11.0 Appendices

11.1 List of Documented Alliances Organized Under the Heirarchy --
August, 1984

In the classification hierarchy, each unit is distinguished by a unique
code. The components of the code represent each level in the hierarchy.
Alliances are not currently coded but are listed under the appropriate
formation by region of occurrence. A \"\*\" indicates formations which
have not officially been incorporated into the hierarchy, but are under
review for future inclusion. All formations in the hierarchy are listed
whether or not alliances have been identified.

I, II, etc. = **PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASS**

A, B, etc. = *PHYSIOGNOMIC SUBCLASS*

1, 2, etc. = FORMATION GROUP

a,b, etc. = Formation

> [REGION]{.underline}
>
> Alliances

I. **FOREST**

I.A. *EVERGREEN FOREST*

I.A.1. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST (mainly broad-leaved evergreen trees,
neither cold-nor drought-resistant)

I.A.1.a Tropical lowland rain forest

I.A.1.b Tropical submontane rain forest

I.A.1.c Tropical montane rain forest

I.A.1.d Tropical \"subalpine\" rain forest

I.A.1.e Tropical cloud forest

I.A.1.f Tropical seasonally flooded rain forest

I.A.1.g Tropical semipermanently flooded rain forest

I.A.1.h Tropical evergreen saturated forest

I.A.1.i Tropical brackish semipermanently flooded rain forest

I.A.2 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL SEASONAL EVERGREEN FOREST (mainly
broad-leaved evergreen trees with some foliage reduction in dry season)

I.A.2.a Tropical or subtropical seasonal lowland evergreen forest

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Casuarina* (*equisetifolia, cunninghamiana, glauca*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Metopium toxiferum*-*Eugenia foetida* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pithecellobium ebano* Forest Alliance
>
> *Sabal palmetto* Upland Forest Alliance

I.A.2.b Tropical or subtropical seasonal submontane evergreen forest

I.A.2.c Tropical or subtropical seasonal montane evergreen forest

I.A.2.d Tropical or subtropical dry \"subalpine\" evergreen forest

I.A.2.e Tropical or subtropical seasonal evergreen semipermanently
flooded forest

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Casuarina* (*cunninghamiana, glauca*) Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Magnolia virginiana*-*Chrysobalanus icaco* Subtropical Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Melaleuca quinquenervia* Forest Alliance
>
> *Schinus terebinthifolius* Wetland Forest Alliance

I.A.2.\*. Tropical or subtropical seasonal evergreen
seasonally/temporarily flooded forest

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}

*Sabal mexicana* Wetland Forest Alliance

I.A.3 SUBTROPICAL RAIN FOREST

I.A.3.a Subtropical lowland rain forest

I.A.3.b Subtropical submontane rain forest

I.A.3.c Subtropical montane rain forest

I.A.3.d Subtropical \"subalpine\" rain forest

I.A.3.e Subtropical cloud forest

I.A.3.f Subtropical seasonally flooded rain forest

I.A.3.g Subtropical semipermanently flooded rain forest

I.A.3.h Subtropical evergreen saturated rain forest

I.A.4 MANGROVE FOREST

I.A.4.a Tropical or subtropical saltwater-tidal semipermanently flooded
forest

(e.g. mangroves of Florida)

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Avicennia germinans* Forest Alliance
>
> *Rhizophora mangle* Forest Alliance
>
> *Laguncularia racemosa* Forest Alliance

I.A.5 TEMPERATE AND SUBPOLAR EVERGREEN RAIN FOREST (restricted to
southern hemisphere)

I.A.5.a Temperate evergreen rain forest

I.A.5.b Temperate evergreen seasonally flooded rain forest

I.A.5.c Temperate evergreen semipermanently flooded rain forest

I.A.5.d Subpolar evergreen rain forest

I.A.6 TEMPERATE SEASONAL EVERGREEN FOREST (mainly broad-leaved evergreen
or mixed broad-leaved/needle-leaved forest with some foliage reduction
in the dry season)

I.A.6.a Temperate seasonal lowland evergreen forest

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus virginiana* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus virginiana*-*Sabal palmetto* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Washingtonia filifera* Forest Alliance

I.A.6.b Temperate seasonal submontane evergreen forest

I.A.6.c Temperate seasonal montane evergreen forest

I.A.6.d Temperate dry \"subalpine\" evergreen forest

I.A.6.e Temperate seasonal evergreen (wetland) forest

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Gordonia lasianthus* Forest Alliance
>
> *Gordonia lasianthus*-*Pinus serotina* Forest Alliance
>
> *Persea palustris* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus virginiana* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Sabal palmetto*-*Quercus virginiana* Wetland Forest Alliance

I.A.7 WINTER-RAIN, EVERGREEN BROAD-LEAVED SCLEROPHYLLOUS FOREST (stiff,
leathery-leaved trees)

I.A.7.a Winter rain lowland and submontane evergreen sclerophyllous
forest over 50 m tall (e.g. Eucalyptus in California)

I.A.7.b Winter rain lowland and submontane evergreen sclreophyllous
forest under 50 m tall (e.g., Live oak in California)

I.A.8 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN FOREST

I.A.8.a Tropical and subtropical lowland and submontane needle-leaved
evergreen forest

I.A.8.b Tropical and subtropical montane and subalpine needle-leaved
evergreen forest

I.A.9 TEMPERATE AND SUBPOLAR NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN FOREST (mostly
needle-leaved and scale-leaved trees)

I.A.9.a Needle-leaved evergreen giant forest (e.g., redwood and Douglas
fir)

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Abies amabilis Giant* Forest Alliance
>
> *Abies concolor* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Abies concolor*‑*Abies magnifica* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Abies grandis* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea breweriana* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea sitchensis* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Pseudotsuga menziesii* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Pseudotsuga menziesii*/*Lithocarpus densiflorus* Giant Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Pseudotsuga menziesii*‑*Sequoia sempervirens* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Pseudotsuga menziesii*-*Tsuga heterophylla* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Thuja plicata* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga heterophylla* Giant Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga mertensiana* Giant Forest Alliance

I.A.9.b Needle-leaved evergreen forest with rounded crowns (e.g., pines,
western juniper)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Tsuga canadensis*-*Pinus strobus* Forest Alliance\*
>
> *Pinus strobus*-*Pinus resinosa* Forest Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus clausa* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Pinus rigida* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Pinus rigida*-*Pinus virginiana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Pinus virginiana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Pinus taeda*-*Pinus virginiana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus elliottii* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus elliottii*-*Pinus taeda* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus glabra* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus echinata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus elliottii* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus taeda* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus taeda*-*Pinus echinata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa*-*Pseudotsuga menziesii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus pungens* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus pungens*-*Pinus* (*rigida, virginiana*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus resinosa* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus rigida* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus rigida*-*Pinus virginiana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus rigida*-*Tsuga caroliniana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*-*Pinus echinata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*-*Pinus virginiana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*-*Tsuga canadensis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Pinus echinata*-(*Juniperus virginiana*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Pinus virginiana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana* Forest Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus banksiana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus contorta* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*‑(*P. resinosa*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana* Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus albicaulis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus contorta* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus monticola* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa*‑*Pseudotsuga menziesii* Forest Alliance

I.A.9.c Needle-leaved evergreen forest with conical crowns (e.g.,
spruce, eastern juniper, cedar)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* Forest Alliance\*
>
> *Picea rubens*-*Abies* (*balsamea*, *fraseri*) Forest Alliance\*
>
> *Picea mariana* Forest Alliance\*
>
> *Thuja occidentalis* Forest Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Abies fraseri* Forest Alliance
>
> *Juniperus ashei* Forest Alliance
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* var. *virginiana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea abies* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea rubens* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea rubens*-*Abies fraseri* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea rubens*-*Tsuga canadensis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga canadensis* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga caroliniana*-(*Tsuga canadensis*) Forest Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus ashei* Forest Alliance
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea glauca* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea glauca*‑*abies balsamea* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea mariana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Thuja occidentalis* Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Abies amabilis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Abies concolor* Forest Alliance
>
> *Abies grandis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Abies lasiocarpa* Forest Alliance
>
> *Abies magnifica* Forest Alliance
>
> *Chamaecyparis nootkatensis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Cupressus arizonica* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea engelmannii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea glauca* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea pungens* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea sitchensis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea* spp. Forest Alliance
>
> *Pseudotsuga menziesii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Thuja plicata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga heterophylla* Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga mertensiana* Forest Alliance

I.A.9.d Needle-leaved evergreen forest with cylindrical crowns (boreal)
(e.g., spruce forests of Alaska)

I.A.9.e Needle-leaved evergreen seasonally flooded/saturated forest with
rounded crowns

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Picea glauca* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus banksiana* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga canadensis* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus contorta* Wetland Forest Alliance

I.A.9.f Needle-leaved evergreen seasonally flooded/saturated forest with
conical crowns

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Tsuga canadensis* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea rubens*-*Abies balsamea* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea mariana* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Thuja occidentalis* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Picea mariana* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Thuja occidentalis* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}

*Abies amabilis* Wetland Forest Alliance

> *Thuja plicata* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga heterophylla* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga mertensiana* Wetland Forest Alliance

I.A.9.g Needle-leaved evergreen seasonally flooded/saturated forest with
cylindrical

crowns

I.A.9.\* Needle-leaved evergreen seasonally/temporarily flooded forest
with rounded crowns

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus echinata* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus elliottii* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus elliottii*-*Pinus palustris* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus elliottii*-*Pinus serotina* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus glabra* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus taeda* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus serotina*-*Pinus taeda* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Pinus palustris*-*Pinus serotina* Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}

*Pinus ponderosa* Wetland Forest Alliance

I.A.9.\* Needle-leaved evergreen saturated forest with conical crowns

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Chamaecyparis thyoides* Saturated Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea rubens* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea rubens*-*Tsuga canadensis* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Thuja occidentalis* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga canadensis*-(*Pinus strobus*) Wetland Forest Alliance

I.A.9.\* Needle-leaved evergreen seasonally/temporarily flooded forest
with conical crowns

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Chamaecyparis thyoides* Seasonally/Temporarily Flooded Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Chamaecyparis thyoides*-*Pinus serotina* Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Abies concolor* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Abies lasiocarpa* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea engelmannii* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea pungens* Wetland Forest Alliance

I.A.9.\* Needle‑leaved evergreen seasonally flooded/saturated Giant
forest

> [WEST]{.underline}

*Abies amabilis Wetland Forest Alliance*

*Picea sitchensis Wetland Forest Alliance*

I.A.10 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC EVERGREEN FOREST

I.A.10.a Evergreen sclerophyllous dominated forest

I.A.10.b Evergreen succulent forest (assumed evergreen)

I.B. *DECIDUOUS FOREST*

I.B.1 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS FOREST

I.B.1.a Lowland and submontane broadleaved drought-deciduous forest

I.B.1.b Montane and cloud drought-deciduous forest

I.B.2 COLD-DECIDUOUS FOREST

I.B.2.a Lowland and submontane broad-leaved cold-deciduous forest (e.g.,
broadleaf forests of midwest)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer saccharum*-*Betula allegheniensis*-*Fagus grandifolia* Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*-*Fraxinus americana*-*Tilia americana* Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Tilia heterophylla*-*Aesculus octandra* Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*-*Quercus muehlenbergii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus rubra*-*Acer saccharum* Forest Alliance
>
> *Carya*-*Fraxinus americana*-*Quercus* Forest Alliance
>
> (Northeastern Upland) *Quercus*/*Ericaceae* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus*-*Fagus grandifolia*/*Ilex opaca* Forest Alliance
>
> *Prunus serotina*-*Amelanchier canadensis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides* Forest Alliance
>
> *Prunus pensylvanica* Forest Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer grandidentatum* Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*-*Fagus grandifolia*-*Liriodendron
> tulipifera*-(*Aesculus flava, Magnolia fraseri*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*-*Quercus muehlenbergii* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*-*Quercus rubra*-*Carya cordiformis* Upland Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*-*Quercus rubra*-*Quercus* (*alba, montana*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Betula alleghaniensis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Betula alleghaniensis*-(*Tilia americana* var. *heterophylla,
> Aesculus flava*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Betula alleghaniensis*-*Fagus grandifolia*-*Aesculus flava*-(*Acer
> saccharum*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Fagus grandifolia* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Fagus grandifolia*-*Acer saccharum*-(*Liriodendron tulipifera*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Fagus grandifolia*-*Quercus alba*-*Acer* (*barbatum, leucoderme*)
> Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Fagus grandifolia*-*Quercus alba*-*Liquidambar
> styraciflua*-(*Liriodendron tulipifera*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Fagus grandifolia*-*Quercus alba*-*Liquidambar styraciflua*-*Magnolia
> grandiflora* Forest Alliance
>
> *Fagus grandifolia*-*Quercus nigra* Forest Alliance
>
> *Fagus grandifolia*-*Quercus rubra* Forest Alliance
>
> *Juglans nigra*-*Liquidambar styraciflua*-*Liriodendron tulipifera*
> Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Juglans nigra*-*Quercus muehlenbergii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Liquidambar styraciflua* Forest Alliance
>
> *Liriodendron tulipifera* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Liriodendron tulipifera*-*Betula lenta* Forest Alliance
>
> *Prunus pensylvanica* Forest Alliance
>
> *Prunus serotina*-*Liriodendron tulipifera*-*Fraxinus
> americana*-(*Acer saccharum*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus alba* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus alba*-*Carya alba*-(*Carya glabra*) Coastal Plain Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Quercus alba*-*Carya glabra* Coastal Plain Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus alba*-*Quercus* (*coccinea, velutina*)-*Carya* (*alba,
> glabra*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus alba*-*Quercus rubra*-(*Carya ovata*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus coccinea* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus falcata*-*Quercus alba*-(*Quercus stellata*)-*Carya*
> (*glabra, alba, pallida*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus falcata*-*Quercus alba*-(*Quercus stellata*)-*Carya texana*
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus hemisphaerica*-*Liquidambar styraciflua* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus hemisphaerica*-*Quercus margaretta* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus laevis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus muehlenbergii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus prinus* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus prinus*-*Quercus* (*alba, falcata, velutina*)-*Carya* (*alba,
> glabra*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus prinus*-*Quercus coccinea*-(*Quercus velutina*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Quercus prinus*-*Quercus rubra*-*Carya* (*alba, glabra, ovata*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus prinus*-*Quercus rubra*-*Liriodendron tulipifera*-(*Carya
> alba, glabra*)
>
> *Quercus rubra* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus rubra* var. *ambigua*-*Betula alleghaniensis*-(*Acer rubrum,
> Fagus grandifolia*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*-*Carya carolinae*-*septentrionalis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*-*Quercus marilandica* Forest Alliance
>
> *Robinia pseudo*-*acacia* Forest Alliance
>
> *Tilia americana* var. *caroliniana*-*Celtis occidentalis* Forest
> Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer saccharum*‑*Betula* spp.‑(*Fagus grandifolia*, *Tilia
> americana*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*‑*Fagus grandifolia*‑*Tilia* spp.‑*Aesculus octandra*
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*‑*Fraxinus americana*‑*Quercus* spp. Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*‑*Quercus rubra*‑*Carya cordiformis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*‑*Tilia americana*‑(*Quercus rubra*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer spicatum* Forest Alliance?
>
> *Betula papyrifera* Forest Alliance
>
> *Fagus grandifolia*‑*Acer saccharum*‑(*Liriodendron tulipifera*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Fagus grandifolia*‑*Quercus* spp.‑*Acer* spp. Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides*‑*Betula papyrifera* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus alba* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus alba*‑*Q. rubra*‑(*Carya ovata*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus alba*‑*Q. rubra*‑*Q. mcrocarpa* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus falcata*‑*Q. alba*‑*Carya spp.* (*texana*, *alba*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Quercus macrocarpa* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus muehlenbergii*‑(*Q. shumardii*‑*Fraxinus quadrangulata*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus prinus*‑*Q. coccinea*‑*Q. velutina* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus rubra* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*‑*Q. marilandica* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus velutina*‑*Q. alba*‑*Carya* spp. (*glabra*, *texana*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Quercus velutina*‑*Q. ellipsoidalis* Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus macrocarpa* Forest Alliance
>
> *Sapindus saponaria* Forest Alliance

I.B.2.b Montane or boreal cold-deciduous forest (e.g., broadleaf forests
of the mountains)

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer grandidentatum* Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer macrophyllum* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides* Forest Alliance

I.B.2.c Subalpine or subpolar cold-deciduous forest

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Larix lyallii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Larix occidentalis* Forest Alliance

I.B.2.d Cold-deciduous intermittently flooded forest (e.g., woody draws)

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Fraxinus pennsylvanica*‑*Ulmus americana* Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Fraxinus pennsylvanica* Forest Alliance

I.B.2.e Cold-deciduous seasonally/temporarily flooded forest (e.g.,
alluvial bottomland hardwoods)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus* (*palustris, bicolor*) Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharinum*-(*Populus deltoides*) Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Platanus occidentalis*-*Betula nigra*-*Acer negundo* Wetland Forest
> Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer negundo* Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer negundo*-*Salix nigra* Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharinum* Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*-*Carya cordiformis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Betula nigra*-(*Platanus occidentalis*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Carpinus caroliniana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Carya myristiciformis*-*Carya aquatica* Forest Alliance
>
> *Fagus grandifolia* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Liquidambar styraciflua*-(*Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer rubrum*)
> Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Liriodendron tulipifera* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Nyssa sylvatica* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Platanus occidentalis*-(*Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata,
> Acer saccharinum*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Platanus occidentalis*-(*Liquidambar styraciflua,Liriodendron
> tulipifera*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus deltoides* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus deltoides*-*Salix* (*caroliniana, nigra*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus laurifolia* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus (lyrata, palustris*)-*Liquidambar styraciflua* Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Quercus macrocarpa*-*Quercus bicolor*-*Carya laciniosa* Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Quercus* (*michauxii, pagoda, shumardii*)-*Liquidambar styraciflua*
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus* (*michauxii, pagoda, shumardii*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus pagoda*-*Carya* (*glabra, ovata*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus palustris*-(*Quercus bicolor*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus phellos* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus* (*phellos, nigra, laurifolia*)-*Liquidambar styraciflua*
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus phellos*-*Quercus lyrata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*-(*Quercus palustris*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Salix* (*nigra, caroliniana, sericea*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Taxodium distichum*-*Platanus occidentalis* Forest Allianc*e*
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer negundo* Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer rubrum*‑*Fraxinus* spp.(*pennsylvanica*,*nigra*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharinum* Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer saccharum*‑*Carya cordiformis* Forest Alliance
>
> *Betula nigra*‑(*Platanus occidentalis*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Fraxinus pennsylvanica*‑(*Ulmus americana*)‑*Celtis* spp.
> (*occidentalis*,*laevigata*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Liquidambar styraciflua*‑*Quercus* spp. (*lyrata*, *palustris*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Liquidambar styraciflua*‑*Quercus* spp.
> (*michauxii*,*pagoda*,*shumardii*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus deltoides* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus deltoides*‑*Salix nigra* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus lyrata*‑*Carya aquatica* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus macrocarpa*‑*Q. bicolor*‑(*Carya laciniosa*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus palustris*‑(*Q. bicolor*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus phellos*‑*Quercus lyrata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*‑(*Q. palustris*) Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer negundo* Forest Alliance
>
> *Aluns rhombifolia* Forest Alliance
>
> *Alnus rubra* Forest Alliance
>
> *Fraxinus latifolia* Forest Alliance
>
> *Platanus wrightii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus angustifolia* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus deltoides* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus fremontii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus trichocarpa* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus wislizeni* Forest Alliance
>
> *Salix bonplandiana* Forest Alliance

