CyanoHAB Search: A list of Toxic Cyanobacteria References

1\. Aas, P.; Eriksen, S.; Kolderup, J.; Lundy, P.; Haugen, J. E.;
Skulberg, O. M.; and Fonnum, F. (1996). Enhancement of acetylcholine
release by homoanatoxin-a from *Oscillatoria formosa.* [Environ.
Toxicol. Pharmacol.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}:223-232. Keywords:
acetylcholine/ phycotoxin/ Ca^2+^ channel/ cyanobacterium/ *Oscillatoria
formosa*/ patch clamp/ peripheral nervous system/ vesicle.

2\. Abdel-Rahman, S.; El-Ayouty, Y. M.; and Kamael, H. A. (1993).
Characterization of heptapeptide toxins extracted from *Microcystis
aeruginosa* (Egyptian isolate)---comparison with some synthesized
analogs. [Int. J. Peptide Protein Res.]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}:1-7. Keywords: cyanobacterium/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxins/ extraction/ purification/ HPLC/ ion spray
mass/ amino acid analysis/ synthesized peptide analogs/ LD~50~ mouse
assay/ toxicity.

3\. Abe, T.; Lawson, T.; Weyers, J. D. B.; and Codd, G. A. (1996).
Microcystin-LR inhibits photosynthesis of *Phaseolus vulgaris* primary
leaves: implications for current spray irrigation practice. [New
Phytol.]{.underline} [133]{.underline}(4):651-658. Keywords: *Phaseolus
vulgaris* (French bean)/ photosynthesis/ microcystin-LR/ blue-green
algae/ *Microcystis*.

4\. Aboal, M.; Puig, M. A.; Mateo, P.; and Perona, E. (2002).
Implications of cyanophyte toxicity on biological monitoring of
calcareous streams in north-east Spain. [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):49-56. Keywords: benthos/ biomonitoring/ BMWPc
index/ calcareous streams/ cyanobacteria/ Cyanophyta/ diatoms/ IBD
index/ macroinvertebrates/ Mediterranean/ Spain/ toxicity.

5\. Acreman, J. (1994). Algae and cyanobacteria---isolation, culture and
long-term maintenance. [J. Ind. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(3):193-194. Keywords: algae/ cyanobacteria/ isolation/
culture/ maintenance.

6\. Adams, W. H.; Stone, J. P.; Sylvester, B.; Stoner, R. D.; Slatkin,
D. N.; Tempel, N. R.; and Siegelman, H. W. (1988). Pathophysiology of
cyanoginosin-LR; *in vivo* and *in vitro* studies. [Toxicol. Appl.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [96]{.underline}(2):248-257. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ cyanoginosin.

7\. Adams, W. H.; Stoner, R. D.; Adams, D. G.; Read, H.; Slatkin, D. N.;
and Siegelman, H. W. (1989). Prophylaxis of cyanobacterial and mushroom
cyclic peptide toxins. [J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut.]{.underline}
[249]{.underline}(2):552-556. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Amanita phalloides*/ protective agents.

8\. Adams, W. H.; Stoner, R. D.; Adams, D. G.; Slatkin, D. N.; and
Siegelman, H. W. (1985). Pathophysiologic effects of a toxic peptide
from *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(3):441-447. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ peptide.

9\. Adamson, R. H.; Chabner, B.; and Fujiki, H. (1989). U.S.-Japan
Seminar on \"Marine Natural Products and Cancer\". [Jap. J. Cancer
Res.]{.underline} [80]{.underline}:1141-1144. Keywords: marine natural
products/ cancer. (Meeting Report)

10\. Adelman Jr., W. J.; Fohlmeister, J. F.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and
Ikawa, M. (1982). Sodium channels blocked by aphantoxin obtained from
the blue-green alga, *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[20]{.underline}(2):513-516. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Aphanizomenon*/
aphantoxin.

11\. Adeyemo, O. M. and Sirén, A. L. (1992). Cardio-respiratory changes
and mortality in the conscious rat induced by (+)- and (±)-anatoxin-a.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(8):899-905. Keywords: anatoxin-a/
rat mortality.

12\. Admi, V.; Afek, U.; and Carmeli, S. (1996). Raocyclamides A and B,
novel cyclic hexapeptides isolated from the cyanobacterium *Oscillatoria
raoi.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline} [59]{.underline}(4):396-399.
Keywords: *Oscillatoria raoi*/ hexapeptides/ isolated.

13\. Aggen, J. B.; Humphrey, J. M.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (1995).
Microcystin LA and LR: progress towards the total synthesis of two
protein phosphatase inhibiting cyclic hetapeptides. [Abstracts of Papers
American Chemical Society]{.underline}. 210(1-2), pp. ORGN 368. 210th
Am. Chem. Soc. Natl. Meeting. Aug. 20-24, 1995; Chicago, Illinois.
Keywords: synthesis/ protein phosphatase. (Meeting Abstract)

14\. Aggen, J. B.; Humphrey, J. M.; Gauss, C-M.; Huang, H-B.; Nairn, A.
C.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (1999). The design, synthesis, and biological
evaluation of analogues of the serine-threonine protein phosphatase 1
and 2A selective inhibitor microcystin-LA: rational modifications
imparting PP1 selectivity. [Bioorg. Medicinal Chem.]{.underline}
[7]{.underline}(5):543-564. Keywords: design/ synthesis/ biological
evaluation/ analogs/ microcystin-LA/ inhibitor/ PP1/ PP2A/ selective.

15\. Agrawal, M. K.; Bagchi, D.; and Bagchi, S. N. (2001). Acute
inhibition of protease and suppression of growth in zooplankter, *Moina
macrocopa*, by *Microcystis* blooms collected in Central India.
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [464]{.underline}:37-44. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ protease inhibition/ growth suppression/ zooplankter/
*Moina macrocopa*/ India.

16\. Aguete, E. C.; Gago-Martínez, A.; Leão, J. M.; Rodríguez-Vázquez,
J. A.; Menàrd, C.; and Lawrence, J. F. (2003). HPLC and HPCE analysis of
microcystins RR, LR and YR present in cyanobacteria and water by using
immunoaffinity extraction. [Talanta]{.underline}
[59]{.underline}(4):697-705. Keywords: immunoaffinity/ clean-up/
microcystins/ HPCE.

17\. Aguete, E. C.; Gago-Martínez, A.; Rodríguez-Vázquez, J. A.;
O\'Connell, S.; Moroney, C.; and James, K. J. (2001). Application of
HPLC and HPCE to the analysis of cyanobacterial toxins.
[Chromatographia]{.underline} [53]{.underline}(Pt. 2 Suppl.):S254-S259.
Keywords: column liquid chromatography/ micellar electrokinetic
chromatography/ capillary electrophoresis/ isotachophoresis/
microcystins.

18\. Aguiar, D. G. and Azevedo, S. M. F. O. (1998). Effect of different
nutrient concentrations on growth and hepatoxin production by
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (cyanobacteria). [Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}:1657-1658. Keywords: nutrient
concentrations/ growth/ hepatoxin production/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

19\. Ahmad, M. R. (1967). Observations on the effect of feeding *Labeo
rohita* (Ham.) with *Microcystis aeruginosa* Kütz.
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [29]{.underline}:388-392. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Labeo rohita*.

20\. Ainslie, R. D.; Barchi Jr., J. J.; Kuniyoshi, M.; Moore, R. E.; and
Mynderse, J. S. (1985). Structure of malyngamide C. [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [50]{.underline}:2859-2862. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Lyngbya*/ products/ malyngamide.

21\. Aitkin, R. and Keed, B. (1974). Control for toxic algae in dam
water? [Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.]{.underline} [85]{.underline}(2):45.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ reservoir.

22\. Akhilender Naidu, K.; Sarada, R.; Manoj, G.; Khan, M. Y.; Mahadeva
Swamy, M.; Viswanatha, S.; Narasimha Murthy, K.; Ravishankar, G. A.; and
Srinivas, L. (1999). Toxicity assessment of phycocyanin---a blue
colorant from blue-green alga *Spirulina platensis*. [Food
Biotechnol.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(1):51-66. Keywords: toxicity
assessment/ phycocyanin/ *Spirulina platensis*.

23\. Al-Layl, K. J.; Eriksson, J. E.; Poon, G. K.; and Codd, G. A.
(1988). Peptide and alkaloid toxins in a single strain of the
cyanobacterium *Anabaena flos-aquae.* [Br. Phycol. J.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(3):290. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
peptide/ alkaloid.

24\. Al-Layl, K. J.; Poon, G. K.; and Codd, G. A. (1988). Isolation and
purification of peptide and alkaloid toxins from *Anabaena flos-aquae*
using high performance thin-layer chromatography. [J. Microbiol.
Methods]{.underline} [7]{.underline} (6):251-258. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ peptide/ alkaloid/ HPLC/ isolation/ purification.

25\. Alam, M. and Euler, K. L. (1981). Chemical studies on toxins from
the blue-green alga *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.* In: W. W. Carmichael
(ed.) [The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}.
Plenum Press: New York, pp. 405-414. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ chemical studies.

26\. Alam, M.; Ikawa, M.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and Sawyer, P. J. (1973).
Purification of *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* toxin and its chemical and
physiological properties. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(1):65-72. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae*/ purification/ chemical and physiological properties.

27\. Alam, M.; Shimizu, Y.; Ikawa, M.; and Sasner Jr., J. J. (1978).
Reinvestigation of the toxins from the blue-green alga, *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae,* by a high performance chromatographic method. [J. Environ.
Sci. Health Part A--Environ. Sci. Eng.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(7):493-499. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae*/ HPLC.

28\. Albay, M.; Akcaalan, R.; Tufekci, H.; Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K.
A.; and Codd, G. A. (2003). Depth profiles of cyanobacterial
hepatotoxins (microcystins) in three Turkish freshwater lakes.
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [505]{.underline}(1-3):89-95. Keywords: Lake
Sapanca/ Lake Iznik/ Lake Taskisi/ microcystin/ *Planktothrix
rubescens*/ Turkey/ cyanobacteria.

29\. Albuquerque, E. X.; Daly, J. W.; and Warnick, J. E (1988).
Macromolecular sites for specific neurotoxins and drugs on
chemosensitive synapses and electrical excitation in biological
membranes. In: T. Narahashi (ed.) [Ion Channels]{.underline}. Plenum
Publishing Corp, Vol. 1, pp. 95-162, Ch. 3. Keywords: neurotoxins/
chemosensitive synapses/ macromolecular sites.

30\. Albuquerque, E. X. and Oliveira, A. C. (1979). Physiological
studies on the ionic channel of niotinic neuromuscular synapses. In: B.
Ceccarelli and F. Clementi (eds.) [Advances in
Cytopharmacology]{.underline}. Raven Press: New York, Vol. 3, pp.
197-211. Keywords: physiological studies/ ionic channel/ nicotinic
neuromuscular synapses.

31\. Albuquerque, E. X. and Spivak, C. E. (1984). Natural toxins and
their analogues that activate and block the ionic channel of the
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In: P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, S.
Brogger-Christensen, and H. Kofod, (eds.) [Natural Products and Drug
Development, Alfred Benzon Symposium 20]{.underline}. Munksgaard,
Copenhagen. pp. 301-323. Keywords: natural toxins/ ionic channel/
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

32\. Allen, E. A. D. and Gorham, P. R. (1981). Culture of planktonic
cyanophytes on agar. In: W. W. Carmichael, (ed.) [The Water Environment:
Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Publishing Corp.: New York,
pp. 185-192. Keywords: cyanophytes/ culture.

33\. Allen, M. B. (1952). Cultivation of Myxophyceae. [Arch.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}:34-53. Keywords: Myxophyceae/
cultivation.

34\. Allen, M. M. and Stanier, R. Y. (1968). Selective isolation of
blue-green algae from water and soil. [J. Gen. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[51]{.underline}:203-209. Keywords: blue-green algae/ isolation.

35\. Alonso-Andicoberry, C.; Garcia-Villada, L.; Lopez-Rodas, V.; and
Costas, E. (2002). Catastrophic mortality of flamingos in a Spanish
national park caused by cyanobacteria. [Vet. Record]{.underline}
[151]{.underline}(23):706-707. Keywords: blue-green alga/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ death/ birds/ Spain/ flamingos.

36\. Amann, M. J. (1984). Instability and variable toxicity of HBP-tx, a
toxin in the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [22]{.underline}(1):107-114. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ HBP-tx.

37\. Amann, M. J. (1982). Model of the formation of differently reacting
*Microcystis* toxins. [S. Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline}
[78]{.underline}(9):384. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ *Microcystis.*
(Abstract)

38\. Amann, M. J. (1977). [Untersuchungen Über ein Pteridin als
Bestandteil des Toxischen Prinzips aus *Synechococcus.*]{.underline}
Ph.D Thesis, Eberhard, Karls Universität zu Tübingen, Stuttgart. 64 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Synechococcus.* (German)

39\. Amann, M. J. and Eloff, J. N. (1980). A preliminary study on the
toxins of different *Microcystis* strains. [S. Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline}
[76]{.underline}(9):419-420. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis.*
(Abstract)

40\. Amann, M. J. and Jüttner, F. (1981). A rapid procedure for the
isolation of an unstable *Microcystis* toxin with FDF-features. [FEMS
Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}(2):191-193. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ isolation.

41\. Amé, M. V.; Díaz, M. P.; and Wunderlin, D. A. (2003). Occurrence of
toxic cyanobacterial blooms in San Roque Reservoir (Cordoba, Argentina):
a field and chemometric study. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(3):192-201. Keywords: microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ water
quality/ discriminant analysis/ pattern recognition/ Argentina/ San
Roque Reservoir.

42\. Amemiya, Y.; Kato, K.; and Nakayama, O. (1988). Extracellular
products of *Microcystis* species: formation of slime layer and DOC pool
in surrounding waters. [Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}:1886-1892. Keywords: extracellular products/
*Microcystis.*

43\. Amemiya, Y. and Nakayama, O. (1984). The toxicity of *Microcystis*
of waterblooms in Lake Suwa. [Yamanashi Daigaku Kogakubu Kenkyu
Hokoku]{.underline} [35]{.underline}:110-116. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ Japan. (Japanese)

44\. Amorim, A. and Vasconcelos, V. (1999). Dynamics of microcystins in
the mussel *Mytilus galloprovincialis.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(7):1041-1052. Keywords: *Mytilus galloprovincialis*/
dynamics/ microcystins.

45\. An, J. and Carmichael, W. W. (1994). Use of a colorimetric protein
phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for
the study of microcystins and nodularins. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(12):1495-1507. Keywords: PPIA/ ELISA/ microcystins/
nodularins.

46\. Andersen, R. J.; Burgoyne, D. L.; Williams, D. E.; Kong, F. M.;
Silva, E. D. de; Miao, S. C.; Allen, T. M.; Holmes, C. F. B.; Chen, D.;
and Kent, M. (1993). New natural products from marine invertebrates.
[Gazz. Chim. Ital.]{.underline} [123]{.underline}(6):293-299. Keywords:
marine invertebrates/ screening/ cytotoxic and enzyme modulatory
metabolites/ new natural products.

47\. Andersen, R. J.; Luu, H. A.; Chen, D. Z. X.; Holmes, C. F. B; Kent,
M. L.; le Blanc, M.; Taylor, F. J. R.; and Williams, D. E. (1993).
Chemical and biological evidence links microcystins to salmon \'netpen
liver disease\'. [Toxicon]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(10):1315-1323.
Keywords: microcystins/ salmon netpen liver disease/ links/ British
Columbia.

48\. Andrijuk, E. I.; Kopteva, Zh. P.; Gavrish, I. N.; Smirnova, M. M.;
Zanina, V. V.; and Tantsjurenko, E. V. (1977). Some methods for
isolation and purification of toxic substances of blue-green algae.
[Mikrobiol. Zh.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(5):616-620. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ isolation and purification methods. (Ukrainian-translated)

49\. Andrijuk, E. I.; Kopteva, Zh. P.; Smirnova, M. M.; Skòpína, V. V.;
and Tantsjurenko, E. V. (1975). On problem of toxin formation of
blue-green algae. [Mikrobiol. Zh.]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(1):67-71. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ toxin production. (Ukrainian)

50\. Andrijuk, E. I.; Kopteva, Zh. P; Smirnova, M. M.; Tantsjurenko, E.
V.; and Zanina, V. V. (1977). On toxicity of natural populations of some
blue-green algae. [Mikrobiol. Zh.]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(5):611-615. Keywords: toxicity/ blue-green algae.
(Ukrainian)

51\. Annadotter, H.; Cronberg, G.; Lawton, L. A.; Hansson, H. B.; Göthe,
U.; and Skulberg, O. M. (2001). An extensive outbreak of gastroenteritis
associated with the toxic cyanobacterium *Planktothrix agardhii*
(Oscillatoriales, Cyanophyceae) in Scania, south Sweden. In: I. Chorus
(ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}.
Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 200-208. 357 pp. Keywords:
gastroenteritis outbreak/ toxic cyanobacterium/ *Planktothrix agardhii*/
Scania/ Sweden.

52\. Annila, A.; Lehtimäki, J.; Mattila, K.; Eriksson, J. E.; Sivonen,
K.; Rantala, T. T.; and Drakenberg, T. (1996). Solution structure of
nodularin: an inhibitor of serine/threonine-specific protein
phosphatases. [J. Biol. Chem.]{.underline}
[271]{.underline}(28):16695-16702. Keywords: nodularin/ structure.

53\. Anonymous. (1983). Algae poisoning---Lake Forsythe. In:
[Surveillance, Report of the Lincoln]{.underline}. New Zealand Animal
Health Laboratory: New Zealand. Report \# No. 10. 26 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ New Zealand.

54\. Anonymous. (1981). Blue-green algal toxins---a directory. [Environ.
Sci. Res.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}:465-479. Keywords: UK/ partial/
toxins/ products/ biotech.

55\. Anonymous. (1983). Colorless algae can pollute water: cause
mastitis. In: [Research News]{.underline}. U.S.D.A.: Peoria, Ilinois. 7
pp. Keywords: water pollution/ cattle toxicity/ mastitis. (Newsletter)

56\. Anonymous. (1985). [Giftproduserende Blagronnalger i Vestfold.
Resultater av Undersokelser i 1984.]{.underline} NIVA: Oslo. Report \#
0-84135, 18 April 1985. 21 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

57\. Anonymous. (1986). [Giftproduserende Blagronnalger i Vestfold.
Resultater av Undersokelser i 1985]{.underline}. NIVA: Oslo. Report \#
0-84135, 10 January 1986. 32 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

58\. Anonymous. (1994). IOC-UNEP-WHO-FAO Training course on qualitative
and quantitative determination of algal toxins. In: [IOC Training Course
Reports No. 29]{.underline}. Friedrich-Shiller University of Jena: Jena,
Germany. Keywords: training/ determining quantity and quality of algal
toxins.

59\. Anonymous. (1986). [Nordic Workshop Toxic Cyanophytes]{.underline}.
Sept. 24-25, 1986; Huso Biological Station, Finland. Keywords:
cyanotoxins.

60\. Anonymous. (1986). [Observasjoner av Toksinproduserende
Blagronnalger i Rogaland 1985]{.underline}. NIVA: Oslo. Report \# Notat,
22 April 1986. 8 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

61\. Anonymous. (1991). [Toxicity of Blue-Green Algae in Clear Lake,
California]{.underline}. Office of Drinking Water & Special
Epidemiologic Studies Program: Berkeley, California. 64 pp. Keywords:
blue-green algae/ toxicity/ California/ microcystins. (Unpublished)

62\. Anonymous. (1985). [Vannblomst Med Giftige Blagronnalger i Rogaland
Undersokelser 1984]{.underline}. NIVA: Oslo. Report \# Notat 0-82087, 28
January 1985. 7 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

63\. Anonymous. (1983). Vannblomst med giftige blagronnalger -
undersokelser i Rogaland 1982. In: [Oversikt. Resuitater.
Erfaringer]{.underline}. NIVA: Oslo. Report \# 0-82087, F-83462, 18 May
1983. 42 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

64\. Antonopoulou, S.; Oikonomou, A.; Karantonis, H. C.; Fragopoulou,
E.; and Pantazidou, A. (2002). Isolation and structural elucidation of
biologically active phospholipids from *Scytonema julianum.* [Biochem.
J.]{.underline} [367]{.underline}(1):287-293. Keywords:
acetylsphingomyelin/ lipid analysis/ phosphoglycolipid/
platelet-activating factor/ *Scytonema julianum.*

65\. Aplin, T. E. H. (1983). The distribution and ecology of toxic
Cyanophyta in south-western Australia. [Toxicon]{.underline}(3
Suppl.):17-20. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ distribution and ecology/
Australia/ livestock mortality.

66\. Aplin, T. E. H (1985). Drinking water quality---the distribution of
toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in south-western Australia. In:
[Water Quality: its Significance in Western Australia]{.underline}.
Water Research Foundation of Australia: pp. 86-88. Oct. 13-14; Perth,
Australia. Keywords: drinking water quality/ cyanotoxins/ Australia.

67\. Aplin, T. E. H. (1967). Waterblooms. [J. Agric. West.
Aust.]{.underline} [8]{.underline}(11):472-474. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
waterblooms.

68\. Aplin, T.E.H. and Main, D.C. (1974). Toxic waterblooms. [Western
Australia Dept. Agriculture Bull.]{.underline} Report \# 3940. 3-4 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ waterblooms.

69\. Aplin, T.E.H.; Pearce, G.A.; and Main, D.C. (1983). Toxic
waterblooms. [Western Australian Department of Agriculture
Bulletin]{.underline}. Western Australian Department of Agriculture:
South Perth, Western Australia. Report \# Farmnote 153/83. 2 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ waterblooms. (Replaces Farmnote 68/76; Superceded
by Farmnote 10/90 Toxic algal blooms)

70\. Aracava, Y; Swanson, K. L.; Rapoport, H; Aronstam, R. S; and
Albuquerque, E. X. (1987). Anatoxin-a analog: loss of nicotinic agonism
and gain of antagonism at the acetylcholine-activated channels. [Fed.
Proc.]{.underline} [46]{.underline}:861. Keywords: anatoxin-a analog/
acetylcholine-activated channels. (Abstract)

71\. Aracava, Y.; Swanson, K. L.; Rozental, R., and Albuquerque, E. X.
(1988). Structure-activity relationships of (+) anatoxin-a derivatives
and enantiomers of nicotine on the peripheral and central nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor subtypes. In: G. G. Lunt, (ed.) [Neurotox \'88:
Molecular Basis of Drug and Pesticide Action]{.underline}. Elsevier
Science Publishers: Cambridge, U.K., pp. 157-184, Ch. 12. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ structure-activity relationships.

72\. Aranda-Rodriguez, R.; Kubwabo, C.; and Benoit, F. M. (2003).
Extraction of 15 microcystins and nodularin using immunoaffinity
columns. [Toxicon]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(6):587-599. Keywords:
microcystins/ nodularin/ liquid chromatography electrospray ionization
mass spectrometry/ solid phase extraction/ immunoaffinity columns/ Oasis
(R) HLB.

73\. Arduino, M. J. (2000). CDC investigations of noninfectious
outbreaks of adverse events in hemodialysis facilities, 1979-1999. [Sem.
Dialy.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(2):86-91. Keywords: sodium-azide/
aluminum intoxication/ encephalopathy/ sucralfate/ toxicity/ Brazil.

74\. Arment, A. R. and Carmichael, W. W. (1996). Evidence that
microcystin is a thio-template product. [J Phycol.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}:591-597. Keywords: biotoxins/ cyanobacteria/
microcystin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ peptide-synthetase/
thio-template.

75\. Armstrong, J. E.; Janda, K. E.; Alvarado, B.; and Wright, A. E.
(1991). Cytotoxin production by a marine *Lyngbya* strain
(cyanobacterium) in a large-scale laboratory bioreactor. [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(3):277-282. Keywords: cytotoxin
production/ *Lyngbya*/ marine/ bioreactor.

76\. Aro, S.; Muittari, A.; and Virtanen, P. (1980). Bathing fever
epidemic of unknown aetiology in Finland. [Int. J.
Epidemiology]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(3):215-218. Keywords: water
disease epidemic/ Finland.

77\. Aronstam, R. S. and Witkop, B. (1981). Anatoxin-a interactions with
cholinergic synaptic molecules. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.]{.underline}
[78]{.underline}(7):4639-4643. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/
interactions with synaptic molecules.

78\. Arthur, J.C. (1887). Second report on some algae of Minnesota
supposed to be poisonous. In: [Dept. Agric. Report 1881/86]{.underline}.
Pioneer Press Co.: Univ. Minnesota. Report \# Biennial Report of the
Board of Regents No. 4, Suppl. No. 1 (Also quoted in: Idem. Bull. Minn.
Acad. Nat. Sci. 3:97). 109-112 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Minnesota.

79\. Arthur, J. C. (1883). Some algae of Minnesota supposed to be
poisonous. [Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}:1-12.
Keywords: algae/ poisonous/ Minnesota.

80\. Arthur, J.C. (1887). Some algae of Minnesota supposed to be
poisonous. In: [Dept. Agric. Report 1881/86]{.underline}. Pioneer Press
Co.: Univ. Minnesota. Report \# Biennial Report of the Board of Regents
No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, pp. 97-103. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Minnesota.

81\. Asai, R.; Horiguchi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; McNiven, S.; Tahira, P.;
Ikebukuro, K.; Uchiyama, S.; Masuda, Y.; and Karube, I. (2001).
Detection of phycobilin pigments and their seasonal change in Lake
Kasumigaura using a sensitive *in situ* fluorometric sensor. [Analyt.
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fluorescence sensor/ phycocyanin/ waterbloom/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
Lake Kasumigaura.

82\. Ash, C.; MacKintosh, C.; MacKintosh, R.; and Fricker, C. R. (1995).
Development of a colorimetric protein phosphorylation assay for
detecting cyanobacterial toxins. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
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colorimetry/ protein phosphatase inhibition.

83\. Ash, C.; MacKintosh, C.; MacKintosh, R.; and Fricker, C. R. (1995).
Use of a protein phosphatase inhibition test for the detection of
cyanobacterial toxins in water. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
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PPIA/ microcystin/ algal hepatotoxins.

84\. Ashworth, C. T. and Mason, M. F. (1946). Observations on the
pathological changes produced by a toxic substance present in blue-green
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85\. Astrachan, N. B. and Archer, B. G. (1981). Simplified monitoring of
anatoxin-a by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and
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monitoring/ HPLC/ rats.

86\. Astrachan, N. B.; Archer, B. G.; and Hilbelink, D. (1980).
Evaluation of the subacute toxicity and teratogenicity of anatoxin-a.
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87\. Aune, T. (1988). Toxicity of DSP and waterblooms of blue-green
algae towards freshly prepared hepatocytes. [IUPAC 7th International
Symposium Mycotoxins Phycotoxins]{.underline}. August 16-19, 1988;
Tokyo, Japan. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ DSP/ hepatocytes.

88\. Aune, T. and Berg, K. (1986). Use of freshly prepared rat
hepatocytes to study toxicity of blooms of the blue-green algae
*Microcystis aeruginosa* and *Oscillatoria agardhii.* [J. Toxicol.
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cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/
hepatotoxin/ rat hepatocyte/ Norway.

89\. Avakyan, A. A. and Baulina, O. I. (1972). The ultrastructural
organization of *Microcystis aeruginosa* Kütz Emend. Elenk. in
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aeruginosa*/ toxicogenesis.

90\. Ayres, S. (1949). Discussion of W.M. Sams\' Seabather\'s eruption.
[Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}:236. Keywords:
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91\. Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Carmichael, W. W.; Jochimsen, E. M.;
Rinehart, K. L.; Lau, S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Eaglesham, G. K. (2001).
Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in
Caruaru-Brazil. [Toxicology]{.underline} [164]{.underline}(1-3
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Caruaru. (Conference Proceedings)

92\. Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Carmichael, W. W.; Jochimsen, E. M.;
Rinehart, K. L.; Lau, S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Eaglesham, G. K. (2002).
Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in
Caruaru---Brazil. [Toxicology]{.underline}
[181-182]{.underline}:441-446. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystins/
cylindrospermopsin/ human health/ Caruaru, Brazil.

93\. Azevedo, S. M. F. O. and Carmouze, J. P. (1994). Mortality of
fishes in a tropical coastal lagoon (Brazil) during a bloom of
Cyanophyta: coincidence or consequence? [Rev. Hydrobiol.
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mortality/Brazil/cyanotoxin/eutrophication/*Brevootia
tyrannus*/*Synechocystis aquatilis* f. *salina*/tropical lagoon.
(Portuguese)

94\. Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Evans, W. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1993).
Isolation, purification and characterization of hepatotoxic
microcystins: cyclic peptides from a Brazilian *Microcystis aeruginosa*
(cyanobacterium, blue-green algae). [Toxicon]{.underline}
[31]{.underline}(2):110. Keywords: isolation/ purification/
characterization/ microcystins/ Brazil/ *Microcystis aeruginosa.*

95\. Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and
Namikoshi, M. (1994). First report of microcystins from a Brazilian
isolate of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}:261-265. Keywords: microcystins/
cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ toxins.

96\. Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and
Namikoshi, M. (1994). Isolation and characterization of hepatotoxic
microcystins from a Brazilian cyanobacterium (blue-green alga)
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}(1):1-5. Keywords: isolation/ characterization/
microcystins/ Brazil/ *Microcystis aeruginosa.*

97\. Aziz, K. M. S. (1974). Diarrhea toxin obtained from a
waterbloom-producing species, *Microcystis aeruginosa* Kützing.
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*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ diarrhea/ DSP.

98\. Babcock-Jackson, L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Culver, D. A. (2002).
Dreissenid mussels increase exposure of benthic and pelagic organisms to
toxic microcystins. [Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [Vol
28]{.underline}(Pt 2):1082-1085. Keywords: zebra mussels/ Lake Erie/
Great Lakes/ Saginaw Bay/ polymorpha/ phytoplankton/ predation/ Lake
Huron. (Verhandlungen-Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 2001)

99\. Backer, L. C. (2002). Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms
(CyanoHABs): Developing a public health response. [Lake Reservoir
Manage.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(1):20-31. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ cyanobacteria/ cyanobacterial toxins/ cyanotoxins/ drinking
water/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ water/ toxins/ lake/ toxicity/
exposure/ peptide/ Brazil.

100\. Baganz, D.; Staaks, G., and Steinberg, C. (2001). Changes of fish
behaviour affected by microcystin-LR. In: I. Chorus, (ed.) [Cyanotoxins:
Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New
York, pp. 261-265. Keywords: changes/ fish behavior/ microcystin-LR.

101\. Baganz, D.; Staaks, G.; and Steinberg, C. (1998). Impact of the
cyanobacteria toxin, microcystin-LR on behavior of zebrafish, *Danio
rerio.* [Water Res.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(3):948-952. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ impact/ behavior/ zebrafish/ *Danio rerio.*

102\. Bagchi, S. N.; Chauhan, V. S.; and Marwah, J. B. (1993). Effect of
an antibiotic from *Oscillatoria late-virens* on growth, photosynthesis
and toxicity of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Curr. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(4):223-228. Keywords: antibiotic/ growth/
photosynthesis/ toxicity/ *Microcystis aeruginosa.*

103\. Bagchi, S. N.; Palod, A.; and Chauhan, V. S. (1990). Algicidal
properties of a bloom-forming blue-green alga, *Oscillatoria* sp. [J.
Basic Microbiol.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(1):21-29. Keywords:
algicidal properties/ cyanobacteria/ *Oscillatoria*.

104\. Bagotsky, S. V. (1991). Mathmatical model describing
auto-oscillation in concentrations of toxins secreted by algae.
[Biofizika]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(1):117-121. Keywords:
mathematical model/ toxin concentrations/ cyanotoxin. (Russian)

105\. Bagu, J. R.; Sönnichsen, J. D.; Williams, D.; Andersen, R. J.;
Sykes, B. D.; and Holmes, C. F. B. (1995). Comparison of the solution
structures of microcystin-LR and motuporin. [Struc. Biol.]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}(2):114-116. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ structure
comparison/ motuporin.

106\. Bagu, J. R.; Sykes, B. D.; Craig, M. M.; and Holmes, C. F. B.
(1997). A molecular basis for different interactions of marine toxins
with protein phosphatase 1 molecular models for bound motuporin,
microcystins, okadaic acid, and calyculin A. [J. Biol.
Chem.]{.underline} [272]{.underline}(8):5087-5097. Keywords:
interactions/ marine toxins/ protein phosphatase 1/ molecular models/
motuporin/ microcystins/ okadaic acid/ calyculin A.

107\. Baier, W.; Loleit, M.; Fischer, B.; Jung, G.; Neumann, U.; Weiss,
M.; Weckesser, J.; Hoffmann, P.; Bessler, W. G.; and Mittenbuhler, K.
(2000). Generation of antibodies directed against the low-immunogenic
peptide-toxins microcystin-LR -RR and nodularin. [Int. J.
Immunopharmacol.]{.underline} [22]{.underline}(5):339-353. Keywords:
microcystin/ microcystin-specific antibodies/ adjuvanticity/
lipopeptides/ T-h-epitope/ toxin detection/ vaccination.

108\. Bailey, J. W. (1959). Algae can poison cattle. [Jersey
J.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}:5. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cattle
poisoning.

109\. Bailey-Watts, A. E. and Komárek, J. (1991). Towards a formal
description of a new species of *Synechococcus* (cyanobacteria
Cyanophyceae) from the freshwater picoplankton. [Arch.
Hydrobiol.--Algol. Stud.]{.underline} [88]{.underline} (Suppl.):5-19.
Keywords: cyanophyceae/ cyanobacteria/ *Synechococcus*/ morphological
variation/ taxonomy/ fine structure/ ecology/ picoplankton.

110\. Baker, G. (ed.). [South African Journal of Science]{.underline}.
(1982). 78(9):343-388 Keywords: toxins/ lectins. (Proceedings of
Conference by IUBS on Toxins and Lectins)

111\. Baker, J. A.; Entsch, B.; Neilan, B. A.; and McKay, D. B. (2002).
Monitoring changing toxigenicity of a cyanobacterial bloom by molecular
methods. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[68]{.underline}(12):6070-6076. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisons/
ribosomal-RNA sequences/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ genus *Microcystis*/
environmental samples/ *Anabaena circinalis*/ toxic cyanobacteria/
intergenic spacer/ nontoxic strains/ drinking water/ Malpas Dam/
Australia.

112\. Baker, P. D. (1999). Role of akinetes in the development of
cyanobacterial populations in the lower Murray River, Australia. [Mar.
Freshwater Res.]{.underline} [50]{.underline}(3):265-279. Keywords:
*Anabaena*/ wetlands/ ecology/ life history/ Australia/ akinetes/ Murray
River.

113\. Baker, P. D. and Bellifemine, D. (2000). Environmental influences
on akinete germination of *Anabaena circinalis* and implications for
management of cyanobacterial blooms. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[427]{.underline}(1-3):65-73. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Anabaena
circinalis*/ akinetes/ germination/ wetland management.

114\. Baker, P. D. and Humpage, A. R. (1994). Toxicity associated with
commonly occurring cyanobacteria in surface waters of the Murray-Darling
Basin. [Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res.]{.underline}
[45]{.underline}:773-786. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ surface
waters/ Murray-Darling Basin.

115\. Baker, T. R.; Doucette, G. J.; Powell, C. L.; Boyer, G. L.; and
Plumley, F. G. (2003). GTX(4) imposters: characterization of fluorescent
compounds synthesized by *Pseudomonas stutzeri* SF/PS and
*Pseudomonas/Alteromonas* PTB-1, symbionts of saxitoxin-producing
*Alexandrium* spp. [Toxicon]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(3):339-347.
Keywords: saxitoxin/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ *Alexandrium*/
bacteria/ *Pseudomonas stutzeri*/ *Pseudomonas*/ *Alteromonas*.

116\. Baldia, S. F.; Conaco, M. C. G.; Nishijima, T.; Imanishi, S.; and
Harada, K-I. (2003). Microcystin production during algal bloom
occurrence in Laguna de Bay, the Philippines. [Fish. Sci.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(1):110-116. Keywords: algal bloom/ cyanobacteria/ Laguna
de Bay/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ microcystin/ toxin production/
Philippines.

117\. Ball, A. S.; Williams, M.; Vincent, D.; and Robinson, J. (2001).
Algal growth control by a barley straw extract. [Bioresource
Technol.]{.underline} [77]{.underline}(2):177-181. Keywords: antialgal
activity/ barley straw/ *Microcystis* sp./ *aeruginosa*/ inhibitors.

118\. Ballot, A.; Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Kotut, K.; Krause, E.;
Metcalf, J. S.; Morrison, L. F.; Codd, G. A.; and Krienitz, L. (2002).
Cyanobacterial toxins, a further contributory cause of mass deaths of
flamingos at Kenyan Rift Valley lakes. In: [Tenth International
Conference on Harmful Algae]{.underline}. pp. 20. 2002 Annual Meeting of
the Phycological Society of America. October 21-25, 2002; St.
Petersburg, Florida. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ flamingo deaths/ Kenya.

119\. Ballot, A.; Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Kotut, K.; and Krienitz,
L. (2003). Cyanobacterial toxins in Lake Baringo, Kenya.
[Limnologica]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(1):2-9. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ anatoxin-a/ Lake Baringo, Kenya/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ environmental-factors/ Bautzen reservoir/
population/ quantification/ dynamics/ Morocco/ Africa/ rates.

120\. Banker, R. and Carmeli, S. (1999). Inhibitors of serine proteases
from a waterbloom of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis* sp.
[Tetrahed.]{.underline} [55]{.underline}(35):10835-10844. Keywords:
protease inhibitors/ *Microcystis*.

121\. Banker, R. and Carmeli, S. (1998). Tenuecyclamides A-D, cyclic
hexapeptides from the cyanobacterium *Nostoc spongiaeforme* var.
*tenue.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[61]{.underline}(10):1248-1251. Keywords: cyclic hexapeptides/ *Nostoc
spongiaeforme*.

122\. Banker, R.; Carmeli, S.; Hadas, O.; Teltsch, B.; Porat, R.; and
Sukenik, A. (1997). Identification of cylindrospermopsin in
*Aphanizomenon ovalisporum* (Cyanophyceae) isolated from Lake Kinneret,
Israel. [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(4):613-616. Keywords:
cylindrospermopsin identification/ *Aphanizomenon ovalisporum*/ Lake
Kinneret/ Israel.

123\. Banker, R.; Carmeli, S.; Werman, M.; Teltsch, B.; Porat, R.; and
Sukenik, A. (2001). Uracil moiety is required for toxicity of the
cyanobacterial hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin. [J. Toxicol. Environ.
Health--Part A]{.underline} [62]{.underline}(4):281-288. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon ovalisporum forti*/ cultured rat hepatocytes/ Lake
Kinneret/ alkaloid cylindrospermopsin/ *Umezakia*/ *Natans*/
*raciborskii*/ *Cylindrospermopsis*/ Israel/ glutathione/ Queensland.

124\. Banker, R.; Teltsch, B.; Sukenik, A.; and Carmeli, S. (2000).
7-epicylindrospermopsin, a toxic minor metabolite of the cyanobacterium
*Aphanizomenon ovalisporum* from Lake Kinneret, Israel. [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(3):387-389. Keywords:
cylindrospermopsin/ *Aphanizomenon ovalisporum*/ hepatoxin/ isotactic
polymethoxy-1-alkenes/ *Umezakia*/ Lake Kinneret, Israel.

125\. Banner, A. H. (1959). A dermatitis-producing alga in Hawaii.
[Hawaii Med. J.]{.underline} [19]{.underline}:35-36. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ dermatitis/ Hawaii.

126\. Banner, A. H. (1967). Marine toxins from the Pacific. 1. Advances
in the investigation of fish toxins. In: F. E. Russell and P. R.
Saunders, (eds.) [Animal Toxins: a Collection of Papers]{.underline}.
Pergamon Press: Oxford/New York. 1st ed., pp. 157-165. 428 pp.
International Symposium on Animal Toxins. 1966; Atlantic City. Keywords:
*Schizothrix*/ toxin/ Tan Tan/ blue-green algae.

127\. Banner, A. H.; Scheuer, P. J.; Sasaki, S.; Helfrich, P.; and
Alender, B. C. (1960). Observations on ciguatera-type toxin in fish.
[Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.]{.underline} [90]{.underline}:770-787. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ ciguatera.

128\. Barchi Jr., J. J.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1984).
Acutiphycin and 20,21-Didehydroacutiphycin, new antineoplastic agents
from the Cyanophyta *Oscillatoria acutissima.* [J. Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [106]{.underline}:8193-8197. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Oscillatoria acutissima*/ acutiphycin/ antineoplastic.

129\. Barchi Jr., J. J.; Norton, T. R.; Furusawa, E.; Patterson, G. M.
L.; and Moore, R. E. (1983). Identification of a cytotoxin from
*Tolypothrix byssoidea* as tubercidin. [Phytochem.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(12):2851-2852. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Tolypothrix
byssoidea*/ scytonemataceae cultured cells/ tubercidin/ anticancer/
antineoplastic/ NMR/ bioassay/ nucleoside/ pyrrolo\[2,3-d\]pyrimidine.

130\. Barco, M.; Rivera, J.; and Caixach, J. (2002). Analysis of
cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in water samples by microbore reversed-phase
liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. [J.
Chromat. A]{.underline} [959]{.underline}(1-2):103-111. Keywords: water
analysis/ hepatotoxins/ cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystins/ nodularins.

131\. Barker, G. L. A.; Hayes, P. K.; O\'Mahoney, S. L.;
Vacharapiyasophon, P.; and Walsby, A. E. (1999). A molecular and
phenotypic analysis of *Nodularia* (cyanobacteria) from the Baltic Sea.
[J. Phycol.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(5):931-937. Keywords: Baltic
Sea/ cyanobacteria/ gas vesicle gene cluster/ genetic exchange/
*Nodularia*/ phycocyanin operon/ ribosomal RNA.

132\. Barker, R. J. (1977). Are algae toxic to honey bees? [Arizona
Acad. Sci.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}(2):84-85. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
honey bees.

133\. Barnum, D. A.; Henderson, J. A.; and Stewart, A. G. (1950). Algae
poisoning in Ontario. [Milk Producer]{.underline} [25]{.underline}:312.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Ontario.

134\. Barrett, P. R. F.; Curnow, J. C.; and Littlejohn, J. W. (1996).
The control of diatom and cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs using
barley straw. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
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bloom control/ reservoirs/ barley straw.

135\. Bartel, H. and Gruetzmacher, G. (2002). Elimination of
microcystins by slow sand filtration at the UBA experimental field.
[Riverbank Filtration: Understanding Contaminant Biogeochemistry and
Pathogen Removal]{.underline}. Vol. 14, pp. 123-133. Keywords:
microcystin removal.

136\. Barton, L. L.; Foster, E. W.; and Johnson, G. V. (1980). Viability
changes in human neutrophils and monocytes following exposure to toxin
extracted from *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.* [Can. J.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}:272-274. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*.

137\. Bartram, J.; Carmichael, W. W.; Chorus, I.; Jones, G. J.; and
Skulberg, O. M. (1999). Introduction. In: I. Chorus and J. Bartram
(eds.) [Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: a Guide to Their Public Health
Consequences, Monitoring and Management]{.underline}. E & FN Spon:
London, pp. 1-14. Ch. 1. 416 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

138\. Bartram, J. and Rees, G. (eds.) (2000). [Monitoring Bathing
Waters: a Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of
Assessments and Monitoring Programmes]{.underline}. E & FN Spon: London.
337 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ bathing waters.

139\. Bateman, K. P.; Thibault, P.; Douglas, D. J.; and White, R. L.
(1995). Mass spectral analyses of microcystins from toxic cyanobacteria
using on-line chromatographic and electrophoretic separations. [J.
Chromat. A]{.underline} [712]{.underline}(1):253-268. Keywords:
microcystins/ mass spectral analyses/ cyanotoxins/ chromatographic and
electrophoretic separations.

140\. Bates, H. A. and Rapoport, H. (1979). Synthesis of anatoxin-a via
intramolecular cyclization of iminium salts. [J. Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [101]{.underline}(5):1259-1265. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
anatoxin-a/ synthesis/ iminium salts.

141\. Batista, T.; Sousa, G. de; Suput, J. S.; Rahmani, R.; and Suput,
D. A. (2003). Microcystin-LR causes the collapse of actin filaments in
primary human hepatocytes. [Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[65]{.underline}(1):85-91. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ human hepatocytes/
hepatotoxicity/ actin/ nucleus.

142\. Battle, T.; Maguire, T.; Moulsdale, H.; and Doyle, A. (1999).
Progressive maturation resistance to microcystin-LR cytotoxicity in 2
different hepatospheroidal models. [Cell. Biol. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(1):3-12. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ cytotoxicity/
resistance/ hepatospheroids/ rotating wall vessel/ simulated
microgravity.

143\. Battle, T.; Touchard, C.; Moulsdale, H. J.; Dowsett, B.; and
Stacey, G. N. (1997). New cell substrates for *in vitro* evaluation of
microcystin hepatocytoxicity. [Toxicol. *in Vitro*]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(5):557-567. Keywords: microcystin hepatocytoxicity/ *in
vitro* evaluation.

144\. Bauer, S. M. and Armstrong, R. W. (1999). Total synthesis of
motuporin (nodularin-V). [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
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motuporin.

145\. Bauer, S. M. and Armstrong, R. W. (1997). Total synthesis of
motuporin (nodularin-V) and related cyclic peptides. [Abstr. Papers Am.
Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [214]{.underline}(Part 2):274-ORGN. Keywords:
synthesis/ motuporin/ nodularin.

146\. Bean, M. F.; Carr, S. A.; Thorne, G. C.; Reilly, M. H.; and
Gaskell, S. J. (1991). Tandem mass spectrometry of peptides using hybrid
and four-sector instruments: a comparative study. [Analyt.
Chem.]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(14):1473-1481. Keywords: mass
spectrometry/ peptides.

147\. Beasley, V. R.; Cook, W. O.; Dahlem, A. M.; Hooser, S. B.; Lovell,
R. A.; and Valentine, W. M. (1989). Algae intoxication in livestock and
waterfowl. [Vet. Clin. N. Am.---Food Animal Practice]{.underline}
[5]{.underline}(2):345-361. Keywords: livestock/ waterfowl/ algae
intoxication.

148\. Beasley, V. R.; Coppock, R. W.; Simon, J.; Ely, R.; Buck, W. B.;
Corley, R. A; Carlson, D. M.; and Gorham, P. R. (1983). Apparent
blue-green algae poisoning in swine subsequent to ingestion of a bloom
dominated by *Anabaena spiroides.* [J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.]{.underline}
[182]{.underline}(4):413-414. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena
spiroides*/ swine poisoning.

149\. Beasley, V. R.; Dahlem, A. M.; Cook, W. O.; Valentine, W. M.;
Lovell, R. A.; Hooser, S. B.; Harada, K-I.; Suzuki, M.; and Carmichael,
W. W. (1989). Diagnostic and clinically important aspects of
cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxicoses. [J. Vet. Diagn.
Invest.]{.underline} [1]{.underline}:359-365. Keywords: cyanobacterial
toxicoses/ aspects.

150\. Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R.; Cook, W.; Lundeen, G.; Holmes, K.;
Hooser, S.; Haschek-Hock, W.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1986). Findings in
preliminary pathophysiology studies in hepatotoxic and neurotoxic
blue-green algae using swine and laboratory animals. In: [ACS 8th Rocky
Mountain Regional Meeting]{.underline}. June 8-12, 1986; Denver,
Colorado. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ neurotoxin/ swine/
laboratory animals.

151\. Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R. A.; Dahlem, A. M.; Haschek, W. M.; and
Hooser, S. B. (1990). Cyclic peptide hepatotoxins from cyanobacteria.
In: R. F. Keeler and A. T. Tu (eds.) [Handbook of Natural
Toxins]{.underline}. Marcel Dekkar: New York, Vol. 5, pp. 459-495, Ch.
22. Keywords: cyclic peptide hepatotoxins/ cyanobacteria.

152\. Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R. A.; Holmes, K. R.; Schaeffer, D. J.;
Valentine, W. M.; Dahlem, A. M.; Hooser, S. B.; Carmichael, W. W., and
Haschek, W. M. (1989). Effects of microcystin-LR (MCLR) on intravenously
dosed swine. [Toxicologist]{.underline}. [9]{.underline}(1):28.
Keywords: effects/microcystin-LR/swine. (28th Ann. Meeting S.O.T.,
Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989 --- Abstract #111)

153\. Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R. A.; Holmes, K. R.; Walcott, H. E.;
Schaeffer, D. J.; Hoffmann, W. E.; and Carmichael, W. W. (2000).
Microcystin-LR decreases hepatic and renal perfusion and causes
circulatory shock, severe hyperglycemia, and terminal hyperkalemia in
intravascularly dosed swine. [J. Toxicol. Environ. Health--Part
A]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(4):281-303. Keywords: microcystin-LR/
hepatic and renal perfusion/ swine/ blue-green alga/ isolated rat
hepatocytes/ protein phosphatases/ peptide hepatotoxin/ blood perfusion/
*aeruginosa*/ toxicity/ toxin/ inhibition/ system.

154\. Beattie, K. A.; Kaya, K.; Sano, T.; and Codd, G. A. (1998). Three
dehydrobutyrine-containing microcystins from *Nostoc.*
[Phytochem.]{.underline} [47]{.underline}(7):1289-1292. Keywords:
microcystins/ *Nostoc.*

155\. Beattie, K. A.; Ressler, J.; Wiegand, C.; Krause, E.; Codd, G. A.;
Steinberg, C. E. W.; and Pflugmacher, S. (2003). Comparative effects and
metabolism of two microcystins and nodularin in the brine shrimp
*Artemia salina*. [Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[62]{.underline}(3):219-226. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/
microcystin/ nodularin/ *Artemia salina*/ glutathione S-transferase.

156\. Beatty, M. F.; Jennings-White, C.; and Avery, M. A. (1991).
Stereocontrolled synthesis of (2S, 3S, 8S,
9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid
(Adda), the characteristic amino acid of microcystins and nodularin. [J.
Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}:351-352.
Keywords: microcystins/ nodularin/ characteristic amino acid/ Adda.

157\. Beatty, M. F.; Jennings-White, C.; and Avery, M. A. (1992).
Stereocontrolled synthesis of
(2S,3S,8S,9S,4E,6E)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic
acid (Adda), the amino acid characteristic of microcystins and
nodularin. [J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1]{.underline}
[1992]{.underline}(13):1637-1641. Keywords: synthesis/ Adda/ amino acid/
microcystin/ nodularin.

158\. Bell, S. G. and Codd, G. A. (1994). Cyanobacterial toxins and
human health. [Rev. Med. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[5]{.underline}:256-264. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ human health.

159\. Belov, A. P. (1998). A model of phycotoxin release by
cyanobacterial cells. [Ecol. Model.]{.underline}
[110]{.underline}(2):105-117. Keywords: model/ phycotoxin release/
cyanobacterial cells.

160\. Belov, A. P.; Giles, J. D.; and Wiltshire, R. J. (1999). Toxicity
in a water column following the stratification of a cyanobacterial
population development in a calm lake. [IMA J. Math. Appl. Med.
Biol.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(1):93-110. Keywords: toxicity/ water
column/ stratification/ lake.

161\. Beltran, E. C. and Neilan, B. A. (2000). Geographical segregation
of the neurotoxin-producing cyanobacterium *Anabaena circinalis.* [Appl.
Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline} [66]{.underline}(10):4468-4474.
Keywords: paralytic shellfish toxins/ environmental conditions/
saxitoxin-binding/ anatoxin-a/ saxiphilin/ poisons/ strains/
*Aphanizomenon*/ transferrin/ *Anabaena circinalis*/ Australia.

162\. Benecke, B. (1884). Waterblooms (Wasserblüthe). In: [Report of the
Fishery Society of the Provinces of West and East Prussia (Berichte des
Fischerei-Vereins der Provinzen West und Ostpreussen)]{.underline}. Vol.
1, pp. 11-12. Keywords: waterblooms. (German)

163\. Benndorf, J. and Henning, M. (1989). *Daphnia* and toxic blooms of
*Microcystis aeruginosa* in Bautzen Reservoir (GDR). [Int. Revue ges.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [74]{.underline}(3):233-248. Keywords: toxicity
of blue-greens/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ zooplankton/ *Daphnia*/
filtration rate/ eutrophication control/ Bautzen Reservoir/ GDR.

164\. Benoufella, F.; Laplanche, A.; Boisdon, V.; and Bourbigot, M. M.
(1994). Elimination of *Microcystis* cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) by
an ozoflotation process: a pilot plant study. [Water Sci.
Technol.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(8):245-257. Keywords:
*Microcystis* elimination/ ozoflotation process/ algae/ blue-green
algae/ coagulation/ cyanobacteria/ flotation/ *Microsystis aeruginosa*/
ozone/ treatment process.

165\. Bent, P. E. (1980). [Isolation and Characterization of Anatoxin-c,
a Freshwater Cyanophyte Toxin]{.underline}. M.Sc. Thesis. Wright State
University, Dayton, Ohio. 65 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/
isolation/ characterization.

166\. Bent, P. E. and Carmichael, W. W. (1980). Isolation and
characterization of peptide toxins from fresh-water cyanophytes
*Anabaena flos-aquae* and *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Ohio J.
Sci.]{.underline} [80]{.underline}:66. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ peptide/ isolation/
characterization. (Abstract)

167\. Berg, K. (1985). [Toksinproduserende Blagronnalger i Ferskvan.
Forekomst, Toksinkaraterisering, Innvirkning pa
Vankvalitet]{.underline}. Ph.D. Thesis. Veterinary School, Oslo, Norway.
Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

168\. Berg, K. and Aune, T. (1987). Freshly prepared rat hepatocytes
used in screening the toxicity of blue-green algal blooms. [J. Toxicol.
Environ. Health]{.underline} [20]{.underline} :187-197. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity screening/ rat hepatocytes.

169\. Berg, K.; Carmichael, W. W.; Skulberg, O. M.; Benestad, C.; and
Underdal, B. (1987). Investigation of a toxic waterbloom of *Microcystis
aeruginosa* (Cyanophyceae) in Lake Akersvatn, Norway.
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [144]{.underline}(2):97-103. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ Norway/ Lake Akersvatn.

170\. Berg, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Skulberg, R. (1987). Effects of
decaying toxic blue-green algae on water quality---a laboratory study.
[Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [108]{.underline}(4):549-563. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ water quality.

171\. Berg, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; Skulberg, R.; Underdal, B.; and Willén,
T. (1986). Observations of toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in
some Scandinavian lakes. [Acta Vet. Scand.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}:440-452. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ toxicity assays/
*Anabaena*/ *Aphanizomenon*/ *Gomphosphaeria*/ *Microcystis*/
*Nodularia*/ *Oscillatoria*/ Scandinavian lakes.

172\. Berg, K. and Soli, N. E. (1985). Effects of *Oscillatoria
agardhii*---toxins on blood pressure and isolated organ preparations.
[Acta Vet. Scand.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}:374-384. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ hepatotoxins/ effects/ blood
pressure.

173\. Berg, K. and Soli, N. E. (1985). Toxicity studies with the
blue-green alga *Oscillatoria agardhii* from two eutrophic Norwegian
lakes. [Acta Vet. Scand.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}:363-373.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ Norway/ acute toxicity/
mice/ rats/ hepatotoxin.

174\. Berg, K.; Wyman, J.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Dabholkar, A. S.
(1988). Isolated rat liver perfusion studies with cyclic heptapeptide
toxins of *Microcystis* and *Oscillatoria* (freshwater cyanobacteria).
[Toxicon]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(9):827-837. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ *Oscillatoria*/ hepatotoxin/ rat liver perfusion.

175\. Berlin, R. (1948). Haff disease in Sweden. [Acta Med.
Scand.]{.underline} [129]{.underline}(6):560-572. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
Sweden/ Haff disease.

176\. Berlinck, R. G. S. (1995). Some aspects of guanidine secondary
metabolites. In: W. Herz, G. W. Kirby, R. E. Moore, W. Steglich, and Ch.
Tamm (eds.) [Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural
Products]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag/Wien: New York, Vol. 66, pp.
119-295. Keywords: guanidine metabolites.

177\. Berman, F. W.; Gerwick, W. H.; and Murray, T. F. (1999).
Antillatoxin and kalkitoxin, ichthyotoxins from the tropical
cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula,* induce distinct temporal patterns of
NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(11):1645-1648. Keywords: *Lyngbya majuscula*/ temporal
patterns/ neurotoxicity.

178\. Bernard, C.; Harvey, M.; Briand, J. F.; Bire, R.; Krys, S.; and
Fontaine, J. J. (2003). Toxicological comparison of diverse
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* strains: evidence of liver damage
caused by a French *C-raciborskii* strain. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(3):176-186. Keywords: hepatic
toxicity/ renal toxicity/ cylindrospermopsin/ saxitoxins/ neosaxitoxin/
decarbamoylsaxitoxin/ cyanobacterium/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
*Raphidiopsis*/ health effect/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ *Umezakia
natans*/ toxicity/ mice/ deoxycylindrospermopsin/ reservoir/ region/
Brazil.

179\. Bernstein, J. A.; Lummus, Z.; Bernstein, D. I.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Bernstein, I. L. (2000). Are cyanobacteria (formerly blue-green
algae) allergenic? [J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.]{.underline}
[105]{.underline}(1 part 2):S232. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ allergy.
(Abstract #688)

180\. Bertasi, B.; Bignotti, E.; Ferrando, L.; D\'Abroca, F.; Scaratti,
L.; and Pomati, F. (2003). The standardization of a molecular biology
method to verify the presence of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Vet. Res.
Commun.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(Suppl.):277-279. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ PCR.

181\. Berthon, J. L. and Brousse, S. (1995). Modification of migratory
behavior of planktonic crustacea in the presence of a bloom of
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (cyanobacteria). [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[301]{.underline}:185-193. Keywords: migrations/ spatio-temporal
distribution/ zooplankton/ cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
bloom.

182\. Bertram, A. and Pattenden, G. (2002). Dendroamide A,
nostocyclamide and related cyclopeptides from cyanobacteria. Total
synthesis, together with organised and metal-templated assembly from
oxazole and thiazole-based amino acids. [Heterocycles]{.underline}
[58]{.underline}:521-561. Keywords: cyclooligomerisation.

183\. Best, J. H.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A. (2003). Effects of
*Microcystis* cells, cell extracts and lipopolysaccharide on drinking
and liver function in rainbow trout *Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum.*
[Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(4):419-426. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ microcystin/ lipopolysaccharide/
rainbow trout/ gut/ liver/ drinking/ *Microcystis*/ *Oncorhynchus mykiss
Walbaum*.

184\. Best, J. H.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A. (2001). Effects of
purified microcystin-LR and cell extracts of *Microcystis* strains PCC
7813 and CYA 43 on cardiac function in brown trout (*Salmo trutta)*
alevins. [Fish Physiol. Biochem.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(3):171-178. Keywords: bioassay/ cardiac output/
cyanobacteria/ heart rate/ stroke volume/ rainbow trout/ *Oncorhynchus
mykiss*/ nitric oxide/ bacterial lipopolysaccharide/ sodium
nitroprusside/ *in vivo*/ *Microcystis* *aeruginosa*/ peptide.

185\. Best, J. H.; Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Eddy, F. B.; Metcalf,
J. S.; and Codd, G. A. (2002). Effects of enteric bacterial and
cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharides, and of microcystin-LR, on
glutathione S-transferase activities in zebra fish (*Danio rerio).*
[Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}(3-4):223-231. Keywords:
microcystin LR/ lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ cyanobacteria/ zebra fish/
detoxication enzymes/ glutathione S-transferase (GST)/ *Danio rerio*.

186\. Beveridge, M. C. M.; Baird, D. J.; Rahmatullah, S. M.; Lawton, L.
A.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (1993). Grazing rates on toxic and
non-toxic strains of cyanobacteria by *Hypophthalmichthys molitrix* and
*Oreochromis niloticus.* [J. Fish Biol.]{.underline}
[43]{.underline}(6):901-907. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ grazing/
planktivores/ tilapia/ silver carp/ *Hypophthalmichthys molitrix*/
*Oreochromis niloticus*.

187\. Bewley, C. A.; Holland, N. D.; and Faulkner, D. J. (1996). Two
classes of metabolites from *Theonella swinhoei* are localized in
distinct populations of bacterial symbionts. [Experientia]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}(7):716-722. Keywords: *Aphanocapsa feldmanni*/
*Beggiatoa*/ cyanobacteria/ lithistid sponge/ *Theonella swinhoei*/
secondary metabolites/ swinholide A/ symbiosis.

188\. Bhakuni, D. S. (1995). The toxic metabolites of marine organisms.
[J. Sci. Ind. Res.]{.underline} [54]{.underline}(12):702-716. Keywords:
toxic/ metabolites/ marine.

189\. Bhattacharya, R.; Rao, P. V. L.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; Pant, S. C.;
and Dube, S. N. (1996). Liver slice culture for assessing hepatotoxicity
of freshwater cyanobacteria. [Human Exp. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(2):105-110. Keywords: liver slice culture/ viability/
cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ *Microcystis*/ microcystin-LR.

190\. Bhattacharya, R.; Sugendran, K.; Dangi, R. S.; and Rao, P. V. L.
(1997). Toxicity evaluation of freshwater cyanobacterium
*Microcystis-aeruginosa* PCC-7806. 2. Nephrotoxicity in rats. [Biomed.
Environ. Sci.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(1):93-101. Keywords:
toxicity evaluation/ *Microcystis-aeruginosa*/ nephrotoxicity/ rats.

