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**RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN:**

**HOT SPRINGS NATIONAL PARK**

RECOMMENDED: Superintendent Date

APPROVED: Regional Director Date

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

I. INTRODUCTION 1

Resource Management Objectives 3

II\. PRESENT RESOURCE STATUS 5

Natural Resources Baseline Information 5

Natural Resources . 9

Cultural Resources Baseline Information 13

Cultural Resources

Status of Archaeological Sites 14

Status of Structures 17

Status of Objects 19

Status of Archival and Manuscript Collections 20

Status of Cultural Landscapes 22

Status of Ethnographic Resources 23

Cultural Context/Themes 24

III\. RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 32

Overview of Current Program and Needs 32

Table 1: Personnel

Table 2: Natural and Cultural Resources Funding

Programming Sheet 1: Ongoing and Funded Activities

Programming Sheet 2: Unfunded Activities

Project Statements

HOSP

Cultural

Integrated

Natural

IV\. APPENDICES

Cultural Resources Documentation Checklist

Park Cultural Resources Status Summary Charts

Summary Chart for Archaeological Sites

Summary Chart for Structures

Summary Chart for Objects

Summary Chart for Cultural Landscapes

Summary Chart for Ethnographic Resources

Bibliography of References

Cultural Resources Bibliography (CRBIB)

Natural Resources Bibliography (NRBIB)

**RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN**

**HOT SPRINGS NATIONAL PARK**

**[I. INTRODUCTION]{.underline}**

The purpose of this Resources Management Plan is to provide a course of
action for the continuous protection, management, and maintenance of
cultural and natural resources found in Hot Springs National Park.
Although the park was established specifically for the protection of the
thermal water natural resources, present resource management will focus
on all natural and cultural resources where possible. The plan provides
a basic framework for management activities which will preserve the
natural and cultural resources in accordance with National Park Service
standards and legislative mandates. It also details a set of research
projects and management priorities that are designed to meet the park\'s
most significant resources management needs. The plan is flexible in
that it may be continuously updated, revised, and supplemented in order
to meet the changing needs of the park.

The land on which Hot Springs National Park is situated was originally
part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. By an 1832 Act of the Twenty-Second
Congress of the United States, the government reserved from settlement
the thermal and salt springs, along with four sections of surrounding
land, but settlers nonetheless continued to build bathhouses and
residences around the springs. In 1875 the government was forced to
reconfirm its jurisdiction over the area in the Court of Claims. In
1877, the Hot Springs Commission was authorized to survey the area,
reestablish the boundaries of the reservation, and sell unwanted lots to
claimants and other private citizens, thus establishing the permanent
Hot Springs Reservation. From this date on, the government closely
monitored and supervised the springs and their use by private citizens,
guiding their development and protecting their therapeutic qualities.
The reservation became a national park in 1921.

The park and its surrounding mountains exhibit a south-central United
States pine-oak-hickory forest ecosystem. The park\'s vegetation,
thermal waters, cold water springs, bathhouses and associated cultural
features, foot trails, prehistoric and historic novaculite quarries, and
general physiography combine to form a 4876.77 acre area (as of February
20, 1997) of resource preservation and interpretation that is under the
exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the federal government. Another
672.69 acres are within the park boundary but are not federally owned.
The city of Hot Springs, Arkansas, with an approximate population of
33,000, lies immediately outside the park and exerts a significant
influence on it.

The hot springs are the primary natural resource of the park, but they
have not been preserved in their unaltered state as natural surface
phenomena. They have instead been managed to conserve the production of
uncontaminated hot water for public use. The mountains within the park
are also managed within this conservation philosophy in order to
preserve the hydrological system that feeds the springs. The primary
cultural resource of the park is the Historic Landmark District of
Bathhouse Row, which embodies the culmination of spa development at Hot
Springs. The group of eight bathhouses, built between 1892 and 1923, is
the last of a continuum of facilities designed to utilize the thermal
waters and is one of the few collections of historic bathhouses
remaining in the United States. It is the only such spa controlled and
developed by the U.S. Government, albeit in conjunction with private
entrepreneurs. Contributing to this resource are the mountain trails,
drives, fountains, landscaped walks, and formal entrances which were
developed by the government to enhance the aesthetic and physical
experiences of spa visitors. A final important cultural resource that
has received little emphasis in the past is the extensive system of
prehistoric and historic novaculite quarries that runs through and
beyond the park boundaries.

The *General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan* (June 1986)
established the direction of the cultural resources management program
as focusing on Bathhouse Row: rehabilitate the Fordyce Bathhouse as the
park\'s visitor center, offer the other vacant bathhouses for private
rehabilitation and use under the Historic Properties Leasing Act,
develop and manage the Bathhouse Row area as a historic landscape,
initiate research and documentation of the other cultural features in
the park, and improve interpretation of the thermal spring waters, their
public use, and the development of the Hot Springs Spa ethic. Emphases
of the natural resources management program were identified as:
investigate and protect the recharge area of the thermal springs,
evaluate the thermal water use and distribution system, improve
vegetation management and restore disturbed areas, research and document
the park\'s natural resources, and improve trails and hiking
opportunities. With the opening of the Fordyce Bathhouse Visitor Center
in 1989, the first of these goals was realized, but the rest are still
current.

The State Historic Preservation Officer is involved in many cultural
resources projects; copies of park XXX forms relating to changes to
historic elements are furnished to that office for review and comment.
The Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission maintains a database listing of
species and habitats of special interest; this information is provided
to the park for consideration in all management proposals.

Hot Springs National Park is open to the visiting public 24 hours each
day. Overnight facilities are readily available in the surrounding
community and within the park at the Gulpha Gorge Campground. The park
also has several developed picnic areas. Hot Springs National Park is
primarily managed as an historic area but includes significant natural
resources as well. The two are integrated whenever possible to enhance
both cultural and natural interpretation.

**RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES**

According to the [Statement for Management]{.underline} (1988), the
park\'s cultural and natural resources management objectives are as
follows:

\"To preserve the integrity of the historic structures, designed
landscape, and other cultural resources of the Bathhouse Row Historic
District.

\"To identify significant cultural resources and ensure their
protection.

\"To utilize existing facilities and infrastructure to the maximum
extent possible without compromising resource values.

\"To ensure the preservation of the thermal springs, and protect the
entire hydrologic system and the purity of the thermal water.

\"To maintain healthy ecological systems.

\"To protect and maintain the natural diversity of plants and animals
outside of areas managed primarily for cultural resources or developed
areas.

\"To promote public understanding and appreciation of the park\'s
thermal features, geological and hydrological resources, and ecological
communities.

\"To foster public awareness of man\'s use of the thermal spring water
and the development of the Hot Springs Spa.

\"To orient visitors to park resources and inform them about
opportunities in the mountain lands area of the park.

\"To ensure that facilities are attractive and well-maintained and that
a scenic setting is provided for Bathhouse Row and downtown Hot Springs.

\"To provide a full range of traditional bathing services, as well as
opportunities to experience the thermal waters in a less formal way.

\"To encourage the continued evolution of the spa resort tradition at
Hot Springs; update facilities and provide more modern bathing services.

\"To ensure that facilities for visitor use and administration are
compatible with natural and cultural resource values and that park roads
and other transportation systems provide safe, efficient public access
in a manner consistent with the protection of resource values.

\"To cooperate with other governmental agencies, private organizations,
and citizens to ensure the following:

Land use and development in the park and its vicinity do not adversely
affect the park\'s natural and cultural resources.

Facilities and programs within the park and outside it are fully
coordinated to efficiently serve the needs of regional and local
visitors for information and orientation services, traditional
therapeutic bathing services, outdoor recreation, and interpretive
services.

Traffic flow, pedestrian access, and parking problems are minimized.

\"In cooperation with the city of Hot Springs and the private sector, to
provide for appropriate adaptive uses of bathhouses, support the
rehabilitation and revitalization of the downtown area, and develop a
flood-control strategy along Central Avenue.\"

As mandated in the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), the
park has recently developed preliminary park mission goals, but these
have not yet been approved.

In order to more effectively accomplish its objectives, the park is
divided into four management zones: Historic, Natural, Park Development,
and Special Use. The Historic Zone encompasses less than 10% of the
total land base, yet requires the most management decisions. It is
managed to preserve, protect, and interpret cultural resources and
settings significant because of their association with historic persons,
events, or periods. Not all cultural resources are placed in this zone;
it is applied only to lands with well-documented cultural resources. The
Preservation Subzone includes the exterior and landscaping features of
the Bathhouse Row Historic Landmark District and the Arlington Lawn
area, while the Preservation/

Adaptive Use Subzone includes the interiors of the bathhouses and the
administration building in order to allow their use and appropriate
modification for leasing, public use, or administrative functions.

The Natural Zone includes lands with prehistoric and historic quarry
sites that are protected but not actively managed or interpreted, lands
of no historic significance, or lands where little or no development
will occur. These are managed to conserve natural resources and
processes while accommodating visitor uses and experiences that do not
adversely affect the natural systems.

The Park Development Zone contains those lands needed to provide support
to the park and to the visitor which are not classified as
historic/adaptive use (although a number of the structures in this zone
are on the List of Classified Structures and have historical
significance). It also encompasses areas where development or intensive
use has substantially changed the natural environment or historical
setting. Within this zone, the Administrative Development Subzone
supports park management and operations, including the maintenance
facilities and the Reserve Avenue facilities. The Visitor
Use/Recreational Development Subzone provides services or recreational
opportunities to park visitors and includes the Libbey Memorial Physical
Medicine Center/Hot Springs Health Spa buildings and grounds; the Hot
Springs Mountain Observation Tower and its parking lot; Hot Springs and
North Mountain overlooks and picnic areas; West Mountain overlooks,
parking areas, and trail heads; and Gulpha Gorge Campground,
amphitheater, picnic grounds, camping areas, comfort stations, and
roads. The Access/Circulation Subzone includes paved park roads
maintained by the National Park Service and providing access to park
resources or facilities. The Landscape Management Subzone includes
Whittington Park.

The Special Use Zone contains areas within the authorized park boundary
where land uses by other governmental agencies or private landowners
(though compatible with the protection of park resources) are of primary
importance, with NPS management emphasis secondary to that of other
interests. Within this zone the Private Use Subzone encompasses
commercial/retail development, low-density residential development
(inholdings), and cemeteries. The Transportation/Utilities Subzone
includes underground natural gas line rights‑of‑way, radio transmission
towers, overhead power line rights‑of‑way, and other lands managed
primarily or exclusively for non-park purposes. The Public/Institutional
Subzone consists of lands owned by state and local governmental agencies
outside the springs\' recharge zone and used for purposes compatible
with the park (including Hot Springs Rehabilitation Center, DeSoto Park,
Hot Springs School District facilities, and the Hot Springs municipal
watershed lands).

**II. PRESENT RESOURCE STATUS**

[NATURAL RESOURCE BASELINE INFORMATION]{.underline}

The park currently lacks a thorough inventory of wildlife. It also needs
an endangered and threatened plant and animal species survey. There has
been limited systematic monitoring of natural resources. Soils, 1:24000
Soil Conservation Survey (SCS) maps, and boundary maps exist and will be
entered into the park\'s Geographic Information System as time
commitments allow. High resolution color aerial photography has been
obtained and will be converted to digital imagery files for
incorporation into the park\'s GIS system. This imagery can then be
utilized to monitor temporal changes in vegetative cover types as well
as adjacent land use patterns that might adversely affect park
resources. Although the park has limited surface water exposures,
overall quality is excellent and doesn\'t require any mitigation
strategy. Cold water springs are exposed to ultra-violet light and ozone
before being released for consumption. Monitoring required by the
Arkansas State Department of Health is now being carried out in a
certified, in-park laboratory by trained personnel. Park management
lacks air quality monitoring and information.

The following tables list the park\'s current status on Inventory and
Monitoring of baseline data. Baseline data is described as either
meeting or not meeting the minimal standards as established in the
servicewide \"Standards for Natural Resources Inventorying and
Monitoring,\" NPS-75. Where it has been identified that baseline
information does not meet the minimum standard, a project statement to
meet this need has been prepared.