I.B.2.f Cold-deciduous seasonally flooded/saturated forest (e.g.,
deciduous forest in Alaska, peat forests)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer rubrum*-*Fraxinus pennsylvanica* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer rubrum*-*Fraxinus nigra* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer rubrum*-*Nyssa sylvatica* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer rubrum*-*Liquidambar styraciflua* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Fraxinus pennsylvanica*-(*Ulmus americana*)-*Celtis* (*occidentalis,
> laevigata*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Nyssa biflora*-(*Taxodium distichum, ascendens*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Nyssa ogeche* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus* (*lyrata, nuttallii*)-*Carya aquatica* Forest Alliance
>
> *Taxodium ascendens* Forest Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer rubrum*‑(*Fraxinus* spp.) Forest Alliance
>
> *Fraxinus nigra* Forest Alliance
>
> *Larix laricina* Forest Alliance

I.B.2.g Cold-deciduous semipermanently flooded forest (e.g., cypress
swamp)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Taxodium distichum*-*Nyssa biflora* Forest Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer rubrum*-*Gleditsia aquatica*-(*Planera aquatica*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Gleditsia aquatica*-*Carya aquatica* Forest Alliance
>
> *Nyssa aquatica*-(*Taxodium distichum*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Taxodium distichum* Forest Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer rubrum*‑*Gleditsia aquatica*‑(*planera aquatica*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Nyssa aquatica*‑(*taxodium distichum*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Taxodium distichum* Forest Alliance

I.B.3. EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC DECIDUOUS FOREST

I.B.3.a Deciduous thorn forest (other formation may be added)

I.C. *MIXED EVERGREEN-DECIDUOUS FOREST*

I.C.1 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL SEMI-DECIDUOUS FOREST

I.C.1.a Tropical or subtropical lowland semi-deciduous forest

I.C.1.b Tropical or subtropical montane or cloud semi-deciduous forest

I.C.2 MIXED BROAD LEAVED EVERGREEN - COLD-DECIDUOUS FOREST

I.C.2.\* Cold-deciduous forest with evergreen broad-leaved trees

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Fagus grandifolia*-*Magnolia grandiflora* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus hemisphaerica*-*Carya glabra*-(*Fagus grandifolia*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Tilia americana* var. *caroliniana*-*Magnolia grandiflora* Forest
> Alliance

I.C.2.\* Mixed broad-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous seasonally
flooded/saturated forest

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Magnolia virginiana*-*Nyssa biflora* Wetland Forest Alliance

I.C.3 MIXED NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN - COLD-DECIDUOUS FOREST

I.C.3.a Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous forest

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus*-*Pinus* (*rigida*, *echinata*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana*-*Pinus taeda*-*Quercus falcata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana*/*Quercus marilandica* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Quercus* (*nigra*, *falcata*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*-*Quercus* (*rubra*, *velutina*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga canadensis*-*Acer saccharum*-*Betula allegheniensis* Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Betula allegheniensis*-*Picea rubens* Forest Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Betula alleghaniensis*-(*Abies fraseri, Picea rubens*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* var. *virginiana*-*Fraxinus americana*-*Quercus
> shumardii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* var. *virginiana*-*Quercus stellata*-*Quercus
> muehlenbergii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Quercus* (*alba, stellata, falcata, velutina*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Quercus stellata*-*Quercus marilandica* Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Pinus* (*echinata, rigida, pungens*)-*Quercus* (*prinus, coccinea*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus* (*echinata, taeda, virginiana*)-*Quercus* (*alba,
> rubra*)-*Liriodendron tulipifera* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus* (*echinata, virginiana*)-*Liriodendron tulipifera* Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Pinus* (*glabra, taeda*)-*Fagus grandifolia*-*Quercus alba*-*Magnolia
> grandiflora* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus echinata*-*Quercus* (*stellata, falcata*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus echinata*-*Pinus taeda*-*Quercus* (*stellata,
> falcata*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus taeda*-*Quercus incana* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus* (*palustris, taeda*)-*Quercus* (*margaretta, falcata, laevis*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*-*Acer saccharum*-*Fagus grandifolia*-*Betula*
> (*alleghaniensis, lenta*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Liquidambar styraciflua* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Quercus* (*alba, falcata, stellata*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Quercus* (*marilandica, falcata, stellata*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Quercus nigra* Barrier Island Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana*-*Liquidambar styraciflua*-*Liriodendron tulipifera*
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana*-*Quercus* (*alba, stellata, falcata, velutina*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana*-*Quercus* (*coccinea, prinus*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus falcata*-*Fagus grandifolia*-*Pinus taeda* Forest Alliance
>
> *Sorbus americana*-(*Abies fraseri, Picea rubens*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga canadensis*-*Liriodendron tulipifera* Upland Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga canadensis*-*Acer saccharum*-*Fagus grandifolia*-*Betula*
> (*alleghaniensis, lenta, papyrifera*) Forest Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus virginiana*‑*Quercus* spp. (*muehlenbergii*, *stellata*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea glauca*‑*Abies balsamea*‑*Populus* spp. Forest Alliance
>
> *Picea mariana*‑*Populus tremuloides* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus banksiana*‑*Populus tremuloides*‑*Betula Papyrifera* Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Pinus banksiana*‑*Quercus* spp. Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*‑*Quercus* spp. (*alba*, *stellata*, *velutina*)
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*‑(*P. resinosa*)‑*Populus tremuloides* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*‑(*P. resinosa*)‑*Quercus* spp. (*alba*, *rubra*,
> *velutina*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana*‑*Quercus* spp.(*coccinea*, *prinus*) Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Tsuga canadensis*‑*Fagus grandifolia*‑*Acer Saccharum* *Betula* spp.
> Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer macrophyllum* Forest Alliance
>
> *Betula papyrifera* Forest Alliance
>
> *Laris lyallii* Forest Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides* Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus garryana* Forest Alliance

I.C.3.b Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous seasonally
flooded/saturated forest

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Chamaecyparis thyoides*-*Acer rubrum* Forest Alliance
>
> *Acer rubrum*-*Picea rubens* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Thuja occidentalis*-*Acer rubrum* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Quercus phellos*-*Pinus taeda* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Liquidambar styraciflua*-*Acer rubrum* Wetland Forest
> Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus* spp.‑*Acer rubrum* swamp Forest Alliance

I.C.3.\* Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous
seasonally/temporarily flooded forest

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus elliottii*-*Magnolia virginiana*-*Taxodium ascendens*-*Nyssa
> biflora* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus glabra*-*Pinus taeda*-*Liquidambar styraciflua*-*Quercus
> phellos* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus serotina*-*Chamaecyparis thyoides*-*Acer rubrum*-*Nyssa
> biflora* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Liquidambar styraciflua*-*Liriodendron tulipifera*
> Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Fraxinus pennsylvanica*-*Ulmus americana*-*Celtis
> laevigata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Quercus laurifolia*-*Chamaecyparis thyoides* Forest
> Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Quercus lyrata* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Quercus* (*pagoda, michauxii, shumardii*) Wetland
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Quercus* (*phellos, nigra, laurifolia*) Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana*-*Liriodendron tulipifera*-*Platanus occidentalis*
> Forest Alliance
>
> *Tsuga canadensis*-*Magnolia tripetala* Wetland Forest Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus garryana* Wetland Forest Alliance

I.C.3.\* Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous saturated forest

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Chamaecyparis thyoides*-*Liriodendron tulipifera* Forest Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*-*Pinus rigida*-*Tsuga canadensis*-*Liriodendron
> tulipifera*-*Acer rubrum* Forest Alliance

I.C.4 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC MIXED EVERGREEN - DECIDUOUS FOREST

I.C.4.a Mixed evergreen - deciduous thorn forest

II\. **WOODLAND**

II.A. *EVERGREEN WOODLAND*

II.A.1 BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN WOODLAND

II.A.1.a Broad-leaved evergreen woodland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus laceyi* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus virginiana* Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus virginiana*-*Sabal palmetto* Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Sabal palmetto* Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus arizonica* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus emoryi* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus grisea* Woodland Alliance

II.A.1.b Broad-leaved evergreen (wetland) woodland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Sabal palmetto* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Gordonia lasianthus*-*Pinus serotina* Woodland alliance

II.A.2 NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN WOODLAND

II.A.2.a Needle-leaved evergreen woodland with rounded crowns (e.g.,
pine, western juniper)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus rigida*/*Quercus ilicifolia* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*/*Quercus laevis* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus* (*banksiana*, *resinosa*, *rigida*) Woodland Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus clausa* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata* Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Pinus rigida* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Pinus virginiana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Pinus taeda*-*Pinus virginiana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Pinus taeda*-*Pinus palustris*-*Pinus virginiana*
> Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus elliottii*-*Pinus* (*taeda*, *palustris*, *echinata*) Upland
> Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus elliottii* var. *densa* Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris* Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus clausa* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus echinata* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus taeda* Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus taeda*-*Pinus echinata* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus pungens* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus rigida* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus rigida*-*Pinus pungens* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda* Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda*-*Pinus echinata* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana*-*Pinus rigida* Woodland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus ashei* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Juniperus scopulorum* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus banksiana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus flexilis* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*‑*Pinus resinosa* Woodland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus deppeana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Juniperus erythrocarpa* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Juniperus monosperma* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Juniperus occidentalis* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Juniperus osteosperma* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Juniperus scopulorum* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus albicaulis* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus aristata* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus attenuata* Woodland Alliance

*Pinus contorta* Woodland Alliance

> *Pinus discolor* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus edulis* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus engelmannii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus flexilis* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus jeffreyi* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus leiophylla* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus monophylla* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa*‑*Quercus garryana* Woodland Alliance

II.A.2.b Needle-leaved evergreen woodland with conical crowns (e.g.,
spruce in the west)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Picea rubens* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Thuja occidentalis* Woodland Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus ashei* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Thuja occidentalis* Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Tsuga caroliniana* Woodland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Thuja occidentalis* Woodland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Abies concolor* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Picea engelmannii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Picea pungens* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pseudotsuga menziesii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Tsuga heterophylla* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Tsuga mertensiana* Woodland Alliance

II.A.2.c Needle-leaved evergreen woodland with very narrow
cylindro-conical crowns (e.g., some spruce in Alaska)

II.A.2.d Needle-leaved evergreen seasonally flooded/saturated woodland
with rounded crowns

> [EAST]{.underline}

*Pinus rigida Wetland Woodland Alliance*

*Pinus strobus Wetland Woodland Alliance*

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus elliottii* var. *densa* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus serotina* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus serotina*-*Pinus elliottii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus serotina*-*Pinus taeda* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Abies grandis* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Abies lasiocarpa* Woodland Alliance

II.A.2.e Needle-leaved evergreen seasonally flooded/temporarily flooded
woodland with rounded crowns

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus serotina* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus echinata* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus elliottii* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus elliottii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus serotina* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus taeda* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus ponderosa* Wetland Woodland Alliance

II.A.2.f Needle-leaved evergreen seasonally flooded/saturated woodland
with conical crowns

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Chamaecyparis thyoides* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Picea rubens* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Picea mariana* Wetland Woodland Alliance

II.A.2.g Needle-leaved evergreen saturated woodland with conical crowns

(e.g., black spruce bogs)

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}

*Picea rubens* Wetland Woodland Alliance

> *Thuja occidentalis* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Picea mariana* Woodland Alliance

II.A.2.h Needle-leaved evergreen seasonally flooded/saturated woodland
with cylindro-conical crowns

II.A.2.\* Needle‑leaved evergreen seasonally/temporarily flooded
woodland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Abies concolor* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Picea pungens* Wetland Woodland Alliance

II.A.3 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC EVERGREEN WOODLAND

II.A.3.a Evergreen sclerophyllous woodland

II.A.3.b Evergreen succulent woodland (assumed evergreen)

II.B. *DECIDUOUS WOODLAND*

II.B.1 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS WOODLAND

II.B.1.a Lowland and submontane broad-leaved drought-deciduous woodland

II.B.1.b Montane (and cloud) drought-deciduous woodland

II.B.2 COLD-DECIDUOUS WOODLAND

II.B.2.a Cold-deciduous woodland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus muehlenbergii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Tilia americana*-*Fraxinus americana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus rubra* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus velutina*-*Quercus alba* Woodland Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer saccharum*-*Quercus muehlenbergii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Populus fremontii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus arkansana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus hemisphaerica*-*Quercus margaretta* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus incana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus laevis* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus muehlenbergii*-(*Quercus macrocarpa*) Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus prinus* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus prinus*-*Quercus coccinea* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*-*Quercus marilandica* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*-*Quercus velutina*-*Quercus alba*-(*Quercus
> falcata*) Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus velutina*-*Quercus alba*-*Carya* (*texana, glabra*) Woodland
> Alliance
>
> *Robinia pseudo*-*acacia* Woodland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Betual papyrifera* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Fraxinus pennsylvanica*‑(*Ulmus americana*) Woodland Alliance
>
> *Populus Tremuloides* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus alba* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus macrocarpa* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus macrocarpa*‑*Quercus* spp.(*alba*, *velutina*) Woodland
> Alliance
>
> *Quercus muehlenbergii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*‑*Q. marilandica* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*‑*Q. velutina*‑*Q. alba*‑(*Q. falcata*) Woodland
> Alliance
>
> *Quercus velutina*-*Q. ellipsoidalis* Woodland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Populus angustifolia* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Populus fremontii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Salix amygdaloides* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Salix laevigata* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Larix lyallii* Woodland Alliance

II.B.2.b Cold-deciduous intermittently flooded woodland

II.B.2.c Cold-deciduous seasonally/temporarily flooded woodland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer negundo* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Acer negundo*-*Salix nigra* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Salix gooddingii* Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Salix* (*nigra, caroliniana*) Woodland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Populus deltoides* Woodland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer negundo* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Platanus wrightii* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Populus deltoides* Woodland Alliance

II.B.2.d Cold-deciduous seasonally flooded/saturated woodland

II.B.3 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC DECIDUOUS WOODLAND

II.B.3.a Deciduous thorn woodland (may not be represented in the U.S.)

II.C. *MIXED EVERGREEN-DECIDUOUS WOODLAND*

II.C.1 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL SEMI-DECIDUOUS WOODLAND

II.C.2 MIXED BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN - COLD DECIDUOUS WOODLAND

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus chrysolepsis* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus garryana* Woodland Alliance

II.C.3 MIXED NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN - COLD-DECIDUOUS WOODLAND

II.C.3.a Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous woodland

> [EAST]{.underline}

*Juniperus virginiana*-*Fraxinus americana* Woodland Alliance

*Quercus* (*coccinea*, *velutina*)-*Pinus rigida* Woodland Alliance

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* var. *virginiana*-*Quercus muehlenbergii*
> Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*/*Quercus incana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Pinus rigida*-*Quercus prinus* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Quercus* (*alba, stellata, falcata, velutina*)
> Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Quercus* (*prinus, coccinea*) Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Quercus stellata*-*Quercus marilandica* Woodland
> Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*/*Quercus falcata*-*Carya texana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*/*Quercus incana* Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus* (*rigida, pungens, virginiana*) *Quercus* (*prinus, coccinea*)
> Woodland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus banksiana*‑*Quercus* spp. (*Q. velutina*‑*Q. ellipsoidalis*)
> Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*‑*Quercus* spp.(*alba*, *stellata*, *velutina*)
> Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*‑*Quercus* spp. (*coccinea*,*prinus*) Woodland
> Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*-*Quercus alba* Woodland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Populus angustifolia* Woodland Alliance

II.C.3.b Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous seasonally
flooded/saturated woodland

II.C.3.\* Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous saturated
woodland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Fraxinus nigra*-*Abies balsamea* Wetland Woodland Alliance

II.C.4 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC MIXED EVERGREEN - DECIDUOUS WOODLAND

II.C.4.a Mixed evergreen-deciduous thorn woodland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus strobus*-*Acer rubrum* Wetland Woodland Alliance

II.B.4.\* Cold-deciduous freshwater tidal regularly flooded woodland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer rubrum* - *Fraxinus pennsylvanica* Wetland Woodland Alliance

II.B.4.\* Cold-deciduous saturated woodland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer rubrum* Wetland Woodland Alliance

III **SPARSE WOODLAND**

III.A. *EVERGREEN SPARSE WOODLAND*

III.A.1 BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN SPARSE WOODLAND WITH A DOMINANT
HERBACEOUS STRATUM

III.A.1.a Broad-leaved evergreen sparse woodland with tall graminoids

(includes tuft plants)

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Sabal palmetto*/*Muhlenbergia capillaris* Upland Sparse Woodland
> Alliance

III.A.1.b Broad-leaved evergreen sparse wooldand with medium tall
graminoids

(includes tuft plants)

III.A.1.c Broad-leaved evergreen sparse woodland with short graminoids

(includes tuft plants)

III.A.1.d Broad-leaved evergreen seasonally flooded sparse wooldand with
tall graminoids (includes tuft plants)

III.A.1.e Broad-leaved evergreen seasonally flooded sparse wooldand with
medium tall graminoids (includes tuft plants)

III.A.1.f Broad-leaved evergreen seasonally flooded sparse wooldand with
short graminoids (includes tuft plants)

III.A.2 NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN SPARSE WOODLAND WITH A DOMINANT SHRUB
STRATUM

III.A.2.a Needle-leaved evergreen sparse woodland with deciduous or
mixed shrubs (e.g., pitch pine-scrub oak)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus rigida*/*Quercus ilicifolia*-*Rhododendron canadense* Sparse
> Woodland Alliance

III.A.2.b Needle-leaved evergreen saturated sparse woodland with
evergreen shrubs (e.g., pocosins)

III.A.2.c Needle-leaved evergreen saturated sparse woodland with
deciduous or mixed evergreen shrubs (e.g., pocosins)

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Picea rubens*/*Ilex collina* Sparse Wetland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Picea rubens*/*Kalmia carolina* Sparse Wetland Woodland Alliance

III.A.3 NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN SPARSE WOODLAND WITH DOMINANT DWARF
SHRUB STRATUM

III.A.3.a Needle-leaved evergreen sparse woodland with microphyllous
dwarf shrubs

III.A.3.b Needle-leaved evergreen sparse woodland with evergreen dwarf
shrubs

III.A.3.c Needle-leaved evergreen saturated sparse woodland

with evergreen dwarf shrubs

III.A.3.\* Needle-leaved evergreen sparse woodland with broad-leaved
dwarf shrubs

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Picea mariana*/*Kalmia*-*Ledum* Sparse Woodland Alliance

III.A.4 NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN SPARSE WOODLAND WITH A DOMINANT
HERBACEOUS STRATUM

III.A.4.a Needle-leaved evergreen sparse woodland with medium tall
graminoids (e.g., serpentine barrens, jack pine barrens)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus* (*virginiana*, *rigida*)/*Schizachyrium scoparium* Sparse
> Woodland Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* var. *virginiana*/*Schizachyrium scoparium*
> Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-*Pinus taeda*/*Schizachyrium scoparium* Sparse
> Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus echinata*-(*Pinus virginiana*)/*Schizachyrium scoparium* Sparse
> Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus elliottii* var. *densa/*Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*/medium-tall grass Sparse Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus virginiana*-(*Pinus rigida*)/*Schizachyrium scoparium* Sparse
> Woodland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus banksiana*‑(*Pinus resinosa*) Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa* Sparse Woodland Alliance?

