GLOSSARY

**Allegory** (noun), **allegorical** (adj.) ‑ a symbolic representation
in literature or art.

**Abstract** ‑ a form that has been simplified or geometricized.

**Additive Process** ‑ a method of creating sculpture; joining pieces to
create a whole

composition (like modeling with clay).

**Armature** ‑ an inner support structure for sculpture; usually made of
wood, wire,

newspaper or cardboard.

**Bakeout** ‑ the process of melting wax from a mold in a kiln.

**Balustrade** ‑ a handrail or fence supported by decorative end posts.

**Bas-relief** ‑ low relief *(also see **relief***).

**Bisque** ‑ clay that has been fired once at a low temperature; also
unglazed, fired

pieces of pottery.

**Bronze** ‑ a metal alloy, usually copper and tin used in casting bells
or statues.

**Bust** ‑ a three‑dimensional sculpture portrait, usually from the
shoulders up.

**Classical** ‑ influenced by ancient Greek & Roman art; characterized
by the \"ideal,\"

especially in the human body; perfect proportions, balance and beauty.

**Clay Sketch** ‑ a clay form that has been modeled quickly for the
purpose of practicing a

technique or trying an idea.

**Collaboration ‑** two or more people working on the same project.

**Colossal** (adj.), in sculpture, an exceptional or astonishing size.
**A Colossus** (n)- a

sculpture which is enormous.

**Commission** - (in art context) an order for a piece of work.

**To commission** (v)- is to order.

**Exedra** ‑ a curved, out‑door bench with a high back, usually in
stone.

**Exposition** - a public exhibition or show; a World\'s Fair,
especially popular during the

19th century.

**Foundry** ‑ an establishment where the process of casting metals takes
place.

**Freestanding sculpture** ‑ modeled \"in the round\" and
self‑supporting. A freestanding

sculpture is not attached to a background, as a relief would be

*(also see **sculpture in the round**).*

**Frieze** ‑ a horizontal strip of sculpture, usually in low relief,
which is applied to the

surface of a wall.

**Greenware** ‑ dry clay pots or sculptures that are ready for firing.

Greenware is very fragile.

**Heroic** ‑ as it refers to the size of sculpture, considerably larger
than life size.

**High Relief** ‑ a form of sculpture in which less than 50% of the
figure is attached to the

background.

**Inscription** ‑ a written dedication.

**Italianate** (adj.) ‑ deriving from Italian designs.

**Kiln** - a furnace or oven built of heat resistant materials for
firing pottery or sculpture.

**Lost Wax Process** ‑ a casting process in which a layer of wax is
melted out of the mold

*(also see **bakeout***) leaving a hollow space, which will be filled
with molten bronze.

**Loggia** ‑ a roofed space that is open and supported by columns on one
or more sides.

**Maquette** ‑ a small, relatively complete version of a sculpture.

**Masque** ‑ a short, allegorical drama.

**Medium (Media, pl.)** ‑ the material(s) in which an artist works.

**Obverse** ‑ the front or principal side of a coin bearing the main
design.

**Patina** ‑ refers to the final color which is given to a sculpture by
the reaction of acid

applied to heated bronze. The process of coloring is called
**patination**.

**Patron of the arts** ‑ one who supports the arts; a benefactor.

**Pedestal** ‑ a base or support for a statue.

**Pergola** ‑ an arbor or covered walk made of trellis work and usually
covered by vines.

**Philanthropy (Philanthropist)** ‑ the act of making a gift for common
benefit:

a philanthropist is one who makes gifts or distributes funds for the
human good.

**Plaster** (of Paris)‑ Calcinated gypsum; swells when mixed with water
and sets rapidly.

> Unlike clay, it does not shrink as it dries and this special property
> makes it especially valuable for making molds and casts of sculpture.

**Pointing** ‑ the mechanical process by which a sculpture can be copied
exactly,

enlarged or reduced. It is done by technicians using a pointing machine.

**Portrait** ‑ the likeness of a person, especially of the face.

**Profile** ‑ the outline of a human face or figure seen from the side.

**Primary source** - an original document from an historical period

(i.e. newspapers, diaries, letters, artwork) and used for research.

**Realistic or representational Sculpture** ‑ a form that is true to
life,

without distortion or stylization.

**Relief Sculpture** - in which figures or forms project from a flat
background surface

and is meant to be seen from the front only; there are no sides or back.

**Reduction** (noun), **Reduced** (adj.) ‑ as it refers to sculpture,
less than life size or a

smaller version of the original.

**Reverse** ‑ as applied to coins or medals, the reverse is the
backside.

> **Scoring** ‑ a technique for attaching two clay pieces together. The
> surfaces are scratched,
>
> covered with **slip,** and firmly pressed together.

**Sculpture in the round** ‑ a three-dimensional sculpture, freestanding
which has height, depth and width.

**Slip** ‑ clay watered down to the consistency of soft butter.

**Subtractive Process** ‑ the sculptural process of carving wood or
chiseling stone;

removing material to achieve the desired shape.

**Tableaux Vivants** ‑ (pronounced: tablow veevahnt) literally meaning
living pictures;

the activity of recreating an old masterpiece with living figures.

**Three-dimensional** ‑ having height, width and depth *(also see
**sculpture in the round).***

**Wedge** (v) ‑ like kneading bread; a preparatory process of working
with clay to remove

air bubbles and to even the consistency before modeling.

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