**[HOT SPRINGS NATIONAL PARK]{.underline}**

**[ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING INVENTORYING AND MONITORING
PROGRAMS]{.underline}**

+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| **Function**                                   | **Level |          |
|                                                | of      |          |
|                                                | E       |          |
|                                                | ffort** |          |
+================================================+=========+==========+
|                                                | Below   | Meets    |
|                                                | S       | Standard |
|                                                | tandard |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| **Chemical Inventorying & Monitoring**         |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Surface Waters                                 | X       |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Atmospheric Deposition                         | X       |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| **Geo-Physical Inventorying & Monitoring**     |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Natural event records                          | X       |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Develop Maps:                                  |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Imagery from satellites                        |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Topographic                                    |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Geology:                                       |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Geologic Maps                                  |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Soils                                          |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Physical geology, mineralogy and soils:        | X       | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Soil analysis                                  | X       | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Sediment transport                             |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Principle mineral composition                  |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Geo-hazards                                    |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Hydrology:                                     | X       | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Develop watershed maps                         | X       | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Inventory through description:                 | X       | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Streams                                        | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Wetlands                                       |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Groundwater                                    |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Measure physical parameters:                   |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Temperature                                    |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Turbidity                                      |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Stage and discharge                            |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Create hydrologic models of surface            | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| water                                          |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Meteorology                                    |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Indicate meteorological parameters:            |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Precipitation                                  |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Air Temperature                                |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Atmospheric conditions (e.g. RH,               |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| wind direction, etc.)                          |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| **Biological Inventorying & Monitoring**       |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Historical database                            | X       |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Species:                                       | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Inventory of vascular plants                   | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| including distribution                         | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Inventory of mammals, birds, fish, amphibians  | X       |          |
| and reptiles including                         |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| distribution                                   |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Listing of species that are                    |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| threatened, endangered, endemic                |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| or non-native                                  |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Distribution map of plant and                  |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| animal species                                 |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Populations:                                   | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| For selected species:                          | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Distribution                                   | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Population size/density/cover                  | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Age/state/size class structure                 |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Growth/recruitment/productivity/               |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| mortality                                      |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Communities:                                   | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Vegetation/land cover map(s)                   |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Integration:                                   | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Qualitative community descriptions             |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| to correspond with vegetation maps             |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Geography:                                     | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Location of resources associated               | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| with an appropriate base map series            |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| and coordinate system                          |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Resources mapped accurately to                 |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| GIS standards                                  |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Accurate and comprehensive                     | X       |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| representation of park landscape               |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| (e.g. satellite, aerial photography,           |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| survey as appropriate)                         |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| **Human Use**                                  |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Event Records                                  |         | X        |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Maps:                                          |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Develop maps to indicate present               |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| areas of use                                   |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Develop maps to indicate past areas            |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| of use                                         |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Human Activities:                              |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Identify each type of activity present         |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| (e.g. farming, grazing, residential,           |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| recreation, etc.)                              |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Quantify the identified activities             |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| (e.g. yield/acre, density, number              |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| of visitors)                                   |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Ownership:                                     |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Identify whether ownership is public           |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| or private                                     |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| Indicate owner for each area                   |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Demography                                     |         | X        |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Domestic Animals (e.g. livestock,              |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| and others)                                    |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Legal Matters:                                 |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Cite acts, regulations, policies, etc.         |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| Indicate management activities                 |         |          |
|                                                |         |          |
| and planning                                   |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Education Activities                           | X       |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Regional Land Use Planning                     |         | X        |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+
| Other Social Sciences Studies:                 |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| List any human studies taking place            |         | X        |
|                                                |         |          |
| List any econometric studies taking place      |         |          |
+------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+

**[Natural Resources]{.underline}**

The Ouachita Mountains are a southern extension of the Ozark Plateau,
which forms the only major topographic relief for a vast area of the
midwestern and south-central United States. The topography was formed in
late Paleozoic times by tremendous geological forces that acted to
uplift, fold, fault, fracture, and harden inland seabed sediments.
Subsequent erosion has led to the formation of the present ridge and
valley landscape. The narrow steep ridges of the Zigzag Mountains, the
subrange that dominates here, are capped with novaculite rock outcrops.
These outcrops are unique to the Ouachita Mountains, and the finely
grained structure of the novaculite is known for its superior quality as
a natural whetstone.

The natural thermal springs are the primary resource of Hot Springs
National Park. The presence of the hot springs is a result of the unique
geology of the area in combination with the present topography. The
water is geothermally heated at an unusually shallow depth of several
thousand feet. The water then rises through faults in the Hot Springs
sandstone formation to emerge from the thermal springs. Through
radiocarbon dating, this process has been determined to take over 4,000
years. In relation to the springs\' function, park lands are viewed as
two interrelated units: the discharge zone and the recharge zone.

The discharge zone is a narrow strip about a quarter mile long at the
foot of Hot Springs Mountain where the thermal water emerges from
fractures in the underlying sandstone formation. This area has been the
focus of human use and intensive development over the years and is now
the site of Bathhouse Row and downtown Hot Springs. The springs
themselves are largely concealed from modern visitors except for three
display areas along the row. The rest of the springs were capped before
1901 to prevent contamination; today, the spring water is diverted into
the park\'s extensive thermal water distribution system.

The recharge zone includes the highly permeable Bigfork cherts and the
Arkansas novaculite formation. The largest outcrops of these formations
generally occur on the mountain slopes and narrow ridges above 700 feet
in elevation. When plotted on a map, they form long ellipses around the
valleys drained by Hot Springs and Gulpha creeks in the park, and they
extend well beyond the park boundary to the north and east into the
upper basin of the South Fork Saline River. Scientific studies indicate
that perhaps 50 to 75 percent of the recharge zone is within the present
park boundary and encompasses much of the mountain lands area of the
park. However, it appears possible that the hydrologic system could be
disrupted by the wells within any portion of the system.

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1044-C, *The Waters of Hot
Springs National Park - Their Nature and Origin*, postulated the surface
recharge area and the recharge mechanism of the thermal springs. This
paper calls for additional studies to validate these hypotheses,
involving drilling several deep sampling wells and interpreting results.

The effects on the hot springs resulting from urban development within
the Hot Springs Creek valley have not been fully quantified because data
about past flows from the springs is of limited value today.[^1] About
80 percent of the remaining land in the basins of Hot Springs and Gulpha
Creeks is hilly and unsuitable for construction, limiting some of the
potential for development that would affect the recharge zone. NPS land
acquisitions have reversed or prevented most incompatible development
within the park boundary. Outside the park boundary to the northeast,
the gentler topography of the upper basins of Gulpha Creek and the South
Fork of the Saline River poses fewer natural restrictions to
development, but because of the area\'s relative isolation and the
general growth trend to the south, little development has yet occurred.

Numerous studies have been conducted on the springs over the past 150+
years. Monitoring studies were done in 1890, 1902, and by the U.S.
Geological Survey in 1921-22. A research project undertaken by the
U.S.G.S. and jointly funded with the National Park Service resulted in
the most complete geologic/hydrologic study available to date: the 1979
U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 1044-C. More recently, temperature and flow
monitoring were conducted by U.S.G.S. in the late 1970s, but a major
plumbing overhaul of the springs\' flow collection system interrupted
the study in the middle of the data collection phase.

Currently the water flow from 23 thermal springs is being collected.
Another NPS-funded study is under way. A calibrated weir system was
installed in the fall of 1988 to measure the temperature and quantity
of 1) flow from the combined collection system into the main storage
vault underneath the park administration building, 2) stage (depth) of
water in this collection vault, and 3) overflow being \"dumped\" into
the underground creek arch when the storage system is at capacity. This
study, if continued over a sufficient time period, will monitor and
record the natural water flow conditions and variations, providing
management with data necessary to evaluate impacts and proposed uses of
the waters. This project will also meet the statutory requirement of
Public Law 99-591, sec. 2(b), Department of the Interior and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, directing that agencies \"maintain a
monitoring program for each significant thermal feature\" identified by
the Secretary; the park\'s thermal springs are so identified in the
Federal Register. Originally conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey,
this study is now operated by the park.

The water quality of all public drinking water (including the cold water
springs available for public consumption) is routinely sampled on a
schedule approved by the Public Health Officer in the NPS\'s Midwest
Regional Office. These samples are taken and studied by a licensed,
fully trained park employee working in the park\'s own water monitoring
lab, which is certified by the Arkansas Department of Health on behalf
of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. The surface waters,
which percolate downward and eventually recharge the thermal springs,
are not being routinely monitored for quality. The park experienced a
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) \"scare\" in the summer of 1986. In
response to a local resident\'s concern over upstream oil settling ponds
used to lubricate rock-cutting saws, the upper Sleepy Valley pond was
sampled for chemical analysis. No PCBs were found in pond sediment;
minute traces of PCBs were found in fish tissue at a level indicating no
cause for concern.

In March, 1985 the Hot Springs Rehabilitation Center requested the use
of significant quantities of thermal waters to heat the large Center
building. This was the principal factor in initiating a contract study
of the use, storage, and allocation efficiency of the thermal waters and
the water system by Coury and Associates Inc, Wheatridge, Colorado.
Phase I results of the study favor the design and construction of a
closed-loop heat-recovery system to 1) supply the required amount of
cooled thermal water for the park distribution system, and 2) extract
the heat from \"surplus\" thermal water that is presently exhausted into
the underground creek arch once the park\'s storage tanks are filled to
capacity. This heat would then be sold to customers for year-around uses
such as domestic water heating. The effects of the loss of the thermal
water heat on the creek environment have not been addressed.

The thermal water plumbing system has been rehabilitated and is in good
condition. In project phase I (1975) and phase II (1981) the collection
system from the spring boxes into the creek arch and on into the 268,000
gallon main collection reservoir underneath the park administration
building was replaced. In phase III the collection system underneath the
Quapaw and Maurice bathhouses was redone. Phase IV (1986) involved
replacement of the thermal water distribution lines along Bathhouse Row.
At some future date, the main collection reservoir and 4 associated
reservoirs (5,000 to 400,000 galloms each) will require additional
rehabilitation. Additional items for improved operation are proposed in
the Coury and Associates report.

The most common topographic features of the park are the rocky mountain
slopes with their novaculite outcrops and lush creek valleys. These
areas support mixed stands of oak and hickory interspersed with
shortleaf pine on the more exposed slopes and ridgetops. The forest
understory contains flowering shrubs, a wide variety of wildflowers, a
rare local chinquapin species (*Castanea ozarkensis*), and occasionally
the rare Graves spleenwort (*Asplenium gravesei*).

Although most of the park supports dense forest cover, it is unlikely
that there is any virgin timber in the park, with the possible exception
of a 150-acre stand of shortleaf pine (*Pinus echinata*) on the north
slope of Sugarloaf Mountain. Reputedly this state\'s finest stand of
shortleaf pine, it is registered under the Arkansas Natural Heritage
Program. Even though considerable acreage in the park has been under
federal control since 1832, prohibitions on timber cutting were not
implemented until the area came under the jurisdiction of the National
Park Service in 1916. Most of the lands acquired since 1972 have either
been farmed, mined for gravel, logged for pulpwood, or cleared for
homesites; many areas are in need of restoration or revegetation.

The park experienced a significant attack by Southern Pine Beetles in
1986. Due primarily to the closeness of residential and commercial
timber resources immediately outside the park, control action was
initiated. Funding of \$20,000 from U.S. Forest Service Insect and
Disease Control was allocated in FY 1987. This amount was totally
expended by the end of the summer in 1988; the infestation cycle also
essentially went dormant that summer. The Southern Pine Beetle
Management Plan is documented in the \"List of Related Action Plans\" in
this Resources Management Plan.

The long history of ground disturbance related to the construction of
bathhouses and other facilities, combined with the extensive use of
exotic plant materials in formal landscape developments along Bathhouse
Row, has produced diverse vegetative communities bearing little
resemblance to the native vegetation. A rare blue-green alga
(*Phormidium treleasei*) grows in the hot water display springs and
fountains along the row; the only other known location of this species
in North America is in springs at Banff, Alberta, Canada.

Several formally landscaped areas with a mixture of native and exotic
species are located along Central, Whittington, and Reserve Avenues and
also along Stonebridge Road. Some areas appear to be relatively natural,
but most, such as Whittington Park, the Libbey Memorial Physical
Medicine Center grounds, and the NPS facilities along Reserve Avenue,
are comprised of lawns planted with native and exotic trees and some
shrubbery. The most conspicuous landscape planting in the park is the
stately succession of southern magnolia trees lining the east side of
Central Avenue along the front of Bathhouse Row.

The park has a variety of developed areas and extensive urban interface
with the city of Hot Springs. Manicured trails in the Bathhouse Row
Historic District, dirt and gravel trails all around Hot Springs
Mountain and West Mountain, and the rougher and rockier Sunset Trail
across West Mountain, Music Mountain, and Sugarloaf Mountain to Fordyce
Mountain, then southward to Gulpha Gorge, provide attractive and
convenient recreational opportunities that are literally immediately
available to downtown visitors and residents. Visitor safety is a
fundamental concern. The park conducts regular hazard tree inspections
in major developed areas and along roadsides twice a year, and trims off
or removes the evident safety hazards. The park has acquired an elevated
bucket truck for this purpose.

Much of the park\'s boundary adjoins intensely developed urban
residential areas. In general, the much og the boundary is adequately
marked (although some areas need accurate delineation), but with the
1993 boundary change and land acquisition still in progress, boundary
survey needs will continue into the future. Now that the park has
acquired fee title interest in all of the residential homes in the
Sleepy Valley subdivision, a program is underway to remove the man-made
impoundments there by destruction of the dams and restoration of the
land.

One historic and persistent land problem has resulted from the cutting
away of steep hillsides immediately outside the boundary as park
neighbors attempt to create level property for commercial development.
This lack of lateral support results in loss of park lands through
landslides and sloughing of the hillside. In the past this has caused
frequent and massive slumping of West Mountain roads, the collapse of
Oak Trail on West Mountain, and numerous slides behind buildings on
Central Avenue, one of which resulted in the death of a store employee.
Currently the problem is most evident behind the Arlington Hotel, the
Park Hotel, behind the Burton-Eisele Clinic parking lot, and behind the
Exchange Street free parking lots.

Wildlife within the park is typical of the region, consisting mostly of
rodents, bats, and other small mammals. Because of the region\'s mild
climate, bird species are varied and plentiful. Aquatic resources are
limited to portions of several small creeks and are void of significant
game fish. No endangered or threatened animal species are known to live
in the park.