III.A.4.b Needle-leaved evergreen (wetland) sparse woodland with tall
graminoids

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus elliottii*/*Ctenium aromaticum* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus elliottii*-*Pinus palustris*/tallgrass Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*/*Ctenium aromaticum* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus palustris*-*Pinus serotina*/tallgrass Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus serotina*/*Arundinaria gigantea* Sparse Woodland Alliance

III.A.4.c Needle-leaved evergreen (wetland) sparse woodland with medium
tall graminoids

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus elliottii* var. *densa/*?? Sparse Wetland Woodland Alliance

III.A.5 NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN SPARSE WOODLAND WITH A DOMINANT
NON-VASCULAR STRATUM

III.A.5.a Needle-leaved evergreen sparse woodland with lichen cover

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus banksiana* Sparse Woodland Alliance

III.A.5.b Needle-leaved evergreen saturated sparse woodland with moss
cover

III.A.6 NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN SPARSE WOODLAND WITH A
SPARSELY-VEGETATED GROUND LAYER

III.A.6.a Needle-leaved evergreen sparse (wetland) woodland on mudflats

III.A.6.\* Needle-leaved evergreen sparse woodland on rocky substrates

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* var. *virginiana/*Limestone Sparse Woodland
> Alliance

III.A.7 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC EVERGREEN SPARSE WOODLAND (lower strata
undefined)

III.B. *DECIDUOUS SPARSE WOODLAND*

III.B.1 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS SPARSE WOODLAND
(lower strata undefined)

III.B.2 COLD-DECIDUOUS SPARSE WOODLAND WITH A DOMINANT HERBACEOUS
STRATUM

III.B.2.a Cold-deciduous sparse woodland with tall graminoids

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Fraxinus quadrangulata*-*Quercus macrocarpa* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Populus deltoides*/tallgrass Sparse Upland Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus muehlenbergii*/tallgrass Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Populus deltoides* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides* tallgrass Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus alba*‑*Q. palustris* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus macrocarpa*‑*Quercus* spp. (*alba*, *velutina*, *stellata*)
> Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus velutina*‑*Q. ellipsoidalis* Sparse Woodland Alliance

III.B.2.b Cold-deciduous sparse woodland with medium tall graminoids

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus alba*-*Quercus coccinea*-*Quercus velutina*/*Schizachyrium
> scoparium* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*-*Quercus marilandica* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*-*Quercus velutina*-*Quercus alba*-(*Quercus
> falcata*) Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Populus tremuloides* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus macrocarpa* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*-*Q. marilandica* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata*‑*Q. velutina*‑*Q. alba*‑(*Q. falcata*) Sparse
> Woodland Alliance

III.B.2.c Cold-deciduous sparse woodland with short graminoids

III.B.2.d Cold-deciduous seasonally flooded sparse woodland with tall
graminoids.

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Populus deltoides* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Populus fremontii* Sparse Woodland Alliance

III.B.2.\* Cold-deciduous seasonally flooded/saturated sparse woodland
with tall graminoids

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Taxodium ascendens* Sparse Woodland Alliance

III.B.3 COLD-DECIDUOUS SPARSE WOODLAND WITH A SPARSELY-VEGETATED GROUND
LAYER

III.B.3.a Cold-deciduous sparse woodland on rocky substrate

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus coccinea*-*Quercus prinus*/(Sandstone, Shale) Sparse Woodland
> Alliance
>
> *Quercus muehlenbergii*-*Fraxinus quadrangulata*-*Acer
> saccharum*/Limestone Sparse Woodland Alliance

III.B.4 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC DECIDUOUS SPARSE WOODLAND (lower strata
undefined)

III.B.\* Cold-deciduous sparse woodland with a dominant shrub stratum

III.B.\* Cold-deciduous saturated sparse woodland with evergreen shrubs

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Liriodendron tulipifera*/*Rhododendron maximum* Sparse Wetland
> Woodland Alliance

III.C. *MIXED EVERGREEN-DECIDUOUS SPARSE WOODLAND*

III.C.1 BROAD-LEAVED SEMI-EVERGREEN SPARSE WOODLAND WITH A DOMINANT
HERBACEOUS STRATUM

III.C.1.a Broad-leaved semi-evergreen sparse woodland with tall
graminoids

III.C.1.b Broad-leaved semi-evergreen sparse woodland with medium tall
graminoids

III.C.1.c Broad-leaved semi-evergreen sparse woodland with short
graminoids

III.C.2 MIXED NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN - COLD-DECIDUOUS SPARSE WOODLAND

III.C.2.a Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous saturated
sparse woodland with evergreen shrubs (e.g., pocosins)

III.C.3 MIXED NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN - COLD-DECIDUOUS SPARSE WOODLAND
WITH A DOMINANT HERBACEOUS STRATUM

III.C.3.a Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous sparse woodland

with tall graminoids

III.C.3.b Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous sparse woodland
with medium tall graminoids

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus* (*virginiana, echinata*)-*Quercus* (*coccinea, alba,
> velutina*)/*Schizachyrium scoparium* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus banksiana*‑*Quercus* spp. (*velutina*, *ellipsoidalis*) Sparse
> Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa*‑*Quercus macrocarpa* Sparse Woodland Alliance
>
> *Pinus strobus*‑*Quercus alba* Sparse Woodland Alliance

III.C.3.c Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous (wetland)
sparse woodland with forbs

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pinus rigida*-*Nyssa sylvatica* Sparse Wetland Woodland Alliance

III.C.4 MIXED EVERGREEN - DECIDUOUS EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC SPARSE
WOODLAND (lower strata undefined)

III.C.\* Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous sparse woodland
with a sparsely vegetated ground layer

III.C.\* Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous sparse woodland
on rocky substrates

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus virginiana*-(*Quercus muehlenbergii, Fraxinus
> quadrangulata, Acer saccharum*) Limestone Sparse Woodland Alliance

IV\. **SHRUBLAND (SCRUB)**

IV.A. *EVERGREEN SHRUBLAND*

IV.A.1 BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN SHRUBLAND

IV.A.1.a Evergreen low bamboo shrubland

IV.A.1.b Evergreen tuft-tree shrubland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Serenoa repens* Upland Shrubland Alliance

IV.A.1.c Broad-leaved evergreen hemisclerophyllous shrubland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Baccharis halimifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Quercus chapmanii* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Quercus havardii* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Ilex vomitoria*-*Myrica cerifera* Upland Shrubland Alliance

IV.A.1.d Broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous shrubland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Ceratiola ericoides* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Pithecellobium ebano*-*Phaulothamnus spinescens* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Quercus myrtifolia*-*Serenoa repens* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rhododendron catawbiense* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rhododendron maximum* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rhododendron maximum*-*Kalmia latifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Ceanothus velutinous Shrubland Alliance?*
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Ambrosia deltoidea* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Arctostaphylos patula* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Arctostaphylos pungens* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Arctostaphylos viscida* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Cercocarpus ledifolius* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Gaultheria shallon* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Quercus oblongifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Quercus toumeyi* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Quercus turbinella* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Simmondsia chinensis* Shrubland Alliance

IV.A.1.e Evergreen suffruticose shrubland

IV.A.1.f Broad-leaved evergreen (wetland) shrubland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Cyrilla racemiflora* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Hypericum fasciculatum* Shrubland Alliance

IV.A.2 NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN SHRUBLAND

IV.A.2.a Needle-leaved evergreen shrubland (e.g., krumholtz)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Picea mariana*-*Abies balsamea* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus communis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Juniperus virginiana* var. *virginiana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Pinus taeda* Upland Shrubland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus communis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Abies lasiocarpa* Shrubland Alliance

IV.A.2.b Needle-leaved evergreen shrubland (e.g., scrub bog)

IV.A.3 MICROPHYLLOUS EVERGREEN SHRUBLAND (e.g., sagebrush)

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Aretmisia cana* ssp. *cana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia longifolia* Shrubalnd Alliance
>
> *Artemisia tridentata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia bigelovii* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia tridentata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia tridentata* ssp. *tridentata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia tridentata* ssp. *vaseyana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia tridentata* ssp. *wyomingensis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Cowania mexicana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Purshia tridentata* Shrubland Alliance

IV.A.3.\* Microphyllous evergreen seasonally/temporarily flooded
Shrubland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Allenrolfea occidentalis* Shrubland Alliance

IV.A.4 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC EVERGREEN SHRUBLAND

IV.A.4.a Evergreen subdesert shrubland (e.g., cresote bush)

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Encelia farinosa* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Ephedra nevadensis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Ephedra nevadensis*‑*Ephedra viridis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Ephedra viridis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Eriogonum fasciculatum* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Larrea tridentata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Mortonia scabrella* Shrubland Alliance

IV.B. *DECIDUOUS SHRUBLAND (SCRUB)*

IV.B.1 DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS SHRUBLAND

IV.B.2 COLD-DECIDUOUS SHRUBLAND

IV.B.2.a Temperate deciduous shrubland (e.g., serviceberry, some oaks)

> [EAST]{.underline}

*Myrica pensylvanica*-*Prunus maritima* Shrubland Alliance

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Quercus alba* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Quercus ilicifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Quercus stellata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Vaccinium vacillans* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Amelanchier alnifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia filifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Atriplex confertifolia*‑(*Sarcobatis vermiculatus*) Shrubland
> Alliance
>
> *Betula occidentalis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Cercocarpus montanus* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Cornus racemosa*‑*C. drummondii*‑*Rhus glabra* Shrubland Alliance?
>
> *Corylus americana*‑*Rhus* spp.‑*Salix humilis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Malus ioensis*‑*Crataegus* spp. Shrubland Alliance?
>
> *Pentaphylloides floribunda* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides*‑*Quercus* spp.‑*Salix* spp. Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Prunus americana* Shrubland Alliance?
>
> *Quercus marilandica* scrub Alliance
>
> *Shepherdia argentea* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Symphoricarpos occidentalis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Acer glabrum* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Amelanchier alnifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Amelanchier utahensis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia cana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia cana* ssp. *viscidula* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia filifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Betula glandulosa* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Celtis reticulata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Cercocarpus montanus* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Crataegus douglasii* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Elaeagnus commutata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Glossopetalon nevadense* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Juglans major* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Juglans microcarpa* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Physocarpus malvaceus* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Potentilla fruticosa* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Quercus gambelii* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Quercus undulata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rhus aromatica* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rhus glabra* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rhus virens* var. *choriophylla* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Ribes cereum* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Robinia neomexicana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rubus parviflorus* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Spiraea douglasii* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Symphoricarpos albus* Shrubland Alliance

IV.B.2.b Subalpine or subpolar deciduous shrubland (e.g., willow, alder)

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Rhamnus alnifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix brachycarpa* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix glauca* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix pseudomonticola* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Vaccinium* spp. *caespitosum*‑*scoparium* Shrubland Alliance

IV.B.2.c Deciduous seasonally/temporarily flooded shrubland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Alnus* (*incana*, *serrulata*) Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Betula nigra* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix nigra* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Alnus serrulata* Seasonally/temporarily Flooded Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix caroliniana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Salix* spp. (*S. exigua*) Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix* spp. Shrubland Alliance Shrub Prairie
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Alnus incana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Alnus oblongifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Alnus sinuata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Alnus* spp. Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Baccharis sarothroides* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Betula occidentalis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Celtis reticulata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Chilopsis linearis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Cornus sericea* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Crataegus succulenta* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Forestiera pubescens* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Hymenoclea monogyra* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Philadelphus lewisii* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Physocarpus malvaceus* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Prunus virginiana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Ribes lacustre* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rosa woodsii* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix bebbiana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix boothii* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix candida* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix commutata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix drummondiana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix eastwoodiae* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix exigua* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix geyeriana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix hookeriana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix irrorata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix lasiandra* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix lasiolepis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix ligulifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix lutea* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix monticola* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix planifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix rigida* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Shepherdia argentea* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Symphoricarpos occidentalis* Shrubland Alliance

IV.B.2.d Deciduous seasonally flooded/saturated shrubland (e.g.,
blueberry-azalea thickets)

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Alnus incana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Alnus serrulata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix bebbiana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix* spp.‑*Cornus sericea* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Betula occidentalis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix wolfii* Shrubland Alliance

IV.B.2.e Deciduous saturated shrubland (e.g. on peat)

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Alnus serrulata* Saturated Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Asimina triloba* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Cornus* spp.‑*Rhus* spp.‑*Vaccinium* spp. Saturated Shrubland
> Alliance
>
> *Cornus* spp.‑*Salix* spp. Saturated Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix* spp.‑*Betula* *pumila* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Salix brachycarpa* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix geyeriana* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Vaccinium occidentale* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Vaccinium uliginosum* Shrubland Alliance

IV.B.2.f Deciduous semipermanently flooded shrubland (e.g., butonbush
thickets)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Cephalanthus occidentalis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Cornus* (*sericea*/*amomum*)-*Pentaphylloides floribunda* Shrublands
> (Shrub fens): see *Pentaphylloides floribunda*-*Carex* spp. Sparse
> Shrubland Alliance

*Decodon verticillatus* Shrubland Alliance

*Vaccinium corymbosum* Shrubland Alliance

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Cephalanthus occidentalis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Cephalanthus occidentalis* Shrubland Alliance

IV.B.2.g Saltwater-tidal irregularly flooded shrubland (e.g., high tide
bush)

> [EAST]{.underline}

*Baccharis halimifolia*-*Iva frutescens* Shrubland Alliance

IV.B.3.\* Freshwater-tidal irregularly flooded shrubland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Alnus* (*incana*, *serrulata*)-*Cornus amomum* Shrubland Alliance

IV.B.3 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC DECIDUOUS SHRUBLAND

IV.B.3.a Deciduous subdesert shrubland without succulents

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Acacia neovernicosa* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Eriogonum corymbosum* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Grayia spinosa* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Psorothamnus polydenius* var. *polydenius* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rhus microphylla* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Sarcobatus vermiculatus* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Sarcobatus vermiculatus* var. *baileyi* Shrubland Alliance

IV.B.3.\* Deciduous seasonally/temporarily flooded subdesert Shrubland

> [WEST]{.underline}

*Acacia greggii* Shrubland Alliance

*Sarcobatus vermiculatus* Wetland Shrubland Alliance

IV.C. *MIXED EVERGREEN-DECIDUOUS SHRUBLAND (SCRUB)*

IV.C.1 MIXED EVERGREEN - DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS SHRUBLAND

IV.C.2 MIXED EVERGREEN - COLD-DECIDUOUS SHRUBLAND

IV.C.2.\* Mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous shrubland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Gaylussacia brachycera*-*Vaccinium arboreum* Shrubland Alliance

IV.C.3 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC MIXED EVERGREEN - DECIDUOUS SHRUBLAND

IV.C.3.a Deciduous subdesert shrubland with succulents (e.g., palo
verde)

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Cercidium floridum* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Cercidium microphyllum* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Fouquieria splendens* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Lycium berlandieri* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Prosopis glandulosa* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Prosopis pubescens* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Prosopis velutina* Shrubland Alliance

IV.C.3.b Facultatively deciduous subdesert shrubland (e.g., saltbush)

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Aloysia wrightii* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Atriplex canescens* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Atriplex confertifolia* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Atriplex cuneata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Atriplex hymenelytra* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Atriplex polycarpa* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Ceratoides lanata* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Chrysothamnus albidus* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Chrysothamnus nauseosus* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Chrysothamnys parryi* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Coleogyne ramosissima* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Encelia virginensis* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Flourensia cernua* Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Poliomintha incana* Shrubland Alliance

IV.C.3.c Mixed evergreen - deciduous subdesert shrubland

V. **SPARSE SHRUBLAND (SCRUB)**

V.A. *EVERGREEN SPARSE SHRUBLAND (SCRUB)*

V.A.1 BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN SPARSE SHRUBLAND WITH A DOMINANT HERBACEOUS
STRATUM

V.A.1.a Broad-leaved evergreen sparse shrubland with tall graminoids

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Yucca glauca* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.A.1.b Broad-leaved evergreen sparse shrubland with medium tall
graminoids (including tuft shrubs)

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Purshia tridentata* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Yucca glauca* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Kalmia latifolia*/*Schizachyrium scoparium* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Serenoa repens* Upland Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.A.1.c Broad-leaved evergreen sparse shrubland with short graminoids

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Bouteloua eriopoda* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Carex Stenophylla* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Eriogonum spp.* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.A.1.d Broad-leaved evergreen saturated sparse shrubland with tall
graminoids

V.A.1.e Broad-leaved evergreen saturated sparse shrubland with medium
tall graminoids

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Ilex* (*glabra, coriacea*) Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.A.2 NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN SPARSE SHRUBLAND WITH A DOMINANT
HERBACEOUS STRATUM

V.A.2.a Needle-leaved evergreen sparse shrubland with medium tall
graminoids

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Muhlenbergia Setifolia* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus Cryptandrus* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus nealleyi* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.A.2.\* Cold‑deciduous Sparse Shrubland with Tall Graminoids

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Leymus cinereus* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.A.3 MICROPHYLLOUS EVERGREEN SPARSE SHRUBLAND WITH A DOMINANT
HERBACEOUS STRATUM

V.A.3.a Microphyllous evergreen sparse shrubland with tall graminoids

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia tridentata* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.A.3.b Microphyllous evergreen sparse shrubland with medium tall
graminoids

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia longifolia* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia tridentata* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia* *tridentata* ssp. *vaseyana* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia tridentata* ssp. *wyomingensis* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia tripartita* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia tripartita* ssp. *rupicola* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Hilaria mutica* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Hilaria rigida* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Muhlenbergia setfolia* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus cryptandrus* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus nealleyi* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.A.3.c Microphyllous evergreen sparse shrubland with short graminoids

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia tridentata* ssp. *wyomingensis* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Bouteloua eriopoda* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Bouteloua gracilis* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.A.3.d Tropical alpine evergreen tuft plant sparse shrubland with short
bunch graminoids (e.g., Paramo)

V.A.3.e Tropical or subtropical alpine evergreen sparse shrubland with
short bunch graminoids (e.g., Puna)

V.A.4 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC EVERGREEN SPARSE SHRUBLAND WITH A DOMINANT
HERBACEOUS STRATUM

V.A.4.a Evergreen sparse shrubland with medium tall graminoids (e.g.
Larrea tridentata/Hilaria mutica)

V.B. *DECIDUOUS SPARSE SHRUBLAND (scrub)*

V.B.1 DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS SPARSE SHRUBLAND WITH A DOMINANT HERBACEOUS
STRATUM

V.B.1.a Drought-deciduous thorny sparse shrubland with medium tall
graminoids (grasses may be 1\>m - needs review)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Myrica pensylvanica*-*Schizachyrium scoparium* Sparse Shrubland
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Prosopis glandulosa* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.B.1.b Drought-deciduous thorny sparse shrubland with short graminoids

V.B.2 COLD-DECIDUOUS SPARSE SHRUBLAND WITH A DOMINANT HERBACEOUS STRATUM

V.B.2.a Cold-deciduous sparse shrubland with tall graminoids

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Corylus americana*‑(*Rubus* spp.) Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides*‑*Quercus* spp. Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia filifolia* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rhus aromatica* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.B.2.b Cold-deciduous sparse shrubland with medium tall graminoids

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Rhus aromatica* Sparse Shrubland Alliance?
>
> *Sarcobatus vermiculatus* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Yucca glauca* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia cana* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia cana* ssp. *cana* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia filifolia* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Cercocarpus montanus* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Festuca idahoensis* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Potentilla fruticosa* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rhus aromatica* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Rhus glabra* Sparse Shrubland *Alliance*
>
> *Sarcobatus vermiculatus* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.B.2.c Cold-deciduous sparse shrubland with short graminoids

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia cana* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.B.2.d Cold-deciduous saturated sparse shrubland with medium tall
graminoids (e.g., shrub/herb fen)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Alnus serrulata*/*Sanguisorba canadense* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Chamaedaphne calyculata*-*Carex lasiocarpa* Sparse shrubland Alliance
>
> *Pentaphylloides floribunda*-*Carex* (*flava*, *interior*, *sterilis*,
> *lasiocarpa*) Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Physocarpus opulifolius*-*Calamagrostis canadensis* Sparse Shrubland
> Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Alnus serrulata*/*Carex crinita* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Alnus serrulata*/*Carex crinita* Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Pentaphylloides floribunda*‑*Carex* spp. Sparse Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix petiolaris*‑*Carex* spp. Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.B.2.\* Cold-deciduous saturated sparse shrubland with tall graminoids