191\. Bianchi, T. S.; Engelhaupt, E.; Westman, P.; Andren, T.; Rolff,
C.; and Elmgren, R. (2000). Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea:
natural or human-induced? [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[45]{.underline}(3):716-726. Keywords: isotopic composition/ marine
environment/ Holocene/ sediments/ Chesapeake Bay/ organic matter/
freshwater/ nitrogen/ eutrophication/ phosphorus/ Baltic Sea.

192\. Bickel, H. and Lyck, S. (2001). Importance of energy charge for
microcystin production. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp.
133-141. 357 pp. Keywords: energy charge/ microcystin production.

193\. Bickel, H.; Lyck, S.; and Utkilen, H. (2000). Energy state and
toxin content: experiments on *Microcystis aeruginosa* (Chroococcales,
Cyanophyta). [Phycologia]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(3):212-218.
Keywords: cyanobacterium agmenellum-quadruplicatum/ iron starvation/
growth/ temperature/ charge/ light/ ultrastructure/ physiology/
cultures/ toxicity/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

194\. Bickel, H.; Neumann, U., and Weckesser, J. (2001). Peptides and
depsipeptides produced by cyanobacteria. In: I. Chorus, (ed.)
[Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}.
Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 281-286. Keywords: peptides/
depsipeptides/ cyanobacteria.

195\. Biggs, D. F. and Dryden, W. F. (1977). Action of anatoxin-I at the
neuromuscular junction. [Proceedings of the Western Pharmacological
Society]{.underline}. Vol. 20, pp. 461-466. Int. Symposium on
Neurotransmitters. March, 1976; St. Andrews, Scotland. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ neuromuscular junction.

196\. Billings, W. H. (1981). Water-associated human illness in
northeast Pennsylvania and its suspected association with blue-green
algae blooms. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water Environment: Algal
Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 243-255. 491
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ human illness/ Pennsylvania.

197\. Bin Alam, Md. Z.; Otaki, M.; Furumai, H.; and Ohgaki, S. (2001).
Direct and indirect inactivation of *Microcystis aeruginosa* by
UV-radiation. [Water Res.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(4):1008-1014.
Keywords: algae/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ extracellular products/
UV-radiation/ residual effect/ hydrogen peroxide.

198\. Birger, T. I. and Malyarevskaya, A. Y. (1977). Some biochemical
mechanisms of resistance of aquatic invertebrates to toxic substances.
[Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.)]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(6):69-73. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Russian)

199\. Birger, T. I.; Malyarevskaya, A. Y.; and Arsen, O. M. (1973).
Etiology of the Haff (Yuksov Sartlan) disease. [Hydrobiol. J.
(Gidrobiologicheskii Zh.)]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(2):71-80.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Haff disease.

200\. Birk, I. M.; Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; Matern, U.; König, W. A.;
Krebber, R.; and Weckesser, J. (1989). Non-toxic and toxic oligopeptides
with D-amino acids and unusual residues in *Microcystis aeruginosa*
PCC-7806. [Arch. Microbiol.]{.underline} [151]{.underline}(5):411-415.
Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ cyanobacterium/ toxin/
oligopeptides/ D-amino acids.

201\. Birk, I. M.; Matern, U.; Kaiser, I.; Martin, C.; and Weckesser, J.
(1988). The peptide toxin of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa*
PCC-7941: isolation and analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance and fast
atom bombardment mass spectroscopy. [J. Chromat.]{.underline}
[449]{.underline}(2):423-431. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ peptide/ NMR/ FAB/ mass spectroscopy.

202\. Bischoff, K. (2001). The toxicology of microcystin-LR: occurrence,
toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis and treatment. [Vet. Human
Toxicol.]{.underline} [43]{.underline}(5):294-297. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ hepatotoxic microcystins/ protein phosphatase/ toxicity/
cyanobacteria.

203\. Bishop, C. T.; Anet, E. F. L. J.; and Gorham, P. R. (1959).
Isolation and identification of the fast-death factor in *Microcystis
aeruginosa* NRC-1. [Can. J. Biochem. Physiol.]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}:453-471. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ isolation and identification/ fast-death factor.

204\. Black, E. K. and Finch, G. R. (1993). Detection and occurrence of
waterborne bacterial and viral pathogens. [Water Environ.
Res.]{.underline} [65]{.underline}(4):295-300. Keywords: detection/
occurrence/ waterborne pathogens.

205\. Blackburn, S. I.; McCausland, M. A.; Bolch, C. J. S.; Newman, S.
J.; and Jones, G. J. (1996). Effect of salinity on growth and toxin
production in cultures of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium *Nodularia
spumigena* from Australian waters. [Phycologia]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(6):511-522. Keywords: salinity/ growth and toxin
production/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ Australia.

206\. Bláha, L. and Marsálek, B. (2003). Contamination of drinking water
in the Czech Republic by microcystins. [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[158]{.underline}(3):421-429. Keywords: drinking water/ contamination/
dissolved microcystins/ HPLC/ eutrophication/ biofilm/ Czech Republic.

207\. Bláha, L. and Marsálek, B. (2001). Dissolved microcystins in raw
and treated drinking water. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins:
Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New
York, pp. 212-216. 357 pp. Keywords: dissolved microcystins/ raw /
treated/ drinking water.

208\. Blankson, H.; Grotterod, E. M.; and Seglen, P. O. (2000).
Prevention of toxin-induced cytoskeletal disruption and apoptotic liver
cell death by the grapefruit flavonoid, naringin. [Cell Death &
Diff.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(8):739-746. Keywords: apoptosis/
cytoprotectant/ flow cytometry/ hepatocyte/ hepatoma/ hepatotoxin.

209\. Blom, J. and Jüttner, F. (2001). Grazer toxicity analysis of
\[D-Asp(3), Dhb(7)\] microcystin-RR from *Planktothrix rubescens.*
[Toxicology]{.underline} [164]{.underline}(1-3):177. Keywords: toxicity/
analysis/ microcystin-RR/ *Planktothrix rubescens*. (Abstract)

210\. Blom, J. F.; Bister, B.; Bischoff, D.; Nicholson, G.; Jung, G.;
Sussmuth, R. D.; and Jüttner, F. (2003). Oscillapeptin J, a new grazer
toxin of the freshwater cyanobacterium *Planktothrix rubescens.* [J.
Natural Products]{.underline} [66]{.underline}(3):431-434. Keywords:
*Oscillatoria agardhii nies*-204/ serine-protease inhibitors/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ chymotrypsin inhibitor/ strains/ toxicity/
plasmin/ Lake Zurich/ Switzerland/ *Planktothrix rubescens*.

211\. Bøe, R.; Gjertsen, B. T.; Vintermyr, O. K.; Houge, G.; Lanotte,
M.; and Døskeland, S. O. (1991). The protein phosphatase inhibitor
okadaic acid induces morphological changes typical of apoptosis in
mammalian cells. [Exp. Cell Res.]{.underline} [195]{.underline}:237-246.
Keywords: protein phosphatase inhibitor/ okadaic acid/ apoptosis/
mammalian cells.

212\. Boesch, D.F.; Anderson, D.M.; Horner, R.A.; Shumway, S.E.; Tester,
P.A.; and Whitledge, T.E. (eds.) (1997). [Harmful Algal Blooms in
Coastal Waters: Options for Prevention, Control and
Mitigation]{.underline}. Chesapeake Research Consortium: Edgewater, MD.
49 pp. An Assessment Conducted for the National Fish & Wildlife
Foundation and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Coastal Ocean Program. (Decision Analysis Series #10). Keywords: harmful
algal blooms/ coastal waters/ prevention/ control/ mitigation.

213\. Bokesch, H. R.; O\'Keefe, B. R.; McKee, T. C.; Pannell, L. K.;
Patterson, G. M. L.; Gardella, R. S.; Sowder II, R. C.; Turpin, J.;
Watson, K.; Buckheit Jr., R. W.; and Boyd, M. R. (2003). A potent novel
anti-HIV protein from the cultured cyanobacterium *Scytonema varium.*
[Biochem.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(9):2578-2584. Keywords:
human-immunodeficiency virus/ cyanovirin-N/ inactivating protein/
antifreeze proteins/ natural products/ *Urtica dioica*/ cell fusion/
green alga/ glycoprotein/ GP120.

214\. Boland, M. P.; Smillie, M. A.; Chen, D. Z. X.; and Holmes, C. F.
B. (1993). A unified bioscreen for the detection of diarrhetic shellfish
toxins and microcystins in marine and freshwater environments.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(11):1393-1405. Keywords:
bioscreen/ diarrhetic shellfish toxins/ microcystins/ marine/
freshwater.

215\. Bolch, C. J. S. and Blackburn, S. I. (1996). Isolation and
purification of Australian isolates of the toxic cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa* Kütz. [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}(1):5-13. Keywords: axenic culture/ cyanobacteria/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ toxic/ *Spirochaeta*/ Australia.

216\. Bolch, C. J. S.; Blackburn, S. I.; Jones, G. J.; Orr, P. T.; and
Grewe, P. M. (1997). Plasmid content and distribution in the toxic
cyanobacterial genus *Microcystis* Kützing ex Lemmermann (cyanobacteria:
Chroococcales). [Phycologia]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(1):6-11.
Keywords: plasmid content and distribution/ *Microcystis*.

217\. Bolch, C. J. S.; Blackburn, S. I.; Neilan, B. A.; and Grewe, P. M.
(1996). Genetic characterization of strains of cyanobacteria using
PCR-RFLP of the cpcBA intergenic spacer and flanking regions. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(3):445-451. Keywords: *Anabaena
circinalis*/ cyanobacteria/ DNA/ genetics/ intergenic spacer/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ PCR/ phyocyanin genes/
RFLP.

218\. Bolch, C. J. S.; Orr, P. T.; Jones, G. J.; and Blackburn, S. I.
(1999). Genetic, morphological, and toxicological variation among
globally distributed strains of *Nodularia* (cyanobacteria). [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(2):339-355. Keywords: *Nodularia*/
variation/ genetic/ morphological/ toxicological.

219\. Bonislawska, A.; Demkowicz-Dobrzanski, K.; Nalecz-Jawecki, G.;
Mankiewicz, J.; Tarczynska, M.; and Sawicki, J. (2003). SOS chromotest
genotoxicity and toxicity of cyanobacterial extracts from reservoir
surface water. [Fresen. Environ. Bull.]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(10):1144-1151. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ SOS chromotest/
genotoxicity/ toxicity.

220\. Bonjouklian, R.; Smitka, T. A.; Doolin, L. E.; Molloy, R. M.;
Debono, M.; Shaffer, S. A.; Moore, R. E.; Stewart, J. B.; and Patterson,
G. M. L. (1991). Tjipanazoles, new antifungal agents from the blue-green
alga *Tolypothrix tjipanasensis.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[47]{.underline}(37):7739-7750. Keywords: *Tolypothrix tjipanasensis*/
structure.

221\. Bonjouklian, R.; Smitka, T. A.; Hunt, A. H.; Occolowitz, J. L.;
Perun Jr., T. J.; Doolin, L.; Stevenson, S.; Knauss, L.; Wijayaratne,
R.; Szewczyk, S.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1996). A 90720A, a serine
protease inhibitor isolated from a terrestrial blue-green alga
*Microchaete loktakensis.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}(2):395-404. Keywords: isolation/ structure/
*Microchaete loktakensis*.

222\. Bonnard, I.; Rolland, M.; Francisco, C.; and Banaigs, B. (1997).
Total structure and biological properties of laxaphycins A and B, cyclic
lipopeptides from the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [Lett.
Peptide Sci.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}(406):289-292. Keywords:
antifungal/ cytotoxic/ synergism/ Marfey\'s reagent/
E-didehydroaminobutyric acid/ β-aminodeca(octa)noic acids.

223\. Bose, S. G. and Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Plasmid distribution
among unicellular and filamentous toxic cyanobacteria. [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(2):131-136. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ plasmids/ hepatotoxin/ neurotoxin.

224\. Bossenmaier, E. F.; Olson, T. A.; Rueger, E.; and Marsh, W. H.
(1954). Some field and laboratory aspects of duck sickness at Whitewater
Lake, Manitoba. In: [Trans. 19th North American Wildlife
Conference]{.underline}. pp. 163-175. March 8-10; Wildlife Management
Inst., Washington, D.C. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Manitoba/ duck illness.

225\. Botana, L. M. (ed.) (2000). [Seafood and Freshwater Toxins:
Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection]{.underline}. Marcel Dekker,
Inc.: New York. 798 pp. Keywords: freshwater toxins/ pharmacology/
physiology/ toxicology/ ecology.

226\. Botes, D. P (1986). Cyanoginosins---isolation and structure. In:
P. S. Steyn and R. Vleggaar, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins,
Bioactive Molecules]{.underline}. Elsevier: Amsterdam. Vol. 1, pp.
161-167. 545 pp. July 22-25, 1985; Pretoria, S. Afr. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ cyanoginosin/ isolation/ structure.

227\. Botes, D. P.; Kruger, H.; and Viljoen, C. C. (1982). Isolation and
characterization of four toxins from the blue-green alga, *Microcystis
aeruginosa.* [Toxicon]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(6):945-954.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ isolation/
characterization.

228\. Botes, D. P.; Tuinman, A. A.; Wessels, P. L.; Viljoen, C. C.;
Kruger, H.; Williams, D. H.; Santikarn, S.; Smith, R. J.; and Hammond,
S. J. (1984). The structure of cyanoginosin-LA, a cyclic heptapeptide
toxin from the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Chem. Soc.,
Perkin Trans. 1]{.underline} [1984]{.underline}(10):2311-2318. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ cyanoginosin/ hepatotoxin/
characterization/ structure.

229\. Botes, D. P.; Viljoen, C. C.; Kruger, H.; Wessels, P. L.; and
Williams, D. H. (1982). Configuration assignments of the amino acid
residues and the presence of N-methyldehydroalanine in toxins from the
blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[20]{.underline}(6):1037-1042. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ amino acid.

230\. Botes, D. P.; Viljoen, C. C.; Kruger, H.; Wessels, P. L.; and
Williams, D. H. (1982). Structure of toxins of the blue-green alga
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [S. Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline}
[78]{.underline}(9):378-379. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ structure. (Abstract)

231\. Botes, D. P.; Wessels, P. L.; Kruger, H.; Runnegar, M. T. C.;
Santikarn, S.; Smith, R. J.; Barna, J. C. J.; and Williams, D. H.
(1985). Structural studies on cyanoginosins -LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM,
peptide toxins from *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Chem. Soc., Perkin
Trans. 1]{.underline} [1985]{.underline}(12):2747-2748. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ peptide/ cyanoginosin/
hepatotoxin/ structure/ NMR.

232\. Bottcher, G.; Chorus, I.; Ewald, S.; Hintze, T.; and Walz, N.
(2001). Light-limited growth and microcystin content of *Planktothrix
agardhii* and *Microcystis aeruginosa* in turbidostats. In: I. Chorus
(ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}.
Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 115-133. 357 pp. Keywords: light-limited
growth/ microcystin content/ *Planktothrix agardhii*/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ turbidostats.

233\. Bouaïcha, N.; Maatouk, I.; Vincent, G.; and Levi, Y. (2002). A
colorimetric and fluorometric microplate assay for the detection of
microcystin-LR in drinking water without preconcentration. [Food Chem.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(11):1677-1683. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ colorimetric protein phosphatase/ fluorometric protein
phosphatase/ phosphatase inhibition assay/ paralytic shellfish poisons/
linked-immunosorbent-assay/ cyanobacterial toxins/ okadaic acid/ blooms/
immunoassay/ nodularins/ mussels.

234\. Bouaïcha, N.; Rivasseau, C.; Hennion, M-C.; and Sandra, P. (1996).
Detection of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) in cell extractions by
micellar electrokinetic chromatography. [J. Chromat. B: Biomed. Sci.
Appl.]{.underline} [685]{.underline}(1):53-57. Keywords: microcystins/
detection/ micellar electrokinetic chromatography.

235\. Bourke, A. T. C. and Hawes, R. B. (1983). Freshwater cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae) and human health. [Med. J. Aust.]{.underline}
[1]{.underline}:491-492. Keywords: freshwater/ cyanotoxin/ human health.

236\. Bourke, A. T. C.; Hawes, R. B.; Neilson, A.; and Stallman, N. D.
(1983). An outbreak of hepato-enteritis (the Palm Island mystery
disease) possibly caused by algal intoxication. [Toxicon]{.underline} (3
Suppl.):45-48. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ hepatotoxin/ human
health/ Palm Island disease/ Australia.

237\. Bourne, D. G.; Jones, G. J.; Blakeley, R. L.; Jones, A.; Negri, A.
P.; and Riddles, P. (1996). Enzymatic pathway for the bacterial
degradation of the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR.
[Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline} [62]{.underline}(11):4086-4094.
Keywords: microcystin-LR/ enzymatic pathway/ degradation.

238\. Bouvy, M.; Falcao, D.; Marinho, M.; Pagano, M.; and Moura, A.
(2000). Occurrence of *Cylindrospermopsis* (cyanobacteria) in 39
Brazilian tropical reservoirs during the 1998 drought. [Aquat. Microbial
Ecol.]{.underline} [23]{.underline} (1):13-27. Keywords: bacteria/
phytoplankton/ zooplankton/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ El Nino
event/ reservoirs/ co-inertia analysis/ blue-green-algae/ Lake Balaton/
phytoplankton/ fresh/ eutrophication/ zooplankton/ bacterial/ blooms/
toxins/ Brazil.

239\. Bouvy, M.; Molica, R.; Oliveira, S.; Marinho, M.; and Beker, B.
(1999). Dynamics of a toxic cyanobacterial bloom (*Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii)* in a shallow reservoir in the semiarid region of northeast
Brazil. [Aquat. Microbial Ecol.]{.underline}
[20]{.underline}(3):285-297. Keywords: dynamics/ *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii*/ Brazil/ reservoir.

240\. Bouvy, M.; Pagano, M.; and Troussellier, M. (2001). Effects of a
cyanobacterial bloom (*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)* on bacteria and
zooplankton communities in Ingazeira reservoir (northeast Brazil).
[Aquat. Microbial Ecol.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(3):215-227.
Keywords: bacteria/ phytoplankton/ zooplankton/ *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii*/ reservoir/ Brazil.

241\. Bowling, L. (1992). [The Cyanobacterial (Blue-Greeen Algae) Bloom
in the Darling/Barwon River System, November-December 1991]{.underline}.
Department of Water Resources Technical Service Report. 49 pp. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ bloom/ Darling-Barwon River System.

242\. Boyd, C. E. (1973). Biotic interactions between different species
of algae. [Weed Sci.]{.underline} [21]{.underline}(1):32-36. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ interactions.

243\. Braginskii, L. P. (1955). On the toxicity of blue-green algae
(Otoksichnosti sine-zdenykh vodorosley). [Priroda (Nature)]{.underline}
[44]{.underline}(1):117. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ *Anabaena*. (Ukrainian)

244\. Branco, S. M. (1959). Toxic algae control of toxins in wastewater
(Algas toxicas controle das toxinas em aguas de abasticimento). [Rev.
Dept. Água Esgotos São Paulo]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(33):21-30;
20(34):29-42. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ control/ wastewater. (Portuguese)

245\. Brandenburg, T. O. and Shigley, F. M. (1947). Waterbloom as a
cause of poisoning in livestock in North Dakota. [J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc.]{.underline} [110]{.underline}:384. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ North
Dakota/ livestock poisoning.

246\. Brandonsisio, O.; Maggi, P.; Panaro, M. A.; Marangi, A.; Marzio,
R.; and Angarano, G. (1993). A cyanobacterium-like body found in the
stools of an HIV+ patient with diarrhoea. [Eur. J.
Epidemiol.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(4):453-454. Keywords: coccidian/
cyanobacterium/ AIDS/ HIV/ diarrhea. (Letter to the Editor)

247\. Braun, A. and Pfeiffer, T. (2002). Cyanobacterial blooms as the
cause of a Pleistocene large mammal assemblage.
[Paleobiology]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(1):139-154. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ fossil vertebrates/ Neumark-Nord lake basin/ Germany.

248\. Briand, J. F.; Jacquet, S.; Bernard, C.; and Humbert, J. F.
(2003). Health hazards for terrestrial vertebrates from toxic
cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystems. [Vet. Res.]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(4):361-377. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ aquatic ecosystem/
toxin/ health risk/ mammal/ blue-green algae/ paralytic shellfish
poisons/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
liquid-chromatographic method/ cyclic peptide toxin/ freshwater/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Anabaena circinalis*.

249\. Briand, J. F.; Robillot, C.; Quiblier-Lloberas, C.; and Bernard,
C. (2002). A perennial bloom of *Planktothrix agardhii* (cyanobacteria)
in a shallow eutrophic French lake: limnological and microcystin
production studies. [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[153]{.underline}(4):605-622. Keywords: hypertrophic lake/ filamentous
cyanobacteria/ cyanobacteria toxins/ health hazard/ *Planktothrix
agardhii*.

250\. Brittain, S.; Mohamed, Z. A.; Wang, J.; Lehmann, V. K. B.;
Carmichael, W. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; and El-Sharouny, H. M. (2000).
Isolation and characterization of microcystins from a River Nile strain
of *Oscillatoria tenuis* Agardh ex Gomont. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(12):1759-1771. Keywords: *Oscillatoria tenuis*/
microcystin/ River Nile/ cyanobacteria/ isolation/ characterization.

251\. Brittain, S. M.; Wang, J.; Babcock-Jackson, L.; Carmichael, W. W.;
Rinehart, K. L.; and Culver, D. A. (2000). Isolation and
characterization of microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins from
a Lake Erie strain of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Great Lakes
Res.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(3):241-249. Keywords: Lake Erie/
cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ microcystin/ isolation/
characterization.

252\. Brooks, W. P.; Bell, S. G.; and Codd, G. A. (1986). Production,
purification and properties of *Microcystis* toxins. [Br. Phycol.
J.]{.underline} [21]{.underline}(3):327. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ production/ purification. (Abstract)

253\. Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A. (1987). Distribution of *Microcystis
aeruginosa* peptide toxin and interactions with hepatic microsomes in
mice. [Pharmacol. Toxicol.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}(3):187-191.
Keywords: distribution/ cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ peptide/
hepatotoxin/ mice.

254\. Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A. (1986). Extraction and purification
of toxic peptides from natural blooms and laboratory isolates of the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Lett. Appl.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(1):1-3. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ extraction/ purification.

255\. Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A. (1988). Immunoassay of hepatotoxic
cultures and water blooms of cyanobacteria using *Microcystis
aeruginosa* peptide toxin polyclonal antibodies. [Environ. Technol.
Lett.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(12):1343-1348. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ immunological.

256\. Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A. (1987). Immunological and
toxicological studies on *Microcystis aeruginosa* peptide toxin. [Br.
Phycol. J.]{.underline} [22]{.underline}(3):301. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ peptide/ immunological. (Abstract)

257\. Brough, P. A.; Gallagher, T.; Thomas, P.; Wonnacott, S.; Baker,
R.; Malik, K. M. A.; and Hursthouse, M. B. (1992). Synthesis and x-ray
crystal structure of 2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo\[4.2.1\] nonan-3-one. A
conformationally locked s-cis analogue of anatoxin-a. [J. Chem. Soc.,
Chem. Commun.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}:1087-1089. Keywords:
anatoxin-a/ synthesis/ crystal structure.

258\. Brown, N. D.; Butler, D. L.; Katzhendler, J.; Doctor, B. P., and
Chiang, P. K. (1991). Thymopentin pentapeptides antagonize the nicotinic
activity of (+)-anatoxin-a on guinea pig ileum. [FASEB J.]{.underline}
[5]{.underline}(4):A857. Keywords: nicotinic activity/anatoxin-a/guinea
pig ileum. (Poster)

259\. Brown, P. (1974). [Toxin of *Microcystis aeruginosa:* Effects of
Varying the Concentration of Selected Salts upon Toxicity and the
Effects of the Toxin on Some Physiological Parameters]{.underline}
\[Diss. Abstr. Int. B36(1), 93\]. M.Sc. Thesis. Texas A and M
University, College Station, Texas. 82 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ salinity.

260\. Brownlee, E. F.; Sellner, S. G.; and Sellner, K. G. (2003).
Effects of barley straw (*Hordeum vulgare*) on freshwater and brackish
phytoplankton and cyanobacteria. [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(6):525-531. Keywords: phytoplankton/ cyanobacteria/
barley straw/ *Hordeum vulgare*.

261\. Broyles, B. and Cutler, T. L. (1999). Effect of surface water on
desert Bighorn sheep in the Cabeza-Prieta National Wildlife Refuge,
Southwestern Arizona. [Wildlife Soc. Bull.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(4):1082-1088. Keywords: surface water/ bighorn sheep/
Southwestern Arizona.

262\. Brunberg, A. K. and Blomqvist, P. (2002). Benthic overwintering of
*Microcystis* colonies under different environmental conditions. [J.
Plankton Res.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(11):1247-1252. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa* Kütz emend/ spp. cyanobacteria/ eutrophic lake/
dynamics/ phytoplankton/ sediments/ populations/ bacteria/ shallow.

263\. Bruno, M.; Gucci, P. M. B.; Pierdominici, E.; Sestili, P.;
Ioppolo, A.; Sechi, N.; and Volterra, L. (1992). Microcystin-like toxins
in different freshwater species of *Oscillatoria.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(10):1307-1311. Keywords: microcystin-like toxins/
*Oscillatoria*/ freshwater.

264\. Bryan, P. M. and Potter, L. R. (2002). The atrial natriuretic
peptide receptor (NPR-A/GC-A) is dephosphorylated by distinct
microcystin-sensitive and magnesium-dependent protein phosphatases. [J.
Biol. Chem.]{.underline} [277]{.underline}(18):16041-16047. Keywords:
Guanylyl cyclase-a/ signal-transduction/ smooth-muscle/ cyclic-GMP/
kinase-c/ desensitization/ binding/ mutant/ domain/ family.

265\. Budd, J. W.; Beeton, A. M.; Stumpf, R. P.; Culver, D. A.; and
Kerfoot, W. C. (2002). Satellite observations of *Microcystis* blooms in
western Lake Erie. [Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [27(Pt
7)]{.underline}:3787-3793. Keywords: Saginaw Bay/ ocean/ Huron/
*Microcystis*/ Lake Erie.

266\. Bumke-Vogt, C.; Mailahn, W.; and Chorus, I. (1999). Anatoxin-a and
neurotoxic cyanobacteria in German lakes and reservoirs. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):117-125. Keywords: anatoxin-a/
neurotoxic cyanobacteria/ German/ lakes/ reservoirs.

267\. Burger, J. S.; Grabow, W. O. K.; and Kfir, R. (1989). Detection of
endotoxins in reclaimed and conventionally treated drinking water.
[Water Res.]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(6):733-738. Keywords:
endotoxin/ water reclamation/ active carbon/ water treatment/ ozonation/
chlorination/ effluent bacterial growth.

268\. Burgoyne, D. L.; Hemscheidt, T. K.; Moore, R. E.; and Runnegar, M.
T. C. (2000). Biosynthesis of cylindrospermopsin. [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [65]{.underline}(1):152-156. Keywords: biosynthesis/
cylindrospermopsin.

269\. Burja, A. M.; Abou-Mansour, E.; Banaigs, B.; Payri, C.; Burgess,
J. G.; and Wright, P. C. (2002). Culture of the marine cyanobacterium,
*Lyngbya majuscula* (Oscillatoriaceae), for bioprocess intensified
production of cyclic and linear lipopeptides. [J. Microbiol.
Methods]{.underline} [48]{.underline}(2-3):207-219. Keywords: bioprocess
intensification/ cyanobacteria/ lipopeptides/ FTICR-MS/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ Oscillatoriaceae.

270\. Burja, A. M.; Banaigs, B.; Abou-Mansour, E.; Burgess, J. G.; and
Wright, P. C. (2001). Marine cyanobacteria: a prolific source of natural
products. [Tetrahed.]{.underline} [57]{.underline}(46):9347-9377.
Keywords: bioinformatics/ bioprocess intensification/ cyanobacteria/
genomics/ lipopeptides/ metabolic pathways/ natural products chemistry/
proteomics.

271\. Burlingame, A. L.; Boyd, R. K.; and Gaskell, S. J. (1994). Mass
spectrometry (review). [Analyt. Chem.]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}(12):R634-R683. Keywords: mass spectrometry.

272\. Burns, C. W. and Xu, Z. (1989). Utilization of cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae) as food by freshwater calanoid copepods. [Verh.
Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(5):2833.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ food/ copepods. (Proceedings XXIV Congress Int.
Assoc. Limnology---Abstract)

273\. Burrini, D.; Lupi, E.; Klotzner, C.; Santini, C.; and Lanciotti,
E. (2000). Survey for microalgae and cyanobacteria in a drinking-water
utility supplying the city of Florence, Italy. [J. Water Supply Res.
Technol.--Aqua]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(3):139-147. Keywords: algal
removal/ cyanobacteria/ drinking water utility/ monitoring/ planktonic
microalgae/ Florence, Italy.

274\. Bury, N. R.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A. (1995). The effects of
the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa,* the cyanobacterial
hepatotoxin microcystin-LR, and ammonia on growth rate and ionic
regulation of brown trout. [J. Fish Biol.]{.underline}
[46]{.underline}(6):1042-1054. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystins/
brown trout/ growth/ ionic regulation.

275\. Bury, N. R.; Mcgeer, J. C.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A. (1997).
Liver damage in brown trout, *Salmo trutta* L., and rainbow-trout,
*Oncorhynchus mykiss* (Walbaum), following administration of the
cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR via the dorsal aorta. [J. Fish
Dis.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(3):209-215. Keywords: trout liver
damage/ *Salmo trutta*/ *Oncorhynchus mykiss*/ cyanobacteria/
microcystin-LR.

276\. Bury, N. R.; Newlands, A. D.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A. (1998).
*In vivo* and *in vitro* intestinal transport of H^3^ microcystin-LR, a
cyanobacterial toxin, in rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*). [Aquat.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(2):139-148. Keywords: intestinal
transport/ microcystin-LR/ *Oncorhynchus mykiss*.

277\. Butler IV, M. J.; Hunt, J. H.; Herrnkind, W. F.; Childress, M. J.;
Bertelsen, R.; Sharp, W.; Matthews, T.; Field, J. M.; and Marshall, H.
G. (1995). Cascading disturbances in Florida Bay, USA: cyanobacteria
blooms, sponge mortality and implications for juvenile spiny lobsters,
*Panulirus argus.* [Mar. Ecol.--Prog. Ser.]{.underline}
[129]{.underline}(1-3):119-125. Keywords: Florida Bay/ sponge/
*Panulirus argus*/ spiny lobster/ disturbance/ cyanobacteria/ artificial
shelters/ algal bloom.

278\. Buttke, T. M. and Ingram, L. O. (1975). Comparison of
lipopolysaccharides from *Agmenellum quadruplicatum* or *Escherichia*
chromatography. [J. Bacteriol.]{.underline} [124]{.underline}:1566-1573.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ comparison/ lipopolysaccharides/ *Escherichia*/
*Agmenellum quadruplicatum*.

279\. Byth, S. (1980). Palm Island mystery disease. [Med. J.
Aust.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(1):40-42. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ human
health/ Palm Island disease/ Australia.

280\. Byth, S. (1980). Palm Island mystery disease \[Correction for
1980, 2(1):40-42\]. [Med. J. Aust.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(3):170.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ human health/ Palm Island disease/ Australia.

281\. Caceres, O. and Vieira, A. A. H. (1988). Some features on the
growth of *Microcystis aeruginosa* Küetz. emend. Elenkin in ASM-1
medium. [Rev. Microbiol.]{.underline} [19]{.underline}(3):223-228.
Keywords: growth/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ ASM-1 medium. (Spanish)

282\. Caiola, M. G. and Pellegrini, S. (1984). Lysis of *Microcystis
aeruginosa* (Kütz) by *Bdellovibrio*-like bacteria. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}:471-475. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ cyanobacteria lysis/ *Bdellovibrio*-like
bacteria/ lysing bacteria.

283\. Caire, G. Z. de; Cano, M. M. S. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de, and
Halperín, D. R. de. (1990). Antimycotic products from the cyanobacterium
*Nostoc muscorum* against *Rhizoctonia solani.* [Phyton--Int. J. Exp.
Bot.]{.underline} [51]{.underline}(1):1-4. Keywords: antimycotic
products/*Nostoc muscorum*/*Rhizoctonia solani*.

284\. Caire, G. Z. de; Cano, M. M. S. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de; and
Halperín, D. R. de. (1993). Screening of cyanobacterial bioactive
compounds against human pathogens. [Exp. Bot.]{.underline}
[54]{.underline}(1):59-65. Keywords: cyanobacterial bioactive compounds/
screening/ human pathogens.

285\. Camargo, L. F. A.; Neto, M. C.; Canziani, M. E.; and Draibe, S. A.
(2001). Water transmissable diseases and hemodialysis. In: W. M. Scheld,
W. A. Craig, and J. M. Hughes (eds.) [Emerging Infections]{.underline}.
ASM Press: Washington, DC, Vol. 5, pp. 121-135, Ch. 8. Keywords:
hemodialysis/ waterborne diseases/ pyrogenic reactions/ transmembrane
passage/ dialysis patients/ risk-factors/ outbreak/ bacteremia/
endotoxin/ quality/ reuse/ permeability.

286\. Campbell, D. L.; Lawton, L. A.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A.
(1994). Comparative assessment of the specificity of the brine shrimp
and microtox assays of hepatotoxic (microcystin-LR-containing)
cyanobacteria. [Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(1):71-77. Keywords: assessment/ brine shrimp and
microtox assays/ microcystin-LR/ cyanobacteria.

287\. Campbell, H. F.; Edwards, O. E.; Elder, J. W.; and Kolt, R. J.
(1979). Total synthesis of DL-anatoxin-a and DL-isoanatoxin-a. [Pol. J.
Chem.]{.underline} [53]{.underline}:27-37. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
anatoxin/ synthesis.

288\. Campbell, H. F.; Edwards, O. E.; and Kolt, R. (1977). Synthesis of
nor-anatoxin-a and anatoxin-a. [Can. J. Chem.]{.underline}
[55]{.underline}(8):1372-1379. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/
nor-anotoxin-a.

289\. Campos, V.; Cantarero, S.; Urrutia, H.; Heinze, R.; Wirsing, B.;
Neumann, U.; and Weckesser, J. (1999). Microcystin in cyanobacterial
blooms in a Chilean lake. [System. Appl. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(2):169-173. Keywords: microcystin/ cyanobacterial
bloom/ Chile/ lake.

290\. Cannell, R. J. P. (1993). Algae as a source of biologically-active
products. [Pest. Sci.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(2):147-153.
Keywords: algae/ biologically active products.

291\. Cannell, R. J. P.; Kellam, S. J.; Owsianka, A. M.; and Walker, J.
M. (1987). Microalgae and cyanobacteria as a source of glycosidase
inhibitors. [J. Gen. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[133]{.underline}:1701-1705. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater/ marine/
products/ glycosidase inhibitor/ enzyme inhibitor.

292\. Cano, M. M. S. de; Caire, G. Z. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de; and Palma,
R. M. (2002). Effect of *Tolypothrix tenuis* and *Microchaete tenera* on
biochemical soil properties and maize growth. [J. Plant
Nutrition]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(11):2421-2431. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ exopolysaccharide/ enzyme/ maize/ *Nostoc muscorum*/
inoculation/ *Tolypothrix tenuis*/ *Microchaete tenera*.

293\. Cano, M. M. S. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de; Caire, G. Z. de; and
Halperín, D. R. de. (1990). Inhibition of *Candida albicans* and
*Staphylococcus aureaus* by phenolic compounds from the terrestrial
cyanobacterium *Nostoc muscorum.* [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}:79-81. Keywords: *Nostoc muscorum*/ *Staphylococcus
aureus*/ *Candida albicans*/ bioactive compounds/ algal phenolic
compounds/ cyanobacteria.

294\. Canter, H. M.; Heaney, S. I.; and Lund, J. W. G. (1990). The
ecological significance of grazing on planktonic populations of
cyanobacteria by the ciliate *Nassula.* [New Phytol.]{.underline}
[114]{.underline}(2):247-263. Keywords: grazing/ planktonic/
cyanobacteria/ mucilage/ *Nassula aurea*/ *Podophrya*/ *Eurychasma*.

295\. Capitano, A. T.; Roberts, J. L.; and Griffith, L. G. (2002).
Design of a liver tissue biosensor. [Second Joint EMBS-BMES Conference
2002]{.underline}. I E E E: New York. Vols. 1-3, pp. 1766. Keywords:
aflatoxin/ biosensor/ EROD/ microcystin/ tissue.

296\. Carbis, C. R.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I.
(1996). The effects of microcystins on the serum biochemistry of carp,
*Cyprinus carpio* L., when the toxins are administered by gavage,
immersion and intraperitoneal routes. [J. Fish Dis.]{.underline}
[19]{.underline}:151-159. Keywords: microcystins/ *Cyprinus carpio* L/
intraperitoneal/ serum/ liver damage.

297\. Carbis, C. R.; Rawlin, G. T.; Grant, P.; Mitchell, G. F.;
Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I. (1997). A study of feral carp,
*Cyprinus carpio* L., exposed to *Microcystis aeruginosa* at Lake
Mokoan, Australia, and possible implications for fish health. [J. Fish
Dis.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(2):81-91. Keywords: *Cyprinus carpio*
L/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ Australia/ microcystins.

298\. Carbis, C. R.; Rawlin, G. T.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.;
and McCauley, I. (1996). The histopathology of carp, *Cyprinus carpio*
L., exposed to microcystins by gavage, immersion and intraperitoneal
administration. [J. Fish Dis.]{.underline} [19]{.underline}(3):199-207.
Keywords: *Cyprinus carpio* L/ microcystins/ intraperitoneal/ liver.

299\. Carbis, C. R.; Simons, J. A.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.;
and McCauley, I. (1994). A biochemical profile for predicting the
chronic exposure of sheep to *Microcystis aeruginosa,* an hepatotoxic
species of blue-green alga. [Res. Vet. Sci.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(3):310-316. Keywords: profile/ chronic exposure/ sheep/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*.

300\. Carbis, C. R.; Waldron, D. L.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.;
and McCauley, I. (1995). Recovery of hepatic function and latent
mortalities in sheep exposed to the blue-green alga *Microcystis
aeruginosa*. [Vet. Record]{.underline} [137]{.underline}(1):12-15.
Keywords: hepatic function/ latent mortality/ sheep/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*.

301\. Cardellina II, J. H.; Dalietos, D.; Marner, F-J.; Mynderse, J. S.;
and Moore, R. E. (1978). (--)-Trans-7(S)- methoxytetradec-4-enoic acid
and related amides from the marine cyanophyte *Lyngbya majuscula.*
[Phytochem.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}:2091-2095. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya majuscula*.

302\. Cardellina II, J. H.; Gustafson, K. R.; Fuller, R. W.; and Boyd,
M. R. (1993). Antitumor and anti-HIV factors from algae. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(3 Suppl.):14. Keywords: antitumor/
anti-HIV factors/ algae. (Abstract #67)

303\. Cardellina II, J. H.; Marner, F-J.; and Moore, R. E. (1979).
Seaweed dermatitis: structure of lyngbyatoxin A. [Science]{.underline}
[204]{.underline}:193-195. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/
lyngbyatoxin/ dermatitis.

304\. Cardellina II, J. H. and Moore, R. E. (1980). Malyngic acid, a new
fatty acid from *Lyngbya majuscula.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}:993-996. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ products/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ marine.

305\. Cardellina II, J. H. and Moore, R. E. (1979). Structure and
absolute configuration of malyngolide, an antibiotic from the marine
blue-green alga *Lyngbya majuscula* Gomont. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[44]{.underline}(23):4039-4042. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ products/ antibiotic/ antibacteria/ NMR.

306\. Carlson, J. L.; Gleason, F. K.; and Mall, A. (1992). Structure of
hydroxycyanobacterin, a new algaecide from the blue-green alga
*Scytonema hofmanni.* [Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[203]{.underline}:96. Keywords: structure/ algaecide/ *Scytonema
hofmanni*. (Meeting Abstract)

307\. Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991).
Mirabazoles, minor tantazole-related cytotoxins from the terrestrial
blue-green alga *Scytonema mirabile.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(23):2593-2596. Keywords: Mirabazoles/ *Scytonema
mirabile*.

308\. Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991).
Mirabimides A-D, new N-acylpyrrolinones from the blue-green alga
*Scytonema mirabile.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[47]{.underline}(12-13):2087-2096. Keywords: Mirabimides/ *Scytonema
mirabile*.

309\. Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1990).
Tolytoxin and new scytophycins from three species of *Scytonema.* [J.
Natural Products]{.underline} [53]{.underline}(6):1533-1542. Keywords:
tolytoxin/ new scytophycins/ *Scytonema*.

310\. Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Corbett, T. H.;
and Valeriote, F. A. (1990). Tantazoles: unusual cytotoxic alkaloids
from the blue-green alga *Scytonema* *mirabile.* [J. Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [112]{.underline}(22):8195-8197. Keywords: Tantazoles/
*Scytonema* *mirabile*/ cytotoxic alkaloids.

311\. Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Mori, Y.; and
Suzuki, M. (1990). Isonitriles from the blue-green alga *Scytonema*
*mirabile.* [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline} [55]{.underline}(14):4431-4438.
Keywords: isonitriles/ *Scytonema mirabile*.

312\. Carmichael, W. W. (1998). Algal poisoning. In: S. Aiello (ed.)
[The Merck Veterinary Manual]{.underline}. 8^th^ ed. Merck & Co., Inc.:
Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, pp. 2022-2023. 2305 pp. Keywords: algal/
poisoning.

313\. Carmichael, W. W. (1986). Algal toxins. In: J. A. Callow (ed.)
[Advances in Botanical Research]{.underline}. Academic Press: London,
Vol. 12, pp. 47-101. 284 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ review.

314\. Carmichael, W. W. (1974). [*Anabaena flos-aquae* Toxin: its
Toxicology and Mechanism of Action]{.underline}. Ph.D. Thesis.
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 134 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*.

315\. Carmichael, W. W. (1992). Aquatic phycotoxins---an overview of
current research directions. In: O. M. Skulberg and R. Skulberg, (eds.)
[Toxin Producing Algae---Research and Advances]{.underline}. Norwegian
Institute for Water Research: Oslo, Norway. pp. 1-40. Proceedings Third
Nordic Symposium on Toxin-Producing Algae. 1988; Oslo. Keywords:
phycotoxins/ aquatic/ research.

316\. Carmichael, W. W. (ed.) (2001). [Assessment of Blue-Green Algal
Toxins in Raw and Finished Drinking Water]{.underline}. AWWA Research
Foundation and American Water Works Assoc.: Denver, Colorado. 179 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ raw water/ drinking water/ assessment/
monitoring/ analysis.

317\. Carmichael. W.W. (1991). Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria): an
overlooked health threat. [Health Environ. Digest]{.underline}
[5]{.underline}(6):1-4. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ health risk.

318\. Carmichael, W. W. (1982). Chemical and toxicological studies of
the toxic freshwater cyanobacteria *Microcystis aeruginosa*, *Anabaena
flos-aquae* and *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.* [S. Afr. J.
Sci.]{.underline} [78]{.underline}(9):367-372. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Aphanizomenon* *flos-aquae*/ *Anabaena
flos-aquae*/ chemical studies/ toxicological studies.

319\. Carmichael, W. W. (1992). Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites: the
cyanotoxins. [J. Appl. Bacteriol.]{.underline}
[72]{.underline}(6):445-459. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ secondary
metabolites.

320\. Carmichael, W. W. (1995). Cyanobacterial toxins. In: G. M.
Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A. D. Cembella (eds.) [Manual on
Harmful Marine Microalgae]{.underline}. UNESCO Publishing: pp. 163-175,
Ch. 9. IOC Manuals and Guides #33. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

321\. Carmichael, W. W. (1996). Cyanobacterium blooms and health
hazards: an overview. [Toxicon]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(3):299.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ blooms/ health hazards/ overview.

322\. Carmichael, W. W. (1997). The cyanotoxins. In: J. A. Callow (ed.)
[Advances in Botanical Research]{.underline}. Vol. 27, pp. 211-256. 515
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

323\. Carmichael, W. W. (2001). The cyanotoxins---bioactive metabolites
of cyanobacteria: occurrence, ecological role, taxonomic concerns and
effects on humans. [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(3
Suppl.):9. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ ecological role/ taxonomy/
effects/ humans.

324\. Carmichael, W. W (1981). Freshwater blue-green algae
(cyanobacteria) toxins---a review. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water
Environment: Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New
York, pp. 1-13. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater.

325\. Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae) toxins. In: C. L. Ownby and G. V. Odell (eds.) [Natural Toxins:
Characterization, Pharmacology and Therapeutics]{.underline}. Pergamon
Press: London, pp. 3-16. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ freshwater.

326\. Carmichael, W. W. (2001). Health effects of toxin-producing
cyanobacteria: \"the CyanoHABs\". [Human Ecol. Risk Assess.]{.underline}
[7]{.underline}(5):1393-1407. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/
cyanotoxins/ toxins/ risk/ health.

327\. Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Isolation, characterization and
detection of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins from freshwater
supplies. [Ohio J. Sci.]{.underline} [90]{.underline}(2):29. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ isolation/ characterization/ detection/ freshwater.

328\. Carmichael, W. W. (1985). Isolation, culture and toxicity of toxic
freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). [Toxicon]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(1):25-26. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation/ culture/
toxicity. (First American Symposium on Animal, Plant and Microbial
Toxins --- Abstract)

329\. Carmichael, W. W. (1986). Isolation, culture and toxicity testing
of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). In: V. Shilov
(ed.) [Fundamental Research in Homogenous Catalysis]{.underline}. Gordon
& Breach: New York, Vol. 3, pp. 1249-1262. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
isolation/ culture/ toxicity.

330\. Carmichael, W. W. (2001). A mini-review of cyanotoxins; toxins of
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). In: W. J. de Koe, R. A. Samson, H. P.
van Egmond, J. Gilbert, and M. Sabino, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and
Phycotoxins in Perspective at the Turn of the Millenium]{.underline}.
W.J. de Koe, printed by Ponsen & Looyen: Wageningen, The Netherlands.
pp. 495-504. 574 pp. Proceedings of X^th^ International IUPAC Symposium
on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. May 21-25, 2000; Guarujá (Brazil).
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ review.

331\. Carmichael, W. W. (1989). Overview of cyanobacteria blue-green
algae toxins. [Toxicon]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(1):22. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ overview.

332\. Carmichael, W. W. (1999). Preparing for the future: algal toxins
and their relationship to aquatic ecosystem health. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(3 Suppl.):6. Keywords: future/
algal toxins/ aquatic health.

333\. Carmichael, W. W. (1972). [Some Factors Influencing Toxin
Production and Accumulation by *Anabaena flos-aquae*
NRC-44-1]{.underline}. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta. 83 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ toxin
production and accumulation.

334\. Carmichael, W.W. (1992). [A Status Report on Planktonic
Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) and their Toxins]{.underline}. Office
of Research and Development, EPA: Washington, D.C. Report \#
EPA/600/R-92/079. 141 pp. Keywords: status/ cyanotoxins.

335\. Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Toxic freshwater blue-green algae
(cyanobacteria): an overlooked waterbased disease health threat. [Health
Environ. Digest]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(6):1-4. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ freshwater/ health threat.

336\. Carmichael, W. W. (1996). Toxic *Microcystis* and the environment.
In: M. F. Watanabe, K-I. Harada, W. W. Carmichael, and H. Fujiki (eds.)
[Toxic *Microcystis.*]{.underline} CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, pp.
1-11. 262 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ environment.

337\. Carmichael, W. W. (1994). Toxins of cyanobacteria. [Sci.
Am.]{.underline} [270]{.underline}(1):78-86. Keywords: cyanobacteria
toxins/ neurotoxins/ microcystin/ nodularin/ saxitoxin/ neosaxitoxin/
anatoxin-a/ anatoxin-a(s).

338\. Carmichael, W. W. (1994). Toxins of cyanobacteria. In: J. R.
Forbes, (ed.) [Proceedings of the Fourth Canadian Workshop on Harmful
Marine Algae]{.underline}. Department of Public Works and Government
Services: Canada. pp. 4-8. 92 pp. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries
and Aquatic Sciences #2016. May 3-5, 1994; Sidney, British Columbia,
Canada. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

339\. Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Toxins of freshwater algae. In: A. T. Tu
(ed.) [Handbook of Natural Toxins]{.underline}. Marcel Dekkar: New York,
Vol. 3, Marine Toxins and Venoms, pp. 121-147, Ch. 6. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ freshwater.

340\. Carmichael, W. W. (ed.) (1981). [The Water Environment: Algal
Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York. Vol. 20, 491 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxin.

341\. Carmichael, W. W. and An, J. S. (1999). Using an enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a protein phosphatase inhibition assay
(PPIA) for the detection of microcystins and nodularins. [Natural
Toxins]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(6):377-385. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
cyanotoxins/ microcystins/ nodularins/ detection/ immunoassay/ enzyme
assay/ ELISA/ protein phosphatase/ toxins.

342\. Carmichael, W. W.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; An, J. S.; Molica, R. J.
R.; Jochimsen, E. M.; Lau, S.; Rinehart, K. L.; Shaw, G. R.; and
Eaglesham, G. K. (2001). Human fatalities from cyanobacteria: chemical
and biological evidence for cyanotoxins. [Environ. Health
Perspect.]{.underline} [109]{.underline}(7):663-668. Keywords: water
treatment/ risk management/ exposure/ cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ human
deaths.

343\. Carmichael, W. W.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Servaites, J. C.; Yuan,
M.; and Soares, R. M. (2002). Evaluation of ELISA and HPLC/MS methods
for measuring microcystins in human blood serum. In: [Tenth
International Conference on Harmful Algae]{.underline}. pp. 45. 2002
Annual Meeting of the Phycological Society of America. October 21-25,
2002; St. Petersburg, Florida. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ ELISA/ HPLC-MS/
microcystins/ human blood serum.

344\. Carmichael, W. W.; Beasley, V. R.; Bunner, D. L.; Eloff, J. N.;
Falconer, I. R.; Gorham, P. R.; Harada, K-I.; Krishnamurthy, T.; Yu,
M-J.; Moore, R. E.; Rinehart, K. L.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Skulberg, O.
M.; and Watanabe, M. F. (1988). Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). [Toxicon]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(11):971-973. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ naming.
(Letter to the Editor)

345\. Carmichael, W. W. and Bent, P. E. (1981). Hemagglutination method
for detection of freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins.
[Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(6):1383-1388.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ hemagglutination/ detection.

346\. Carmichael, W. W. and Biggs, D. F. (1978). Muscle sensitivity
differences in two avian species to anatoxin-a produced by the
freshwater cyanophyte *Anabaena flos-aquae* NRC-44-1. [Can. J.
Zool.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(3):510-512. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ anatoxin/ muscle/ avian species.

347\. Carmichael, W. W.; Biggs, D. F.; and Gorham, P. R. (1975).
Toxicology and pharmacological action of *Anabaena flos-aquae* toxin.
[Science]{.underline} [187]{.underline}:542-544. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ calves/ rats/ ducks/ goldfish.

348\. Carmichael, W. W.; Biggs, D. F.; and Peterson, M. A. (1979).
Pharmacology of anatoxin-a, produced by the freshwater cyanophyte
*Anabaena flos-aquae* NRC-44-1. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(3):229-236. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena
flos-aquae*/ anatoxin-a/ pharmacology.

349\. Carmichael, W. W.; Drapeau, C.; and Anderson, D. M. (2000).
Harvesting of *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* Ralfs ex. Born. and Flah. var.
*flos-aquae* (cyanobacteria) from Klamath Lake for human dietary use.
[J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}:585-595. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ biomass/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/
food/ harvesting/ Klamath Lake/ Oregon/ quality control/ waterbloom.

350\. Carmichael, W. W.; Eschedor, J. T.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and
Moore, R. E. (1989). Toxicity and partial structure for a hepatotoxic
peptide produced by *Nodularia spumigena* Mertens emend. strain L575
cyanobacteria from New Zealand. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(1):35. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia spumigena*/
peptide/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity/ structure/ New Zealand.

351\. Carmichael, W. W.; Eschedor, J. T.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and
Moore, R. E. (1988). Toxicity and partial structure of a hepatotoxic
peptide produced by the cyanobacterium *Nodularia spumigena* Mertens
emend. L575 from New Zealand. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[54]{.underline}(9):2257-2263. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia
spumigena*/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ structure/ New Zealand.

352\. Carmichael, W. W. and Evans, W. R. (1992). Neurotoxic *Lyngbya
wollei* in Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama. [North American Lake
Management Society 12th Annual International Symposium]{.underline}. pp.
43. Nov. 2-7, 1992; Keywords: *Lyngbya wollei*/ neurotoxic/ Lake
Guntersville/ Alabama. (Abstract)

353\. Carmichael, W. W.; Evans, W. R.; Yin, Q. Q.; Bell, P.; and
Moczydlowski, E. (1997). Evidence for paralytic shellfish poisons in the
freshwater cyanobacterium *Lyngbya wollei* (Farlow ex Gomont) comb. nov.
[Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(8):3104-3110.
Keywords: PSP/ *Lyngbya wollei*/ neurotoxin/ Guntersville Reservoir/
Alabama/ Tennessee River.

354\. Carmichael, W. W. and Falconer, I. R. (1993). Diseases related to
freshwater blue-green algal toxins, and control measures. In: I. R.
Falconer (ed.) [Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water]{.underline}.
Academic Press: London, pp. 187-209, Ch. 12. 224 pp. Keywords: diseases/
cyanotoxins/ freshwater/ control.

355\. Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R. (1978). Anatoxins from clones
of *Anabaena flos-aquae* isolated from lakes of western Canada. [Mitt.
Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [21]{.underline}:285-295.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae* / anatoxins/ Canada.

356\. Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R. (1977). Factors influencing
the toxicity and animal susceptibility of *Anabaena flos-aquae*
(Cyanophyta) blooms. [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(2):97-101. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
toxicity/ animal susceptibility.

357\. Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R. (1980). Freshwater cyanophyte
toxins: types and their effects on the use of micro algae biomass. In:
G. Shelef and C. J. Soeder (eds.) [Algae Biomass Production and
Use]{.underline}. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press: Amsterdam,
pp. 437-448. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ biotech.

358\. Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R. (1974). An improved method for
obtaining axenic clones of planktonic blue-green algae. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(2):238-240. Keywords: axenic
clones/ method/ blue-green algae/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*.

359\. Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R. (1981). The mosaic nature of
toxic blooms of cyanobacteria. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water
Environment: Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New
York, pp. 161-172. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

360\. Carmichael, W. W.; Gorham, P. R.; and Biggs, D. F. (1977). Two
laboratory case studies on the oral toxicity to calves of the freshwater
cyanophyte (blue-green alga) *Anabaena flos-aquae* NRC-44-1. [Can. Vet.
J.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(3):71-75. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ case studies/ calves.

361\. Carmichael, W. W.; He, J-W.; Eschedor, J. T.; He, Z-R.; and Yu,
M-J. (1988). Partial structural determination of hepatotoxic peptides
from *Microcystis aeruginosa* (cyanobacterium) collected in ponds of
Central China. [Toxicon]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(12):1213-1217.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin/ structure/
China.

362\. Carmichael, W. W. and Hyde, E. G. (2000). Anatoxins. In: P. S.
Spencer, H. H. Schaumburg, and A. C. Ludolph (eds.) [Expermental and
Clinical Neurotoxicology]{.underline}. 2^nd^ ed. Oxford Univesity Press:
New York & Oxford, pp. 196-198. 1352 pp. Keywords: anatoxins.

363\. Carmichael, W. W.; Jones, C. L. A.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Theiss, W.
C. (1985). Algal toxins and water-based diseases. In: C. P. Straub (ed.)
[Critical Reviews in Environmental Control]{.underline}. Chemical Rubber
Co. Press: Florida, Vol. 15, Issue 3, pp. 275-313. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
diseases.

364\. Carmichael, W. W. and Mahmood, N. A. (1984). Toxins from
freshwater cyanobacteria. In: E. P. Ragelis (ed.) [Seafood
Toxins]{.underline}. American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., pp.
377-389. ACS Symposium Series #262. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater.

365\. Carmichael, W. W.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Hyde, E. G. (1990).
Cellular mechanisms of action for freshwaer cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae) toxins. In: A. E. Pohland and J. Richard (eds.) [Microbial Toxins
in Foods and Feeds]{.underline}. Plenum Publ. Corp.: New York, pp.
553-573. Keywords: mechanisms/ action/ freshwater/ cyanotoxins.

366\. Carmichael, W. W.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Hyde, E. G. (1990). Natural
toxins from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). In: S. Hall and G.
Strichartz (eds.) [Marine Toxins: Origin, Structure, and Molecular
Pharmacology]{.underline}. American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C.,
pp. 87-106, Ch. 6. ACS Symposium Series #418. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

367\. Carmichael, W. W.; Pinotti, M. H.; and Fraleigh, P. C. (1986).
Toxicity of a clonal isolate of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga)
*Microcystis aeruginosa* from Lake Erie. [Ohio J. Sci.]{.underline}
[86]{.underline}(2):53. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.
(Meeting Abstract)

368\. Carmichael, W.W. and Schwartz, L.D. (1984). Preventing livestock
deaths from blue-green algae poisoning. In: [Farmers
Bulletin]{.underline}. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: Washington, D.C.
Report \# 2275. 12 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ livestock deaths/
prevention.

369\. Carmichael, W. W.; Sirenko, L. A.; Klochenko, P. D.; and
Shevchenko, T. F. (2001). A comparative assessment of the toxicity of
algae and cyanobacteria in water bodies of Ukraine.
[Phycologia]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(4 Suppl.):15. Keywords: algal
toxicity/ cyanobacteria/ Ukraine.

370\. Carmichael, W. W.; Tchernajenko, V. M.; and Evans, W. R. (1993).
Cyclic peptide hepatotoxins in the freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae) from blooming water bodies of Ukraine and Euopean part of Russia.
[Dokl. Akad. Nauk.]{.underline} [330]{.underline}(5):659-661. Keywords:
hepatotoxins/ freshwater/ Ukraine/ Russia. (Russian)

371\. Carmichael, W. W.; Yu, M-J.; He, Z-R.; He, J-W.; and Yu, J-L.
(1988). Occurrence of the toxic cyanobacterium (blue-green alga)
*Microcystis aeruginosa* in Central China. [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [114]{.underline}(1):21-30. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ China/ occurrence.

372\. Carpenter, E. J.; Bergman, B.; Dawson, R.; Siddiqui, P. J. A.;
Söderbäck, E.; and Capone, D. G. (1992). Glutamine synthetase and
nitrogen cycling in colonies of the marine diazotrophic cyanobacteria
*Trichodesmium* spp. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[58]{.underline}(9):3122-3129. Keywords: *Trichodesmium thiebautii*/
glutamine synthetase/ nitrogen cycling.

373\. Carpenter, E. J. and Carmichael, W. W. (1995). Taxonomy of
cyanobacteria. In: G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A. D. Cembella
(eds.) [Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae]{.underline}. UNESCO
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cyanobacteria/ taxonomy.

374\. Carpenter, E. J.; Chang, J.; Cottrell, M.; Schubauer, J.; Paerl,
H. W.; Bebout, B. M.; and Capone, D. G. (1990). Re-evaluation of
nitrogenase oxygen-protective mechanisms in the planktonic marine
cyanbacterium *Trichodesmium.* [Mar. Ecol.--Prog. Ser.]{.underline}
[65]{.underline}(2):151-158. Keywords: *Trichodesmium thiebautii*/
nitrogenase oxygen-protective mechanisms/ Caribbean Sea.

375\. Carpenter, E. J.; Harvey, H. R.; Fry, B.; and Capone, D. G.
(1997). Biogeochemical tracers of the marine cyanobacterium
*Trichodesmium.* [Deep-Sea Res. Part 1]{.underline}
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tracers.

376\. Carpenter, E. J.; O\'Neil, J. M.; Dawson, R.; Capone, D. G.;
Siddiqui, P. J. A.; Roenneberg, T.; and Bergman, B. (1993). The tropical
diazotrophic phytoplankter *Trichodesmium:* biological characteristics
of two common species. [Mar. Ecol.--Prog. Ser.]{.underline}
[95]{.underline}:295-304. Keywords: *Trichodesmium thiebautii*/
*Trichodesmium erythraeum*/ biological characteristics.

377\. Carpenter, E. J. and Roenneberg, T. (1995). The marine planktonic
cyanobacteria *Trichodesmium* spp.: photosynthetic rate measurements in
the SW Atlantic Ocean. [Mar. Ecol.--Prog. Ser.]{.underline}
[118]{.underline}(1-3):267-273. Keywords: *Trichodesmium*
photosynthesis/ primary productivity/ Caribbean Sea phytoplankton/
marine planktonic cyanobacteria/ marine diazotrophs/ N~2~ fixation/
photosynthetic quotient.

378\. Carrasco, C. D.; Buettner, J. A.; and Golden, J. W. (1995).
Programmed DNA rearrangement of a cyanobacterial *hupL* gene in
heterocysts. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.]{.underline}
[92]{.underline}:791-795. Keywords: DNA rearrangement/ cyanobacterial
*hupL* gene.

379\. Carrillo, E.; Ferrero, L. M.; Alonso-Andicoberry, C.; Basanta, A.;
Martin, A.; Lopez-Rodas, V.; and Costas, E. (2003). Interstrain
variability in toxin production in populations of the cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa* from water-supply reservoirs of Andalusia and
lagoons of Donana National Park (southern Spain).
[Phycologia]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(3):269-274. Keywords: cyclic
heptapeptide microcystin/ peptide synthetase genes/ nontoxic strains/
biosynthesis/ blooms/ phytoplankton/ health/ lakes/ light/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ Donana National Park (southern Spain).