[CULTURAL RESOURCES BASELINE INFORMATION]{.underline}

The park\'s cultural resources documentation is deficient in nearly
every respect. Although the major planning documents such as the
*Statement for Management*, *General Management Plan*, *Development
Concept Plan*, and *Interpretive Prospectus* are on file, they are
outdated and need revision. Rewriting them is currently not a high
priority, since it is anticipated that the GPRA process may change the
requirements for these and other planning tools. In the subcategory of
\"Servicewide Inventories, Lists, Catalogs and Registers,\" only the
List of Classified Structures (LCS) is on file; the National Catalog of
Museum Objects is in process. The LCS needs to be updated and augmented.
All the current catalog records have been entered into the Automated
National Cataloguing System (ANCS), but a backlog of accessioned objects
await cataloguing. The Cultural Resources Bibliography (CRBIB) includes
Hot Springs documents, but many references which should be included have
been left out. Additional structures can be nominated for the National
Register of Historic Places, and Cultural Sites and Landscapes
Inventories need to be accomplished.

In the area of \"Basic Cultural Resource Documents\" only the museum\'s
Scope of Collections is current and approved. Ethnographic documents are
not needed at this park, but archeological and historic documents are
sorely needed. None have been written, although a Phase I of a Cultural
Landscapes Inventory (CLI) was completed in 1996.

Among the \"Special Resource Studies and Plans,\" a Collection
Management Plan is the only item that is current and approved, and it
needs minor updating. Both it and the Collection Storage Plan were
approved in 1993, but the latter needs extensive revisions to address
the burgeoning archival collections and the issue of appropriate storage
for the valuable Maurice stained glass. A Collection Condition Survey
would also be useful in dealing with these and other curatorial issues.
The Fordyce Bathhouse exhibit plan is still current and approved, as is
the Historic Furnishings Report for the Fordyce Bathhouse. However, the
park needs to complete a similar report for the Buckstaff Bathhouse.
Historic Structures Reports are on file for the park administration
building and all the bathhouses, but they are needed for most of the
other structures on the LCS. Cultural Landscape Reports are also needed.

[Status of Archaeological Sites:]{.underline}

The archeological significance of Hot Springs National Park and vicinity
is imperfectly understood at this time. Future research within the park
will illuminate the relationship of the human occupation here to the
broader prehistoric sequence of the general area.

To date, fewer than 100 hectares (approximately 250 acres) have been
officially surveyed for archeological sites in Hot Springs National
Park. This represents, at most, a little over 5% of the federally owned
land within park boundaries (as of February 20, 1997, federal acreage
was 4876.77, and non-federal was 672.69). Park files indicate that 18
archeological surveys and/or excavations have been performed in the
park. Not all these surveys resulted in discovery of sites. Within the
park 16 sites are officially recorded with state offices. Since none of
the sites have been formally evaluated except the Indian Mountain
quarry, 3GA22 (described in more detail below), authoritative
significance, condition, and impact levels cannot be assigned to any
sites at this time. Furthermore, monitoring of these sites is infrequent
at present, given the remoteness of some of their locations (off
established patrol roads) and insufficient staffing.

Past archeological work has included a 1975 park-wide reconnaissance by
Charles Baker of the Arkansas Archeological Survey and numerous *ad hoc*
surveys preliminary to development in various sections of the park.
These surveys were primarily surface/visual-based, with shovel tests at
intervals specified in the *Arkansas State Plan for Historic
Preservation*. Excavation was performed at the Ral Spring historic site
above Bathhouse Row in March, 1983 (results were published in *The
Arkansas Archeologist* in 1996 by archeologist Don Dickson). A 1990
investigation of a small historic site in Gulpha Gorge campground
culminated in a 1993 report by James Bradford and Charles Haecker, NPS
archaeologists from Santa Fe, but apparently no state survey form was
filed.

Much work remains to be done if the gaps in our understanding of park\'s
cultural history are to be filled. No Historical Base Map or
Archeological Overview/Assessment exists. A formal Cultural Sites
Inventory (mandatory under NPS-28) has never been compiled for the park;
therefore, no data has been entered, as is required, into the CSI\'s
successor vehicle, the Archeological Sites Management Information System
(ASMIS) database. A CSI for Hot Springs National Park awaits funding. No
Identification, Evaluation, or Data Recovery Studies are underway or
contemplated at this time, although several *ad hoc* surveys done prior
to park development projects were approved by the Southwest Regional
Office in the past few years. When these surveys encountered cultural
resources, plans were modified so as not to impact the resources, in
accordance with NPS Regional recommendations, and site data was
registered with the Arkansas Archeological Survey. No Collection Studies
are underway at this time, although Dr. Ann Early of Henderson State
University and the Arkansas Archeological Survey in Arkadelphia,
Arkansas, examined the park\'s aboriginal ceramic collection in 1996 in
preparation for Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
(NAGPRA) negotiations. The Cultural Resources Management Bibliography
(CRBIB) kept at Washington was recently updated, but a printout of the
most recent version showed that many references should be added, if it
is to reflect the full spectrum of published and unpublished manuscripts
pertaining to the park. One Special History Study on Bathhouse Row, *Out
of the Vapors*, was printed in 1988.

No comprehensive overview of the park\'s archeological and historical
resources exists. Projects that would synthesize extant published and
unpublished literature, and that would obtain new information, have been
\"on hold\" for years pending the allocation of requisite funds. Doing a
job that meets professional (and mandated) standards will involve
significant costs; the project statement for the Archeological Inventory
makes this clear. It should be noted that even when all such projects
have been completed, the park will need sufficient Protection or
Cultural Resource Management staff to maintain archeological resources
monitoring.

The only survey done for the specific purpose of inventorying park-wide
archeological resources was the one by Charles Baker, mentioned above.
Archaeologists in the state understand that it was meant as a
reconnaissance, not a complete inventory, despite its title. Baker
concentrated his efforts in areas of known sites, watersheds, and along
well-marked hiking trails. Sites have been discovered since then as a
result of miscellaneous surveys, some by qualified park staff and some
by professional archaeologists. Areas investigated during these surveys
tended to be somewhat linear, due to the nature of proposed developments
that led to the surveys\--trail extensions, flood-control tunnels,
buried utility lines, etc. Sites discovered in the park thus far date
from Archaic and Woodland periods of prehistory through the historic
period of the 1900s. The Archaic and Woodland sites are mostly quarries
but also include occupation sites 3GA40, 3GA41, 3GA42, 3GA43, and 3GA44
on Bull Bayou, with possible sites 3GA564 and 3GA566 elsewhere. Historic
sites (none of which are aboriginal) include 3GA153, the Ral Spring;
3GA567 on West Mountain; a sauna \"cave\" dug out in the late 1800s,
3GA588 behind Hale Bathhouse (the 1994 report on this was by NPS
archeologist Charles Haecker from Santa Fe); 3GA595 in Happy Hollow; and
several sets of old foundations northeast of the Ricks Estate area (for
which a state site form was submitted in 1993, but which apparently did
not receive a state site number). The Bull Bayou sites were recorded by
Charles Baker in 1975. Except for the Hale Cave and Ral Spring, the
other sites were recorded by Hot Springs National Park ranger Mark
Blaeuer in 1993.

An estimated minimum of ten or twenty sites may rest undiscovered in the
park (this figure was submitted to Henry Day at the NPS Santa Fe office
in November, 1994, when an estimate was last requested). Bathhouse
Row\--beneath the hundreds of tons of fill dirt hauled in for
landscaping and construction over the years\--could be one focus for
historical archeological research, keeping in mind that repeated
construction there over the past 200 years may have disturbed the
context for Native American finds. Several seasonal occupation sites
(Native American) may be buried under sediments along watersheds in the
park, such as Bull Bayou and Gulpha Creek. In the uplands, more
novaculite quarry sites may exist than are presently recorded. Old
domestic/commercial sites may comprise an archeological resource
category as yet fully unstudied. Historic cemeteries and evidence of
their associated communities also exist within the park\'s current
boundaries; one is alleged by \"town historians\" to be a Civil War
skirmish site, and another is believed to be African-American.
Large-scale documentary research might reveal locations of several
historic sites, given the huge document base preserved in park and other
archives; see the \"Historic Base Map\" project statement for more
details about this. This is not to imply that deeply hidden sites should
necessarily be the focus of an intensive search, unless development or
vandalism threatens them; invisibility often works in favor of
preservation. Finally, other sites are known within the park which have
never been formally recorded. No site for which the state has not
assigned a site number has been entered into the RMP charts.

No recorded archeological sites in the park are on the National Register
of Historic Places (Bathhouse Row, a historic district, is a National
Historic Landmark). Only one archeological site has been evaluated, the
Indian Mountain novaculite quarry complex, 3GA22. The park submitted a
30-page National Register nomination in 1995 on this, but it was not
approved. A substantial boundary survey (as well as other work) would be
required, and an administrative problem is that it straddles the park\'s
eastern boundary. An archeological problem is that most novaculite
quarries, including 3GA22, lack diagnostics. Furthermore, novaculite
artifacts recovered from such datable archeological contexts as Poverty
Point cannot be traced to a particular quarry, given the imprecision of
geological \"fingerprinting\" methods. Most archaeologists in the state
maintain that 3GA22 is eligible at the state/regional level of
significance, primarily due to its rich associations with investigators
like Dr. William Henry Holmes, a pioneer in American aboriginal lithic
technology; therefore, it is categorized in the appended chart as \"not
evaluated.\" A sizable section of the site also preserves evidence of
historic whetstone mining, which Arkansas State Historic Preservation
Office archeologist George McCluskey has said merits serious study also.
In fact the park has so many aboriginal and whetstone quarries, that the
question of nominating one or more quarry districts should be addressed.
Prehistoric quarries are found throughout the Novaculite Uplift region
of the southern Ouachita Mountains, including many near-pristine sites
in the adjacent Ouachita National Forest. However, the distribution of
novaculite whetstone quarries is much more limited, and the park\'s
extensive whetstone quarries apparently constitute the vast majority of
those not in active use\--thus preserving evidence of 19th and early
20th century extraction techniques. Quarry sites in the park (consisting
sometimes of both prehistoric and historic remains) also include 3GA45
(on Music Mountain), 3GA565 (on Sugarloaf Mountain), 3GA586 (on North
Mountain), and 3GA587 (on West Mountain). 3GA22 and 3GA586 contain the
most extensive whetstone pitting. 3GA22 has been known for years and was
recorded by the Arkansas Archeological Survey in 1969, soon after that
organization was formed. 3GA45 was recorded by Charles Baker in 1975.
The others were recorded by Mark Blaeuer in 1993 and 1994.

[Status of Structures:]{.underline}

Hot Springs National Park has 46 classified structures (which actually
represent at least 52 individual structures) within its boundaries, but
only nine\--eight bathhouses and the administration building\--are
evaluated specifically as having national significance. These nine
structures form the core of the National Historic Landmark District,
which includes eight additional classified structures: the Formal
Entrance, the men\'s and women\'s comfort stations on Bathhouse Row,
Maurice historic spring area, the Noble Fountain by the Reserve Street
Grand Promenade entrance, the Grand Promenade itself, and the two
fountains in front of the administration building.

The administration building and six of the eight historic bathhouses on
Bathhouse Row have had technical reports filed detailing their condition
as of the mid to late 1980s; all the bathhouses were included in the
1973 *Historic Structures Report* by Cromwell *et al*. Asbestos has been
removed from all affected structures in the Historic Landmark District.
The administration building and the two Bathhouse Row comfort stations
have been completely renovated in the past four years; they have good
documentation and are in good condition with a low impact level. Four of
the bathhouses\--the Buckstaff, the Fordyce, the Superior, and the
Hale\--are in good condition with a low impact level. As the sole
bathhouse in continuous operation since its opening, Buckstaff Bathhouse
has always been maintained in good condition. It has fair documentation.
Fordyce Bathhouse was restored for adaptive use in the 1980s and opened
as a visitor center in 1989. Although it is currently in good condition,
it needs constant maintenance. The Superior and Hale have been
stabilized for leasing, and the lead paint has been removed from their
premises. The Lamar Bathhouse is in poor condition, as are the Ozark and
Quapaw Bathhouses; all three have good documentation. Lamar Bathhouse
must have its interior lead paint removed, but the procedure will be
complicated by the necessity of conserving rather than removing the
extensive painted murals in the lobby. Quapaw Bathhouse is receiving
some much-needed attention; its roof, dome, and cupola have recently
been restored, and removal of lead paint in the building\'s interior is
underway. Stained glass skylights have been removed and stored to
prevent their further deterioration. Ozark Bathhouse requires the
removal of interior lead paint, along with exterior wall, window casing,
exterior walls and roof repairs. The Maurice Bathhouse has good
documentation but is in poor condition with a severe impact level.
Deterioration has recently caused the collapse of part of one stairway.
This bathhouse, which is in the poorest condition of all the structures,
has had a badly leaking roof for several years, but the old roof has now
been removed, and a new one is being added. Eventually lead paint will
also have to be removed from its interior, but stabilizing the structure
should be given a higher priority.

Stevens Balustrade is in poor condition; the Formal Entrance and the
Grand Promenade are in fair condition. All three have good
documentation; impact is moderate for all three. The Maurice historic
spring area has good documentation and is in good condition, as are the
Noble Fountain, the ornamental fountain in front of the administration
building, and the jug fountain on Reserve Street. All three fountains
have good documentation. The fountains and Maurice historic spring area
all have a low impact.

The former medical director\'s residence, one of the oldest buildings in
the park, has not been nominated to the National Register of Historic
Places but has been identified as eligible for the National Register by
the State Preservation Office. It is, however, being offered for lease.
It is in poor condition, and the impact level is severe. Among other
problems, a leaking roof over the living room has caused the floor to
rot, and glass shards from damaged windows have fallen in the past,
endangering passersby. Lead paint is also flaking from the walls and
litters the hardwood floors. The residence\'s garage is no longer being
used for storage; its condition is poor and ground water frequently
floods the floor; its documentation is poor.