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Myrica cerifera* Sparse Wetland Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Physocarpus opulifolius*/*Calamagrostis canadensis* Sparse Shrubland
> Alliance

V.B.3 COLD-DECIDUOUS SPARSE SHRUBLAND WITH A SPARSELY VEGETATED GROUND
LAYER

V.B.3.a Cold-deciduous sparse shrubland on rocky substrate

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Kalmia latifolia*-*Schizachyrium scoparium*-*Helianthemum bicknellii*
> Sparse shrubland Alliance

V.B.4 EXTREMELY XEROMOROPHIC EVERGREEN SPARSE SHRUBLAND (LOWER STRATA
UNDEFINED)

V.C. *MIXED EVERGREEN-DECIDUOUS SPARSE SHRUBLAND (SCRUB)*

V.C.1 MIXED EVERGREEN - DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS SPARSE SHRUBLAND WITH A
DOMINANT HERBACEOUS STRATUM

V.C.2 BROAD-LEAVED SEMI-EVERGREEN SPARSE SHRUBLAND WITH A DOMINANT
HERBACEOUS STRATUM

V.C.2.a Broad-leaved semi-evergreen sparse shrubland with tall
graminoids

V.C.2.b Broad-leaved semi-evergreen sparse shrubland with medium tall
graminoids

V.C.2.c Broad-leaved semi-evergreen sparse shrubland with short
graminoids

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Chrysothamnus nauseosus* Sparse Shrubland Alliance

V.C.3 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC MIXED EVERGREEN - DECIDUOUS SPARSE SHRUBLAND

VI\. **DWARF SHRUBLAND (DWARF-SCRUB)**

VI.A. *EVERGREEN DWARF SHRUBLAND (DWARF-SCRUB)*

VI.A.1 NEEDLE-LEAVED AND MICROPHYLLOUS EVERGREEN

DWARF-SHRUBLAND

VI.A.1.a Needle-leaved and microphyllous evergreen caespitose
dwarf-shrubland (e.g., alpine azalea)

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Ambrosia dumosa* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance

VI.A.1.b Needle-leaved and microphyllous evergreen creeping or matted
dwarf-shrubland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Hudsonia* (*tomentosa*, *ericoides*) Dwarf Shrubland Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Juniperus horizontalis* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Arctostaphylos uva-ursi* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Juniperus horizontalis* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance

VI.A.1.c Needle-leaved and microphyllous evergreen cushion
dwarf-shrubland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Cassiope mertensiana* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Empetrum nigrum* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Eriogonum ovalifolium* var. *depressum* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Phyllodoce empetriformis* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Phyllodoce glanduliflora* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance

VI.A.1.d Needle-leaved and microphyllous evergreen caespitose saturated
dwarf-shrubland (e.g., dwarf shrub bogs)

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Chamaedaphne calyculata‑Andromeda glaucophylla Dwarf‑Shrubland
> Alliance*

VI.A.1.e Needle-leaved and microphyllous evergreen creeping or matted
saturated dwarf-shrubland

VI.A.1.\* Needle‑leaved and microphyllous evergreen cushion saturated
dwarf-shrubland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Kalmia microphylla* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance

VI.A.1.\* Broad-leaved evergreen dwarf shrubland

VI.A.1.\* Broad-leaved evergreen saturated dwarf shrubland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Chamaedaphne calyculata* Dwarf Shrub Alliance

VI.A.2 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC EVERGREEN DWARF-SHRUBLAND

VI.A.2.a Evergreen subdesert dwarf-shrubland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia pygmaea* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance

VI.B. *DECIDUOUS DWARF-SHRUBLAND*

VI.B.1 DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS DWARF-SHRUBLAND

VI.B.1.a Drought-deciduous caespitose dwarf-shrubland

VI.B.1.b Drought-deciduous creeping or matted dwarf-shrubland

VI.B.1.c Drought-deciduous cushion dwarf-shrubland

VI.B.2 COLD-DECIDUOUS DWARF-SHRUBLAND

VI.B.2.a Cold-deciduous caespitose dwarf-shrubland

> (*Diapensia lapponica* dwarf-shrubland see *Carex bigelowii*-*Juncus
> trifidus* Herbaceous Alliance)
>
> *Vaccinium* (*myrtilloides*, *vacillans*, *angustifolium*)
> Dwarf-Shrubland Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Baccharis pilularis* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Vaccinium deliciosum* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Vaccinium membranaceum* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance

VI.B.2.b Cold-deciduous creeping or matted dwarf-shrubland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Salix arctica* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix cascadensis* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix nivalis* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salix reticulata* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance

VI.B.2.c Cold-deciduous cushion dwarf-shrubland

VI.B.2.d Cold-deciduous saturated dwarf-shrubland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Gaylussacia baccata* (*dumosa*) Dwarf-Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Vaccinium macrocarpon* Dwarf-Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Vaccinium uliginosum* Dwarf-Shrubland Alliance

VI.B.3 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC DECIDUOUS DWARF-SHRUBLAND

VI.B.3.a Deciduous subdesert dwarf-shrubland without succulents

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia pedatifida* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia spinescens* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Salvia dorrii* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance

VI.C *MIXED EVERGREEN-DECIDUOUS DWARF-SHRUBLAND (DWARF SCRUB)*

VI.C.1 MIXED EVERGREEN - DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS DWARF-SHRUBLAND

VI.C.1.a Facultatively drought-deciduous dwarf-shrubland

VI.C.1.b Mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland

VI.C.2 MIXED EVERGREEN- COLD-DECIDUOUS DWARF-SHRUBLAND

VI.C.2.a Mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland

VI.C.3 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC MIXED EVERGREEN - DECIDUOUS DWARF-SHRUBLAND

VI.C.3.a Deciduous subdesert dwarf-shrubland with succulents

VI.C.3.b Facultatively deciduous subdesert dwarf-shrubland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Atriplex corrugata* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Atriplex gardneri* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Atriplex obovata* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Eriogonum sphaerocephalum* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Eriogonum thymoides* Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance

VI.C.3.c Mixed evergreen - deciduous subdesert shrubland

VI.A.3.\* Microphyllous evergreen saturated dwarf-shrubland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Empetrum nigrum* Dwarf Shrub Alliance

VII\. **SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND (SPARSE DWARF-SCRUB)**

VII.A. *EVERGREEN SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND (SPARSE DWARF-SHRUB)*

VII.A.1 NEEDLE-LEAVED AND MICROPHYLLOUS EVERGREEN SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND
WITH A DOMINANT HERBACEOUS STRATUM

VII.A.1.a Needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen sparse
dwarf-shrubland with medium tall graminoids

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia arbuscula* Sparse Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia longiloba* Sparse Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia nova* Sparse Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia pedatifida* Sparse Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance
>
> *Artemisia rigida* Sparse Dwarf‑Shrubland Alliance

VII.A.1.b Needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen sparse
dwarf-shrubland with short bunch graminoids (e.g., Puna of Oruru
Bolivia)

VII.A.1.c Temperate or subpolar alpine and subalpine needle-leaved or
microphyllous evergreen sparse dwarf-shrub meadows

VII.A.1.d Needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen seasonally
flooded/saturated sparse dwarf-shrubland with short bunch graminoids
(e.g., mixed shrub/sedge tussock tundra)

VII.A.2 NEEDLE-LEAVED AND MICROPHYLLOUS EVERGREEN SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND
WITH A DOMINANT NON-VASCULAR STRATUM

VII.A.2.a Needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen caespitose saturated
sparse dwarf-shrubland

VII.A.2.b Needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen creeping or matted
saturated sparse dwarf-shrubland

VII.A.2.c Needle-leaved or microphyllous sparse dwarf-shrubland with
lichens (wetland?)

VII.A.3 NEEDLE-LEAVED AND MICROPHYLLOUS EVERGREEN SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND
WITH A SPARSELY VEGETATED STRATUM

VII.A.3.a Needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen sparse
dwarf-shrubland with rocky cover (e.g., alpine)

VII.A.3.b Needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen intermittently
flooded sparse dwarf-shrubland on semi-arid alluvial substrate

VII.A.\* Broad-leaved evergreen sparse dwarf-shrubland with a dominant
herbaceous stratum

VII.A.\*. Broad-leaved evergreen sparse dwarf shrubland with medium-tall
graminoids

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Sibbaldiopsis tridentata*/*Danthonia compressa* Sparse Dwarf
> Shrubland Alliance

VII.B. *DECIDUOUS SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND (SPARSE DWARF-SCRUB)*

VII.B.1 DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND WITH A DOMINANT
HERBACEOUS STRATUM

VII.B.1.a Drought deciduous sparse dwarf-shrubland with medium tall
graminoids (e.g., Artemisia pedatafida)

VII.B.2 COLD-DECIDUOUS SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND WITH A DOMINANT HERBACEOUS
STRATUM

VII.B.2.a Cold-deciduous seasonally flooded/saturated sparse
dwarf-shrubland with graminoids (height?) (e.g., sedge tundra)

VII.B.3 EXTREMELY XEROMORPHIC DECIDUOUS SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND (LOWER
STRATA UNDEFINED)

VII.C. *MIXED EVERGREEN - DECIDUOUS SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND (SCRUB)*

VII.C.1 MIXED EVERGREEN - DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND WITH
A DOMINANT HERBACEOUS STRATUM

VII.C.1.a Facultatively drought-deciduous sparse dwarf-shrubland

(herbaceous strata undefined)

VII.C.2 MIXED EVERGREEN - COLD-DECIDUOUS SPARSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND WITH A
DOMINANT HERBACEOUS STRATUM

VIII\. **HERBACEOUS**

VIII.A. *TALL GRASSLAND (GRAMINOIDS)*

VIII.A.1 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL TALL GRASSLAND

(graminoids can be \>2m)

VIII.A.1.a Tropical and subtropical tall grassland

VIII.A.1.b Tropical and subtropical seasonally flooded tall grassland

VIII.A.1.c Tropical and subtropical semipermanently flooded tall
grassland (e.g., Everglades)

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Cladium mariscus* ssp. *jamaicense* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.A.2 TEMPERATE (AND SUBPOLAR?) TALL GRASSLAND

VIII.A.2.a Dense tall grassland (\>60% cover) (including sod or mixed
sod-bunch graminoids; e.g., tallgrass prairie)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Andropogon geradii*-*Sorgastrum nutans* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Andropogon gerardii*-*Sorghastrum nutans* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Andropogon gerardii*-*Panicum virgatum* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Schizachyrium scoparium*-*Andropogon glomeratus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Schizachyrium scoparium*-*Sorghastrum nutans* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus silveanus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Tripsacum dactyloides*-*Panicum virgatum* Upland Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Andropogon gerardii*-*Panicum virgatum* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Andropogon gerardii*‑(*Sorghastrum nutans*) Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Andropogon hallii* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Calamovilfa longifolia* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Schizachyrium scoparium*‑*Sorghastrum nutans* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Andropogon gerardii*‑(*Sorghastrum nutans*) Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Andropogon hallii* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Calamovilfa longifolia* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.A.2.b Open tall grassland (\<60% cover)

(including sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids)

VIII.A.2.c Tall bunch grassland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Leymus cinereus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Panicum virgatum* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus wrightii* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.A.2.d Seasonally/temporarily flooded tall grassland (e.g., low
prairie, meadow)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Calamagrostis canadensis*-*Phalaris arundinacea* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Juncus balticus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex trichocarpa*-*Lysimachia quadriflora*-*Lythrum alatum*
> Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex walteriana* Seasonally/temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Panicum hemitomon* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Spartina pectinata* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Calamagrostis* spp.‑ *Carex* spp. Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex lacustris*‑*Carex atherodes* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Cyperus* spp. Herbaceous Alliance?
>
> *Phalaris arundinacea* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Polygonus* spp.‑*Echinochloa* spp.‑*Distichlis stricta* Herbaceous
> Alliance
>
> *Scirpus* spp.‑*Typha* spp.‑*Juncus* spp. Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Spartina pectinata*‑*Carex* spp.‑*Calamagrostis* spp. Herbaceous
> Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Phalaris arundinacea* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Phragmites australis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Spartina pectinata* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.A.2.e Semipermanently flooded tall grassland (e.g., cattail marsh)

> [EAST]{.underline}

*Typha latifolia* Herbaceous Alliance

*Scirpus* spp. Herbaceous Alliance

*Scirpus* (*robustus*/*maritimus*) Herbaceous Alliance

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Phragmites australis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Scirpus* spp.-*Typha* spp.-*Sparganium* spp.-*Juncus* spp. Herbaceous
> Alliance
>
> *Typha latifolia* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Phragmites australis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Scirpus acutus*‑*S. validus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Scirpus maritimus*-*S. acutus*‑*S. fluviatilis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Scirpus* spp.‑*Typha* spp.‑*Sparganium* spp.‑*Juncus* spp. Herbaceous
> Alliance
>
> *Typha* spp. Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Zizania* spp. (*aquatica*, *palustris*) Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.A.2.f Saturated tall grassland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex interior*-*Carex lurida* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex walteriana* Saturated Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Ctenium aromaticum*-*Muhlenbergia capillaris* var. *trichopodes*
> Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Andropogon gerardii*-*Carex* spp. Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Calamagrostis canadensis*‑*Carex* Wide‑Leaved spp.
> (*lacustris*‑*stricta*) Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Typha* spp. Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.A.2 g Brackish-tidal regularly flooded tall grassland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Typha angustifolia*-*Hibiscus palustris* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Spartina cynosuroides* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Phragmites australis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Spartina alterniflora*-*Lilaeopsis chinensis* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.A.2.h Freshwater-tidal regularly flooded tall grassland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Zizania aquatica* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.A.2.i Saltwater-tidal regularly flooded tall grassland (e.g., big
cordgrass marsh)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Spartina alterniflora* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Juncus roemerianus* Saline Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Spartina alterniflora* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.A.2.\* Brackish-tidal irregularly flooded tall grassland

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Juncus roemerianus* Brackish/Intermediate Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Spartina patens*-*Juncus roemerianus* Brackish Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.B. *MEDIUM TALL GRASSLAND* (graminoids)

VIII.B.1 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL MEDIUM TALL GRASSLAND

VIII.B.2 TEMPERATE AND SUBPOLAR MEDIUM TALL GRASSLAND

VIII.B.2.a Dense medium tall grassland (\>60% cover) (including sod or
mixed sod-bunch graminoids; e.g., mixedgrass prairie)

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Elymus lanceolatus* (*Agropyron dasystachyum*)‑*Koeleria macrantha*
> Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Festuca scabrella* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Muhlenbergia cuspidata* Herbaceous Alliance?
>
> *Pascopyrum* (*Agropyron*) *Smithii*-*Stipa comata* Herbaceous
> Alliance
>
> *Poa* spp.‑*Sporobolus* spp. Montane Herbaceous Alliance?
>
> *Schizachyrium scoparium*-*Boutelous curtipendula* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Schizachyrium scoparium*‑*Sporobolus cryptandrus*‑*Cyperus
> schweinitzii* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus heterolepis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Stipa comata*‑*Bouteloua gracilis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Stipa curtiseta*‑*Elymus lanceolatus* (*Agropyron dasystachyum*)
> Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.B.2.b Open medium tall grassland (\<60% cover) (including sod or
mixed sod-bunch graminoids; e.g., glades and dune grasslands)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Dactylis glomerata*-*Rumex acetosella* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Danthonia compressa* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Ammophila breviligulata* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Schizachyrium scoparium*-(*Aristida* spp.) Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Schizachyrium scoparium*-*Bouteloua curtipendula* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Schizachyrium scoparium*-*Sporobolus* (*asper*-*heterolepis*)
> Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus flexuosus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Schizachurium scoparium*‑(*Aristida* spp.) Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Schizachyrium scoparium*‑*Bouteloua curtipendula*‑(*Ophioglossum
> engelmannii*) Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Agrostis stolonifera* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Calamagrostis canadensis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Elymus glaucus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Elymus hirsutus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Festuca rubra* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Glyceria borealis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Panicum obtusum* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Pascopyrum smithii* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.B.2.c Medium tall bunch grassland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Aristida longiseta* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Bouteloua curtipendula* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex hoodii* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Danthonia californica* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Festuca arizonica* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Festuca idahoensis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Festuca scabrella* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Festuca thurberi* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Festuca viridula* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Hilaria mutica* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Leymus ambiguus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Muhlenbergia emersleyi* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Muhlenbergia montana* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Oryzopsis hymenoides* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Panicum bulbosum* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Poa cusickii* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Poa nervosa* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Poa nevadensis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Poa palustris* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Pseudoroegneria spicata* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Schizachurium scoparium* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus airoides* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus flexuosus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus nealleyi* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Stipa comata* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Stipa nelsonii* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Stipa neomexicana* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Stipa richardsonii* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Stipa viridula* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.B.2.d Seasonally/temporarily flooded medium tall grassland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex striata* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex stricta* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Cladium mariscoides* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Deschampsia cespitosa* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Dulichium arundinaceum* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Rhynchospora macrostachya* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus heterolepis*-Eleocharis compressa Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex torta* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex stricta*‑*Carex* spp. (*aquatilis*,*rostrata*) Herbaceous
> Alliance
>
> *Eleocharis melanocarpa*‑*Rhynchospora macrostachya* Herbaceous
> Alliance
>
> *Distichlis spicata*‑(*Hordeum jubatum*) Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Salicornia rubra* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Scirpus maritimus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Agrostis scabra* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Deschampsia cespitosa* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Leymus triticoides* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Panicum bulbosum* Herbaceous Wetland Alliance
>
> *Spartina gracilis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus airoides* Wetland Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Sporobolus flexuosus* Wetland Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.B.2.e Semipermanently flooded medium tall grassland (e.g., sedge
meadows)

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex crinita*‑*Osmunda* spp.‑*Sphagnum* spp. Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex interior*‑*Carex lurida* Herbaceous Alliance?
>
> *Carex lanuginosa*‑(*C. nebrascensis*)‑*Scirpus* spp. Herbaceous
> Alliance
>
> *Carex oligosperma*‑*C. lasiocarpa* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex rostrata* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Scirpus americanus* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Scirpus pungens* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.B.2.f Saturated medium tall grassland (e.g., fens, seeps)

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Cladium mariscoides* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Rhynchospora gracilenta* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.B.2.g Saltwater-tidal regularly flooded medium tall grasslands

(e.g., saltwater cordgrass)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Panicum virgatum* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.B.2.h Brackish-tidal regularly flooded medium tall grassland (e.g.,
black needle rush)

VIII.B.3 POLAR MEDIUM TALL GRASSLAND

VIII.B.3.a Saturated medium tall grassland with non-vascular plants
(e.g., sedge/moss tundra)

VIII.C. *SHORT GRASSLAND (GRAMINOIDS)*

VIII.C.1 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL SHORT GRASSLAND

VIII.C.1.a Tropical alpine short bunch grassland (e.g., Super-paramo)

VIII.C.1.b Tropical or subtropical (wetland) short grassland

VIII.C.2 TEMPERATE AND SUBPOLAR SHORT GRASSLAND

VIII.C.2.a Dense short grassland (\>60% cover) (including sod or mixed
sod-bunch graminoids, e.g., short grass prairie)

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Bouteloua gracilis*‑*Buchloe dactyloides* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.C.2.b Open short grassland (\<60% cover) (including sod or mixed
sod-bunch graminoids)