380\. Carter, D. C.; Moore, R. E.; and Mynderse, J. S. (1984). Structure
of majusculamide C, a cyclic depsipeptide from *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J.
Org. Chem.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}:236-241. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
products/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ majusculamide/ mass spectrometry/ NMR.

381\. Casanova, M. T.; Burch, M. D.; Brock, M. A.; and Bond, P. M.
(1999). Does toxic *Microcystis aeruginosa* affect aquatic plant
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toxic/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

382\. Casemore, D. P. (1994). *Cyclospora:* another \"new\" pathogen.
[J. Med. Microbiol.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(4):217-219. Keywords:
*Cyclospora*/ pathogen.

383\. Catterall, W. A. (1980). Neurotoxins that act on voltage-sensitive
sodium channels in excitable membranes. [Ann. Rev. Pharmacol.
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voltage-sensitive sodium channels.

384\. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1992). Origins of secondary metabolism. In:
[Secondary Metabolites: their Function and Evolution]{.underline} .
Wiley: Chichester. Vol. 171, pp. 64-87. Ciba Foundation Symposium 171.
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385\. Chagas, C.; Sollero, L.; and Suarez-Kurtz, G. (1972). Synthetic
neuromuscular blocking agents:
absorption---distribution---metabolism---excretion. In: [Neuromuscular
Blocking and Stimulating Agents]{.underline}. Pergamon Press: Oxford,
pp. 409-423, Ch. 15. Keywords: neuromuscular blocking agents/ synthesis/
absorption/ distribution/ metabolism/ excretion.

386\. Chakraborty, T. K. and Joshi, S. P. (1990). Total synthesis of
n-phthaloyl Adda methyl ester: all stereocenters originating from a
single chiral epoxyalcohol. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
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methyl ester.

387\. Chamberlain, W.J. (1948). Effects of algae on water supply. In:
[Department of Chemistry Papers]{.underline}. Univ. of Queensland:
Brisbane. Vol. 1, No. 29, 60 plates, 80 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ water
supply.

388\. Chamorro, G.; Salazar, M.; Araujo, K. G. D.; dos Santos, C. P.;
Ceballos, G.; and Castillo, L. F. (2002). Update on the pharmacology of
*Spirulina* (*Arthrospira),* an unconventional food. [Arch. Lat.
Nutr.]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(3):232-240. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ *Spirulina*/ *Arthrospira*/ pharmacology.

389\. Chang, Z. X.; Flatt, P.; Gerwick, W. H.; Nguyen, V. A.; Willis, C.
L.; and Sherman, D. H. (2002). The barbamide biosynthetic gene cluster:
a novel marine cyanobacterial system of mixed polyketide synthase
(PKS)-non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) origin involving an
unusual trichloroleucyl starter unit. [Gene]{.underline}
[296]{.underline}(1-2):235-247. Keywords: *Lyngbya majuscula*/ natural
product biosynthesis/ modular polyketide synthase/ non-ribosomal peptide
synthetase/ halogenase.

390\. Chapman, A. D. and Schelske, C. L. (1997). Recent appearance of
*Cylindrospermopsis* (cyanobacteria) in five hypereutrophic Florida
lakes. [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(2):191-195. Keywords:
*Anabaenopsis*/ cyanobacteria/ *Cylindrospermopsis*/ Florida/
hypereutrophic.

391\. Chaput, M. and Grant, G.A. (1958). III. Screening of a number of
species. In: [Toxic algae]{.underline}. Can. Defense Research Board,
Defense Research Laboratories: Ottawa. Report \# 279, Project No.
D52-20-20-18. 6 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ screening.

392\. Chauhan, V. S.; Marwah, J. B.; and Bagchi, S. N. (1992). Effect of
an antibiotic from *Oscillatoria* sp. on pytoplankters, higher plants
and mice. [New Phytol.]{.underline} [120]{.underline}(2):251-257.
Keywords: antibiotic/ *Oscillatoria*/ phytoplankters/ higher plants/
mice.

393\. Chen, C. Y. and Chou, H. N. (2001). Accumulation and depuration of
paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by purple clam *Hiatula rostrata
Lighttoot.* [Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(7):1029-1034.
Keywords: purple clams/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ toxins/
dinoflagellates/ *Alexandrium minutum*.

394\. Chen, C. Y. and Chou, H. N. (2002). Fate of paralytic shellfish
poisoning toxins in purple clam *Hiatula rostrata*, in outdoor culture
and laboratory culture. [Mar. Poll. Bull.]{.underline}
[44]{.underline}(8):733-738. Keywords: purple clams/ paralytic shellfish
poisoning/ toxins/ dinoflagellates/ outdoor culture/ *Hiatula rostrata*.

395\. Chen, D. Z. X.; Boland, M. P.; Smillie, M. A.; Klix, H.; Ptak, C.;
Andersen, R. J.; and Holmes, C. F. B. (1993). Identification of protein
phosphatase inhibitors of the microcystin class in the marine
environment. [Toxicon]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(11):1407-1414.
Keywords: identification/ protein phosphatase inhibitors/ microcystin/
marine.

396\. Chen, J-L.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991).
Structures of Nostocyclophanes A-D. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
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structures.

397\. Chen, X. X.; Smith, G. D.; and Waring, P. (2003). Human cancer
cell (Jurkat) killing by the cyanobacterial metabolite calothrixin A.
[J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(4):269-277. Keywords:
apoptosis/ calothrixin A/ cyanobacteria/ DNA damage/ menadione/ reactive
oxygen/ redox cycle/ human cancer cell.

398\. Chen, Y.; He, J.; Zhuang, L.; Zeng, L.; and Qu, L. (1999).
Sequence analysis of rDNA 16S-23S intergenic spacer from *Microcystis
aeruginosa* and *Microcystis wesenbergii* in Donghu Lake, China. [Acta
Hydrobiol. Sinica]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(1):41-46. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Microcystis wesenbergii*/ rDNA/ intergenic
spacer regions/ sequence analysis/ China.

399\. Cheng, K.; Zhao, Y. J.; Xu, M.; Yin, J.; Xiong, Q.; Zhou, J. C.;
Wang, Y. Z.; Zhang, W.; Wang, J. W.; Liu, Z. Y.; and Wang, F. R. (2002).
An ecological study on dynamics of toxic *Microcystis* blooms in a
eutrophic park pond, Wuhan, China. [Prog. Natural Sci]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(1):30-35. Keywords: *Microcystis* *aeruginosa* bloom/
microcystin/ environmental factors/ growth/ Wuhan, China.

400\. Chengappa, M. M.; Pace, L. W.; and McLaughlin, B. G. (1989).
Blue-green algae (*Anabaena* *spiroides)* toxicosis in pigs. [J. Am.
Vet. Med. Assoc.]{.underline} [194]{.underline}(12):1724-1725. Keywords:
*Anabaena* *spiroides*/ toxicosis/ pigs.

401\. Chernoff, N.; Hunter III, E. S.; Hall, L. L.; Rosen, M. B.;
Brownie, C. F.; Malarkey, D.; Marr, M.; and Herkovits, J. (2002). Lack
of teratogenicity of microcystin-LR in the mouse and toad. [J. Appl.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [22]{.underline}(1):13-17. Keywords: microcystin/
developmental toxicology/ mouse/ toad/ embryo/ blue-green algae/
cyanobacterial toxins/ hepatic-necrosis/ liver/ exposure/ mice/
hepatotoxicity/ toxicosis/ toxicity.

402\. Chetsumon, A.; Maeda, I.; Umeda, F.; Yagi, K.; Miura, Y.; and
Mizoguchi, T. (1995). Continous antibiotic production by an immobilized
cyanobacterium in a seaweed-type bioreactor. [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(2):135-139. Keywords: continuous
culture/ cyanobacterium/ *Scytonema*/ antibiotic/ bioreactor/
immobilization.

403\. Chetsumon, A.; Miyamoto, K.; Hirata, K.; Miura, Y.; Ikuta, Y.; and
Hamasaki, A. (1993). Factors affecting antibiotic production in
bioreactors with immobilized algal cells. [Appl. Biochem.
Biotechnol.]{.underline} [39/40]{.underline}:573-586. Keywords: factors/
antibiotic production/ *Scytonema*.

404\. Chianella, I.; Lotierzo, M.; Piletsky, S. A.; Tothill, I. E.;
Chen, B. N.; Karim, K.; and Turner, A. P. F. (2002). Rational design of
a polymer specific for microcystin-LR using a computational approach.
[Analyt. Chem.]{.underline} [74]{.underline}(6):1288-1293. Keywords:
molecularly imprinted polymers/ recognition/ assay/ cyanotoxins/
membranes/ surface/ water.

405\. Chianella, I.; Piletsky, S. A.; Tothill, I. E.; Chen, B.; and
Turner, A. P. F. (2003). MIP-based solid phase extraction cartridges
combined with MIP-based sensors for the detection of microcystin-LR.
[Biosensors & Bioelectronics]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(2-3):119-127.
Keywords: molecularly imprinted polymer/ microcystin-LR/ sensor/
solid-phase extraction.

406\. Chiang, P. K.; Butler, D. L.; and Brown, N. D. (1991). Nicotinic
action of anatoxin-a on guinea pig ileum antagonized by thymopentin.
[Life Sci. Pharmacol. Lett.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(6):PL13 -
PL19. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ nicotinic action/ guinea pig ileum/
thymopentin.

407\. Chiswell, R. K.; Shaw, G. R.; Eaglesham, G.; Smith, M. J.; Norris,
R. L.; Seawright, A. A.; and Moore, M. R. (1999). Stability of
cylindrospermopsin, the toxin from the cyanobacterium,
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii:* effect of pH, temperature, and
sunlight on decomposition. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):155-161. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin stability/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ decomposition.

408\. Chittick, E.; Puschner, B.; Walsh, M.; Gearhart, S.; St. Leger,
J.; Skocelas, E.; and Branch, S. (2002). Blue-green algae microcystin
toxicosis in captive Chilean flamingos. In: [Proceedings of the American
Association of Zoo Veterinarians]{.underline}. pp. 115-116. Milwaukee,
Wisconsin. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ Chile/ flamingos.

409\. Choi, A. R.; Park, M. J.; Lee, J. A.; and Chung, I. K. (1996).
Diel changes in vertical distributions of *Microcystis* in the Sonaktong
Reservoir. [Algae (Korean J. Phycol.)]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(1):161-169. Keywords: diel changes/ blue-green algae/
*Microcystis*/ algal bloom/ buoyancy/ scum formation/ eutrophication/
Korea/ Sonaktong Reservoir.

410\. Choi, B. W.; Namikoshi, M.; Sun, F. R.; Rinehart, K. L.;
Carmichael, W. W.; Kaup, A. M.; Evans, W. R.; and Beasley, V. R. (1993).
Isolation of linear peptides related to the hepatotoxins nodularin and
microcystins. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(49):7881-7884. Keywords: linear peptides isolation/
nodularin/ microcystins.

411\. Choi, B. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; Namikoshi, M.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Kaup, A. M. (1992). Biosynthetic studies of nodularin: origin of
carbons and proposed biogenetic pathway. [Abstr. Papers Am. Chem.
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biosynthetic studies/ nodularin. (Meeting Abstract)

412\. Cholnoky-Pfannkuche, K. (1970). Toxicity III: Experiment with
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (Kütz) \[Toxizität III: Experimente mit
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (Kütz)\]. [Botanica Marina]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}:45-48. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.
(German)

413\. Chong, M. W. K.; Gu, K. D.; Lam, P. K. S.; Yang, M.; and Fong, W.
F. (2000). Study on the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR on cultured
cells. [Chemosphere]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(1-2):143-147.
Keywords: prepared rat hepatocytes/ cyanobacterial toxins/ peptide
toxin/ cyto-toxicity/ water/ assays/ blooms/ lakes/ microcystin-LR.

414\. Chong, M. W. K.; Wong, B. S. F.; Lam, P. K. S.; Shaw, G. R.; and
Seawright, A. A. (2002). Toxicity and uptake mechanism of
cylindrospermopsin and lophyrotomin in primary rat hepatocytes.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(2):205-211. Keywords: toxicity/
uptake mechanism/ cylindrospermopsin/ lophyrotomin/ primary rat
hepatocytes/ cyclic peptide toxin/ protein phosphatases/ microcystin-LR/
*Raciborskii woloszynska*/ colorimetric assay/ *Umezakia natans*/
hepatotoxicity/ inihibition/ potent/ mice.

415\. Chorus, I. (2002). Cyanobacterial toxin research and its
application in Germany: A review of the current status. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(4):358-360. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ Germany.

416\. Chorus, I. (ed.) (2001). [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York. 357 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ causes.

417\. Chorus, I. (2001). Cyanotoxins occurrence in freshwaters---a
summary of survey results from different countries. In: I. Chorus (ed.)
[Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}.
Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 75-82. 357 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ freshwaters/ summary.

418\. Chorus, I. (2001). Cyanotoxins occurrence in Germany. In: I.
Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 5-21.
357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ Germany.

419\. Chorus, I. (2001). Introduction: cyanotoxins---research for
environmental safety and human health. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins:
Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag:
Berlin/New York, pp. 1-4. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ environmental
safety/ human health.

420\. Chorus, I. and Bartram, J. (eds.) (1999). [Toxic Cyanobacteria in
Water: a Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and
Management]{.underline}. E & FN Spon: London. 416 pp. Keywords: toxic
cyanobacteria/ public health/ monitoring/ management.

421\. Chorus, I.; Bumke-Vogt, C.; Lindenschmidt, K. E.; and Jaime, E.
(2001). Cyanobacterial neurotoxins. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins:
Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag:
Berlin/New York, pp. 37-45. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
neurotoxins.

422\. Chorus, I.; Falconer, I. R.; Salas, H. J.; and Bartram, J. (2000).
Health risks caused by freshwater cyanobacteria in recreational waters.
[J. Toxicol. Environ. Health--Part B]{.underline}
[3]{.underline}(4):323-347. Keywords: blue-green algae/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ microcystin-LR/ Bautzen reservoir/
toxins/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity/ extracts/ exposure.

423\. Chorus, I. and Fastner, J. (2001). Recreational exposure to
cyanotoxins. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp.
190-199. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ recreational exposure.

424\. Chorus, I.; Heinze, R.; Hubner, C.; Schmidt, W.; and Pietsch, J.
(2001). Elimination of microcystins at Dortendorf: conventional
treatment and a pilot experimental treatment system. In: I. Chorus (ed.)
[Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}.
Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 221-225. 357 pp. Keywords:
elimination/ microcystins/ Dortendorf/ conventional treatment/
experimental treatment.

425\. Chorus, I.; Niesel, V.; Fastner, J.; Wiedner, C.; Nixdorf, B.; and
Lindenschmidt, K. E. (2001). Environmental factors and microcystin
levels in waterbodies. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp.
159-177. 357 pp. Keywords: environmental factors/ microcystin levels/
waterbodies.

426\. Chorus, I. and Rosel, F. (2000). Toxic cyanobacteria can be lethal
for dogs. [Tier. Prax. Klein. Heim.]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}(4):216. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ dogs.

427\. Chorus, I.; Schlag, G.; Heinze, R.; Putz, K.; and Kruspe, U.
(2001). Elimination of microcystins through bank filtration at the
Radeburg Reservoir. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp.
226-228. 357 pp. Keywords: elimination/ microcystins/ bank filtration/
Radeburg Reservoir.

428\. Chow, C. W. K.; Drikas, M.; House, J.; Burch, M. D.; and
Velzeboer, R. M. A. (1999). The impact of conventional water treatment
processes on cells of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[Water Res.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(15):3253-3262. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ microcystin-LR/ aluminum
sulphate/ water treatment.

429\. Chow, C. W. K.; Panglisch, S.; House, J.; Drikas, M.; Burch, M.
D.; and Gimbel, R. (1997). A study of membrane filtration for the
removal of cyanobacterial cells. [J. Water Supply Res.
Technol.--Aqua]{.underline} [46]{.underline}(6):324-334. Keywords:
membrane filtration/ cyanobacteria/ cell removal.

430\. Christensen, J.H. and Bak, H. (1981). Blagronalger i
Himmelbjergsoerne m.fl. In: [Notat fra Arhus Amtskommune]{.underline}. 4
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

431\. Christiansen, G.; Dittmann, E.; Ordorika, L. V.; Rippka, R.;
Herdman, M.; and Börner, T. (2001). Nonribosomal peptide synthetase
genes occur in most cyanobacterial genera as evidenced by their
distribution in axenic strains of the PCC. [Arch.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [176]{.underline}(6):452-458. Keywords:
non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes/ degenerate peptide
synthetase PCR (PS-PCR)/ aminoacyl adenylation domain/ secondary
metabolites/ bioactive compounds/ ribosomal RNA sequences/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ genus/ *Microcystis*/ nontoxic strains/ cyclic peptides/
biosynthesis/ depsipeptides/ system/ toxins/ 16S.

432\. Christiansen, G.; Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; Börner, T.; and
Dittmann, E. (2003). Microcystin biosynthesis in *Planktothrix*: genes,
evolution, and manipulation. [J. Bacteriol.]{.underline}
[185]{.underline}(2):564-572. Keywords: cyclic heptapeptide microcystin/
nonribosomal peptide synthetases/ adenylation domains/ *Bacillus
subtilis*/ cyanobacteria/ cluster/ *Planktothrix*.

433\. Christoffersen, K. (1996). Ecological implications of
cyanobacterial toxins in aquatic food webs. [Phycologia]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}:42-50. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ aquatic food webs/
implications.

434\. Christoffersen, K. and Burns, C. W. (2001). Toxic cyanobacteria in
New Zealand lakes and toxicity to indigenous zooplankton. [Verh.
Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [27(Pt 5)]{.underline}:3222-3225.
Keywords: New Zealand/ lakes/ cyanotoxins/ zooplankton.

435\. Christoffersen, K.; Lyck, S.; and Winding, A. (2002). Microbial
activity and bacterial community structure during degradation of
microcystins. [Aquat. Microbial Ecol.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(2):125-136. Keywords: microcystins/ degradation rates/
bacteria/ community structure/ 16S rDNA.

436\. Chu, F. S.; Huang, X.; and Hall, S. (1992). Production and
characterization of antibodies against neosaxitoxin. [J. Assoc. Off.
Analyt. Chem. Int.]{.underline} [75]{.underline}(2):341-345. Keywords:
neosaxitoxin/ antibodies/ production/ characterization.

437\. Chu, F. S.; Huang, X.; and Wei, R. D. (1990). Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay for microcystins in blue-green algal blooms. [J.
Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int]{.underline} [73]{.underline}(3):451-456.
Keywords: ELISA/ microcystins.

438\. Chu, F. S.; Huang, X.; Wei, R. D.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1989).
Production and characterization of antibodies against microcystins.
[Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline} [55]{.underline}(8):1928-1933.
Keywords: antibodies/ microcystins/ production/ characterization.

439\. Chu, F. S. and Wedepohl, R. (1994). Algal toxins in drinking
water? Research in Wisconsin. [LakeLine]{.underline}
[April]{.underline}:41-42. Keywords: algal toxins/ drinking water/
Wisconsin.

440\. Chugh, K. S.; Jha, V.; and Chugh, S. (1999). Economics of dialysis
and renal-transplantation in the developing world. [Transplan.
Proc.]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(8):3275-3277. Keywords: dialysis/
renal transplant/ economics.

441\. Ciferri, Orio. (1983). *Spirulina,* the edible microorganism.
[Microbiol. Rev.]{.underline} [47]{.underline}(4):551-578. Keywords:
*Spirulina*/ edible.

442\. Claeyssens, S.; Francois, A.; Chedeville, A.; and Lavoinne, A.
(1995). Microcystin-LR induced an inhibition of protein synthesis in
isolated rat hepatocytes. [Biochem J.]{.underline}
[306]{.underline}:693-696. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ inhibition/ protein
synthesis/ rat.

443\. Clarke, S. C. and McIntyre, M. (1994). Human infection with
*Cyclospora*. [J. Infection]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(1):112-113.
Keywords: *Cyclospora*/ human infection.

444\. Claska, M. E. and Gilbert, J. J. (1998). The effect of temperature
on the response of *Daphnia* to toxic cyanobacteria. [Freshwater
Biol.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(2):221-232. Keywords: temperature/
*Daphnia* response/ cyanotoxins/ *Anabaena affinis*/ *Anabaena
flos-aquae*.

445\. Clemens, J.; Oberer, L.; Quiquerez, C.; König, W. A.; and
Weckesser, J. (1995). Cyanopeptolin-s, a sulfate-containing depsipeptide
from a water bloom of *Microcystis* sp. [FEMS Microbiol.
Lett.]{.underline} [129]{.underline}(2-3):129-133. Keywords:
cyanopeptolin-s/ depsipeptide/ *Microcystis* sp.

446\. Codd, G. A. (1983). Cyanobacterial poisoning hazard in British
freshwaters. [Vet. Record]{.underline} [113]{.underline}:223-224.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Britain/ freshwater.

447\. Codd, G. A. (1995). Cyanobacterial toxins: occurrence, properties
and biological significance. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}:149-156. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ properties/
significance.

448\. Codd, G. A. (1984). Toxins of freshwater cyanobacteria.
[Microbiol. Sci.]{.underline} [1]{.underline}(2):48-52. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ freshwater.

449\. Codd, G. A. and Beattie, K. A. (1991). Cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae) and their toxins: awareness and action in the United Kingdom.
[Pub. Health Lab. Serv. Microbiol. Digest]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}(3):82-86. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ action/ United Kingdom.

450\. Codd, G. A. and Bell, S. G. (1985). Eutrophication and toxic
cyanobacteria in freshwaters. [Water Poll. Control]{.underline}
[84]{.underline}(2):225-232. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater/
eutrophication.

451\. Codd, G. A.; Bell, S. G.; and Brooks, W. P. (1989). Cyanobacterial
toxins in water. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}(3):1-13. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

452\. Codd, G. A.; Bell, S. G.; Kaya, K.; Ward, C. J.; Beattie, K. A.;
and Metcalf, J. S. (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins, exposure routes and
human health. [Eur. J. Phycol.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(4):405-415.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ exposure routes/ human health.

453\. Codd, G. A.; Brooks, W. P.; Lawton, L. A.; and Beattie, K. A.
(1989). Cyanobacterial toxins in European waters: occurrence,
properties, problems and requirements. In: D. Wheeler, M. L. Richardson,
and J. Bridges, (eds.) [Watershed 89: The Future for Water Quality in
Europe]{.underline}. Pergamon Press: Oxford. Vol. II, pp. 211-220.
Proceedings of the IAWPRC Conference. April 17-20, 1989; Univ. Surry,
Guildford, U.K. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/
*Microcystis*/ *Anabaena*/ *Oscillatoria*/ toxins/ microcystin/
anatoxin.

454\. Codd, G. A.; Brooks, W. P.; Priestley, I. M.; Poon, G. K.; Bell,
S. G.; and Fawell, J. K. (1989). Production, detection and
quantification of cyanobacterial toxins. [Tox. Assess.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}(4):499-511. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ production/ detection/
quantification/ cyanobacterial toxins.

455\. Codd, G. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1982). Toxicity of a clonal
isolate of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis* *aeruginosa* from Great
Britain. [FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(4):409-411. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*
*aeruginosa*/ Britain.

456\. Codd, G. A.; Edwards, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Barr, W. M.; and Gunn,
G. J. (1992). Fatal attraction to cyanobacteria? [Nature]{.underline}
[359]{.underline}(6391):110-111. Keywords: cyanobacteria. (Letter to
Editor)

457\. Codd, G. A.; Lawton, L. A.; Hawser, S. P.; Beattie, K. A.; Fawell,
J. K.; and Edwards, C. (1990). Cyanobacterial toxins and biotechnology.
[Recent Advances in Algal Biotech]{.underline}. Vol. L-15, Proceedings
of the 5^th^ International Conference for the Society of Applied
Algology. Jan. 28-Feb. 2, 1990; Tiberias, Israel. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
biotechnology. (Abstract)

458\. Codd, G. A.; Metcalf, J. S.; and Beattie, K. A. (1999). Retention
of *Microcystis aeruginosa* and microcystin by salad lettuce *(Latuca
sativa)* after spray irrigation with water containing cyanobacteria.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [37]{.underline}:1181-1185. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ lettuce/ irrigation.

459\. Codd, G. A.; Metcalf, J. S.; Morrison, L. F.; Krienitz, L.;
Ballot, A.; Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; and Kotut, K. (2003).
Susceptibility of flamingos to cyanobacterial toxins via feeding. [Vet.
Record]{.underline} [152]{.underline}(23):722-723. Keywords:
susceptibility/ lesser flamingos/ toxins/ Kenya.

460\. Codd, G. A.; Metcalf, J. S.; Ward, C. J.; Beattie, K. A.; Bell, S.
G.; Kaya, K.; and Poon, G. K. (2001). Analysis of cyanobacterial toxins
by physicochemical and biochemical methods. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt.
Chem. Int.]{.underline} [84]{.underline}(5):1626-1635. Keywords:
paralytic shellfish poisons/ performance liquid chromatography/
phosphatase inhibition assay/ linked immunosorbent assay/ hepatotoxin
microcystin-LR/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ blue-green algae/ mass
spectrometry/ protein phosphatase.

461\. Codd, G. A. and Poon, G. K. (1988). Cyanobacterial toxins. In: L.
J. Rogers and J. R. Gallon (eds.) [Biochemistry of the Algae and
Cyanobacteria]{.underline}. Oxford University Press: Oxford \[England\];
Clarendon Press: New York , pp. 283-296, Ch. 15. 374 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxin.

462\. Codd, G. A. and Roberts, C. (1991). Public health aspects of
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). [Pub. Health Lab. Serv. Microbiol.
Digest]{.underline} [8]{.underline}(3):79-100. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
public health.

463\. Codd, G. A.; Steffensen, D. A.; Burch, M. D.; and Baker, P. D.
(1994). Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria in Lake Alexandrina: learning from
history. [Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res.]{.underline}
[45]{.underline}:731-736. Keywords: blooms/ cyanotoxin/ Lake
Alexandrina/ history.

464\. Cohen, P. (2001). The role of protein phosphorylation in human
health and disease . [Eur. J. Biochem.]{.underline}
[268]{.underline}(19):5001-5010. Keywords: cancer/ diabetes/ drugs/
GSK3/ inflammation/ protein/ kinase/ phosphorylation/ signal
transductionw. (Delivered on June 30th 2001 at the FEBS Meeting in
Lisbon)

465\. Cohen, P. and Cohen, P. T. W. (1989). Protein phosphatases come of
age. [J. Biol. Chem.]{.underline} [264]{.underline}(36):21435-21438.
Keywords: protein phosphatases.

466\. Cohen, S. G. and Rief, C. B. (1953). Cutaneous sensitization to
blue-green algae. [J. Allergy]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(5):452-457.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ allergy/ dermatitis.

467\. Cole-Mundy, L. (1983). [A Study of Some Neuropharmacological
Effects of *Aphanizomenon* *flos-aquae* and *Anabaena flos-aquae*
Neurotoxins]{.underline}. M.Sc. Thesis. Wright State University, Dayton,
Ohio. 85 pp. Keywords: neuropharmacological effects/ cyanotoxin/
*Aphanizomenon* *flos-aquae*/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ neurotoxins.

468\. Collins, M. (1978). Algal toxins. [Microbiol. Rev.]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(4):725-746. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ products.

469\. Cook, D. and Newcombe, G. (2002). Removal of microcystin variants
with powdered activated carbon. [3^rd^ World Water Congress: Drinking
Water Treatment]{.underline}. Vol. 2, Issue 5-6, pp. 201-207. Keywords:
activated carbon/ microcystins/ water treatment.

470\. Cook, N. (1992). The effect of cyanobacterial water bloom
formation upon conjugational gene transfer between associated
heterotrophic bacteria. In: [Release of Genetically Modified
Microorganisms]{.underline}. Regem:Vol. 263, pp. 207-208. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ waterbloom/ gene transfer/ heterotrophic bacteria.

471\. Cook, W. O.; Beasley, V. R.; Dahlem, A. M.; Dellinger, J. A.;
Harlin, K. S.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Comparison of effects of
anatoxin-a(s) and paraoxon, physostigmine and pyridostigmine on
mouse-brain cholinesterase activity. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(8):750-753. Keywords: anatoxin-a(s)/ paraoxon/
comparison/ mouse brain. (Technical Note)

472\. Cook, W. O.; Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R. A.; Dahlem, A. M.; Hooser,
S. B.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1989). Consistent
inhibition of peripheral cholinesterases by neurotoxins from the
freshwater cyanobacterium *Anabaena flos-aquae*: studies of ducks,
swine, mice and a steer. [Environ. Toxicol. Chem]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}(10):915-922. Keywords: peripheral
cholinesterase-inhibiting toxins/ algae/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
anatoxin-a(s)/ cyanobacteria/ phycotoxins/ neurotoxins/ ducks/ swine/
mice/ steer.

473\. Cook, W. O.; Dahlem, A. M.; Harlin, K. S.; Beasley, V. R.; Hooser,
S. B; Haschek, W. M.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Reversal of
cholinesterase inhibition and clinical signs and the postmortem findings
in mice after intraperitoneal administration of anatoxin-a(s), paraoxon
or pyridostigmine. [Vet. Human Toxicol.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(1):1-4. Keywords: cholinesterase inhibition reversal/
mice/ anatoxin-a(s)/ paraoxon/ pyridostigmine.

474\. Cook, W. O.; Dahlem, A. M.; Hooser, S. B; Haschek-Hock, W. M.;
Harlin, K. S.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R. (1989). Reversal of
cholinesterase inhibition in plasma red blood cells and diaphragm:
clinical signs and postmortem findings in mice after intraperitoneal
injection of anatoxin-a(s), paraoxon or pyridostigmine.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(1):38-39. Keywords:
cholinesterase inhibition reversal/ mice/ anatoxin-a(s)/ paraoxon/
pyridostigmine.

475\. Cook, W. O.; Dellinger, J. A.; Singh, S. S.; Dahlem, A. M.;
Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R. (1989). Regional brain
cholinesterase activity in rats injected intraperitoneally with
anatoxin-a(s) or paraoxon. [Toxicol. Lett.]{.underline}
[49]{.underline}(1):29-34. Keywords: cholinesterase/ rat brain/
anatoxin-a(s)/ paraoxon.

476\. Cook, W. O.; Iwamoto, G. A.; Schaeffer, D. J.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Beasley, V. R. (1990). Effect of anatoxin-a(s) from *Anabaena
flos-aquae* NRC-525-17 on blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate,
tidal volume, minute volume and phrenic nerve activity in rats. [J.
Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(5-6):393-400. Keywords: effect/ anatoxin-a(s)/ *Anabaena
flos-aquae*/ rat.

477\. Cook, W. O.; Iwamoto, G. A.; Schaeffer, D. J.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Beasley, V. R. (1990). Pathophysiologic effects of anatoxin-a(s) in
anesthetized rats: the influence of atropine and artificial respiration.
[Pharmacol. Toxicol.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(2):151-155. Keywords:
anatoxin-a(s)/ rats/ atropine/ artificial respiration.

478\. Corbett, L. L. and Parker, D. L. (1976). Viability of lyophilized
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(6):777-780. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ lyophilized.

479\. Cordova, J. L.; Jamett, A.; Aguayo, J.; Faure, M. T.; Villarroel,
O.; and Cardenas, L. (2001). An *in vitro* assay to detect paralytic
shellfish poison. [J. Shellfish Res.]{.underline}
[20]{.underline}(1):55-61. Keywords: PSP/ saxitoxin/ monoclonal
antibodies/ dinoflagellates/ assay.

480\. Cornish, B. J. P. A.; Lawton, L. A.; and Robertson, P. K. J.
(2000). Hydrogen peroxide enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of
microcystin-LR using titanium dioxide. [Appl. Catalysis---B:
Environ.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(1):59-67. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ cyanotoxin/ TiO~2~/ photocatalysis/ hydrogen peroxide.

481\. Corrales, R. A. and Maclean, J. L. (1995). Impacts of harmful
algae on seafarming in the Asia-Pacific areas. [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(2):151-162. Keywords: harmful
algae/ impact/ seafarming/ Asia-Pacific/ red tides/ marine
phytoplankton/ aquaculture/ toxic algae.

482\. Costa, A. C. S.; Aracava, Y.; Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X.
(1988). N,N-dimethylanatoxin: an electro-physiological analysis. [Soc.
Neurosci. Abstr.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(2):1327. Keywords:
electro-physiological analysis.

483\. Costa, A. C. S.; Swanson, K. L.; Aracava, Y.; Aronstam, R. S.; and
Albuquerque, E. X. (1990). Molecular effects of dimethylanatoxin on the
peripheral nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. [J. Pharmacol. Exp.
Therapeut.]{.underline} [252]{.underline}(2):507-516. Keywords:
dimethylanatoxin/ peripheral nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

484\. Costerison, J. R. and Rinehart, K. L. (2000). Efforts toward the
total synthesis of microcystin-LR. [Abstr. Papers Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [220]{.underline}(Pt. 2):U38. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ synthesis.

485\. Cote, L-M.; Lovell, R. A.; Jeffrey, E. H.; Carmichael, W. W.; and
Beasley, V. R. (1986). Failure of blue-green algae (*Microcystis
aeruginosa*) hepatotoxin to alter *in vitro* mouse liver enzymatic
activity. [J. Toxicol. - Toxin Rev.]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}(2):256. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
hepatotoxin/ mouse liver.

486\. Cotton, H. L. (1914). Algae poisoning. [Am. J. Vet.
Med.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}:903-904. Keywords: algae poisoning.

487\. Cousins, I. and Watts, C.D. (1992). [An Investigation of the
Degradation of Microcystin-LR]{.underline}. Foundation for Water
Research: Report \# FR 0292. 11 pp. Keywords: microcystin-LR
degradation/ United Kingdom/ toxin.

488\. Cousins, I. T.; Bealing, D. J.; James, H. A.; and Sutton, A.
(1996). Biodegradation of microcystin-LR by indigenous mixed bacterial
populations. [Water Res.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(2):481-485.
Keywords: blue-green algae/ algal toxins/ microcystin-LR/
biodegradation.

489\. Covacevich, J.; Davie, P., and Pearn, J. (eds.) (1987). [Toxic
Plants & Animals: a Guide for Australia]{.underline}. Queensland Museum:
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 501 pp. Keywords: toxic plants/ toxic
animals/ Australia.

490\. Cox, P. A.; Banack, S. A.; and Murch, S. J. (2003).
Biomagnification of cyanobacterial neurotoxins and neurodegenerative
disease among the Chamorro people of Guam. [Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci.]{.underline} [100]{.underline}(23):13380-13383. Keywords:
neurotoxins/ neurodegenerative disease/ Chamorro people/ Guam/
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/ Parkinsonism dementia complex/ flying
foxes.

491\. Craig, M.; McCready, T. L.; Luu, H. A.; Smillie, M. A.; Dubord,
P.; and Holmes, C. F. B. (1993). Identification and characterization of
hydrophobic microcystins in Canadian freshwater cyanobacteria.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(12):1541-1549. Keywords:
hydrophobic/ identification/ characterization/ microcystins/ Canada/
freshwater.

492\. Craig, R. and Reichelt, B. (1986). Genetic engineering in algal
biotechnology. [Tibtech]{.underline}:280-285. Keywords: genetic
engineering/ algal biotechnology.

493\. Creasia, D. A. (1990). Acute inhalation toxicity of microcystin-LR
with mice. [Toxicon]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(6):605. Keywords:
toxicity/ inhalation/ microcystin-LR/ mice. (Abstract)

494\. Cremer, J. and Henning, K. (1991). Application of reversed-phase
medium-pressure liquid chromatography to the isolation, separation, and
amino acid analysis of two closely related peptide toxins of the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeriginosa* strain PCC 7806. [J.
Chromat.]{.underline} [587]{.underline}(1):71-80. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ RP-FPLS/ reversed-phase fast protein liquid chromatography/
isolation/ separation/ amino acid analysis.

495\. Cremer, J.; Meyer, H.; and Henning, K. (1991). Separation of
methylated and non-methylated cyanoginosin-LR homologs of the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* strain PCC 7806 by
reversed-phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography. [J.
Chromat.]{.underline} [558]{.underline}(2):430-434. Keywords:
cyanoginosin-LR/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ reversed-phase
medium-pressure liquid chromatography.

496\. Cronberg, G. (1999). Qualitative and quantitative investigations
of phytoplankton in Lake Ringsjön, Scania, Sweden.
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [404]{.underline}:27-40. Keywords:
phytoplankton/ fish reduction/ phosphorus/ biomanipulation/ blue-green
algae/ cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis*/ *Anabaena*/ *Aphanizomenon*/
*Aulacoseira*/ cryptomonads/ Lake Ringsjön/ Sweden.

497\. Cronberg, G.; Annadotter, H.; and Lawton, L. A. (1999). The
occurrence of toxic blue-green algae in Lake Ringsjön, southern Sweden,
despite nutrient reduction and fish biomanipulation.
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [404]{.underline}:123-129. Keywords:
*Anabaena*/ *Aphanizomenon*/ *Microcystis*/ *Woronichinia naegeliana*/
biomanipulation/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ cyanoprokaryotes/
hepatotoxins/ microcystin/ Sweden/ Lake Ringsjön.

498\. Cronberg, G.; Carpenter, E. J.; and Carmichael, W. W. (2003).
Taxonomy of harmful cyanobacteria. In: G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M.
Anderson, and A. D. Cembella (eds.) [Manual on Harmful Marine
Microalgae]{.underline}. UNESCO Publishing: Paris, pp. 523-562. 793 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ taxonomy.

499\. Cross, T. F. and Southgate, T. (1980). Mortalities of fauna of
rocky substrates in south-west Ireland associated with the occurrence of
*Gyrodinium aureolum* blooms during autumn 1979. [J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
U.K.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}:1071-1073. Keywords: shore animals/
trout/ mortality/ blooms/ *Gyrodinium aureolum*/ Ireland.

500\. Culotta, E. (1992). Red menace in the world\'s oceans.
[Science]{.underline} [257]{.underline}:1476-1477. Keywords: toxic algal
blooms/ red tide.

501\. Cundy, D. J.; Donohue, A. C.; and McCarthy, T. D. (1998). Towards
an asymmetric synthesis of Adda conjugates. [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(28):5125-5128. Keywords: asymmetric
synthesis/ Adda conjugates/ microcystin/ nodularin.

502\. Cuvin-Aralar, M. L.; Fastner, J.; Focken, U.; Becker, K.; and
Aralar, E. V. (2002). Microcystins in natural blooms and laboratory
cultured *Microcystis aeruginosa* from Laguna de Bay, Philippines.
[System. Appl. Microbiol.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(2):179-182.
Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ microcystins/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/
Laguna de Bay/ Philippines.

503\. D\'Aniello, F.; Mann, A.; Schoenfelder, A.; and Taddei, M. (1997).
Stereoconvergent synthesis of (2S, 3S, 8S, 9S, 4E, 6E)-N-Boc-Adda
starting from (S)-serine and (S)-phenyllactic acid.
[Tetrahed.]{.underline} [53]{.underline}(4):1447-1456. Keywords:
synthesis/ Adda/ serine/ phenyllactic acid.

504\. Dabholkar, A. S. and Carmichael, W. W. (1987). Time course
ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver induced by hepatotoxin from
the freshwater cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* strain 7820.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(3):285-292. Keywords:
ultrastructural changes/ mouse liver/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

505\. Dabholkar, A. S. and Carmichael, W. W. (1986). Ultrastructural
changes in the mouse liver induced by hepatotoxin from the freshwater
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* In: G. W. Bailey, (ed.)
[Proceedings 44^th^ Annual Meeting Electron Microscopy Soc.
America]{.underline}. San Francisco Press: San Francisco. pp. 360-361.
Aug. 10-15, 1986; Albuquerque, New Mexico. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin.

506\. Dabholkar, A. S. and Carmichael, W. W. (1987). Ultrastructural
changes in the mouse liver induced by hepatotoxin from the freshwater
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* strain 7820.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(3):285-292. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin/ mouse liver.

507\. Dabholkar, A. S.; Carmichael, W. W.; Berg, K.; and Wyman, J.
(1987). Ultrastructural changes in isolated rat liver perfused with
cyclic heptapeptide toxins from Norwegian freshwater cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae). In: G. W. Bailey, (ed.) [Proceedings of the 45^th^
Annual Meeting Electron Microscopy Soc. Am.]{.underline} San Francisco
Press: San Francisco. pp. 858-859. Aug. 2-7, 1987; Baltimore, Maryland.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin.

508\. Daft, M. J.; Burnham, J. C.; and Yamamoto, Y. (1985). Lysis of
*Phormidium luridum* by *Myxococcus fulvus* in continuous flow cultures.
[J. Appl. Bacteriol.]{.underline} [59]{.underline}:73-80. Keywords:
lysis/ *Phormidium luridum*/ *Myxococcus fulvus*.

509\. Daft, M. J. and Stewart, W. D. P. (1971). Bacterial pathogens of
freshwater blue-green algae. [New Phytol.]{.underline}
[70]{.underline}:819-829. Keywords: pathogens/ freshwater/ blue-green
algae/ lysis.

510\. Daft, M. J. and Stewart, W. D. P. (1973). Light and E.M.
microscope observations on algal lysis by bacterium CP-1. [New
Phytol.]{.underline} [72]{.underline}:799-808. Keywords: algal lysis/
bacterium.

511\. Dahl, E. (1984). Two occasions of mass occurrence of *Nodularia
spumigena* along the southern coast of Norway. In: [Statens Biologiske
Stasjon]{.underline}. Flodeviken, Arendal. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Nodularia spumigena* / Norway. (Abstract)

512\. Dahl, J. (1968). Giftige blagronnalger i ferskvand. [Skr. Danm.
Fiskeri-Havunders.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}:47-52. Keywords:
cyanotoxin. (Danish)

513\. Dahlem, A. M. (1989). Reversed-phase HPLC analysis of monocyclic
peptide hepatotoxins from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). [Abstr.
Papers Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [198]{.underline}:60-ANYL. Keywords:
HPLC/ hepatotoxins/ monocyclic. (Meeting Abstract)

514\. Dahlem, A. M. (1989). [Structure/Toxicity Relationships and Fate
of Low Molecular Weight Peptide Toxins from Cyanobacteria]{.underline}.
Ph.D Thesis. Univ. of Illinois, 213 pp. Keywords: structure/ toxicity/
relationship/ cyanobacteria.

515\. Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Suzuki,
M.; Harvis, C. A.; Rinehart, K. L., and Carmichael, W. W. (1989). The
role of α,β-unsaturated amino acids in the toxicity of microcystin-LR
and nodularin, two hepatotoxins from cyanobacteria.
[Toxicologist]{.underline}. [9]{.underline}(1):168. Keywords:
unsaturated amino acids/toxicity/microcystin-LR/nodularin/cyanobacteria.
(28^th^ Annual Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3,
1989 --- Abstract #670)

516\. Dahlem, A. M.; Hassan, A. S.; Swanson, S. P.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Beasley, V. R. (1988). A model system for studying the
bioavailability of intestinally administered microcystin-LR, a
hepatotoxic peptide from the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* in
the rat. [Pharmacol. Toxicol.]{.underline} [63]{.underline} :1-5.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa* / microcystin/ peptide/
rat.

517\. Dahlem, A. M.; Hassan, A. S.; Swanson, S. P.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Beasley, V. R. (1989). A model system for studying the
bioavailability of intestinally administered microcystin-LR, a
hepatotoxic peptide from the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[Pharmacol. Toxicol.]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(2):177-181. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ microcystin-LR/ model system.

518\. Dahlem, A. M.; Hassan, A. S.; Swanson, S. P.; Carmichael, W. W.,
and Beasley, V. R. (1988). A model system for studying the intestinal
absorption of a hepatotoxin from blue-green algae.
[Toxicologist]{.underline}. [8]{.underline}(1):55. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/hepatotoxin. (Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Dallas, TX --- Abstract)

519\. Dahlem, A. M.; Hassan, A. S.; Waite, L. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and
Beasley, V. R. (1989). Evidence for a role of glutathione in the
toxicity of microcystin-LR, a toxin from the cyanobacterium *Microcystis
aeruginosa.* [Toxicon]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(1):39-40. Keywords:
role/ glutathione/ toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

520\. Dahlmann, J.; Budakowski, W. R.; and Luckas, B. (2003). Liquid
chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry based method
for the simultaneous determination of algal and cyanobacterial toxins in
phytoplankton from marine waters and lakes followed by tentative
structural elucidation of microcystins. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline}
[994]{.underline}(1-2):45-57. Keywords: water analysis/ toxins/
cyanobacterial toxins/ algal toxins/ microcystins/ LC/ MS.

521\. Dahlmann, J.; Ruhl, A.; Hummert, C.; Liebezeit, G.; Carlsson, P.;
Granéli, E.; and Granéli, E. (2001). Different methods for toxin
analysis in the cyanobacterium *Nodularia spumigena* (Cyanophyceae).
[Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(8):1183-1190. Keywords: toxin/
nodularin/ cyanobacteria/ protein phosphatase/ bioluminescence/ HPLC/
*Nodularia spumigena*.

522\. Danheiser, R. L.; Morin Jr., J. M.; and Salaski, E. J. (1985).
Efficient total synthesis of (±)-anatoxin-a. [J. Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [107]{.underline}:8066-8073. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

523\. Das, B. and Singh, P. K. (1977). Detoxication of the pesticide
benzenehexachloride by blue-green algae. [Microbios Lett.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}:99-102. Keywords: benzenehexachloride/ pesticide/
detoxication/ blue-green algae.

524\. Davidson, F. F. (1959). Poisoning of wild and domestic animals by
a toxic waterbloom of *Nostoc rivulare* Küetz. [J. Am. Water Works
Assoc.]{.underline} [51]{.underline}:1277-1287. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Nostoc rivulare*/ wild and domestic animal poisoning.

525\. Davies, J. M. and Mazumder, A. (2003). Health and environmental
policy issues in Canada: the role of watershed management in sustaining
clean drinking water quality at surface sources. [J. Environ.
Manage.]{.underline} [68]{.underline}(3):273-286. Keywords: drinking
water/ risk assessment/ sustainable/ enteric pathogens/ disinfection
by-products/ nutrients/ cyanobacteria/ British Columbia/ Canada.

526\. Davio, S. R. and Pickering, R. P. (1984). Anti-saxitoxin rabbit
serum as a therapeutic agent for saxitoxin (STX) poisoning.
[Toxicologist]{.underline}. [4]{.underline}(1):13. Keywords: saxitoxin
poisoning/STX/rabbit serum/therapeutic agent. (Ann. Meeting S.O.T.,
Atlanta, Georgia,1983 --- Abstract #52)

527\. Davis, J. R. (ed.) (1997). [Managing Algal Blooms. Outcomes fom
CSIRO\'s Multi-Divisional Blue-Green Algal Program]{.underline}. CSIRO:
Canberra, Australia. 113 pp. Keywords: management/ algal blooms.

528\. Dawson, R. M. (1998). The toxicology of microcystins.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(7):953-962. Keywords:
microcystins/ toxicology.

529\. Debernardi, R. and Giussani, G. (1990). Are blue-green algae a
suitable food for zooplankton? An overview. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[200/201]{.underline}:29-41. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ zooplankton/ food.

530\. Deem, A. W. and Thorp, F. (1939). Toxic algae in Colorado. [J. Am.
Vet. Med. Assoc.]{.underline} [95]{.underline}:542-544. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Colorado.

531\. Delamanche, I. S.; Mailly, P.; and Bouchaud, C. (1986). The
organophosphorous compounds as tools for the pharmacohistochemical study
of the cholinesterases of the rat striatum (Les composés
organophosphorés comme outils pour l\'étude pharmaco-histochimique des
cholinestérases du striatum du rat. [Arch. Anat. Micr. Morphol.
Expér.]{.underline} [75]{.underline}(3):135-148. Keywords:
cholinesterases/ organophosphorous compounds/ pharmacohistochemistry/
striatum/ rat. (French)

532\. Delaney, J. M. and Wilkins, R. M. (1995). Toxicity of
microcystin-LR, isolated from *Microcystis aeruginosa,* against various
insect species. [Toxicon]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(6):771-778.
Keywords: microcystin-LR/ toxicity/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ insect.

533\. DeMott, W. R. (1999). Foraging strategies and growth-inhibition in
five daphnids feeding on mixtures of a toxic cyanobacterium and a green
alga. [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(2):263-274.
Keywords: growth inhibition/ daphnids/ cyanobacteria feeding.

534\. DeMott, W. R. and Dhawale, S. (1995). Inhibition of *in vitro*
protein phosphatase activity in three zooplankton species by
microcystin-LR, a toxin from cyanobacteria. [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [134]{.underline}(4):417-424. Keywords:
inhibition/ protein phosphatase activity/ zooplankton/ microcystin-LR.

535\. DeMott, W. R. and Moxter, F. (1991). Foraging on cyanobacteria by
copepods: responses to chemical defenses and resource abundance.
[Ecology]{.underline} [72]{.underline}(5):1820-1834. Keywords:
blue-green algae/ chemical defenses/ copepods/ cyanobacteria/ *Daphnia*/
*Diaptomus*/ feeding activity/ natural toxins/ optimal foraging theory/
secondary metabolites/ zooplankton.

536\. DeMott W.R.; Zhang, Q-X.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Effects of
toxic cyanobacteria and purified toxins on the survival and feeding of a
copepod and three species of *Daphnia.* [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}(7):1346-1357. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ survival/ feeding/
copepod/ *Daphnia*.

537\. Dennison, W. C.; O\'Neil, J. M.; Duffy, E. J.; Oliver, P. E.; and
Shaw, G. R. (1999). Blooms of the cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula* in
coastal waters of Queensland, Australia. In: L. Charpy and A. W. D.
Larkum (eds.) [Marine Cyanobacteria]{.underline}. Monaco Musée
Océanographique: Monaco, pp. 501-506. Keywords: blooms/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ Queensland/ Australia.

538\. Desjardins, P. R. and Olson, G. B. (1983). [Viral Control of
Nuisance Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae). II. Cyanophage Strains,
Stability Studies of Phages and Hosts, and Effects of Environmental
Factors on Phage-Host Interactions]{.underline}. California Water
Resources Center: University of California, Davis, CA. Vol. 185, 35 pp.
Keywords: viral control/ cyanobacteria.

539\. Dethier, M. N. (1994). The ecology of intertidal algal crusts:
variation within a functional group. [J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
Ecol.]{.underline} [177]{.underline}(1):37-71. Keywords: ecology/ marine
algal blooms.

540\. Devic, E.; Li, D. H.; Dauta, A.; Henriksen, P.; Codd, G. A.;
Marty, J. L.; and Fournier, D. (2002). Detection of anatoxin-a(s) in
environmental samples of cyanobacteria by using a biosensor with
engineered acetylcholinesterases. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [68]{.underline}(8):4102-4106. Keywords:
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ *Drosophila* acetylcholinesterase/ Danish lakes/
blue-green algae/ anticholinesterase/ *spiroides*.

541\. Devlin, J. P.; Edwards, O. E.; Gorham, P. R.; Hunter, N. R.; Pike,
R. K.; and Stavric, B. (1977). Anatoxin-a, a toxic alkaloid from
*Anabaena flos-aquae* NRC-44h. [Can. J. Chem.]{.underline}
[55]{.underline}(8):1367-1371. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena
flos-aquae*/ anatoxin-a.

542\. DeVries, S. E.; Galey, F. D.; Namikoshi, M.; and Woo, J. C.
(1993). Clinical and pathological findings of blue-green algae
(*Microcystis aeruginosa)* intoxication in a dog. [J. Vet. Diagn.
Invest.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(3):403-408. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ intoxication/ dog.

543\. DeVries, S. E.; Namikoshi, M.; Galey, F. D.; Merritt, J. E.;
Rinehart, K. L.; and Beasley, V. R. (1993). Chemical study of the
hepatotoxins from *Microcystis aeruginosa* collected in California. [J.
Vet. Diagn. Invest.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(3):409-412. Keywords:
chemical study/ hepatotoxins/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ California.

544\. Dias, E.; Pereira, P.; and Franca, S. (2002). Production of
paralytic shellfish toxins by *Aphanizomenon* sp. LMECYA 31
(cyanobacteria). [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(4):705-712.
Keywords: *Aphanizomenon*/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ PSP/ Portugal.

545\. Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; and Weckesser, J. (1989). Inhibition of
prodigiosin formation in *Serratia marcescens* by extracts of toxic
cyanobacteria. [System. Appl. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(3):244-248. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ prodigiosin/ microcystin/ saxitoxin/
biotest/ toxic cyanobacteria.

546\. Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; and Weckesser, J. (1988). Rapid
determination of *Microcystis* sp. toxins by reversed-phase liquid
chromatography. [FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline}
[49]{.underline}(2):143-147. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ HPLC/
rapid assay.

547\. Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; Weckesser, J.; Matern, U.; König, W.
A.; and Krebber, R. (1990). Two closely related peptide toxins in
axenically grown *Microcystis aeruginosa* PCC 7806. [System. Appl.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(1):86-91. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ peptide toxin/ D-amino acids/
erythro-β-methyl-D-aspartic acid/ N-methyl dehydroalanine.

548\. Dietrich, D. R. (2001). Detecting cyanotoxins in water.
[Biofutur]{.underline}(209):44-47. Keywords: Microcystin-LR/ hepatoxin/
toxicology/ toxins/ Brazil/ risk.

549\. Dillenberg, H. O. and Dehnel, M. K. (1960). Toxic waterbloom in
Saskatchewan, 1959. [Can. Med. Assoc. J.]{.underline}
[83]{.underline}:1151. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Saskatchewan.

550\. Dillenberg, H. O. and Dehnel, M. K. (1961). \"Waterbloom
poisoning.\" Fast and \"slow death\" factors isolated from blue-green
algae at Canadian NRC Laboratories. [World-Wide Abstr. Gen.
Med.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}(4):20. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fast and
slow death factors/ isolated.

551\. Dillon, J. G.; Tatsumi, C. M.; Tandingan, P. G.; and Castenholz,
R. W. (2002). Effect of environmental factors on the synthesis of
scytonemin, a UV-screening pigment, in a cyanobacterium
(*Chroococcidiopsis* sp.). [Arch. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[177]{.underline}(4):322-331. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ scytonemin/ UV/
osmotic stress/ temperature stress/ oxidative stress/ desert crusts/
*Chroococcidiopsis*.

552\. Ding, W. X. and Ong, C. N. (2003). Role of oxidative stress and
mitochondrial changes in cyanobacteria-induced apoptosis and
hepatotoxicity. [FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline}
[220]{.underline}(1):1-7. Keywords: microcystin/ reactive oxygen
species/ apoptosis/ hepatotoxicity.

553\. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2002). Calpain
activation after mitochondrial permeability transition in
microcystin-induced cell death in rat hepatocytes. [Biochem. Biophys.
Res. Commun.]{.underline} [291]{.underline}(2):321-331. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ electron transport chain/ intracellular Ca^2+^/
apoptosis/ oxidative stress.

554\. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2000). The critical role
of mitochondrial Ca^2+^ and reactive oxygen species in
microcystin-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in rat
hepatocytes. [Hepatology]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(4 Pt. 2):493A.
Keywords: microcystin/ mitochondrial permeability/ rat hepatocytes.

555\. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2000). Critical role of
reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial permeability transition in
microcystin-induced rapid apoptosis in rat hepatocytes.
[Hepatology]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(3):547-555. Keywords: protein
phosphatases/ cell death/ cyanobacteria extract/ cytochrome-c/ BCL-2/
pore/ microcystin-LR/ cyclosporine/ necrosis/ chemoprotectants.

556\. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2001). Critical role of
reactive oxygen species formation in microcystin-induced cytoskeleton
disruption in primary cultured hepatocytes. [J. Toxicol Environ.
Health-Part A]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(6):507-519. Keywords:
oxidative stress/ rat hepatocytes/ okadaic acid/ LR/ cyanobacteria/
toxins/ cells/ hepatotoxicity/ intoxication/ apoptosis.

557\. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2000). Microcystic
cyanobacteria extract induces cytoskeletal disruption and intracellular
glutathione alteration in hepatocytes. [Environ. Health
Perspect.]{.underline} [108]{.underline}(7):605-609. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ cytoskeleton/ glutathione/ hepatocytes/ microcystin.

558\. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2001). Pivotal role of
mitochondrial Ca^2+^ in microcystin-induced mitochondrial permeability
transition in rat hepatocytes. [Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Commun.]{.underline} [285]{.underline}(5):1155-1161. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ mitochondrial membrane potential/ confocal microscopy/
apoptosis/ oxidative stress.

559\. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; Shen, Y.; Zhu, H. G.; and Ong, C. N.
(1998). Microcystic cyanobacteria causes mitochondrial-membrane
potential alteration and reactive oxygen species formation in primary
cultured rat hepatocytes. [Environ. Health Perspect.]{.underline}
[106]{.underline}(7):409-413. Keywords: rat hepatocytes/ mitochondrial
membrane alteration.

560\. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; Zhu, H. G.; Lee, B. L.; and Ong, C. N.
(1999). Genotoxicity of microcystic cyanobacteria extract of a water
source in China. [Mutat. Res.--Genetic Toxicol. Environ.
Mutagen.]{.underline} [442]{.underline}(2):69-77. Keywords: microcystin/
genotoxicity/ water source/ China.

561\. Ding, W-X.; Shen, H-M.; Zhu, H-G.; and Ong, C-N. (1998). Studies
on oxidative damage induced by cyanobacteria extract in primary cultured
rat hepatocytes. [Environ. Res.]{.underline} [78]{.underline}(1):12-18.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ cytotoxicity/ lipid peroxidation/
reactive oxygen species/ hepatocytes/ rat.

562\. Dittmann, E.; Erhard, M.; Kaebernick, M.; Scheler, C.; Neilan, B.
A.; von Döhren, H.; and Börner, T. (2001). Altered expression of two
light-dependent genes in a microcystin-lacking mutant of *Microcystis
aeruginosa* PCC 7806. [Microbiology--SGM]{.underline}
[147]{.underline}(Pt 11):3113-3119. Keywords: RhiA/ transcription/
endotoxin/ *Rhizobium leguminosarum* / cyclic heptapeptide microcystin/
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa*/ mass spectrometry/ cyanobacteria/
identification/ biosynthesis/ proteins/ system.

563\. Dittmann, E.; Erhard, M.; Tillett, D.; Neilan, B. A.; von Döhren,
H.; and Börner, T. (2001). Characterization of microcystin synthetase
genes in *Microcystis aeruginosa*. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins:
Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New
York, pp. 142-147. 357 pp. Keywords: characterization/ microsystin
synthetase genes/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

564\. Dittmann, E.; Neilan, B. A.; Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H.; and
Börner, T. (1997). Insertional mutagenesis of a peptide synthetase gene
that is responsible for hepatotoxin production in the cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa* PCC-7806. [Mol. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(4):779-787. Keywords: mutagenesis/ peptide synthetase
gene/ hepatotoxin production/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

565\. Djung, J. F.; Hart, D. J.; and Young, E. R. R. (2000). Vinyl and
alkynyl pyrimidines as Michael acceptors: an approach to a
cylindrospermopsin substructure. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[65]{.underline}(18):5668-5675. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ marine
hepatotoxin/ cultured rat.

566\. Dodds, W.K. (1996). [Assessment of Blue-Green Algal Toxins in
Kansas]{.underline}. Kansas Water Resources Research Institute: Kansas.
Report \# G2020-02. 36 pp. (Contribution #320). Keywords: assessment/
cyanotoxins/ Kansas.

567\. Domingos, P.; Rubim, T. K.; Molica, R. J. R.; Azevedo, S. M. F.
O.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1999). First report of microcystin production
by picoplanktonic cyanobacteria isolated from a northeast Brazilian
drinking water supply. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):31-35. Keywords: *Aphanocapsa cumulus*/
picoplankton/ cyanobacterial toxin/ blue-green algae/ Caruaru/ Brazil/
drinking water.

568\. Donati, C.; Drikas, M.; Hayes, R.; and Newcombe, G. (1994).
Microcystin-LR adsorption by powdered activated carbon. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(8):1735-1742. Keywords: microcystin/
powdered activated carbon/ surface characteristics/ pore sizes/
adsorption isotherms/ dissolved organics/ competitive adsorption/ HPLC.

569\. Done, S. H. and Bain, M. (1993). Hepatic necrosis in sheep
associated with ingestion of blue-green algae. [Vet. Record]{.underline}
[133]{.underline}(24):600. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ hepatic necrosis/
sheep.

570\. Doucette, G. J.; Logan, M. M.; Ramsdell, J. S.; and Van Dolah, F.
M. (1997). Development and preliminary validation of a microtiter
plate-based receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning
toxins. [Toxicon]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(5):625-637. Keywords:
PSP/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ assay/ development.

571\. Douglas, S. E. and Turner, S. (1991). Molecular evidence for the
orgin of plastids from a cyanobacterium-like ancestor. [J. Mol.
Evol.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(3):267-273. Keywords: molecular
phylogeny/ plastid/ algae/ plant/ small subunit RNA.

572\. Drager, B. (2002). Analysis of tropane and related alkaloids. [J.
Chromat. A]{.underline} [978]{.underline}(1-2):1-35. Keywords: reviews/
tropane alkaloids/ alkaloids/ hyoscyamine/ scopolamine/ cocaine/
calystegine/ anatoxin/ toxins.

573\. Draisci, R.; Ferretti, E.; Palleschi, L.; and Marchiafava, C.
(2001). Identification of anatoxins in blue-green algae food supplements
using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. [Food Add.
Contam.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(6):525-531. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ anatoxins/ food supplement/ mass spectrometry.