Classified stonework structures such as retaining walls, trail shelters,
road and trail riprapping, the brick \"arch\" (actually an old
reservoir) behind Superior Bathhouse, and NPS owned structures on the
Ricks Estate may need to be rebuilt or at least stabilized. Impact level
on all of these structures is unknown, and documentation is poor. The
Maintenance Division reports the Hot Springs Mountain Drive stonework
and the riprapping along Whittington Creek to be in poor condition; some
of the trail shelters have been recently reworked, but others still need
attention. The brick reservoir is also in poor condition. NPS owned
structures on the Ricks Estate structures are in unknown condition at
this time; however, architectural historians at the University of
Arkansas are currently at work on a National Register nomination for the
entire estate. One Ricks Estate structure on the List of Classified
Structures, the Ricks boathouse, collapsed and was removed in 1995,
immediately after Level III documentation was carried out by Ouachita
National Forest archaeologists on behalf of the park.

Other structures included on the LCS include the buildings in the
Whittington maintenance complex, east and west duplexes and garages,
West Mountain shelter house, West Mountain Drive, North Mountain pagoda
shelter, Oertel trail system, a stone tank house on Hot Springs
Mountain, and Gulpha Gorge ranger\'s residence, stone walls, and low
water crossing. Documentation is poor on all of these structures, but
former Denver Service Center architectural historian Laura Soulliere was
of the opinion that many of these structures would be National Register
eligible under a multiple property nomination. Condition and impacts are
unknown.

A number of structures need to be added to the List of Classified
Structures; these include the Hale hot cave, native stone features such
as overlooks and retaining walls on North and West Mountains, native
stone features such as spring catchments, bridges, and retaining walls
on numerous trails, the walls along Reserve Street terminating at the
medical director\'s former residence, and such Gulpha Gorge features as
the retaining walls on Gulpha Gorge Road and Creek, the remains of the
dam and bridges in the campground, and the visitor contact center. They
have poor documentation, and their condition and impacts are unknown.

[Status of Objects:]{.underline}

The park\'s curatorial collection of 224,268 catalogued and
approximately 190,000 uncatalogued objects includes archival,
historical, archeological, geological, biological, and paleontological
items. The bulk of the collection is archival, consisting of some
206,388 catalogued objects. Catalog records are also on file for 13,627
historical objects, 409 archeological artifacts, 195 geological samples,
3642 biological specimens, and 7 paleontological specimens.
Approximately 45.4% of the collection is still uncatalogued and cannot
yet be assigned a condition code; 1.8% of objects in the accessioned
collection are in excellent condition, 27.2% in good condition, 24.6% in
fair condition, and 1% in poor condition. The objects within each
category also follow this pattern, with the exception of paleontology;
71% of this sparsely represented group is in excellent condition, and
the rest of the objects are in good condition. As these statistics show,
at least a quarter of the objects (and possibly double that number,
since many of the uncatalogued objects are in poorer condition than the
catalogued ones) may need at least minor conservation. A Collections
Condition Survey is needed to evaluate and prioritize the objects for
conservation treatment.

All small and medium-sized objects have been placed in customized
non-acidic cardboard containers over the last four years. The smallest
objects are kept in museum storage cabinets that generally meet National
Park Service standards, although a half dozen of the smaller cases lack
working locks. Seven map cases hold the entire catalogued map and
drawing collection. Documentary, archival, and photographic collections
have been rehoused in lignin-free, acid-free, or buffered cardboard
storage containers as appropriate and are stored on archival steel
shelving units. A few collection objects still stored in the old medical
director\'s residence need to be rehoused; they are discussed in more
detail below.

Objects are held in two dedicated storage areas (one on the second floor
of Fordyce Bathhouse, and the other a Bally building behind the ranger
headquarters on Reserve Street) and several nondedicated areas. None of
the latter meet National Park Service curatorial standards for control
of environment, access, fire, or theft. Probably the most notable
deficiency in the area of environmental control involves the valuable
art glass collection (72 panels) removed from the Maurice Bathhouse in
the 1970s and stored uncleaned in acidic plywood containers in the damp
basement of the former medical director\'s residence, which no longer
has climate control, fire protection, or control over access by
unauthorized personnel. One deteriorating box was removed and its
contents placed in an oversize map case in 1995, but the rest of the
cases remain where they were placed. A few historic objects and many
large geological and archeological specimens are also stored in this
building. Eighty archival boxes of catalogued and uncatalogued archival
materials are in a former Fordyce Bathhouse stateroom that lacks
adequate climate control; the room is locked, but access by unauthorized
personnel cannot be controlled. The museum technician\'s office has
become an [ad hoc]{.underline} storage area overflowing with items
awaiting cataloguing and storage; it functions as a work area as well as
an office, but not surprisingly it is too crowded to be very effective
in any of those capacities. Because it houses the thermostat for part of
the bathhouse, its door must remain open even when the museum technician
is away; access is therefore completely uncontrolled.

Environmental stability is also lacking in the exhibit cases; they have
no separate controls and must conform to the ambient temperature and
humidity. Because control of these factors is inadequate throughout the
Fordyce Bathhouse, the nearly 1400 objects in cases and in historically
furnished rooms are subject to minor temperature fluctuations and major
rapid changes in relative humidity. Electronic dataloggers are used to
monitor temperature and relative humidity on all three floors of the
Fordyce Bathhouse and in the permanent storage areas, but not in the
temporary storage areas.

The temporary storage areas and the Bally building have no fire
protection. The permanent storage area in Fordyce Bathhouse has a halon
fire suppression system which may be phased out soon. An Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) monitoring program is in place and covers most of the
furnished rooms.

All of the park\'s catalog records have been entered into the Automated
National Catalog System. The number of catalog records has tripled in
size in the last five years, but a backlog of approximately 190,000
accessioned objects still awaits cataloguing. An additional undetermined
quantity of archival and other materials needs to be evaluated for
possible accessioning, which will add to the cataloguing backlog. The
backlog exists in these categories: archeological (approximately 302
objects), archival (approximately 165,000 objects), historical
(approximately 25,000 objects), and biological (approximately 30
objects).

[Status of Archival and Manuscript Collections:]{.underline}

By far the largest number of accessioned objects in the collection are
in this group. Several archives have been catalogued to date. The Hot
Springs National Park Administrative Archives consists of the
administrative records of the park from 1878 to 1990. This entire
archival collection has been microfiched, and a finding aid is on file
for approximately half of it. The original filing order has been
preserved.

The William H. Deaderick Documentary Collection is a scrapbook and
accompanying materials on drumming from the library of William
Deaderick, a former member of the Board of Registered Physicians. This
collection has a finding aid, but it has not yet been microfiched.

The Hot Springs National Park Photographic Collection includes
stereographs, glass negatives, film negatives, lantern slide
transparencies, slide transparencies, mylar transparencies, black and
white photographs, color photographs, and photographic postcards. The
finding aid on this collection was begun in 1993 and is continuously
being updated to include newly accessioned items. The photographic
images are gradually being scanned into Corel PhotoPaint for reference
by researchers. The archives contains a number of photodocumentary
collections:

\* The Historic American Buildings Survey Photodocumentary Collection

\* Photodocumentation of the Restoration of the Fordyce Marquee

\* Photodocumentation of the Creek Arch, administration building weirs,
removal of Army-Navy Hospital building no. eight

\* The Hamilton Report (photographic portion)

\* Hot Springs Bathhouse Employees Archival Collection (photographic
portion)

The latter also includes oral history tapes; a few have been
transcribed, and some have been copied onto audio cassette tapes, but no
finding aid has been completed.

The Hot Springs National Park Bathhouse Collection is reposited at the
University of Arkansas at Fayetteville. Microfiche for this collection
is on file, along with a finding aid written by special collections
staff.

The Hot Springs National Park Map, Drawing, and Specifications Archives
contains documents spanning some 125 years. Objects in this collection
have been microfilmed or microfiched as appropriate, and a comprehensive
finding aid (including a detailed subject index) has been written for
it. Building specifications are a new addition to the aid, which was
initially completed in 1995 and updated in 1996.

Most of the papers left by former bathhouse owner John Rison Fordyce
have been scattered throughout the Fordyce family. Some have found their
way to the park, piecemeal fashion, and have been catalogued as three
separate archives over the years.

\* The John Rison Fordyce Papers, 1880\...(1925-1931)\...1935, Fordyce
papers sent several years ago to the University of Arkansas Special
Collections for processing and storage. The collection has a finding aid
written by special collections staff members; it will be microfiched in
the near future.

\* John Rison Fordyce Papers, 1907-1912, a collection discovered and
processed at the park in 1996. This collection has been microfiched, and
a finding aid is on file for it.

\* John Rison Fordyce Papers, 1925-1931, another collection recently
unearthed at the park. It has been catalogued, arranged, and placed into
acid-free folders, but it requires an inventory, microfiche, and a
finding aid.

Microfiche of a fourth private collection of Fordyce papers is on file;
the park is attempting to obtain microfilm of the other Fordyce
collection(s?) at the University of Arkansas Special Collections. Other
papers belonging to these archives may be found among the uncatalogued
objects. Collections in such institutions as Washington University in
St. Louis and Northwest Louisiana State University are also known to
include Fordyce papers which might be available on microfilm.

Numerous documents acquired and catalogued as manuscripts have been
included in finding aids and indexes to aid researchers in accessing
them. The Hot Springs National Park Brochure Collection consists of
brochures, menus, articles, and promotional items listed in a finding
aid arranged by subject and chronologically within each subject; most of
the items have been copied onto microfiche. Park reports are also being
copied onto microfiche and included in a simple finding aid. A
rudimentary finding aid for postcards is underway, and the postcard
images will eventually be scanned into Corel PhotoPaint for access by
researchers.

Some of the archival and manuscript collections not yet catalogued
include notes and papers of several researchers, bathhouse employee
personnel records (non-NPS), and Buckstaff Bathhouse archives (only a
portion). Because of the new NPS policies and guidelines on archival and
manuscript collections recently issued in Washington, a survey and
evaluation of all the park\'s holdings, including those already
accessioned, should be carried out as time and funding permit. Methods
of processing these objects must be reviewed and revised to conform with
the new standards. Archives, manuscripts, and manuscript collections
make up nearly 90% of the Hot Springs Collections.

[Status of Cultural Landscapes:]{.underline}

In early 1996, Sherda K. Williams and Marla McEnaney (of the Cultural
Landscapes Inventory Division at the NPS Midwest Regional Office in
Omaha) visited Hot Springs National Park, examining the park and
conferring with staff. In Phase I of their Cultural Landscapes Inventory
for the park, Williams and McEnaney defined the following component
landscapes as having potential to be significant on their own or
contribute to a larger landscape:

1\. Bathhouse Row and Grand Promenade

2\. Hot Springs and North Mountains, including the Oertel Trail System

3\. The Hot Springs Rehabilitation Center (former Army-Navy Hospital)
area, the majority of which is not NPS-owned or under NPS control; the
NPS-owned sections are the duplexes dating from the 1930s and the
Army-Navy Gate

4\. Libbey Memorial Physical Medicine Center (former Government Free
Bathhouse) and Medical Director\'s Residence

5\. Gulpha Gorge Campground

6\. The Ricks Estate, much of which is not NPS-owned or under NPS
control; the NPS-owned section is the Ricks Pond and Stonebridge area

7\. West Mountain (the older sections)

8\. The Whittington section of the park

9\. Quarry/mining resources (archeological)

10\. Maintenance Area (built with Civilian Conservation Corps help)

All the above components fall into the historic designed landscape or
historic vernacular landscape categories, or some combination of the
two.

Park areas evaluated for significance through the National Register
process are Bathhouse Row (a National Historic Landmark District since
1987) and the Indian Mountain novaculite quarry area (disapproved,
1995). As discussed at greater length in the archeology section, most
experts continue to feel the latter resource is eligible; however, the
\"quarry/mining resources\" cultural landscape category includes not
only Indian Mountain but the total number of quarry areas in the park.
The National Historic Landmark District of Bathhouse Row includes eight
historic bathhouses, the administration building, the Bathhouse Row
comfort stations, two fountains in front of the administration building,
the Maurice spring pavilion, the Noble fountain at the Grand Promenade
entrance on Reserve, the Grand Promenade, and the Formal Entrance. The
Grand Promenade was designated a National Recreation Trail in 1982.

A Landscape Management Plan for Bathhouse Row was completed in 1989. It
included treatment recommendations for Bathhouse Row and the Grand
Promenade.

[Status of Ethnographic Resources]{.underline}

Hot Springs National Park contains no ethnographic resources, as NPS
guidelines currently define them. A few primary historical sources of
poor documentary quality indicate that some Native American groups
considered the hot springs to be of sacred medicinal value during the
1700s and 1800s. However, these groups were not well identified as to
tribal affiliation; they could have represented any or all of several
tribes that were native to the area historically or whose remnants
passed through Arkansas during periods of tribal territorial
disintegration in the face of American westward expansion. Descendants
of most of these groups now reside in Oklahoma.

The park has not inquired about this matter among tribes whose presence
was documented in Arkansas during the 1700s and 1800s. No members of any
contemporary Native American group have approached the park about the
hot springs. During NAGPRA negotiations in 1996, the two participant
tribes (Caddo and Quapaw) did not mention any sacred sites within the
park. The negotiations centered on objects collected outside of the
park, most of which could be assigned no particular tribal \"signature\"
by NPS-accepted experts. None of the items could be considered funerary
objects by NAGPRA standards. During the early 1900s, after a zinc and
lead mining boom in Oklahoma led to brief prosperity among several
tribes, some Native Americans drove to Hot Springs to take the
European-style baths in the same manner as other bathers.