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> (*Agropyron caninum*)‑*Festuca rubra*‑(*Koeleria macrantha*)
> Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Agropyron dasystachyum* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Bouteloua eriopoda* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Bouteloua gracilis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Bouteloua hirsuta* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex douglasii* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Hilaria jamesii* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Muhlenbergia filiculmis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Poa secunda* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.C.2.c Short bunch grassland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex straminiformis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Danthonia intermedia* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Danthonia parryi* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Puccinellia nuttalliana* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Stipa lemmonii* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.C.2.d Alpine and subalpine meadows rich in forbs

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex aperta* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex aquatilis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex breweri* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex buxbaumii* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex capitata* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Festuca ovina* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.C.2.e Saltwater-tidal irregularly flooded short grassland (e.g.,
salt meadows)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Spartina patens* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.C.2.\* Alpine and subalpine short grassland

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex bigelowii*-*Juncus trifidus* Alliance
>
> *Scirpus cespitosus* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.C.2.\* Saturated short grassland

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex microptera* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Carex saxatilis* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Distichlis spicata* var. *stricta*‑(*Hordeum jubatum*) Herbaceous
> Alliance
>
> *Hordeum jubatum* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Muhlenbergia asperifolia* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.C.3 POLAR SHORT GRASSLAND

VIII.C.3.a Polar dense short grassland (\>60% cover) (including sod or
mixed sod-bunch grassland; e.g., spd grass tundra)

VIII.C.3.b Polar short bunch grassland (e.g. Eriophorum tussok tundra)

VIII.C.3.c Polar seasonally flooded/saturated dense short grassland

VIII.C.3.d Polar seasonally flooded/saturated short bunch grassland

VIII.D. *TALL FORB VEGETATION*

VIII.D.1 PERENNIAL TALL FORB VEGETATION (dominated by perennial plants)

VIII.D.1.a Perennial tall forb vegetation (e.g., tall forb meadows, Utah
mountains)

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Pteridiub aquilinum*-*Bromus kalmii* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.D.1.b Tall fern thickets

VIII.D.1.c Semipermanently flooded perennial tall forb vegetation

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Justicia americana* Herbaceous Alliance??
>
> Temporary Pond

VIII.D.1.d Saturated perennial tall forb vegetation

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Symplocarpus foetidus*‑*Caltha* palustris Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.D.1.e Saltwater-tidal semipermanently flooded perennial tall forb
vegetation

VIII.D.2 ANNUAL TALL FORB VEGETATION

(DOMINATED BY ANNUAL SPECIES)

VIII.E. *LOW FORB VEGETATION*

VIII.E.1 PERENNIAL LOW FORB VEGETATION (dominated by perennial plans)

VIII.E.1.a Perennial low forb vegetation (e.g., Aleutian forb meadows)

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Phlox subulata*-*Solidago simplex* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Bigelowia nuttallii* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.E.1.b Saltwater-tidal semipermanently flooded perennial low forb
vegetation (e.g., Salicornia saltpan)

VIII.E.1.c Seasonally flooded perennial low forb vegetation (e.g., pond
shores)

VIII.E.1.\* Freshwater tidal regularly flooded perennial forb vegetation

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Pontederia cordata*-*Peltandra virginica* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Eriocaulon parkeri* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.E.1.\* Saltwater tidal regularly/irregularly flooded low perennial
forb vegetation

> [EAST]{.underline}

*Salicornia*-*Spartina alterniflora* (short form) Herbaceous Alliance

> *Cakile edentula* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.E.1.\* Brackish tidal regularly/irregularly flooded low perennial
forb vegetation

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Amaranthus cannabinus* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.E.1.\* Saturated perennial short forb vegetation

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Vittaria appalachiana* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.E.2. ANNUAL LOW FORB VEGETATION (dominated by annual species)

VIII.E.2.a Tropical and subtropical ephemeral annual low forb vegetation

VIII.E.2.b Desert or subdesert ephemeral or episodic annual low forb
vegetation

VIII.E.2.c Intermittently exposed annual low forb vegetation

VIII.E.2.\* Seasonally flooded annual low forb vegetation

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Gratiola aurea*-*Rhexia virginica* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Eleocharis robbinsii*-*Proserpinaca pectinata* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Tofieldia glutinosa*-*Spiranthes* spp. Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Chysosplenium americanum*-*Nasturtium officinale* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.F. *HYDROMORPHIC ROOTED VEGETATION*

VIII.F.1 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL HYDROMORPHIC ROOTED VEGETATION WITHOUT
SEASONAL CONTRASTS

VIII.F.2.\* Freshwater hydromorphic rooted vegetation

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Nuphar lutea* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Potamogeton perfoliatus*-*Vallisneria americana* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.F.2.\* Tidal saltwater (polyhaline) permanently flooded
hydromorphic vegetation

> [EAST]{.underline}
>
> *Zostera marina* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Ruppia maritima* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Potamogeton pectinatus*-*Zannichellia palustris* Herbaceous Alliance

VIII.F.2 TEMPERATE, SUBPOLAR AND POLAR HYDROMORPHIC ROOTED VEGETATION
WITH SEASONAL CONTRASTS

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Nelumbo* spp.‑*Nymphaea* spp. Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Potamoegton* spp.‑*Ceratophyllum* spp.‑*Elodea* spp. Herbaceous
> Alliance
>
> *Ruppia maritima* Herbaceous Alliance
>
> *Vallisneria americana* Herbaceous Alliance?

VIII.F.2.x. Temperate hydromorphic rooted vegetation with sesonal
contrasts

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Eichhornia crasipes* Herbaceous Alliance

IX\. **SPARSELY VEGETATED/NON-VASCULAR**

IX.A. *SPARSELY VEGETATED CONSOLIDATED ROCKS (cliff and pavement)*

IX.A.1 SPARSELY VEGETATED CLIFFS

IX.A.1.a Cliffs with chasmophytic vegetation. Plant rooting in fissures
of rocks or walls

IX.A.1.b Cliffs with adnate Bromeliaceae (neotropical)

IX.A.1.c Cliffs with sparse to dense non-vascular mats

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Open Bluff/Cliff*
>
> *Rock Outcrop*
>
> *Shaded Inland Bluff/Cliff*
>
> *Wet Cliff*

IX.A.2 SPARSELY VEGETATED PAVEMENT

IX.A.2.a Pavement with chasmophytic vegetation in fissures of rock

IX.A.2.b Pavement with sparse to dense non-vascular mats

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Open Pavement*

IX.B. *SPARSELY VEGETATED GRAVEL, COBBLE, ROCKS*

IX.B.1 COBBLE/GRAVEL ROCKS

IX.B.1.a Cobble/gravel beach

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Cobble/Gravel Shore*
>
> *Gravel Wash*

IX.B.1.b Cobble/gravel pavement

IX.C. *SPARSELY VEGETATED SCREES AND TALUS*

IX.C.1 SPARSELY VEGETATED SCREES

IX.C.1.a Lowland and submontane scree

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Artemisia tridentata* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance

IX.C.1.b Montane scree

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Abies concolor* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Pinus contorta* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Pinus flexilis* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Pinus ponderosa* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Populus tremuloides* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Pseudotsuga menziesii* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance

IX.C.1.c High mountain scree

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Abies lasiocarpa* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Picea engelmannii* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Pinus aristata* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Rubus idaeus* var. *sachalinensis* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance

IX.C.2 SPARSELY VEGETATED TALUS

IX.C.2.a Lowland and submontane talus

IX.C.2.b Mountain talus

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Carex foenea* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Ribes montigenum* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance

IX.D. *SPARSELY VEGETATED SAND ACCUMULATIONS*

IX.D.1 SPARSELY VEGETATED SAND DUNES

IX.D.1.a Tall-grass dune

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Ammophila breviligulata* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance

IX.D.1.b Short-grass dune

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Elymus mollis*‑*Poa macrantha* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Festuca rubra* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance

IX.D.1.c Forb dune (possibily existing)

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Cakile Edentula* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Inland Strand Beach*

IX.D.1.d Shrub dune

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Ambrosia dumosa* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Sarcobatus vermiculatus* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance

IX.D.1.\* Medium tall grass dune

> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Elymus flavescens* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Juncus falcatus* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance
>
> *Oryzopsis hymenoides* Sparsely Vegetated Dune Alliance
>
> *Schizachurium scoparium* var. *neomexicanum* Sparsely Vegetated
> Alliance

IX.D.2 BARE SAND DUNES

IX.D.2.a Shifting dunes in desert climate

IX.D.2.b Shifting dunes in forest climate

IX.D.3 SAND FLATS

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Sand Flat*

IX.E. *TRUE DESERTS (vegetation largely absent)*

IX.F. *SPARSELY VEGETATED MUD FLATS AND ERODING SLOPES*

IX.F.1 SPARSELY VEGETATED MUD FLATS

IX.F.1.a (wetland, non-tidal) mud flat

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Mud Flat*

IX.F.1.b Saltwater-tidal regularly flooded mud flat

IX.F.1.c Brackish-tidal regularly flooded mud flat

IX.F.1.d Freshwater-tidal regularly flooded mud flat

IX.F.2 ERODING SLOPES

IX.F.2.a Lake/river bluff eroding slope

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Small Eroding Cliffs/Banks*
>
> *Eroding Clay Slopes*

IX.F.2.b Large eroding slope (e.g., Badlands)

> [MIDWEST]{.underline}
>
> *Large Eroding Cliffs*
>
> [WEST]{.underline}
>
> *Oryzopsis hymenoides* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance

X.A.1.\* Cliffs with chasmophytic vegetation\--Plants rooting in
fissures of rocks or walls

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Celtis tenuifolia*-*Rhus aromatica* Sparsely Vegetated/Nonvascular
> Alliance
>
> *Sedum nuttallianum* Sparsely Vegetated/Nonvascular Alliance

X.D.3.\* Saltwater tidal irregularly flooded sand flats

> [SOUTHEAST]{.underline}
>
> *Salicornia bigelovii*-*Salicornia virginica* Sparsely
> Vegetated/Nonvascular Alliance

APPENDIX 11.2 Examples of Community Descriptions

***Quercus alba*-*Carya ovata*/(*Ostrya virginiana*) Forest**

COMMON NAME White oak-Shagbark hickory/(Ironwood) Forest

SYNONYM White oak-Hickory Forest

TNC SYSTEM Terrestrial

PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASS Forest

PHYSIOGNOMIC SUBCLASS Deciduous forest

FORMATION GROUP Cold-deciduous forest

FORMATION Lowland and submontane broad‑leaved cold‑deciduous forest

ALLIANCE *Quercus alba*-*Quercus rubra*-(*Carya* *ovata*) Forest

CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENCE LEVEL 2

RANGE

This community is found in E Kansas, SE Nebraska, W Iowa, and N
Missouri. In Nebraska, it is most abundant on the bluffs of the Missouri
River as far north as Omaha. It occurs on flat uplands in central Iowa
and along the lower courses of tributaries of the Missouri River, such
as the Nemaha River, Platte River, and Weeping Water Creek. In the
extreme SE corner of the state, it may extend as far as 35 km west of
the Missouri River on uplands; this distance gradually decreases as one
moves north.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

*Quercus alba*-(*Carya ovata*)/(*Ostrya virginiana*) Forest occurs on
gentle to moderately steep slopes on uplands and on steep valley sides.
In Iowa, this type is typically found on flat uplands. This community
does not flood or have saturated soils. Soils are silt, clay, or loam,
moderately deep to deep, and somewhat poorly drained to well drained.
The parent material is loess, glacial till, limestone, shale, or
sandstone.

USFWS WETLAND SYSTEM Not applicable.

STRATA MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES

Tree canopy *Carya cordiformis*, *Carya ovata*, *Ostrya* *virginiana*,
*Quercus alba*, *Quercus rubra*, *Quercus velutina*, *Tilia americana*

Short shrub *Ribes* spp., *Symphoricarpos orbiculatus*

Herbaceous Information not available.

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES

*Carya ovata*, *Ostrya* *virginiana*, *Quercus alba*, *Ribes* spp.,
*Symphoricarpos orbiculatus*

VEGETATION DESCRIPTION

This is a mesic forest community with a tall deciduous tree canopy and a
poorly developed sub-canopy. Short shrub and herbaceous layers are well
developed. Short shrub species present in Nebraska communities include
*Ribes* spp. and *Symphoricarpos orbiculatus*. Among the herbaceous
species present in Nebraska communities are *Aquilegia canadensis,
Arnoglossum atriplicifolium, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Dicentra
cucullaria, Laportea canadensis, Smilax tamnoides,* and *Verbena
urticifolia*. Near the more xeric bluff tops this community is more open
with a great abundance of shrubby plants. In Nebraska, this type is
dominated by *Quercus velutina* and *Carya ovata*, and *Quercus alba* is
at its western range limit. Weaver (1965) described this type as a
*Quercus velutina*-*Carya ovata* community. In Iowa, the absence of
*Carpinus caroliniana* could be used to separate this type from *Quercus
alba* dominated stands in e.g. Ledges State Park (Johnson-Groh 1985).

OTHER NOTEWORTHY SPECIES Information not available.

CONSERVATION RANK G2/G3

RANK JUSTIFICATION

Many sites have been cleared or degraded by overgrazing.

COMMENTS

Many eastern oak-hickory forest species reach their northern and western
distributional limit in this community type.

REFERENCES

Clausen, M., M. Fritz, and G. Steinauer. 1989. The Nebraska Natural
Heritage Program: Two Year Progress Report. Nebraska Natural Heritage
Program, Lincoln, NE. 154 pp.

Johnson-Groh, C. 1985. Vegetation Communities of Ledges State Park,
Boone County, Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 92(4):
129-136.

Lauver, C. L. 1989. Preliminary Classification of the Natural
Communities of Kansas. Kansas Natural Heritage Program, Lawrence, KS. 21
pp.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC). 1991a. Kansas State Community Abstract -
Eastern Upland Forest, Midwest Regional Office, Minneapolis, MN.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC). 1991b. Nebraska State Community Abstract -
Southeastern Upland Forest, Midwest Regional Office, Minneapolis, MN.

Weaver, J. E. 1965. Native Vegetation of Nebraska. University of
Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska. 185 pp.

***Pinus banksiana*/*Aronia melanocarpa*-*Xanthoparmelia* spp.
Woodland**

COMMON NAME Jack pine/Black chokeberry/Lichen Woodland

SYNONYM Sandstone pavement barren

TNC SYSTEM Terrestrial

PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASS Woodland

PHYSIOGNOMIC SUBCLASS Evergreen woodland

FORMATION GROUP Needle-leaved evergreen woodland

FORMATION Needle-leaved evergreen woodland with rounded crowns

ALLIANCE *Pinus (banksiana, resinosa, ridiga)* Woodland

CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENCE LEVEL 2

RANGE

This community type is known only from the northernmost counties of New
York and southern Quebec. Its distribution outside of this range is not
well known and similar communities may occur in Ontario, Minnesota and
Iowa.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

The *Pinus banksiana*/*Aronia melanocarpa*-*Xanthoparmelia* spp.
Woodland occurs on very shallow soils over sandstone bedrock. It is best
developed where the bedrock forms a nearly level pavement.

USFWS WETLAND SYSTEM Not applicable.

STRATA MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES

Tree canopy *Pinus banksiana*

Shrub *Vaccinium angustifolium*, *Gaylussacia baccata*

Herbaceous *Pteridium aquilinum*

Non-vascular *Xanthoparmelia* spp., *Cladonia* spp.

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES

*Pinus banksiana*, *Aronia melanocarpa*, *Vaccinium angustifolium*,
*Gaylussacia baccata*, *Pteridium aquilinum*, *Cladonia* spp.,
*Xanthoparmelia* spp.

VEGETATION DESCRIPTION

The dominant tree is generally *Pinus banksiana*, although *Pinus
strobus* or *Pinus resinosa* may be locally dominant at some sites.
Other characteristic trees include *Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera*,
*Quercus rubra* and *Quercus coccinea*. The shrub layer is dominated by
heaths including *Vaccinium angustifolium*, *Gaylussacia baccata*, as
well as *Aronia melanocarpa* and *Comptonia peregrina*. The groundcover
includes several lichens and mosses which may form a continuous cover in
some areas. Characteristic lichens include *Cladonia* spp., *Cladina*
spp., *Sterocaulon* sp. and *Xanthoparmelia* sp.; characteristic mosses
include *Polytrichum* spp. and *Pleurozium schreberi*. Herbs including
*Pteridium aquilinum*, *Gaultheria procumbens*, *Danthonia spicata* and
*Deschampsia flexuosa* are scattered throughout.

OTHER NOTEWORTHY SPECIES Information not available.

CONSERVATION RANK G2

RANK JUSTIFICATION

This community type is found in a restricted range and has few
occurrences.

COMMENTS

This community is related to jack pine woodlands in Maine and New
Hampshire and also to acidic rock outcrop communities throughout New
England. Floristically, it is quite depauperate, and its distinctiveness
may be partially a function of the lichen flora. Comparable information
is not yet available for many similar types.

REFERENCES

Coles, J.J. 1990. By fire and ice: the evolution of an unusual
landscape. Unpublished MS thesis, University of Vermont, Burlington.

Franzi, D.A. and K.B. Adams. 1993. The ALtona flat rock jack pine
barrens: a legacy of fire and ice. Vermont Geology 7:43-61.

Reschke, C. 1990. Ecological Communities of New York State. New York
Natural Heritage Program. N.Y.S. Department of Environmental
Conservation. Latham, N.Y. 96 pp.

Stergas, R.L. and K.B. Adams. 1989. Jack pine barrens in northeastern
New York: postfire macronutriemt concentrations, heat content, and
understory biomass. Can. J. Forest Research 19:904-910.

New York Natural Heritage Program field survey forms, Dept. of
Environmental Conservation, Latham, New York.

***Pinus serotina*/*Arundinaria gigantea* Sparse Woodland**

COMMON NAME Pond Pine/Giant Cane Sparse Woodland

SYNONYM Peatland Canebrake

TNC SYSTEM Terrestrial

PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASS Sparse Woodland

PHYSIOGNOMIC SUBCLASS Evergreen sparse woodland

FORMATION GROUP Needle-leaved evergreen sparse woodland with a dominant
herbaceous stratum

FORMATION Needle-leaved evergreen sparse wetland woodland with tall
graminoids

ALLIANCE *Pinus serotina*/*Arundinaria gigantea* Sparse Woodland

CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENCE LEVEL 2

RANGE

The potential range of this community is the mid-Atlantic coastal plain
from Virginia to South Carolina. Occurrences are known from the coastal
plain of North Carolina and Virginia.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

This community occurs on shallow organic soils 10 cm to 100 cm deep, in
areas burned at a frequency of every 3-12 years (Frost 1989). Typically
this community is found \"around the periphery of deep peat deposits;
where peat feathers out onto mineral soil; in peat-filled depressions
and sloughs in pine barrens; and on upland flats where drainage is poor
enough to permit accumulation of an organic layer thick enough to
support the cane rhizome mat\" (Frost n. d.). Soils supporting this type
are Histosols, especially Terric Medisaprists and shallow Typic
Medisaprists, and other soils with histic epipedons such as Umbraquults,
Ochraquults and Fluvaquents. It is likely that the soil is saturated
throughout most of the winter and spring, and probably dries in the
summer and fall. Organic matter depth, fire frequency, and nutrient
availability are the primary factors controlling vegetation structure
and composition in this community (Frost n. d.)