574\. Druart, J. C. and Briand, J. F. (2002). First record of
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* (Woloszynska) Seenaya et Subba Raju
(cyanobacteria) in a lotic system in France. [Ann. Limnol.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(4):339-342. Keywords: potentially toxic cyanobacteria/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ River Seine/ lotic system/ France.

575\. Dryden, R. C. and Wright, S. J. L. (1987). Predation of
cyanobacteria by protozoa. [Can. J. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}:471-482. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ protozoa.

576\. Dunlap, W. C.; Chalker, B. E.; and Bandaranayake, W. M. (1988).
New sunscreening agents derived from tropical marine organisms of the
Great Barrier Reef, Australia. [The 20t^h^ Annual Meeting of the
Australian Society for Experimental Pathology and the 3^rd^ Meeting of
the Photobiology and Skin Cancer Group]{.underline}. 29 Aug 1988;
Melborne, Australia. Keywords: sunscreening agents/ Australia.

577\. Durany, N.; Riederer, P.; and Deckert, J. (1999). The CNS toxin
anatoxin-a interacts with α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in
human cortex. [Alzheimer\'s Rep.]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}(5):263-266. Keywords: central nervous system/
anatoxin-a/ acetylcholine receptors.

578\. Durrell, L. W. and Deem, A. W. (1940). Toxic algae in Colorado.
[J. Colo. Wyo. Acad. Sci.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(6):18. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Colorado.

579\. Duy, T. N.; Lam, P. K. S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Connell, D. W. (2000).
Toxicology and risk assessment of freshwater cyanobacterial (blue-green
algal) toxins in water. [Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[163]{.underline}:113-185. Keywords: cyclic peptide toxin/ *Anabaena
flos-aquae*/ *Oscillatoria agardhii* strains/ protein phosphatase
bioassay/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ netpen liver disease/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ anatoxin-a/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
dihydromicrocystin-LR.

580\. Dvoráková, D.; Dvoráková, K.; Bláha, L.; Marsálek, B.; and
Knotková, Z. (2002). Effects of cyanobacterial biomass and purified
microcystins on malformations in *Xenopus laevis:* teratogenesis assay
(FETAX). [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(6):547-555.
Keywords: blue-green algae/ microcystin/ *Xenopus laevis*/ malformation/
teratogenesis.

581\. Dyble, J.; Paerl, H. W.; and Neilan, B. A. (2002). Genetic
characterization of *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* (cyanobacteria)
isolates from diverse geographic origins based on nifH and cpcBA-IGS
nucleotide sequence analysis. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[68]{.underline}(5):2567-2571. Keywords: *Anabaena circinalis*/ genus
*Microcystis*/ intergenic spacer/ ribosomal-RNA/ strains/
identification/ phylogeny/ PCR/ Cyanophyceae/ Queensland/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*.

582\. Eaglesham, G. K.; Norris, R. L.; Shaw, G. R.; Smith, M. J.;
Chiswell, R. K.; Davis, B. C.; Neville, G. R.; Seawright, A. A.; and
Moore, M. R. (1999). Use of HPLC-MS/MS to monitor cylindrospermopsin, a
blue-green algal toxin, for public health purposes. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):151-154. Keywords: HPLC-MS-MS/
monitor cylindrospermopsin/ public health.

583\. Ebrahimzadeh, A. and Rogers, L. (1995). Diarrhea caused by a
cyanobacterium-like organism. [Eur. J. Epidemiol.]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(6):661-664. Keywords: cyanobacterium-like organism/
diarrhea/ risk factors/ travel.

584\. Eckhart, K. (1994). Review---mass spectrometry of cyclic peptides.
[Mass Spec. Rev.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(1):23-55. Keywords:
cyclic peptides/ mass spectrometry.

585\. Eckholm, E. Science tries to harness bacterial overachievers:
blue-green \'algae\' sought for service in farm and pharmacy. (1987,
Feb. 29). [New York Times]{.underline}. Section C: pp. 1,5. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ farm/ pharmacy.

586\. Edler, L.; Fernö, S.; Lind, M. G.; Lundberg, R.; and Nilsson, P.
O. (1985). Mortality of dogs associated with a bloom of the
cyanobacterium *Nodularia spumigena* in the Baltic Sea.
[Ophelia]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(2):103-109. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Nodularia spumigena*/ Baltic Sea.

587\. Edwards, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Scrimgeour, C. M.; and Codd, G. A.
(1992). Identification of anatoxin-a in benthic cyanobacteria
(blue-green alge) and in associated dog poisonings at Loch Insh,
Scotland. [Toxicon]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(10):1165-1175.
Keywords: identification/ anatoxin-a/ dog poisonings/ Loch Insh/
Scotland.

588\. Edwards, C.; Lawton, L. A.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.;
Pleasance, S.; and Dear, G. J. (1993). Analysis of microcystins from
cyanobacteria by liquid-chromatography with mass-spectrometry using
atmospheric pressure ionization. [Rapid Commun. Mass Spec.]{.underline}
[7]{.underline}(8):714-721. Keywords: LC-MS/ analysis/ microcystins.

589\. Edwards, C.; Lawton, L. A.; Coyle, S. M.; and Ross, P. (1996).
Laboratory-scale purification of microcystins using flash chromatography
and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. [J. Chromat.
A]{.underline} [734]{.underline}:163-173. Keywords: flash
chromatography/ preparative chromatography/ peptides/ microcystins.

590\. Edwards, H. G. M.; Garcia-Pichel, F.; Newton, E. M.; and
Wynn-Williams, D. D. (2000). Vibrational Raman spectroscopic study of
scytonemin, the UV-protective cyanobacterial pigment. [Spec. Acta
A--Mol. Biomol. Spec.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(1):193-200.
Keywords: Raman spectroscopy/ scytonemin/ cyanobacterial pigment/
UV-protection/ Antarctic.

591\. Effmert, U.; Mundt, S.; Krause, E.; and Teuscher, E. (1991).
Immunosuppressive activity of the ingredients of *Oscillatoria redekei*
van Goor (Cyanophyceae). \[Zur immunseppressiven Wirkung von
Inhaltsstoffen aus *Oscillatoria redekei* van Goor (Cyanophyceae)\].
[Pharmazie]{.underline} [46]{.underline}(1):59. Keywords:
immunosuppressive activity/ *Oscillatoria redekei*. (German)

592\. Ehresmann, D. W.; Deig, E. F.; Hatch, M. T.; DiSalvo, L. H.; and
Vedros, N. A. (1977). Antiviral substances from California marine algae.
[J. Phycol.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}:37-40. Keywords: antiviral
substances/ marine algae/ California.

593\. Einarsson, S.; Josefsson, B.; Möller, P.; and Sanchez, D. (1987).
Separation of amino acid enantiomers and chiral amines using precolumn
derivatization with (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate and
reversed-phase liquid chromatography. [Analyt. Chem.]{.underline}
[59]{.underline}:1191-1195. Keywords: amino acid enantiomers/ chiral
amines/ separation/ reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

594\. Ekman-Ekebom, M.; Kauppi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Niemi, M.; and Lepistö,
L. (1992). Toxic cyanobacteria in some Finnish lakes. [Environ. Toxicol.
Water Qual.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}:201-213. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
Finland/ lakes.

595\. El-Ayouty, Y. M. and Abdel-Rahman, S. (1996). Structural
variations in peptide toxins of *Microcystis aeruginosa* grown on
different carbon sources. [J. Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[5]{.underline}(1):39-47. Keywords: structural variations/ toxins/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ carbon sources.

596\. El-Fouly, M. M. (1980). Prospects of algae research in Egypt. [The
Second Egyptian Algae Symposium]{.underline}. National Research Center:
Cairo. 232 pp. March 11-13, 1979; Cairo. Keywords: algae research/
Egypt.

597\. El Saadi, O. and Cameron, A. S. (1993). Illness associated with
blue-green algae. [Med. J. Aust.]{.underline}
[158]{.underline}(11):792-293. Keywords: blue-green algae/ illness.
(Letter to Editor)

598\. El Saadi, O.; Esterman, A. J.; Cameron, S.; and Roder, D. M.
(1995). Murray River water, raised cyanobacterial cell counts, and
gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms. [Med. J.
Aust.]{.underline} [162]{.underline}:122-125. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms/ Murray River/ Australia.

599\. Eldefrawi, M. E.; Eldefrawi, A. T.; Mansour, N. A.; Daly, J. W.;
Witkop, B.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1978). Acetylcholine receptor and
ionic channel of *Torpedo* electroplax: binding of
perhydrohistrionicotoxin to membrane and solubilized preparations.
[Biochem.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}:5474-5484. Keywords:
acetylcholine receptor/ ionic channel/ *Torpedo*/ rayw.

600\. Elder, G. H.; Hunter, P. R.; and Codd, G. A. (1993). Hazardous
freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). [Lancet]{.underline}
[341]{.underline}(8859):1519-1520. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ freshwater/
hazardous.

601\. Elleman, T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and Runnegar,
M. T. C. (1978). Isolation, characterization and pathology of the toxin
from a *Microcystis aeruginosa* (= *Anacystis cyanea)* bloom. [Aust. J.
Biol. Sci.]{.underline} [31]{.underline}:209-218. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Anacystis cyanea*/ isolation/
characterization.

602\. Elleman, T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Cumming, R.
B.; and Brunner, J. F. (1986). Experimental acute intoxication of young
layer and broiler-chickens with the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga)
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Avian Pathol.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(4):741-748. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ chickens.

603\. Ells, B.; Froese, K.; Hrudey, S. E.; Purves, R. W.; Guevremont,
R.; and Barnett, D. A. (2000). Detection of microcystins using
electrospray ionization high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass
spectrometry/mass spectrometry. [Rapid Commun. Mass Spec.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(16):1538-1542. Keywords: blue-green-alga/ performance
liquid chromatography/ protein phosphatases/ tumor promotion/
cyanobacteria/ toxins/ separation/ inhibition/ identification.

604\. Eloff, J. N. (1987). [Isolation, Chemical Characterization and
Taxonomic Implications of the Toxins in *Microcystis aeruginosa*
Isolates]{.underline}. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of the Orange Free State,
Republic of South Africa, 8 Chapters. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena*/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*.

605\. Eloff, J. N. (1982). A specific ultraviolet absorbance band of
*Microcystis aeruginosa* toxins. [J. Limnol. Soc. S. Afr.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}(1):5-7. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
ultraviolet absorbance band.

606\. Eloff, J. N.; Krüger, G. H. J.; and Van der Westhuizen, A. J.
(1980). A comparison of multiple container and tubular system for the
large scale culture of unicellular algae. [J. Limnol. Soc. S.
Afr.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}(2):93-95. Keywords: culture/
unicellular algae.

607\. Eloff, J. N.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Kycia, H. (1982). Amino acid
sequence of two toxic peptides from *Microcystis* *aeruginosa* UV-006.
[S. Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline} [78]{.underline}(9):377. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis* *aeruginosa*/ peptide/ amino acid sequence.
(Abstract)

608\. Eloff, J. N.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Kycia, H. (1982). Comparative
study on the toxins from several *Microcystis aeruginosa* isolates. [S.
Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline} [78]{.underline}(9):377. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ comparative study. (Abstract)

609\. Eloff, J. N.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Kycia, H. (1982). Extraction,
isolation and stability of toxins from *Microcystis* *aeruginosa.* [S.
Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline} [78]{.underline}(9):377-378. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ extraction/ isolation. (Abstract)

610\. Elster, H. J. (1955). Toxic effects of phytoplankton (Toxische
wirkungen des phytoplanktons). [Naturwiss Rundsch.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}:318. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (German)

611\. Endean, R.; Monks, S. A.; Griffith, J. K.; and Llewellyn, L. E.
(1993). Apparent relationships between toxins elaborated by the
cyanobacterium *Trichodesmium erythraeum* and those present in the flesh
of the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel *Scomberomorus commersoni.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(9):1155-1165. Keywords:
relationship/ toxins/ *Trichodesmium erythraeum*/ mackerel/
*Scomberomorus commersoni*.

612\. Engström, J.; Koski, M.; Viitasalo, M.; Reinikainen, M.; Repka,
S.; and Sivonen, K. (2000). Feeding interactions of the copepods
*Eurytemora affinis* and *Acartia bifilosa* with the cyanobacteria
*Nodularia* sp. [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(7):1403-1409. Keywords: food quality/ Baltic sea/
behavior/ zooplankton/ tonsa/ *Oscillatoria*/ rotifers/ *Daphnia*/
blooms/ size.

613\. Engström, J.; Viherluoto, M.; and Viitasalo, M. (2001). Effects of
toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria on grazing, zooplanktivory and
survival of the mysid shrimp *Mysis mixta.* [J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
Ecol.]{.underline} [257]{.underline}(2):269-280. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon*/ grazing/ *Mysis mixta*/ *Nodularia*/ predation/
survival.

614\. Engström-Ost, J.; Koski, M.; Schmidt, K.; Viitasalo, M.;
Jónasdóttir, S. H.; Kokkonen, M.; Repka, S.; and Sivonen, K. (2002).
Effects of toxic cyanobacteria on plankton assemblage: community
development during decay of *Nodularia spumigena.* [Mar. Ecol.--Prog.
Ser.]{.underline} [232]{.underline}:1-14. Keywords: *Nodularia
spumigena*/ decay/ bacteria/ fatty acids/ nodularin/ ciliates.

615\. Engström-Ost, J.; Lehtiniemi, M.; Green, S.; Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B.;
and Viitasalo, M. (2002). Does cyanobacterial toxin accumulate in mysid
shrimps and fish via copepods? [J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.]{.underline}
[276]{.underline}(1-2):95-107. Keywords: accumulation/ cyanobacteria/
mysid shrimp/ nodularin/ three-spined stickleback/ hepatotoxin/
microcystin-LR/ northern Baltic Sea/ functional-responses/ zooplankton/
nodularin/ extracts/ Finland/ strains/ growth.

616\. Entzeroth, M.; Mead, D. J.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E.
(1985). A herbicidal fatty acid produced by *Lyngbya aestuarii.*
[Phytochem.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(12):2875-2876. Keywords:
*Lyngbya aestuarii*/ Oscillatoriaceae/ marine alga/ herbicide/ fatty
acid/ 2,5-dimethyldecanoic acid.

617\. Entzeroth, M.; Moore, R. E.; Niemczura, W. P.; and Patterson, G.
M. L. (1986). O-actyl-O-butyrl-O-carbamoyl-O, O-dimethyl-α-cyclodextrins
from the cyanophyte *Tolypothrix byssoidea.* [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[51]{.underline}(26):5307-5310. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Tolypothrix
byssoidea*/ structure.

618\. Erdem, A.; Kerman, K.; Meric, B.; Ozkan, D.; Kara, P.; and Ozsoz,
M. (2002). DNA biosensor for *Microcystis* spp. sequence detection by
using methylene blue and ruthenium complex as electrochemical
hybridization labels. [Turkish J. Chem.]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(6):851-862. Keywords: DNA biosensor/ *Microcystis*/
methylene blue/ ruthenium bipyridine.

619\. Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H., and Jungblut, P. (2001). Rapid typing
and structure determination of cyanobacterial peptides using MALDI-TOF
mass spectrometry. In: I. Chorus, (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp.
344-353. Keywords: structure determination/ cyanobacterial peptides/
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

620\. Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H.; and Jungblut, P. R. (1999). Rapid
identification of the new anabaenopeptin G from *Planktothrix agardhii*
HUB 011 using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight
mass spectrometry. [Rapid Commun. Mass Spec.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}:337-343. Keywords: identification/ anabaenopeptin/
*Planktothrix agardhii*/ mass spectrometry/ MALDI.

621\. Eriksson, J. E. (1989). Cyclic peptide toxins from blue-green
algae. [Nordic Symposium on Organic Environmental
Chemicals]{.underline}. Sept. 9-11, 1989; Joensuu. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ cyclic peptide toxins. (Foreword)

622\. Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Fisk- och fageldod i samband med toxiska
algblomningar - I kurskompendiet \"Informationskurs om planktonalger -
sarskilt toxinproducerande blagrona alger\". [Statens
veterinarmedicinska anstalt]{.underline}. March 21-22, 1988; Uppsala,
Sweden. Keywords: cyanotoxins. (Swedish)

623\. Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Strukturella och toxikologiska egenskaper
hos algtoxiner - I kurskompendiet \"Informationskurs om planktonalger -
sarskilt toxinproducerande blagrona alger\". [Statens
veterinarmedicinska anstalt]{.underline}. March 21-22, 1988; Uppsala,
Sweden. Keywords: cyanotoxins. (Swedish)

624\. Eriksson, J. E. (1989). Toxic algae and algal toxins. [10^th^
Annual Symposium Finnish Society Toxicology]{.underline}. May 19-20,
1989; Åbo, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxins. (Meeting Abstract)

625\. Eriksson, J. E. (1990). [Toxic Peptides from
Cyanobacteria---Characterization and Cellular Mode of
Action]{.underline}. Ph.D Thesis. Dept. of Biology, Åbo Akademi
University, Turku, Finland. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxic peptides/
characterization/ mode of action.

626\. Eriksson, J. E.; Bylund, G.; and Lindholm, T. (1986). The toxin of
the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* and its effects on common
carp (*Cyprinus carpio* L.). [Toxicology Symposium Finnish Society
Toxicology]{.underline}. April 4-5, 1986; Joensuu. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ carp/ *Cyprinus carpio*. (Poster)

627\. Eriksson, J. E.; Grönberg, L.; Nygård, S.; Slotte, J. P.; and
Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1990). Hepatocellular uptake of
^3^H-dihydromicrocystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin. [Biochim. Biophys.
Acta]{.underline} [1025]{.underline}(1):60-66. Keywords: cyanobacterial
toxins/ peptide toxin/ transport/ microcystin/ bile acid/ mouse cell/
human cell.

628\. Eriksson, J. E.; Hägerstrand, H.; and Isomaa, B. (1987). Cell
selective cytotoxicity of a peptide toxin from cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Biochim. Biophys. Acta]{.underline}
[930]{.underline}(3):304-310. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ peptide/ cytotoxic/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*. (Technical Note)

629\. Eriksson, J. E. and Isomaa, B. (1986). *In vitro* effects of toxic
peptides from *Microcystis aeruginosa* and *Oscillatoria agardhii* on
various cell types. [Nordic Workshop Toxic Cyanophytes]{.underline}.
Sept. 24-25, 1986; Huso Biological Station, Finland. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ peptide.
(Meeting Abstract)

630\. Eriksson, J. E. and Lindholm, T. (1986). Can cyanobacterial toxins
bioaccumulate? [Fourth International Symposium Microbial
Ecology]{.underline}. August 24-29, 1986; Ljubljana, Yugoslavia.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ accumulation.

631\. Eriksson, J. E. and Lindholm, T. (1988). Sinilevakukintojen
aiheuttamat lintu-ja kalakuolemat. Vesistojen levahaitat. Maakunnallinen
vesipaiva. [Lahtis Motespublikation]{.underline}. May 18; Keywords:
cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

632\. Eriksson, J. E. and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1988). Mechanisms of
microcystin-induced toxicity. [Toxinproducing Algae]{.underline}. Oct.
10-21, 1988; Oslo, Norway. Keywords: toxicity/ microcystin/ mechanisms.
(Meeting Abstract)

633\. Eriksson, J. E. and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1988). Similar peptide
hepatotoxins from four different cyanobacterial genera.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(1):43. Keywords: cytotoxicity/
peptide toxins/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
*Oscillatori agardhii*/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ rat. (IX^th^ World
Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, July 31-Aug. 5, 1988,
Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA --- Meeting Abstract)

634\. Eriksson, J. E. and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1987). Sinilevat
Rehevoityneiden vesien kesavitsaus. [Suomen Luonto]{.underline}
[5]{.underline}:16-18. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

635\. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Fagerlund, K.; and Hällbom,
L. (1987). Common properties of cyanobacterial peptide toxins.
[Symposium Biochemistry Algae and Cyanobacteria]{.underline}. April 7-9,
1987; Aberyswyth, Wales. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ peptide toxins/ common
properties. (Poster)

636\. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Kujari, H. P.; Al-Layl, K.
J.; and Codd, G. A. (1988). Cellular effects of cyanobacterial peptide
toxins. [Tox. Assess.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(5):511-517. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ peptide toxins/ cellular effects. (First Biennial Water
Quality Symposium, Aug. 29-Sept. 5, 1988; Banff, Canada --- Meeting
Abstract)

637\. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Kujari, H. P.; Österlund,
K.; Fagerlund, K.; and Hällbom, L. (1988). Preliminary characterization
of a toxin isolated from the cyanobacterium *Nodularia spumigena.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(2):161-166. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Nodularia spumigena*/ toxin characterization.

638\. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Kujari, H. P.; and Skulberg,
O. M. (1988). A comparison of toxins isolated from the cyanobacteria
*Oscillatoria* *agardhii* and *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Comp. Biochem.
Physiol.--C: Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol.]{.underline}
[89C]{.underline}(2):207-210. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Oscillatoria*
*agardhii*/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ comparison.

639\. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; and Lindholm, T. (1989).
Accumulation of a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium *Oscillatoria
agardhii* in the freshwater mussel *Anadonta cygnea.*
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [183]{.underline}(3):211-216. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ freshwater mussels/ toxin accumulation/ tissue
distribution/ HPLC/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*.

640\. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; and Lindholm, T. (1986).
Accumulation of a peptide toxin of *Oscillatoria agardhii.* [Nordic
Workshop Toxic Cyanophytes]{.underline}. Sept. 24-25, 1986; Huso
Biological Station, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Oscillatoria
agardhii*/ peptide. (Meeting Abstract)

641\. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; and Lindholm, T. (1986). Can
cyanobacterial peptide toxins accumulate in aquatic food chains? In: F.
Megusar and M. Gantar, (eds.) [Perspectives in Microbial
Ecology]{.underline}. Slovene Soc. Microbiol.: pp. 655-658. Proceedings
of the Fourth International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Aug. 24-29,
1986; Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, 655-658. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ peptide/
accumulation.

642\. Eriksson, J.E.; Meriluoto, J.A.O.; and Lindholm, T. (1987).
Cyanobacterial toxins---physiological and ecological effects. In:
[Rapport till Finlans Akademi]{.underline}. 12 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ ecological effects/ physiological effects.

643\. Eriksson, J. E. and Paatero, G. (1988). Cytoskeletal and
ultrastructural alterations in isolated rat hepatocytes induced by a
peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [IV.
International Congress Cell Biology]{.underline}. Aug. 14-19, 1988;
Montreal, Canada. Keywords: hepatocytes/ rat/ alterations/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*. (Poster)

644\. Eriksson, J. E. and Paatero, G. (1987). Sinilevien
peptiditoksiinien vaikutukset maksasoluissa.
[FINEM-skolningsdagar]{.underline}. Oct. 5-7, 1987; MS Mariella.
Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Poster --- Finnish)

645\. Eriksson, J. E.; Paatero, G. I. L.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Codd, G.
A.; Kass, G. E. N.; Nicotera, P.; and Orrenius, S. (1989). Rapid
microfilament reorganization induced in isolated rat hepatocytes by
microcystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin. [Exp. Cell Res.]{.underline}
[185]{.underline}(1):86-100. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ rat hepatocytes/
microfilament reorganization.

646\. Eriksson, J. E.; Toivola, D.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Karaki, H.;
Han, Y-G.; and Hartshorne, D. (1990). Hepatocyte deformation induced by
cyanobacterial toxins reflects inhibition of protein phosphatases.
[Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.]{.underline}
[173]{.underline}(3):1347-1353. Keywords: protein phosphatase
inhibition/ cyanotoxins/ hepatocyte deformation.

647\. Eriksson, J. E.; Toivola, D. M.; Reinikainen, M.; Råbergh, C. M.
I.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1994). Testing of toxicity in cyanobacteria
by cellular assays. In: G. A. Codd, T. M. Jefferies, C. W. Keevil, and
E. Potter, (eds.) [Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial
Toxins]{.underline}. Royal Soc. Chem.: Cambridge. pp. 75-84. The
Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Detection Methods
for Cyanobacterial (Blue-green Algal) Toxins. Sept. 27-29, 1993;
University of Bath, UK. Keywords: testing/ toxicity/ cyanobacteria.

648\. Ernst, B.; Hitzfeld, B. C.; and Dietrich, D. (2001). Presence of
*Planktothrix* sp. and cyanobacterial toxins in Lake Ammersee, Germany
and their impact on whitefish (*Coregonus lavaretus* L.). [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(6):483-488. Keywords:
*Planktothrix*/ presence/ Lake Ammersee/ Germany/ impact/ whitefish/
*Coregonus lavaretus*.

649\. Ernst-Russell, M. A. and Molinski, T. F. (2001). New bioactive
peptides from Bahamian marine cyanobacteria. [Abstr. Papers Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [221]{.underline}(Pt. 2):U151. Keywords:
cyanobacteria.

650\. Evans, M. H. (1965). Cause of death in experimental paralytic
shellfish poisoning (PSP). [Br. J. Exp. Pathol.]{.underline}
[46]{.underline}(3):245-253. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisoning/
PSP/ cause of death.

651\. Evans, M. H. (1964). Paralytic effects of \"paralytic shellfish
poison\" on frog nerve and muscle. [Br. J. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}:478-485. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poison/ PSP/
*Saxidomus giganteus*/ frog.

652\. Everist, S. L. (1974). [Poisonous Plants of
Australia]{.underline}. Angus and Robertson: Sydney. pp. 566-569, 684
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Australia.

653\. Eynard, F.; Mez, K.; and Walther, J. L. (2000). Risk of
cyanobacterial toxins in Riga waters. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(11):2979-2988. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxic blooms/
microcystin-LR/ protein phosphatase inhibition assay/ drinking water/
groundwater/ Lake Mazais Baltezers/ Riga, Latvia.

654\. Fabbro, L. D. and Duivenvoorden, L. J. (1996). Profile of a bloom
of the cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopis raciborskii* (Woloszynska)
Seenaya and Subba Raju in the Fitzroy River in tropical central
Queensland. [Mar. Freshwater Res.]{.underline} [47]{.underline}:685-694.
Keywords: profile/ *Cylindrospermopis raciborskii*/ Fitzroy River/
Queensland/ Australia.

655\. Fairey, E. R. and Ramsdell, J. S. (1999). Reporter gene assays for
algal-derived toxins. [Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[7]{.underline}(6):415-421. Keywords: brevetoxin/ ciguatoxin/ saxitoxin/
maitotoxin/ *Pfiesteria piscicida*.

656\. Falch, B. S.; König, G. M.; Wright, A. D.; Sticher, O.;
Angerhofer, C. K.; Pezzuto, J. M.; and Bachmann, H. (1995). Biological
activities of cyanobacteria: evaluation of extracts and pure compounds.
[Planta Medica]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(4):321-328. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ biological activities/ brine shrimp lethality/ cytotoxic/
antimicrobial/ *Fischerella ambigua*/ ambigol A/ ambigol B/ tjipanazole
D.

657\. Falconer, I. R. (1993). Algal toxins and bellyaches beyond the
Barcoo. [Med. J. Aust.]{.underline} [158]{.underline}:433-434. Keywords:
Palm Island/ cyanotoxins. (Letter to Editor)

658\. Falconer, I. R. (1998). Algal toxins and human health. In: J.
Hrubec (ed.) [The Handbook of Environment Chemistry---Quality and
Treatment of Drinking Water II]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: Berlin
Heidelberg, Vol. 5, Part C, pp. 53-82. Keywords: algal toxins/ human
health.

659\. Falconer, I. R. (1993). [Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking
Water]{.underline}. Academic Press: London. 224 pp. Keywords: algal
toxins/ seafood/ drinking water.

660\. Falconer, I. R. (1989). Effects on human health of some toxic
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in reservoirs, lakes and rivers. [Tox.
Assess.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}(2):175-184. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
reservoirs/ lakes/ rivers/ human health.

661\. Falconer, I. R. (1999). An overview of problems caused by toxic
blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in drinking and recreational water.
[Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):5-12. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ toxic/ drinking water/ recreational water.

662\. Falconer, I. R. (1993). Paralytic shellfish poisons from
freshwater blue-green algae---comment. [Med. J. Aust.]{.underline}
[159]{.underline}(6):423. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisons/ PSP/
cyanobacteria/ freshwater. (Letter to the Editor)

663\. Falconer, I. R. (1992). Poisoning by blue-green algae. In: I. R.
Falconer, D. Watters, M. Lavin, D. Maguire, and J. Pearn (eds.) [Toxins
and Targets. Effects of Natural and Synthetic Poisons on Living Cells
and Fragile Ecosystems]{.underline}. pp. 49-54, Ch. 6. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ poisoning.

664\. Falconer, I. R. (1996). Potential impact on human health of
cyanobacteria. [Phycologia]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(6
Suppl.):74-79. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ impact/ human health.

665\. Falconer, I. R. (2001). Toxic cyanobacterial bloom problems in
Australian waters: risks and impacts on human health.
[Phycologia]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(3):228-233. Keywords:
Australia/ toxic blooms/ cyanobacteria/ health/ blue-green alga/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* Woloszynska/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
drinking water/ protein phosphatase 1/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ tumor
promotion/ liver/ exposure/ LR.

666\. Falconer, I. R. (1991). Tumor promotion and liver injury caused by
oral consumption of cyanobacteria. [Environ. Toxicol. Water
Qual.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}(2):177-184. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
tumor promotion/ liver damage.

667\. Falconer, I. R.; Beresford, A. M.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1983).
Evidence of liver damage by toxin from a bloom of the blue-green alga,
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Med. J. Aust.]{.underline}
[1]{.underline}:511-514. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
hepatotoxin.

668\. Falconer, I. R.; Buckley, T.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1986).
Biological half-life, organ distribution and excretion of ^125^I-labeled
toxic peptide from the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Aust.
J. Biol. Sci.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(1):17-21. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ peptide.

669\. Falconer, I. R. and Buckley, T. H. (1989). Tumour promotion by
*Microcystis* sp., a blue-green alga occurring in water supplies. [Med.
J. Aust.]{.underline} [150]{.underline}(6):351. Keywords: tumor
promotion/ *Microcystis*/ water supplies.

670\. Falconer, I. R.; Burch, M. D.; Steffensen, D. A.; Choice, M.; and
Coverdale, O. R. (1994). Toxicity of the blue-green alga
(cyanobacterium) *Microcystis aeruginosa* in drinking water to growing
pigs, as an animal model for human injury and risk assessment. [Environ.
Toxicol. Water Qual.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(2):131-139. Keywords:
cyanotoxicity/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ drinking water/ pigs/ model/
human injury and risk assessment.

671\. Falconer, I. R.; Choice, A.; and Hosja, W. (1992). Toxicity of
edible mussels (*Mytilus edulis*) growing naturally in an estuary during
a water bloom of the blue-green algae *Nodularia spumigena.* [Environ.
Toxicol. Water Qual.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(2):119-123. Keywords:
toxicity/ mussels/ *Mytilus edulis*/ *Nodularia spumigena* waterbloom.

672\. Falconer, I. R.; Dornbusch, M.; Moran, G.; and Yeung, S. K.
(1992). Effect of the cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins from
*Microcystis aeruginosa* on isolated enterocytes from the chicken small
intestine. [Toxicon]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(7):790-793. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ chicken intestine/ enterocytes.

673\. Falconer, I. R.; Hardy, S. J.; Humpage, A. R.; Froscio, S. M.;
Tozer, G. J.; and Hawkins, P. R. (1999). Hepatic and renal toxicity of
the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* in
male swiss albino mice. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):143-150. Keywords: toxicity/ *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii*/ male mice.

674\. Falconer, I. R. and Humpage, A. R. (2001). Preliminary evidence
for *in vivo* tumour initiation by oral administration of extracts of
the blue-green alga *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* containing the
toxin cylindrospermopsin. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(2):192-195. Keywords: *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
cylindrospermopsin/ drinking water/ carcinogenesis.

675\. Falconer, I. R.; Jackson, A. R. B.; Langley, J.; and Runnegar, M.
T. C. (1981). Liver pathology in mice in poisoning by the blue-green
alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Aust. J. Biol. Sci.]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(2):179-188. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin/ mice.

676\. Falconer, I. R. and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1987). Effects of the
peptide toxin from *Microcystis aeruginosa* on intracellular calcium, pH
and membrane integrity in mammalian cells. [Chem-Biol.
Inter.]{.underline} [63]{.underline}:215-225. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ peptide/ calcium/ pH/ membrane integrity.

677\. Falconer, I. R. and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1987). Toxic peptide from
the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa* ---effects on hepatocytes
and thymocytes. [Biochem. Soc. Trans.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(3):468-469. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ hepatocytes/ thymocytes. (Meeting
Abstract)

678\. Falconer, I. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Buckley, T.; Huyn, V. L.; and
Bradshaw, P. (1989). Using activated carbon to remove toxicity from
drinking water containing cyanobacterial blooms. [J. Am. Water Works
Assoc.]{.underline} [81]{.underline}(2):102-105. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
drinking water/ activated carbon/ toxicity removal.

679\. Falconer, I. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; and Huyn, V. L. (1983).
Effectiveness of activated carbon in the removal of algal toxin from
potable water supplies: a pilot plant investigation. In: [Tenth Federal
Convention of the Australian Water and Wastewater
Association]{.underline}. Australian Water and Wastewater Association:
Australia. pp. 26.1 to 26.8. April, 1983; Sydney. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
activated carbon/ toxin removal/ drinking water. (Technical Paper)

680\. Falconer, I. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and
McInnes, A. (1983). The occurrence and consequences of blooms of the
toxic blue-green alga *M. aeruginosa* in eastern Australia.
[Toxicon]{.underline}(3 Suppl.):119-121. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ occurrence/ consequences/ Australia.

681\. Falconer, I. R.; Smith, J. V.; Jackson, A. R. B.; Jones, A.; and
Runnegar, M. T. C. (1988). Oral toxicity of a bloom of the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* administered to mice over
periods up to one year. [J. Toxicol. Environ. Health]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(3):291-305. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ mice/ oral toxicity.

682\. Falconer, I. R. and Yeung, S. K. (1992). Cytoskeletal changes in
hepatocytes induced by *Microcystis* toxins and their relation to
hyperphosphorylation of cell proteins. [Chem-Biol. Inter.]{.underline}
[81]{.underline}(1-2):181-196. Keywords: hepatocytes/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ cyanotoxins.

683\. Fallon, R. D. and Brock, T. D. (1979). Lytic organisms and
photooxodative effects: influence on blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in
Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(3):499-505. Keywords: lytic organisms/ cyanobacteria/
Lake Mendota/ Wisconsin.

684\. Fastner, J.; Chorus, I.; Willmitzer, H.; and Rabe, C. (2001).
Reducing intake of microcystins at the Deesbach Reservoir drinking water
abstraction system. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp.
229-238. 357 pp. Keywords: reducing intake/ microcystins/ Deesbach
Reservoir/ drinking water.

685\. Fastner, J.; Codd, G. A.; Metcalf, J. S.; Woitke, P.; Wiedner, C.;
and Utkilen, H. (2002). An international intercomparison exercise for
the determination of purified microcystin-LR and microcystins in
cyanobacterial field material. [Analyt. Bioanalyt. Chem.]{.underline}
[374]{.underline}(3):437-444. Keywords: microcystin/ intercomparison/
HPLC/ cyanobacteria/ analysis.

686\. Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sun, F.; Rinehart, K.
L.; Rönicke, H.; and Chorus, I. (1999). Characterization and diversity
of microcystins in natural blooms and strains of the genera
*Microcystis* and *Planktothrix* from German freshwaters. [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [145]{.underline}(2):147-163. Keywords:
microcystins/ characterization/ diversity/ *Microcystis*/
*Planktothrix*/ German/ freshwaters.

687\. Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; and Neumann, U. (2001). Microcystin
variants in *Microcystis* and *Planktothrix* dominated field samples.
In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 148-152. 357
pp. Keywords: Microcystin variants/ *Microcystis*/ *Planktothrix*.

688\. Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; and von Döhren, H. (2001). Determination
of oligopeptide diversity within a natural population of *Microcystis*
spp. (cyanobacteria) by typing single colonies by matrix-assisted laser
desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}:5069-5076. Keywords:
determination/ oligopeptide diversity/ *Microcystis*/ MALDI.

689\. Fastner, J.; Flieger, I.; and Neumann, U. (1998). Optimised
extraction of microcystins from field samples---a comparison of
different solvents and procedures. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(10):3177-3181. Keywords: microcystin extraction/ field
samples/ procedure comparison.

690\. Fastner, J.; Heinze, R.; and Chorus, I. (1995). Microcystin
content, hepatotoxicity and cytotoxicity of cyanobacteria in some German
water bodies. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(4):165-170. Keywords: microcystin/ hepatotoxicity/
cytotoxicity/ Germany.

691\. Fastner, J.; Neumann, U.; Wirsing, B.; Weckesser, J.; Wiedner, C.;
Nixdorf, B.; and Chorus, I. (1999). Microcystins (hepatotoxic
heptapeptides) in German fresh-water bodies \[Correction for 1999,
14(1):13\]. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(2):291.
Keywords: microcystins/ Germany/ freshwater.

692\. Fastner, J.; Neumann, U.; Wirsing, B.; Weckesser, J.; Wiedner, C.;
Nixdorf, B.; and Chorus, I. (1999). Microcystins (hepatotoxic
heptapeptides) in German fresh-water bodies. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):13-22. Keywords: microcystins/
Germany/ freshwater.

693\. Fastner, J.; Wirsing, B.; Wiedner, C.; Heinze, R.; Neumann, U.;
and Chorus, I. (2001). Microcystins and hepatocyte toxicity. In: I.
Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 22-37. 357 pp.
Keywords: microcystins/ hepatocyte toxicity.

694\. Faulkner, D. J. (1988). Marine natural products. [Natural Product
Rep.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(6):613-663. Keywords: marine/ natural
products.

695\. Faulkner, D. J. (1991). Marine natural products (review). [Natural
Product Rep.]{.underline} [8]{.underline}(2):97-147. Keywords: marine/
natural products.

696\. Fautin, D. G. (Ed.) (1988). [Biomedical Importance of Marine
Organisms, Memoirs of California Academy Sciences]{.underline}.
California Academy of Sciences: San Francisco. Vol. 13, 159 pp.
Keywords: marine organisms/ biomedical.

697\. Fawell, J. K.; Mitchell, R. E.; Everett, D. J.; and Hill, R. E.
(1999). The toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins in the mouse: I.
Microcystin-LR. [Human Exp. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(3):162-167. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/
hepatotoxicity/ mouse/ *in vivo*/ risk assessment.

698\. Fawell, J. K.; Mitchell, R. E.; Hill, R. E.; and Everett, D. J.
(1999). The toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins in the mouse: II.
Anatoxin-a. [Human Exp. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(3):168-173. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ anatoxin-a/
neurotoxicity/ mouse/ *in vivo*/ *in vitro*/ risk assessment.

699\. Federal Water Pollution Control Adm. (1967 Oct). Culture medium
for thermophilic blue-greens. In: [Environmental Requirements of
Blue-Green Algae, Symposium]{.underline}. pp. 71. Corvallis, Oregon.
Keywords: culture medium/ cyanobacteria.

700\. Fedorak, P. M. and Huck, P. M. (1988). Microbial metabolism of
cyanobacterial products: batch culture studies with applications to
drinking water treatment. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(10):1267-1277. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ algae/ organic
carbon removal/ mineralization/ eutrophic/ drinking water/
microbiological pretreatment.

701\. Feitz, A. J.; Lukondeh, T.; Moffitt, M. C.; Burns, B. P.; Naidoo,
D.; Della Vedova, J.; Gooden, J. M.; and Neilan, B. A. (2002). Absence
of detectable levels of the cyanobacterial toxin (microcystin-LR)
carry-over into milk. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}(8):1173-1180. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/
microcystin-LR/ milk/ cattle/ carry-over.

702\. Feitz, A. J. and Waite, T. D. (2003). Kinetic Modeling of
TiO~2~-catalyzed photodegradation of trace levels of microcystin-LR.
[Environ. Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(3):561-568.
Keywords: aqueous-solution/ rate constants/ photocatalytic oxidation/
titanium-dioxide/ peroxyl radicals/ hole oxidation/ TiO~2~ film/ oxygen/
water/ degradation.

703\. Feitz, A. J.; Waite, T. D.; Boyden, B. H.; and Jones, G. J.
(2002). Solar pilot-scale photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR.
[J. Adv. Oxidation Technol.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(1):22-26.
Keywords: cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxin/ TiO~2~/
photocatalysis/ solar/ pilot-scale.

704\. Feitz, A. J.; Waite, T. D.; Jones, G. J.; and Boyden, B. H.
(1999). Photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR: conceptual model
and pilot scale studies. [Z. Phys. Chemie]{.underline}
[213]{.underline}(P1):75-86. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/
photocatalysis/ model/ pilot-scale.

705\. Feitz, A. J.; Waite, T. D.; Jones, G. J.; Boyden, B. H.; and Orr,
P. T. (1999). Photocatalytic degradation of the blue-green algal toxin
microcystin-LR in a natural organic-aqueous matrix. [Environ. Sci.
Technol.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(2):243-249. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ photocatalytic degradation.

706\. Fenical, W. (1982). Natural products chemistry in the marine
environment. [Science]{.underline} [215]{.underline}:923-928. Keywords:
marine/ natural products/ chemistry.

707\. Ferguson, A. J. (1997). The role of modeling in the control of
toxic blue-green algae. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[349]{.underline}(Aug):1-4. Keywords: control/ cyanotoxins/ modeling.

708\. Ferguson, J. R.; Lumbard, K. W.; Scheinmann, F.; Stachulski, A.
V.; Stjernlöf, P.; and Sundell, S. (1995). Efficient new syntheses of
(+) and (-)-anatoxin-a: revised configuration of resolved
9-methyl-9-azabicyclo(4.2.1)nonan-2-one. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}(48):8867-8870. Keywords: efficient/ syntheses.

709\. Fergusson, K. M. and Saint, C. P. (2000). Molecular phylogeny of
*Anabaena circinalis* and its identification in environmental samples by
PCR. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}(9):4145-4148. Keywords: phylogeny/ *Anabaena
circinalis*/ identification/ PCR.

710\. Fergusson, K. M. and Saint, C. P. (2003). Multiplex PCR assay for
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* and cylindrospermopsin-producing
cyanobacteria. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(2):120-125. Keywords: *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
cylindrospermopsin/ polyketicle synthase/ peptide synthetase/ multiplex
PCR/ identification/ toxin cylindrospermopsin/ *Umezakia natans*/
Queensland/ Australia/ health/ blooms/ lakes.

711\. Ferrão-Filho, A. S. and Azevedo, S. M. F. O. (2003). Effects of
unicellular and colonial forms of toxic *Microcystis aeruginosa* from
laboratory cultures and natural populations on tropical cladocerans.
[Aquat. Ecol.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(1):23-35. Keywords: feeding
inhibition/ growth bioassay/ life-table/ microcystins/ toxic
cyanobacteria/ tropical zooplankton/ Jacarepagua Lagoon/ Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

712\. Ferrão-Filho, A. S.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; and DeMott, W. R.
(2000). Effects of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria on the life history
of tropical and temperate cladocerans. [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline}
[45]{.underline}(1):1-19. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ effects/ cladocerans.

713\. Ferrão-Filho, A. S.; Domingos, P.; and Azevedo, S. M. F. O.
(2002). Influences of a *Microcystis aeruginosa* Kützing bloom on
zooplankton populations in Jacarepagua Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
[Limnologica]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(4):295-308. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ tropical zooplankton/ *Microcystis*/ microcystins/ toxic
effects/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ blue-green algae/ planktonic rotifers/
toxic cyanobacteria/ chemical defenses/ *Daphnia*/ food/ responses/
temperature/ cladocerans/ Jacarepagua Lagoon/ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

714\. Ferrão-Filho, A. S.; Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B.; and Azevedo, S. M. F.
O. (2002). Accumulation of microcystins by a tropical zooplankton
community. [Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline} [59]{.underline}(3-4):201-208.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ microcystins/
zooplankton/ accumulation/ hypereutrophic/ tropical coastal lagoon/
Brazil.

715\. Ferreira, F. M. B.; Soler, J. M. F.; Fidalgo, M. L.; and
Fernández-Vila, P. (2001). PSP toxins from *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*
(cyanobacteria) collected in the Crestuma-Lever reservoir (Douro river,
northern Portugal). [Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(6):757-761.
Keywords: PSP toxins/ RP-HPLC/ *Aphanizomenon*/ cyanobacteria/ Douro
River/ Portugal.

716\. Ferris, M. J. and Hirsch, C. F. (1991). Method for isolation and
purification of cyanobacteria. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(5):1448-1452. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ isolation/
purification.

717\. Feuerstein, G. and Sirén, A. L. (1988). Mechanisms of anatoxin-a
induced shock. [Circ. Shock]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(4):278.
Keywords: anatoxin-a/ shock. (Meeting Abstract)

718\. Feuillade, J. (1992). Les toxines des cyanobacteries: revue de
synthese. [Rev. Sc. Eau.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}:489-508. Keywords:
cyanotoxins. (French)

719\. Feuillade, M.; Jann-Para, G.; and Feuillade, J. (1996). Toxic
compounds to *Artemia* from blooms and isolates of the cyanobacterium
*Planktothrix rubescens.* [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[138]{.underline}(2):175-186. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Planktothrix
rebescens*/ HPLC/ brine shrimp.

720\. Firkins, G. S. (1953). Toxic algae poisoning. [Iowa State Coll.
Vet.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}:151. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

721\. Fischer, D.; Schlösser, U. G.; and Pohl, P. (1997).
Exopolysaccharide production by cyanobacteria grown in closed
photobioreactors and immobilized using white cotton towelling. [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(3):105-213. Keywords:
exopolysaccharides/ immobilization/ photobioreactors/ *Chroococcus
minutus*/ *Nostoc insulare*.

722\. Fischer, W. J. and Dietrich, D. R. (2000). Pathological and
biochemical characterization of microcystin-induced hepatopancreas and
kidney damage in carp (*Cyprinus carpio).* [Toxicol. Appl.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [164]{.underline}(1):73-81. Keywords: apoptosis/
fish/ histopathology/ immunochemistry/ liver/ hepatopancreas/ kidney/
microcystin/ protein phosphatase 1 and 2A/ toxin/ *Cyprinus carpio*.

723\. Fischer, W. J. and Dietrich, D. R. (2000). Toxicity of the
cyanobacterial cyclic heptapeptide toxins microcystin-LR and -RR in
early life-stages of the African clawed frog. [Aquat.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(3):189-198. Keywords: *Xenopus
laevis*/ microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ uptake/ protein phosphatase1 and
2A/ toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ microcystin-RR.

724\. Fischer, W. J.; Garthwaite, I.; Miles, C. O.; Ross, K. M.; Aggen,
J. B.; Chamberlin, A. R.; Towers, N. R.; and Dietrich, D. R. (2001).
Congener-independent immunoassay for microcystins and nodularins.
[Environ. Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(24):4849-4856.
Keywords: phosphatase inhibition assay/ linked immunosorbent assay/
blue-green algae/ antibodies/ cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ *Anabaena*/
Brazil/ toxins.

725\. Fischer, W. J.; Hagenbuch, B.; Cattori, V.; Meier, P. J.; and
Dietrich, D. R. (1999). The cyclic heptapeptide microcystin, a
cyanobacterial toxin, is transported by the human OATP.
[Hepatology]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(4):1219. Keywords:
microcystin/ transported/ human OATP. (Meeting Abstract)

726\. Fischer, W. J.; Hitzfeld, B. C.; Tencalla, F.; Eriksson, J. E.;
Mikhailov, A.; and Dietrich, D. R. (2000). Microcystin-LR
toxicodynamics, induced pathology, and immunohistochemical localization
in livers of blue-green algae exposed rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus
mykiss).* [Toxicol. Sci.]{.underline} [54]{.underline}(2):365-373.
Keywords: isolated rat hepatocytes/ cyclic peptide toxin/ apoptosis/
fish/ histopathology/ immunohistochemistry/ liver/ microcystin/ protein
phosphatase 1/ protein phosphatase 2A/ serum/ hepatotoxin/ *Oncorhynchus
mykiss*.

727\. Fish, S. A. and Codd, G. A. (1994). Analysis of culture conditions
controlling the yield of bioactive material produced by the
thermotolerant cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) *Phormidium.* [Eur. J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(4):261-266. Keywords: bioactive
material/ cyanobacterium/ factorial design/ *Phormidium*/ siderophore.

728\. Fish, S. A. and Codd, G. A. (1994). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic
activity produced by an isolate of the thermotolerant cyanobacterium
(blue-green alga) *Phormidium* sp. [Biotechnol. Techniques]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}(5):351-356. Keywords: antimicrobial activity/ cytotoxic
activity/ cyanobacteria/ *Phormidium*.

729\. Fish, S. A. and Codd, G. A. (1994). Bioactive compound production
by thermophilic and thermotolerant cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
[World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}:338-341.
Keywords: anti-microbial products/ bioactive products/ blue-green algae/
cyanobacteria/ *Phormidium*.

730\. Fitch, C. P.; Bishop, L. M.; Boyd, W. L.; Gortner, R. A.; Rogers,
C. F.; and Tilden, J. E. (1934). \"Water bloom\" as a cause of poisoning
in domestic animals. [Cornell Vet.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(1):30-39. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ animal poisoning.

731\. Fitzgeorge, R. B.; Clark, S. A.; and Keevil, C. W. (1994). Routes
of intoxication. In: G. A. Codd, T. M. Jefferies, C. W. Keevil, and E.
Potter, (eds.) [Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial
Toxins]{.underline}. Royal Soc. Chem.: Cambridge. pp. 69-74. The
Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Detection Methods
for Cyanobacterial (Blue-green Algal) Toxins. Sept. 27-29, 1993;
University of Bath, UK. Keywords: testing/ toxicity/ cyanobacteria.

732\. Fitzgerald, D. J. (2001). Cyanotoxins and human health---overview.
In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 179-190. 357
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ human health.

733\. Fitzgerald, D. J.; Cunliffe, D. A.; and Burch, M. D. (1999).
Development of health alerts for cyanobacteria and related toxins in
drinking water in South Australia. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):203-209. Keywords: development/ health alerts/
toxins/ drinking water/ Australia.

734\. Fitzgerald, G. P. (1964). The biotic relationships within water
blooms. In: D. F. Jackson (ed.) [Algae and Man]{.underline}. Plenum
Press: New York, pp. 300-306. 434 pp. Keywords: algae bloom/ sequence.

735\. Fitzgerald, G. P. (1969). Some factors in the competition or
antagonism among bacteria, algae, and aquatic weeds. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(4):351-359. Keywords: competition
factors/ bacteria/ algae/ aquatic weeds.

736\. Fitzgerald, G. P.; Gerloff, G. C.; and Skoog, F. (1952). Stream
pollution: studies on chemicals with selective toxicity to blue-green
algae. [Sewage Ind. Wastes]{.underline} [24]{.underline}:888-896.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ stream pollution/ chemical studies.

737\. Fitzgerald, S. D. and Poppenga, R. H. (1993). Toxicosis due to
microcystin hepatotoxins in three Holstein heifers. [J. Vet. Diagn.
Invest.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(4):651-653. Keywords: toxicosis/
microcystin/ hepatotoxins/ cattle deaths/ Michigan.

738\. Fladmark, K. E.; Brustugun, O. T.; Mellgren, G.; Krakstad, C.;
Bøe, R.; Vintermyr, O. K.; Schulman, H.; and Døskeland, S. O. (2002).
Ca^2+^/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is required for
microcystin-induced apoptosis. [J. Biol. Chem.]{.underline}
[277]{.underline}(4):2804-2811. Keywords: light chain kinase/
multifunctional cam kinase/ okadaic acid/ phosphatase inhibitors/
catalytic activity/ calyculin A/ cell line/ calmodulin/ phosphorylation/
autophosphorylation.

739\. Fladmark, K. E.; Serres, M. H.; Larsen, N. L.; Yasumoto, T.; Aune,
T.; and Døskeland, S. O. (1998). Sensitive detection of apoptogenic
toxins in suspension cultures of rat and salmon hepatocytes.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(8):1101-1114. Keywords:
detection/ apoptogenic toxins/ rat/ salmon/ hepatocytes.

740\. Fleming, L. E.; Easom, J.; Baden, D.; Rowan, A.; and Levin, B.
(1999). Emerging harmful algal blooms and human health--- *Pfiesteria*
and related organisms (review). [Toxicologic Pathol.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(5):573-581. Keywords: *Pfiesteria*/ HABs/ human health.

741\. Flett, D.J. and Nicholson, B.C. (1991). [Toxic Cyanobacteria in
Water Supplies. Part 1. Development and Application of Analytical
Techniques]{.underline}. Urban Water Research Association of Australia:
Research Report, 61 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ water supplies/
analytical techniques.

742\. Flint, E. A. (1966). Toxic algae in some New Zealand freshwater
ponds. [NZ. Vet. J.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}:183-185. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ freshwater/ New Zealand.

743\. Flores, E. and Wolk, C. P. (1986). Production, by filamentous,
nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, of a bacteriocin and of other antibiotics
that kill related strains. [Arch. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[145]{.underline}:215-219. Keywords: antibiotics/ bacteriocin/
cyanobacteria/ *Nostoc*.

744\. Flury, T.; Heinze, R.; Wirsing, B.; Fastner, J.; Neumann, U.; and
Weckesser, J. (2001). Comparative evaluation of methods for assessing
microcystin concentrations with a variety of field samples. In: I.
Chrous (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 330-339. 357
pp. Keywords: method evaluation/ microcystin concentrations.

745\. Fontal, O. I.; Vieytes, M. R.; Baptista de Sousa, J. M. V.;
Louzao, M. C.; and Botana, L. M. (1999). A fluorescent microplate assay
for microcystin-LR. [Analyt. Biochem.]{.underline}
[269]{.underline}(2):289-296. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ assay.

746\. Forchert, A.; Neumann, U.; and Papendorf, O. (2001). New
cyanobacterial substances with bioactive properties. In: I. Chorus (ed.)
[Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}.
Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 295-315. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
bioactive properties.

747\. Forro, E.; Arva, J.; and Fulop, F. (2001). Preparation of (1R,8S)-
and (1S,8R)-9-azabicyclo\[6.2.0\]dec-4-en-10-one: potential starting
compounds for the synthesis of anatoxin-a.
[Tetrahed.-Asymmetry]{.underline} [12]{.underline}(4):643-649. Keywords:
enzymatic resolution/ cyanobacterial toxins.

748\. Forsyth, D. J.; Haney, J. F.; and James, M. R. (1992). Direct
observation of toxic effects of cyanobacterial extracellular products on
*Daphnia.* [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [228]{.underline}(2):151-155.
Keywords: observation/ toxic effects/ *Daphnia*.

749\. Forus, I. and Flesja, K. I. (1979). Blagronnalgeforgiftning hos
storfe (Blue-green algal poisoning of cattle). [Norsk
Veterinaertidsskrift]{.underline} [91]{.underline}:427-430. Keywords:
cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

750\. Foulds, I. V.; Granacki, A.; Xiao, C.; Krull, U. J.; Castle, A.;
and Horgen, P. A. (2002). Quantification of microcystin-producing
cyanobacteria and *E-coli* in water by 5 \'-nuclease PCR. [J. Appl.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [93]{.underline} (5):825-834. Keywords:
polymerase chain-reaction/ cyclic heptapeptide/ microcystin/ peptide
synthetase genes/ beta-d- galactosidase/ *Escherichia coli*/
recreational waters/ fecal-coliforms/ probes/ amplification/ bacteria.

751\. Fournie, J. W. and Courtney, L. A. (2002). Histopathological
evidence of regeneration following hepatotoxic effects of the cyanotoxin
microcystin-LR in the hardhead catfish and gulf killifish. [J. Aquat.
Animal Health]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(4):273-280. Keywords: trout
*Oncorhynchus mykiss*/ cyclic peptide toxin/ *Cyprinus carpio* L./
netpen liver disease/ rainbow trout/ hepatocytes/ pathology/ toxicity/
fishes.

752\. Foxall, T. L. (1981). [Effects of a Hepatic Toxin from the
Cyanophyte, *Microcystis aeruginosa*]{.underline}. Ph.D. Thesis.
University of New Hampshire, Durham, N.H. 116 pp. \[Diss. Abstr. Int. B,
[41]{.underline}(11):4031-4032\]. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin.

753\. Foxall, T. L. and Sasner Jr., J. J. (1981). Effects of a hepatic
toxin from the cyanophyte *Microcystis aeruginosa*. In: W. W. Carmichael
(ed.) [The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}.
Plenum Press: New York, pp. 365-387. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin.

754\. Fradkin, S. C. and Gilbert, J. J. (1996). *Daphnia* vertical
distribution and the presence of toxic cyanobacteria.
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [339]{.underline}(1-3):7-12. Keywords:
*Anabaena*/ avoidance/ *Daphnia*/ toxicity/ vertical distribution.

755\. Francis, G. (1878). Poisonous Australian lake.
[Nature]{.underline} [18]{.underline}:11-12. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
Australia.

756\. Franco, J. M. and Fernández-Vila, P. (1993). Separation of
paralytic shellfish toxins by reversed phase high performance liquid
chromatography, with postcolumn reaction and fluorimetric detection.
[Chromatographia]{.underline} [35]{.underline}:9-12. Keywords: column
liquid chromatography/ ion pairing/ paralytic shellfish toxins/
dinoflagellate cultures/ toxic molluscs.

757\. Frangez, R.; Zuzek, M. C.; Mrkun, J.; Suput, D.; Sedmak, B.; and
Kosec, M. (2003). Microcystin-LR affects cytoskeleton and morphology of
rabbit primary whole embryo cultured cells *in vitro.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(8):999-1005. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/ rabbit embryo/ actin filaments/
microtubules/ cytoskeleton/ laser scanning microscope.

758\. Frank, C. A. P. (2002). Microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in
recreational waters in southwestern Germany. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(4):361-366. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Microcysti*s/ nutrients/ toxins/ microcystin/ toxin
equivalents/ recreational lakes/ southwestern Germany.

759\. Frank, C. A. P. and Wolf, H-U. (2002). Assessment of causes,
frequency and toxicological significance of toxic cyanobacteria blooms
in recreational waters in south-west Germany. [Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(4):1775-1778. Keywords:
microcystin/ cyanobacterial blooms/ causes/ frequency/ toxicological
significance/ recreational waters/ Germany.

760\. Frankmölle, W. P.; Knübel, G.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M.
L. (1992). Antifungal cyclic peptides from the terrestrial blue-algae
*Anabaena laxa.* II. Structures of laxaphycins, A, B, D and E. [J.
Antibiot.]{.underline} [45]{.underline}(9):1458-1466. Keywords:
antifungal cyclic peptides/ *Anabaena laxa*/ structures.

761\. Frankmölle, W. P.; Larsen, L. K.; Caplan, F. R.; Patterson, G. M.
L.; Knübel, G.; Levine, I. A.; and Moore, R. E. (1992). Antifungal
cyclic peptides from the terrestrial blue-green alga *Anabaena laxa.* I.
Isolation and biological properties. [J. Antibiot.]{.underline}
[45]{.underline}(9):1451-1457. Keywords: antifungal cyclic peptides/
*Anabaena laxa*/ isolation/ biological properties.

762\. Franz, D. R.; LeClaire, R. D.; Lawrence, W. B.; and Bunner, D. L.
(1988). No effect of modulators of reactive oxygen-induced pathology on
microcystin-LR intoxication. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(11):1098-1101. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ microcystin-LR.

763\. Frazier, K.; Colvin, B.; Styer, E.; Hullinger, G.; and Garcia, R.
(1998). Microcystin toxicosis in cattle due to overgrowth of blue-green
algae. [Vet. Human Toxicol.]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(1):23-24.
Keywords: cattle toxicosis/ microcystin/ hepatotoxins/ hepatocytes/
toxicity/ toxin.

764\. Freeman, K. (2000). Psychic networks---training computers to
predict algal blooms. [Environ. Health Perspect.]{.underline}
[108]{.underline}(10):A464-A467. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ waterblooms/
computer predictions.

765\. Fromme, H.; Kohler, A.; Krause, R.; and Fuhrling, D. (2000).
Occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins---microcystins and anatoxin-a---in
Berlin water bodies with implications to human health and regulations.
[Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(2):120-130. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ surface water/ microcystin/ anatoxin-a/ risk assessment/
risk management/ Berlin rivers Spree, Dahme and Havel/ Germany.

766\. Froscio, S. M.; Humpage, A. R.; Burcham, P. C.; and Falconer, I.
R. (2001). Cell-free protein synthesis inhibition assay for the
cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(5):408-412. Keywords: *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
toxicity assay/ reticulocyte lysate.

767\. Fujii, K.; Harada, K-I.; Suzuki, M.; Kondo, F.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.;
Carmichael, W. W.; and Sivonen, K. (1996). Occurrence of novel cyclic
peptides together with microcystins from toxin cyanobacteria, *Anabaena*
species. In: T. Yasumoto, Y. Oshima, and Y. Fukuyo, (eds.) [Harmful &
Toxic Algal Blooms Proceedings of the 7^th^ International Conference on
Toxic Phytoplankton, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of
UNESCO]{.underline}. UNESCO: Paris. pp. 559-562. July 12-16, 1995;
Sendai, Japan. Keywords: occurrence/ cyclic peptides/ microcystins.

768\. Fujii, K.; Mayumi, T.; Noguchi, K.; Kashiwagi, T.; Akashi, S.;
Sivonen, K.; Hirayama, K.; and Harada, K-I. (2000). Mass spectrometric
studies of peptides from cyanobacteria under FAB MS/MS conditions. [J.
Mass Spec. Soc. Jap.]{.underline} [48]{.underline}(1):56-64. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ peptides/ mass spectrometry/ MS-MS.

