913

  **WEST MIDLANDS        6700         8701         876        2758889     833849       331277
  REGION**                                                                             

  **NORFOLK**            500          1029         537        140932      93928        519300

  **SUFFOLK**            370          590          488        81175       48206        641908

  **CAMBRIDGESHIRE**     221          393          106        59783       28652        65851

  **BEDFORDSHIRE**       152          219          52         55998       16714        40797

  **HERTFORDSHIRE**      178          281          60         37600       23025        16635

  **ESSEX**              346          563          175        67337       39253        91678

  **EAST OF ENGLAND      1767         3075         1418       442825      249778       1376169
  REGION**                                                                             

                         33           81           28         3998        5181         4974

  **SURREY**             352          473          100        80195       39723        14668

  **KENT**               1133         867          181        496348      65254        26929

  **EAST SUSSEX**        768          814          135        301958      64203        12443

  **WEST SUSSEX**        440          611          93         120490      66714        34954

  **HAMPSHIRE**          550          1116         186        153040      98516        93551

  **ISLE OF WIGHT**      146          192          31         34748       16916        4600

  **OXFORDSHIRE**        510          801          137        210343      80169        169676

  **BUCKINGHAMSHIRE**    556          762          96         234129      78808        31355
  ---------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------- ----------- ------------ ----------

  --------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------- ----------- ------------ ----------
  **COUNTY**            **NO. OF                             **NO. OF                 
                        PREMISES**                           ANIMALS**                

                        **SHEEP**    **CATTLE**   **PIGS**   **SHEEP**   **CATTLE**   **PIGS**

  **SOUTH EAST REGION,  4642         6002         1050       1705183     547256       432723
  INC GREATER LONDON**                                                                

  **GLOUCESTERSHIRE**   1197         1409         192        415922      142022       51393

  **N.SOMERSET AND      466          973          116        97461       96139        45610
  SOUTH GLOCS**                                                                       

  **WILTSHIRE**         640          1463         187        211129      182173       121208

  **SOMERSET**          1604         2878         334        578251      325295       138395

  **DORSET**            783          1576         187        217102      196176       118123

  **DEVON**             4621         6024         668        1816778     617876       165478

  **CORNWALL AND ISLES  1758         3694         450        604022      361370       50146
  OF SCILLY**                                                                         

  **SOUTH WEST REGION** 11069        18017        2134       3940665     1921051      690353
  --------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------- ----------- ------------ ----------

**SCOTLAND:**

  ------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------- ----------- ------------ ----------
  **COUNTY**          **NO. OF                             **NO. OF                 
                      PREMISES**                           ANIMALS**                

                      **SHEEP**    **CATTLE**   **PIGS**   **SHEEP**   **CATTLE**   **PIGS**

  **SHETLAND**        1538         205          20         399740      5728         142

  **ORKNEY**          551          733          36         149715      93581        348

  **EILEANAN AN IAR** 3015         495          25         299,413     7160         173

  **HIGHLAND**        3477         2240         108        1289470     150943       27987

  **NE SCOTLAND**     1869         3026         283        703705      386973       353380

  **TAYSIDE**         872          1093         75         801489      129309       68632

  **FIFE**            240          412          31         109817      62439        11345

  **LOTHIAN**         346          377          44         270569      56014        51140

  **SCOTTISH          1023         857          42         1447360     154952       20053
  BORDERS**                                                                         

  **EAST CENTRAL**    441          525          21         392900      62161        1995

  **ARGYLL & BUTE**   865          799          28         651582      81809        926

  **CLYDE VALLEY**    855          1158         48         567132      177637       10756

  **AYRSHIRE**        834          1193         26         606638      215162       725

  **DUMFRIES &        1624         2058         62         1497438     445461       10498
  GALLOWAY**                                                                        
  ------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------- ----------- ------------ ----------

**WALES:**

  --------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------- ----------- ------------ ----------
  **COUNTY**            **NO. OF                             **NO. OF                 
                        PREMISES**                           ANIMALS**                

                        **SHEEP**    **CATTLE**   **PIGS**   **SHEEP**   **CATTLE**   **PIGS**

  **CONWY**             879          692          117        927953      55247        13851

  **DENBIGHSHIRE**      684          595                     576663      53418        

  **FLINTSHIRE**        340          419                     144856      40701        

  **WREXHAM**           240          415                     152147      47752        

  **POWYS**             4051         3139         121        4244605     253883       10632

  **SWANSEA**           197          249          193        93407       17909        24168

  **NEATH PORT TALBOT** 156          130                     107708      8938         

  **BRIDGEND**          141          132                     95399       10978        

  **THE VALE OF         182          227                     74871       24839        
  GLAMORGAN**                                                                         

  **RHONDDA CYNON,      170          140                     155931      8094         
  TAF**                                                                               

  **MERTHYR TYDFIL**    43           35                      43922       1724         

  **CARDIFF**           24           32                      12823       3347         

  **CAERPHILLY**        165          152                     109867      7563         

  **BLAENAU GWENT**     59           31                      32834       728          

  **TORFAEN**           82           76                      30084       3059         

  **MONMOUTHSHIRE**     723          775                     336323      64380        

  **NEWPORT**           81           104                     30616       9371         

  **ISLE OF ANGLESEY**  705          748          114        356719      58537        9168

  **GWYNEDD**           1663         1292                    1350479     91369        

  **CEREDIGION**        1587         1500         113        1026027     118689       2144

  **PEMBROKESHIRE**     820          1619         115        328038      183110       4236

  **CARMARTHENSHIRE**   2096         2545         148        916744      206111       3568
  --------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------- ----------- ------------ ----------

# ANNEX 3 {#annex-3 .unnumbered}

**Decision tree for the interpretation of serological results**

# ANNEX 4 {#annex-4 .unnumbered}

**Decision tree for action to be taken in respect of seropositive
flocks**

**Determination of a seropositive animal or animals**

**Protection Zone and Surveillance Zone Clearance**

**Seropositives on DC, CP and Form D Premises**

# ANNEX 5 {#annex-5 .unnumbered}

**Results of serological and virological examinations in flocks found to
have seropositive animals in the course of surveillance and the action
taken as a consequence.**