Although many people of diverse ethnic backgrounds have come to Hot
Springs for the baths and the spa atmosphere, and to live and work here,
there is no evidence to suggest that any of these groups consider any
park resources to be critical in defining their cultural identity. The
park has conducted oral history interviews with many former bathhouse
employees, some of African-American ancestry. The bathhouses were of
great local economic significance for this group as a major source of
employment since the late 1860s, but the resource cannot of course be
considered critical in defining the African-American cultural identity
in general.

The latter statement also holds true for the Caddo people, some of whose
ancestors lived in this general area at the time of first historic
contact. To date, no archeological evidence (historic or prehistoric)
has been found to tie this culture specifically to the hot springs or
any other area within park boundaries. A few archeological sites found
in the park may be Fourche Maline (ca. 1000 B.C. to 800 A.D.), which
some archaeologists believe developed in place into Caddoan culture.

The park\'s aboriginal novaculite quarries presumably had economic
significance for tribally non-identifiable Native American groups.
Archaeologists believe that aboriginal use of this resource peaked in
the prehistoric Archaic Period. No members of any contemporary Native
American tribe have approached the park about novaculite or any other
natural resource in the park.

As part of an Ethnographic Needs Assessment, park personnel sent a
document on this topic to Michelle Watson at the Midwest Archeological
Center in mid 1995.

[CULTURAL CONTEXT/THEMES]{.underline}

[Significance:]{.underline}

The area now known as Hot Springs National Park was set aside in 1832 to
preserve its numerous thermal and cold water springs. Given its
designation in 1921 as a national park, it may well be the earliest
expression of the concept of setting aside park areas for the benefit of
society as a whole. Because of the background of U.S. Government
involvement in its development and of numerous independent bathhouse
operations characterizing its history, Hot Springs National Park is a
unique example of the American spa movement, a value that was recognized
in 1987 when Bathhouse Row was designated a National Historic Landmark
District. The unusual combination at Springs Reservation/National Park
of therapeutic bathing regimens, related medical treatments, and
relaxation in natural surroundings has resulted in a blending of
landscaped spaces, architectural design, and natural areas that is
unique to this national park.

Hot Springs National Park also contains a large portion of a system of
prehistoric novaculite quarries that is among the most extensive in
North America and that played a major role in Native American
tool-making and the historic whetstone industry. As a cultural
crossroads, the Hot Springs area enjoys a rich body of history and lore
brought about by the importance of the African-American community in the
bathing industry, the legacy of Spanish and French colonialism in the
region, the lure of the area\'s geological resources for Native American
and other ethnic groups, and the vicissitudes of daily life during and
after the turbulent American Civil War period.

The summary of available written information on the cultural resources
and the present investigation of this area of Arkansas indicates that
while there are presently gaps in the record, there can be little doubt
that the total sequence of prehistoric occupation will be found, if not
in the park itself, at least in the immediate local area. The Paleo
period (*circa* 12000 to 8000 B.C.) is not represented in this area\'s
recorded sites or collections at the present time, but the
characteristic fluted points have been found farther south in Arkansas
along the Ouachita River, and on tributaries of the Red River in
southwest Arkansas. Some late Paleo or very early Archaic novaculite
projectile points have been found in the southwest part of the state.
Thus, there can be little doubt that Native Americans knew of this
lithic source soon after their arrival in the area and made immediate
use of it for their tools. Evidence of this will undoubtedly be
uncovered as more scientific investigations are completed.

Ample evidence exists of Native American occupation of the area during
the Archaic period (8000 B.C. to 1000 B.C.). As hunters and gatherers,
they undoubtedly found the mountains an abundant source of game and
fish, as well as wild plants. Further exploitation of the novaculite is
evidenced through stone tools of this time period being found farther
and farther away from this source area. Southern Louisiana, and the
famous Poverty Point site in northeast Louisiana are but two areas where
Archaic tools of novaculite have been removed. Schambach\'s study at the
Means and Cooper sites indicates a sizable permanent population in the
area making maximum use of the environment (Schambach 1970). The sites
found along Bull Bayou provide direct evidence of Native Americans in
the park area during this time period (Baker 1975).

The early pottery-making and horticultural Woodland communities known
locally as the Fourche Maline culture readily took to the ideas of
agriculture and pottery-making introduced into the area. These
\"pre-Caddoan\" cultures also made use of the novaculite lithic material
for tools.

The few large, late prehistoric sites which have been excavated in the
immediate area indicate that after about A.D. 1000 there were large
Caddoan populations in the area, whose subsistence base was agriculture,
who had a sophisticated social and religious system, and whose
technology, particularly in pottery-making, was excellent. These large
villages seem to be away from the hot springs themselves (unless one or
more were destroyed in the central city development), but it is possible
that hamlets and quarrying stations will be found to aid in
interpretation of the way of life of the period.

According to local tradition, the first European to view the hot springs
was Hernando de Soto, who explored the region of central Arkansas during
1541, but no documented evidence exists to substantiate that claim. A
majority of scholars now argue against reconstructions of his route that
include Hot Springs (Young and Hoffman 1993). In any case, in succeeding
years the region was claimed at different times by both France and Spain
until 1803, when France sold her land claims west of the Mississippi
River in the transaction known as the Louisiana Purchase. The first
Americans to formally explore the Arkansas hot springs region were
William Dunbar and Dr. George Hunter. The fifteen-man party explored the
Ouachita River and camped within the present boundaries of Hot Springs
National Park in December, 1804. At the springs themselves they found
\"an Open Log Cabin and a few huts of split boards,\" all of which had
been \"calculated for summer encampment and which had been erected by
persons resorting to the springs for the recovery of their health\"
(McDermott 1963). Two or three years after the Dunbar-Hunter Expedition,
other Americans began to move into the area around the springs and build
permanent residences.

The first permanent settlers to reach the hot springs area were quick to
realize the springs\' potential as a health resort; they built log
structures to meet the basic needs of visitors to the springs. The first
bathhouse was erected in 1830 and contained one wooden tub in which one
could bathe three times for a dollar. A store was in place by the 1830s.
The government, recognizing the springs\' significant therapeutic value
within the contemporary medical milieu, stepped in to protect them as a
unique national resource, and four sections of land around the springs
were set aside as a federal reservation by an Act of the Twenty-Second
Congress of the United States approved by President Andrew Jackson on
April 20, 1832. The act stipulated that \"the Hot Springs and every
other salt spring together with four sections of land including said
springs, as near the centre thereof as may be, shall be reserved for the
future disposal of the United States, and it shall not be liable to be
entered, located, or appropriated for any other purpose whatever.\"

When the federal presence was not concomitantly established, settlers
who were already in the area felt justified in their continued
occupation of the land and establishment of bathhouses around the
springs. Two years later when United States Geologist G.W.
Featherstonhaugh visited the springs in 1834 he found a very primitive
settlement which consisted of several \"wretched looking log cabins, in
one of which was a small store,\" but by 1856 Hot Springs could boast of
a resident physician and seven bathhouses. These were either built
directly over springs or were equipped with thermal water tanks fed by
wooden troughs. By mixing waters from springs of different temperatures
or by cooling it in tanks, operators could regulate the heat of the
bathing water.

As news of the reputed medicinal powers of the waters continued to
spread, numerous health-seekers migrated to the spring area. By the mid
1800s, the springs were being claimed by several private citizens; in
1875, the government was forced to reconfirm its jurisdiction over the
area in the Court of Claims. In 1877, after the court had ruled against
the would-be private owners, the Hot Springs Commission was authorized
to reestablish the boundaries of the reservation in a U.S. House of
Representatives bill granting a right-of-way to the Hot Springs Railroad
Company. In the same year a superintendent was appointed. The springs
and surrounding mountains were again designated as Hot Springs
Reservation, surveys were made, remaining claims were settled, and the
balance of the original reservation was laid out into streets and lots
for development.

After the hot springs and their environs were reestablished as
government property, the area rapidly changed from a rough frontier town
to an elegant spa city, with building, landscaping, and engineering
projects proceeding apace. By 1878 Hot Springs had a permanent
population of more than 3,500 and a bustling annual visitation of around
50,000. In 1884 the government enclosed Hot Springs creek in an
underground masonry arch for flood and sewerage control, enabling
bathhouses to be constructed along the former creek bed. The area was
landscaped to create a pleasing, tree-lined park. Although now regulated
by the superintendent of the reservation, privately owned bathhouses
remained an integral feature of the spring area, and each new generation
of buildings was larger and more luxurious than the previous one. In
1891 the indigent were also more comfortably accommodated by a brick
government bathhouse providing free services to those who could not
afford the private bathhouses.

In 1892 the government authorized funding for landscaping improvements
to the reservation, and Secretary of the Interior John W. Noble placed
Lt. Robert R. Stevens of the War Department in charge of the project.
Lt. Stevens spent several years overseeing improvements to the
reservation, including a grand entrance, fountains, mountain roads, a
lake park on Whittington Avenue, and graded paths. Stevens\'s work was
completed in 1898, just in time for the new influx of visitors brought
in by Colonel Sam Fordyce\'s railroad line, finished in 1899.

When the National Park Service was created in 1916, administration of
the reservation was transferred to the new organization. Hot Springs
Reservation became Hot Springs National Park in 1921 by an Act of
Congress \"Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the
government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922, and for other
purposes,\" approved March 4, 1921. One of the \"other purposes\"
included the stipulation that \"Hot Springs Reservation shall be known
as the Hot Springs National Park.\" This redesignation would have
occurred soon after the establishment of the National Park Service, but
at that time an Arkansas Congressman objected to the park\'s
considerable revenues going into the federal treasury.

By the first decade of the new century, the wooden Victorian bathhouses
built in the 1880s were rapidly decaying from the moisture continuously
permeating them; their wood frame construction also made them vulnerable
to fire. The years between 1912 and 1922 saw another spate of
construction as these outmoded buildings were replaced by fire-resistant
brick and stucco bathhouses, some featuring marble walls, billiard
rooms, gymnasiums, and stained glass windows. In 1922, a new government
free bathhouse and genito-urinary clinic opened for business. In 1923
the last major change to Bathhouse Row occurred when fire destroyed the
Arlington Hotel at its north end. The hotel was rebuilt on the other
side of Fountain Street, and the vacant lot was never again to be a
bathhouse site. By 1933 the original red-brick Army-Navy Hospital
towering above the south end of Bathhouse Row had been replaced by the
large yellow-brick complex that still occupies the site today as a
rehabilitation facility.

The 1930s also brought other large construction projects. With the
Public Works Administration in full swing, funds and manpower were
allocated for several civil engineering projects at the park and on
adjoining city land. Projects included new sewage disposal systems both
in the city and at the park\'s Gulpha Gorge campground, reconstruction
and paving of the West Mountain road system, trail work, and grading for
a formal promenade behind the bathhouses. New buildings were also
constructed: a park utilities complex, a park administration building,
and a variety of buildings at the campground. The Civilian Conservation
Corps also played a role in some of this work, particularly in road and
trail construction.

By the late 1940s, breakthroughs in medical science and the decline of
the railroads had led to a decrease in bathhouse business. Oddly enough,
the decline of Bathhouse Row business actually created new bathhouse
construction off park boundaries in the 1950s as the park sought
applicants for use of the surplus thermal water. But this flurry of
activity only precipitated a more rapid decline in the bathing industry,
and the elegant Fordyce Bathhouse became the first casualty when it
closed its doors in 1962. Other Bathhouse Row and hotel bathhouses
followed suit during the next twenty years. Today Buckstaff Bathhouse is
the only building on Bathhouse Row still operating as a bathhouse. The
Fordyce Bathhouse has been renovated as the park visitor center and
museum, and the other historic bathhouses, acquired by the National Park
Service as they closed, are being offered for adaptive use leasing. Four
hotels still operate bathhouses, and the former Government Free
Bathhouse now operates as a thermal water health spa. The Leo N.
LeviHospital uses the thermal water in its hydrotherapy pool and
treatment center.

The park boundaries have also undergone numerous changes since the
original 2,529.1 acres were reserved in 1832. This acreage was greatly
reduced in the 1877 resurvey of the reservation which resulted in the
setting aside of only 264.93 acres immediately surrounding the springs.
However, an 1880 Act of Congress increased the acreage to 900.63, taking
in the surrounding North, West, Sugar Loaf, and East (Hot Springs)
Mountains. Whittington Park area was added in 1896, bringing the total
area to 911.63 acres. In 1925, the 16 acres encompassing the Gulpha
Gorge campground were donated to the park. A resurvey of the park\'s
boundaries, the first since 1877, was made by the U.S. General Land
Office in 1932. In 1935 the park accepted the donation of 63.2 acres of
land on Indian Mountain by Colonel John R. Fordyce; the parcel included
both prehistoric and historic novaculite quarries. The most dramatic
change came in 1938, when Act of Congress H.R. 5763 extended the
boundaries by 4,763 acres to connect the discontinuous mountainous
areas, to include other parcels adjoining Fountain Street and
Whittington Avenue, and to allow for two new entrances to West Mountain.
Resulting land acquisitions continued through 1941.