769\. Fujii, K.; Shimoya, T.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; and Harada, K-I.
(1998). Further application of advanced Marfey\'s method for
determination of absolute configuration of primary amino compound.
[Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(17):2579-2582. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ Marfey\'s method/ configuration.

770\. Fujii, K.; Sivonen, K.; Naganawa, E.; and Harada, K-I. (2000).
Non-toxic peptides from toxic cyanobacteria, *Oscillatoria agardhii.*
[Tetrahed.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(5):725-733. Keywords: non-toxic
peptides/ cyanotoxin/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*.

771\. Fujii, K.; Sivonen, K.; Nakano, T.; and Harada, K. (2002).
Structural elucidation of cyanobacterial peptides encoded by peptide
synthetase gene in *Anabaena* species. [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[58]{.underline}(34):6863-6871. Keywords: cyanobacterial peptides/
peptide synthetase gene/ microcystins/ advanced Marfey\'s method/
*Anabaena*.

772\. Fujiki, H. (1992). Is the inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 and
2A activities a general mechanism of tumor promotion in human cancer
development? [Mol. Carcinog.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(2):91-94.
Keywords: okadaic acid/ okadaic acid pathway/ sustained
hyperphosphorylation/ inactivation of suppressor function/ tumor
promotion/ human cancer.

773\. Fujiki, H.; Ikegami, K.; Hakii, H.; Suganuma, M.; Yamaizumi, Z.;
Yamazato, K.; Moore, R. E.; and Sugimura, T. (1985). A blue-green alga
from Okinawa contains aplysiatoxins, the third class of tumor promoters.
[Jap. J. Cancer Res. (Gann)]{.underline} [76]{.underline}:257-259.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ debromoaplysiatoxin/ tumor promoter/
Swimmer\'s itch/ Japan.

774\. Fujiki, H.; Matsushima, R.; Yoshizawa, S.; Suganuma, M.;
Nishiwaki, S.; Ishikawa, T.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Liver tumor
promotion through the okadaic acid pathway---inhibition of protein
phosphatases 1 and 2A. In: [82^nd^ Annual Meeting]{.underline}. Issue
32, pp. 157. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting --- American Association
for Cancer Research Annual Meeting. May 1991; Houston, Texas. Keywords:
liver/ tumor promotion/ okadaic acid pathway/ inhibition/ PP1/ PP2A.

775\. Fujiki, H.; Mori, M.; Nakayasu, M.; Terada, M.; Sugimura, T.; and
Moore, R. E. (1981). Indole alkaloids: dihydroteleocidin B, teleocidin,
and lyngbyatoxin A as members of a new class of tumor promoters. [Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci.]{.underline} [78]{.underline}(6):3872-3876. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya*/ lyngbyatoxin A/ alkaloids/ tumor promoters.

776\. Fujiki, H.; Sueoka, E.; Komori, A.; and Suganuma, M. (1997). Tumor
promotion and TNF-α gene expression by the okadaic acid class tumor
promoters. [Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev.]{.underline}
[C15]{.underline}(1):1-40. Keywords: tumor promotion/ okadaic acid/
protein phosphatase 1 inhibition/ protein phosphatases 2A inhibition.

777\. Fujiki, H. and Suganuma, M. (1996). Naturally-derived tumor
promoters and inhibitors of carcinogenesis. [J. Toxicol. - Toxin
Rev.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(2):129-156. Keywords: tumor
promoters/ tumor inhibitors.

778\. Fujiki, H. and Suganuma, M. (1993). Tumor promotion by inhibitors
of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A: the okadaic acid class of compounds.
[Adv. Cancer Res.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}:143-194. Keywords: tumor
promotion/ okadaic acid.

779\. Fujiki, H. and Suganuma, M. (1999). Unique features of the okadaic
acid activity class of tumor promoters. [J. Cancer Res. Clin.
Oncol.]{.underline} [125]{.underline}(3-4):150-155. Keywords: inhibition
of PP1 and PP2A/ okadaic acid pathway/ TNF-α gene expression and
release/ TNF-α pathway/ TPA pathway.

780\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Hakii, H.; Bartolini, G.; Moore, R. E.;
Takayama, S.; and Sugimura, T. (1984). A two-stage mouse skin
carcinogenesis study of lyngbyatoxin A. [J. Cancer Res. Clin.
Oncol.]{.underline} [108]{.underline}:174-176. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Lyngbya*/ tumor promoters/ lyngbyatoxin A/ teleocidin/ mouse skin.

781\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Hirota, M.; Yoshizawa, S.; Suguri, H.;
Suttajit, M.; Wongchai, V.; and Sugimura, T. (1987). Environmental
aspects of new tumor promoters as human risk factors. In: T. Wada, K.
Aoki, and A. Yachi (eds.) [Current Status of Cancer Research in Asia,
the Middle East and Other Countries]{.underline}. Univ. of Nagoya Press:
Nagoya, Japan, pp. 215-226. Keywords: tumor promoters/ human risk
factors.

782\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Komori, A.; Okabe, S.; Sueoka, E.;
Sueoka, N.; Kozu, T.; and Tada, Y. (1998). Natural inhibitors of
carcinogenesis. In: Y. Martinet, F. R. Hirsch, N. Martinet, J-M.
Vignaud, and J. L. Mulshine (eds.) [Clinical and Biological Basis of
Lung Cancer Prevention]{.underline}. Birkhauser Verlag:
Basel/Switzerland, pp. 285-290, Ch. 25. Keywords: carcinogenesis/
natural inhibitors.

783\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Matsukura, N.; Sugimura, T.; and
Takayama, S. (1982). Teleocidin from *Streptomyces* is a potent promoter
of mouse skin carcinogenesis. [Carcinogenesis]{.underline}
[3]{.underline}(8):895-898. Keywords: teleocidin/ *Streptomyces*/
promoter/ mouse skin/ carcinogenesis.

784\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Nakayasu, M.; Hoshino, H.; Moore, R. E.;
and Sugimura, T. (1982). The third class of new tumor promoters,
polyacetates (debromoaplysiatoxin and aplysiatoxin) can differentiate
biological actions relevant to tumor promoters. [Gann (Jap. J. Cancer
Res.)]{.underline} [73]{.underline}(3):495-497. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
tumor promoters/ aplysiatoxin/ polyacetate/ debromoaplysiatoxin/
ornithine decarboxylase/ adhesion of HL-60 cell.

785\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Nishiwaki, S.; Yoshizawa, S.;
Suguri-Furuya, H.; Matsushima, R.; Sakai, S-I.; Moore, R. E.; Watanabe,
M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Sugimura, T. (1990). Tumor
promotion by marine and freshwater toxins. In: [Fifth International
Symposium of the Res. Center Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial
Toxicosis]{.underline}. \"Human and Animal Disorders caused by Algal
Toxins and Aquatic Fungi\". May 11, 1990; Chiba Univ., Tokyo. Keywords:
tumor promoters/ marine/ freshwater/ toxins. (Abstract)

786\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Nishiwaki, S.; Yoshizawa, S.; Yatsunami,
J.; Matsushima, R.; Furuya, H.; Okabe, S.; Matsunaga, S.; and Sugimura,
T. (1992). Specific mechanistic aspects of animal tumor promoter: the
okadoic acid pathway. In: R. D\'Amato, T. J. Slaga, W. Farland, and C.
Henry (eds.) [Relevance of Animal Studies to the Evaluation of Human
Cancer Risk]{.underline}. Willey-Liss Inc.: New York, pp. 337-350.
Keywords: animal tumor promoters/ okadaic acid pathway.

787\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Okabe, S.; Sueoka, E.; Suga, K.; Imai,
K.; and Nakachi, K. (2000). A new concept of tumor promotion by tumor
necrosis factor-alpha, and cancer preventive agents (-)-epigallocatechin
gallate and green tea: a review. [Cancer Detect. Prevent.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline} (1):91-99. Keywords: okadaic acid/ tautomycin/ protein
phosphatases 1 and 2A/ cancer prevention.

788\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; and Sugimura, T. (1989). Significance of
new environmental tumor promoters. [Environ. Carcinog. Rev.]{.underline}
[C7]{.underline}(1):1-51. Keywords: environmental tumor promoters/
significance.

789\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Sugimura, T.; and Moore, R. E. (1983).
New tumor promoters: dihydroteleocidin B, teleocidin, lyngbyatoxin A,
aplysiatoxin, and debromoaplysiatoxin. In: C. C. Harris and H. N. Autrup
(eds.) [Human Carcinogenesis]{.underline}. Academic Press: New York, pp.
303-324, Ch. 13. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya* / tumor promoters/
aplysiatoxin/ lyngbyatoxin.

790\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Tahira, T.; Yoshioka, A.; Nakayasu, M.;
Endo, Y.; Shudo, K.; Takayama, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Sugimura, T.
(1984). New classes of tumor promoters: teleocidin, aplysiatoxin, and
palytoxin. In: H. Fujiki, E. Heeker, R. E. Moore, T. Sugimura, and I. B.
Weinstein (eds.) [Cellular Interactions by Environmental Tumor
Promoters]{.underline} . Japan Sci. Soc. Press:Tokyo/VNU Science Press:
Utrecht, pp. 37-45. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ tumor promoters/ aplysiatoxin/
palytoxin.

791\. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Yatsunami, J.; Komori, A.; Okabe, S.;
Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R.; and Ohta, T. (1993). Significant marine
natural products in cancer research. [Gazz. Chim. Ital.]{.underline}
[123]{.underline}(6):309-316. Keywords: marine natural products/ cancer
research/ tumor promoters.

792\. Fujiki, H. and Sugimura, T. (1987). New classes of tumor
promoters: telocidin, aplysiatoxin, and palytoxin. [Adv. Cancer
Res.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}:223-264. Keywords: tumor promoters/
teleocidin/ aplysiatoxin/ palytoxin.

793\. Fujiki, H. and Sugimura, T. (1983). New potent tumour promoters:
teleocidin, lyngbyatoxin A and aplysiatoxin. [Cancer Surv.]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}(4):539-556. Keywords: tumor promoters/ teleocidin/
lyngbyatoxin A/ aplysiatoxin/ receptor/ adhesion of HL-60 cells/ ODC
induction/ irritation/ short term test.

794\. Fujimoto, N.; Sudo, R.; Sugiura, N.; and Inamori, Y. (1997).
Nutrient-limited growth of *Microcystis aeruginosa* and *Phormidium
tenue* and competition under various N:P supply ratios and temperatures.
[Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(2):250-256. Keywords:
growth/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Phormidium tenue*/ N:P ratios/
temperatures.

795\. Fulton III, R. S. (1988). Resistance to blue-green algal toxins by
*Bosmina longirostris.* [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline}
[10]{.underline}(4):771-778. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ resistance/ *Bosmina
longirostris*.

796\. Fulton III, R. S. and Jones, R. C. (1991). Growth and reproductive
responses of *Daphnia* to cyanobacterial blooms on the Potomac River.
[Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [76]{.underline}(1):5-19.
Keywords: *Daphnia*/ cyanobacteria/ Potomac River/ algal blooms/ growth
inhibition.

797\. Fulton III, R. S. and Paerl, H. (1988). Effects of the blue-green
alga *Microcystis aeruginosa* on zooplankton competitive relations.
[Oecologia (Berl.)]{.underline} [76]{.underline}(3):383-389. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa* / zooplankton.

798\. Fulton III, R. S. and Paerl, H. (1987). Toxic and inhibitory
effects of the blue-green algae *Microcystis* *aeruginosa* on
herbivorous zooplankton. [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(5):837-855. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*
*aeruginosa*/ inhibition/ zooplankton.

799\. Fulton III, R. S. and Paerl, H. W. (1987). Effects of colonial
morphology on zooplankton utilization of algal resources during
blue-green algal (*Microcystis aeruginosa)* blooms. [Limnol.
Oceanogr.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}:634-644. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ algal bloom/ zooplankton/ morphology.

800\. Furey, A.; Crowley, J.; Lehane, M.; and James, K. J. (2003).
Liquid chromatography with electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry for
the determination of anatoxins in cyanobacteria and drinking water.
[Rapid Commun. Mass Spec.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(6):583-588.
Keywords: *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ blue-green algae/ paralytic shellfish
poisons/ homoanatoxin-a/ freshwater/ identification/ ionization/ toxins.

801\. Furey, A.; Crowley, J.; Shuilleabhain, A. N.; Skulberg, O. M.; and
James, K. J. (2003). The first identification of the rare cyanobacterial
toxin, homoanatoxin-a, in Ireland. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(3):297-303. Keywords: homoanatoxin-a/ liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry/ VBO-F/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
blue-green algae/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ anatoxin-a/
liquid-chromatography/ mass-spectrometry/ fluorometric detection/
*Oscillatoria formosa*/ microcystin-LR/ fresh-water/ Ireland.

802\. Furst, P. T. (1978). *Spirulina.* [Human Nature]{.underline}
[1]{.underline} (3):60-65. Keywords: algal food/ *Spirulina*.

803\. Fusetani, N. and Matsunaga, S. (1993). Bioactive sponge peptides.
[Chem. Rev.]{.underline} [93]{.underline}(5):1793-1806. Keywords:
bioactive peptides/ sponge.

804\. Gábor, S. (1994). About the toxicosis caused by blue-green algae.
[Magy. Állator. Lap.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(2):96-101. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ toxicosis. (Hungarian)

805\. Gaete, V.; Canelo, E.; Lagos, N.; and Zambrano, F. (1994).
Inhibitory effects of *Microcystis aeruginosa* toxin on ion pumps of the
gill of freshwater fish. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(1):121-127. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ toxin/
inhibits ion pumps/ gill/ freshwater fish.

806\. Gago-Martínez, A.; Leão, J. M.; Pineiro, N.; Carballal, E.;
Vaquero, E.; Nogueiras, M.; and Rodríguez-Vázquez, J. A. (2003). An
application of capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of algal
toxins from the aquatic environment. [Int. J. Environ. Analyt.
Chem.]{.underline} [83]{.underline}(6):443-456. Keywords: capillary
electrophoresis/ PSP toxins/ ASP toxins/ yessotoxins/ microcystins/
aquatic toxins.

807\. Gago-Martínez, A.; Moscoso, S. A.; Martins, J. M. L.; Vazquez, J.
A. R.; Niedzwiadek, B.; and Lawrence, J. F. (2001). Effect of pH on the
oxidation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins for analysis by liquid
chromatography. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline}
[905]{.underline}(1-2):351-357. Keywords: shellfish poisoning/ pH
effects/ oxidation/ toxins.

808\. Gago-Martínez, A.; Pineiro, N.; Aguete, E. C.; Vaquero, E.;
Nogueiras, M.; Leão, J. M.; Rodríguez-Vázquez, J. A.; and
Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E. (2003). Further improvements in the application
of high- performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis
and capillary electrochromatography to the analysis of algal toxins in
the aquatic environment. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline}
[992]{.underline}(1-2):159-168. Keywords: shellfish poisoning/ toxins/
microcystins.

809\. Gajdek, P.; Lechowski, Z.; Bochnia, T.; and Kepczynski, M. (2001).
Decomposition of microcystin-LR by Fenton oxidation.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(10):1575-1578. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ Fenton reagent/ decomposition.

810\. Gajdek, P.; Lechowski, Z.; Dziga, D.; and Bialczyk, J. (2003).
Detoxification of microcystin-LR using Fenton reagent. [Fresen. Environ.
Bull.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}(10):1258-1262. Keywords:
cyanobacterial toxins/ decomposition/ water treatment/ HPLC-PDA/ ESIMS.

811\. Galat, D. L.; Verdin, J. P.; and Sims, L. L. (1990). Large-scale
patterns of *Nodularia spumigena* blooms in Pyramid Lake, Nevada,
determined from Landsat imagery: 1972-1986. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[197]{.underline}:147-164. Keywords: saline lakes/ *Nodularia
spumigena*/ Pyramid Lake/ Nevada/ phytoplankton periodicity/ remote
sensing.

812\. Galey, F. D.; Beasley, V. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Hooser, S. B.;
Haschek-Hock, W. M.; Lovell, R. A.; Poppenga, R. H.; and Knight, M. W.
(1986). Blue green algae *(Microcystis aeruginosa)* hepatotoxicosis in
cattle. [J. Toxicol. - Toxin Rev.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(2):256.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin/ cattle.
(ACS 8th Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting, June 8-12, 1986, Denver,
Colorado --- Abstract)

813\. Galey, F. D.; Beasley, V. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Kleppe, G.;
Hooser, S. B.; and Haschek, W. M. (1987). Blue-green algae *(Microcystis
aeruginosa)* hepatotoxicosis in dairy cows. [Am. J. Vet.
Res.]{.underline} [48]{.underline}(9):1415-1420. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin/ dairy cattle.

814\. Gallacher, S. and Smith, E. A. (1999). Bacteria and paralytic
shellfish toxins. [Protist]{.underline} [150]{.underline}(3):245-255.
Keywords: paralytic shellfish toxin/ bacteria.

815\. Gallon, J. R. (1991). Cyanobacterial biotechnology: ancient
organisms and the oldest science. [Genetic Eng. Biotechnol.]{.underline}
[5]{.underline}(34):15-17. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ biotechnology.
(Biopaper 11:5:34)

816\. Gallon, J. R.; Cheng, J. J.; Dougherty, L. J.; Gallon, V. A.;
Hilz, H.; Pederson, D. M.; Richards, H. M.; Ruggeberg, S.; and Smith, C.
J. (2000). A novel covalent modification of nitrogenase in a
cyanobacterium. [FEBS Lett.]{.underline} [468]{.underline}(2-3):231-233.
Keywords: covalent modification/ cyanobacteria/ Fe-protein/ nitrogenase/
palmitoylation/ Gloeothece.

817\. Gallon, J. R.; Chit, K. N.; and Brown, E. G. (1990). Biosynthesis
of the tropane-related cyanobacterial toxin anatoxin-a: role of
ornithine decarboxylase. [Phytochem.]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(4):1107-1111. Keywords: *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
cyanobacteria/ biosynthesis/ anatoxin-a/ tropane/ alkaloid/ toxin/
ornithine decarboxylase/ putrescine.

818\. Gallon, J. R.; Kittakoop, P.; and Brown, E. G. (1994).
Biosynthesis of anatoxin-a by *Anabaena flos-aquae*: examination of
primary enzymatic steps. [Phytochem.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(5):1195-1203. Keywords: *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
biosynthesis/ anatoxin-a/ cyanobacterial toxin/ tropane-related
alkaloid/ arginine/ ornithine/ putrescine.

819\. Gamenick, I.; Rethmeier, J.; Rabenstein, A.; Fischer, U.; and
Giere, O. (1997). Effects of anoxic and sulfidic conditions on
cyanobacteria and macrozoobenthos in shallow coastal sediments of the
Southern Baltic Sea. [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [140]{.underline}
(4):465-490. Keywords: anoxic and sulfidic conditions/ cyanobacteria/
Hiddensee Island/ Baltic sea.

820\. Garbacki, N.; Gloaguen, V.; Damas, J.; Hoffmann, L.; Tits, M.; and
Angenot, L. (2000). Inhibition of croton oil-induced oedema in mice ear
skin by capsular polysaccharides from cyanobacteria. [Naunyn-Schmied.
Arch. Pharmacol.]{.underline} [361]{.underline}(4):460-464. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ anti-inflammatory properties/ *Nostoc*/ *Phormidium*.

821\. Garnett, C.; Shaw, G. R.; Eaglesham, G.; and Moore, M. R. (2001).
The effect of global climate change on the abundance of toxic
cyanobacteria. [Toxicology]{.underline} [164]{.underline}(1-3
Suppl.):203-204. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ global climate/ change.

822\. Garson, M. J. (1993). The biosynthesis of marine natural products.
[Chem. Rev.]{.underline} [93]{.underline}(5):1699-1733. Keywords:
marine/ natural products/ biosynthesis.

823\. Garthwaite, I.; Ross, K. M.; Miles, C. O.; Briggs, L. R.; Towers,
N. R.; Borrell, T.; and Busby, P. (2001). Integrated enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay screening system for amnesic, neurotoxic,
diarrhetic, and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins found in New
Zealand. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int.]{.underline}
[84]{.underline}(5):1643-1648. Keywords: okadaic acid/ sodium-channels/
immunoassay/ antibodies/ saxitoxin/ mussels/ neosaxitoxin/ bioassay/ New
Zealand.

824\. Gathercole, P. S. and Thiel, P. G. (1987). Liquid chromatographic
determination of the cyanoginosins, toxins produced by the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Chromat.]{.underline}
[408]{.underline}:435-440. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ cyanoginosin/ liquid chromatography.

825\. Gawley, R. E.; Pinet, S.; Cardona, C. M.; Datta, P. K.; Ren, T.;
Guida, W. C.; Nydick, J.; and Leblanc, R. M. (2002). Chemosensors for
the marine toxin saxitoxins. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[124]{.underline}(45):13448-13453. Keywords: paralytic shellfish toxins/
liquid-chromatographic method/ electron-transfer sensors/ crown-ethers/
neutral molecules/ ion recognition/ mouse bioassay/ assay/ receptor/
channel.

826\. Gawley, R. E.; Zhang, Q.; Higgs, P. I.; Wang, S.; and Leblanc, R.
M. (1999). Anthracylmethyl crown ethers as fluorescence sensors of
saxitoxin. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(30):5461-5465.
Keywords: saxitoxin/ fluorescence sensors.

827\. Gehringer, M. M.; Downs, K. S.; Downing, T. G.; Naude, R. J.; and
Shephard, E. G. (2003). An investigation into the effect of selenium
supplementation on microcystin hepatotoxicity. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(4):451-458. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/
selenium/ glutathione S-transferase/ glutathione peroxidase/
hepatotoxicity/ mouse.

828\. Gehringer, M. M.; Govender, S.; Shah, M.; and Downing, T. G.
(2003). An investigation of the role of vitamin E in the protection of
mice against microcystin toxicity. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(2):142-148. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/
vitamin E/ lipid peroxidation/ alanine transaminase/ glutathione
S-transferase/ mice.

829\. Gehringer, M. M.; Kewada, V.; Coates, N.; and Downing, T. G.
(2003). The use of *Lepidium sativum* in a plant bioassay system for the
detection of microcystin-LR. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(7):871-876. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/
*Lepidium sativum* / plant bioassay/ glutathione S-transferase/
glutathione peroxidase/ detection.

830\. Gentile, J. H. (1971). Blue-green and green algal toxins. In: S.
Kadis, A. Ciegler, and S. J. Ajl (eds.) [Microbial Toxins: Algal and
Fungal Toxins]{.underline}. Academic Press: New York, Vol. VII, pp.
27-66. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

831\. Gentile, J. H. and Maloney, T. E. (1969). Toxicity and
environmental requirements of a strain of *Aphanizomenon* *flos-aquae*
(L.) Ralfs. [Can. J. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(2):165-173. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Aphanizomenon*
*flos-aquae*/ toxicity/ environmental requirements.

832\. George, A. L.; Murray, A. W.; and Montiel, P. O. (2001). Tolerance
of Antarctic cyanobacterial mats to enhanced UV radiation. [FEMS
Microbiol. Ecol.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(1):91-101. Keywords:
Antarctic/ cyanobacterium/ UV radiation/ pigment/ ozone depletion/
photoinhibition.

833\. Gerhardt, R. W. (1957). Blue-green algae as a possible mosquito
control measure. In: [Proceedings 10th and 11th Ann. Meetings, Utah
Mosquito Abatement Assoc.]{.underline} pp. 24-26. March 8-9, 1957; Salt
Lake city, Utah. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ mosquito control.

834\. Gerhardt, R. W. (1955). Further studies during 1954 on blue-green
algae---a possible anti-mosquito measure for rice fields. [Proceedings &
Papers of the 23rd Annual Conference of the California Mosquito Control
Association]{.underline}. Department of Agriculture: pp. 120-123.
January 24-27, 1955; Los Angeles, California. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
mosquito control.

835\. Gerhardt, R. W. (1956). Present knowledge concerning the
relationship of blue-green algae and mosquitoes in California rice
fields. [Proceedings & Papers of the 24th Annual Conference of the
California Mosquito Control Association]{.underline}. Department of
Agriculture: pp. 47-50. January 16-18, 1956; Stockton, California.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ mosquito control/ California/ rice fields.

836\. Gerhardt, R. W. (1953). Rice fields study report; blue-green
algae---a possible anti-mosquito measure for rice fields. [Proceedings &
Papers of the 22nd Annual Conference of the California Mosquito Control
Association]{.underline}. Department of Agriculture: pp. 50-53. December
2-4, 1953; Keywords: cyanotoxin/ mosquito control/ rice fields.

837\. Gerloff, G. C.; Fitzgerald, G. P.; and Skoog, F. (1950). The
isolation, purification and culture of blue-green algae. [Am. J.
Botany]{.underline} [37]{.underline}:216-218. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
isolation/ purification/ culture.

838\. Gerwick, W.; Sabry, O.; Andrianasolo, E.; Han, B.; McPhail, K. L.;
Goeger, D.; LePage, K.; and Murray, T. (2003). Toxic metabolites of
blue-green algae; menace or medicine? [Epidemiology]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(5 Suppl.):S120-S121. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxic
metabolites/ harmful/ medicine. (Meeting Abstract)

839\. Gerwick, W. H.; Jiang, Z. D.; Agarwal, S. K.; and Farmer, B. T.
(1992). Total structure of hormothamnin-A, a toxic cyclic undecapeptide
from the tropical marine cyanobacterium *Hormothamnion
enteromorphoides.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[48]{.underline}(12):2313-2324. Keywords: structure/ *Hormothamnion
enteromorphoides*.

840\. Gerwick, W. H.; Lopez, A.; Van Duyne, G. D.; Clardy, J.; Ortiz,
W.; and Baez, A. (1986). Hormothamnione, a novel cytotoxic
styrylchromone from the marine cyanophyte *Hormothamnion
enteromorphoides* Grunow. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(18):1979-1982. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Hormothamnion
enteromorphoides*/ hormothamnione.

841\. Gerwick, W. H.; Mrozek, C.; Moghaddam, M. F.; and Agarwal, S. K.
(1989). Novel cytotoxic peptides from the tropical marine cyanobacterium
*Hormothamnion enteromorphoides.* 1. Discovery, isolation and initial
chemical and biological characterization of the hormothamnins from wild
and cultured material. [Experientia]{.underline}
[45]{.underline}(2):115-121. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Hormothamnion
enteromorphoides*/ hormothamnin/ cytotoxic/ antimicrobial/
antibacterial/ antifungal/ peptide/ bioassay/ NMR.

842\. Gerwick, W. H.; Proteau, P. J.; Nagle, D. G.; Hamel, E.; Blokhin,
A.; and State, D. L. (1994). Structure of curacin A, a novel
antimitotic, antiproliferative, and brine shrimp toxic natural product
from the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscla.* [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [59]{.underline}(6):1243-1245. Keywords: structure/
curacin A/ *Lyngbya majuscla*.

843\. Gerwick, W. H.; Reyes, S.; and Alvarado, B. (1987). Two
malyngamides from the Caribbean cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.*
[Phytochem.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(6):1701-1704. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ products/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ malyngamides/ amides/
antimicrobial/ biotech.

844\. Gerwick, W. H.; Roberts, M. A.; Proteau, P. J.; and Chen, J-L.
(1993). Screening cultured marine microalgae for anticancer-type
activity. [Meeting of the Phycological Society of America]{.underline}.
J. Phycol.: Vol. 68, 1-5 Aug. 1993; Ames, Iowa. Keywords: Screening/
marine microalgae/ anticancer/ activity.

845\. Ghosh, S.; Khan, S. A.; Wickstrom, M. L.; and Beasley, V. R.
(1995). Effects of microcystin-LR on action and the actin-associated
proteins α-actinin and talin in hepatocytes. [Natural
Toxins]{.underline} [3]{.underline}:405-414. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
microcystin/ hepatocytes/ cytoskeleton/ microfilaments/ actin/
α−actinin/ talin.

846\. Gilbert, J. J. (1990). Differential-effects of *Anabaena affinis*
on cladocerans and rotifers---mechanisms and implications.
[Ecology]{.underline} [71]{.underline}(5):1727-1740. Keywords: effects/
*Anabaena affinis*/ cladocerans/ rotifers.

847\. Gilbert, J. J. (1996). Effect of food availability on the response
of planktonic rotifers to a toxic strain of the cyanobacterium *Anabaena
flos-aquae.* [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(7):1565-1572. Keywords: effect/ food availablity/
rotifer response/ toxic cyanobacterium/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*.

848\. Gilbert, J. J. (1996). Effect of temperature on the response of
planktonic rotifers to a toxic cyanobacterium. [Ecology]{.underline}
[77]{.underline}(4):1174-1180. Keywords: effect/ temperature/ rotifer
response/ toxic cyanobacterium.

849\. Gilbert, J. J. (1994). Susceptibility of planktonic rotifers to a
toxic strain of *Anabaena flos-aquae.* [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(6):1286-1297. Keywords: planktonic rotifers/
susceptibility/ toxic *Anabaena flos-aquae*.

850\. Gilbert, J. J. and Durand, M. W. (1990). Effect of *Anabaena*
*flos-aquae* on the abilities of *Daphnia* and *Keratella* to feed and
reproduce on unicellular algae. [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(3):577-596. Keywords: effect/ *Anabaena* *flos-aquae*/
*Daphnia*/ *Keratella*/ feed/ reproduce.

851\. Gillaizeau-Gauthier, I.; Royer, J.; and Husson, H. P. (2002).
Toward an asymmetric general access to azabicyclo\[n.2.1\]alkanes
according to the CN(R,S) method. [Eur. J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}:1484-1489. Keywords: nicotinic receptor agonist/
asymmetric synthesis/ fused-ring systems/ Mannich reaction/ cyclization.

852\. Gillam, W. G. (1925). The effect on livestock of water
contaminated with fresh water algae. [J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}:780-784. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
effect/ livestock.

853\. Gilroy, D. J.; Kauffman, K. W.; Hall, R. A.; Huang, X.; and Chu,
F. S. (2000). Assessing potential health risks from microcystin toxins
in blue-green algae dietary supplements. [Environ. Health
Perspect.]{.underline} [108]{.underline}(5):435-439. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ dietary
supplements/ microcystins/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

854\. Giovannardi, S.; Pollegioni, L.; Pomati, F.; Rossetti, C.; Sacchi,
S.; Sessa, L.; and Calamari, D. (1999). Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in
Lake Varese (Italy)---a multidisciplinary approach. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):127-134. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ saxitoxin/ Na^+^ channels/ HPLC/ DNA extraction/ PCR/
toxic blooms/ Lake Varese/ Italy.

855\. Gleason, F. K. (1990). The natural herbicide, cyanobacterin,
specifically disrupts thylakoid membrane structure in *Euglena gracilis*
strain Z. [FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline}
[68]{.underline}(1-2):77-81. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ thylakoid membrane
disruption/ *Euglena gracilis*.

856\. Gleason, F. K. and Baxa, C. A. (1986). Activity of the natural
algicide, cyanobacterin, on eukaryotic microorganisms (algae; fungi;
photosynthesis; resistance). [FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}:85-88. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cyanobacterin/ algicide.

857\. Gleason, F. K.; Case, D. E.; Sipprell, K. D.; and Magnuson, T. S.
(1986). Effect of the natural algicide, cyanobacterin, on a
herbicide-resistant mutant of *Anacystis nidulans* R2. [Plant
Sci.]{.underline} [46]{.underline}(1):5-10. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
cyanobacterin/ algicide/ *Scytonema*/ *Synechococcus*/ *Anacystis
nidulans*.

858\. Gleason, F. K and Paulson, J. L. (1984). Site of action of the
natural algicide, cyanobacterin, in the blue-green alga *Synechococcus*
sp. [Arch. Microbiol.]{.underline} [138]{.underline}:273-277. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Scytonema*/ cyanobacterin/ algicide/ antibiotic/
antibacteria/ *Synechococcus*.

859\. Gleason, F. K and Porwoll, J. (1986). X-ray structure
determination of the naturally occurring isomer of cyanobacterin. [J.
Org. Chem.]{.underline} [51]{.underline}:1615-1616. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ products/ *Scytonema*/ antibiotic/ algicide/ antibacteria/
cyanobacterin.

860\. Gleason, F. K. and Wood, J. M. (1987). Secondary metabolism in the
cyanobacteria. In: P. Fay and C. Van Balen (eds.) [The
Cyanobacteria]{.underline}. Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam,
Keywords: cyano/ products/ toxin/ freshwater/ marine/ secondary
metabolites/ cyanobacterin.

861\. Glombitza, K. W. (1969). Poisonous plankton. [Umschau]{.underline}
[69]{.underline}(14):448. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (German)

862\. Glowa, J. R. and MacPhail, R. C. (1995). Quantitative approaches
to risk assessment in neurotoxicology. In: L. W. Chang and W. Slikker
Jr. (eds.) [Neurotoxicology: Approachs and Methods]{.underline}.
Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego, pp. 777-787, Ch. 52. 851 pp. Keywords:
risk assessment/ quantitative approach/ neurotoxicology.

863\. Goad, D. L.; Meurer, E. A.; Voelkel, E. F.; Petro, C. P.; and
Tashjian, A. H. (1992). Protein phosphatase inhibitors and
bone-resorption: inhibition by okadaic acid and biphasic actions of
calyculin A. [Endocrinology]{.underline} [130]{.underline}(6):3402-3410.
Keywords: protein phosphatase inhibition/ okadaic acid/ calyculin A.

864\. Golakoti, T.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Chaganty, S.; and Moore, R. E.
(2000). Isolation and structures of nostopeptolides A1, A2 and A3 from
the cyanobacterium *Nostoc* sp. GSV224. [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[56]{.underline}(46):9093-9102. Keywords: nostopeptolides/
depsipeptides/ cyanobacterium/ *Nostoc*.

865\. Goldberg, J.; Huang, H. B.; Kwon, Y. G.; Greengard, P.; Nairn, A.
C.; and Kuriyan, J. (1995). Three-dimensional structure of the catalytic
subunit of protein serin/threonine phosphatase-1. [Nature]{.underline}
[376]{.underline}(6543):745-753. Keywords: structure/ microcystin/
protein phosphatase.

866\. Gonzalez, L.; Phalip, V.; and Zhang, C. C. (2001).
Characterization of PknC, a Ser/Thr kinase with broad substrate
specificity from the cyanobacterium *Anabaena* sp. strain PCC 7120.
[Eur. J. Biochem.]{.underline} [268]{.underline}(6):1869-1875. Keywords:
autophosphorylation/ heterocyst/ histamine tag/ protein phosphorylation/
signal transduction.

867\. Gophen, M.; Smith, V. H.; Nishri, A.; and Threlkeld, S. T. (1999).
Nitrogen deficiency, phosphorus sufficiency, and the invasion of Lake
Kinneret, Israel, by the N~2~-fixing cyanobacterium *Aphanizomenon
ovalisporum.* [Aquat. Sci.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}:293-306.
Keywords: nitrogen deficiency/ phosphorus/ Lake Kinneret/ Israel/
*Aphanizomenon ovalisporum*.

868\. Gordon, R. K.; Gray, R. R.; Reaves, C. B.; Butler, D. L.; and
Chiang, P. K. (1992). Induced release of acetylcholine from guinea pig
ileum longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus by anatoxin-a. [J. Pharmacol.
Exp. Therapeut.]{.underline} [263]{.underline}(3):997-1001. Keywords:
anatoxin-a/ acetylcholine release/ guinea pig ileum.

869\. Gordon, S. E.; Brautigan, D. L.; and Zimmerman, A. L. (1992).
Protein phosphatases modulate the apparent agonist affinity of the
light-regulated ion channel in retinal rods. [Neuron]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(4):739-748. Keywords: protein phosphatases/ modulate/
agonist affinity/ retinal rods.

870\. Gorelova, O. A. and Kleimenov, S. Y. (2003). The accumulation and
degradation dynamics of cyanophycin in cyanobacterial cells grown in
symbiotic associations with plant tissues and cells.
[Microbiology]{.underline} [72]{.underline}(3):318-326. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ plant tissues/ symbiosis/ artificial associations/
cyanophycin/ cell differentiation/ heterocysts/ blue-green algae/
*Anabaena cylindrica*.

871\. Gorham, P. R. (1962). Laboratory studies on the toxins produced by
waterblooms of blue-green algae. [Am. J. Pub. Health]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}(12):2100-2105. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ waterblooms.

872\. Gorham, P. R. (1964). Toxic algae. In: D. F. Jackson (ed.) [Algae
and Man]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 307-336. 434 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxin.

873\. Gorham, P. R. (1964). Toxic algae as a public health hazard. [J.
Am. Water Works Assoc.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(11):1481-1488.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ health hazard.

874\. Gorham, P. R. (1960). Toxic waterblooms of blue-green algae. [Can.
Vet. J.]{.underline} [1]{.underline}(6):235-245. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
waterblooms.

875\. Gorham, P. R. (1965). Toxic waterblooms of blue-green algae. In:
[Transactions Third Seminar Biological Problems in Water
Pollution]{.underline}. U.S. Public Health Service: Cincinnati, Ohio.
NRC No. 8525, pp. 37-44. Bull. 999-WP-25. Aug. 13-17, 1962; Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ waterblooms.

876\. Gorham, P. R. and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Hazards of freshwater
blue-green (cyanobacteria). In: C. A. Lembi and J. R. Waaland (eds.)
[Algae and Human Affairs]{.underline}. Cambridge University Press: New
York, pp. 403-431, Ch. 16. 590 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater/
hazards.

877\. Gorham, P. R. and Carmichael, W. W. (1979). Phycotoxins from
blue-green algae. [Pure Appl. Chem.]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}(1):165-174. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ phycotoxins.

878\. Gorham, P. R. and Carmichael, W. W. (1980). Toxic substances from
freshwater algae. [Prog. Water Technol.]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}:189-198. Keywords: freshwater algae/ toxic/ Norway.

879\. Gorham, P. R.; McLachlan, J.; Hammer, U. T.; and Kim, W. K.
(1964). Isolation and culture of toxic strains of *Anabaena flos-aquae*
(Lyngb.) de Breb. [Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}:796-804. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation/ culture/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*.

880\. Gorham, P. R.; McNicholas, S.; and Allen, E. A. D. (1982).
Problems encountered in searching for new strains of toxic planktonic
cyanobacteria. [S. Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}:357-362.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Alberta/ axenic clones/ *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae*.

881\. Gorman, R. C. (1963). Control of algae in water supplies. [J.
Agric. West. Aust.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}(3):149-150. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ control/ water supplies.

882\. Gorski, F. (1960). Blooming algae toxic to animals (Zakwity
glownów trujace dla zwierzat). [Wszechswiat]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}:213-216. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ toxicity/ animal.
(Polish)

883\. Gortner, R. A. (1935). On toxic waterbloom. In: J. E. Tilden (ed.)
[The Algae and Their Life Relations]{.underline}. Univ. of Minnesota
Press: Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 473. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

884\. Graber, M. A. and Gerwick, W. H. (1998). Kalkipyrone, a
toxic-γ−pyrone from an assemblage of the marine cyanobacteria *Lyngbya
majuscula* and *Tolypothrix* sp. [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[61]{.underline}(5):677-680. Keywords: toxic pyrone/ marine
cyanobacteria/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ *Tolypothrix*.

885\. Grabow, W. O. K.; Du Randt, W. C.; Prozesky, O. W.; and Scott, W.
E. (1982). *Microcystis aeruginosa* toxin: cell culture toxicity,
hemolysis, and mutagenicity assays. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [43]{.underline}(6):1425-1433. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ mutagenic/ bioassay.

886\. Grach-Pogrebinsky, O.; Sedmak, B.; and Carmeli, S. (2003).
Protease inhibitors from a Slovenian Lake Bled toxic waterbloom of the
cyanobacterium *Planktothrix rubescens.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[59]{.underline}(42):8329-8336. Keywords: natural products/
cyanobacteria/ *Planktothrix rubescens*/ protease inhibitors.

887\. Granhall, U. (1972). *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae:* infection by
cyanophages. [Physiol. Plant.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}:332-337.
Keywords: *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ cyanophages.

888\. Grant, G.A. (1953). I: Development of toxicity in blue-green
algae. In: [Toxic Algae]{.underline}. Can. Defense Research Board,
Defense Research Chemical Laboratories: Ottawa. Report \# 124, Project
No. D52-20-20-18. 11 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ toxicity/ development.

889\. Grant, G. A. and Hughes, E. O. (1953). Development of toxicity in
blue-green algae. [Can. J. Pub. Health]{.underline}
[44]{.underline}:334-339. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

890\. Grant, I. F.; Egan, E. A.; and Alexander, M. (1983). Pesticides to
control ostracods grazing on blue-green algae. [Soil Biol.
Biochem.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(2):193-197. Keywords: pesticides/
ostracods/ grazing/ cyanobacteria.

891\. Grauer, F. H. (1959). Dermatitis escharotica caused by a marine
alga. [Hawaii Med. J.]{.underline} [19]{.underline}:32-36. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ marine algae/ dermatitis.

892\. Grauer, F. H. and Arnold Jr., H. L. (1961). Seaweed dermatitis:
first report of a dermatitis-producing marine alga. [Arch.
Dermatol.]{.underline} [84]{.underline}:720-732. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
marine algae/ dermatitis.

893\. Gray, A. P. (1984). Design and structure-activity relationships of
antidotes to organophosphorus anticholinesterase agents. [Drug Metab.
Rev.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(3):557-589. Keywords: antidotes/
organophosphorus anticholinesterase agents.

894\. Gray, R. R.; Gordon, R. K.; Butler, D. L.; Brown, N. D.; and
Chiang, P. K. (1992). Anatoxin-a evoked release of endogenous
acetylcholine from guinea-pig ileum. [FASEB J.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}(4):1014. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ endogenous acetylcholine/
guinea-pig ileum. (Meeting Abstract)

895\. Gregson, R. P. and Lohr, R. R. (1983). Isolation of peptide
hepatotoxins from the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Comp.
Biochem. Physiol.--C: Comp. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[74]{.underline}(2):413-417. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ isolation/ peptide/ hepatotoxin.

896\. Griffin, G. D. and Rees, D. M. (1956). *Anabaena unispora* Gardner
and other blue-green algae as possible mosquito control factors in Salt
Lake County, Utah. In: [Utah Academy Proceedings]{.underline}. Vol. 33,
pp. 101-103. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena unispora*/ mosquito
control/ Salt Lake/ Utah.

897\. Griffiths, D. J. and Saker, M. L. (2003). The Palm Island mystery
disease 20 years on: a review of research on the cyanotoxin
cylindrospermopsin. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(2):78-93. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/
*Cylindrospermopsis*/ toxic cyanobacteria/ water quality/ cyanotoxin/
marine hepatotoxin/ cultured rat hepatocytes/ blue-green algae/ top-down
control/ *Raciborskii woloszynska*/ *Calanoid copepods*/ alkaloid/
northern Australia/ *Umezakia natans*/ Palm Island mystery disease.

898\. Griffiths, D. J.; Saker, M. L.; and Hawkins, P. R. (1998).
Cyanobacteria in a small tropical reservoir. [J. Aust. Water Wastewater
Assoc.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}:14-19. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
reservoir/ tropical.

899\. Grifman, M.; Arbel, A.; Ginzberg, D.; Glick, D.; Elgavish, S.;
Shaanan, B.; and Soreq, H. (1997). *In vitro* phosphorylation of
acetylcholinesterase at nonconsensus protein kinase A sites enhances the
rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. [Mol. Brain Res.]{.underline}
[51]{.underline}(1-2):179-187. Keywords: acetylcholinesterase/
neurotransmission/ cAMP-dependent protein kinase A/ non-consensus
phosphorylation site/ protein phosphorylation.

900\. Grigor\' yeva, L. V.; Kirpenko, Yu A.; Orlovskii, V. M.; and
Stankevich, V. V. (1979). Antimicrobial action of toxic metabolites of
some blue-green algae. [Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol.
J.)]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(3):47-52. Keywords: antimicrobial/
toxic metabolites/ cyanobacteria.

901\. Grigor\' yeva, L. V.; Kirpenko, Yu A.; Orlovskii, V. M.; and
Stankevich, V. V. (1977). On the antimicrobic effect of toxic
metabolites of some blue-green algae. [Gidrobiologicheskii Zh.
(Hydrobiol. J.)]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(3):57-62. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ antimicrobial action. (Ukrainian)

902\. Grimm, C. C. and Zimba, P. V. (2003). Applications of an
instrumental method for the analysis of off-flavors in fresh water
aquaculture. In: A. M. Rimando and K. K. Schrader (eds.) [Off-Flavors in
Aquaculture]{.underline}. American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ. Press:
Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 209-222. 268 pp. ACS Symposium Series.
Keywords: solid phase microextraction/ catfish *Ictalurus punctatus*/
2-methylisoborneol/ geosmin/ extraction/ ponds.

903\. Grob, D. (1963). Anticholinesterase intoxication in man and its
treatment. In: G. B. Koelle (ed.) [Handbuch der Experimentellen
Pharmakologie]{.underline}. Erganzungswerk XV ed. Springer Verlag:
Berlin, pp. 990-1027, Ch. 22. 1027 pp. Keywords: anticholinesterase
intoxication/ man/ treatment.

904\. Grobbelaar, J. U. and van den Heever, J. A. (2002). Variations in
toxicity and growth characteristics of different *Microcystis* strains.
[Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [Vol 28]{.underline}(Pt
2):717-720. Keywords: phytoplankton/ toxins/ *Microcystis*.

905\. Gromov, B. V.; Mamkaeva, K. A.; and Filatova, E. V. (1997). The
effect of toxigenic strains of blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa*
on the larvae of brown frog *(Rana temporaria).* [Dokl. Biol.
Sci.]{.underline} [356]{.underline}:476-477. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ effect on brown frog/ *Rana temporaria*.
(Doklady Akademii Nauk, 356(3):422-423. Russian Translated)

906\. Gromov, B. V.; Vepritsky, A. A.; Mamkaeva, K. A.; and Voloshko, L.
N. (1996). A survey of toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Ladoga
and adjacent water bodies. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[322]{.underline}(1-3):149-151. Keywords: algal bloom/ cyanobacteria/
toxicity/ maximal tolerable dose (MTD)/ lethal dose/ LD~50~/ Lake
Lagoda/ Russia.

907\. Gromov, B. V.; Vepritsky, A. A.; Titova, N. N.; Mamkaeva, K. A.,
and Alexandrova, O. V. (1991). Production of the antibiotic
cyanobacterin LU-1 by *Nostoc linckia* calu 892 (cyanobacterium). [J.
Appl. Phycol.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(1):55-59. Keywords:
production/antibiotic cyanobacterin/*Nostoc linckia*.

908\. Gross, E. M. (2003). Allelopathy of aquatic autotrophs. [Crit.
Rev. Plant Sci.]{.underline} [22]{.underline}(3-4):313-339. Keywords:
marine ecosystem/ freshwater ecosystem/ algae/ cyanobacteria/
angiosperms/ coral/ ecology.

909\. Gross, E. M.; Wolk, C. P.; and Jüttner, F. (1991). Fischerellin, a
new allelochemical from the freshwater cyanobacterium *Fischerella
muscicola.* [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(6):686-692.
Keywords: fischerellin/ *Fischerella muscicola*.

910\. Gruetzmacher, G.; Boettcher, G.; Chorus, I.; and Bartel, H.
(2002). Removal of microcystins by slow sand filtration. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(4):386-394. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ slow sand filtration/ elimination potential/
ELISA/ HPLC.

911\. Gulavita, N.; Hori, A.; and Shimazu, Y. (1988). Aphanorphine, a
novel tricylic alkaloid from the blue-green alga *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(35):4381-4384. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ products/
aphanorphine/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*.

912\. Gulavita, N. K.; Gunasekera, S. P.; Pomponi, S. A.; and Robinson,
E. V. (1992). Polydiscamide A: a new bioactive depsipeptide from the
marine sponge *Discodermia* sp. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(6):1767-1772. Keywords: depsipeptide/ marine sponge/
*Discodermia*/ isolation and structure.

913\. Gulledge, B. M.; Aggen, J. B.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (2003).
Linearized and truncated microcystin analogues as inhibitors of protein
phosphatases 1 and 2A. [Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(17):2903-2906. Keywords: protein phosphatase 1/
bacterial-degradation/ PP1/ PP2A/ LR/ inhibitors.

914\. Gulledge, B. M.; Aggen, J. B.; Eng, H.; Sweimeh, K.; and
Chamberlin, A. R. (2003). Microcystin analogues comprised only of Adda
and a single additional amino acid retain moderate activity as PP1/PP2A
inhibitors. [Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(17):2907-2911. Keywords: SER-THR phosphatases/ okadaic
acid/ PP1/ PP2A/ LA/ inhibitors.

915\. Gulledge, B. M.; Aggen, J. B.; Huang, H. B.; Nairn, A. C.; and
Chamberlin, A. R. (2002). The microcystins and nodularins: cyclic
polypeptide inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A. [Curr. Med. Chem.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(22):1991-2003. Keywords: blue-green-algae;
(2s,3s,8s,9s,4e,6e)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic/
natural product inhibitors/ N-boc-Adda/ protein phosphatase 1/
amino-acid/ serine/ threonine phosphatases/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/
3-dimensional structures/ asymmetric-synthesis/ PP1/ PP2A.

916\. Gulledge, B. M.; Hart, M. E.; Eng, H.; Aggen, J.; Chamberlin, A.
R.; Nairn, A. C.; and Huang, H. B. (2001). Design and synthesis of
inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A based on microcystin-LA. [Abstr. Papers Am.
Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [222]{.underline}(Pt. 1):U656. Keywords:
microcystin/ design/ synthesis/ PP1/ PP2A/ microcystin-LA.

917\. Gunn, G. J.; Rafferty, A. G.; Rafferty, G. C.; Cockburn, N.;
Edwards, C.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (1992). Fatal canine
neurotoxicosis attributed to blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). [Vet.
Record]{.underline} [130]{.underline}(14):301-302. Keywords: canine
deaths/ neurotoxicosis/ cyanotoxin/ *Oscillatoria*/ anatoxin-a.

918\. Guo, X.; Uehara, A.; Ravindran, A.; Bryant, S. H.; Hall, S.; and
Moczydlowski, E. (1987). Kinetic basis of insensitivity to tetrodotoxin
and saxitoxin in sodium channels of canine heart and denervated rat
skeletal muscle. [Biochem.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}:7546-7556.
Keywords: tetrodotoxin (TTX)/ saxitoxin (STX)/ insensitivity/ canine
heart/ denervated rat skeletal muscle.

919\. Gupta, N.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; Dangi, R. S.; Prasad, G. B. K. S.;
and Rao, P. V. L. (2001). Toxin production in batch cultures of
freshwater cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(3):339-346. Keywords:
induced DNA damage/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ *in vivo*/ water/ toxicity/
growth/ temperature/ strains/ Brazil/ light/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

920\. Gupta, N.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; and Rao, P. V. L. (2002). Growth
characteristics and toxin production in batch cultures of *Anabaena
flos-aquae:* effects of culture media and duration. [World J. Microbiol.
Biotechnol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(1):29-35. Keywords: *Anabaena
flos-aquae* / anatoxin-a/ cyanobacteria/ cyanobacterial toxin/ toxicity/
alga *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ induced DNA damage/ anatoxin-a/
*Oscillatoria agardhii*/ *Artemia salina*/ *in vivo*/ toxicity/
cyanobacteria/ Brazil.

921\. Gupta, S.; Giddings, M.; and Sheffer, M. (2001). Cyanobacterial
toxins in drinking water: a Canadian perspective. In: I. Chorus (ed.)
[Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}.
Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 208-212. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
drinking water/ Canada.

922\. Gupta, V.; Ogawa, A. K.; Du, X. H.; Houk, K. N.; and Armstrong, R.
W. (1997). A model for binding of structurally diverse natural product
inhibitors of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. [J. Med.
Chem.]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(20):3199-3206. Keywords: binding/
natural product inhibitors/ protein phosphatase PP1/ protein phosphatase
PP2A.

923\. Gussmann, H. J.; Molzahn, J.; and Bicks, B. (1985). Poisoning of
young cattle by *Nodularia spumigena* (Vergiftungen bei jungrindern
durch die blaualge *Nodularia spumigena).* [Mh. Vet. Med.]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}:76-79. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia spumigena*/
cattle deaths/ Germany. (German)

924\. Gustafson, K. R.; Cardellina II, J. H.; Fuller, R. W.; Werslow, O.
S.; Kiser, R. F.; Snader, K. M.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1989). AIDS:
antiviral sulfolipids from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). [J. Natl.
Cancer Inst.]{.underline} [81]{.underline}(16):1254-1258. Keywords:
AIDS/ antiviral sulfolipids/ cyanobacteria. (Editorial Note)

925\. Gustafson, K. R.; Sowder II, R. C.; Henderson, L. E.; Cardellina
II, J. H.; McMahon, J. B.; Rajamani, U.; Pannell, L. K.; and Boyd, M. R.
(1997). Isolation, primary sequence determination, and disulfide bond
structure of cyanovirin-N, an anti-HIV (human-immunodeficiency-virus)
protein from the cyanobacterium *Nostoc ellipsosporum.* [Biochem.
Biophys. Res. Commun.]{.underline} [238]{.underline}(1):223-228.
Keywords: anti-HIV protein/ *Nostoc ellipsosporum*/ isolation/ sequence
determination/ disulfide bond structure.

926\. Guzman, R. E. and Solter, P. F. (2002). Characterization of
sublethal microcystin-LR exposure in mice. [Vet. Pathol.]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(1):17-26. Keywords: apoptosis/ cyanobacteria/
immunohistochemistry/ liver/ mice/ microcystin/ protein phosphatases/
trout *Oncorhynchus mykiss*/ okadaic acid/ *in vivo*/
immunohistochemical localization/ protein phosphatase 1/ hepatocyte
apoptosis/ glycogen-synthase/ rat hepatocytes/ tumor promoter/ liver.

927\. Guzman, R. E. and Solter, P. F. (1999). Hepatic oxidative stress
following prolonged sublethal microcystin-LR exposure. [Toxicologic
Pathol.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(5):582-588. Keywords: Alanine
aminotransferase/ apoptosis/ aspartate aminotransferase/ cyanobacteria/
fibrosis/ lipid peroxidation/ liver slices/ malonaldehyde/ microcystin/
protein phosphatase 1/ protein phosphatase 2A/ steatosis/
tert-butylhydroperoxide.

928\. Guzman, R. E.; Solter, P. F.; and Runnegar, M. T. (2003).
Inhibition of nuclear protein phosphatase activity in mouse hepatocytes
by the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(7):773-781. Keywords: microcystin/ protein
phosphatases/ liver/ P-53/ immunohistochemistry/ phosphorylation/
microcystin-LR.

929\. Haaland, M. B.; Solberg, I. M.; and Overas, J. (1983). Poisoning
of sheep and cattle with blue-green algae (Forgiftning av sau og storfe
med blagronnalger). [Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift]{.underline}
[95]{.underline}:171-173. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ sheep and cattle
poisoning. (Norwegian)

930\. Habermehl, G. G.; Krebs, H. C.; Nemes, P.; Nagy, G.; and Scheiber,
P. (1997). Occurrence of toxin producing cyanobacteria in Hungary.
Isolation, separation and identification of microcystins. [Z. Naturfo.
B]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(B):107-109. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ cyanobacteria/ microcystins/ occurrence/ Lake Velence/
Hungary/ isolation/ separation/ identification.

931\. Hadas, O.; Pinkas, R.; Malinsky-Rushansky, N.; Kaplan, A.;
Carmeli, S.; and Sukenik, A. (2001). The *Aphanizomenon ovalisporum*
bloom in Lake Kinneret: ecological and physiological aspects.
[International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology
Proceedings]{.underline}. Stuttgart. 27 (Pt 5), pp. 2954-2958. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon ovalisporum*/ Lake Kinneret/ ecology/ physiology.

932\. Haga, Y.; Okazaki, M.; and Shuto, Y. (2003). Systematic strategy
for the synthesis of cyanobacterin and its stereoisomers. 1. Asymmetric
total synthesis of dechloro-cyanobacterin and its enantiomer. [Biosci.
Biotechnol. Biochem.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(10):2183-2193.
Keywords: cyanobacterin/ photosynthesis inhibitor/
beta-hydroxy-gamma-ylidene-gamma-butyrolactone frame work/
enantiodivergent synthesis/ Evans and non-Evans aldol reaction.

933\. Haga, Y.; Okazaki, M.; and Shuto, Y. (2003). Systematic strategy
for the synthesis of cyanobacterin and its stereoisomers. 2. Asymmetric
total synthesis of the 2- and 3- epimers of dechloro-cyanobacterin.
[Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.]{.underline}
[67]{.underline}(10):2215-2223. Keywords: cyanobacterin/ natural
photosynthesis/ inhibitor/ synthesis of stereoisomers/ Evans and
non-Evans aldol condensaton/ diastereoselective alkynylation.

934\. Hahn, S. T. and Capra, M. F. (1992). The cyanobacterium
*Oscillatoria erythraea:* a potential source of toxin in the ciguatera
food chain. [Food Add. Contam.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(4):351-355.
Keywords: *Oscillatoria erythraea*/ potential toxin source/ ciguatera.

935\. Haider, S.; Naithani, V.; Viswanathan, P. N.; and Kakkar, P.
(2003). Cyanobacterial toxins: a growing environmental concern.
[Chemosphere]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(1):1-21. Keywords: algal
blooms/ cyanobacterial toxin/ hepatotoxins/ neurotoxin/ blue-green-alga/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ protein phosphatase 2A/ cyclic peptide toxin/
paralytic shellfish poisons/ isolated rat hepatocytes/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ activated carbon/ drinking water/ *Nodularia spumigena*.

936\. Hairston Jr., N. G.; Holtmeier, C. L.; Lampert, W.; Weider, L. J.;
Post, D. M.; Fischer, J. M.; Caceres, C. E.; Fox, J. A.; and Gaedke, U.
(2001). Natural selection for grazer resistance to toxic cyanobacteria:
Evolution of phenotypic plasticity? [Evolution]{.underline}
[55]{.underline}(11):2203-2214. Keywords: *Daphnia*/ developmental
plasticity/ egg bank/ evolution of resistance/ genotype-by-environment
interaction/ reaction norm/ selection response.

937\. Hald, J.C. (1833). Contributions to our knowledge on the economy
of the Danish provinces (Bidrag til kundskab om de danske provindsers
nærværende tilstand i oekonomisk henseende). [Ottende Stykke,
Ringkjøbing Amt]{.underline}. Landhusholdningsselskabet, Copenhagen, p.
56. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Denmark.

938\. Hall, T.; Hart, J.; Croll, B.; and Gregory, R. (2000).
Laboratory-scale investigations of algal toxin removal by water
treatment. [J. Chart. Inst. Water Environ. Manage.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(2):143-149. Keywords: algae/ anatoxin/ microcystin/
toxin/ water treatment.

939\. Hallegraeff, G. M. (1993). A review of harmful algal blooms and
their apparent global increase. [Phycologia]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(2):79-99. Keywords: harmful algal blooms (HABs)/ global
increase. (Phycological Reviews 13)

940\. Halstead, B. W. (2002). The microbial biogenesis of aquatic
biotoxins. [Toxicol. Mech. Methods]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(2):135-153. Keywords: aleterin/ aquatic biotoxins/
ciguatoxin/ gambiertoxin/ gonyautoxins/ maitotoxin/ microbial
biogenesis/ palytoxin/ saxitoxins/ scaritoxin/ tetrodotoxin.

941\. Hamill, K. D. (2001). Toxicity in benthic freshwater cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae): first observations in New Zealand. [NZ. J. Mar.
Freshwater Res.]{.underline} [35]{.underline} (5):1057-1059. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Oscillatoria*/ benthos/ periphyton/ anatoxin-a/ New
Zealand/ anatoxin-a/ freshwater.

942\. Hammer, U. T. (1964). The succession of bloom species of
blue-green and some causal factors. [Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}:829-836. Keywords: bloom
succession/ cyanobacteria/ Saskatchewan/ Canada.

943\. Hammer, U. T. (1968). Toxic blue-green algae in Saskatchewan.
[Can. Vet. J.]{.underline} [9]{.underline} :221-229. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Saskatchewan/ Canada.

944\. Han, B. N.; McPhail, K. L.; Ligresti, A.; Marzo, V. Di; and
Gerwick, W. H. (2003). Semiplenamides A-G, fatty acid amides from a
Papua New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya
semiplena.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}(10):1364-1368. Keywords: anadamide/
palmitoylethanolamide/ metabolites/ *Lyngbya semiplena*/ *majuscula*/
transport/ receptor.

945\. Hanazato, T. (1991). Interrelations between *Microcystis* and
*Cladocera* in the highly eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. [Int. Revue
ges. Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [76]{.underline}(1):21-36. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ *Cladocera*/ toxicity/ food chain/ Lake Kasumigaura/
Japan.

946\. Hanazato, T. and Aizaki, M. (1991). Changes in species composition
of cladoceran community in Lake Kasumigaura during 1986-1989: occurrence
of *Daphnia galeata* and its effect on algal biomass. [Jap. J.
Limnol.]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(1):45-55. Keywords: cladoceran
community/ species composition/ *Daphnia galeata*/ mysid/ algal biomass/
Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan.

947\. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1988). Assimilation of *Diaphanosoma
brachyurum* and *Moina macrocopa* on *Microcystis.* [Jap. J.
Limnol.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(1):37-41. Keywords: zooplankton/
*Cladocera*/ *Microcystis*/ assimilation.

948\. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1987). Characteristics of biomass and
production of cladoceran zooplankton in Lake Kasumigaura. [Jap. J.
Limnol.]{.underline} [48]{.underline}:S45-S57. Keywords: *Cladocera*/
biomass/ production/ Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan.