USFWS WETLAND SYSTEM Palustrine

STRATA MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES

Tree canopy *Pinus serotina*

Herbaceous *Arundinaria gigantea*

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES

*Pinus serotina*, *Arundinaria gigantea*, *Smilax laurifolia*, *Rubus
hispidus*

VEGETATION DESCRIPTION

This community is characterized by a dense stand of *Arundinaria
gigantea* occasionally reaching 9 m to 10 m in height with scattered to
fairly dense *Pinus serotina*. Physiognomy and structure vary with time
since last burn. In areas that burn every 3 to 5 years the appearance of
the community will be that of pure *Arundinaria gigantea* with, perhaps,
scattered *Pinus serotina* (Frost 1989). Cover of pocosin shrubs (eg.
*Ilex glabra*, *Ilex* *coriacea*, *Lyonia lucida*, *Lyonia*
*ligustrina*, *Cyrilla racemiflora*, *Zenobia pulverulenta*, *Magnolia
virginiana*, *Aronia arbutifolia*) and *Acer rubrum* increase with lack
of fire and, with greater than 15 years of fire suppression, these
species will overtake the cane.

OTHER NOTEWORTHY SPECIES Information not available.

CONSERVATION RANK G1

RANK JUSTIFICATION

This community is thought to have been common in presettlement times,
existing as large, open tracts. Frost (n. d.) estimates that, prior to
european settlement, there were no less than 101,170 ha of canebrake in
southeastern Virginia alone, and that, as of 1989, less than 800 ha
remain in Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Most of the
presettlement acreage has succeeded to pocosin vegetation because of
fire exclusion or has been drained and cleared for agriculture.

COMMENTS

This pyrophytic wetland community is dependant on the maintenance of the
natural hydrologic and fire regime. Stand height, density and species
composition vary with organic matter depth, fire frequency and fertility
(Frost 1989). This community may grade into woodlands on mineral soil
dominated by *Pinus palustris, Pinus serotina*, and/or *Pinus taeda*. On
areas of deeper peat, this community grades into forests dominated by
*Chamaecyparis thyoides* and into pocosin shrublands.

This community, or one similar to it, may be present in southern Georgia
and in Florida (S. Orzell, pers. comm).

REFERENCES

Frost, C. C. 1989. History and status of remnant pocosin, canebrake and
white cedar wetlands in Virginia. Unpubl. rep. Virg. Dep. Conserv. and
Recretion, Div. Nat. Her. Richmond.

Frost, C. C. n. d. Presettlement vegetation of the Albemarle-Pamlico
region, North Carolina. Draft of Ph.D. diss.

Univ. of N. C., Chapel Hill.

Heineke, T. E. 1987. The flora and plant communities of the middle
Mississippi River Valley. Ph.D. diss. South. Ill. Univ., Carbondale. 653
pp.

Hughes, R. H. 1966. Fire ecology of canebrakes. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire
Ecol. Conf. 5:149‑158.

Meanley, B. 1972. Swamps, river bottoms and canebrakes. Barre
Publishing, Barre, Mass. 142 pp.

Orzell, S. 1994. Personal communication. Fla. Game and Freshwater Fish
Comm., Nongame Wildl. Prog., Nat. Areas Inv. Tallahassee.

***Sanguisorba canadensis*-*Parnassia grandifolia*-*Helenium
brevifolium* Shrubland**

COMMON NAME American burnet-Big leaved grass of parnassus-Few headed
sneezeweed Shrubland

SYNONYM Oligotrophic saturated scrub

TNC SYSTEM Terrestrial

PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASS Shrubland

PHYSIOGNOMIC SUBCLASS Deciduous shrubland

FORMATION GROUP Cold-deciduous shrubland

FORMATION Deciduous seasonally/temporarily flooded shrubland

ALLIANCE *Alnus serrulata*/*Sanguisorba canadensis* Shrubland

CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENCE LEVEL 2

RANGE

Apparently restricted to western Virginia in Grayson and Carrol
counties. A similar type of vegetation occurs on Bluff Mountain in North
Carolina.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

All known occurrences are in seepage areas underlain by hornblende,
gabbro or gniessic bedrock at elevations ranging from about 2400 ft. to
3500 ft.

USFWS WETLAND SYSTEM Palustrine

STRATA MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES

Tall shrub *Alnus serrulata*, *Rosa palustris*

Herbaceous *Cladium mariscoides*

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES

*Alnus serrulata*, *Sanguisorba canadensis*, *Parnassia grandifolia*,
*Carex atlantica*, *Helenium brevifolium*, *Solidago uliginosa*,
*Vaccinium macrocarpon*, *Ranunculus caroliniana*, *Rhynchospora
capitellata*, *Muhlenbergia glomerata*, *Calopogon tuberosa*, *Cladium
mariscoides*.

VEGETATION DESCRIPTION

This community has a mixed physiognomy ranging from shrub thicket to
herbaceous. In general it occurs as a shrubland of *Alnus serrulata*,
*Spirea latifolia*, *Spirea tomentosa* and *Lyonia ligustrina*.
Typically there are a few scattered individuals of *Pinus strobus* and
*Acer rubrum* but tree cover rarely reaches 10%. The herbaceous layer is
relatively continuous and may be quite diverse. Herbaceous species
include *Glyceria striata*, *Juncus subcaudatus*, *Osmunda regalis*,
*Oxypolis rigidior*, *Viola cucullata*, *Eleocharis tenuis*, *Cirsium
muticum*, *Panicum dichotomum*, *Hedyotis caerulea*, *Oenothera
perennis*, *Sanguisorba canadensis*, *Parnassia grandifolia*, *Aster
nova-belgii*, *Carex atlantica*, *Helenium brevifolium*, *Solidago
uliginosa*, *Calopogon tuberosus*, *Muhlenbergia glomerata*,
*Schizachyrium scoparium*, *Xyris torta*, *Panicum virgatum*,
*Rhynchospora capitellata*, *Rhynchospora alba*, *Selaginella apoda*.

OTHER NOTEWORTHY SPECIES

The rare species *Trillium pusillum* and *Euphorbia purpurea* may occur
in this community type.

CONSERVATION RANK G1

RANK JUSTIFICATION

There are very few occurrences in a restricted range.

COMMENTS

This community is floristically related to some of Virginia\'s mafic
woodlands. Generally this community is less \"seepy\" and lacks the tree
canopy of the woodland types. The species *Calopogon tuberosus*,
*Muhlenbergia glomerata*, *Schizachyrium scoparium*, *Xyris torta*,
*Panicum virgatum*, *Rhynchospora capitellata*, *Rhynchospora alba*, and
*Selaginella apoda* are probably differential to this type.

REFERENCES

Virginia Division of Natural Heritage, field survey forms and
particularly the draft table entitled: A classification of seepage
wetland vegetation in Virginia based on character-species. T.J.
Rawinski, Virginia Department of Conservation & Recreation, Richmond,
VA.

***Purshia tridentata*/*Stipa comata* Sparse Shrubland**

COMMON NAME Antelope Bitterbrush/Needle-and-Thread Sparse Shrubland

SYNONYM None

TNC SYSTEM Terrestrial

PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASS Sparse Shrubland

PHYSIOGNOMIC SUBCLASS Mixed evergreen-deciduous sparse shrubland

FORMATION GROUP Broad-leaved semi-evergreen sparse shrubland with a
dominant herbaceous stratum

FORMATION Broad-leaved semi-evergreen sparse shrubland with medium tall
grasses

ALLIANCE *Purshia tridentata* Sparse Shrubland

CONFIDENCE LEVEL 1

RANGE

The *Purshia tridentata*/*Stipa comata* sparse shrubland is found in the
Columbia Basin and Okanogan Valley east-central and southeastern
Washington, northeastern Oregon and into western Idaho. Occurrences are
known from Douglas, Franklin and Grant Counties, Washington; Morrow
County, Oregon; and Ada and Payette Counties, Idaho.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

The *Purshia tridentata*/*Stipa comata* association occurs in the
Columbia Basin, a downwarped, basalt-floored region. Loess is thick in
some portions of the region, and alluvial deposits of variable parent
materials are patchy along streams and rivers. Thick mantles of sands
from periodically glacially-dammed lakes cover some portions of the
region. In other areas, valleys and canyons (coulees) have been deeply
scoured into the basalt by glacial flooding.

The climate of the region is characterized by a mix of continental and
maritime influences. It is in the rain shadow of the Cascades, with
annual precipitation between 22.8 cm and 50.8 cm. Between 55% and 75% of
the precipitation falls during October through March as snow,

and summers are typically dry. Summer temperatures can be hot and
winters are typically cold.

This association occurs on flats to gentle slopes of old sand dunes,
from 500 ft. to 1300 ft. elevation. It often occurs in a patchwork with
sand dunes and sandy Palouse grasslands. The soils are deep, infertile
sands.

USFWS WETLAND SYSTEM Not applicable.

STRATA MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES

Short shrub *Purshia tridentata*

Herbaceous *Stipa comata*, *Poa secunda* var. *secunda*

Non-vascular Information not available.

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES

*Purshia tridentata*, *Stipa comata*

VEGETATION DESCRIPTION

The broad-leaved, semi-evergreen shrub, *Purshia tridentata*, is
scattered (averaging 20% cover) over an herbaceous layer dominated by
the 0.5 m tall perennial bunchgrass *Stipa comata* (averaging greater
than 50% cover). The evergreen, microphyllous shrubs, *Chrysothamnus
nauseosus* and *C. viscidiflorus* are occasionally present, and increase
in cover with disturbance. Another bunchgrass, *Poa secunda* var.
*secunda* forms a lower graminoid layer, with 20% to 50% cover. Other
locally abundant perennial grasses include *Oryzopsis hymenoides*,
*Koeleria macrantha* and *Elymus lanceolatus*. The most constant
perennial forb is *Lithophragma glabrum*. A cryptogammic layer is
well-developed in the most undisturbed stands.

OTHER NOTEWORTHY SPECIES

The introduced annual grass, *Bromus tectorum*, and annual forb,
*Plantago patagonica*, are invaders and increasers in stands of this
association disturbed by grazing.

CONSERVATION RANK G2

RANK JUSTIFICATION

This association occurs on an unusual substrate. Additionally, most
stands have been converted to circle irrigation croplands, or to
cheatgrass-dominated stands, as this type is very

sensitive to grazing. Most stands in Oregon have been converted to a
*Bromus tectorum*-dominated vegetation type.

COMMENTS

This association is similar to the *Purshia tridentata*-*Artemisia
frigida*/*Stipa comata* association described for the north-central
Colorado by Hess (1981). However, this Pacific Northwest type occurs on
old, stabilized sand dunes and has a differing florisitc component from
the Colorado association.

REFERENCES

Daubenmire, R. 1970. Steppe vegetation of Washington. Washington
Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 62. 131 pp.

Poulton, C.E. 1955. Ecology of the non-forested vegetation in Umatilla
and Morrow Counties, Oregon. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington State
University, Pullman, WA. 166 pp.

***Dryas integrifolia*/*Carex* spp. Dwarf Shrubland**

COMMON NAME Alpine Avens/Sedge Dwarf Shrubland

SYNONYM None

TNC SYSTEM Terrestrial

PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASS Dwarf-shrubland

PHYSIOGNOMIC SUBCLASS Evergreen dwarf-shrubland

FORMATION GROUP Needle-leaved and microphyllous evergreen
dwarf-shrubland

FORMATION Needle-leaved and microphyllous evergreen creeping or matted
dwarf-shrubland

ALLIANCE *Dryas integrifolia* Dwarf Shrubland

CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENCE LEVEL 1

RANGE

This association is known only from the alpine area of the Big Snowy
Mountains of central Montana.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

This plant association occurs from 7550 ft. to 8850 ft. elevation in the
alpine of an isolated mountain range (separated from the main crest of
the Rockies by 240 km). The climate is unusual in that there is a
distinct summer peak of precipitation and a winter minimum. Summers are
cool and winters cold.

The geologic substrate is Madison limestone, and has formed a gentle
topography of low relief. The limestone is very resistant to chemical
erosion but is mechanically fractured and has been shaped into numerous
frost-patterning phenomena.

Soils are very shallow, alkaline and cobbly, with carbonate
accumulations in the lower horizons and high clay content. The surface
is covered with a 5 cm - 18 cm deep layer of small gravel and rock
fragments, overlying small ridges of soil. The top soil horizon is
characterized by organic enrichment (26% organic matter). The soils are
unstable and in a constant state of change due to the action of frost.

USFWS WETLAND SYSTEM Not applicable.

STRATA MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES

Short shrub *Dryas integrifolia*

Herbaceous *Carex rupestris*, *Carex pseudoscirpoidea*, *Bistorta
vivipara*

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES

*Dryas integrifolia*, *Aquilegia jonesii*

VEGETATION DESCRIPTION

This is an alpine tundra association dominated by the low, mat-forming
evergreen shrub *Dryas* *integrifolia* and the perennial sedge *Carex*
*rupestris*. The mats of *Dryas* and *Carex* occur within a matrix of
active frost-patterned bare soil, cobbles and rocks. Most other species
occurring in this association are found within these *Dryas* mats. In
addition to the abundant or constant species, the perennials *Aquilegia*
*jonesii*, *Physaria* *didymocarpa*, *Sedum* *rosea* and *Saxifraga*
*oppositifolia* grow scattered in the rock rubble covering the soil.
Richness is relatively low compared to other Rocky Mountain alpine
tundras.

OTHER NOTEWORTHY SPECIES Information not available.

CONSERVATION RANK G2

RANK JUSTIFICATION

Known only from a small alpine area of 607 ha, this association is,
however, not threatened by any known development activities.

COMMENTS

*Dryas* *integrifolia* occurs primarily in Canada and Alaska, with only
a few populations occurring in the continental US (Montana and
reportedly New Hampshire).

REFERENCES

Bamberg, S.A. and J. Major. 1968. Ecology of the vegetation and soils
associated with calcareous parent materials in three alpine regions of
Montana. Ecological Monographs 38:127-167.

***Atriplex obovata*/*Sporobolus airoides*-*Sporobolus cryptandrus*
Sparse Dwarf Shrubland**

COMMON NAME New Mexico Saltbush/Alkali Sacaton-Sand Dropseed Sparse
Dwarf Shrubland

SYNONYM None

TNC SYSTEM Terrestrial

PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASS Sparse Dwarf-Shrubland

PHYSIOGNOMIC SUBCLASS Evergreen sparse dwarf-shrubland

FORMATION GROUP Needle-leaved and microphyllous evergreen sparse
dwarf-shrubland with a sparsely vegetated stratum

FORMATION Needle-leaved or microphylous evergreen intermittently flooded
sparse dwarf-shrubland on semi-arid alluvial substrate

ALLIANCE *Atriplex obovata* Sparse Dwarf Shrubland

CONFIDENCE LEVEL 3

RANGE

The *Atriplex obovata*/*Sporobolus airoides*-*Sporobolus cryptandrus*
association is known only from the upper Rio Puerco watershed of
northwestern New Mexico, in Sandoval and McKinley Counties.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

The *Atriplex obovata*/*Sporobolus airoides*-*Sporobolus cryptandrus*
association occurs in a semi-arid basin of northwestern New Mexico,
between 5400 ft. and 6000 ft. elevation. Annual precipitation is
variable, ranging from 21 cm to 33 cm, with a peak during July through
September. These summer rains are convectional, of short duration and
high intensity. Summers are hot.

This association is found on alluvial flats, with 0-2% slopes and fine
textured alluvial parent materials. Soils are calcareous Typic
Torrifluvents, with clay, fine sandy loam, or silty clay loam textures.
Soil depths ranged from 25 to 50 cm, and had little to no rock in the
profile.

USFWS WETLAND SYSTEM Not applicable.

STRATA MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES

Short shrub *Atriplex obovata*

Herbaceous *Sporobolous airoides*, *Hilaria jamesii*

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES

*Atriplex obovata*, *Sporobolous airoides*, *Sporobolus cryptandrus*

VEGETATION DESCRIPTION

This is a sparsely vegetated dwarf shrubland, with total plant cover \<
20%. The dwarf, evergreen shrub *Atriplex* *obovata* is the dominant
species, with cover ranging from 5% to 20%. Other shrubs with trace
cover include the succulents *Opuntia* *imbricata*, *O.* *polyacantha*,
and the deciduous dwarf shrub *Krascheninnikovia* *lanata*. Several
perennial grass species may be present; *Sporobolus* *airoides* is the
most constant and abundant, with *Sporobolus* *cryptandrus* and
*Hilaria* *jamesia* typically present. Total herbaceous cover averages
4% to 6%, with forbs contributing only trace amounts. Species diversity
is very low.

OTHER NOTEWORTHY SPECIES Information not available

CONSERVATION RANK G1

RANK JUSTIFICATION

This association has been described from a small area in northwestern
New Mexico. Only 2-4 occurrences known. It occurs in a semi-arid region
that has been heavily utilized by livestock, resulting in permanent
degradation of many vegetation types there, including this one.

COMMENTS

Other associations dominated by *Atriplex* *obovata* have not been
described for the western United States.

REFERENCES

Francis, R.E. 1986. Phyto-edaphic communities of the upper Rio Puerco
watershed, New Mexico. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-272. Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 73 pp.

***Andropogon gerardii*-*Panicum virgatum*/(*Pycnanthemum
virginianum*-*Solidago ohioensis*) Herbaceous Vegetation**

COMMON NAME Big bluestem-Switchgrass/(Mountain mint-Ohio goldenrod)
Herbaceous Vegetation

SYNONYM Lakeplain Wet-mesic Tallgrass Prairie

TNC SYSTEM Terrestrial

PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASS Herbaceous

PHYSIOGNOMIC SUBCLASS Tall grassland

FORMATION GROUP Temperate tall grassland

FORMATION Dense tall grassland (\> 60% cover) (including sod or mixed
sod‑bunch graminoids)

ALLIANCE *Andropogon gerardii-Panicum virgatum* Herbaceous Alliance

CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENCE LEVEL 2

RANGE

This community is found on glacial lakeplain areas in extreme SE
Wisconsin (Kenosha county), N Illinois, N Indiana, S Michigan, S
Ontario, and N Ohio.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

*Andropogon gerardii*-*Panicum virgatum*/(*Pycnanthemum
virginianum*-*Solidago ohioensis*) Herbaceous Vegetation occurs on
level, sandy glacial outwash, sandy glacial lakeplains, and deposits of
dune sand in silty/clayey glacial lake plains. The soils are sands,
sandy loams, loams, or silty clays with poor to moderate water retaining
capacity. There may be temporary inundations after heavy rains or in the
spring.

USFWS WETLAND SYSTEM Not applicable.

STRATA MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES

Herbaceous *Andropogon gerardii*, *Carex* spp., *Panicum virgatum*,
*Schizachyrium scoparium*, *Sorghastrum nutans*

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES

*Andropogon gerardii*, *Carex* spp., *Panicum virgatum*, *Pedicularis
lanceolata*, *Pycnanthemum virginianum*, *Schizachyrium scoparium*,
*Sorghastrum nutans*, *Solidago ohioensis*, *Vernonia* spp.

VEGETATION DESCRIPTION

The vegetation of this community is dominated by tallgrass species
typically 1-2 meters high. Trees and shrubs are very rare. There is very
little bare ground. *Andropogon gerardii*, *Carex* spp., *Panicum
virgatum*, *Schizachyrium scoparium*, and *Sorghastrum nutans* are the
most abundant species. *Solidago ohioensis* is found in both fens and
Great Lakes interdunal wetlands as well as this community. *Pycnanthemum
virginianum* is common in this community but may also occur in
woodlands.

OTHER NOTEWORTHY SPECIES

Disturbed sites may contain considerable amounts of *Poa compressa* and
*Agrostis gigantea*.

CONSERVATION RANK G2

RANK JUSTIFICATION

This community has nearly been eliminated. Most sites have been
converted to cropland.