In 1944, 32 acres used for the U. S. Public Health Service\'s transient
camp were deeded to the park; upon closing of the camp, the land was
transferred to the Hot Springs School District No. 6 and the Garland
County Health Unit (should it ever be abandoned, its ownership will
revert to the National Park Service). In 1959 5.3 acres of park land
behind the Arlington Hotel were exchanged for a 4.75 acre inholding near
the entrance that included Happy Hollow Spring on Fountain Street.

In the 1970s the park used available funds to secure various inholdings
adjacent to trails, within the \"recharge areas\" for the thermal
springs, or for other purposes: 1,314 acres were added at the end of
1972; 883 acres were acquired in 1973. Further land acquisitions in
1974-75, including a 240-acre tract donated by Weyerhaeuser Company,
brought the park\'s size to 4,379.81 acres; acquisitions in 1977
increased it to 4,465.04 acres, and an additional 98.43 acres were
acquired in 1979. Acquisitions continued through the 1980s and 1990\'s.
The latest boundary change, authorized in 1993, has again reduced the
park\'s boundaries (by 300 acres) but certain key inholdings are still
being actively sought.

[Themes:]{.underline}

The parks\' cultural resources represent the following contexts and
themes as listed in [Revision of the National Park Service\'s Thematic
Framework]{.underline} (1996):

*I. PEOPLING PLACES:* *[1. health, nutrition and disease.]{.smallcaps}*
The park\'s formal walks, trails, fountains, thermal water distribution
systems, and bathhouses were all developed to provide a healthy regimen
for invalids and non-invalids alike who came (and still come) to bathe
and drink the thermal water. Therapeutic baths in the bathhouses were
taken in conjunction with appropriate exercise and the consumption of
plenty of thermal water.

*II. CREATING SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND MOVEMENTS:* *[4. recreational
activities.]{.smallcaps}* Hot Springs National Park was a rapidly
evolving expression of cultural attitudes towards health and fitness
that culminated in the American Spa movement. The park\'s role in this
movement was a unique one, because it represented the only spa that was
owned by the government from its beginning. The Government Free
Bathhouse, the administration building, and such landscaping features as
fountains, drives, trails, pavilions, and formal walks and gardens
directly resulted from this government involvement.

*III. EXPRESSING CULTURAL VALUES:* *2. [visual arts.]{.smallcaps}* The
bathhouses all incorporated contemporary visual arts movements and
influences into their construction. The lobby and exterior of Lamar
Bathhouse exhibit art deco touches. Maurice Bathhouse borrowed from the
arts and crafts movement with its mission oak furnishings and Roycroft
den. Bathhouse exteriors reflected the Classical, Spanish, and
Mediterranean influences current during their construction: Superior
Bathhouse and Lamar Bathhouse in eclectic commercial adaptations of the
Classic Revival style, Hale Bathhouse in the Mission style, Quapaw and
Ozark Bathhouses in the Spanish Colonial Revival style, Maurice
Bathhouse in a mix of Renaissance Revival and Mediterranean styles,
Fordyce Bathhouse in the Renaissance Revival style with both Spanish and
Italian elements, and Buckstaff Bathhouse in the Neo-Classical Revival
style. The lavish use of marble and terra cotta in walls, stairs, and
statuary, and of art glass in skylights featuring mythical and woodland
scenes contributed to the general opulence of some bathhouse interiors,
particularly that of the Fordyce Bathhouse.

*5. [architecture, landscape architecture, and urban
design.]{.smallcaps}* In 1892, Secretary of the Interior John Noble
wrote to Lt. Robert Stevens and urged him to prepare a plan for
improving the area with parks, formal walks, an observatory, and
pavilions. In his reply, Stevens suggested that the services of
Frederick Law Olmsted be retained for the project. Although this
arrangement ultimately fell through, it was to be only the first of
several ambitious architectural and landscaping projects envisaged for
the park. Aesthetic enjoyment, hardly even a consideration in the early
days of the hot springs, had gradually attained nearly equal footing
with the therapeutic regimens offered at the bathhouses. Brochures
written to promote various bathhouses in the early part of the century
support this concept, with phrases like, \"a monument to health and
beauty,\" \"The Maurice\...the Bath House Beautiful,\" and \"The
Nation\'s Health and Pleasure Resort.\" The spa experience at Hot
Springs now endeavored to soothe the spirit as well as to heal the body,
and the architecture of the bathhouses, their interior decor, the Grand
Promenade, and the landscape features all reflected their aesthetic
milieu. Architectural objects in the collection, particularly the
beautiful art glass and other elements removed from the Maurice
Bathhouse, also embodied this new philosophy.

*IV. SHAPING THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE:* *2. [governmental
institutions]{.smallcaps}.* In 1877 Superintendent Benjamin Kelley, the
first superintendent of Hot Springs Reservation, had the rough wooden
bathing pavilions that provided free bathing to the indigent torn down.
A riot ensued; Kelley, threatened with hanging, was forced to call in
federal troops to calm the populace. Shortly thereafter, a wooden
government free bathhouse was established on one of the sites. The
strong subtheme of the people\'s right to life, liberty, and the pursuit
of happiness set forth in the American Declaration of Independence runs
throughout the history of Hot Springs National Park and is exemplified
in the public bathhouse, fountains, drives, trails, and pavilions. Ever
since the reservation was established, the thermal spring water has been
available to men and women of all races, nationalities, and economic
backgrounds.

*VI. EXPANDING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY*

*2. [technological applications.]{.smallcaps}* The prehistoric and
historic quarries that dot the mountainsides in Hot Springs National
Park have left behind a record of the various technologies brought to
bear on novaculite outcroppings through the centuries. Native Americans
used the stone extensively in tool-making; European settlers found it to
be an excellent whetstone useful in a variety of applications.

*3. [scientific thought and theory.]{.smallcaps}* Objects such as
vibrating massage instruments, vacuum electrode tubes, and douche
equipment in the Hot Springs National Park collections can be used to
trace the evolution of hydrotherapy and electrotherapy in medical
practice. Archives provide documentary evidence of changing theories
within these therapeutic philosophies.

*4. [effects on lifestyle and health.]{.smallcaps}* Throughout most of
the history of Hot Springs National Park, antibiotics,
anti-inflammatories, and other pharmaceutical treatments were
unavailable. In the 1800s and during the first half of the 1900s, a
course of thermal water baths was the best treatment available for
rheumatism, organ complaints, skin diseases, and other chronic ailments.
Venereal diseases were treated in the bathhouses with a combination of
hydrotherapy and mercury rubs. Countless sufferers came to the hot
springs area to improve their health, and archival evidence shows that
many of them left feeling better, sometimes dramatically so. Electric
baths, vibrating massage equipment, and coupon books for mercury,
hydrotherapy, and electromechanotherapy treatments are just a few of the
tangible reminders of past therapies preserved in the bathhouses and the
park collections.

*VII. TRANSFORMING THE ENVIRONMENT.*

*1. [manipulating the environment and its resources.]{.smallcaps}* From
the simple troughs used to transport the thermal water in the 1800s to
the complex underground collection and distribution system of today,
systems have constantly improved, drawing nearer to the ultimate goal of
delivering the resource of thermal water to the bather with its thermal
qualities and purity intact. Plans, maps, and equipment in the park
collection document these efforts; the collecting and pumping system in
the administration building basement, the cooling station on Arlington
Lawn, and the spring boxes on the side of Hot Springs Mountain exemplify
their latest expression.

*2. [adverse consequences and stresses on the environment.]{.smallcaps}*

*[3. protecting and preserving the environment.]{.smallcaps}*

Park history dramatically demonstrates the inherent tension between the
use of environmental resources and the need to preserve and protect
them. This tension created environmental stresses that plagued the park
in the 1800s. Careless blasting, intended to increase the flow of some
springs, diminished the flow of other springs and made still others
disappear forever. It also destroyed most of the natural calcium
carbonate formations or \"tufa domes\" at the spring outlets; like cave
formations, these domes formed over a period of centuries, and their
loss was irreplaceable. Another environmental insult was the improper
disposal of sewage (bathhouses and residences were built over the creek
so that their water closets emptied directly into it) which essentially
created a cesspool through the center of town, particularly a problem in
the summer months. A third problem was inherent in the situation of the
springs on the hill; people and animals were free to foul the
unprotected springs at their source. These problems were eventually all
addressed by restrictions on blasting enacted in the 1880s, the
completion of the Hot Springs creek arch in 1884, the covering of the
springs by 1901, various sewerage projects beginning in 1924 and
continuing through the present, and land purchases intended to protect
the areas where rainwater enters the aquifer producing the thermal
water. Documents such as reports, Congressional hearings, maps, and
plans document both the problems and their solutions.

**III. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM**

[OVERVIEW OF CURRENT PROGRAM AND NEEDS]{.underline}

This section presents brief discussions on each of the significant
resource management challenges identified for the park. The park\'s
nationally significant historic area contains many fine examples of both
cultural and natural resources. The primary focus of the park\'s natural
resource manager is the conservation of the historic values embodied in
these resources. This mission requires close cooperation among park
managers, resource management specialists, historians, interpreters,
protection rangers, and maintenance personnel. Such cooperation is
evident within this plan by the inclusion of several Integrated Project
Statements.

[Natural Resource Management]{.underline}

As is evident in the following tables and project statements, the level
of funding and staffing have been inadequate to support the required
efforts to implement many of the division\'s programs. As time and money
become available, the park will proceed with developing action plans and
data acquisition programs.

The lack of thorough knowledge of the park\'s natural resources and the
inability to monitor their condition in relation to development
activities, are the clearest threats to the values of the park and of
highest priority in this management plan. The park will continue to seek
funding to develop an inventory and monitoring program and to implement
a comprehensive Geographic Information System to monitor park resources
and the dynamic conditions occurring adjacent to its boundaries.

Other projects such as \"Protect Air Quality Related Values\" and
\"Wildlife Monitoring and Protection\" both require that a more complete
knowledge of the park\'s natural resources be acquired before
appropriate management actions can be taken. Currently the park lacks a
complete flora and fauna inventory and abundance record. The effects of
air pollution on the park\'s natural resources and historic structures
are unknown.

\"Parkwide Vegetation Management\" is also a strong concern. It affects
the interpretation of natural as well as cultural resources of the park.
Aerial photography has been obtained and will be utilized to document
vegetative conditions and trends. Other vegetation related issues are
the management of exotic plants and exotic forest insects within the
park. Native insects and native plants, especially in developed areas,
can be management issues too. All require further resource study and
monitoring.

The central issue concerning the park is establishing an inventory and
monitoring program that will focus on the important natural resource
projects the park has outlined, and provide a systematic way of storing,
retrieving, and analyzing the data, such as the Geographic Information
System (GIS).

[Cultural Resources Management]{.underline}

As pointed out in the section on natural resources management, the level
of funding and staffing are inadequate to support many of the
division\'s federally mandated programs.

The issue of greatest cultural importance currently facing park
management is halting the deterioration of the six non-operating
historic bathhouses on Bathhouse Row. The Superior and Hale Bathhouses
have had their exteriors rehabilitated and are stabilized for the
present, but if they are not leased out soon, deterioration will
probably begin anew. Quapaw Bathhouse has been recently provided with a
new roof; its ornate tiled dome with copper cupola has been restored,
and a park crew is removing the lead paint from its interior, all of
which should improve the building\'s chances for ultimate leasing. The
Lamar Bathhouse was the last of the bathhouses to close and is in fair
condition. But with no environmental systems operating in the building,
plaster is beginning to collapse, endangering the extensive trompe
l\'oeil murals in the lobby and the painted designs on the ceiling which
represent the distinguishing interior architectural features of this
bathhouse. Plans have long been on paper to use this building for park
offices, but funding has not been available to date for writing specific
proposals and plans for this project. In the meantime, the building
continues to deteriorate. Maurice Bathhouse is in the poorest condition
of all the bathhouses. Its old and persistently leaking roof has caused
extensive damage throughout the structure: one step of a rusted iron and
marble staircase recently collapsed; many of the building\'s interior
wooden elements have rotted nearly away, and tile floors have buckled.
The old roof has now been removed and a new roof installed, but without
further stabilization, the bathhouse\'s once ornate interior will
continue to degrade. This bathhouse is particularly important because it
and the Fordyce Bathhouse flank the century-old formal entrance to the
original Hot Springs Reservation. Its removal would destroy the symmetry
at the center of Bathhouse Row and spoil the architectural balance which
serves to unify the dissimilar bathhouses. The loss of Maurice Bathhouse
would thus have a devastating impact on the historic and architectural
character of the entire Historic Landmark District of Bathhouse Row.
Stevens Balustrade, a limestone architectural feature at the original
park entrance which now provides access to the Grand Promenade, also
anchors Bathhouse Row. Its shell fountain no longer operates. The
limestone is also crumbling in several areas and needs to be replaced
and stabilized.

The Fordyce Bathhouse is in the best condition of the seven
non-operating bathhouses, but because it functions as the park visitor
center, it requires a great deal of maintenance. Four of the other
bathhouses\--the Lamar, the Ozark, Quapaw, and the Maurice\--are in poor
condition. The building receives visitors who steal doorknobs, hardware,
even antique thermostats off the walls. They have also taken exhibited
objects from historically furnished rooms. The walls are very permeable,
and moisture constantly loosens paint and plaster on walls and ceilings,
wood trim and furnishings, and causes veneer to separate from the wooden
panels of dressing and bath stalls. During past floods (which
periodically occur on Central Avenue, the most recent occurring in
1990), waters entered the building\'s basement. This problem can recur
in the future. The bathhouse\'s marquee has developed a leak which will
be major contruction to repair. The leak onto the tile porch floor
constitutes a safety hazard; the leaks could eventually weaken the
feature\'s structural integrity.