949\. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1987). Evaluation of *Microcystis* as
food for zooplankton in a eutrophic lake. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[144]{.underline}:251-259. Keywords: *Microcystis*/ food for
zooplankton/ *Cladocera*/ *Moina micrura*/ Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan.

950\. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1984). Growth, reproduction and
assimilation of *Moina macrocopya* fed on *Microcystis* and/or
*Chlorella.* [Jap. J. Ecol.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}:195-202.
Keywords: *Microcystis* *aeruginosa*/ *Chlorella*/ food for zooplankton.

951\. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1985). Population dynamics and
production of cladoceran zooplankton in the highly eutrophic Lake
Kasumigaura. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [124]{.underline} :13-22.
Keywords: population dynamics/ secondary production/ *Cladocera*/ Lake
Kasumigaura/ Japan.

952\. Hanazato, T.; Yasuno, M.; Iwakuma, T.; and Takamura, N. (1984).
Seasonal changes in the occurrence of *Bosmina longirostris* and
*Bosmina fatalis* in relation to *Microcystis* bloom in Lake
Kasumigaura. [Jap. J. Limnol.]{.underline} [45]{.underline}(2):153-157.
Keywords: *Bosmina longirostris*/ *Bosmina fatalis*/ succession/
*Microcystis* *aeruginosa*/ Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan/ seasonal changes.

953\. Hancock, J. R. and D\'Agostino, P. A. (2002). Mass spectrometric
identification of toxins of biological origin. [Analyt. Chim.
Acta]{.underline} [457]{.underline}(1):71-82. Keywords: biological and
toxin weapons convention/ liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry.

954\. Haney, J. F.; Forsyth, D. J.; and James, M. R. (1994). Inhibition
of zooplankton filtering rates by dissolved inhibitors produced by
naturally occurring cyanobacteria. [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[132]{.underline}(1):1-13. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ inhibition of
zooplankton feeding.

955\. Haney, J. F.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and Ikawa, M. (1995). Effects of
products released by *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* and purified saxitoxin
on the movements of *Daphnia carinata* feeding appendages. [Limnol.
Oceanogr.]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(2):263-272. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ saxitoxin/ affects feeding apendages/
*Daphnia corinata*.

956\. Hannan, P. J. and Patouillet, C. (1977). Naval uses for an algal
toxicity test. [Naval Res. Rev.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(6):1-10.
Keywords: navy/ algal toxicity test.

957\. Harada, K-I. (1996). Chemistry and detection of microcystins . In:
M. F. Watanabe, K-I. Harada, W. W. Carmichael, and H. Fujiki (eds.)
[Toxic *Microcystis.*]{.underline} CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, pp.
103-148, Ch. 6. 262 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*.

958\. Harada, K-I. (1999). Recent advances of toxic cyanobacteria
researches. [J. Health Sci.]{.underline} [45]{.underline}(3):150-165.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ research advances. (Japanese)

959\. Harada, K-I.; Fujii, K.; Hyashi, K.; Suzuki, M.; Ikai, Y.; and
Oka, H. (1996). Application of D,L-FDLA derivatization to determination
of absolute configuration of constituent amino acids in peptide by
advanced Marfey\'s method. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(17):3001-3004. Keywords: derivatization procedure/
Marfey\'s method/ amino acid configuration/ aeruginopeptin.

960\. Harada, K-I.; Fujii, K.; Shimada, T.; Suzuki, M.; Sano, H.;
Adachi, K.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1995). Two cyclic peptides,
anabaenopeptins, a third group of bioactive compounds from the
cyanobacterium *Anabaena flos-aquae* NRC 525-17. [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(9 ):1511-1514. Keywords: *Anabaena
flos-aquae*/ cyclic peptides/ structure determination.

961\. Harada, K-I.; Kimura, Y.; Ogawa, K.; Suzuki, M.; Dahlem, A. M.;
Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1989). A new procedure for the
analysis and purification of naturally occurring anatoxin-a from the
blue-green alga *Anabaena flos-aquae.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(12):1289-1296. Keywords: analysis/ purification/
anatoxin-a/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*.

962\. Harada, K-I.; Kondo, F.; and Tsuji, K. (2001). Trace analysis of
microcystins in environmental samples. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem.
Int.]{.underline} [84]{.underline}(5):1636-1642. Keywords: rat livers/
lake water/ cyanobacteria/ LR/ toxins/ mouse.

963\. Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Kimura, Y.; Ogawa, K.; Suzuki, M.;
Watanabe, M. F.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W.
(1988). Chemical analysis methods of toxic compounds produced by
cyanobacterium. In: [Eighth Symposium Analytical Chemistry of Biological
Substances]{.underline}. Sept. 22-23, 1988; Nagoya, Japan. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ chemical analysis methods.

964\. Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Suzuki, M.; Oka, H.; Watanabe, M. F.;
Oishi, S.; Dahlem, A. M; Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1988).
Analysis and purification of toxic peptides from cyanobacteria by
reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. [J.
Chromat.]{.underline} [448]{.underline}(2):275-283. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ peptides/ purification/ HPLC.

965\. Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, M. F.; Dahlem,
A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Toxic peptides from
four different *Microcystis* strains. In: [IUPAC 7th International
Symposium Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins]{.underline}. August 16-19, 1988;
Tokyo, Japan. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ peptides/ HPLC.

966\. Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi,
S.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1990).
Isolation and characterization of the minor components associated with
microcystins -LR and -RR in the cyanobacterium (blue-green algae).
[Toxicon]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(1):55-64. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ microcystin-RR/ isolation/ characterization.

967\. Harada, K-I.; Mayumi, T.; Shimada, T.; Fujii, K.; Kondo, F.; Park,
H.; and Watanabe, M. F. (2001). Co-production of microcystins and
aeruginopeptins by natural cyanobacterial bloom. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(4):298-305. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ microcystins/ aeruginopeptins/ Lake Suwa, Japan/ MS-MS.

968\. Harada, K-I.; Mayumi, T.; Shimada, T.; Suzuki, M.; Kondo, F.; and
Watanabe, M. F. (1993). Occurrence of four depsipeptides,
aeruginopeptins, together with microcystins from toxic cyanobacteria.
[Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(38):6091-6094. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ depsipeptides/ aeruginopeptins/ microcystins/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ structure determination.

969\. Harada, K-I.; Murata, H.; Qiang, Z.; Suzuki, M.; and Kondo, F.
(1996). Mass spectrometric screening method for microcystins in
cyanobacteria. [Toxicon]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(6):701-710.
Keywords: mass spectrometry/ screening/ microcystins/ cyanobacteria.

970\. Harada, K-I.; Nagai, H.; Kimura, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Park, H-D.;
Watanabe, M. F.; Luukkainen, R.; Sivonen, K.; and Carmichael, W. W.
(1993). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric detection of
anatoxin-a, a neurotoxin from cyanobacteria. [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[49]{.underline}(41):9251-9260. Keywords: anatoxin-a detection/ liquid
chromatography/ mass spectrometry.

971\. Harada, K-I.; Ogawa, K.; Kimura, Y.; Murata, H.; Suzuki, M.;
Thorn, P. M.; Evans, W. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Microcystins
from *Anabaena flos-aquae* NRC-525-17. [Chem. Res. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}(5):535-540. Keywords: *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
microcystins/ isolation/ purification.

972\. Harada, K-I.; Ogawa, K.; Matsuura, K.; Murata, H.; Suzuki, M.;
Watanabe, M. F.; Itezono, Y.; and Nakayama, N. (1990). Structural
determination of geometrical isomers of microcystins -LR and -RR from
cyanobacteria by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic techniques. [Chem.
Res. Toxicol.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(5):473-481. Keywords:
microcystin LR/ microcystin-RR/ structural determination/ NMR
spectroscopic technique.

973\. Harada, K-I.; Ogawa, K.; Matsuura, K.; Nagai, H.; Murata, H.;
Suzuki, M.; Itezono, Y.; Nakayama, N.; Shirai, M.; and Nakano, M.
(1991). Isolation of two toxic heptapeptide microcystins from an axenic
strain of *Microcystis aeruginosa*, K-139. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(4-5):479-489. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ toxic
heptapeptides/ isolation/ structure determination.

974\. Harada, K-I.; Ohtani, I.; Iwamoto, K.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, M.
F.; Watanabe, M.; and Terao, K. (1994). Isolation of cylindrospermopsin
from a cyanobacterium *Umezakia natans* and its screening method.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(1):73-84. Keywords:
cylindrospermopsin/ isolation/ *Umezakia natans*.

975\. Harada, K-I.; Oshikata, M.; Uchida, H.; Suzuki, M.; Kondo, F.;
Sato, K.; Ueno, Y.; Yu, S-Z.; Chen, G.; and Chen, G-C. (1996). Detection
and identification of microcystins in the drinking water of Haimen City,
China. [Natural Toxins]{.underline} [4]{.underline}:277-283. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ drinking water/ hepatocellular carcinoma/
Haimen City/ China.

976\. Harada, K-I.; Suomalainen, M.; Uchida, H.; Masui, H.; Ohmura, K.;
Kiviranta, J.; Niku-Paavola, M. L.; and Ikemoto, T. (2000). Insecticidal
compounds against mosquito larvae from *Oscillatoria agardhii* strain
27. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(2):114-119.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ mosquito/ unsaturated
fatty acid.

977\. Harada, K-I.; Suzuki, M.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.;
Carmichael, W. W.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1988). Improved method for
purification of toxic peptides produced by cyanobacteria.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(5):433-439. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
peptide/ purification.

978\. Harada, K-I. and Tsuji, K. (1998). Persistence and decomposition
of hepatotoxic microcystins produced by cyanobacteria in natural
environment. [J. Toxicol. - Toxin Rev.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(3):385-403. Keywords: hepatotoxic microcystins/
persistence/ decomposition.

979\. Hardin, F. F. (1961). Seabather\'s eruption. [J. Med. Assoc.
(Georgia)]{.underline} [50]{.underline}:450. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
dermatitis.

980\. Harding, W. R.; Rowe, N.; Wessels, J. C.; Beattie, K. A.; and
Codd, G. A. (1995). Death of a dog attributed to the cyanobacterial
(blue-green algal) hepatotoxin nodularin in South Africa. [J. S. Afr.
Vet. Assoc.]{.underline} [66]{.underline}(4):256-259. Keywords: dog
poisoning/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxicosis/ *Nodularia*/ nodularin/ South
Africa.

981\. Hargreaves, J. A. (2003). Ecophysiology of cyanobacteria:
Implication for off-flavor management in pond aquaculture. [Off-Flavors
in Aquaculture]{.underline}. American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ.
Press: Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 107-132. 268 pp. ACS Symposium
Series. Keywords: blue-green-algae/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Oscillatoria agardhii*/ phytoplankton blooms/ aquatic systems/ forming
cyanobacteria/ species composition/ lake phytoplankton/ chemical
defenses/ relative biomass.

982\. Harrigan, G. G.; Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; Nagle,
D. G.; Biggs, J.; Park, P. U.; and Paul, V. J. (1999). Tumonoic acids,
novel metabolites from a cyanobacterial assemblage of *Lyngbya
majuscula* and *Schizothrix calcicola*. [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [62]{.underline}(3):464-467. Keywords: tumonoic
acids/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ *Schizothrix calcicola*.

983\. Harrigan, G. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; Nagle, D. G.; Park,
P. U.; Biggs, J.; Paul, V. J.; Mooberry, S. L.; Corbett, T. H.; and
Valeriote, F. A. (1998). Isolation, structure determination, and
biological activity of dolastatin-12 and lyngbyastatin-I from *Lyngbya
majuscula Schizothrix calcicola* cyanobacterial assemblages. [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(10):1221-1225. Keywords:
isolation/ structure determination/ biological activity/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ *Schizothrix calcicola*.

984\. Harrison, S.; Page, C. P.; and Spina, D. (1999). Airway nerves and
protein phosphatases. [Gen. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(3):287-298. Keywords: airway nerves/ phosphatases.
(Review)

985\. Hart, M. E.; Eng, H.; Huang, H. B.; Nairn, A. C.; and Chamberlin,
A. R. (2001). Synthesis and biological evaluation of a variety of
truncated microcystin analogs. [Abstr. Papers Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [221]{.underline}(Pt. 2):U7. Keywords: microcystin/
synthesis/ evaluation.

986\. Hashimoto, Y.; Fusetani, N.; and Nozawa, K. (1972). Screening of
the toxic algae on coral reefs. In: [Proceedings 7th Int. Seaweed
Symposium]{.underline}. pp. 569-572. 1971; Sapporo. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ bioassay/ coral reefs.

987\. Hashimoto, Y.; Kamiya, H.; Yamazato, K.; and Nozawa, K. (1975).
Occurrence of a toxic blue-green alga inducing skin dermatitis in
Okinawa. [Toxicon]{.underline} [13]{.underline}:95-96. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ dermatitis/ Okinawa/ Japan. (Abstract)

988\. Hashimoto, Y.; Kamiya, H.; Yamazato, K.; and Nozawa, K. (1976).
Occurrence of a toxic blue-green alga inducing skin dermatitis in
Okinawa. In: A. Ohsaka, K. Hayashi, and Y. Sawai (eds.) [Animal, Plant
and Microbial Toxins]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, Vol. 1, pp.
333-338. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ dermatitis/ Okinawa/ Japan.

989\. Haugen, J.E.; Skulberg, O.M.; and Underdal, B. (1982). Giftige
alger i drikkevannsforsyninger. In: [Noen holdepunkter om praktiske
tiltak]{.underline}. NIVA: Oslo. Report \# rapport-0-81094, 10 May 1982.
26 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Abstract --- Norwegian)

990\. Hauman, J. H. (1981). Is a plasmid involved in the toxicity of
*Microcystis aeruginosa?* In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water
Environment: Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New
York, pp. 97-102. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ plasmid.

991\. Hauman, J. H. (1981). [A Molecular Biological Characterization of
*Microcystis aeruginosa* Kutz. emend Elenkin]{.underline}. M.Sc. Thesis.
Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, S.A. 101 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ molecular biology.

992\. Hauman, J. H.; Coetzee, W. F.; and Scott, W. E. (1982). Isolation
of plasmids from toxic *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [S. Afr. J.
Sci.]{.underline} [78]{.underline}(9):381. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ plasmids/ isolation. (Abstract)

993\. Hawkins, P. R.; Chandrasena, N. R.; Jones, G. J.; Humpage, A. R.;
and Falconer, I. R. (1997). Isolation and toxicity of
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* from an ornamental lake.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(3):341-346. Keywords: isolation/
toxicity/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* / Australia.

994\. Hawkins, P. R. and Griffiths, D. J. (1987). Copper as an algicide
in a tropical reservoir. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}(4):475-480. Keywords: copper/ algicide/ tropical
reservoir.

995\. Hawkins, P. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and
Falconer, I. R. (1985). Severe hepatotoxicity caused by the tropical
cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*
(Woloszynska) Seenaya et Subba Raju isolated from a domestic water
supply reservoir. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[50]{.underline}(5):1292-1295. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii*/ hepatotoxin/ reservoir/ Palm Island/ Australia.

996\. Hawser, S. P.; Codd, G. A.; Capone, D. G.; and Carpenter, E. J.
(1991). A neurotoxic factor associated with the bloom-forming
cyanobacterium *Trichodesmium.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(3):277-278. Keywords: neurotoxic factor/
*Trichodesmium*. (Letter to Editor)

997\. Hawser, S. P.; O\'Neil, J. M.; Roman, M. R.; and Codd, G. A.
(1992). Toxicity of blooms of the cyanobacterium *Trichodesmium* to
zooplankton. [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}(1):79-86.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blooms/ *Trichodesmium*/ zooplankton/ toxins.

998\. Hay, M. E. and Kubanek, J. (2002). Community and ecosystem level
consequences of chemical cues in the plankton. [J. Chem.
Ecol.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(10):2001-2016. Keywords: aquatic
chemical ecology/ biotoxin/ complex interactions/ DMS/ harmful algal
bloom/ phytoplankton/ zooplankton.

999\. Hayakawa, K. and Kohama, K. (1995). Reversible effects of okadaic
acid and microcystin-LR on the ATP-dependent interaction between actin
and myosin. [J. Biochem.]{.underline} [117]{.underline}(3):509-514.
Keywords: microcystin/ motility assay/ myosin ATPase/ okadaic acid/
phosphatase.

1000\. Hayman, J. (1992). Beyond the Barcoo: probable human tropical
cyanobacterial poisoning in outback Australia. [Med. J.
Aust.]{.underline} [157]{.underline}(11-12):794-796. Keywords: tropical/
human poisoning/ Australia/ outback.

1001\. Hazanato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1987). Evaulation of *Microcystis*
as food for zooplankton in an eutrophic lake.
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [144]{.underline} :251-259. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ zooplankton/ feeding/ eutrophic lake.

1002\. He, J.; He, Z.; and Guo, Q. (1997). The toxicity of *Microcystis
aeruginosa* to fishes and *Daphnia.* [J. Lake Sci.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(1):49-58. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ fishes/
*Daphnia*/ toxicity. (Chinese)

1003\. He, J.; He, Z.; Yu, J.; and Yu, M. (1988). Isolation and
identification of toxins contained in *Microcystis* *aeruginosa* from
Donghu Lake, Wuhan. [Oceanologia Limnologia Sinica]{.underline}
[19]{.underline}(5):424-430. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ isolation/ identification/ Donghu Lake, Wuhan/ China.
(Chinese)

1004\. He, J.; Li, L.; Guo, Q., and Liu, Y. (1998). Contents of
free-microcystin in Chinese freshwaters. In: M. M. Watanabe and K. Kaya,
(eds.) [Advances in Microalgal & Protozoal Studies in Asia]{.underline}.
Global Environmental Forum: Japan, pp. 36-42. Keywords: free
microcystin/ fish/ mice/ water quality/ HPLC/ ELISA/ China.

1005\. He, J.; Li, L.; Yu, J.; Zhao, Y.; and Liu, Y. (1996). Preliminary
studies on a Chinese new record of blue-green algae---*Microcystis
wesenbergii* and its toxicity. [Acta Hydrobiol. Sinica]{.underline}
[20]{.underline}(2):192-194. Keywords: *Microcystis wesenbergii*/
morphology character/ toxicity. (Chinese)

1006\. He, Z.; He, J.; Yu, J.; and Yu, M. (1988). Study on the toxicity
of blue-green algal blooms in Lake Donghu, Wuhan. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(1):24. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Donghu Lake, Wuhan/ China.
(Abstract)

1007\. He, Z.; He, J.; Yu, M.; Qiao, M.; Shen, Z.; Wu, L.; Wu, S.; Guo,
Y.; Kondo, F.; and Harada, K-I. (1997). Seven microcystins from
*Microcystis* waterbloom in Lake Dalai, China. [J. Environ.
Sci.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(1):114-120 . Keywords: microcystin/
cyanobacteria/ waterbloom/ identification/ Frit-FAB LC-MS.

1008\. He, Z.; Yu, J.; He, J.; Zhang, F.; and Yu, M. (1989). Study on
the toxicity of blue-green algal blooms in Donghu Lake. II. Seasonal
variation of toxicity and characteristics of *Microcystis* toxin. [Acta
Hydrobiol. Sinica]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(3):201-209. Keywords:
blue-green algal bloom/ toxicity/ seasonal variation/ *Microcystis*/
Donghu Lake, Wuhan/ China.

1009\. He, Z-R.; He, J.; Yu, M-J.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1994). Toxins
from *Microcystis aeruginosa* strain M8641 isolated from East Lake,
Wuhan, P.R. China. [Chinese Biochem. J.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(2):168-172. Keywords: toxins/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
East Lake/ Wuhan/ China. (Chinese)

1010\. Healey, J. S. (1968). Water containing algae may be dangerous to
stock. [Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.]{.underline} [79]{.underline}(3):157.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ livestock.

1011\. Heaney, S. I. (1971). The toxicity of *Microcystis aeruginosa*
Kutz. from some English reservoirs. [Water Treat. Exam.]{.underline}
[20]{.underline}:235-244. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*
/ England.

1012\. Heath, E. C.; Burnham, J. C.; and Fraleigh, P. C. (1987). The
predatory effect of bacteria on blue-green algae. [Ohio J.
Sci.]{.underline} [87]{.underline}(2):50. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
bacteria. (Meeting Abstract)

1013\. Heintzelman, G. R.; Fang, W. K.; Keen, S. P.; Wallace, G. A.; and
Weinreb, S. M. (2002). Stereoselective total syntheses and reassignment
of stereochemistry of the freshwater cyanobacterial hepatotoxins
cylindrospermopsin and 7-epicylindrospermopsin. [J. Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [124]{.underline}(15):3939-3945. Keywords:
ionization-rearrangement reactions/ cultured rat hepatocytes/ n-sulfinyl
dienophiles/ diels-alder reactions/ alkaloid cylindrospermopsin/
*Aphanizomenon ovalisporum*/ triflyloxy amides/ *Umezakia natans*/ Lake
Kinneret/ *raciborskii*.

1014\. Heintzelman, G. R.; Fang, W. K.; Keen, S. P.; Wallace, G. A.; and
Weinreb, S. M. (2001). Stereoselective total synthesis of the
cyanobacterial hepatotoxin 7-epicylindrospermopsin: revision of the
stereochemistry of cylindrospermopsin. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[123]{.underline}(36):8851-8853. Keywords: ionization rearrangement
reactions/ cultured rat hepatocytes/ n-triflyloxy amides/ alkaloid
cylindrospermopsin/ *Aphanizomenon ovalisporum*/ *Umezakia natans*/ Lake
Kinneret/ *raciborskii*/ model/ glutathione.

1015\. Heintzelman, G. R.; Weinreb, S. M.; and Parvez, M. (1996). Imino
diels-alder-based construction of piperidine A-ring unit for total
synthesis of the marine hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin. [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(14):4594-4599. Keywords: synthesis/
marine hepatotoxin/ cylindrospermopsin.

1016\. Heinze, R. (1999). Toxicity of the cyanobacterial toxin
microcystin-LR to rats after 28 days intake with the drinking water.
[Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):57-60. Keywords:
cyanobacterial toxin/ microcystin-LR/ toxicity/ subchronic/ animal
experiment/ rats.

1017\. Heinze, R.; Fastner, J.; Neumann, U., and Chorus, I. (2001).
Testing cyanobacterial toxicity with primary rat hepatocyte and
cell-line assays. In: I. Chorus, (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 317-324.
Keywords: testing/ toxicity/ rat hepatocyte/ cell-line assays.

1018\. Heise, H. A. (1949). Symptoms of hay fever caused by algae. [J.
Allergy]{.underline} [20]{.underline}:383-385. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
allergy.

1019\. Heise, H. A. (1951). Symptoms of hay fever caused by algae. II.
*Microcystis:* another form of algae producing allergenic reactions.
[Ann. Allergy]{.underline} [9]{.underline}:100-101. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ allergy/ *Microcystis*.

1020\. Helms, G. L.; Moore, R. E.; Niemczura, W. P.; Patterson, G. M.
L.; Tomer, K. B.; and Gross, M. L. (1988). Scytonemin-A, a novel calcium
antagonist from a blue-green alga. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[53]{.underline}(6):1298-1307. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ scytonemin/
*Scytonema*.

1021\. Helyhutchinson, J. R. and Schumann, E. H. (1997). The anatomy of
a flash-flood in the Hartbeespoort catchment. [Water S.
Afr.]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(4):345-356. Keywords: South Africa/
flash flood/ Hartbeespoort.

1022\. Hemscheidt, T.; Burgoyne, D. L.; and Moore, R. E. (1995).
Biosynthesis of anatoxin-a(s) --- (2S,4S)-4-hydroxyarginine as an
intermediate. [J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.]{.underline}(2):205-206.
Keywords: anatoxin-a(s)/ biosynthesis.

1023\. Hemscheidt, T.; Rapala, J.; Sivonen, K.; and Skulberg, O. M.
(1995). Biosynthesis of anatoxin-a in *Anabaena flos-aquae* and
homoanatoxin-a in *Oscillatoria formosa.* [J. Chem. Soc., Chem.
Commun.]{.underline}(13):1361-1362. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ biosynthesis/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ homonatoxin-a/ *Oscillatoria formosa*.

1024\. Henning, K.; Cremer, J.; and Meyer, H. (1992). Cytotoxicity of
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Vet. Med. B---Infect. Dis.
Vet. Pub. Health]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(4):307-310. Keywords:
cytotoxicity/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1025\. Henning, K.; Meyer, H.; Kraatz-Wadsack, G.; and Cremer, J.
(1992). Detection of cytotoxic substance produced by the cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa* strain PCC 7806: isolation and differentiation
from the peptide toxin microcystin-LR by cytotoxicity assays. [Curr.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(3):129-134. Keywords:
detection/ isolation/ differentiation/ microcystin-LR/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*.

1026\. Henning, M.; Hertel, H.; Wall, H.; and Kohl, J-G. (1991).
Strain-specific influence of *Microcystis aeruginosa* on food ingestion
and assimilation of some cladocerans and copepods. [Int. Revue ges.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [76]{.underline}(1):37-45. Keywords: ingestion
rate/ toxicity/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Daphnia*/ *Cyclops*/
*Eubosmina*/ inhibition/ assimilation.

1027\. Henning, M. and Kohl, J-G. (1981). Toxic blue-green algae and
their toxins. [Biologische Rudschau]{.underline}
[19]{.underline}(4):217-229. Keywords: cyanotoxins. (German, translated)

1028\. Henning, M. and Kohl, J-G. (1981). Toxic blue-green algae water
blooms found in some lakes in the German Democratic Republic. [Int.
Revue ges. Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [66]{.underline}(4):553-561.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ waterblooms/ blue-green algae/ *Microcystis*/
*Aphanizomenon*/ toxicity/ Germany.

1029\. Henning, M.; Rohrlack, T., and Kohl, J. G. (2001). Responses of
*Daphnia* *galeata* fed with *Microcystis* strains with and without
microcystins. In: I. Chorus, (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence Causes
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 266-280.
Keywords: *Daphnia galeata*/ fed/ *Microcystis*.

1030\. Henriksen, P. (2001). Toxic freshwater cyanobacteria in Denmark.
In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 49-56. 357 pp.
Keywords: toxic/ cyanobacteria/ freshwater/ Denmark.

1031\. Henriksen, P.; Carmichael, W. W.; An, J. S.; and Moestrup, Ø.
(1997). Detection of an anatoxin-a(s)-like anticholinesterase in natural
blooms and cultures of cyanobacteria/blue-green algae from Danish lakes
and in the stomach contents of poisoned birds. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(6):901-913. Keywords: anatoxin-a(s)/ detection/
Denmark/ poisoned birds.

1032\. Henriksen, P. and Moestrup, Ø. (1997). Seasonal variations in
microcystin contents of Danish cyanobacteria. [Natural
Toxins]{.underline} [5]{.underline}:99-106. Keywords: hepatotoxins/
*Anabaena*/ *Microcystis*/ *Plankothrix*/ *Oscillatoria*/ HPLC/ ELISA/
Denmark.

1033\. Heresztyn, T. and Nicholson, B. C. (2001). A colorimetric protein
phosphatase inhibition assay for the determination of cyanobacterial
peptide hepatotoxins based on the dephosphorylation of phosvitin by
recombinant protein phosphatase 1. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(3):242-252. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ peptide
hepatotoxins/ cyanotoxins/ microcystins/ protein phosphatase inhibitors/
PP1/ analysis/ water.

1034\. Heresztyn, T. and Nicholson, B. C. (2001). Determination of
cyanobacterial hepatotoxins directly in water using a protein
phosphatase inhibition assay. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(13):3049-3056. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/
microcystin/ nodularin/ phosphatase inhibition assay/ PP2A/ analysis.

1035\. Heresztyn, T. and Nicholson, B. C. (1997). Nodularin
concentrations in lakes and Alexandrina and Albert, South Australia,
during a bloom of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) *Nodularia
spumigena* and degradation of the toxin. [Environ. Toxicol. Water
Qual.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}(4):273-282. Keywords: blue-green
alga/ nodularin/ degradation/ toxin/ toxic bloom/ cyanobacterium/ copper
sulfate/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ water quality.

1036\. Hermansky, S. J.; Casey, P. J.; and Stohs, S. J. (1990).
Cyclosporin-a --- a chemoprotectant against microcystin-LR toxicity.
[Toxicol. Lett.]{.underline} [54]{.underline}(2-3):279-285. Keywords:
microcystin toxicity/ cyclosporin-a/ chemoprotection.

1037\. Hermansky, S. J.; Markin, R. S., and Stohs, S. J. (1989). Dose
and time dependent effects of the hepatotoxin microcystin-LR in mice.
[Toxicologist]{.underline}. [9]{.underline}(1):168. Keywords: dose and
time dependent effects/microcystin-LR/mice. (28th Ann. Meeting S.O.T.,
Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989 --- Abstract #671)

1038\. Hermansky, S. J. and Stohs, S. J. (1991). Effect of
microcystin-LR (MCLR) and hepatic microsomal membrane fluidity. [Res.
Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[72]{.underline}(2):213-222. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ hepatic
microsomal membrane fluidity/ mice.

1039\. Hermansky, S. J.; Stohs, S. J.; Eldeen, Z. M.; Roche, V. F.; and
Mereish, K. A. (1991). Evaluation of potential chemoprotectants against
microcystin-LR hepatotoxicity in mice. [J. Appl. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(1):65-74. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ hepatotoxicity/
chemoprotection/ cyclosporin A/ rifampin/ silymarin.

1040\. Hermansky, S. J.; Stohs, S. J.; Markin, R. S.; and Murray, W. J.
(1990). Hepatic lipid peroxidation, sulfhydryl status, and toxicity of
the blue-green algal toxin microcystin-LR in mice. [J. Toxicol. Environ.
Health]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(1):71-91. Keywords: toxicity/
microcystin-LR/ mice/ hepatic lipid peroxidation.

1041\. Hermansky, S. J.; Wolff, S. N.; and Stohs, S. J. (1990). Use of
rifampin as an effective chemoprotectant and antidote against
microcystin-LR toxicity. [Pharmacology]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(4):231-236. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ rifampin/
chemoprotection/ lactic dehydrogenase.

1042\. Hernandez, M.; Macia, M.; Padilla, C.; and Del Campo, F. F.
(2000). Modulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence by
cyanopeptide toxins. [Environ. Res.]{.underline}
[84]{.underline}(1):64-68. Keywords: PMN adherence/ cyanopeptide toxins/
microcystins/ nodularins/ immune system modulation.

1043\. Herwaldt, B. L.; Craun, G. F.; Stokes, S. L.; and Juranek, D. D.
(1992). Outbreaks of waterborne disease in the United States: 1989-90.
[J. Am. Water Works Assoc.]{.underline} [84]{.underline}(4):129-135.
Keywords: waterborne disease outbreaks/ United States.

1044\. Herzig, S. and Neumann, J. (2000). Effects of serine/threonine
protein phosphatases on ion channels in excitable membranes (review).
[Physiol. Rev.]{.underline} [80]{.underline}(1):173-210. Keywords:
serine-threonine protein phosphatase/ ion channels.

1045\. Hesse, K.; Dittmann, E.; and Börner, T. (2001). Consequences of
impaired microcystin production for light-dependent growth and
pigmentation of *Microcystis aeruginosa* PCC 7806. [FEMS Microbiol.
Ecol.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(1):39-43. Keywords:
microcystin-deficient mutant/ microcystin function/ chlorophyll/
carotenoid/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1046\. Hesse, K. and Kohl, J. G. (2001). Effects of light and nutrient
supply on growth and microcystin content of different strains of
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp.
104-115. 357 pp. Keywords: effects/ light/ nutrient growth/ microcystin
content/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1047\. Hibayashi, R. and Imamura, N. (2003). Action mechanism of a
selective anti-cyanobacterial compound, argimicin A. [J.
Antibiot.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(2):154-159. Keywords: argimicin
A/ anti-cyanobacterial/ *Sphingomonas* sp./ photosynthetic inhibitor.

1048\. Hietala, J.; Laurén-Määttä, C.; and Walls, M. (1997).
Life-history responses of *Daphnia* clones to toxic *Microcystis* at
different food levels. [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline}
[19]{.underline}(7):917-926. Keywords: toxic *Microcystis*/ Daphnia
response.

1049\. Hietala, J.; Reinikainen, M.; and Walls, M. (1995). Variation in
life history responses of *Daphnia* to toxic *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[J. Plankton Res.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(12):2307-2318. Keywords:
toxic *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Daphnia* response.

1050\. Hikino, H. (1987). Liver protective activity of medicinal plants.
In: K. Hostettmann and P. J. Lea (eds.) [Biologically Active Natural
Products]{.underline}. Clarendon Press: Oxford, U.K., pp. 143-151, Ch.
10. 283 pp. Annual Proceedings Phytochem. Soc. of Europe. v. #27.
Keywords: medicinal plants/ liver protection.

1051\. Himberg, K. (1989). Determination of anatoxin-a, the neurotoxin
of *Anabaena* *flos-aquae* cyanobacterium, in algae and water by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. [J. Chromat.]{.underline}
[481]{.underline}:358-362. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ *Anabaena*
*flos-aquae*/ gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

1052\. Himberg, K.; Keijola, A-M.; Hiisvirta, L.; Pyysalo, H.; and
Sivonen, K. (1989). The effect of water treatment processes on the
removal of hepatotoxins from *Microcystis* and *Oscillatoria*
cyanobacteria: a laboratory study. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(8):979-984. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/
*Microcystis*/ *Oscillatoria*/ toxic algal blooms/ water treatment/ HPLC
analysis/ drinking water/ hepatotoxins.

1053\. Hindersson, R. (1933). Poisoning of cattle by fresh-water
plankton (Förgiftning av nötkreatur genom sötvattensplankton). [Finsk
Vet. Tidskr.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(8-9):179-189. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ cattle poisoning. (Swedish, translated)

1054\. Hindman, S. H.; Favero, M. S.; Carson, L. A.; Petersen, N. J.;
Schonberger, L. B.; and Solano, J. T. (1975). Pyrogenic reactions during
hemodialysis caused by extramural endotoxin. [Lancet]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}:732-734. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ hemodialysis/ pyrogenic
reaction/ extramural endotoxin.

1055\. Hirahashi, T.; Matsumoto, M.; Hazeki, K.; Saeki, Y.; Ui, M.; and
Seya, T. (2002). Activation of the human innate immune system by
*Spirulina:* augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity
by oral administration of hot water extract of *Spirulina platensis.*
[Int. Immunopharmacol.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(4):423-434.
Keywords: IL-12/ IL-18/ toll-like receptors/ IFN gamma/ cyanobacteria/
macrophages/ *Spirulina platensis*.

1056\. Hirata, K.; Yoshitomi, S.; Dwi, S.; Iwabe, O.; Mahakhant, A.;
Polchai, J.; and Miyamoto, K. (2003). Bioactivities of nostocine A
produced by a freshwater cyanobacterium *Nostoc spongiaeforme* TISTR
8169. [J. Biosci. Bioeng.]{.underline} [95]{.underline}(5):512-517.
Keywords: *Nostoc spongiaeform*e/ nostocine A/ bioactivity/
cyanobacterium/ allelochemical/ toxin.

1057\. Hirayama, Y. and Hartzell, H. D. (1996). Effects of microcystin
and isoproterenol on L-type Ca^2+^ current and camp-regulated CL-current
in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. [Biophys. J.]{.underline}
[70]{.underline}(2):U357. Keywords: effects/ microcystin/ current/
guinea pig/ ventricular myocytes. (Meeting Abstract)

1058\. Hiripi, L.; Nagy, L.; Kalmár, T.; Kovács, A.; and Vörös, L.
(1998). Insect (*Locusta migratoria migratorioides*) test monitering the
toxicity of cyanobacteria. [NeuroToxicol.]{.underline}
[19]{.underline}(4-5):605-608. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ insect
test.

1059\. Hiroishi, S.; Maeda, H.; Morimoto, J.; Taniguchi, Y.; and Imai,
S. (1998). Toxicity of bloom-forming blue-green algae. [Nippon Suis.
Gak.]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(2):295-296. Keywords: toxicity/
blue-green algae. (Japanese)

1060\. Hisbergues, M.; Christiansen, G.; Rouhiainen, L.; Sivonen, K.;
and Börner, T. (2003). PCR-based identification of microcystin-producing
genotypes of different cyanobacterial genera. [Arch.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [180]{.underline}(6):402-410. Keywords:
*Anabaena*/ cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ *Microcystis*/ *Nosto*c/
*Nodularia*/ peptide synthetase/ *Planktothrix*/ toxin.

1061\. Hitzfeld, B. C.; Hoeger, S. J.; and Dietrich, D. R. (2000).
Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment, and
human risk assessment. [Environ. Health Perspect.]{.underline}
[108]{.underline}(S1):113-122. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ ozone/ risk
assessment/ toxin/ water treatment.

1062\. Hitzfeld, B. C.; Lampert, C. S.; Spaeth, N.; Mountfort, D.;
Kaspar, H.; and Dietrich, D. R. (2000). Toxin production in
cyanobacterial mats from ponds on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(12):1731-1748. Keywords: 16s
ribosomal-RNA/ blue-green algae/ protein phosphatases/ *Nodularia
spumigena*/ microbial biomass/ microcystin-LR/ higher-plants/ genes/
inhibition/ toxicity.

1063\. Hobson, P.; Burch, M.; and Fallowfield, H. J. (1999). Effect of
total dissolved solids and irradiance on growth and toxin production by
*Nodularia spumigena.* [J Appl. Phycol.]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(6):551-558. Keywords: *Nodularia spumigena*/ growth/
hepatotoxin production/ nodularin/ salinity/ irradiance.

1064\. Hobson, P. and Fallowfield, H. J. (2003). Effect of irradiance,
temperature and salinity on growth and toxin production by *Nodularia
spumigena.* [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [493]{.underline}(1-3):7-15.
Keywords: *Nodularia spumigena*/ irradiance/ temperature/ salinity/
nodularin/ growth rate/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ cyanobacterial toxins/
hepatotoxin production/ environmental-factors/ Baltic Sea/ light/
cultures/ toxicity/ strains/ blooms.

1065\. Hodara, M-L.; Bré, M-H.; Bouzinba, H.; Pouphile, M.; and
Lefort-Tran, M. (1991). Modulation of fibroblast motility by a cytosolic
extract of cyanobacteria. [Arch. Biochem. Biophys.]{.underline}
[286]{.underline}(1):85-93. Keywords: murine fibroblasts motility
modulation/ cytosolic extract/ *Phormidium*.

1066\. Hodder, A. R. and Capon, R. J. (1991). A new brominated biindole
from an Australian cyanobacterium, *Rivularia firma.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [54]{.underline}(6):1661-1663. Keywords:
brominated biindole/ *Rivularia firma*/ structure/ Australia.

1067\. Hodder, A. R. and Capon, R. J. (1991). A novel brominated lipid
from an Australian cyanobacterium, *Lyngbya* sp. [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [54]{.underline}(6):1668-1671. Keywords:
brominated lipid/ Australia/ *Lyngbya*.

1068\. Hodges, C. F. and Campbell, D. A. (1997). Nutrient salts and the
toxicity of black-layer induced by cyanobacteria and
desulfovibrio-desulfuricans to *Agrostis palustris.* [Plant and
Soil]{.underline} [195]{.underline}(1):53-60. Keywords: nutrient salts/
toxicity/ *Agrostis palustris*.

1069\. Hoeger, S. J.; Dietrich, D. R.; and Hitzfeld, B. C. (2002).
Effect of ozonation on the removal of cyanobacterial toxins during
drinking water treatment. [Environ. Health Perspect.]{.underline}
[110]{.underline}(11):1127-1132. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ ozonation/ *Planktothrix rubescens*/ TOC/
total organic carbon.

1070\. Hoeger, S. J.; Hitzfeld, B. C.; and Dietrich, D. R. (2001).
Efficacy of different methods in the removal of cyanobacterial toxins in
drinking water treatment and toxicity of by-products after ozonation of
microcystin-LR. [Toxicology]{.underline} [164]{.underline} (1-3
Suppl.):183. Keywords: microcystin/ removal/ drinking water.

1071\. Hoffmann, D.; Hevel, J. M.; Moore, R. E.; and Moore, B. S.
(2003). Sequence analysis and biochemical characterization of the
nostopeptolide A biosynthetic gene cluster from *Nostoc* sp. GSV224.
[Gene]{.underline} [311]{.underline}:171-180. Keywords: non-ribosomal
peptide synthetase/ polyketide synthase/ 4-methylproline/ cyanobacteria/
cyclic peptide/ *Nostoc* .

1072\. Hoffmann, J. R. H. (1976). Removal of *Microcystis* toxins in
water purification processes. [Water S. Afr.]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}(2):58-60. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ toxin
removal.

1073\. Hoiczyk, E. and Baumeister, W. (1997). Oscillin, an
extracellular, Ca^2+^-binding glycoprotein essential for the gliding
motility of cyanobacteria. [Mol. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(4):699-708. Keywords: oscillin/ gliding motility/
cyanobacteria.

1074\. Hokama, Y. (1993). Immunological studies using monoclonal
antibodies for detection of low dalton marine toxins. [Food Add.
Contam.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(1):83-95. Keywords: ciguatera/
monoclonal anti-CTX/ ciguatoxin/ okadaic acid/ Stick Enzyme Immunoassay
(S-EIA).

1075\. Hokama, Y. (1993). Recent methods for detection of seafood
toxins: recent immunological methods for ciguatoxin and related
polyethers. [Food Add. Contam.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(1):71-82.
Keywords: analysis/ ciguatoxin/ brevetoxin/ palytoxin/ okadaic acid/
paralytic shellfish toxins.

1076\. Hold, G. L.; Smith, E. A.; Birkbeck, T. H.; and Gallacher, S.
(2001). Comparison of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) production by the
dinoflagellates *Alexandrium lusitanicum* NEPCC 253 and *Alexandrium
tamarense* NEPCC 407 in the presence and absence of bacteria. [FEMS
Microbiol. Ecol.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(2-3):223-234. Keywords:
dinoflagellate/ axenic culture/ paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)/
epifluorescence microscopy/ high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC)/ polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

1077\. Holladay, M. W.; Lebold, S. A.; and Lin, N-H. (1995).
Structure-activity relationships of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
agonists as potential treatments for dementia. [Drug Dev.
Res.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(4):191-213. Keywords: nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors/ nicotinic agonists/ structure-activity
relationships.

1078\. Holmes, C. F. B. (1991). Liquid chromatography-linked protein
phosphatase bioassay; a highly sensitive marine bioscreen for okadaic
acid and related diarrhetic shellfish toxins. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(4-5):469-477. Keywords: liquid chromatography-linked
protein phosphatase bioassay/ marine bioscreen/ okadaic acid/ diarrhetic
shellfish toxins.

1079\. Holmes, C. F. B. and Boland, M. P. (1993). Inhibitors of protein
phosphatase 1 and phosphatase 2A: two of the major serine threonine
protein phosphatases involved in cellular regulation. [Curr. Opinion
Struct. Biol.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(6):934-943. Keywords: PP1 and
PP2A inhibitors/ cellular regulation.

1080\. Holst, O. (ed.) (2000). [Bacterial Toxins: Methods and
Protocols]{.underline}. Humana Press: Totowa, New Jersey. Vol. 145, 379
pp. (Methods in Molecular Biology; Keywords: toxins/ methods/ protocols.

1081\. Holst, T.; Jergensen, N. O. G.; Jorgensen, C.; and Johansen, A.
(2003). Degradation of microcystin in sediments at oxic and anoxic
denitrifying conditions. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(19):4748-4760. Keywords: microcystin/ sediment/ anoxic/
PP1 assay/ degradation/ denitrification.

1082\. Holte, H. R.; Eriksen, S.; Skulberg, O.; and Aas, P. (1998). The
effect of water soluble cyanotoxin(s) produced by two species of
*Anabaena* on the release of acteylcholine from the peripheral
cholinergic nervous system of the rat airway. [Environ. Toxicol.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(1):51-59. Keywords:
acetylcholine release/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ *Anabaena lemmermannii*/
*Anabaena* toxin/ Ca^2+^ channel blockers.

1083\. Holz, J. C. (2000). Controlling pond algae with barley straw.
[NebFacts]{.underline} [NF00-429]{.underline}:C1-C2. Keywords: pond/
algae/ barley straw/ control.

1084\. Honda, D.; Yokota, A.; and Sugiyama, J. (1999). Detection of 7
major evolutionary lineages in cyanobacteria based on the 16S
ribosomal-RNA gene sequence analysis with new sequences of 5 marine
*Synechococcus* strains. [J. Mol. Evol.]{.underline}
[48]{.underline}(6):723-739. Keywords: evolutionary lineages/
cyanobacteria/ sequence analysis/ *Synechococcus*.

1085\. Hong-Bing, W. and Hui-Gang, Z. (1996). Promoting activity of
microcystins extracted from waterblooms in SHE cell transformation
assay. [Biomed. Environ. Sci.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}:46-51.
Keywords: microcystins/ tumor promoters/ SHE cell transformation assay.

1086\. Honkanen, R. E. (1993). Cantharidin, another natural toxin that
inhibits the activity of serine/threonine protein phosphatases types 1
and 2A. [FEBS Lett.]{.underline} [330]{.underline}(3):283-286. Keywords:
cantharidin/ serine-thronine/ protein/ phosphatase/ inhibitor/
dephosphorylation/ toxin.

1087\. Honkanen, R. E.; Caplan, F. R.; Baker, K. K.; Baldwin, C. L.;
Bobzin, S. C.; Bolis, C. M.; Cabrera, G. M.; Johnson, L. A.; Jung, J.
H.; Larsen, L. K.; Levine, I. A.; Moore, R. E.; Nelson, C. S.;
Patterson, G. M. L.; Tschappat, K. D.; Tuang, G. D.; Boynton, A. L.;
Arment, A. R.; An, J.; Carmichael, W. W.; Rodland, K. D.; Magun, B. E.;
and Lewin, R. A. (1995). Protein phosphatase inhibitory activity in
extracts of cultured blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(3):478-486. Keywords: protein
phosphatase/ inhibitory acitivity/ extracts/ Cyanophyta.

1088\. Honkanen, R. E.; Caplan, F. R.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and
Abercrombie, J. (1996). Development of a protein phosphatase-based assay
for the detection of phosphatase inhibitors in crude whole cell/animal
extracts. [Toxicon]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(3):307-308. Keywords:
develoment/ assay/ detection/ phosphatase inhibitors. (Abstract)

1089\. Honkanen, R. E.; Codispoti, B. A.; Tse, K.; and Boynton, A. L.
(1994). Characterization of natural toxins with inhibitory activity
against serine/threonine protein phosphatases. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(3):339-350. Keywords: serine-threonine protein
phosphatases/ activity inhibition/ natural toxins.

1090\. Honkanen, R. E.; Dukelow, M.; Zwiller, J.; Moore, R. E.; Khatra,
B. S.; and Boynton, A. L. (1991). Cyanobacterial nodularin is a potent
inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases. [Mol.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(4):577-583. Keywords:
nodularin/ protein phosphatase inhibitor/ PP1/ PP2A.

1091\. Honkanen, R. E. and Golden, T. (2002). Regulators of
serine/threonine protein phosphatases at the dawn of a clinical era?
[Curr. Med. Chem.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(22):2055-2075. Keywords:
modified cantharidin analogs/ antitumor drug Fostriecin/ sponge
*Discodermia calyx*/ tetratricopeptide repeat domain/ serine threonine
phosphatases/ BALB/ 3T3 cell-transformation/ promoter okadaic acid/
tumor necrosis factor/ DNA strand breaks/ blue-green algae.

1092\. Honkanen, R. E.; Stapleton, J. D.; Bryan, D. E.; and Abercrombie,
J. (1996). Development of a protein phosphatase-based assay for the
detection of phosphatase inhibitors in crude whole cell and animal
extracts. [Toxicon]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(11/12):1385-1392.
Keywords: assay/ phosphatase inhibitor detection.

1093\. Honkanen, R. E.; Zwiller, J.; Moore, R. E.; Daily, S. L.; Khatra,
B. S.; Dukelow, M.; and Boynton, A. L. (1990). Characterization of
microcystin-LR, a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein
phosphatases. [J. Biol. Chem.]{.underline}
[265]{.underline}(32):19401-19404. Keywords: microcystin-LR
characterization/ PP1/ PP2A.

1094\. Hooser, H. B. (2000). Fulminant hepatocyte apoptosis *in vivo*
following microcystin-LR administration to rats. [Toxicologic
Pathol.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(5):726-733. Keywords: liver/
hepatic/ toxicity/ apoptotic index/ TEM.

1095\. Hooser, S. B.; Basgall, E. J.; Beasley, V. R., and Haschek, W. M.
(1988). Sequential ultrastructural hepatic, pulmonary and renal changes
due to *Microcystis aeruginosa* hepatotoxin in the rat.
[Toxicologist]{.underline}. [8]{.underline}(1):219. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/*Microcystis aeruginosa*/hepatotoxin/rat. (Annual Meeting
S.O.T. Dallas, TX --- Abstract)

1096\. Hooser, S. B.; Beasley, V. R.; Basgall, E. J.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Haschek, W. M. (1990). Microcystin-LR induced ultrastructural
changes in rats. [Vet. Pathol.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(1):9-15.
Keywords: microcystin-LR/ changes/ rats.

1097\. Hooser, S. B.; Beasley, V. R.; Basgall, E. J.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Haschek, W. M. (1990). Ultrastrucural changes induced by
microcystin-LR in rats. [Vet. Pathol.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}:9-15. Keywords: ultrastructural changes/
microcystin-LR/ rats.

1098\. Hooser, S. B.; Beasley, V. R.; Kuhlenschmidt, M. S., and Haschek,
W. M. (1989). Microcystin-LR induces morphologic and cytoskeletal
hepatocyte changes *in vitro* and *in vivo.* [Toxicologist]{.underline}.
[9]{.underline}(1):28. Keywords: microcystin-LR/hepatocyte changes.
(28th Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989
--- Abstract #10)

1099\. Hooser, S. B.; Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R. A.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Haschek, W. M. (1989). Toxicity of microcystin LR, a cyclic
heptapeptide hepatotoxin from *Microcystis aeruginosa,* to rats and
mice. [Vet. Pathol.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}:246-252. Keywords:
microcystin LR/ toxicity/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ rats/ mice.

1100\. Hooser, S. B.; Beasley, V. R.; Waite, L. L.; Kuhlenschmidt, M.
S.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Haschek, W. M. (1991). Actin filament
alterations in rat hepatocytes induced *in vivo* and *in vitro* by
microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga, *Microcystis
aeruginosa.* [Vet. Pathol.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}:259-266.
Keywords: actin filament/ blue-green algae/ hepatocyte/ hepatotoxin/
microcystin-LR/ phalloidin/ rat.

1101\. Hooser, S. B.; Kuhlenschmidt, M. S.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V.
R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Haschek, W. M. (1991). Uptake and subcellular
localization of tritiated dihydro-microcystin-LR in rat liver.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(6):589-601. Keywords: rat liver/
uptake and localization of tritiated dihydro-microcystin-LR/
*Microcystis aerginosa*.

1102\. Hooser, S. B.; Waite, L. L.; Beasley, V. R.; Carmichael, W. W.;
Kuhlenschmidt, M. S.; and Haschek, W. M. (1989). Microcystin-a induces
morphologic and cytoskeletal hepatocyte changes *in vitro.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(1):50-51. Keywords: microcystin/
morphologic changes/ cytoskeletal changes.

1103\. Horgen, F. D.; Kazmierski, E. B.; Westenburg, H. E.; Yoshida, W.
Y.; and Scheuer, P. J. (2002). Malevamide D: Isolation and structure
determination of an isodolastatin H analogue from the marine
cyanobacterium *Symploca hydnoides.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[65]{.underline}(4):487-491. Keywords: hare *Dolabella auricularia*/
antineoplastic agents/ dolastatin 10/ symplostatin-1/ peptides/ algae.

1104\. Horgen, F. D.; Kazmierski, E. B.; Westenburg, H. E.; Yoshida, W.
Y.; and Scheuer, P. J. (2003). Malevamide D: Isolation and structure
determination of an isodolastatin H analogue from the marine
cyanobacterium *Symploca hydnoides* \[Correction for 2002,
[65]{.underline}:488\]. [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}(1):155. Keywords: isolation/ structure/ *Symploca
hydnoides*.

1105\. Horgen, F. D.; Yoshida, W. Y.; and Scheuer, P. J. (2000).
Malevamides A-C, new depsipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium
*Symploca laete-viridis.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[63]{.underline}(4):461-467. Keywords: antineoplastic agents/ onchidin/
peptides/ *Lyngbya*/ *Symploca laete-viridis*.

1106\. Hormazábal, V.; Østensvik, Ø.; Underdal, B.; and Skulberg, O. M.
(2000). Simultaneous determination of the cyanotoxins anatoxin-a,
microcystin desmethyl-3-RR, LR, RR and YR in water using liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry. [J. Liq. Chromat. Related
Technol.]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(20):3155-3164. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ anatoxin-a/ microcystin.

1107\. Hormazábal, V.; Østensvik, Ø.; Underdal, B.; and Skulberg, O. M.
(2000). Simultaneous determination of the cyanotoxins anatoxin-a,
microcystin desmethyl-3, LR, RR and YR in fish muscle using liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry. [J. Liq. Chromat. Related
Technol.]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(2):185-196. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ determination/ fish muscle/ LC-MS/ microcystin.

1108\. House of Representatives Committe on Science (2003). Harmful
algal blooms and hypoxia: strengthening the science. In: [Hearing before
the Subcommittee on Environment, Technology and Standards]{.underline}.
U.S. Govt. Printing Office: Washington, D.C. Report \# Serial No. 108-8.
109 pp. Keywords: HABs/ hypoxia/ hearings.

1109\. Howard, A. (1997). Computer-simulation modeling of buoyancy
change in *Microcystis.* [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[349]{.underline}(Aug):111-117. Keywords: computer simulation modeling/
*Microcystis* buoyancy.

1110\. Howard, A. (2001). Modeling movement patterns of the
cyanobacterium, *Microcystis.* [Ecol. Appl.]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(1):304-310. Keywords: algal blooms/ cyanobacteria/
cyanobacterial movement/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ modeling/
cyanobacterial movement and growth.

1111\. Howard, A. (1994). Problem cyanobacterial blooms: explanation and
simulation modelling. [Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr.]{.underline}
[19]{.underline}(2):213-224. Keywords: cyanobacteria modeling/ problems/
blue-green algae/ buoyancy/ environmental management.

1112\. Howard, A. and Easthope, M. P. (2002). Application of a model to
predict cyanobacterial growth patterns in response to climatic change at
Farmoor Reservoir, Oxfordshire, UK. [Sci. Total Environ.]{.underline}
[282]{.underline}:459-469. Keywords: blue green algae/ climate change/
cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis*/ Farmoor Reservoir/ United Kingdom.

1113\. Howard, A.; Irish, A. E.; and Reynolds, C. S. (1996). A new
simulation of cyanobacterial underwater movement (SCUM \'96). [J.
Plankton Res.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(8):1375-1385. Keywords:
simulation/ cyanobacterial underwater movement.

1114\. Howard, A.; Kirkby, M. J.; Kneale, P. E.; and McDonald, A. T.
(1995). Modeling the growth of cyanobacteria (growscum). [Hydrol.
Processes]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(7):809-820. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ growth/ modeling.

1115\. Howard, A.; McDonald, A. T.; Kneale, P. E.; and Whitehead, P. G.
(1996). Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) blooms in the U.K.: a review
of the current situation and potential management options. [Prog.
Physical Geog.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(1):53-61. Keywords: tumor
promotion/ toxins/ environmental management/ pollution.

1116\. Howard, J. and McGregor, D. (2000). Reducing nutrient enrichment
of waterways through public education: a tale of two cities. [Environ.
Cons.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(4):351-358. Keywords: communication/
education/ blue-green algae/ phosphorus/ Australia/ Murray-Darling
Basin/ Albury-Woodonga/ Hawkesbury-Nepean Basin/ Sydney.

1117\. Howard, M. H.; Sardina, F. J.; and Rapoport, H. (1990).
Chirospecific synthesis of nitrogen and side-chain modified anatoxin
analogs: synthesis of (1R)-anatoxinal and (1R)-anatoxinic acid
derivatives. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline} [55]{.underline}(9):2829-2838.
Keywords: synthesis/ anatoxin analogs.

1118\. Howard, N. J. and Berry, A. E. (1933). Algal nuisances in surface
waters. [Can. Pub. Health J.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(7):377-384.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ surface waters.

1119\. Howarth, R. W.; Chan, F.; and Marino, R. (1999). Do top-down and
bottom-up controls interact to exclude nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria
from the plankton of estuaries? An exploration with a simulation model.
[Biogeochemistry]{.underline} [46]{.underline}(1):203-231. Keywords:
Baltic Sea/ cyanobacteria/ estuaries/ grazing/ iron/ lakes/ molybdenum/
nitrogen/ nitrogen fixation/ nitrogen limitation/ zooplankton.

1120\. Hrudey, S. E.; Kenefick, S. L.; Best, N.; Gillespie, T.; Kotak,
B. G.; Prepas, E. E.; and Peterson, H. G. (1992). Liver toxins and odour
agents in cyanobacterial blooms in Alberta surface water supplies. In:
W. Robertson, R. Tobin, and K. Kjartanson, (eds.) [Disinfection Dilemma:
Microbiological Control Versus By-products---Proceedings of the Fifth
National Conference on Drinking Water]{.underline}. pp. 383-390. Sept.
13-15; Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ geosmin/
2-methylisoborneol/ ß-cyclocitral/ drinking water/ odor.

1121\. Hu, S. and Li, P. C. H. (2001). A capillary zone electrophoretic
method for the study of formation of a covalent conjugate between
microcystin-LR and protein phosphatase 2A. [Analyst]{.underline}
[126]{.underline}(7):1001-1004. Keywords: micellar electrokinetic
chromatography/ performance liquid-chromatography/ sepharose
affinity-chromatography/ cyanobacterial toxins/ okadaic acid/ *in vivo*/
purification/ inhibitors/ motuporin/ binding.

1122\. Hu, T. and Panek, J. S. (1999). Total synthesis of (-)-motuporin.
[J. Org. Chem.]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(9):3000-3001. Keywords:
synthesis/ motuporin.

1123\. Hu, W.; Yang, S. Z.; Zhai, W. Q.; Zhou, K.; and Huang, Y. (2003).
Monitoring experiment and analysis of blue-green algae waterbloom in
Chaohu Lake by NOAA satellite. In: R. J. Frouin, Y. Yuan, and H.
Kawamura (eds.) [Ocean Remote Sensing and Applications]{.underline}.
Int. Soc. Optical Engineering:Vol. 4892, pp. 600-605. 632 pp.
Proceedings of SPIE. Keywords: blue-green algae waterbloom/ NOAA
satellite/ Chaohu Lake/ China.

1124\. Huang, P.; Weber, J. T.; Sosin, D. M.; Griffin, P. M.; Long, E.
G.; Murphy, J. J.; Kocka, F.; Peters, C.; and Kallick, C. (1995). The
first reported outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with
*Cyclospora* in the United States. [Ann. Internal Med.]{.underline}
[123]{.underline}(6):409-414. Keywords: diarrheal illness/ *Cyclospora*/
United States.

1125\. Huber, C. S. (1972). The crystal structure and absolute
configuration of 2,9-diacetyl-9-azabicyclo\[4,2,1\]non-2,3-ene. [Acta
Crystallograph.]{.underline} [B28]{.underline}(8):2577-2582. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ structure.

1126\. Huby, N. J. S.; Kinsman, R. G.; Lathbury, D.; Vernon, P. G.; and
Gallagher, T. (1991). Synthetic and stereochemical studies directed
towards anatoxin-a. [J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1]{.underline}
[1991]{.underline}(1):145-155. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

1127\. Huby, N. J. S.; Thompson, P.; Wonnacott, S.; and Gallagher, T.
(1991). Structural modification of anatoxin-a. Synthesis of model
affinity ligands for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. [J. Chem.
Soc. Chem. Commun.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}:243-245. Keywords:
anatoxin-a/ structural modification.

1128\. Hughes, E. O.; Gorham, P. R.; and Zehnder, A. (1958). Toxicity of
a unialgal culture of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Can. J.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}:225-236. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ unialgal culture.

1129\. Hummert, C.; Reichelt, M.; Weiss, J.; Liebert, H. P.; and Luckas,
B. (2001). Identification of microcystins in cyanobacteria from the
Bleiloch former drinking-water reservoir (Thuringia, Germany).
[Chemosphere]{.underline} [44]{.underline}(7):1581-1588. Keywords:
microcystins/ LC/ UV/ LC-MS/ microcystins/ drinking water/ Thuringia,
Germany.

1130\. Humpage, A. R. and Falconer, I. R. (1999). Microcystin-LR and
liver-tumor promotion---effects on cytokinesis, ploidy, and apoptosis in
cultured hepatocytes. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):61-75. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ liver-tumor
promotion.

1131\. Humpage, A. R. and Falconer, I. R. (2003). Oral toxicity of the
cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in male Swiss albino mice:
determination of no observed adverse effect level for deriving a
drinking water guideline value. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(2):94-103. Keywords: *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
chronic toxicity/ drinking water regulatory guideline values/ NOAEL/
cultured rat hepatocytes/ *in vivo*/ alkaloid cylindrospermopsin/
*Raciborskii woloszynska*/ *Umezakia natans*/ glutathione/ inhibition/
Australia/ lakes/ mouse.

1132\. Humpage, A. R.; Fenech, M.; Thomas, P.; and Falconer, I. R.
(2000). Micronucleus induction and chromosome loss in transformed human
white cells indicate clastogenic and aneugenic action of the
cyanobacterial toxin, cylindrospermopsin. [Mutat. Res.--Genetic Toxicol.
Environ. Mutagen.]{.underline} [472]{.underline}(1-2):155-161. Keywords:
*Cylindrospermopsis*/ lymphoblastoid cell-line/ carcinogenesis.