COMMENTS

This community is similar to other wet and wet-mesic grassland types in
its range. One feature of this community that serves to set it apart
from other wet grassland types is the presence of species typical of
fens and interdunal wetlands. *Solidago ohioensis* is one such species
(Pringle 1982). In many cases a Lakeplain Wet-mesic Tallgrass Prairie
that is even wetter (dominated by *Spartina pectinata*, *Calamagrostis
canadensis*, and *Carex* spp.) forms a relatively narrow zone between
Wet-Mesic Tallgrass Prairie and marsh. Occasionally this variant can
cover 0.5 ha or more.

REFERENCES

Chapman, K. 1984. An Ecological Investigation of Native Grassland in
Southern Lower Michigan. Master\'s Thesis, Western Michigan University,
Kalamazoo.

Faber-Langendoen, D. and P. F. Maycock. 1994. A Vegetation Analysis of
Tallgrass Prairie in Southern Ontario. Proceedings of the Thirteenth
North American Prairie Conference, August 6-9, 1992 Windsor, Ontario
Canada.

Hanson, P. C. 1981. The Presettlement Vegetation of the Plain of Glacial
Lake Chicago in Cook County, Illinois. *In* R. L. Stuckey and K. J.
Reese eds. Proceedings of the Sixth North American Priarie Conference.
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Pringle, J. S. 1982. The Distribution of *Solidago ohioensis*. Michigan
Botanist 21(2):51-57.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC). 1991a. Michigan State Community Abstract -
Lakeplain Wet-Mesic Prairie. Midwest Regional Office, Minneapolis, MN.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC). 1991b. Michigan State Community Abstract -
Mesic Sand Prairie. Midwest Regional Office, Minneapolis, MN.

***Sedum nuttalianum*-*Selaginella peruviana* (Granitic Outcrop) Sparse
Vegetation**

COMMON NAME Nuttall\'s Sedum-Peruvian Spikemoss Sparse Vegetation

SYNONYM Western Acidic Rock Outcrop

TNC SYSTEM Terrestrial

PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASS Sparsely Vegetated

PHYSIOGNOMIC SUBCLASS Sparsely vegetated consolidated rocks

FORMATION GROUP Sparsely vegetated cliffs

FORMATION Cliffs with chasmophytic vegetation\--Plants rooting in
fissures of rocks or walls

ALLIANCE *Sedum nuttallianum* Sparsely Vegetated Alliance

CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENCE LEVEL 2

RANGE

This community occurs on outcrops of granite in Texas and Oklahoma. It
is known from southwestern Oklahoma, in the Wichita Mountains and from
central Texas, in the Central Mineral Region of the Edward\'s Plateau.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

This community occurs on gently sloping, exposed massifs of late
Precambrian granite. The dominant substrate is medium to coarse grained
rock, with patches of coarse gravel and shallow accumulations of organic
material in narrow crevices and depressions. Low moisture and nutrient
availability are the primary limiting factors for vegetation in this
habitat. The climate is characterized by dry winters, and hot-humid
summers, with drought and high temperatures occurring during the growing
season.

USFWS WETLAND SYSTEM Not applicable.

STRATA MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES

Not applicable *Sedum nuttalianum*, *Selaginella peruviana*,
*Selaginella riddellii*, *Plantago wrightiana*, *Cheilanthes
lindheimeri,* *Pellaea ternifolia, Bouteloua* spp., lichens, mosses

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES

*Sedum nuttalianum*, *Selaginella peruviana*, *Plantago wrightiana*

VEGETATION DESCRIPTION

This community contains large expanses of exposed granite surfaces, with
scattered soil-filled depressions, crevices, gravel areas, and shallow
pools. The vegetation is dominated by annuals and species adapted to
drought conditions. Bare rock is occupied by scattered patches of
crustose and foliose lichens, mosses, and several ferns and fern allies
including *Selaginella peruviana*, *Selaginella riddellii*, *Cheilanthes
lindheimeri, Cheilanthes tomentosa*, *Woodsia obtusa* and *Pellaea
ternifolia*. Typical species that occur in areas where shallow sand or
gravel accumulate include *Sedum nuttalianum*, *Plantago wrightiana*,
*Talinum parviflorum*, *Helenium amarum*, *Campanula reverchonii*,
*Aphanostephus skirrhobasis*, *Hypericum gentianoides*. Areas with
deeper soils are dominated by *Schizachyrium scoparium* occurring with
other grasses such as *Bouteloua hirsuta*, *Bouteloua curtipendula*, and
*Aristida purpurea*. Large crevices that contain sufficient soil
accumulation support woody species characteristic of the surrounding
woodland, including *Quercus stellata*, *Quercus marilandica*, and,
*Carya texana*. Narrow. shallow crevices harbor species tolerant of the
most xeric conditions including *Echinocereus reichenbachii*, *Eriogonum
tenellum*, and *Opuntia leptocaulis*.

OTHER NOTEWORTHY SPECIES

*Isoetes lithophila* is endemic to the central Texas granite outcrops
(Wyatt and Walters 1982).

CONSERVATION RANK G2

RANK JUSTIFICATION

This community has a restricted distribution and is threatened by
overgrazing and mining.

COMMENTS

Vegetation dynamics in this community are strongly related to the
development of a complex soil depth gradient involving changes in
temperature, soil depth, and water holding capacity.

This community has similar microhabitats and shares several common
genera with granitic communities in the eastern Gulf and Atlantic
coastal plains. Each of these granitic outcrop regions have their own
endemic suite of granite-outcrop plants. In the western granitic
outcrops, mosses are not as important and the surrounding woodlands are
more xeric than in the eastern types (Uno and Collins 1987). The western
granitic outcrop communities are typically surrounded by dry woodlands
dominated by *Quercus stellata*, *Quercus marilandica*, and *Carya
texana*.

REFERENCES

Collins, S. L., G. S. Mitchell, and S. C. Klahr. 1989.
Vegetation‑environment relationships in a rock outcrop community in
southern Oklahoma. Amer. Midl. Nat. 122:339‑348.

Uno, G. E., and S. L. Collins. 1987. Primary succession on granite
outcrops of southwestern Oklahoma. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 114:387‑392.

Walters, T. W., and R. Wyatt. 1982. The vascular flora of granite
outcrops in the Central Mineral Region of Texas. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
109:344‑364.

Whitehouse, E. 1933. Plant succession on central Texas granite. Ecol.
14:391‑405.

11.3 List of Hydrological Modifiers

Hydrological modifiers used to identify wetland units at the formation
level (adapted from Cowardin et al. 1979).

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Tidal**

[Irregularly Exposed]{.underline} \-- Land surface is exposed by tides
less often than daily; the area from mean low tide to extreme low spring
tide. The area on NOS charts from seaward edge of light green (mean low
water) to depth contour (often in blue tone) approximately extreme low
water. (includes some mangrove and/or bald cypress swamps)

[Regularly Flooded]{.underline} \-- Tidal water alternately floods and
exposes the land surface daily, from mean low (lower low on West coast)
to mean high (higher high on West coast) tide. (includes cordgrass low
marshes)

[Irregularly Flooded]{.underline} \-- Tidal water floods land surface
less often than daily. The area must flood by tide at least once yearly
as a result of extreme high spring tide plus wind plus flow. The area
extends from mean high water inland to the maximum extent of tide plus
the splash zone. (includes salt hay meadows)

[Unknown]{.underline} \-- The water regime is not known. Unit is
described simply as \'(wetland).\'

**Non-Tidal**

[Permanently Flooded]{.underline} \-- Water covers land surface [at all
times of year]{.underline} in all years. (includes many rooted emergent
and floating aquatics)

[Semipermanently Flooded]{.underline} \-- Surface water persists
throughout the growing season in most years. Land surface is normally
saturated when water level drops below soil surface. (includes most bald
cypress swamps, marshes)

[Seasonally/Temporarily Flooded]{.underline} \-- Surface water is
present during the growing season, but is absent by the end of the
growing season in most years. The water table after flooding ceases to
be very variable, extending from saturated to a water table well below
the ground surface. (includes flood plains and wet meadows)

[Saturated]{.underline} \-- Surface water is seldom present, but
substrate is saturated to surface for extended periods during the
growing season. (includes bogs and fens)

[Seasonally flooded/saturated]{.underline} \-- The water table remains
at or near the soil surface following flooding. Standing water can
persist in depressions for much of the growing season; the soils are
generally saturated when the water table drops below the soil surface.
(includes most wooded swamps)

[Intermittently flooded]{.underline} \-- Substrate is usually exposed,
but surface water present for variable periods [without detectable
seasonal periodicity]{.underline}. This modifier was developed for use
in arid Western United States to describe water regimes of playa lakes,
and will apply to other areas as well. Inundation is not predictable to
a given season and is dependent upon highly localized rain storms. Playa
lakes, intermittent streams, and dry washes are only considered to be
wetland if they support hydrophytes and/or have hydric soils.

[Unknown]{.underline} \-- The water regime of the area is not known. The
unit is simply described as \'(wetland).\'

**Salinity/Halinity Modifiers**

[Inland]{.underline} [Coastal Tidal]{.underline}

Saltwater - \>30 ppt Saltwater-tidal

Brackish - 0.5-30 ppt Brackish

No Equivalent \<0.5 ppt Freshwater

11.4 List of Element Occurrence Record Fields with Brief Descriptions

The purpose of the Element Occurrence Record for Community Elements is
to document and describe occurrences of particular community types on
the ground.

**KEY**: Fields with no designated field type are single value

mv=multivalue field

amv=associated multivalue field

txt=text field

**IDENTIFIERS**

**Element Occurrence Code**

Record key code.

**STATE Community Code**

10 byte Element Code that state is using to track the type.

**Field Office Number**

Code for the Element assigned by the TNC field office for an EO not yet
recorded in the Heritage database.

**Identity**

Check-off indicating whether taxonomic identity of the Element has been
confirmed, refuted, or is in question (Y,N,?).

**Global Name**

TNC Global Community Element name based on Latin name of dominant and
diagnostic plant species.

**Common Name**

TNC Global Community Element name based on common name of dominant and
diagnostic plant species.

**Sub-national Name**

Sub-national Element scientific name.

**SubNational Common Name**

Sub-national Element common name.

**Global Rank**

Global Element rank.

**National Rank**

National Element rank.

**State Rank**

Sub-national Element rank.

**[EO LOCATION AND FILE DATA]{.underline}**

**Nation**

Nation where EO is located.

**Site Code**

Code for the Site where the EO is located.

**Site Name**

Name of Site where EO is located.

**Survey Site (mv)**

Name of the area surveyed.

**Precision**

Code to identify precision used to map Element Occurrence (S,M,G,U)

**County Code (amv)**

Code(s) for county(ies) where EO is located.

**County Name (amv)**

Name(s) for county(ies) where EO is located.

**Local Jurisdiction (mv)**

Name(s) of town, township, or borough in which EO is located.

**Quad Name (amv)**

Name(s) of topographic map quadrangle(s) where EO is located.

**Quad Code (amv)**

Code(s) for topographic map quadrangle(s).

**Margin Number (amv)**

Map margin number(s) used to reference EO on map.

**Dot Number (amv)**

Number on dot used to label EO on map.

**Ten Ten (amv)**

Ten-Ten coordinated used to roughly located EO on map.

**Latitude**

Latitude of EO centrum

**Longitude**

Longitude of EO centrum

**North**

Latitude of northernmost boundary of the EO

**East**

Longitude of easternmost boundary of the EO

**South**

Latitude of southernmost boundary

**West**

Longitude of westernmost boundary

**Township and Range (amv)**

Code for township and range rectangular survey location of EO.

**Section (amv)**

Code for legal section number for the EO centrum.

**Township Range & Section Note (amv)**

Additional township, range and section details (esp description of
specific legal section divisions).

**Meridian (amv)**

Legal meridian (2 digits) from which rectangular survey location of EO
was based.

**Directions (txt)**

Precise directions to the EO from prominent landmark on or near site.

**Physiographic Province (mv)**

Code(s) for physiographic province based on Hammond.

**Fenneman\'s Major Division Number (amv)**

Code of Fenneman\'s Major Division in which the EO is located.

**Fenneman\'s Major Division Name (amv)**

Name of Fenneman\'s Major Division in which the EO is located.

**Fenneman\'s Physiographic Province Number (amv)**

Code for Fenneman\'s physiographic province in which the EO is located.

**Fenneman\'s Physiographic Province Name (amv)**

Name of Fenneman\'s physiographic province in which the EO is located.

**Ecoregion Author Number (amv)**

Code for author(s) whose ecoregionalization was used to locate the EO,
(i.e. Bailey, Omernik, etc.).

**Ecoregion Author Name (amv)**

Name for author(s) whose ecoregionalization was used to locate the EO.

**Ecoregion Primary Number (amv)**

Code for the primary level of the ecoregionalization hierarchy in which
the Element is located.

**Ecoregion Primary Number (amv)**

Name for the primary level of the ecoregionalization hierarchy in which
the Element is located.

**Ecoregion Secondary Number (amv)**

Code for the secondary level of the ecoregionalization hierarchy
corresponding to the primary level chosen in the Ecoregion Primary
Number field.

**Ecoregion Secondary Name (amv)**

Name of the secondary level of the ecoregionalization hierarchy.

**Other Regions (txt)**

Any other global, national, state, or local locators (Eg. State
Ecoregions).

**Watershed(mv)**

Code for watershed (from USGS Hydrologic unit map) where EO centrum is
located.

**[STATUS]{.underline}**

**Survey Type (mv)**

Code indicating the level of detailed data collected on the EO.

**Survey Date**

Date of most recent field survey.

**Last Observance**

Date EO was last observed at site (yyyy-mm-dd)

**First Observance**

Year EO was first observed at site (yyyy-mm-dd)

**Element Occurrence Rank**

Rank indicating the quality, condition, viability, and defensibility of
the Element Occurrence.

**Element Occurrence Rank Date**

Date of field survey used to rank the EO (yyyy-mm-dd).

**Element Occurrence Rank Comments (txt)**

Comments justifying the Element Occurrence Rank assigned.

**Contact Identifier (amv)**

Code(s) from contacts database for person monitoring EO and any other
local residents, neighbors, etc.

**Contact Name (amv)**

Name of the contact cited in the Contact Identifier field.

**Contact Note (amv)**

Brief note explaining the relationship of each Contact listed to the
Element Occurrence (e.g. \"monitor\", \"owner\", \"neighbor\").

**[ENVIRONMENTAL DATA]{.underline}**

**Latitude Zone (mv)**

Latitudinal zone(s) on which EO occurs.

**Minimum Elevation**

Minimum elevation of EO.

**Maximum Elevation**

Maximum elevation of EO. .

**Landform (mv)**

Landform(s) on which Element is located.

**Topographic Position (mv)**

Topographic position of the EO on the landscape.

**Slope (mv)**

Range of slope(s) on which EO is located

**Aspect (mv)**

Aspect(s) of slope(s) on which EO is located.

**Geology Comments (txt)**

Comments on geologic substrate and other important geologic features on
which the Element generally occurs.

**Soil Type (mv)**

Soil type(s) based on any level of taxonomy available: Soil survey map
unit, series, great group, etc. as detailed as existing information
allows.

**Soil Moisture (mv)**

The amount of water available to plants. Based on soil drainage, soil
structure and texture, and climate.

**Soil Comments (txt)**

Comments on soil properties. Include information on how soil information
was collected, a description of soil texture, stoniness, root
penetration, notes on horizon depths, mottling, pH etc. Comment on the
level of taxonomy of soil listed in Soil Type field.

**Hydrologic Influence (txt)**

Comments on hydrologic influences on the community including: zonation
reflecting water level fluctuations, tidally influenced, permanent or
temporary, hydrologic seasonality, standing water, etc.

**Environment Comments (txt)**

Summary of environmental conditions associated with the EO, and any
additional comments on important environmental factors.

**[DESCRIPTION]{.underline}**

**General Description(txt)**

General description of area of the EO. Including information on
state/health of the landscape unit; degree of fragmentation and overall
disturbance/conversion; any distinguishing features of the landscape.

**Size**

Size of EO in acres.

**System**

Name for TNC System.

**Class**

Name of physiognomic class.

**Subclass**

Name of physiognomic subclass.

**Group**

Name of formation group.

**Formation**

Name of formation.

**Alliance**

Name of alliance.

**Leaf Type**

Leaf morphology of the dominant strata in the Element.

**Leaf Phenology**

Leaf phenology of the dominant strata in the Element.

**Strata and Lifeform (amv)**

Layers of vegetation occurring within the Element.

**Percent Cover (amv)**

Percent cover of each layer.

**Height (amv)**

Height of each layer.

**Most Abundant Species (amv)**

Most abundant (in terms of percent cover) plant species in each layer.

**Diagnostic Species (amv)**

Diagnostic plant species (dominant, differential, characteristic, or
indicator) which are relatively constant among occurrences of the
Element and help to classify it.

**Unvegetated Surface (amv)**

Description of unvegetated substrate.

**Unvegetated Surface Cover (amv)**

Percent cover of unvegetated substrate.

**Other Species Comments (txt)**

Other species found in EO. This may include comments on known endemics
or exotics.

**Fauna (mv)**

Animal species sighted in the EO.

**Homogeneity (txt)**

Comments indicating the degree of homogeneity of the EO. Describe any
heterogeneous features.

**Spatial Distribution (txt)**

Comments on whether this Element Occurrence is patchy, or one continuous
patch on the landscape.

**Adjacent Communities (txt)**

Name(s) of communities adjacent to the EO. Comment on their spatial
relationship to this Element Occurrence.

**Inclusion Communities (txt)**

Name(s) of distinct associations included within the EO (i.e. heath bog
within an occurrence of mixed coniferous forest).

**Mosaic Comments (txt)**

If the Element Occurrence represents a complex mosaic of
sub-associations such as Dune/Swale communities, or zonal coastal plain
pond shores, indication of the scale and pattern of the components.

**Succession and Dynamics Comments (txt)**

Comments on vegetation successional stage (early, mid, late) and trend
or cycle. Notes on indicators of successional trends (such as the
presence of seedlings/saplings or non-canopy species). If persistent,
indicate as such. Comments on the age structure/size structure of the
community occurrence.

**[DISTURBANCE]{.underline}**

**Condition**

Code for condition of EO which describes the degree of anthropogenic
disturbance to the community.

**Disturbance Comments (txt)**

Comments on any natural or anthropogenic disturbance to community.
Including overstory and groundcover disturbances, logging, animal use
evidence, erosion, disturbance history (if known) etc.

**[INVENTORY, SAMPLING, AND ANALYSIS]{.underline}**

**Image Reference (amv)**

Code of imagery used to identify this EO which is referenced in Source
Abstract database.

**Image Citation (amv)**

Citation corresponding to images listed in Image Reference field.

**Roll and Frame Note (amv)**

Specific roll and frame numbers or flight-lines for the imagery listed
in Image Reference Field.

**Annotation (amv)**

If polygon has been entitated on imagery, code that is annotated on the
image.

**Imagery Comments (txt)**

Comments on imagery used including level of precision, how EO was
transferred from image to maps, image verification procedures, image
classification notes, etc.

**Quantitative Method**

If quantitative methods were used to collect data on the EO, indication
of whether plot or plotless techniques were used.

**Plot Shape (amv)**

If plots used to collect information for this EO, plot shape.

**X Dimension (amv)**

Length of one side of rectangular plots. For circular plots, he length
of the radius. If a transect was used, enter length. Units should be
converted to meters.

**Y Dimension (amv)**

Length of second side of rectangular plots. Blank for circular plots.
For transects, enter a 1.

**Plot Area (amv)**

Plot area calculated from X Dimension and Y Dimension.

**Sample Number (amv)**

Number of plots used. If transect used, enter the number of sample
points.

**Subplot (amv)**

Check-off indicating whether plots are subplots of a larger plot? (Y/N)?

**Permanent (amv)**

Check-off indicating whether any of the plots are permanently marked for
future study (Y/N)?