The former medical director\'s residence on Reserve Street is also in
need of stabilization. One of the oldest buildings in the park, the
stucco building boasts hardwood floors, pocket doors, numerous
fireplaces, sleeping porches, and a formal entrance area. The building
has been added to the park\'s leasing program, but in the meantime it is
deteriorating. Water flows through the roof of the second floor sleeping
porch into the front of the living room, which has destroyed the floor
in that section of the room. Lead paint is flaking off the plaster
walls, and mildew is rampant. The main roof is not leaking, but will
need attention soon.

The extensive native stone walls along Hot Springs Mountain Drive have
been a park feature since the 1890s. They have been repaired and
reworked often in the past but are now in dire need of complete
rebuilding. Some of the historic native stone shelters along the park\'s
trail system need to be stabilized, and other very old native stone
walls, culverts, and other features need to be evaluated for possible
repair and rebuilding.

The Hot Springs Creek arch, a 113-year-old engineering structure under
the sidewalk and front lawns of Bathhouse Row, is showing signs of aging
and stress. The arch is the major means of controlling storm water along
flood-prone Central Avenue as well as an historic engineering structure,
and its stabilization is imperative. Federal funding formerly earmarked
for determining the efficacy of a tunnel through West Mountain for flood
control has been transferred to a project to renovate the creek arch.
The collapse of the arch would destroy the Magnolia avenue, lawn, and
sidewalk along Bathhouse Row and could radically destabilize the
bathhouse foundations as well. Furthermore, it would shut down the hotel
bathhouses, since the lines delivering thermal water to those buildings
are anchored to the creek arch walls. The walls along Whittington Creek
funnel water from West Mountain and Whittington Park into the creek
arch. Projects to stabilize the creek banks began in 1905 when the lakes
in the park were drained. A concrete ditch some 200 feet long was built
there in 1928, and riprapping was completed in 1943. The creek walls are
now in critical need of stabilization. The thermal water distribution
system has been reworked and is in good condition, but the collecting
system needs to be evaluated.

In Gulpha Gorge Campground, the visitor contact station has water coming
up through the floor during heavy rains. The caretaker\'s wood floor
cabin, constructed in the 1930\'s (now used to house National Park
Service volunteers) is in reasonably good condition, but it needs
termite protection. Past termite damage is evident under the house, and
termite activity will probably recur. The floor joists are rotting in
some areas.

Projects addressing the servicewide issues of inadequate cultural
resource documentation and monitoring programs, poor collection
preservation maintenance, inadequate control of visitor impacts, and
cataloging backlogs are all relevant to managing the cultural resources
of Hot Springs National Park. However, since many of the cultural
resources planning documents are outdated and need to be rewritten (most
were filed before the reopening of Fordyce Bathhouse in 1989), it is
sometimes difficult to adequately address these issues on the park
level. Park collections are being brought into compliance with federally
mandated standards, which demand more resources than are available.

**List of Project Statements**

Project statement numbers were reassigned for the update of this plan.
Many statements were added or changed from the approved 1981 Plan. In
addition, there is a list of newly created integrated cultural and
natural resource management statements.

[Project#]{.underline} [Project Statement Title]{.underline}

**TABLES**

**CULTURAL RESOURCES DOCUMENTATION CHECKLIST**

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  TITLE                               CURRENT AND INCOMPLETE;    NEEDED
                                      APPROVED    NEEDS REVISION 
                                                  OR UPDATING    
  ----------------------------------- ----------- -------------- ---------
  PLANNING DOCUMENTS                                             

  Preauthorization and Authorization                             

  Statement for Management (SFM)                  X              

  Outline of Planning Requirements                X              
  (OPR)                                                          

  General Management Plan (GMP)                   X              

  Development Concept Plan (DCP)                  X              

  Resources Management Plan (RMP)                 X              

  Interpretive Prospectus (IP)                    X              

  SERVICEWIDE INVENTORIES, LISTS,                                
  CATALOGS AND REGISTERS                                         

  Cultural Resources Management                   X              
  Bibliography (CRBIB)                                           

  Cultural Sites Inventory (CSI)                                 X

  List of Classified Structures (LCS)             X              

  National Catalog of Museum Objects              X              

  Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI)             X              

  National Register of Historic                   X              
  Places                                                         

  BASIC CULTURAL RESOURCE DOCS.                                  

  Archeological Overview and                                     X
  Assessment                                                     

  Archeological Identification                                   
  Studies                                                        

  Archeological Evaluation Studies                               

  Rapid Ethnographic Assessment                                  
  Procedures (REAP)                                              

  Cultural Affiliation Study                                     

  Ethnographic Landscape Study                                   

  Ethnographic Overview & Assessment                             

  Ethnographic Oral & Life Histories                             

  Ethnographic Program                                           

  Historic Resource Study                                        X

  Historic Base Map                                              X

  Park Administrative History                                    X

  Scope of Collection Statement       X                          

  SPECIAL RESOURCE STUDIES AND PLANS                             

  Archeological & Ethno. Collections                             
  Studies                                                        

  Archeological Data Recovery Studies                            

  Collection Management Plan          X                          

  Collection Storage Plan                         X              

  Collection Condition Survey                                    X

  Cultural Landscape Report (CLR)                                X

  Ethnohistory                                                   

  Exhibit Plan                        X                          

  Historic Furnishing Report          X\*                        

  Historic Structure Report (HSR)     X                          

  Inventory & Condition Assessment                               X
  Program (ICAP)                                                 

  Social Impact Study                                            

  Special History Study                                          

  Traditional Use Study                                          
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

\*On file for Fordyce Bathhouse only.

**SUMMARY CHART FOR ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES**

  -------------- ----- ----------- ------ ------ ----------- --------- --------- ---------- ----- --------- --------------- ------ ------
  Significance         Condition                                       Impacts                              Documentation          

                       Good        Fair   Poor   Destroyed   Unknown   Severe    Moderate   Low   Unknown   Good            Fair   Poor

  National                                                                                                                         

  State &                                                                                                                          
  Regional                                                                                                                         

  Local                                                                                                                            

  Not Evaluated  16                                          16                                   16                               16

  Totals         16                                          16                                   16                               16
  -------------- ----- ----------- ------ ------ ----------- --------- --------- ---------- ----- --------- --------------- ------ ------

**SUMMARY CHART FOR STRUCTURES**

  -------------- ----- ----------- ------ ------ ----------- --------- --------- ---------- ----- --------- --------------- ------ ------
  Significance         Condition                                       Impacts                              Documentation          

                       Good        Fair   Poor   Destroyed   Unknown   Severe    Moderate   Low   Unknown   Good            Fair   Poor

  National       9     5           3      1                            1         2          5     1         8               1      

  State &                                                                                                                          
  Regional                                                                                                                         

  Local                                                                                                                            

  Not Evaluated  67    4           2      4      1           56        1         3          4     59        8               0      59

  Totals         76    9           5      5      1           56        2         5          9     60        16              1      59
  -------------- ----- ----------- ------ ------ ----------- --------- --------- ---------- ----- --------- --------------- ------ ------

**SUMMARY CHART FOR OBJECTS**

+-------------+-------+------+----+-----+----+--------+------+------+
| DO          | Arche | E    | H  | Ar  | B  | Paleon | Geo  | TO   |
| CUMENTATION | ology | thno | is | chi | io | tology | logy | TALS |
|             |       | logy | to | ves | lo |        |      |      |
| Form 10-254 |       |      | ry |     | gy |        |      |      |
| Submitted   |       |      |    |     |    |        |      |      |
| to National |       |      |    |     |    |        |      |      |
| Catalog at  |       |      |    |     |    |        |      |      |
| Harpers     |       |      |    |     |    |        |      |      |
| Ferry       |       |      |    |     |    |        |      |      |
+-------------+-------+------+----+-----+----+--------+------+------+
| R           |       |      |    |     |    |        |      |      |
| egistration |       |      |    |     |    |        |      |      |
| Data Only   |       |      |    |     |    |        |      |      |
+-------------+-------+------+----+-----+----+--------+------+------+
| R           | 409   | 0    | 13 | 2   | 3  | 7      | 195  | 224  |
| egistration |       |      | ,6 | 06, | ,6 |        |      | ,268 |
| & Catalog   |       |      | 27 | 388 | 42 |        |      |      |
| Data        |       |      |    |     |    |        |      |      |
+-------------+-------+------+----+-----+----+--------+------+------+
| Total Items | 409   | 0    | 13 | 2   | 3  | 7      | 195  | 224  |
| Catalogued  |       |      | ,6 | 06, | ,6 |        |      | ,268 |
|             |       |      | 27 | 388 | 42 |        |      |      |
+-------------+-------+------+----+-----+----+--------+------+------+
| Backlog to  | \(    | 0    | (2 | (16 | \( | 0      | 0    | (    |
| be          | 302\) |      | 4, | 4,6 | 27 |        |      | 190, |
| Catalogued  |       |      | 97 | 92) | \) |        |      | 000) |
|             |       |      | 8) |     |    |        |      |      |
+-------------+-------+------+----+-----+----+--------+------+------+
| Total       | \(    | 0    | (3 | (37 | (  | 7      | 195  | (    |
| Collection  | 711\) |      | 8, | 1,0 | 3, |        |      | 414, |
| Summary     |       |      | 60 | 80) | 66 |        |      | 268) |
|             |       |      | 5) |     | 9) |        |      |      |
+-------------+-------+------+----+-----+----+--------+------+------+

+-----------------+-------+-------+-----+-----+-----+--------+------+
| CONDITION       | Arche | Ethn  | H   | Ar  | B   | Paleon | Geo  |
|                 | ology | ology | ist | chi | iol | tology | logy |
| The             |       |       | ory | ves | ogy |        |      |
| **percentage**  |       |       |     |     |     |        |      |
| of collection   |       |       |     |     |     |        |      |
| in the          |       |       |     |     |     |        |      |
| following       |       |       |     |     |     |        |      |
| categories:     |       |       |     |     |     |        |      |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-----+-----+-----+--------+------+
| Excellent       | 19.5  | 0     | 3   | 2   | 4   | 71     | 1    |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-----+-----+-----+--------+------+
| Good            | 20.0  | 0     | 21  | 27  | 83  | 29     | 80   |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-----+-----+-----+--------+------+
| Fair            | 19.5  | 0     | 11  | 26  | 11  | 0      | 16   |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-----+-----+-----+--------+------+
| Poor            | 5.0   | 0     | 1   | 1   | 1   | 0      | 3    |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-----+-----+-----+--------+------+
| Unknown         | 36.0  | 0     | 64  | 44  | 1   | 0      | 0    |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-----+-----+-----+--------+------+

**SUMMARY CHART FOR CULTURAL LANDSCAPES**

  -------------- ----- ----------- ------ ------ ----------- --------- --------- ---------- ----- --------- --------------- ------ ------
  Significance         Condition                                       Impacts                              Documentation          

                       Good        Fair   Poor   Destroyed   Unknown   Severe    Moderate   Low   Unknown   Good            Fair   Poor

  National       1                 1                                   1                                    1                      

  State &                                                                                                                          
  Regional                                                                                                                         

  Local                                                                                                                            

  Not Evaluated  9                                           9                                    9                                9

  Totals         10    0           1      0      0           9         1         0          0     9         1               0      9
  -------------- ----- ----------- ------ ------ ----------- --------- --------- ---------- ----- --------- --------------- ------ ------

**SUMMARY CHART FOR ETHNOGRAPHIC RESOURCES**

  -------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------ ---------------
  Resource Types National       Authority      Non-Recreational   Documentation
                 Register                      Use                Level

  Sites          0              NA             0                  NA

  Structures     0              NA             0                  NA

  Objects        0              NA             0                  NA

  Natural        0              NA             0                  NA
  Resources                                                       

  Ethnographic   0              NA             0                  NA
  Landscapes                                                      

  Other          0              NA             0                  NA
  -------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------ ---------------

**BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCES CITED**

BAKER, CHARLES MICHAEL

1975 [Archeological Inventory of Hot Springs National Park]{.underline}.
Report prepared for the National Park Service, Southwest Region, by the
Arkansas Archeological Survey and University of Arkansas Museum,
Fayetteville.

BELL, ALONZO

1882 [Report on the Hot Springs of Arkansas to the Secretary of the
Interior]{.underline}, Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.

CRON, FREDERICK W.

1946 [The Hot Springs of the Ouachita]{.underline}. Unpublished ms. on
file in the library of Hot Springs National Park.

CROMWELL, NEYLAND, TRUEMPER, MILLETT & GATCHELL, INC.

1973 [Historic Structures Report, Hot Springs National
Park]{.underline}, Little Rock, Arkansas.

FEATHERSTONHAUGH, G.W.

1844 [Excursion Through the Slave States.]{.underline} John Murray,
London.

HARRISON, LAURA SOULLIERE

1986 [Architecture in the Parks: National Historic Landmark Theme
Study]{.underline}. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park
Service.

1991 [Water, Water Everywhere: A Brief Investigation of Deterioration in
the Superior, Hale, Maurice, Quapaw, and Ozark Bathhouses]{.underline}.
Hot Springs National Park, Hot Springs, Arkansas.

HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION

1878- [Reports of the Superintendent of Hot Springs Reservation to
the]{.underline}

1921 [Secretary of the Interior]{.underline}. Hot Springs National Park
museum collections.

McDERMOTT, JOHN F.