1133\. Humpage, A. R.; Hardy, S. J.; Moore, E. J.; Froscio, S. M.; and
Falconer, I. R. (2000). Microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) in drinking
water enhance the growth of aberrant crypt foci in the mouse colon. [J.
Toxicol. Environ. Health--Part A]{.underline}
[61]{.underline}(3):155-165. Keywords: tumor promotion/ LR/
*aeruginosa*/ carcinogen/ mice/ toxicity/ peptide/ microcystin/ colon
carcinogenesis/ *Microcystis*.

1134\. Humpage, A. R.; Rositano, J.; Baker, P. D.; Nicholson, B. C.;
Steffensen, D. A.; Bretag, A. H.; and Brown, R. K. (1993). Paralytic
shellfish poisons from freshwater blue-green algae. [Med. J.
Aust.]{.underline} [159]{.underline}(6):423. Keywords: paralytic
shellfish poisons/ PSP/ freshwater cyanobacteria/ *Anabaena circinalis*/
Australia.

1135\. Humpage, A. R.; Rositano, J.; Bretag, A.; Brown, R.; Baker, P.;
Nicholson, B. C.; and Steffensen, D. A. (1994). Paralytic shellfish
poisons from Australian blue-green algal (cyanobacterial) blooms. [Aust.
J. Mar. Freshwater Res.]{.underline} [45]{.underline}:767-771. Keywords:
PSP/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ Australia/ cyanobacterial blooms.

1136\. Humphrey, J. M.; Aggen, J. B.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (1997).
Synthesis of the serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor microcystin-LA,
and progress towards the synthesis of selected analogs. [Abstr. Papers
Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [213]{.underline}(Apr):107-ORGN. Keywords:
synthesis/ serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor/ microcystin-LA.
(Meeting Abstract)

1137\. Humphrey, J. M.; Aggen, J. B.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (1996).
Total synthesis of the serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor
microcystin-LA. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[118]{.underline}:11759-11770. Keywords: synthesis/ serine-threonine
phosphatase inhibitor/ microcystin-LA.

1138\. Hunter, P. R. (1992). Cyanobacteria and human health. [J. Med.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [36]{.underline} (5):301-302. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ human health. (Editorial)

1139\. Hunter, P. R. (1998). Cyanobacterial toxins and human health. [J.
Appl. Microbiol.]{.underline} [84]{.underline}(S):35-40. Keywords:
toxins/ human health.

1140\. Hunter, P. R. (1994). An epidemiological critique of reports of
human illness associated with cyanobacteria. In: G. A. Codd, T. M.
Jefferies, C. W. Keevil, and E. Potter, (eds.) [Detection Methods for
Cyanobacterial Toxins]{.underline}. Royal Soc. Chem.: Cambridge. pp.
11-18. The Proceed. of the First Intl. Symposium on Detection Methods
for Cyanobacterial (Blue-green Algal) Toxins. Sept. 27-29, 1993;
University of Bath, UK. Keywords: human illness/ cyanobacteria/
critique.

1141\. Hurst, E. (1942). The poison plants of New South Wales. In: [The
Poison Plants Committee]{.underline}. Snelling Printing works: Sydney,
pp. 423-424. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ poisonous plants/ New South Wales/
Australia.

1142\. Husøy, T.; Mikalsen, S-O.; and Sanner, T. (1993). Phosphatase
inhibitors, gap junctional intercellular communication and
\[^125^I\]-EGF binding in hamster fibroblasts.
[Carcinogenesis]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(11):2257-2265. Keywords:
phosphatase inhibitors/ hamster fibroblasts.

1143\. Hyde, E. G. and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Anatoxin-a(s), a
naturally occurring organophosphate, is an irreversible active
site-directed inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (EC3.1.1.7). [J.
Biochem. Toxicol.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}(3):195-201. Keywords:
anatoxin-a(s)/ acetylcholinesterase/ cyanobacteria/ oxime reactivators/
electric eel.

1144\. Hyde, E. G. and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Anatoxin-a(s) effects
on isolated muscle. [Toxicologist]{.underline}. [8]{.underline}(1):40.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/anatoxin-a(s). (Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Dallas, TX ---
Abstract)

1145\. Hyde, E. G. and Carmichael, W. W. (1989). Studies of the ionic
channel properties of anatoxin-a(s). [Toxicon]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(1):52-53. Keywords: properties/ ionic channel/
anatoxin-a(s).

1146\. Hyenstrand, P.; Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A.
(2001). Effects of adsorption to plastics and solvent conditions in the
analysis of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR by high performance
liquid chromatography. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(14):3508-3511. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/
adsorption/ plastics/ hydrophobicity.

1147\. Hyenstrand, P.; Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A.
(2001). Losses of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR from aqueous
solution by adsorption during laboratory manipulations.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(4):589-594. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ adsorption/ plastics/ methanol.

1148\. Hyenstrand, P.; Rohrlack, T.; Beattie, K. A.; Metcalf, J. S.;
Codd, G. A.; and Christoffersen, K. (2003). Laboratory studies of
dissolved radiolabelled microcystin-LR in lake water. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(1):3299-3306. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ toxin persistence/ C-14-labelling/
biodegradation/ microcystin-LR/ lake water.

1149\. Ibelings, B. W.; Vonk, M.; Los, H. F. J.; van der Molen, D. T.;
and Mooij, W. M. (2003). Fuzzy modeling of cyanobacterial surface
waterbloms: validation with NOAA-AVHRR satellite images. [Ecol.
Appl.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(5):1456-1472. Keywords: algal
blooms/ early warning/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ ecological
models/ eutrophication/ fuzzy logic/ *Microcystis*/ remote sensing/
scums/ water management.

1150\. Ichimura, T. and Watanabe, M. M. (1977). An axenic clone of
*Microcystis aeruginosa* Kütz. emend. Elenkin from Lake Kasumigaura.
[Bull. Jap. Soc. Phycol.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}:177-181.
Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ axenic clone/ Lake Kasumigaura/
Japan.

1151\. Ichinose, M. I.; Endo, S.; Critz, S. D.; Shenolikar, S.; and
Byrne, J. H. (1990). Microcystin-LR, a potent protein phosphatase
inhibitor, prolongs the serotonin and c-AMP-induced currents in sensory
neurons of *Apylsia* *californica.* [Brain Res.]{.underline}
[533]{.underline}(1):137-140. Keywords: *Apylsia* *californica*/
microcystin-LR/ serotinin/ cAMP/ protein phosphatase/ phosphatase
inhibitor/ S-channel.

1152\. Ikawa, M.; Auger, K.; Mosley, S. P.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; Noguchi,
T.; and Hashimoto, K. (1985). Toxin profiles of the blue-green alga
*Aphanizomenon flos-aqua*e. In: D. M. Anderson, A. W. White, and D. G.
Baden (eds.) [Toxic Dinoflagellates]{.underline}. Elsevier Science
Publishing Co.: New York, pp. 299-304. 561 pp. Keywords: *Aphanizomenon
flos-aqua*e/ toxin profiles.

1153\. Ikawa, M.; Haney, J. F.; and Sasner Jr., J. J. (1996). Inhibition
of *Chorella* growth by the lipids of cyanobacterium *Microcystis
aeruginosa.* [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [331]{.underline}:167-170.
Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Chorella* *pyrenoidosa*/ growth
inhibition/ lipids/ linoleic acid/ linolenic acid.

1154\. Ikawa, M.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and Haney, J. F. (1994). Lipids of
cyanobacterium *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* and inhibition of *Chlorella*
growth. [J. Chem. Ecol.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(9):2429-2436.
Keywords: *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ *Chlorella pyrenoidosa*/ growth
inhibition/ lipids/ fatty acids/ poriferasterol.

1155\. Ikawa, M.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; Haney, J. F.; and Foxall, T. L.
(1995). Pterins of the cyanobacterium *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.*
[Phytochem.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(5):1229-1232. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ pterins/
6-L-threobiopterin.

1156\. Ikawa, M.; Wegener, K.; Foxall, T. L.; and Sasner Jr., J. J.
(1982). Comparison of the toxins of the blue-green alga *Aphanizomenon*
*flos-aquae* with the *Gonyaulax* toxins. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[20]{.underline}(4):747-752. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Aphanizomenon*/
*Gonyaulax*/ toxin comparison.

1157\. Ikawa, M.; Wegener, K.; Foxall, T. L.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; Carter,
P. W.; and Shoptaugh, N. H. (1981). Studies on the fluorometric
determination of the toxins of the blue-green alga *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae.* In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water Environment: Algal
Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 415-425. 491
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ fluorometric
determination.

1158\. Ikawa, M.; Wegener, K.; Foxall, T. L.; Sasner Jr., J. J.;
Noguchi, T.; and Hashimoto, K. (1982). Use of a strong cation exchange
resin column for the study of paralytic shellfish poisons. [J. Agric.
Food Chem.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}:526-528. Keywords: paralytic
shellfish poisons/ PSP/ cation exchange resin column.

1159\. Ikushima, I. (1987). Occurrence and control of water bloom.
[Toxic Blue-Green Algae]{.underline}. Tokai University Press: pp. 32-46.
Keywords: occurrence/ control/ waterbloom. (Japanese)

1160\. Ilyaletdinova, S. G. and Dubitskii, A. M. (1972). Method of
determining the toxicity of blue-green algae in relation to *Culicidae*
larvae. [Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR. Ser. Biol.]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}:39-42. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Culicidae*/ toxicity
determination.

1161\. Imamura, N.; Motoike, I.; Noda, M.; Adachi, K.; Konno, A.; and
Fukami, H. (2000). Argimicin A, a novel anti-cyanobacterial compound
produced by an algae-lysing bacterium. [J. Antibiot.]{.underline}
[53]{.underline}(11):1317-1319. Keywords: argimicin A/
anti-cyanobacterial compound/ algae-lysing bacterium.

1162\. Inamori, Y. and Sudo, R. (1988). Decomposition of toxic substance
of *Microcystis viridis* by smaller animals appeared in polluted lake
water bio-film treatment process. In: [Toxicity of Microcystins and its
Effect on the Environment]{.underline}. Vol. 63, 12, p. 7. Keywords:
decompostion/ toxicity/ *Microcystis viridis*/ small animals/ polluted
lake/ biofilm treatment process. (Japanese)

1163\. Inamori, Y.; Sugiura, N.; Iwami, N.; Matsumura, M.; Hiroki, M.;
and Watanabe, M. M. (1998). Degradation of the toxic cyanobacterium
*Microcystis viridis* using predaceous micro-animals combined with
bacteria. [Phycol. Res.]{.underline} [46]{.underline}(Suppl.):37-44.
Keywords: aggregated bacteria/ biofilm/ degradation/ micro-animals/
microcystin-RR/ *Microcystis viridis*/ predation.

1164\. Incharoensakdi, A. and Wutipraditkul, N. (1999). Accumulation of
glycinebetaine and its synthesis from radioactive precursors under
salt-stress in the cyanobacterium *Aphanothece halophytica.* [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [11]{.underline}(6):515-523. Keywords: *Aphanothece
halophytica*/ cyanobacterium/ glycinebetaine/ accumulation/ synthesis/
salt stress.

1165\. Inderjit and Dakshini, K. M. M. (1994). Algal allelopathy.
[Botan. Rev.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}(2):182-196. Keywords: algal/
allelopathy.

1166\. Indrasena, W. M. and Gill, T. A. (2000). Storage stability of
paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. [Food Chem.]{.underline}
[71]{.underline}(1):71-77. Keywords: thermal degredation/
hepatopancreas/ gonyautoxins/ saxitoxins.

1167\. Infante, A. and Abella, S. E. B. (1985). Inhibition of *Daphnia*
by *Oscillatoria* in Lake Washington. [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(5):1046-1052. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Daphnia*
inhibition/ *Oscillatoria*/ Lake Washington.

1168\. Ingram, W.M. and Prescott, G.W. (1952). [Illustrations of fresh
water algae toxic to animals]{.underline}. Public Health Service,
Federal Security Agency, Division of Water Pollution Control,
Ohio-Tennessee Drainage Basins Office: Cincinnati, Ohio. 9 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ illustrations.

1169\. Ingram, W. M. and Prescott, G. W. (1954). Toxic fresh-water
algae. [Am. Midland Nat.]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(1):75-87.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater.

1170\. Ireson, J. D.; Ford, R.; and Loveday, C. (1969). The
neuromuscular blocking action of suxamethonium in the anaesthetised rat.
[Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther.]{.underline}
[181]{.underline}(2):283-286. Keywords: neuromuscular blocking/
suxamethonium / rat.

1171\. Ishibashi, M.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Xu, C. F.; and
Clardy, J. (1986). Scytophycins, cyto-toxic and antimycotic agents from
the cyanophyte *Scytonema pseudohofmanni.* [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[51]{.underline}(26):5300-5306. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Scytonema
pseudohofmanni*/ scytophycins/ cytotoxic/ antimycotic.

1172\. Ishida, K.; Kato, T.; Murakami, M.; Watanabe, M.; and Watanabe,
M. F. (2000). Microginins, zinc metalloproteases inhibitors from the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[56]{.underline}(44):8643-8656. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
angiotensin-converting enzyme/ *Bacillus laterosporus* BMI156-14f1/
*Streptomyces azureus* MH663-2f6/ lens leucine aminopeptidase/ nuclear
magneticresonance/ physicochemical properties/ biological activities/
amino acids/ bestatin.

1173\. Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; and Murakami, M. (1998). Four new
microginins, linear peptides from the cyanobacterium *Microcystis
aeruginosa*. [Tetrahed.]{.underline} [54]{.underline}(44):3475-3484.
Keywords: new microginins/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1174\. Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; and Murakami, M. (1998). Micropeptins
88-A to 88-F, chymotrypsin inhibitors from the cyanobacerium
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (NIES-88). [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[54]{.underline}(21):5545-5556. Keywords: chymotrypsin inhibitors/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1175\. Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1996).
Kawaguchipeptin A, a novel cyclic undecapeptide from cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (NIES-88). [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}(27):9025-9030. Keywords: cyclic undecapeptide/
*Microcystis aeruginosa* .

1176\. Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997).
Micropeptins 478-A and -B, plasmin inhibitors from the cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[60]{.underline}(2):184-187. Keywords: plasmin inhibitors/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*.

1177\. Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; Okita, Y.; and Murakami, M. (2002).
Aeruginoguanidines 98-A-98-C: cytotoxic unusual peptides from the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[58]{.underline}(38):7645-7652. Keywords: cyanobacterium/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ peptide/ cytotoxicity.

1178\. Ishida, K.; Murakami, M.; Matsuda, H.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1995).
Micropeptin 90, a plasmin and trypsin inhibitor from the blue-green alga
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (NIES-90). [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}(20):3535-3538. Keywords: micropeptin/ strypsin
inhibitor/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1179\. Ishida, K.; Nakagawa, H.; and Murakami, M. (2000).
Microcyclamide, a cytotoxic cyclic hexapeptide from the cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[63]{.underline}(9):1315-1317. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ trypsin
inhibitors/ plasmin/ micropeptin.

1180\. Ishitsuka, M. O.; Kusumi, T.; Kakisawa, H.; Kaya, K.; and
Watanabe, M. M. (1990). Microviridin: a novel tricyclic depsipeptide
from the toxic cyanobacterium *Microcystis viridis.* [J. Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [112]{.underline}(22):8180-8182. Keywords:
microviridin/ *Microcystis viridis*.

1181\. Islam, M. M.; Begum, S.; Lin, L.; Okamura, A.; Du, M.; and
Fujimura, S. (2002). Synergistic cytotoxic effect between
serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitors and 5-fluorouracil: a novel
concept for modulation. [Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[49]{.underline}(2):111-118. Keywords: synergism/ cytotoxicity/
5-fluorouracil/ phosphatase inhibitors/ microcystin-LR/ thymidine
kinase.

1182\. Islam, M. S.; Drasar, B. S.; and Bradley, D. J. (1990). Long term
persistence of toxigenic *Vibrio cholerae* 01 in the mucilaginous sheath
of a blue-green alga, *Anabaena variabilis.* [J. Trop. Med.
Hygiene]{.underline} [93]{.underline}:135-139. Keywords: cholera/
*Vibrio cholerae*/ Bangladesh/ mucilaginous sheath/ *Anabaena
variabilis*.

1183\. Islam, M. S.; Drasar, B. S.; and Sack, R. B. (1994). Probable
role of blue-green algae in maintaining endemicity and seasonality of
cholera in Bangladesh: a hypothesis. [J. Diarrhoeal Dis.
Res.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}(4):245-256. Keywords: role/
blue-green algae/ cholera/ Bangladesh.

1184\. Isobe, M.; Sugiyama, Y.; Ito, T.; Ohtani, I. I.; Toya, Y.;
Nishigohri, Y.; and Takai, A. (1995). New analysis method for protein
phosphatase type 2A inhibitors using the firefly bioluminescence system.
[Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.]{.underline}
[59]{.underline}(12):2235-2238. Keywords: analysis/ PP2A inhibitors/
firefly/ bioluminescence.

1185\. Issinger, O-G.; Martin, T.; Richter, W. W.; Olson, M.; and
Fujiki, H. (1988). Hyperphosphorylation of N-60, a protein structurally
and immunologically related to nucleolin after tumour-promoter
treatment. [EMBO J.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(6):1621-1626. Keywords:
tumor promotion/ hyperphosphorylation/ nucleolin/ casein kinase II.

1186\. Ito, E.; Kondo, F.; and Harada, K. (2001). Intratracheal
administration of microcystin-LR, and its distribution.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(2-3):265-271. Keywords: liver/
mice/ Brazil/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity.

1187\. Ito, E.; Kondo, F.; and Harada, K-I. (1997). Hepatic necrosis in
aged mice by oral administration of microcystin-LR.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(2):231-239. Keywords: necrosis/
mice/ microcystin-LR.

1188\. Ito, E.; Takai, A.; Kondo, F.; Masui, H.; Imanishi, S.; and
Harada, K. (2002). Comparison of protein phosphatase inhibitory activity
and apparent toxicity of microcystins and related compounds.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(7):1017-1025. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ MCLR-glutathione conjugate/ MCLR-cysteine conjugate/
microcystin-RR/ protein phosphatases 1 and 2A/ accumulation and
metabolism/ *in vivo*.

1189\. Itou, Y.; Okada, S.; and Murakami, M. (2001). Two structural
isomeric siderophores from the freshwater cyanobacterium *Anabaena
cylindrica* (NIES-19). [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(44):9093-9099. Keywords: iron/ sidephore/
cyanobacteria/ *Anabaena cylindrica*/ CAS.

1190\. Itou, Y.; Suzuki, S.; Ishida, K.; and Murakami, M. (1999).
Anabaenopeptins-G and anabaenopeptins-H, potent carboxypeptidase-A
inhibitors from the cyanobacterium *Oscillatoria agardhii* (NIES-595).
[Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(9):1243-1246. Keywords: carboxypeptidase-A inhibitors/
*Oscillatoria agardhii*.

1191\. Iwami, N.; Sugiura, N.; Itayama, T.; Inamori, Y.; and Matsumura,
M. (2000). Control of cyanobacteria, *Microcystis,* using predatory
microanimals inhabiting bioreactor. [Environ. Technol.]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}(5):591-596. Keywords: bioreactor degredation/
microanimals/ *Microcystis*/ predation.

1192\. Jack, J. D. and Gilbert, J. J. (1994). Effects of *Daphnia* on
microzooplankton communities. [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(11):1499-1512. Keywords: effects/ *Daphnia*/
microzooplankton.

1193\. Jackim, E. and Gentile, J. H. (1968). Toxins of blue-green alga:
similarity to saxitoxin. [Science]{.underline}
[162]{.underline}:915-916. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ saxitoxin/ similarity/
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*.

1194\. Jackson, A. R. B.; McInnes, A.; Falconer, I. R.; and Runnegar, M.
T. C. (1984). Clinical and pathological changes in sheep experimentally
poisoned by the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Vet.
Pathol.]{.underline} [21]{.underline}:102-113. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1195\. Jackson, A. R. B.; McInnes, A.; Falconer, I. R.; and Runnegar, M.
T. C. (1983). Toxicity for sheep of the blue-green alga *Microcystis
aeruginosa.* [Toxicon]{.underline}(3 Suppl.):191-194. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ sheep.

1196\. Jackson, A. R. B.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; and
McInnes, A. (1985). Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxicity of
livestock. In: A. A. Seawright, M. P. Hegarty, L. F. James, and R. F.
Keeler, (eds.) [Plant Toxicology]{.underline}. Queensland Poisonous
Plants Committee, Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane,
Queensland. pp. 499-511. Proceedings of the Australia-U.S.A. Poisonous
Plants Symposium. May 14-18 (1984); Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ livestock.

1197\. Jacoby, J. M.; Gibbons, H. L.; Hanowell, R.; and Bouchard, D. D.
(1994). Wintertime blue-green algal toxicity in a mesotrophic lake. [J.
Freshwater Ecol.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(3):241-251. Keywords:
wintertime toxicity/ mesotrophic lake.

1198\. Jahnichen, S.; Petzoldt, T.; and Benndorf, J. (2001). Evidence
for control of microcystin dynamics in Bautzen reservoir (Germany) by
cyanobacterial population growth rates and dissolved inorganic carbon.
[Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [150]{.underline}(2):177-196. Keywords:
cyanobacterial toxin/ *Microcystis* spp./ carbon-concentrating
mechanism/ pH-value/ mathematical model/ Bautzen reservoir/ Germany.

1199\. Jaime, E.; Hummert, C.; Hess, P.; and Luckas, B. (2001).
Determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by
high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. [J. Chromat.
A]{.underline} [929]{.underline}(1-2):43-49. Keywords: shellfish
poisoning/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ liquid chromatograph-mass
spectrometry coupling/ ion-exchange/ chromatography/ toxins.

1200\. Jaki, B.; Orjala, J.; Bürgi, H-R.; and Sticher, O. (1999).
Biological screening of cyanobacteria for antimicrobial and
molluscicidal activity, brine shrimp lethality, and cytotoxicity.
[Pharmaceut. Biol.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(2):138-143. Keywords:
antibacterial/ antifungal/ *Artemia salina*/ brine shrimp/ Caco-2-cell
line/ KB cell line/ molluscicidal/ biological screening/ antimicrobial
activity/ cytotoxicity.

1201\. Jaki, B.; Orjala, J.; Heilmann, J.; Linden, A.; Vogler, B.; and
Sticher, O. (2000). Novel extracellular diterpenoids with biological
activity from the cyanobacterium *Nostoc commune.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(3):339-343. Keywords:
cyanobacteria products/ stereochemistry/ *Nostoc commune*.

1202\. Jaki, B.; Orjala, J.; and Sticher, O. (1999). A novel
extracellular diterpenoid with antibacterial activity from the
cyanobacterium *Nostoc commune.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[62]{.underline}(3):502-503. Keywords: extracellular diterpenoid/
antibacterial activity/ *Nostoc commune*.

1203\. Jakobi, C.; Oberer, L.; Quiquerez, C.; König, W. A.; and
Weckesser, J. (1995). Cyanopeptolin S, a sulfate-containing depsipeptide
from a waterbloom of *Microcystis* sp. [FEMS Microbiol.
Lett.]{.underline} [129]{.underline}:129-133. Keywords: *Microcystis*
sp./ waterbloom/ despsipeptide/ sulfate/ trypsin inhibition/
Auensee-Leipzig/ Germany.

1204\. Jakobi, C.; Rinehart, K. L.; Codd, G. A.; Carmienke, I.; and
Weckesser, J. (1996). Occurrence of toxic water blooms containing
microcystins in a German lake over a three year period. [System. Appl.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [19]{.underline}(2):249-254. Keywords:
occurrence/ toxic waterblooms/ German lake/ *Microcystis*/ microcystin/
cyclic peptides/ anion exchange chromatography.

1205\. Jakobi, C.; Rinehart, K. L.; Neuber, R.; Mez, K.; and Weckesser,
J. (1996). Cyanopeptolin SS, a disulfated depsipeptide from a waterbloom
in Leipzig (Germany): structural elucidation and biological activities.
[Phycologia]{.underline} [35]{.underline}:111-116. Keywords:
cyanopeptolin/ depsipeptide/ Leipzig, Germany/ structure/ activity.

1206\. James, H. A.; James, C. P.; and Hart, J. (1994). The analysis of
microcystin-LR in water: application in water treatment studies. In: G.
A. Codd, T. M. Jefferies, C. W. Keevil, and E. Potter, (eds.) [Detection
Methods for Cyanobacterial Toxins]{.underline}. Royal Soc. Chem.:
Cambridge. pp. 51-58. The Proceed. of the First Intl. Symposium on
Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algal) Toxins. Sept.
27-29, 1993; University of Bath, UK. Keywords: microcystis-LR/ water
treatment.

1207\. James, K. J.; Furey, A.; Sherlock, I. R.; Stack, M. A.; Twohig,
M.; Caudwell, F. B.; and Skulberg, O. M. (1998). Sensitive determination
of anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a and their degradation products by liquid
chromatography with fluorimetric detection. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline}
[798]{.underline}(1-2):147-157. Keywords: liquid chromatography/
determination/ anatoxin-a/ homoanatoxin-a/ degradation products/
derivatization/ LC/ water analysis/ toxins/ neurotoxins.

1208\. James, K. J. and Sherlock, I. R. (1996). Determination of the
cyanobacterial neurotoxin, anatoxin-a, by derivatization using
7-fluoro-4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) and HPLC analysis with
fluorimetric detection. [Biomed. Chromat.]{.underline}
[10]{.underline}(1):46-47. Keywords: determination/ neurotoxin/
derivatization/ HPLC/ fluorimetric detection/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*.

1209\. James, K. J.; Sherlock, I. R.; and Stack, M. A. (1997).
Anatoxin-a in Irish freshwater and cyanobacteria, determined using a new
fluorimetric liquid chromatographic method. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(6):963-971. Keywords: HPLC/ anatoxin-a/ freshwater/
Ireland/ fatal canine neurotoxicosis.

1210\. Jang, M. H.; Ha, K.; and Joo, G. J. (2003). Toxin mediated
interaction between cyanobacteria and native fishes in the eutrophic
Hoedong Reservoir, South Korea. [J. Freshwater Ecol.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(4):639-646. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ growth/
bloom/ lake/ South Korea/ Hoedong Reservoir.

1211\. Jang, M. H.; Ha, K.; Joo, G. J.; and Takamura, N. (2003). Toxin
production of cyanobacteria is increased by exposure to zooplankton.
[Freshwater Biol.]{.underline} [48]{.underline}(9):1540-1550. Keywords:
info-chemicals/ microcystin production/ *Microcytis aeruginosa*/
zooplankton/ zooplankton culture media filtrate/ *Daphnia magna*/
scenedesmus.

1212\. Jarema, K. A. and MacPhail, R. C. (2003). Comparative effects of
weekly exposures to anatoxin-a and nicotine on the operant performance
of rats. [Toxicol. Sci.]{.underline} [72]{.underline}(1 Suppl.):74.
Keywords: rats/ weekly exposure/ anatoxin-a/ nicotine.

1213\. Jellett, J. F.; Marks, L. J.; Stewart, J. E.; Dorey, M. L.;
Watson-Wright, W.; and Lawrence, J. F. (1992). Paralytic shellfish
poison (saxitoxin family) bioassays: automated endpoint determination
and standardization of the *in vitro* tissue culture bioassay, and
comparison with the standard mouse bioassay. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(10):1143-1156. Keywords: PSP/ bioassays/ comparison/
mouse bioassay.

1214\. Jellett, J. F.; Roberts, R. L.; Laycock, M. V.; Quilliam, M. A.;
and Barrett, R. E. (2002). Detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning
(PSP) toxins in shellfish tissue using MIST Alert™, a new rapid test, in
parallel with the regulatory AOAC^®^ mouse bioassay.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(10):1407-1425. Keywords:
diagnostic test/ marine biotoxins/ MIST Alert™/ paralytic shellfish
poisoning/ PSP/ mouse bioassay.

1215\. Jia, R. B.; Zhang, X. H.; Zhang, W. H.; Zhang, G. M.; and Wang,
Z. S. (2003). Fluctuation of microcystins in water plant. [J. Environ.
Sci. Health Part A--Toxic/Hazardous Substances Environ.
Eng.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(12):2867-2875. Keywords:
microcystins/ preoxidation/ coagulation/ filtration/ ozonation/ GAC.

1216\. Jimbo, M.; Yamaguchi, M.; Muramoto, K.; and Kamiya, H. (2000).
Cloning of the *Microcystis aeruginosa* M228 lectin (MAL) gene.
[Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.]{.underline}
[273]{.underline}(2):499-504. Keywords: cyanobacterium/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ lectin/ gene/ polyketide synthase.

1217\. Jinno, H.; Ando, M.; Matsui, S.; and Takeda, M. (1989). Isolation
of toxins from natural blue-green algae and unicellular cultured
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}(6):493-498. Keywords: isolation/ toxins/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ *Microcystis veridis*.

1218\. Jochimsen, E. M. (1998). Liver failure and death after exposure
to microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil \[Correction for
1998, 338(13):873\]. [New Engl. J. Med.]{.underline}
[339]{.underline}(2):139. Keywords: liver failure/ human fatalities/
microcystin exposure/ heomodialysis/ Brazil.

1219\. Jochimsen, E. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; An, J. S.; Cardo, D. M.;
Cookson, S. T.; Holmes, C. E. M.; Antunes, M. B.; Melo-Filho, D. A. de;
Lyra, T. M.; Barreto, V. S. T.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; and Jarvis, W. R.
(1998). Liver failure and death after exposure to microcystins at a
hemodialysis center in Brazil. [New Engl. J. Med.]{.underline}
[338]{.underline}(13):873-878. Keywords: liver failure/ human
fatalities/ microcystin exposure/ heomodialysis/ Brazil.

1220\. John, W.; Raynor, M. W.; and Rae, B. (1997). Micellar
electrokinetic capillary chromatography of algal toxins. [J. High Resol.
Chromat.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(1):34-38. Keywords: Micellar
electrokinetic capillary chromatography/ MECC/ algal toxins/
microcystin-LR/ microcystin-YR/ microcystin-RR/ nodularin.

1221\. Johnston, B. R. and Jacoby, J. M. (2003). Cyanobacterial toxicity
and migration in a mesotrophic lake in western Washington, USA.
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [495]{.underline}(1-3):79-91. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ cyanobacterial toxicity/ microcystin/ vertical migration/
phosphorus loading/ Lake Sammamish, Washington, U.S.A.

1222\. Johnston, N. A.; Campagna, V. S.; Hawkins, P. R.; and Banens, R.
J. (1994). Response of the eastern rainbowfish *(Melantotaenia
duboulayi)* to toxic *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater
Res.]{.underline} [45]{.underline}(5):917-923. Keywords: response/
eastern rainbowfish/ *Melantotaenia duboulayi*/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*.

1223\. Jones, A. K. (1988). Algal extracellular products ---
antimicrobial substances. In: L. J. Rogers and J. R. Gallon (eds.)
[Biochemistry of the Algae and Cyanobacteria]{.underline}. Oxford
Science Publications: Oxford, U.K., Vol. 28, pp. 257-281. Proceedings of
the Phytochemical Society of Europe. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ marine/
biotech/ toxin/ antibiotics/ bioactives.

1224\. Jones, C. L. A. (1984). [Biochemical, Hematological and
Hepatotoxicological Studies of Hepatotoxins from *Microcystis
aeruginosa* Strain 7820, and *Anabaena flos-aquae* Strain
S-23-G]{.underline}. M.Sc. Thesis. Wright State University, Dayton,
Ohio. 78 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ *Anabaena*/
hepatotoxin.

1225\. Jones, C. L. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1984). Comparison of
hepatotoxins from the cyanobacteria *Anabaena flos-aquae* and
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Fed. Proc.]{.underline}
[43]{.underline}(3):A1716. Keywords: comparison/ hepatotoxins/ *Anabaena
flos-aquae*/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*. (Abstract)

1226\. Jones, G. J. (1990). Biodegradation and removal of cyanobacterial
toxins in natural waters. In: [Proceedings of Sydney Water Board
Blue-Green Algae Seminar]{.underline}. pp. 33-36. November 21-22, 1990;
Sydney. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ biodegradation/ removal.

1227\. Jones, G. J. (1994). Bloom-forming blue-green algae
(cyanobacteria). In: G. R. Sainty and S. W. L. Jacobs (eds.)
[Waterplants in Australia]{.underline}. Sainty & Associates:
Darlinghurst, pp. 267-285. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blooms.

1228\. Jones, G. J. (ed.) (1994). [Cyanobacterial Research in
Australia]{.underline}. CSIRO: Australia. 193 pp. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ research/ Australia.

1229\. Jones, G. J.; Blackburn, S. I.; and Parker, N. S. (1994). A toxic
bloom of *Nodularia spumigena* Mertens in Orielton Lagoon, Tasmania.
[Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res.]{.underline} [45]{.underline}:787-800.
Keywords: toxic bloom/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ Orielton Lagoon/ Tasmania.

1230\. Jones, G. J.; Bourne, D. G.; Blakeley, R. L.; and Doelle, H.
(1994). Degradation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin by
aquatic bacteria. [Natural Toxins]{.underline} [2]{.underline}:228-235.
Keywords: biodegradation/ microcystin/ nodularin/ *Pseudomonas*/
microcystinase/ lag-phase/ kinetics.

1231\. Jones, G. J. and Chorus, I. (2001). Toxic cyanobacteria: towards
a global perspective. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(6):456-459. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ global.

1232\. Jones, G.J.; Falconer, I.R.; Burch, M.D.; and Craig, K. (1993).
Algal toxicity. In: [Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Algal Management
Strategy, Technical Advisory Group Reports]{.underline}. Canberra,
Australia. 17-32 pp. Keywords: toxicity/ algae/ management.

1233\. Jones, G. J.; Falconer, I. R.; and Wilkins, R. M. (1995).
Persistence of cyclic peptide toxins in dried *Microcystis aeruginosa*
crusts from Lake Mokoan, Australia. [Environ. Toxicol. Water
Qual.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(1):19-24. Keywords: persistence/
toxins/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ Lake Mokoan/ Australia.

1234\. Jones, G. J.; Minatol, W.; Craig, K.; and Naylor, R. (1993).
Removal of low level cyanobacterial peptide toxins from drinking water
using powdered and granular activated carbon and chlorination---results
of laboratory and pilot plant studies. In: [Proceedings of the
Australian Water and Wastewater Association 15th Federal
Convention]{.underline}. AWWA: pp. 339-346. Gold Coast, Australia.
Keywords: removal/ cyanobacterial toxins/ drinking water/ activated
carbon/ chlorination.

1235\. Jones, G. J. and Negri, A. (1995). Blooming algal neurotoxins.
[Chem. Aust.]{.underline} [June]{.underline}:12-13. Keywords: *Anabaena
circinalis*/ neurotoxins/ Australia.

1236\. Jones, G. J. and Negri, A. P. (1997). Persistence and degradation
of cyanobacterial paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) in freshwaters.
[Water Res.]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(3):525-533. Keywords:
*Anabaena circinalis*/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ neurotoxins/
paralytic shellfish poisons/ persistence/ degradation/ transformation/
toxicity.

1237\. Jones, G. J. and Orr, P. T. (1994). Release and degradation of
microcystin following algicide treatment of a *Microcystis aeruginosa*
bloom in a recreational lake, as determined by HPLC and protein
phosphatase inhibition assay. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}(4):871-876. Keywords: microcystin/ cyanobacteria/
biodegradation / algicide/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ persistence/
protein phosphatase/ HPLC.

1238\. Jones, G. J. and Poplawski, W. (1998). Understanding and
management of cyanobacterial blooms in sub-tropical reservoirs of
Queensland, Australia. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(2):161-168. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxic/
stratification/ mixing/ internal and external nutrient loads/
management/ reservoirs/ Queensland/ Australia.

1239\. Jones, S. B. and Jones, J. R. (2002). Seasonal variation in
cyanobacterial toxin production in two Nepalese lakes. [Verh. Internat.
Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [Vol 28]{.underline}(Pt 2):1017-1022.
Keywords: environmental-factors/ blooms/ phytoplankton/ Nepalese lakes.

1240\. Juday, R. E.; Keller, E. J.; Horpestad, A.; Bahls, L. L.; and
Glasser, S. (1981). A toxic bloom of *Anabaena flos-aquae* in Hebgen
Reservoir Montana in 1977. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water
Environment: Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New
York, pp. 103-112. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
Hebgen Reservoir/ Montana.

1241\. Jung, J. H.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991).
Scytophycins from a blue-green alga belonging to the *Nostocaceae.*
[Phytochem.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(11):3615-3616. Keywords:
*Cylindrospermum muscicola*/ *Nostocaceae*/ blue-green alga/
scytophycins/ cytotoxins.

1242\. Jungmann, D. (1995). Isolation, purification and characterization
of new *Daphnia* toxic compound from axenic *Microcystis flos-aquae*
strain PCC 7806. [J. Chem. Ecol.]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}(11):1665-1676. Keywords: isolation/ purification/
characterization/ *Daphnia*/ axenic/ *Microcystis flos-aquae*/ DTC/
chemical interaction/ toxicity.

1243\. Jungmann, D. (1992). Toxic compounds isolated from *Microcystis*
PCC 7806 that are more active against *Daphnia* than two microcystins.
[Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(8):1777-1783. Keywords:
toxic compounds/ isolated/ *Microcystis*/ *Daphnia*.

1244\. Jungmann, D. and Benndorf, J. (1994). Toxicity to *Daphnia* of a
compound extracted from laboratory and natural *Microcystis* spp., and
the role of microcystins. [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline} (1):13-20. Keywords: role/ microcystins/ *Daphnia*/
*Microcystis* .

1245\. Jungmann, D.; Henning, M.; and Jüttner, F. (1991). Are the same
compounds in *Microcystis* responsible for toxicity to *Daphnia* and
inhibition of its filtering rate? [Int. Revue ges.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [76]{.underline}(1):47-56. Keywords: compounds/
*Microcystis*/ toxicity/ *Daphnia*/ filtering rate inhibition.

1246\. Jungmann, D.; Ludwichowski, K-U.; Faltin, V.; and Benndorf, J.
(1996). A field study to investigate environmental factors that could
effect microcystin synthesis of a *Microcystis* population in the
Bautzen Reservoir. [Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[81]{.underline}(4):493-501. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ HPLC/
Bautzen Reservoir/ Germany.

1247\. Jungo, E.; Visser, P. M.; Stroom, J.; and Mur, L. R. (2001).
Artifical mixing to reduce growth of the blue-green alga *Microcystis*
in Lake Nieuwe Meer, Amsterdam: an evaluation of 7 years of experience.
In: [Particle Removal from Reservoirs and Other Surface
Waters]{.underline}. Vol. 1, 1, pp. 17-23. Keywords: artificial mixing/
bubble plumes/ cyanobacteria/ dams/ lake restoration/ *Microcystis*/
Lake Nieuwe Meer/ removal/ reservoirs/ toxins/ Amsterdam.

1248\. Jusumi, T.; Ooi, T.; Watanabe, M. M.; and Kakisawa, H. (1987).
Structure of cyanoviridin RR, a toxin from the cyanobacterium
(blue-green alga) *Microcystis viridis.* In: [Proc. 29th Symposium on
Chemistry of Natural Products]{.underline}. pp. pp. 536-543. Aug. 26-28;
Sapporo, Japan. Keywords: structure/ cyanoviridin RR/ *Microcystis
viridis*.

1249\. Jüttner, F. and Wessel, H. P. (2003). Isolation of
di(hydroxymethyl)dihydroxypyrrolidine from the cyanobacterial genus
*Cylindrospermum* that effectively inhibits digestive glucosidases of
aquatic insects and crustacean grazers. [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(1):26-32. Keywords: aquatic insect larvae/ crustaceans/
*Cylindrospermum*/ digestive enzyme/ di(hydroxymethyl)
dihydroxypyrrolidine/ enzyme inhibitor/ alpha-glucosidase/
beta-glucosidase/ 2(R),5(R)-bis-(hydroxymethyl)-3(R),
4(R)-dihydroxypyrrolidine.

1250\. Kaas, H. and Henriksen, P. (2000). Saxitoxins (PSP toxins) in
Danish lakes. [Water Res.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(7):2089-2097.
Keywords: cyanobacteria; phycotoxins/ neurotoxicity/ PSP/ saxitoxin/
STX/ gonyautoxin/ GTX/ anatoxin/ microcystin/ hepatotoxin/ mouse
bioassay/ freshwater/ Danish Lakes.

1251\. Kabzinski, A. K. M.; Juszczak, R.; Miekos, E.; Tarczynska, M.;
Sivonen, K.; and Rapala, J. (2000). The first report about the presence
of cyanobacterial toxins in Polish lakes. [Pol. J. Environ.
Stud.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(3):171-178. Keywords: cyanobacterial
toxins/ microcystine/ environmental analysis/ high performance liquid
chromatography.

1252\. Kachroo, P. (1956). Myxophyceae as possible antilarval agents.
[Proceedings & Papers of the 24th Annual Conference of the California
Mosquito Control Association]{.underline}. Department of Agriculture:
pp. 52-53. January 16-18, 1956; Stockton, California. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ antilarval.

1253\. Kaebernick, M.; Dittmann, E.; Börner, T.; and Neilan, B. A.
(2002). Multiple alternate transcripts direct the biosynthesis of
microcystin, a cyanobacterial nonribosomal peptide. [Appl Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [68]{.underline}(2):449-455. Keywords: cyclic
heptapeptide microcystin/ *Escherichia coli*/ *Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii*/ *Staphylococcus aureus*/ internal promoter/ *Anabaena*
sp./ gene/ expression/ operon/ light.

1254\. Kaebernick, M.; Neilan, B. A.; Börner, T.; and Dittmann, E.
(2000). Light and the transcriptional response of the microcystin
biosynthesis gene cluster. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}(8):3387-3392. Keywords: blue-green-algae/ hepatotoxin
production/ toxin production/ *aeruginosa*/ growth/ cyanobacteria/
identification/ temperature/ strains/ hepatocytes.

1255\. Kaebernick, M.; Rohrlack, T.; Christoffersen, K.; and Neilan, B.
A. (2001). A spontaneous mutant of microcystin biosynthesis: genetic
characterization and effect on *Daphnia.* [Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(11):669-679. Keywords:
cyanobacterium/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ toxin production/ elastase
inhibitors/ serine-protease/ food ingestion/ filtering rate/ toxicity/
*Microviridins*/ mutant/ *Daphnia*.

1256\. Kaempfel, U.; Berghausen, K. H.; and Lieflander, M. (1995). Are
cyanobacteria suitable for feeding human beings---a contribution on the
essential amino acids of cyanobacteria. [Deut.
Lebens.-Rund.]{.underline} [91]{.underline}(2):50-52. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ human food/ essential amino acids. (German)

1257\. Kahru, M.; Leppänen, J-M.; Rud, O.; and Savchuk, O. P. (2000).
Cyanobacteria blooms in the Gulf of Finland triggered by saltwater
inflow into the Baltic Sea. [Mar. Ecol.--Prog. Ser.]{.underline}
[207]{.underline}:13-18. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Nodularia*/
nutrients/ Gulf of Finland/ Baltic Sea.

1258\. Kaji, T.; Fujiwara, Y.; Hamada, C.; Yamamoto, C.; Shimada, S.;
Lee, J. B.; and Hayashi, T. (2002). Inhibition of cultured bovine aortic
endothelial cell proliferation by sodium spirulan, a new sulfated
polysaccharide isolated from *Spirulina platensis.* [Planta
Medica]{.underline} [68]{.underline}(6):505-509. Keywords: endothelial
cell/ polysaccharide/ proliferation/ sodium spirulan/ *Spirulina
platensis*/ blue-green alga.

1259\. Kalavathi, D. F.; Uma, L.; and Subramanian, G. (2001).
Degradation and metabolization of the pigment-melanoidin in distillery
effluent by the marine cyanobacterium *Oscillatoria boryana* BDU 92181.
[Enzyme Microbial Technol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(4-5):246-251.
Keywords: marine cyanobacteria/ meanoidin/ decolorization.

1260\. Kalbe, L. (1984). Animal experiments on the oral toxicity of
blue-green algae waterblooms. [Limnol. (Berlin)]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(2):559-562. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ animal experiments/
*Nodularia spumigena*/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Aphanizomenon
gracile*.

1261\. Kalbe, L. (1983). Kryoconserved bull semen as a test organism for
screening toxic pollutants (sperm test). \[Gefrierkonserviertes
bullensperma als testobjekt für die screening-untersuchung von
umweltschadoffen (spermatest)\]. [Z. ges. Hyg.]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(12):718-721. Keywords: kryoconserved bull semen/
screening of pollutants/ toxicity/ sperm test. (German)

1262\. Kalbe, L.; Duty, J.; Heise, H.; Putzke, H-P.; Schulz, E.; and
Tiess, D. (1976). Blue-green algae aquatic flower *(Nodularia)* in the
Baltic Sea in August 1974. (Zu einter blaualgen-wasserblüte
*(Nodularia)* der Ostee im August 1974). [Z. ges. Hyg.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(4):250-255. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia*/ Baltic
Sea. (German)

1263\. Kalbe, L. and Recknagel, R. D. (1985). Zytotoxikologische
untersuchung von schadstoffen und wasserblüten mit gefrierkonserviertem
bullensperma (spermatest). [Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(2):185-194. Keywords: sperm motility/ toxicity assay/
blue-greens. (German)

1264\. Kalbe, L. and Tiess, D. (1964). Entenmassensterben durch
*Nodularia* --- wasserblute am Kleinen Jusmunden godden auf Ragen.
[Arch. Exp. Veterinärmed.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}:535-539.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia*. (German)

1265\. Kalmbach, E.R. (1968). Type C-botulism among wild birds---a
historical sketch. [Bureau Sport Fish. Wildlife Special Scientific
Report---Wildlife]{.underline}. US. Govt. Printing Office: Washington
DC. Report \# 110. Keywords: botulism/ birds/ history.

1266\. Kamjunke, N. and Jahnichen, S. (2000). Leucine incorporation by
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[45]{.underline}(3):741-743. Keywords: protein synthesis/ thymidine
incorporation/ algae/ toxins.

1267\. Kamjunke, N.; Mendonca, R.; Hardewig, I.; and Mehner, T. (2002).
Assimilation of different cyanobacteria as food and the consequences for
internal energy stores of juvenile roach. [J. Fish Biol.]{.underline}
[60]{.underline}(3):731-738. Keywords: roach/ *Rutilus rutilus*/
cyanobacteria/ *Aphanizomenon*/ *Microcystis*/ liver glycogen/ muscle
proteins/ assimilation.

1268\. Kamjunke, N.; Schmidt, K.; Pflugmacher, S.; and Mehner, T.
(2002). Consumption of cyanobacteria by roach *(Rutilus rutilus)*:
useful or harmful to the fish? [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline}
[47]{.underline}(2):243-250. Keywords: *Aphanizomenon*/ cyanobacteria/
*Microcystis*/ roach/ zooplankton.

1269\. Kan, Y.; Sakamoto, B.; Fujita, T.; and Nagai, H. (2000). New
malyngamides from the Hawaiian cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J.
Natural Products]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(12):1599-1602. Keywords:
spin-coupling constants/ configuration analysis/ natural products/ acid/
amide/ lethal toxicity to crayfish.

1270\. Kangatharalingam, N. and Priscu, J. C. (1993). Isolation and
verification of anatoxin-a producing clones of *Anabaena flos-aquae*
(Lyngb.) de Breb. from a eutrophic lake. [FEMS Microbiol.
Ecol.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}(2):127-130. Keywords: anatoxin-a/
isolation/ verification/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ eutrophic lake/ toxic
cyanobacteria/ clone/ strain/ intra-species variants of cyanobacteria.

1271\. Kankaanpää, H. T.; Sipiä, V. O.; Kuparinen, J. S.; Ott, J. L.;
and Carmichael, W. W. (2001). Nodularin analyses and toxicity of a
*Nodularia spumigena* (Nostocales, cyanobacteria) water-bloom in the
western Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, in August 1999.
[Phycologia]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(3):268-274. Keywords:
nodularin/ analysis/ toxicity/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ Gulf of Finland/
Baltic Sea.

1272\. Kankaanpää, H. T.; Vuorensola, K. M.; Sipiä, V. O.; and
Meriluoto, J. A. O. (2002). Chromatographic and spectral behaviour and
detection of hepatotoxic nodularin in fish, clam, mussel and mouse
tissues using HPLC analysis. [Chromatographia]{.underline}
[55]{.underline}(3-4):157-162. Keywords: column liquid chromatography/
cyanobacteria/ clams mussels and fish/ hepatotoxins/ nodularin.

1273\. Kankaanpää, H. T.; Vuorinen, P. J.; Sipiä, V. O.; and Keinanen,
M. (2002). Acute effects and bioaccumulation of nodularin in sea trout
(*Salmo trutta* m. *trutta* L.) exposed orally to *Nodularia spumigena*
under laboratory conditions. [Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[61]{.underline}(3-4):155-168. Keywords: bioaccumulation/ ELISA/
hepatocytes/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ nodularin/ *Salmo trutta*/
blue-green-algae/ phosphatase inhibition assay/ type-2a protein
phosphatases/ mussels *Mytilus edulis*/ carp *Cyprinus carpio*/
microcystin-LR/ Baltic Sea/ *in vivo*/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/
*Oncorhynchus mykiss*.

1274\. Kannan, V. (2000). Reversible inhibition of GS in *Tolypothrix
tenuis.* [J. Environ. Biol.]{.underline} [21]{.underline}(2):125-132.
Keywords: ammonia release/ cyanobacterium/ glutamine synthetase/
reversible inhibition/ *Tolypothrix tenuis*.

1275\. Kanne, D. B. and Abood, L. G. (1988). Synthesis and biological
characterization of pyridohomotropanes: Structure-activity relationships
of conformationally restricted nicotinoids. [J. Med. Chem.]{.underline}
[31]{.underline}(3):506-508. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ synthesis/
characterization.

1276\. Kanne, D. B.; Ashworth, D. J.; Cheng, M. T.; Mutter, L. C.; and
Abood, L. G. (1986). Synthesis of the first highly potent bridged
nicotinoid 9-azabicyclo 4.2.1 nona 2,3-C pyridine (pyrido 3,4-B
homotropane). [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[108]{.underline}:7864-7865. Keywords: synthesis/ anatoxin-a.

1277\. Kao, C. Y. (1966). Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and their significance
in the study of excitation phenomena. [Pharmacol. Rev.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(2):997-1049. Keywords: tetrodotoxin/ saxitoxin/
significance/ excitation.

1278\. Kao, C. Y.; James-Kracke, M. R.; Kao, P. N.; Koehn. F.E.; and
Schoes, H. K. (1981). Actions of two epimers of reduced saxitoxin and of
a thioketal derivative. [Fed. Proc.]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}(3):240. Keywords: saxitoxins.

1279\. Kappers, F. I. (1981). Toxicity of blue-green algae in
recreational waters. [Ned. Tijdschr. Geneesk.]{.underline}
[125]{.underline}(25):1008. Keywords: recreational waters/ cyanotoxins.

1280\. Kappers, F. I.; Leeuwangh, P.; Rekker, M.; and Koerselman, W.
(1981). Investigation of the presence of toxins produced by
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in the Netherlands. [Sci. Total
Environ.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}:359-361. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
presence/ Netherlands.

1281\. Karjalainen, M.; Reinikainen, M.; Lindvall, F.; Spoof, L.; and
Meriluoto, J. A. O. (2003). Uptake and accumulation of dissolved,
radiolabeled nodularin in Baltic Sea zooplankton. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(1):52-60. Keywords: nodularin/
uptake/ accumulation/ bioconcentration/ *Acartia*/ *Strombidium*/ Baltic
Sea/ trout *Oncorhynchus mykiss*/ cyclic peptide toxin/ blue-green
algae/ microcystin-LR/ cyanobacterial toxin/ nontoxic cyanobacteria/
dihydromicrocystin-LR/ *Eurytemora affinis*/ *Mysis mixta*/ toxicity.

1282\. Karlsson, K. and Meriluoto, J. (2001). Degradation of
microcystins, cyanobacterial peptide toxins, by UV irradiation.
[Toxicology]{.underline} [164]{.underline}(1-3 Suppl.):181-182.
Keywords: microcystin/ degradation/ UV irradiation.

1283\. Karlsson, K.; Sipiä, V.; Kankaanpää, H.; and Meriluoto, J.
(2003). Mass spectrometric detection of nodularin and desmethylnodularin
in mussels and flounders. [J. Chromat. B: Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life
Sci.]{.underline} [784]{.underline}(2):243-253. Keywords: mussel/
flounder/ nodularin/ desmethylnodularin/ protein phosphatase-1/
microcystin-LR/ heptapeptide microcystins/ liquid-chromatography/
cyanobacterial toxin/ *Mytilus edulis*/ *in vivo*/ ionization/ rat/
identification/ Baltic Sea.

1284\. Karlsson, K.; Sipiä, V.; Krause, E.; Meriluoto, J.; and
Pflugmacher, S. (2003). Mass spectrometric detection and quantification
of nodularin-R in flounder livers. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(5):284-288. Keywords: nodularin/ mass spectrometry/
liver/ flounder/ Baltic Sea.

1285\. Karner, D. A.; Standridge, J. H.; Harrington, G. W.; and Barnum,
R. P. (2001). Microcystin algal toxins in source and finished drinking
water. [J. Am. Water Works Assoc.]{.underline}
[93]{.underline}(8):72-81. Keywords: algal toxins/ microcystin/ drinking
water/ Wisconsin/ water treatment/ hepatotoxins/ destruction.

1286\. Kashiwagi, M.; Mynderse, J. S.; Moore, R. E.; and Norton, T. R.
(1980). Antineoplastic evolution of Pacific basin marine algae. [J.
Pharmaceut. Sci.]{.underline} [69]{.underline}(6):735-738. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ antineoplastic/ Pacific basin/ marine algae.

1287\. Kato, Y. and Scheuer, P. J. (1975). The aplysiatoxins. [Pure
Appl. Chem.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}:1-14. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
aplysiatoxin.

1288\. Kato, Y. and Scheuer, P. J. (1976). The aplysiatoxins; reactions
with acid and oxidants. [Pure Appl. Chem.]{.underline}
[48]{.underline}:29-33. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ reactions/
acid/ oxidants.

1289\. Katsuyama, H. and Morgan, K. G. (1993). Mechanisms of Ca^2+^---
independent contraction in single permeabilized ferret aorta cell
\[effect of microcystin-LR\]. [Circ. Res.]{.underline}
[72]{.underline}(3):651-657. Keywords: microcystin-LR.

1290\. Kawai, T.; Ichinose, T.; Endo, Y.; Shudo, K.; and Itai, A.
(1992). Active conformation of a tumor promoter, teleocidin-a molecular
dynamics study. [J. Med. Chem.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(12):2248-2253. Keywords: teleocidin.

1291\. Kawai, T.; Ichinose, T.; Takeda, M.; Tomioka, N.; Endo, Y.;
Yamaguchi, K.; Shudo, K.; and Itai, A. (1992). Prediction of ring
conformations of indolactams-crystal and solution structures
\[teleocidin-B, lyngbyatoxin\]. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(23):6150-6155. Keywords: lyngbyatoxin/ teleocidin/
cyanotoxins.

1292\. Kaya, K. (1995). Toxic compounds in a freshwater picoplankton
cyanobacterium *Synechococcus* sp. [Nippon Suis. Gak.]{.underline}
[61]{.underline}(6):946-947. Keywords: *Synechococcus*/ toxic compounds.
(Japanese)

1293\. Kaya, K.; Mahakhant, A.; Keovara, L.; Sano, T.; Kubo, T.; and
Takagi, H. (2002). Spiroidesin, a novel lipopeptide from the
cyanobacterium *Anabaena spiroides* that inhibits cell growth of the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [65]{.underline}(6):920-921. Keywords:
*Oscillatoria agardhii*/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ *Anabaena spiroides*/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1294\. Kaya, K. and Sano, T. (1998). A photodetoxification mechanism of
the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by ultraviolet
irradiation. [Chem. Res. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(3):159-163. Keywords: microcystin-LR/
photodetoxification/ ultraviolet irradiation.

1295\. Kaya, K. and Sano, T. (1999). Total microcystin determination
using erythro -2-methyl-3-(methoxy-d~3~)-4-phenylbutyric acid
(MMPB-d~3~) as the internal standard. [Analyt. Chim. Acta]{.underline}
[386]{.underline}(1-2):107-112. Keywords: microcystin/ determination/
MMPB-d~3~.

1296\. Kaya, K.; Sano, T.; Inoue, H.; and Takagi, H. (2001). Selective
determination of total normal microcystin by colorimetry, LC/UV
detection and/or LC/MS. [Analyt. Chim. Acta]{.underline}
[450]{.underline}(1-2):73-80. Keywords: total normal microcystin/
N-methyldehydroalanine/ glutathione/ trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS)/
colorimetry/ liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/ liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/ *Oscillatoria-agardhii*/ acid/
liver/ LR.

1297\. Kaya, K.; Sano, T.; Watanabe, M. M.; Shiraishi, F.; and Ito, H.
(1995). Toxic compounds in a freshwater picoplankton cyanobacterium.
[Nippon Suis. Gak.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(6):946-947. Keywords:
picoplankton/ cyanotoxins.

1298\. Kearns, K. D. and Hunter, M. D. (2000). Green algal extracellular
products regulate antialgal toxin production in a cyanobacterium.
[Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(3):291-297. Keywords:
phosphatase inhibition assay/ factor affecting/ *Anabaena*/ chemical
defense.

1299\. Kearns, K. D. and Hunter, M. D. (2001). Toxin-producing *Anabaena
flos-aquae* induces settling of *Chlamydomonas reinhardtii*, a competing
motile alga. [Microbial Ecol.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(1):80-86.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ *Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii*/ freshwater/ phytoplankton/ *Daphnia*/ lake/
anticholinesterase/ sedimentation/ acetylcholine.

1300\. Keating, K. I. (1978). Blue-green algal inhibition of diatom
growth: transition from mesotrophic to eutrophic community structure.
[Science]{.underline} [199]{.underline}(3):971-973. Keywords: diatom
growth/ cyanotoxins.

1301\. Kedar, L.; Kashman, Y.; and Oren, A. (2002).
Mycosporine-2-glycine is the major mycosporine-like amino acid in a
unicellular cyanobacterium *(Euhalothece* sp.) isolated from a gypsum
crust in a hypersaline saltern pond. [Fems Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline}
[208]{.underline}(2):233-237. Keywords: cyanobacterium/ mycosporine-like
amino acid/ mycosporine-2-glycine/ *Euhalothece*.

1302\. Keijola, A. M.; Himberg, K.; Esala, A. L.; Sivonen, K.; and
Hiisvirta, L. (1988). Removal of cyanobacterial toxins in water
treatment processes: laboratory and pilot-scale experiments. [Tox.
Assess.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(5):643-656. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
removal/ water treatment.

1303\. Keil, C.; Forchert, A.; Fastner, J.; Szewzyk, U.; Rotard, W.;
Chorus, I.; and Kratke, R. (2002). Toxicity and microcystin content of
extracts from a *Planktothrix* bloom and two laboratory strains. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(8):2133-2139. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ *Planktothrix*/ *Danio rerio*/
*Thamnocephalus platyurus*/ secondary metabolites.

1304\. Kele, N.; Orbulescu, J.; Calhoun, T. L.; Gawley, R. E.; and
Leblanc, R. M. (2002). Coumaryl crown ether based chemosensors:
selective detection of saxitoxin in the presence of sodium and potassium
ions. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [43]{.underline}(25):4413-4416.
Keywords: coumarin/ saxitoxins/ fluorescence.

1305\. Keleti, G.; Sykora, J. L.; Lippy, E. C.; and Shapiro, M. A.
(1979). Algae and occurrence of LPS. Lipopolysaccharide in drinking
water. In: [Proc. Am. Soc. for Microbiology]{.underline}. Los Angeles.
79th Ann. Meeting, pp. Q. 70. Keywords: LPS/ lipopolysaccharide/
drinking water.

1306\. Keleti, G.; Sykora, J. L.; Lippy, E. C.; and Shapiro, M. A.
(1979). Composition and biological properties of lipopolysaccharides
isolated from *Schizothrix calcicola* (Ag.) gomont (cyanobacteria).
[Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(3):471-477.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Schizothrix calcicola*/ composition.

1307\. Keleti, G.; Sykora, J. L.; Maiolie, L. A.; Doerfler, D. L.; and
Campbell, I. M. (1981). Isolation and characterization of endotoxin from
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water
Environment: Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New
York, pp. 447-464. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation/
characterization/ endotoxin.

1308\. Kelly, D. F. and Pontefract, R. (1990). Hepatorenal toxicity in a
dog following immersion in Rutland Water. [Vet. Record]{.underline}
[127]{.underline}(18):453-454. Keywords: toxicity/ dog/ immersion/
Rutland water/ Leicestershire/ hepatorenal.

1309\. Kenefick, S. L.; Hrudey, S. E.; Peterson, H. G.; and Prepas, E.
E. (1993). Toxin release from *Microcystis aeruginosa* after chemical
treatment. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(3-4):433-440. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green
algae/ copper sulfate/ lime/ microcystin-LR/ hepatotoxins/ algal blooms/
drinking waer/ reservoir treatment/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ chemical
treatment.

1310\. Kenefick, S. L.; Hrudey, S. E.; Prepas, E. E.; Motkosky, N.; and
Peterson, H. G. (1992). Odorous substances and cyanobacterial toxins in
prairie drinking water sources. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[25]{.underline}(2):147-154. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ neurotoxin/
microcystin-LR/ microcystin-RR/ hepatotoxins/ geosmin/
2-methylisoborneol/ ß-cyclocitral/ cyanobacteria/ health/ drinking
water/ prairie.