**Plot Representativeness (txt)**

Comments on the relative representativeness of the sample plots.
Describe how well they reflect the EO as a whole.

**Sample Location (txt)**

Detailed directions to plot(s). Give global positioning system (GPS)
coordinates if available. Include the precision of the GPS coordinates
for the sample.

**Plotless Comments(txt)**

Description of plotless data collection methods used.

**Data Location Note (txt)**

Storage location of data collected on the occurrence (manual file
location, spreadsheet file name and location, etc.)

**Inventory Comments (txt)**

Comments on any other important information collected in the ground
survey. What were the objectives for the inventory? Was a species list
collected? Was this a result of a plot remeasurement? Reason for no
plot? etc.

**[PROTECTION]{.underline}**

**Managed Area Code (amv)**

Managed Area code(s) for the Managed Area(s) where the EO is located.

**Managed Area Name (amv)**

Name(s) of Managed Area(s) where EO is located.

**Managed Area Type (amv)**

Code indicating the type of Managed Area (e.g. National Park, Wildlife
Refuge, etc.).

**Contained (amv)**

Check-off indicating whether EO is wholly contained in the Managed Areas
listed (Y/N/?).

**More Land**

Check-off indicating whether more land (ie. additional acreage) needs to
be protected (ie. at least registered) in order to adequately protect
the EO (Y/N/?).

**More Protection**

Check-off indicating whether a higher level of protection is needed (on
existing Managed Areas or protected Tracts) in order to adequately
protect the EO (Y/N/?).

**More Management**

Check-off indicating whether more management effort is needed in order
to adequately protect the EO (Y/N/?).

**TNC Involvement**

Check-off indicating whether TNC was involved in protection of this EO
(Y/N).

**Management Comments (txt)**

Comments concerning the management of the EO. Describe any known or
obvious short- or long-term threats to the EO and any known economic
value(s) associated with this EO.

**Protection Comments (txt)**

Comments concerning the protection of the EO.

**Monitoring Needs (txt)**

Comments on monitoring needs for EO.

**Research Needs (txt)**

Comments on research needs for EO.

**[OWNERSHIP]{.underline}**

**Owner (mv)**

Name(s) of owner(s) on which EO is located.

**Owner Information**

Check-off indicating whether additional information on the owner is
available (Y/N).

**Owner Comments (txt)**

Comments concerning the owner(s) of the land where the EO is located.

**[GENERAL COMMENTS]{.underline}**

**Comments (txt)**

Any general comments about the EO that don\'t need to be specifically
tracked which haven\'t been entered in other fields.

**[DOCUMENTATION]{.underline}**

**Data Sensitivity**

Check-off indicating whether security is needed for sensitive data
(Y/N).

**Boundaries**

Check-off indicating whether the EO boundaries have been delineated on a
USGS topo map (Y/N/?).

**Photos**

Check-off indicating whether a photo (not imagery) of the EO exists
(Y/N).

**Best Source (txt)**

Name of single best source of information on the EO (person or
literature).

**Source Code (amv)**

List of sourcecodes for sources about the Element from the Source
Abstract.

**Citation (amv)**

Citation from source(s) listed in Source Code field.

**Transcriber**

Date of original EOR transcription, and initials of transcriber
(yy-mm-dd abc).

**Mapper**

Date EO was mapped on the Heritage Program\'s quad map and initials of
the mapper (yy-mm-dd abc).

**County of Distribution Revised**

Check-off indicating whether county of distribution map been revised to
reflect location of EO (Y/N).

**Quality Control**

Check-off indicating whether a full (2 stage) quality control check has
been completed for this record. (Y/N)

**[ADDITIONAL TOPICS]{.underline}**

**Additional Topics (txt)**

Specific comments on any significant additional topics concerning the
Element Occurrence which need to be tracked that have not been formally
addressed by one of the standard fields in the record.

**Topic Keywords (mv)**

List of topics considered in the preceding Additional Topics field.

**[RECORD MAINTENANCE]{.underline}**

**Lead Responsibility**

Abbreviation for name of the office that is responsible for keeping the
data in this record up-to-date.

**Edition**

Date (yy-mm-dd) of the current edition of this record (either first
completed or comprehensively revised).

**Edition Author**

Name of author of current edition of this record.

**Update**

Date and initials of person to make any revisions to the record, either
correction of typos or comprehensive revisions.

11.5 List of Community Characterization Abstract Fields with Brief
Descriptions

The purpose of the Community Characterization Abstract is to summarize
classification and descriptive information on a community type.

**KEY**: Fields with no designated field type are single value

mv=multivalue field

> amv=associated multivalue field
>
> txt=text field

**[IDENTIFIERS]{.underline}**

**Element Code**

Variable length code for the Element.

**Summary**

A one paragraph abstract for the Community Element described in this
record.

**Global Name**

TNC Global Community Element based on Latin names of dominant and
characteristic plant species. Regional names can be used temporarily
while global species complex names are being developed.

**Author**

Individual(s) responsible for assigning GNAME.

**Common Name**

TNC Element common name.

**[CLASSIFICATION]{.underline}**

**System**

Name for TNC System.

**Class**

Name of physiognomic class.

**Subclass**

Name of physiognomic subclass.

**Group**

Name of formation group.

**Formation**

Name of formation.

**Alliance**

Name of alliance.

**Crosswalked**

Check-off indicating whether the regional classifications been
crosswalked to complete this record (Y/N).

**Confidence Level**

Indication of the level of confidence in the type.

**Classification Comments (txt)**

Comments on any taxonomic problems for the type.

**Similar Communities (txt)**

List of closely related or apparently similar communities and comments
on how they differ from the global type.

**[RELATED NOMENCLATURE]{.underline}**

**Heritage Names (amv)**

List of any regional, state or subnational, and CDC names for the
Element.

**Heritage Name Relationship (amv)**

Indication of the relationship of the Heritage Names to the Global Name
(\>,\<,=).

**Heritage Name Relationship Note (amv)**

Brief description of the relationship to the GNAME.

**Habitat Number (amv)**

Code for TNC habitats.

**Habitat Name (amv)**

Name for TNC habitats.

**Habitat Modifier Number (amv)**

Code for habitat modifier corresponding to the value chosen in Habitat
Number field.

**Habitat Modifier Name (amv)**

Code for habitat modifier.

**Society of American Foresters Region Number (amv)**

Code for Society of American Foresters Cover Type Region.

**Society of American Foresters Region Name (amv)**

Name for Society of American Foresters Cover Type Region.

**Society of American Foresters Covertype Number (amv)**

Code for covertype(s) used by the Society of American Foresters that
include this Element (Popup).

**Society of American Foresters Covertype Name (amv)**

Name for covertype used by the Society of American Foresters.

**Kuchler Lifeform Number (amv)**

Code for lifeform of the Element from Kuchler\'s Potential Vegetation
Map of the United States.

**Kuchler Lifeform Name (amv)**

Name for Kuchler\'s lifeform.

**Kuchler Potential Natural Vegetation Type Number (amv)**

Code(s) of Kuchler\'s potential natural vegetation types that include
this Element (Popup).

**Kuchler Potential Natural Vegetation Type Name (amv)**

Name(s) of Kuchler\'s potential natural vegetation types that include
this Element.

**UNESCO Class Number (amv)**

Code for UNESCO\'s physiognomic class which best describes the Element
(Popup).

**UNESCO Class Name (amv)**

Name for UNESCO\'s physiognomic class which best describes the Element.

**UNESCO Formation Number (amv)**

Code for UNESCO\'s formation level classification (Popup).

**UNESCO Formation Name (amv)**

Name for UNESCO\'s formation.

**USFWS Wetland Type Number (amv)**

Code for US. Fish and Wildlife Wetland Type (Popup).

**USFWS Wetland Type Name (amv)**

Name for US. Fish and Wildlife Wetland Type.

**USFWS Wetland Type Relation (amv)**

Indication of the relationship of the USFWS Wetland Type Names to the
Global Name (\>,\<,=).

**USFWS Wetland Type Relation Note (amv)**

Brief description of the relationship to the Global Name

**Other Names (amv)**

Any other names used by other systems or agencies. Specify the source
and provide reference if available.

**Other Names Relation (amv)**

Indication of the relationship of the GOTHER.NAMES to the GNAME. The
relation will be designated by the author of the Global Element Name.

**Other Names Relation Note (amv)**

Brief description of the relationship to the Global Name.

**Global Names Comments (txt)**

Summary of related names used for the Element. Also comments on the
relationship of these types to the type. Also, any other comments on
related nomenclature.

**[DISTRIBUTION]{.underline}**

**Fenneman\'s Major Division Number (amv)**

Code of Fenneman\'s Major Division in which the Element is located.

**Fenneman\'s Major Division Name (amv)**

Name of Fenneman\'s Major Division in which the Element is located.

**Fenneman\'s Physiographic Province Number (amv)**

Code for Fenneman\'s physiographic province in which the Element is
located.

**Fenneman\'s Physiographic Province Name (amv)**

Name of Fenneman\'s physiographic province in which the Element is
located.

**Ecoregion Author Number (amv)**

Code for author(s) whose ecoregionalization was used to locate the
Element (i.e. Bailey, Omernik, etc.).

**Ecoregion Author Name (amv)**

Name for author(s) whose ecoregionalization was used to locate the
Element.

**Ecoregion Primary Number (amv)**

Code for the primary level of the ecoregionalization hierarchy in which
the Element is located.

**Ecoregion Primary Number (amv)**

Name for the primary level of the ecoregionalization hierarchy in which
the Element is located.

**Ecoregion Secondary Number (amv)**

Code for the secondary level of the ecoregionalization hierarchy
corresponding to the primary level chosen in the Ecoregion Primary
Number field.

**Ecoregion Secondary Name (amv)**

Name of the secondary level of the ecoregionalization hierarchy.

**Region (mv)**

Other geographic regional delimiters where Element is located.

**Heritage Task Force Region (mv)**

The Nature Conservancy\'s Heritage Task Force Region(s) where Element
occurs.

**Other Regions (txt)**

Any other regional locators (government agencies etc.) that describe the
regions of occurrence of the Element.

**Global Range**

Code indicating the estimated present size of the Elements global range.

**Global Range Comments (txt)**

Description of the Element\'s present and historic range. Describe the
relationship of original to current range. Comment on shifting
boundaries of the range and change of the extent of the occurrence of
the community within the range.

**Range Map**

Check-off indicating whether a range map exist? (Y/).

**Rangemap Location (txt)**

Location of range map.

**Distribution Comments (txt)**

Summary of the distribution of the Element, and any additional comments
on its distribution.

**[ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS]{.underline}**

**Latitude Zone (mv)**

Latitudinal zone(s) over which Element occurs.

**Minimum Elevation**

Minimum elevation at which Element occurs globally.

**Maximum Elevation**

Maximum elevation at which Element occurs globally.

**Landform (mv)**

Landform(s) on which Element is generally located.

**Topographic Position (mv)**

Topographic position(s) of the Element on the landscape.

**Slope (mv)**

Range of slopes on which Element occurs.

**Aspect (mv)**

Range of aspects over which Element occurs.

**Geology Comments (txt)**

Comments on geologic substrate and other important geologic features on
which the Element generally occurs.

**Soil Type (mv)**

Soil type(s) based on any level of taxonomy available: Soil survey map
unit, series, great group, etc. as detailed as existing information
allows.

**Soil Moisture (mv)**

The amount of water available to plants. Based on soil drainage, soil
structure and texture, and climate .

**Soil Comments (txt)**

Comments on soil properties. Include information on how soil information
was collected, a description of soil texture, stoniness, root
penetration, notes on horizon depths, mottling, pH etc. Comment on the
level of taxonomy of soil listed in Soil Type field.

**Hydrologic Influence (txt)**

Comments on hydrologic influences on the community including: zonation
reflecting water level fluctuations, tidally influenced, permanent or
temporary, hydrologic seasonality, standing water, etc.

**Seasonal Variation (txt)**

Description of important seasonal influences/variations.

**Key Environmental Factors (txt)**

Comments on important environmental determinants of the biological
composition or structure of this community and/or its subtypes.

**Environment Comments (txt)**

Summary of environmental conditions associated with the Element, and any
additional comments on important environmental factors.

**[BIOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION]{.underline}**

**Leaf Type**

Leaf morphology of the dominant strata in the Element.

**Leaf Phenology**

Leaf phenology of the dominant strata in the Element.

**Strata and Lifeform (amv)**

Layers of vegetation occurring within the Element.

**Percent Cover (amv)**

Percent cover of each layer.

**Height (amv)**

Height of each layer.

**Most Abundant Species (amv)**

Most abundant (in terms of percent cover) plant species in each layer.

**Diagnostic Species (amv)**

Diagnostic plant species (dominant, differential, characteristic, or
indicator) which are relatively constant among occurrences of the
Element and help to classify it.

**Unvegetated Surface (amv)**

Description of unvegetated substrate.

**Unvegetated Surface Cover (amv)**

Percent cover of unvegetated substrate.

**Constant Species (mv)**

Plant species likely to be found in every occurrence of the Element, but
that can also be found in other communities.

**Characteristic Species (mv)**

Key plant species which generally occur only in this community type, but
may not necessarily be found in every occurrence of the type.

**Vegetation Comments (txt)**

Summary description of the leaf type and phenology, physiognomy and
plant species composition of the Element and any additional comments on
vegetation attributes of the Element.

**High Ranking Species (mv)**

Names of rare or threatened plant or animal species that are expected to
be found within occurrences of this Element.

**Fauna Comments (txt)**

Comments on animals commonly associated with this type.

**Other Species Comments (txt)**

Summary of other noteworthy species associated with the Element and any
additional comments on important species not listed above such as
information on endemics or exotics commonly associated with the type.

**Species Composition Variability (txt)**

Comments on variability in species composition within and among
occurrences.

**Physiognomic Variability (txt)**

Comments on structural variation and patterns within and among
occurrences.

**Subtypes (txt)**

Comments on subtypes of this Element recognized at the global level.

**Variability Comments (txt)**

Summary of the variability in species composition and physiognomy within
and among occurrences of the type and any additional comments on
variability associated with the type.

**[DYNAMIC PROCESSES]{.underline}**

**Natural Disturbance (txt)**

Comments on the type and duration of natural disturbances (on any scale)
particular to this Element type.

**Successional Status**

Successional status of the community (early, middle, late).

**Succession and Dynamics Comments (txt)**

Summary of successional relationships and temporal dynamics. What are
the past and future successional stages known for this community? Given
the disturbance regimes, what successional dynamics are predicted?
Include additional comments on age/size structure, dispersal agents, old
growth forest characteristics, etc.

**[SPATIAL RELATIONS]{.underline}**

**Size (txt)**

Comments on the common size of Element Occurrences.

**Spatial Distribution (txt)**

Comments on whether this Element is generally patchy, or often one
continuous patch on the landscape.

**Adjacent Communities (txt)**

Name(s) of other community types commonly adjacent to this Element.
Comment on their spatial relationships across the landscape

**Inclusion Communities (txt)**

Name(s) of community types frequently occurring within this Element (ie.
heath bog within an occurrence of mixed coniferous forest).

**Mosaic Comments (txt)**

If the Element represents a complex mosaic of sub-associations such as
Dune/Swale communities, or zonal coastal plain pond shores, indication
of the scale and pattern of the components.

**Spatial Comments (txt)**

Summary of and additional comments on spatial relationships of this
community to others on the landscape.

**[STATUS]{.underline}**

**Global Rank**

Global Element rank which characterizes the relative rarity or
endangerment of the Element world-wide.

**Rank Reasons (txt)**

Reason for assigning the Global Element Rank.

**Exemplary Element Occurrence**

Element Occurrence Code for the \"best\" example of an Element
Occurrence.

**Exemplary Element Occurrence Site Name**

Name for site on which the Exemplary Element Occurrence is located.

**Element Occurrence Specifications (txt)**

Specification criteria for an Element Occurrence.

**Status Comments (txt)**

Summary of and additional comments on the global conservation status of
the Element.

**[MANAGEMENT]{.underline}**

**Economic Importance Comments (txt)**

Comments on economic uses of this type. ie. timber and forest products
usage, recreation, flood control, groundwater recharge, any other
economically important species, etc.

**Management Comments (txt)**

Summary and additional comments on the management of the community
including threats, management strategies for exotics, animal usage,
restrictions to size/shape for stability, sustainability, strategies for
compatible uses, etc.

**[INVENTORY AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES]{.underline}**

**Imagery Comments (txt)**

Comments on imagery that is useful for identifying the Element - Can the
community be easily distinguished from other communities on imagery, eg.
from adjacent communities and from similar communities; comments on
types and scales of useful imagery.

**Sample Strategy (txt)**

Comments on the best way to sample this community. Describe any unusual
sampling procedures that are specific to the type.

**Inventory Comments (txt)**

Summary and additional comments on the recommended sampling strategy for
the community. Include information on the best imagery, overflight, and
ground survey methods used for the type.

**[ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND DATA MANAGEMENT]{.underline}**

**Analysis Comments (txt)**

Description of the data and analysis procedures that were used to
determine this type.

**Data Location Note (txt)**

Storage location of the numerical data used to determine the type.

**Permanent Plot**

Checkoff indicating whether a permanent plot exists for this type (Y/N).

**Permanent Plot Location (txt)**

Location of permanent plot. Include Element Occurrence Numbers and site
names, if available.

**Analysis and Data Management Comments (txt)**

Summary and additional comments on the analysis procedures and data used
to determine the type.

**[GENERAL COMMENTS]{.underline}**

**Community Comments (txt)**

Any other comments about this community not covered in the fields above.

**[REFERENCES]{.underline}**

**Source Code (amv)**

List of sourcecodes for sources about the Element from the Source
Abstract File.

**Citation (amv)**

Citation from source(s) listed in Source Code field.

**[RECORD MAINTENANCE]{.underline}**

**Edition**

Date (yy-mm-dd) of the current edition of this record (either first
completed or comprehensively revised).

**Edition Author**

Name of author of current edition of this record.

**Update**

Date and initials of person to make any revisions to the record, either
correction of typos or comprehensive revisions.

11.6 The Nature Conservancy\'s Conservation Ranking System

This table lists the general criteria used by The Nature Conservancy and
the Natural Heritage Network to assign global and state (in parentheses)
ranks to species and communities.

**G1(S1)** = Critically imperiled globally (statewide) because of
extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining acres or
because of some factor(s) making it particularly vulnerable to
extinction).

**G2(S2)** = Imperiled globally (statewide) because of extreme rarity (6
to 20 occurrences or few remaining acres) or because of some factor(s)
making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range.

**G3(S3)** = Either very rare and local throughout its range or found
locally, even abundantly, in a restricted range (e.g., a single western
state, a physiographic region in the East) or because specific factors
make it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range (21 to 100
occurrences).

**G4(S4)** = Apparently secure globally (statewide), though it may be
quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

**G5(S5)** = Demonstrably secure globally (statewide), though it may be
quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

**GU(SU)** = Possibly in peril range-wide, but status is uncertain.

**GX(SX)** = Believed to be eliminated throughout range with virtually
no likelihood that it will be rediscovered (e.g., American Chestnut
forest).

**G?(S?)** = Element is not yet ranked.

A **\"Q\"** qualifier can be added to any rank to denote questionable
taxonomy (e.g., G2Q = Known to be imperiled, but questions exist
concerning the classification of this type).

A \"?\" qualifier can be added to any rank to denote an inexact numeric
rank (e.g., G1? = Believed to be critically imperilled, but some doubt
concerning status exists).

Ranks can be combined to indicate a range. (e.g., G2/G3 = may be
imperiled or rare throughout range, but the exact status is uncertain).
Combined ranks indicate a larger margin of error than ranks assigned a
\"?\" qualifier.