1963 [Western Journal of Dr. Geo. Hunter: Excursion up the Ouachita
1804-1805]{.underline}. Trans. Am. Philosophical Society, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.

MUSICK, THOMAS H.

1890 [Investigation of Hot Springs Affairs, Report to the Secretary of
the Interior]{.underline}. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

1922- [Reports of the Superintendent of Hot Springs National Park to
the]{.underline}

1966 [Secretary of the Interior]{.underline}. Hot Springs National Park
museum collections.

1977 [Statement for Management, Hot Springs National Park]{.underline},
Hot Springs National Park

[Resources Management Plan for Hot Springs National Park]{.underline},
Hot Springs National Park

1981 [Resources Management Plan for Hot Springs National
Park]{.underline}, Hot Springs National Park

1985 [Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Bathhouse Row Landscape:
Technical Report 1]{.underline}

[Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Superior Bathhouse: Technical
Report 2]{.underline}.

[Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Hale Bathhouse: Technical
Report 3]{.underline}.

[Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Maurice Bathhouse: Technical
Report 4]{.underline}.

[Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Fordyce Bathhouse: Technical
Report 5]{.underline}.

[Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Quapaw Bathhouse: Technical
Report 6]{.underline}.

[Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Ozark Bathhouse: Technical
Report 7]{.underline}.

1986 [General Management Plan, Development Concept Plan, Hot Springs
National Park]{.underline}, Hot Springs National Park

1996 [Revision of the National Park Service\'s Thematic
Framework]{.underline} [Collections Management Report]{.underline}, Hot
Springs National Park.

OLMSTED ASSOCIATES ARCHIVES

1892- Correspondence concerning Job #1244 for Hot Springs Reservation.

1893 Library of Congress, \"The Records of the Olmsted Associates,\"
microfilm reel #59, container B80-B82.

PAIGE, JOHN C. AND LAURA SOULLIERE HARRISON

1988 [Out of the Vapors: A Social and Architectural History of Bathhouse
Row.]{.underline} U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park
Service.

PETRAVAGE, CAROL A.

1987 [Historic Furnishings Report: The Fordyce Bathhouse, Hot Springs
National Park, Arkansas.]{.underline} U.S. Department of the Interior,
National Park Service, Harpers Ferry Center, West Virginia.

ROBISON, HENRY W., AND THOMAS M. BUCHANAN

1988 [Fishes of Arkansas]{.underline}. University of Arkansas Press,
Fayetteville, Arkansas.

SABO, GEORGE III, ANN M. EARLY, JEROME C. ROSE, BARBARA A. BURNETT,
LOUIS VOGELE, JR., AND JAMES P. HARCOURT

1988 [Human Adaptation in the Ozark-Ouachita Mountains.]{.underline}
Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.

SCHAMBACH, FRANK F.

1970 [Pre-Caddoan Cultures in the Trans-Mississippi South: A Beginning
Sequence.]{.underline} Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology,
Harvard University, Cambridge.

SCULLY, FRANCIS J.

1966 [Hot Springs, Arkansas, and Hot Springs National Park]{.underline}.
Pioneer Press, Little Rock, Arkansas.

STEVENS, ROBERT S.

1893- [Reports to the Secretary of the Interior on Improvements at Hot
Springs]{.underline}

1895 [Reservation]{.underline}. Hot Springs National Park museum
collection.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

1850 [Report of the Secretary of the Interior in Answer to a Resolution
of the]{.underline} [Senate Relative to the Hot Springs of
Arkansas]{.underline}, Ex. Doc. No. 70.

1979 [The Waters of Hot Springs National Park - Their Nature and
Origin]{.underline}. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1044-C.

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

1884 [Testimony Taken before the Committee on Expenditures in the
Interior Department, Relative to Certain Things Connected with the
Government Property at Hot Springs, Ark.]{.underline}, MIS.DOC No. 58,
House of Representatives.

YOUNG, GLORIA A. AND MICHAEL P. HOFFMAN.

1993 [The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi,
1541-1543]{.underline}. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville.

**CULTURAL RESOURCES BIBLIOGRAPHY (CRBIB)**

**HOT SPRINGS NATIONAL PARK**

Baker, Charles M. *Archeological Inventory, Hot Springs National Park*.
12/1975.

pp. 24. HOLD: SWRO

Barkmann, Herman G.; Moss, Richard. *Environmental Stabilization and*

*Mothballing, Lamar Bathhouse Report*. 1986. pp. 6. HOLD: SWRO

Benson, Forrest M.; Libbey, Donald S. *History of Hot Springs National
Park*.

1955\. pp. 54. HOLD: HFC

Bookhout, Leland T. *The Hale Bathhouse, Central Avenue, Bathhouse Row*

*National Historic District*. 05/1986. pp. 95. HOLD: WASO

Bookhout, Leland T. *The Maurice Bathhouse, Central Avenue, Bathhouse
Row*

*National Historic District, Hot Spring National Park*. 05/1986. pp.
100. HOLD: WASO

Bookhout, Leland T. *The Ozark Bathhouse Central Avenue: Bathhouse Row*

*National Historic District, Hot Springs National Park*. 05/1986. pp.
96. HOLD: WASO

Bookhout, Leland T. *The Quapaw Bathhouse, Central Avenue, Bathhouse
Row*

*National Historic District, Hot Springs National Park*. 05/1986. pp.
102. HOLD: WASO

Bookhout, Leland T. *The Superior Bathhouse, Central Avenue, Bathhouse
Row*

*National Historic District, Hot Springs National Park*. 05/1986. pp.
96. HOLD: WASO

Copeland, Randall; Stiles, Wilson. *Historic Structure Report, Fordyce
Bathhouse,*

*Hot Springs National Park*. pp. 431. HOLD: WASO

Cromwell, Neyland, Truemper, Millett & Gatchell, Inc. *Historic
Structures Report,*

*Hot Springs National Park*. 11/1973. pp. 200. HOLD: WASO

Einert, Alfred Erwin. *Magnolia Tree and Landscape Assessment for
Bathhouse*

*Row, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas*. 03/1994. pp. 8. HOLD: WASO

Greenfield, Judy. *Curatorial Storage at the Fordyce Bathhouse*. 1992.
pp. 11.

HOLD: HFC

Greenfield, Judy. *Guidelines for Furnishings Maintenance and
Protection, Fordyce*

*Bathhouse*. 1992. pp. 49. HOLD: HFC

Greenfield, Judy. *Maintenance Situations Requiring Attention and
Conservation/*

*Restoration Concerns for Specific Artifacts, Fordyce Bathhouse*. 1992.
pp. 4. HOLD: HFC

Harrison, Laura Soulliere. *Turning the Corner: The Landscape History of
the*

*Administration Building, Hot Springs National Park*. 01/1990. pp. 45.
HOLD: WASO

Kemper, E. C. *Dunbar and Hunter Expedition (1804)*. 07/1936. pp. 4.
HOLD:

HFC

Maeder, Richard H. *Steeped in Hot Water: The Establishment and History
of Hot*

*Springs National Park*. pp. 15. HOLD: HFC

Paige, John C.; Harrison, Laura Soulliere. *Out of the Vapors: A Social
and*

*Architectural History of Bathhouse Row, Hot Springs National Park*.
1987. pp. 313. HOLD: HFC

Pardue, Diana R. *Collection Preservation Guide, Hot Springs National
Park*. 04/

1980\. pp. 66. HOLD: WASO

Petravage, Carol A. *Historic Furnishings Report, The Fordyce Bathhouse,
Hot*

*Springs National Park*. 09/1987. pp. 576. HOLD: WASO

Pitts and Associates Engineers. *Engineering Study of the Quapaw
Bathhouse,*

*Phase III, Hot Springs National Park*. 03/1984. pp. 65. HOLD: WASO

Pitts and Associates Engineers. *Investigative Study of Five Bathhouses,
Phase II,*

*Hot Springs National Park*. 02/1984. pp. 250. HOLD: WASO

Schreffler, Robert. *General Management Plan, Development Concept Plan,*

*Environmental Assessment, Hot Springs National Park*. 1985. pp. 96.
HOLD: HFC

Scott, Jane E. *Overview of Historical Research an Annotated
Bibliography and*

*Plans for Future Study*. 06/1978. pp. 9. HOLD: SWRO

Scully, Frances J. *Hot Springs, Arkansas, and Hot Springs National
Park: The*

*Story of a City and the Nation\'s Health Resort*. 1966. pp. 446. HOLD:
SWRO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, the Bathhouse Row
Landscape:*

*Technical Report 1, Hot Springs National Park*. 06/1985. pp. 102. HOLD:
WASO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Superior Bathhouse:
Technical*

*Report 2, Hot Springs National Park*. 06/1985. pp. 28. HOLD: HFC

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Hale Bathhouse:
Technical*

*Report 3, Hot Springs National Park*. 06/1985. pp. 35. HOLD: HFC

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Maurice Bathhouse:
Technical*

*Report 4, Hot Springs National Park*. 06/1985. pp. 44. HOLD: WASO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Fordyce Bathhouse:
Technical*

*Report 5, Hot Springs National Park*. 06/1985. pp. 44. HOLD: WASO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Quapaw Bathhouse,
Technical*

*Report 6, Hot Springs National Park*. 06/1985. pp. 42. HOLD: WASO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program, The Ozark Bathhouse,
Technical*

*Report 7, Hot Springs National Park*. 06/1985. pp. 35. HOLD: HFC

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program‑Technical Report 1 ‑
Landscape*. 07/

1985\. pp. 102. HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program ‑ Technical Report 2 ‑
Superior*

*Bathhouse*. 07/1985. pp. 28. HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program ‑ Technical Report 3 ‑ Hale*

*Bathhouse*. 07/1985. pp. 35. HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program ‑ Technical Report 4 ‑
Maurice*

*Bathhouse*. 07/1985. pp. 44. HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program ‑ Technical Report 5 ‑
Fordyce*

*Bathhouse*. 07/1985. pp. 44. HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program ‑ Technical Report 6 ‑
Quapaw*

*Bathhouse*. 07/1985. pp. 42. HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *Bathhouse Row Adaptive Use Program ‑ Technical Report 7 ‑ Ozark*

*Bathhouse*. 07/1985. pp. 35. HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *General Management Plan, Development Concept Plan, Hot Springs
National*

*Park*. 06/1986. pp. 106. HOLD: WASO/SWRO

Staff. *An Historical Data Section for an Historic Structures Report on
the Fordyce*

*Bath House*. pp. 200. HOLD: WASO

Staff. *Historic Structures Preservation Guide for the Superior
Bathhouse*. HOLD:

HFC

Staff. *Historic Structure Preservation Guide for the Ozark Bathhouse,
Hot Springs*

*National Park*. 1986. pp. 60. HOLD: WASO

Staff. *Historic Structure Preservation Guide for the Hale Bathhouse,
Hot Springs*

*National Park*. 1986. pp. 60. HOLD: WASO

Staff. *Historic Structure Preservation Guide for the Quapaw Bathhouse,
Hot*

*Springs National Park*. 1986. pp. 60. HOLD: WASO

Staff. *Historic Structure Preservation Guide for the Fordyce Bathhouse,
Volume I,*

*General Instructions*. 10/1992. HOLD: HFC

Staff. *Interpretive Prospectus*. 1986. pp. 36. HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *Inventory of Furnishings, Part III ‑ Fordyce Bathhouse*. pp. 37.
HOLD:

SWRO

Staff. *Land Protection Plan*. 04/1985. pp. 38. HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *Proposed Boundary Change*. 12/1983. pp. 12. HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *Resources Management Plan/Environmental Assessment*. 1981. pp.
58.

HOLD: SWRO

Staff. *Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, 1981,
Hot*

*Springs National Park*. 10/1981. pp. 49. HOLD: HFC

Staff. *Statement for Management*. 01/1976. pp. 58. HOLD: SWRO

Staff, Denver Service Center. *Historic Structures Preservation Guide,
Maurice*

*Bathhouse, Hot Springs NP*. pp. 60. HOLD: WASO

Walling, Larry; Cowley, Jill; Feierabend, Carey; Johnson, Gary; Rhod.
*Landscape*

*Management Plan, Bathhouse Row, Hot Springs National Park*. 09/1989.
pp. 140. HOLD: WASO

Witsell, Evans, and Rasco. *Historic Structures Report, Hale Bathhouse*.
04/ 1990.

HOLD: WASO

Witsell, Evans, and Rasco. *Historic Structure Report, Quapaw
Bathhouse*. 04/

1990\. HOLD: WASO

Witsell, Evans and Rasco. *Historic Structures Report, Maurice
Bathhouse, Hot*

*Springs National Park*. 04/1990. HOLD: WASO

Witsell, Evans and Rasco. *Historic Structure Report, Ozark Bathhouse*.
04/1990.

HOLD: WASO

Witsell, Evans; Rasco, Pa. *Historic Structures Report, Superior
Bathhouse*. 04/

1990\. HOLD: WASO

Wright, Robert D.; O\'Gwynn, Claude H. *Existing and Historic Bathhouse
Row*

*Landscape Study, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas*. 09/1987. pp. 15.
HOLD: WASO

[^1]:     ^?^ Spring flow estimates were taken during Hunter and
    Dunbar\'s 1804 expedition, Major Stephen Long\'s 1818 expedition,
    and David Dale Owen\'s 1860 investigations; they also appear in
    other early publications through the mid 1900s. While the results
    may not be adequately comparable with those obtained through modern
    research design, they were done in accordance with the scientific
    methodology of their time period and are certainly of some value.