1311\. Kennelly, P. J. (2002). Protein kinases and protein phosphatases
in prokaryotes: a genomic perspective. [FEMS Microbiol.
Lett.]{.underline} [206]{.underline}(1):1-8. Keywords: protein
phosphorylation/ protein kinase/ protein phosphatase/ phylogeny.

1312\. Kennelly, P. J. (2001). Protein phosphatases --- a phylogenetic
perspective. [Chem. Rev.]{.underline} [101]{.underline}(8):2291-2312.
Keywords: low molecular weight/ dual specificity phosphatase/ isocitrate
dehydrogenase kinase phosphatase/ serine threonine phosphatases/ signal
transduction pathways/ complete genome sequence/ 2-component regulatory
systems/ *Streptomyces coelicolor* A3(2)/ rabbit skeletal muscle/ sensor
kinase kdpd.

1313\. Kerr, L. A.; McCoy, C. P.; and Eaves, D. (1987). Blue-green algae
toxicosis in five dairy cows. [J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.]{.underline}
[191]{.underline}(7):829-830. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ toxicosis/ dairy
cows.

1314\. Keshavanath, P.; Beveridge, M. C. M.; Baird, D. J.; Lawton, L.
A.; Nimmo, A.; and Codd, G. A. (1994). The functional grazing response
of a phytoplanktivorous fish *Oreoshromis niloticus* to mixtures of
toxic and non-toxic strains of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis
aeruginosa.* [J. Fish Biol.]{.underline} [45]{.underline}(1):123-129.
Keywords: grazing response/ fish/ *Oreoshromis niloticus*/ mixed
strains/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1315\. Keto, J. (1985). Myrkylliset ja punaiset sinilevat Lahden
Vesijarvessa. [Ympär. Terv.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}:37-40.
Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

1316\. Keto, J. (1985). Sinilevahaittojen torjunta Lahdessa. Katsaus
suoritettuihin toimenpiteisiin. [Ympär. Terv.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}:448-450. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

1317\. Kfir, R. and Genthe B. (1993). Advantages and disadvantages of
the use of immunodetection techniques for the enumeration of
microorganisms and toxins in water. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(3-4):243-252. Keywords: immunodetection techniques/
advantages/ disadvantages/ enumeration/ microorganisms/ toxins.

1318\. Kfir, R.; Johannsen, E.; and Botes, D. P. (1986). Monoclonal
antibody specific for cyanoginosin-LA: preparation and characterization.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(6):543-552. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
cyanoginosin/ monoclonal antibody.

1319\. Kfir, R.; Johannsen, E.; and Botes, D. P. (1986). Preparation of
anti-cyanoginosin-LA monoclonal antibody. In: P. S. Steyn and R.
Vleggaar, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bioactive
Molecules]{.underline}. Elsevier: Amsterdam. Vol. 1, pp. 377-385. 545
pp. July 22-25, 1985; Pretoria, S. Afr. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
cyanoginosin/ monoclonal antibody.

1320\. Khan, S. A.; Ghosh, S.; Wickstrom, M. L.; Miller, L. A.; Hess,
R.; Haschek, W. M.; and Beasley, V. R. (1995). Comparative pathology of
microcystin-LR in cultured hepatocytes, fibroblasts and renal epithelial
cells. [Natural Toxins]{.underline} [3]{.underline}:119-128. Keywords:
pathology/ microcystin-LR.

1321\. Khasdan, V.; Ben-Dov, E.; Manasherob, R.; Boussiba, S.; and
Zaritsky, A. (2003). Mosquioto larvicidal activity of transgenic
*Anabaena* PCC 7120 expressing toxin genes from *Bacillus thuringiensis*
subsp. *israelensis.* [FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline}
[227]{.underline}(2):189-195. Keywords: mosquitocidal *Anabaena*/ delta
endotoxin/ *Bacillus thuringiensis*.

1322\. Kiely, J. S.; Moos, W. H.; Pavia, M. R.; Schwarz, R. D.; and
Woodard, G. L. (1991). A silica gel plate-based qualitative assay for
acetylcholinesterase activity: a mass method to screen for potential
inhibitors. [Analyt. Biochem.]{.underline} [196]{.underline}(2):439-442.
Keywords: assay/ acetylcholinesterase activity/ potential inhibitors.

1323\. Kiguchi, K.; Glesne, D.; Chubb, C. H.; Fujiki, H.; and Huberman,
E. (1994). Differential induction of apoptosis in human breast tumor
cells by okadaic acid and related inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1
and 2A . [Cell Growth & Diff.]{.underline} [5]{.underline} (9):995-1004.
Keywords: differential/ apoptosis induction/ human breast tumor cells/
inhibitors/ PP1/ PP2A.

1324\. Kiirikki, M.; Inkala, A.; Kuosa, H.; Pitkanen, H.; Kuusisto, M.;
and Sarkkula, J. (2001). Evaluating the effects of nutrient load
reductions on the biomass of toxic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the
Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. [Boreal Environ. Res.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}(2):131-146. Keywords: Baltic Sea/ Finland/ summer
phytoplankton/ water quality/ spring bloom/ eastern gulf/ phosphorus/
sedimentation/ dynamics/ bioavailability/ plankton.

1325\. Kim, B. H.; Choi, M. K.; Chung, Y. T.; Lee, J. B.; and Wui, I. S.
(1997). Blue-green alga *Microcystis-aeruginosa* Kutz. in natural
medium. [Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[59]{.underline}(1):35-43. Keywords: *Microcystis-aeruginosa*/ growth.

1326\. Kim, H. Y.; Stein, K.; and Toogood, P. L. (1996). Synthesis
towards microcystins and related toxins. [Chem.
Commun.]{.underline}(14):1683-1684. Keywords: synthesis/ microcystins.

1327\. Kim, J. D.; Yoon, B. D.; and Oh, H. M. (2003). Rapid bioassay for
microcystin toxicity based on feeding activity of *Daphnia.* [Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol.]{.underline} [70]{.underline}(5):861-867.
Keywords: *Ceriodaphnia dubia*/ cyanobacteria/ toxins/ magna/ tests/
behavior/ *Daphnia*.

1328\. Kirk, K. L. and Gilbert, J. J. (1992). Variation in herbivore
response to chemical defenses: zooplankton foraging on toxic
cyanobacteria. [Ecology]{.underline} [73]{.underline}(6):2208-2217.
Keywords: *Anabaena*/ herbivore response/ chemical defenses/
cladocerans/ copepods/ foraging patterns/ phytoplankton/ rotifers/
selective feeding/ zooplankton/ toxic cyanobacteria.

1329\. Kirpenko, N. I. (1986). Phytopathic properties of the toxin of
blue-green algae. [Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.)]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(1):48-50. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ properties. (Russian)

1330\. Kirpenko, Yu A. and Kirpenko, N. I. (1980). Biological activity
of the algotoxin of blue-green algae --- pathogens of water
\"blooming\". [Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.)]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(6):53-57. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ biological activity.
(Russian)

1331\. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Lukina, L. F.; Orlovskii, V. M.; and Peskov, V.
A. (1976). Method of determining toxins of blue-green algae. [Byull.
Izobret.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}:125-126. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
determining. (Ukrainian)

1332\. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Perevozchenko, I. I.; Sirenko, L. A.; and
Lukina, L. F. (1975). Isolation of toxin from blue-green algae biomass
and some of its physico-chemical properties. [Dopov. Akad. Nauk. Ukr.
RSR.]{.underline} [Ser. B]{.underline}:359-361. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
isolation.

1333\. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Sirenko, L. A.; and Kirpenko, N. I. (1982).
Effect of blue-green algal toxin on functions of brain, heart, and
substrate oxidation procesess in cells. [Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Ukr. SSR Ser.
B Geol. Khim. Biol. Nauki]{.underline}(2):56-58. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
brain/ heart/ substrate.

1334\. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Sirenko, L. A.; and Kirpenko, N. I. (1981). Some
aspects concerning remote after-effects of blue-green algae toxin impact
on warm-blooded animals. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water
Environment: Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New
York, pp. 257-269. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ impact/ animals.

1335\. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Sirenko, L. A.; Lukina, L. F.; Kirpenko, N. I.;
and Danilouskaya, E. N. (1976). Relation of the biological activity of
toxic metabolites of blue-green algae to structural features. [Form.
Kontrol Kach. Poverkhn. Vod]{.underline} [2]{.underline} :33-37.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ biological activity/ structural features.
(Russian)

1336\. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Sirenko, L. A.; Orlovskii, V. M.; and Lukina, L.
F. (1977). Toxic blue-green algae and culture of the organism. In: A. V.
Topachevskiy and E. E. Kvetnetskia (eds.) [Naukogo Dumka]{.underline}.
Ukranian Scientific Publishing House: Kiev, 252 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ culture. (Russian)

1337\. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Stankevich, V. V.; and Kirpenko, N. I. (1982).
Combined effect of toxins released by Cyanophyceae and of certain
components of industrial waste on water quality. [Gidrobiologicheskii
Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.)]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(4):34-36. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ industrial waste/ water quality.

1338\. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Stankevich, V. V.; Orlovskii, V. M.; Kirpenko,
N. I.; Bokov, A. V.; and Karpenko, T. F. (1979). A comparative
assessment of the toxic effect of biologically active substances of
blue-green algae at the cellular and organismic levels. [Hydrobiol. J.
(Gidrobiologicheskii Zh.)]{.underline} [15]{.underline}:83-86. Keywords:
comparison/ toxic effect/ cyanobacteria/ cellular/ organismic level.

1339\. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Stankevich, V. V.; Orlovskii, V. M.; Kirpenko,
N. I.; Bokov, A. V.; and Karpenko, T. F. (1980). Comparative evaluation
of the toxic effect of biologically active substances of blue-green
algae on cellular and body levels. [Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol.
J.)]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(6):91-94. Keywords: evaluation/ toxic
effect/ cyanobacteria/ cellular/ body level.

1340\. Kiss, T.; Vehovszky, A.; Hiripi, L.; Kovács, A.; and Vörös, L.
(2002). Membrane effects of toxins isolated from a cyanobacterium,
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii,* on identified molluscan neurons.
[Comp. Biochem. Physiol.--C: Pharmacol. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[131]{.underline}(2):167-176. Keywords: anatoxin/ *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii* extract/ phytotoxins/ molluscan neuron/ HPLC/
cylindrospermopsin/ acetylcholine (ACh) receptors/ cation channel.

1341\. Kiviranta, J. (1992). Larvicidal effects of toxic cyanobacteria
on yellow fever mosquito, *Aedes aegypti.* [Acta Pharmaceutica
Fennica]{.underline} [101]{.underline}:105-109. Keywords: cytotoxins/
mosquito/ *Aedes aegypti*.

1342\. Kiviranta, J. and Abdel-Hameed, A. (1994). Toxicity of the
blue-green alga *Oscillatoria agardhii* to the mosquito *Aedes aegypti*
and the shrimp *Artemia salina.* [World J. Microbiol.
Biotechnol.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(5):517-520. Keywords:
cytotoxin/ mosquito/ *Aedes aegypti*/ *Artemia salina*/ shrimp/
toxicity/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*.

1343\. Kiviranta, J.; Namikoshi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Evans, W. R.;
Carmichael, W. W.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Structure determination
and toxicity of a new microcystin from *Microcytis* *aeruginosa* strain
205. [Toxicon]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(9):1093-1098. Keywords:
microcystins/ *Microcytis* *aeruginosa*.

1344\. Kiviranta, J.; Saario, E.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1991). Toxicity of
planktonic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) to mosquito larvae. [39th
Annual Congress Medicinal Plant Research]{.underline}. Verlag Stuttgart:
New York. pp. 21-22. September 1991; Saarbrücken. Keywords: mosquito/
toxicity. (Poster)

1345\. Kiviranta, J.; Saario, E.; Sivonen, K.; and Niemelä, S. I.
(1990). Mouse oral toxicity of the cyanobacterium *Nodularia*
*spumigena,* and inhibition of hepatotoxicity by hydrocortisone. [Acta
Pharmaceutica Fennica]{.underline} [99]{.underline}:69-76. Keywords:
nodularin/ oral toxicity/ *Nodularia* *spumigena*/ mouse toxicity.

1346\. Kiviranta, J.; Sivonen, K.; Lathi, K.; Luukkainen, R.; and
Niemelä, S. I. (1991). Production and biodegradation of cyanobacterial
toxins --- a laboratory study. [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[121]{.underline}(3):281-294. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ biodegradation/
production.

1347\. Kiviranta, J.; Sivonen, K.; Niemelä, S. I.; and Huovinen, K.
(1990). Detection of toxins of cyanobacteria blue-green algae by
*Artemia salina* bioassay. [Planta Medica]{.underline}
[56]{.underline}(6):643-644. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ detection/
*Artemia salina*.

1348\. Klapes, N. A. (1990). Acute toxicity of the natural algicide,
cyanobacterin, to *Daphnia* *magna.* [Ecotoxicol. Environ.
Safety]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(2):167-174. Keywords: toxicity/
cyanobacterin/ *Daphnia* *magna*.

1349\. Klein, D.; Braekman, J. C.; Daloze, D.; Hoffmann, L.; and
Demoulin, V. (1997). Lyngbyaloside, a novel
2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-6-deoxy-alpha-mannopyranoside macrolide from *Lyngbya
bouillonii* (cyanobacteria). [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[60]{.underline}(10):1057-1059. Keywords: lyngbyaloside/ *Lyngbya
bouillonii*/ cytotoxin.

1350\. Knübel, G.; Larsen, L. K.; Moore, R. E.; Levine, I. A.; and
Patterson, G. M. L. (1990). Cytotoxic, antiviral indolocarbazoles from a
blue-green alga belonging to the Nostocaceae. [J. Antibiot.]{.underline}
[43]{.underline}(10):1236-1239. Keywords: indolocarbazoles/ Nostocaceae.

1351\. Knutsen, G. and Skjanes, K. (1999). Simple growth chambers for
culturing microalgae with precision at different temperatures and
irradiance. [J. Appl.Phycol.]{.underline} [11]{.underline}(6):487-491.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ growth chambers/ microalgae/ *Spirulina*.

1352\. Kobayashi, A.; Kajiyama S.I.; Inawaka, K.; Kanzaki, H.; and
Kawazu, K. (1994). Nostodione-a, a novel mitotic spindle poison from a
blue-green alga *Nostoc commune.* [Z. Naturfo. C]{.underline}
[49]{.underline}(7-8):464-470. Keywords: nostodione-a/ mitotic spindle
poison/ *Nostoc commune*.

1353\. Kobayashi, J. (1989). Pharmacologically active metabolites from
symbiotic microalgae in Okinawan marine invertebrates. [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(2):225-238. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
dinoflagellate/ products/ phamaceutical/ symbiotic/ marine/
*Oscillatoria*/ Okinawa.

1354\. Kobayashi, T. (1993). Filtering rates of *Daphnia* *carinata*
King (Crustacea: Cladocera) on the blue-green algae *Microcystis
aeruginosa* Kütz and *Anabaena cylindrica* (Lemm.). [Aust. J.
Ecol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(2):231-234. Keywords: filtering
rates/ *Daphnia* *carinata*/ *Microcystis aeruginosa* / *Anabaena
cylindrica* .

1355\. Kodani, S.; Ishida, K.; and Murakami, M. (1998). Aeruginosin
103-A, a thrombin inhibitor from the cyanobacterium *Microcystis
viridis.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[61]{.underline}(8):1046-1048. Keywords: thrombin inhibitor/
*Microcystis viridis*.

1356\. Koehn. F.E.; Longley, R. E.; and Reed, J. K. (1992). Microcolin-a
and microcolin-b, new immunosuppressive peptides from the blue-green
alga *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[55]{.underline}(5):613-619. Keywords: immunosuppressive peptides/
*Lyngbya majuscula*.

1357\. Kofuji, P.; Aracava, Y.; Swanson, K. L.; and Albuquerque, E. X.
(1989). Activation and ion channel blockade by the nicotinic agonist (+)
anatoxin and derivatives. [Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}:557. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ nicotinic agonist.

1358\. Kofuji, P.; Aracava, Y.; Swanson, K. L.; Aronstam, R. S.;
Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1990). Activation and blockade of
the acetylcholine receptor-ion channel by the agonists (+)-anatoxin-a,
the N-methyl derivative and the enantiomer. [J. Pharmacol. Exp.
Therapeut.]{.underline} [252]{.underline}(2):517-525. Keywords:
anatoxin-a/ N-methyl anatoxin-a.

1359\. Kogure, K.; Tamplin, M. L.; Simidu, U.; and Colwell, R. R.
(1988). A tissue culture assay for tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and related
toxins. [Toxicon]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(2):191-197. Keywords:
tissue culture assay/ tetrodotoxin/ saxitoxin.

1360\. Kohl, J. G.; Börner, T.; Henning, M.; Schwabe, W.; and Weihe, A.
(1988). Plasmid content and differences in ecologically important
characteristics of different strains of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [80]{.underline}(Suppl.):195-201. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ plasmid.

1361\. Kollman, V.H. (1982). [Use of the blue-green algae *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae* in the treatment of Alzheimer\'s disease]{.underline}.
Wynetta Spencer Publishing Services: 5 pp. Keywords: blue-green algae/
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ treatment/ Alzheimer\'s disease.

1362\. Komárek, J. (1991). A review of water bloom forming *Microcystis*
species, with regard to populations from Japan. [Arch.
Hydrobiol.--Algol. Stud.]{.underline} [92]{.underline}:115-127.
Keywords: cyanophytes/ *Microcystis*/ phytoplankton/ morphology/
variation range/ taxonomy/ freshwater reservoirs/ Japan.

1363\. Kondo, F. (2001). Analysis of microcystins in cyanobacteria,
water, shellfish and fish. [J. Food Hygienic Soc. Japan]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(5):289-297. Keywords: protein phosphatase bioassay/
linked immunosorbent assay/ blue-green algae/ mass spectrometry/
heptapeptide toxin/ lake water/ *in vivo*/ liver/ LR/ identification/
shellfish/ fish.

1364\. Kondo, F. (2000). Total analysis system for tumor promoter
microcystins produced by cyanobacteria (review). [Yakugaku Zasshi (J.
Pharmaceut. Soc. Jap.)]{.underline} [120]{.underline}(2):159-169.
Keywords: microcystins/ tumor promoter/ analysis system. (Japanese)

1365\. Kondo, F. and Harada, K-I. (1996). Mass spectrometric analysis of
cyanobacterial toxins. [J. Mass Spec. Soc. Jap.]{.underline}
[44]{.underline}(3):355-376. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ analysis.

1366\. Kondo, F.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; Ishikawa, N.; Watanabe, M. F.;
Watanabe, M.; Harada, K-I.; and Suzuki, M. (1992). Separation and
identification of microcystins in cyanobacteria by frit-fast atom
bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(3):227-237. Keywords:
microcystins/ separation/ identification/ LC/ MS/ atom bombardment.

1367\. Kondo, F.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; Matsumoto, H.; Yamada, S.;
Ishikawa, N.; Tsuji, K.; Harada, K-I.; Shimada, T.; Oshikata, M.; and
Suzuki, M. (1995). Reliable and sensitive method for determination of
microcystins in complicated matrices by frit-fast atom bombardment
liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. [Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[3]{.underline}:41-49. Keywords: method/ determination/ microcystins/
LC-MS.

1368\. Kondo, F.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; Okumura, M.; Ishikawa, N.; Harada,
K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Murata, H.; and Suzuki, M. (1992). Formation,
characterization, and toxicity of the glutathione and cysteine
conjugates of toxic heptapeptide microcystins. [Chem. Res.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(5):591-596. Keywords: formation/
characterization/ toxicity/ microcystins.

1369\. Kondo, F.; Ito, Y.; Oka, H.; Yamada, S.; Tsuji, K.; Imokawa, M;
Niimi, Y.; Harada, K.; Ueno, Y.; and Miyazaki, Y. (2002). Determination
of microcystins in lake water using reusable immunoaffinity column.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(7):893-899. Keywords:
microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ reusable immunoaffinity column/ ESI-LC-MS.

1370\. Kondo, F.; Matsumoto, H.; Yamada, S.; Tsuji, K.; Ueno, Y.; and
Harada, K. (2000). Immunoaffinity purification method for detection and
quantification of microcystins in lake water. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(6):813-823. Keywords: microcystins/ methods/ detection/
quantification/ lake water.

1371\. Kondo, R.; Yoshida, T.; Yuki, Y.; and Hiroishi, S. (2000).
DNA-DNA reassociation among a bloom-forming cyanobacterial genus,
*Microcystis.* [Int. J. Sys. Evol. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[50]{.underline}(Pt 2):767-770. Keywords: DNA hybridization/ DNA G plus
C content/ cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis*.

1372\. König, G. M. and Wright, A. D. (1993). Algal secondary
metabolites and their pharmaceutical potential. In: A. D. Kinghorn and
M. F. Balandrin (eds.) [Human Medicinal Agents from Plants]{.underline}.
Am. Chem. Soc.: Washington, D.C., pp. 276-293, Ch. 19. ACR Symposium
Series 534. Keywords: cytotoxins/ secondary metabolites.

1373\. Kononen, K.; Kuparinen, J.; Mäkelä, K.; Laanemets, J.; Pavelson,
J.; and Nõmmann, S. (1996). Initiation of cyanobacterial blooms in a
frontal region at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea.
[Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(1):98-112. Keywords:
cyanobacterial blooms/ Gulf of Finland/ Baltic Sea/ *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae*/ *Nodularia spumigena*.

1374\. Kononen, K. and Leppänen, J-M. (1997). Patchiness, scales and
controlling mechanisms of cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea:
application of a multiscale research strategy. In: M. Kahru and C. W.
Brown (eds.) [Monitoring Algal Blooms: New Techniques for Detecting
Large-Scale Environmental Change]{.underline}. Landes Bioscience:
Austin, TX, pp. 63-84, Ch. 4. Keywords: cyanobacteria blooms/ Baltic
Sea.

1375\. Konst, H.; McKercher, P. D.; Gorham, P. R.; Robertson, A.; and
Howell, J. (1965). Symptoms and pathology produced by toxic *Microcystis
aeruginosa* NRC-1 in laboratory and domestic animals. [Can. J. Comp.
Med. Vet. Sci.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(9):221-228. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ symptoms/ pathology.

1376\. Kopp, R. and Hetesa, J. (2000). Changes of haematological indices
of juvenile carp (*Cyprinus carpio* L.) under the influence of natural
populations of cyanobacterial water blooms. [Acta Vet. Brno]{.underline}
[69]{.underline}(2):131-137. Keywords: carp/ *Cyprinus carpio*/
cyanotoxins/ waterblooms/ plasma enzymes.

1377\. Kós, P.; Gorzó, G.; Surányi, G.; and Borbély, G. (1995). Simple
and efficient method for isolation and measurement of cyanobacterial
hepatotoxins by plant tests *(Sinapis alba* L.). [Analyt.
Biochem.]{.underline} [225]{.underline}(1):49-53. Keywords: method/
isolation/ measurement/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/ *Sinapis alba* L.

1378\. Koski, M.; Engström, J.; and Viitasalo, M. (1999). Reproduction
and survival of the calanoid copepod *Eurytemora affinis* fed with toxic
and non-toxic cyanobacteria. [Mar. Ecol.--Prog. Ser.]{.underline}
[186]{.underline}:187-197. Keywords: copepod/ *Eurytemora affinis*/
reproduction/ survival/ cyanobacteria feeding.

1379\. Koski, M.; Schmidt, K.; Engström-Ost, J.; Viitasalo, M.;
Jónasdóttir, S.; Repka, S.; and Sivonen, K. (2002). Calanoid copepods
feed and produce eggs in the presence of toxic cyanobacteria *Nodularia
spumigena.* [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline} [47]{.underline}(3):878-885.
Keywords: northern Baltic proper/ chemical composition/ *Eurytemora
affinis*/ *Acartia clausi*/ sea/ phytoplankton/ reproduction/ Finland/
Gulf/ preference/ *Nodularia spumigena*.

1380\. Koskinen, A. M. P. and Rapoport, H. (1985). Synthetic and
conformational studies on anatoxin-a: a potent acetylcholine agonist.
[J. Med. Chem.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(9):1301-1309. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ synthetic/ anatoxin-a.

1381\. Kotak, B. G. (1991). Occurrence and health significance of algal
toxins in Alberta surface waters. In: [Managing Alberta\'s Lakes for the
21st Century. Proceedings of the Alberta Lake Management
Society]{.underline}. pp. 1-8. Nov. 1-2; Camrose Senior Centre, Camrose,
Alberta. Keywords: algal toxins/ health risk/ Alberta/ Canada.

1382\. Kotak, B. G. (1994). Toxic algae in productive lakes --- a cause
for concern. In: [Managing Western Canadian Lakes: Demands, Issues, and
Solutions. Proceed. from the 3rd Annual Workshop of the Alberta Lake
Management Society.]{.underline} Vol. 3, pp. 35-38. Sept. 30-Oct. 1,
1994; Pigeon Lake, Alberta. Keywords: toxic algae/ lakes/ Canada.

1383\. Kotak, B. G.; Hrudey, S. E.; Kenefick, S. L.; and Prepas, E. E.
(1993). Toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms in Alberta lakes. In: E. G.
Baddaloo, S. Ramamoorthy, and J. W. Moore, (eds.) [Proceed. of the 19th
Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop]{.underline}. pp. 172-179. Oct. 4-7,
1992; Edmonton, Alberta. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ Alberta.

1384\. Kotak, B. G.; Kenefick, S. L.; Fritz, D. L.; Rousseaux, C. G.;
Prepas, E. E.; and Hrudey, S. E. (1993). Occurrence and toxicological
evaluation of cyanobacterial toxins in Alberta lakes and farm dugouts.
[Water Res.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(3):495-506. Keywords:
blue-green algae/ neurotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ microcystin-LR/
FAB-MS/ mouse bioassay/ drinking water supply/ occurrence/ evaluation/
Alberta/ lakes/ farm dugouts.

1385\. Kotak, B. G.; Lam, A. K. Y.; Prepas, E. E.; and Hrudey, S. E.
(2000). Role of chemical and physical variables in regulating
microcystin-LR concentration in phytoplankton of eutrophic lakes. [Can.
J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.]{.underline} [57]{.underline}(8):1584-1593.
Keywords: cyanobacteria toxins/ microcystin-LR/ Alberta Lakes/
*Oscillatoria*/ environmental factors.

1386\. Kotak, B. G.; Lam, A. K-Y.; Prepas, E. E.; Kenefick, S. L.; and
Hrudey, S. E. (1995). Variability of the hepatotoxin microcystin-LR in
hypereutrophic drinking water lakes. [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[31]{.underline}(2):248-263. Keywords: variability/ microcystin-LR/
hypereutrophic/ drinking water/ lakes/ diel variation/ hepatotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ spatial variation/ temporal variation.

1387\. Kotak, B. G.; Prepas, E. E.; and Hrudey, S. E. (1994). Blue-green
algal toxins in drinking water supplies-Research in Alberta.
[LakeLine]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):37-40. Keywords: blue-green
toxins/ drinking water.

1388\. Kotak, B. G.; Semalulu, S.; Fritz, D. L.; Prepas, E. E.; Hrudey,
S. E.; and Coppock, R. W. (1996). Hepatic and renal pathology of
intraperitoneally administered microcystin-LR in rainbow trout
*(Oncorhynchus mykiss)*. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(5):517-525. Keywords: pathology/ microcystin-LR/
rainbow trout/ *Oncorhynchus mykiss*.

1389\. Kotak, B. G.; Zurawell, R. W.; Prepas, E. E.; and Holmes, C. F.
B. (1996). Microcystin-LR concentration in aquatic food-web compartments
from lakes of varying trophic status. [Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci.]{.underline} [53]{.underline}(9):1974-1985. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ food-web.

1390\. Kovacs, S. A. and Mohan, A. V. (2001). Exacerbation of Lupus
symptoms in MRL/1pr mice following cyanobacterial injections. [FASEB
J.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(5 PT 2):A1066. Keywords: Lupus
symptoms/ mice/ cyanobacterial injections.

1391\. Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B.; Karjalainen, M.; Lehtiniemi, M.;
Engström-Ost, J.; Koski, M.; and Carlsson, P. (2003). Feeding,
reproduction and toxin accumulation by the copepods *Acartia bifilosa*
and *Eurytemora affinis* in the presence of the toxic cyanobacterium
*Nodularia spumigena.* [Mar. Ecol.--Prog. Ser.]{.underline}
[249]{.underline}:237-249. Keywords: *Nodularia spumigena*/ *Acartia
bifilosa*/ *Eurytemora affinis*/ feeding/ egg production/ nodularin/
toxin accumulation/ Baltic Sea.

1392\. Krasowski., M. D.; Mcgehee, D. S.; and Moss, J. (1997). Natural
inhibitors of cholinesterases - implications for adverse drug-reactions.
[Can. J. Anaes.]{.underline} [44]{.underline}(5):525-534. Keywords:
anatoxin-a(s).

1393\. Kreitlow, S.; Mundt, S.; and Lindequist, U. (1999).
Cyanobacteria---a potential source of new biologically active
substances. [J. Biotechnol.]{.underline} [70]{.underline}(1-3):61-63.
Keywords: biologically active substances.

1394\. Krienitz, L.; Ballot, A.; Kotut, K.; Wiegand, C.; Pütz, S.;
Metcalf, J. S.; Codd, G. A.; and Pflugmacher, S. (2003). Contribution of
hot spring cyanobacteria to the mysterious deaths of lesser flamingos at
Lake Bogoria, Kenya. [FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.]{.underline}
[43]{.underline}(2):141-148. Keywords: anatoxin/ cyanobacteria/ hot
spring/ Lake Bogoria/ lesser flamingo/ microcystin/ blue-green alga/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ Rift-valley/ toxin/ identification/ birds/
Kenya.

1395\. Krienitz, L.; Ballot, A.; Wiegand, C.; Kotut, K.; Codd, G. A.;
and Pflugmacher, S. (2002). Cyanotoxin-producing bloom of *Anabaena
flos-aquae,* *Anabaena discoidea* and *Microcystis aeruginosa*
(cyanobacteria) in Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. [J. Appl.
Bot.]{.underline} [76]{.underline}(5-6):179-183. Keywords: toxins/
Africa/ waters/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ *Anabaena discoidea*/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ Nyanza Gulf/ Lake Victoria/ Kisumu, Kenya.

1396\. Krishnamurthy, T. (1994). Chirality in microcystins. [J. Am. Soc.
Mass Spec.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(8):724-730. Keywords:
microcystins.

1397\. Krishnamurthy, T.; Brooks, M. E.; Hunt, D. F.; Shabanowitz, J.;
Carmichael, W. W.; and Mereish, K. A. (1989). Tandem mass spectrometric
investigations on cyclic peptides. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(1):56. Keywords: cyclic peptides/ investigation/ mass
spectrometric.

1398\. Krishnamurthy, T.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Sarver, E. W. (1986).
Toxic peptides from freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) I.
Isolation, purification and characterization of peptides from
*Microcystis aeruginosa* and *Anabaena flos-aquae.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(9):865-873. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ *Anabaena*/ peptide/ isolation/ purification/
characterization.

1399\. Krishnamurthy, T.; Szafraniec, L.; and Carmichael, W.W. (1988).
Mass spectral investigations on toxins. VIII: Elucidation of sequences
of amino acids in a Norwegian blue-green algal hepatotoxic peptide. In:
[Technical Report for U.S. Army Armament Munition Chemical
Command.]{.underline} Aberdeen Proving Ground: Maryland. Report \#
CRDEC-TR-88073. 27 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ amino acid/ Norwegian
peptide.

1400\. Krishnamurthy, T.; Szafraniec, L.; Hunt, D. F.; Shabanowitz, J.;
Yates III, J. R.; Hauer, C. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Skulberg, O. M.;
Codd, G. A.; and Missler, S. (1989). Structural characterization of
toxic cyclic peptides from blue-green algae by tandem mass spectrometry.
[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.]{.underline} [86]{.underline}(3):770-774.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ peptides/ mass spectrometry/ HPLC/
characterization/ derivatization.

1401\. Krishnamurthy, T.; Szafraniec, L.; Sarver, E. W.; Hunt, D. F.;
Missler, S.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1985). Amino acid sequencing of
Norwegian fresh water blue-green algal (*Microcystis aeruginosa*)
peptide by FAB-MS/MS technique. In: [Fifth Int. Conference Secondary Ion
Mass Spectroscopy -V]{.underline}. Sept. 29-Oct. 4, 1985; Washington,
D.C. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*. (Abstract)

1402\. Krishnamurthy, T.; Szafraniec, L.; Sarver, E. W.; Hunt, D. F.;
Shabanowitz, J.; Carmichael, W. W.; Missler, S.; Skulberg, O. M.; and
Codd, G. A. (1986). Amino acid analysis of freshwater blue-green algal
toxic peptides by fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometric
technique. In: [Proceedings 34th Ann. Conference Mass Spectrometry and
Allied Topics]{.underline}. Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 93-94. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ peptide/ mass spectrometry/ FAB/ amino acid. (Abstract)

1403\. Krishnan, G.; Morabito, M. A.; and Moczydlowski, E. (2001).
Expression and characterization of Flag-epitope- and
hexahistidine-tagged derivatives of saxiphilin for use in detection and
assay of saxitoxin. [Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(2-3):291-301.
Keywords: saxitoxin/ paralytic shellfish poisoning.

1404\. Kristiansen, J. (1969). Rod vandblomst forarsaget av blagronalge.
[Freskvandsfiskeribladet]{.underline} [67]{.underline}:88-92. Keywords:
cyanotoxin. (Danish)

1405\. Krivtsov, V; Bellinger, E.; Sigee, D.; and Corliss, J. (2000).
Interrelations between Si and P biogeochemical cycles --- a new approach
to the solution of the eutrophication problem. [Hydrol.
Processes]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(2):283-295. Keywords:
biogeochemical cycles/ P/ Si/ N/ lake ecosystem/ modeling/ diatoms/
cyanobacteria/ eutrophication/ water quality.

1406\. Krogh, P. (1983). Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water.
[Chem. Int.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}:45-48. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
products.

1407\. Krogh, P. (1984). Aquatic (marine and freshwater) biotoxins. In:
[Environment Health Criteria 37]{.underline}. World Health Organization:
Geneva. 95 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

1408\. Krogmann, D. W. (1981). Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae): their
evolution and relation to other photosynthetic organisms.
[Bioscience]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(2):121-124. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ evolution.

1409\. Krüger, G. H. J.; Eloff, J. N.; and Pretorius, J. A. (1981).
Morphological changes in toxic and non-toxic *Microcystis* isolates at
different irradience levels. [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(1):52-56. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ toxic/
nontoxic.

1410\. Kruschwitz, C.; Chorus, I.; Heinze, R.; Schlag, G.; and Grobe, K.
(2001). Elimination of microcystins in the Rostock drinking water
treatment plant. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 217-221. 357
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ microcystins/ drinking water.

1411\. Ku, N-O.; Zhou, X.; Toivola, D. M.; and Omary, M. B. (1999). The
cytoskeleton of digestive epithelia in health and disease. [Am. J.
Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.]{.underline}
[277]{.underline}(6):G1108-G1137. Keywords: microfilaments/
microtubules/ intermediate filaments/ keratins/ actin/ tubulin/
microcystin. (Invited Review)

1412\. Kubik, M. M. (1995). The potential for using cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae) and algae in the biological control of plant
pathogenic bacteria and fungi. [Eur. J. Plant Pathol.]{.underline}
[101]{.underline}:585-599. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ biological control.

1413\. Kudoh, S.; Kanda, J.; and Takahashi, M. (1990). Specific growth
rates and grazing mortality of chroococcoid cyanobacteria
*Synechococcus* spp. in pelagic surface waters in the sea. [J. Exp. Mar.
Biol. Ecol.]{.underline} [142]{.underline}(3):201-212. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ growth rates/ grazing mortality/ *Synechococcus*/ surface
waters/ sea/ ciliate/ heterotrophic flagellate/ picoplankton/ population
size/ Japan.

1414\. Kuentzel, L. E. (1970). Bacteria-algae symbiosis --- a cause of
algal blooms. In: [National Symposium on Hydrobiology --- Bioresources
of Shallow Water Environments]{.underline}. June 24-27; Keywords: algal
blooms/ cause.

1415\. Kuentzel, L. E. (1969). Bacteria, carbon dioxide and algal
blooms. [Water Poll. Control Fed. J.]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(3):1737. Keywords: algal blooms.

1416\. Kuentzel, L. E. (1971). Phosphorus vs. carbon as a factor in
algal blooms and deterioration of water quality. In: [Division of
Environmental Sciences]{.underline}. Academy of Sciences: Feb. 3; New
York City. Keywords: phosphorus/ algal blooms.

1417\. Kuentzel, L. E. (1971). Phosphorus vs. carbon in lake pollution.
In: [Short Course --- Update on Detergents and Raw
Materials]{.underline}. American Oil Chemists Society: June 16; Lake
Placid, New York. Keywords: phosphorus/ carbon/ pollution.

1418\. Kuiper-Goodman, T.; Falconer, I. R.; and Fitzgerald, J. (1999).
Human health aspects. In: I. Chorus and J. Bartram (eds.) [Toxic
Cyanobacteria in Water: a Guide to Their Public Health Consequences,
Monitoring and Management]{.underline}. E & FN Spon: London, pp.
113-153. 416 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ human health.

1419\. Kuiper-Goodman, T.; Lawrence, J. F.; and Morrisey, M. (2001).
Risk assessment of microcystins in blue-green algal health food
products. In: W. J. de Koe, R. A. Samson, H. P. van Egmond, J. Gilbert,
and M. Sabino, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Perspective at the
Turn of the Millenium]{.underline}. W.J. de Koe, printed by Ponsen &
Looyen: Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 549-556. 574 pp. Proceedings of
X^th^ International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. May
21-25, 2000; Guarujá (Brazil). Keywords: microcystins/ blue-green algae/
analysis/ risk assessment/ natural health products.

1420\. Kumar, A.; Singh, D. P.; Tyagi, M. B.; Kumar, A.; Prasuna, E. G.;
and Thakur, J. K. (2000). Production of hepatotoxin by the
cyanobacterium *Scytonema* sp. strain BT 23. [J. Microbiol.
Biotechnol.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(3):375-380. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ hepatotoxin/ microcystin/ *Scytonema* sp./ toxin.

1421\. Kumar, H. D. and Gorham, P. R. (1975). Effects of acridine dyes
and other substances on growth, lysis and toxicity of axenic *Anabaena
flos-aquae* NRC-44-1. [Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen]{.underline}
[BPP]{.underline}(167):473-487. Keywords: growth/ lysis/ toxicity/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ acridine dye.

1422\. Kun, M. S. (1960). On the causes of carp disease in the Volga
delta. [Zoologicheskii Zh. (Mosc.)]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}:1531-1537. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ carp disease/ Volga
delta.

1423\. Kungsuwan, A.; Noguchi, T.; Matsunaga, S.; Watanabe, M. F.;
Watabe, S.; and Hashimoto, K. (1988). Properties of two toxins isolated
from the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(2):119-125. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ properties/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1424\. Kungsuwan, A.; Noguchi, T.; Watanabe, M. F.; Matsunaga, S.;
Watanabe, S.; and Hashimoto, K. (1987). Isolation of two toxins from the
blue-green alga *Microcystis* *aeruginosa.* [Nippon Suis.
Gak.]{.underline} [53]{.underline}(11):2051-2054. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis* *aeruginosa*/ isolation.

1425\. Kurki-Helasmo, K. and Meriluoto, J. (1998). Microcystin uptake
inhibits growth and protein phosphatase activity in mustard *(Sinapis
alba* L.) seedlings. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}(12):1921-1926. Keywords: microcystin uptake/ growth
inhibition/ mustard/ *Sinapis alba*.

1426\. Kurmayer, R.; Christiansen, G.; and Chorus, I. (2003). The
abundance of microcystin-producing genotypes correlates positively with
colony size in *Microcystis* sp. and determines its microcystin net
production in Lake Wannsee. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[69]{.underline}(2):787-795. Keywords: *Microcystis* *aeruginosa*/
cyanobacteria/ diversity/ *Daphnia*/ phytoplankton/ *Planktothrix*/
biosynthesis/ zooplankton/ Cyanophyta/ buoyancy/ Lake Wannsee/ Berlin,
Germany.

1427\. Kurmayer, R.; Dittmann, E.; Fastner, J.; and Chorus, I. (2002).
Diversity of microcystin genes within a population of the toxic
cyanobacterium *Microcystis* spp. in Lake Wannsee (Berlin, Germany).
[Microbial Ecol.]{.underline} [43]{.underline}(1):107-118. Keywords:
nonribosomal peptide-synthesis/ blue-green algae/ adenylation domains/
*Microcystis* *aeruginosa* PCC-7806/ strains/ phytoplankton/
biosynthesis/ synthetases/ Cyanophyta/ Lake Wannsee/ Berlin, Germany.

1428\. Kurmayer, R. and Jüttner, F. (1999). Strategies for the
co-existence of zooplankton with the toxic cyanobacterium *Planktothrix
rubescens* in Lake Zürich. [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}(4):659-683. Keywords: zooplankton/ *Planktothrix
rubescens*/ coexistence/ Lake Zürich.

1429\. Kurmayer, R. and Kutzenberger, T. (2003). Application of
real-time PCR for quantification of microcystin genotypes in a
population of the toxic cyanobacerium *Microcystis* sp. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [69]{.underline}(11):6723-6730. Keywords:
quantification/ microcystin/ genotypes/ *Microcystis*/ Kütz. emend
Elenkin/ isolated strains/ natural blooms/ Lake Wannsee/ purification/
growth/ water/ LR/ Berlin, Germany.

1430\. Kushak, R.; Drapeau, C.; Vancott, E.; and Winter, H. (1999).
Blue-green alga *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* as a source of dietary
polyunsaturated fatty-acids and a hypocholesterolemic agent. [Abstr.
Papers Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [217]{.underline}:45. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* / source/ polyunsaturated fatty-acids.
(Meeting Abstract)

1431\. Kusumi, T.; Ooi, T.; Watanabe, M.; and Kakisawa, H. (1987).
Structure of cyanoviridin RR, a toxin from the cyanobacterium
(blue-green alga) *Microcystis viridis.* In: [Proceedings 29th
Symposium, Chemistry Natural Products]{.underline}. pp. 536-543.
Sapporo, Japan. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis viridis*/
cyanoviridin. (Japanese)

1432\. Kusumi, T.; Ooi, T.; Watanabe, M. M.; Takahashi, H.; and
Kakisawa, H. (1987). Cyanoviridin-RR, a toxin from the cyanobacterium,
(blue-green alga) *Microcystis viridis.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}(40):4695-4698. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
viridis*/ cyanoviridin.

1433\. Kyselkova, I. and Marsálek, B. (2000). Using of *Daphnia pulex*,
*Artemia salina* and *Tubifex tubifex* for cyanobacterial microcystins
toxicity detection. [Biologia]{.underline} [55]{.underline}(6):637-643.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystins/ fractionation/ acute toxicity
tests/ *Artemia salina*/ *Daphnia pulex*/ *Tubifex tubifex*.

1434\. Laamanen, M. J.; Forsstrom, L.; and Sivonen, K. (2002). Diversity
of *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* (cyanobacterium) populations along a
Baltic Sea salinity gradient. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[68]{.underline}(11):5296-5303. Keywords: blue-green algae/ *Nodularia*/
cyanobacteria/ genetic diversity/ filaments/ evolution/ taxonomy/
blooms/ region/ waters/ genus/ Baltic Sea/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*.

1435\. Laamanen, M. J.; Gugger, M. F.; Lehtimäki, J. M.; Haukka, K.; and
Sivonen, K. (2001). Diversity of toxic and nontoxic *Nodularia* isolates
(cyanobacteria) and filaments from the Baltic Sea. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(10):4638-4647. Keywords:
ribosomal-RNA/ genetic diversity/ phylogeny/ *Nodularia* *spumigena*/
strains/ polymorphisms/ Cyanophyceae/ *Microcystis* variability/
sequences/ Baltic Sea.

1436\. Lagos, N. (1998). Microalgal blooms---a global issue with
negative impact in Chile. [Biological Res.]{.underline}
[31]{.underline}(4):375-386. Keywords: blooms/ negative impact/ Chile.

1437\. Lagos, N.; Onodera, H.; Zagatto, P. A.; Andrinolo, D.; Azevedo,
S. M. F. O.; and Oshima, Y. (1999). The first evidence of paralytic
shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermposis
raciborskii,* isolated from Brazil. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(10):1359-1373. Keywords: evidence/ paralytic shellfish
toxins/ frehswater/ *Cylindrospermposis raciborskii*/ *Brazil*.

1438\. Lahti, K.; Ahtiainen, J.; Rapala, J.; Sivonen, K.; and Niemelä,
S. I. (1995). Assessment of rapid bioassays for detecting cyanobacterial
toxicity. [Lett. Appl. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}(2):109-114. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxicity
detection/ bioassays/ assessment.

1439\. Lahti, K.; Rapala, J.; Färdig, M.; Niemelä, M.; and Sivonen, K.
(1997). Persistence of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, microcystin-LR in
particulate material and dissolved in lake water. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(5):1005-1012. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ hepatotoxin/ microcystin-LR.

1440\. Lahti, K.; Rapala, J.; Kivimaki, A. L.; Kukkonen, J.; Niemelä,
M.; and Sivonen, K. (2001). Occurrence of microcystins in raw water
sources and treated drinking water of Finnish waterworks. [Water Sci.
Technol.]{.underline} [43]{.underline}(12):225-228. Keywords:
microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ drinking water/ water treatment/
*Planktothrix agardhii*/ Finland.

1441\. Lai, J. Y.; Yu, J. R.; Mekonnen, B.; and Falck, J. R. (1996).
Synthesis of curacin A, an antimitotic cyclopropane thiazoline from the
marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(40):7167-7170. Keywords: synthesis/ curacin A/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*.

1442\. Lam, A. K-Y.; Fedorak, P. M.; and Prepas, E. E. (1995).
Biotransformation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR, as
determined by HPLC and protein phosphatase bioassay. [Environ. Sci.
Technol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(1):242-246. Keywords:
biotransformation/ microcystin-LR/ HPLC/ PPIA.

1443\. Lam, A. K. Y. and Prepas, E. E. (1997). *In situ* evaluation of
options for chemical treatment of hepatotoxic cyanobacterial blooms.
[Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.]{.underline} [54]{.underline}(8):1736-1742.
Keywords: cyanobacterial blooms/ hepatotoxic.

1444\. Lam, A. K. Y.; Prepas, E. E.; Spink, D.; and Hrudey, S. E.
(1995). Chemical control of hepatotoxic phytoplankton blooms:
implications for human health. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(8):1845-1854. Keywords: hepatotoxic phytoplankton
blooms/ chemical control/ human health implications/ cyanobacteria/
microcystin-LR/ diquat/ chlorine/ potassium permanganate/ simazine/
alum/ lime/ drinking water.

1445\. Lam, P. K. S.; Yang, M.; and Lam, M. H. W. (2000). Toxicology and
evaluation of microcystins. [Therapeut. Drug Monit.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(1):69-72. Keywords: microcystins/ evalution/
toxicology.

1446\. Lambert, T. W.; Boland, M. P.; Holmes, C. F. B.; and Hrudey, S.
E. (1994). Quantitation of the microcystin hepatotoxins in water at
environmentally relevant concentrations with the protein phosphatase
assay. [Environ. Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}
(4):753-755. Keywords: quantitation/ microcystin hepatotoxins/ protein
phosphatase assay.

1447\. Lambert, T. W.; Holmes, C. F. B.; and Hrudey, S. E. (1996).
Adsorption of microcystin-LR by activated carbon and removal in full
scale water treatment. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(6):1411-1422. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ water
treatment/ activated carbon.

1448\. Lambert, T. W.; Holmes, C. F. B.; and Hrudey, S. E. (1994).
Microcystin class of toxin: health effects and safety of drinking water
supplies. [Environ. Rev.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(2):167-186.
Keywords: microcystin/ drinking water/ health effects.

1449\. Lampert, W. (1982). Further studies on the inhibitory effect of
the toxic blue-green *Microcystis aeruginosa* on the filtering rate of
zooplankton. [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[95]{.underline}(Oct.):207-220. Keywords: inhibition/ filtering rate/
zooplankton.

1450\. Lampert, W. (1981). Inhibitory and toxic effects of blue-green
algae on *Daphnia.* [Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}:285-298. Keywords: effects/ cyanbacteria/ *Daphnia*.

1451\. Lampert, W. (1987). Laboratory studies on
zooplankton-cyanobacteria interactions. [NZ. J. Mar. Freshwater
Res.]{.underline} [21]{.underline}(3):483-490. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
zooplankton/ interactions.

1452\. Lampert, W. (1981). Toxicity of the blue-green *Microcystis
aeruginosa*: effective defense mechanism against grazing pressure by
*Daphnia.* [Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}(3):1436-1440. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ grazing defense/ *Daphnia*.

1453\. Lanaras, T. and Cook, C. M. (1994). Toxin extraction from an
*Anabaenopsis milleri* dominated bloom. [Sci. Total
Environ.]{.underline} [142]{.underline}(3):163-169. Keywords: toxin
extraction/ *Anabaenopsis milleri*/ bloom/ hepatotoxins/ cyanobacteria/
microcystin.

1454\. Lanaras, T.; Cook, C. M.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Meriluoto, J. A.
O. (1989). Cyanobacterial toxins in Greek bloom material. In: [10^th^
Annual Symposium Finnish Society of Toxicology]{.underline}. May 19-20,
1989; Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Greece.
(Poster)

1455\. Lanaras, T.; Cook, C. M.; Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.;
and Hotokka, M. (1991). Computer modeling of the 3-dimensional
structures of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxins microcystin-LR and
nodularin. [Toxicon]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(7):901-906. Keywords:
computer modeling/ structure/ microcystin-LR/ nodularin.

1456\. Lanaras, T.; Tsitsamis, S.; Chlichlia, C.; and Cook, C. M.
(1989). Toxic cyanobacteria in Greek freshwaters. [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [1]{.underline}:67-73. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
Greece/ freshwater.

1457\. Landsberg, J. H. (2002). The effects of harmful algal blooms on
aquatic organisms. [Rev. Fish. Sci.]{.underline}
[10]{.underline}(2):113-390. Keywords: harmful algal blooms/ effects/
aquatic organisms/ toxins.

1458\. Lankoff, A.; Banasik, A.; and Nowak, M. (2002). Protective effect
of melatonin against nodularin-induced oxidative stress in mouse liver.
[Arch. Toxicol.]{.underline} [76]{.underline} (3):158-165. Keywords:
melatonin/ nodularin/ antioxidant/ enzymes/ liver/ mice.

1459\. Lankoff, A.; Banasik, A.; Obe, G.; Deperas, M.; Kuzminski, K.;
Tarczynska, M.; Jurczak, T.; and Wojcik, A. (2003). Effect of
microcystin-LR and cyanobacterial extract from Polish reservoir of
drinking water on cell cycle progression, mitotic spindle, and apoptosis
in CHO-K1 cells. [Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[189]{.underline}(3):204-213. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ CHO-K1 cells/
mitotic spindle/ polyploid cells/ apoptosis/ Poland/ drinking water.

1460\. Lankoff, A. and Kolataj, A. (2001). Influence of microcystin-YR
and nodularin on the activity of some proteolytic enzymes in mouse
liver. [Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(2-3):419-423. Keywords:
microcystin-YR/ nodularin/ lysosomal enzymes/ liver enzymes.

1461\. Lankoff, A. and Kolataj, A. (2000). Influence of microcystine-YR
and nodularin on the activity of some glucosidases in mouse liver.
[Toxicology]{.underline} [146]{.underline}(2-3):177-185. Keywords:
microcystine-YR/ nodularin/ lysosomal enzymes/ liver/ mice.

1462\. Laub, J.; Henriksen, P.; Brittain, S. M.; Wang, J.; Carmichael,
W. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; and Moestrup, Ø. (2002).
\[ADMAdda(5)\]-microcystins in *Planktothrix agardhii* strain PH-123
(cyanobacteria) --- importance for monitoring of microcystins in the
environment. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(4):351-357. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Planktothrix
agardhii*/ hepatotoxins/ microcystins/ protein phosphatase inhibition/
cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins/ blue-green-alga/ *Oscillatoria
agardhii*/ protein phosphatases/ *Nostoc*/ inhibition/ *aeruginosa*/
toxins/ lake.

1463\. Laurén-Määttä, C.; Hietala, J.; Reinikainen, M.; and Walls, M.
(1995). Do *Microcystis aerginosa* toxins accumulate in the food web: a
laboratory study. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [304]{.underline}:23-27.
Keywords: *Microcysis aeruginosa*/ toxins/ accumulation/ food.

1464\. Laurén-Määttä, C.; Hietala, J.; and Walls, M. (1997). Responses
of *Daphnia pulex* populations to toxic cyanobacteria. [Freshwater
Biol.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(3):635-647. Keywords: *Daphnia
pulex*/ cyanobacteria.

1465\. Laurén-Määttä, S.; Kleiven, O.; and Kiviranta, J. (1997).
Horizontal distribution of *Daphnia pulex* in response to toxic and
non-toxic algal extracts. [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline}
[19]{.underline}(1):141-148. Keywords: horizontal distribution/ *Daphnia
pulex*/ algal extracts.

1466\. Lavigne, P.; Bagu, J. R.; Boyko, R.; Willard, L.; Holmes, C. F.
B.; and Sykes, B. D. (2000). Structure-based thermodynamic analysis of
the dissociation of protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit and
microcystin-LR docked complexes. [Protein Sci.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(2):252-264. Keywords: complex dissociation/ docking/
microcystin-LR/ NMR/ protein phosphatase-1/ structure-based
thermodynamics.

1467\. Lawrence, J. F. and Menàrd, C. (2001). Determination of
microcystins in blue-green algae, fish and water using liquid
chromatography with ultraviolet detection after sample clean-up
employing immunoaffinity chromatography. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline}
[922]{.underline}(1-2):111-117. Keywords: clean-up methods/
immunoaffinity cartridges/ microcystins/ toxins.

1468\. Lawrence, J. F. and Niedzwiadek, B. (2001). Quantitative
determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish by
using prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with
fluorescence detection. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int.]{.underline}
[84]{.underline}(4):1099-1108. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisoning/
determination.

1469\. Lawrence, J. F.; Niedzwiadek, B.; Menàrd, C.; Lau, B. P. Y.;
Lewis, D.; Kuiper-Goodman, T.; Carbone, S.; and Holmes, C. (2001).
Comparison of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, ELISA, and
phosphatase assay for the determination of microcystins in blue-green
algae products. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int.]{.underline}
[84]{.underline}(4):1035-1044. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/
enzyme-immunoassay/ inhibition assay/ water/ samples.

1470\. Lawton, L. A.; Campbell, D. L.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A.
(1990). Use of rapid bioluminescence assay for detecting cyanobacterial
microcystin toxicity. [Lett. Appl. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(4):205-207. Keywords: rapid bioluminescence assay/
detecting/ microcystin/ toxicity.

1471\. Lawton, L. A. and Codd, G. A. (1991). Cyanobacterial (blue-green
algal) toxins and their significance in UK and European waters. [J.
Inst. Water Environ. Manage.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(4):460-465.
Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ significance/ UK/ Europe.

1472\. Lawton, L. A. and Codd, G. A. (1988). Effects of cyanobacterial
peptide toxins on the ciliate *Paramecium.* [Br. Phycol. J.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(3):292. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ peptide/ *Paramecium*.
(Meeting Abstract)

1473\. Lawton, L. A.; Cornish, B. J. P. A.; and MacDonald, A. W. R.
(1998). Removal of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) and
cyanobacterial cells from drinking water using domestic water filters.
[Water Res.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(3):633-638. Keywords:
microcystin toxin removal/ drinking water/ domestic water filters.

1474\. Lawton, L. A. and Edwards, C. (2001). Review---Purification of
microcystins. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline} [912]{.underline}:191-209.
Keywords: reviews/ microcystins/ purification.

1475\. Lawton, L. A.; Edwards, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Pleasance, S.; Dear,
G. J.; and Codd, G. A. (1995). Isolation and characterization of
microcystins from laboratory cultures and environmental samples of
*Microcystis aeruginosa* and from an associated animal toxicosis.
[Natural Toxins]{.underline} [3]{.underline}:50-57. Keywords:
microcystin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1476\. Lawton, L. A.; Edwards, C.; and Codd, G. A. (1994). Extraction
and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination
of microcystins in raw and treated waters. [Analyst]{.underline}
[119]{.underline}(7):1525-1530. Keywords: HPLC/ microcystins/
determination/ raw and treated water.

1477\. Lawton, L. A.; McElhiney, J.; and Edwards, C. (1999).
Purification of closely eluting hydrophobic microcystins (peptide
cyanotoxins) by normal-phase and reversed-phase flash chromatography.
[J. Chromat. A.]{.underline} [848]{.underline}(1-2):515-522. Keywords:
purification/ hydrophobic microcystins/ chromatography.

1478\. Lawton, L. A. and Robertson, P. K. J. (1999). Physico-chemical
treatment methods for the removal of microcystins (cyanobacterial
hepatotoxins) from potable waters. [Chem. Soc. Rev.]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}(4):217-224. Keywords: treatment methods/ microcystin
removal/ potable waters.

1479\. Lawton, L. A.; Robertson, P. K. J.; Cornish, B. J. P. A; and
Jaspars, M. (1999). Detoxification of microcystins (cyanobacterial
hepatotoxins) using TiO~2~ photocatalytic oxidation. [Environ. Sci.
Technol.]{.underline} [33]{.underline} (5):771-775. Keywords:
microcystins/ detoxification/ photocatalytic oxidation.

1480\. Lawton, L. A.; Robertson, P. K. J.; Cornish, B. J. P. A.; Marr,
I. L.; and Jaspars, M. (2003). Processes influencing surface interaction
and photocatalytic destruction of microcystins on titanium dioxide
photocatalysts. [J. Catalysis]{.underline} [213]{.underline}(1):109-113.
Keywords: TiO~2~/ photocatalysis/ surface adsorption/ microcystins/
cyanotoxins/ structure-degradation relationship.

1481\. Laybourn-Parry, J.; Jones, K.; and Holdrich, J. P. (1987).
Grazing by *Mayorella* sp. (protozoa: Sarcodina) on cyanobacteria.
[Functional Ecol.]{.underline} [1]{.underline}:99-104. Keywords:
protozoa/ cyanobacteria.

1482\. Leal, R. B.; Sim, A. T. R.; Goncalves, C. A. S.; and Dunkley, P.
R. (2002). Tyrosine hydroxylase dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase
2A in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. [Neurochem. Res.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(3):207-213. Keywords: tyrosine hydroxylase/ protein
dephosphorylation/ protein phosphatase 2A/ microcystin/ chromaffin
cells/ cell permeabilization.

1483\. LeClaire, R. D.; Lawrence, W. B.; Bostian, K. A., and Mereish, K.
A. (1988). Acute toxicity of microcystin-LR in the rat: A comparative
dose-response study using serum chemistries and mortality as indices.
[Toxicologist]{.underline}. [8]{.underline}(1):221. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/microcystin-LR/rat/dose-response. (Ann. Meeting S.O.T.,
Dallas, TX --- Abstract)

1484\. LeClaire, R. D.; Parker, G. W.; and Franz, D. R. (1995).
Hemodynamic and calorimetric changes induced by microcystin-LR in the
rat. [J. Appl. Toxicol.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(4):303-311.
Keywords: microcystin-LR/ hemodynamic changes/ calorimetri changes/ rat.

1485\. LeDoux, M. and Hall, S. (2000). Proficiency testing of eight
French laboratories in using the AOAC mouse bioassay for paralytic
shellfish poisoning: interlaboratory collaborative study. [J. Assoc.
Off. Analyt. Chem. Int.]{.underline} [83]{.underline}(2):305-310.
Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisoning/ proficiency/ French
laboratories/ mouse bioassay.

1486\. Lee, E. S. J. and Gleason, F. K. (1994). A second algicidal
natural product from the cyanobacterium *Scytonema hofmanni.* [Plant
Sci.]{.underline} [103]{.underline}(2):155-160. Keywords: algicidal
natural product/ *Scytonema hofmanni*.

1487\. Lee, E. Y. C. (1995). The enzymology of phosphorylase phosphatase
(protein phosphatase-1) --- a personal perspective. [Zoological
Stud.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(3):149-163. Keywords: PP1/
enzymology.

1488\. Lee, S. J.; Jang, M. H.; Kim, H. S.; Yoon, B. D.; and Oh, H. M.
(2000). Variation of microcystin content of *Microcystis aeruginosa*
relative to medium N : P ratio and growth stage. [J. Appl.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [89]{.underline}(2):323-329. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ environmental factors.

1489\. Lee, T.; Tsuzuki, M.; Takeuchi, T.; Yokoyama, K.; and Karube, I.
(1994). *In vivo* fluorometric method for early detection of
cyanobacterial waterblooms. [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}(5-6):489-495. Keywords: fluorometric method/ detection/
cyanobacterial waterblooms/ monitoring/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *in
vivo*/ fluorescence.

1490\. Lee, T-H.; Chen, Y-M.; and Chou, H-N. (1998). First report of
microcystins in Taiwan. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}(2):247-255. Keywords: microcystins/ Taiwan.

1491\. Lee, T. H. and Chou, H. N. (2000). Isolation and identification
of seven microcystins from a cultured M.TN-2 strain of *Microcystis
aeruginosa.* [Botan. Bull. Acad. Sinica]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(3):197-202. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ hepatotoxin/
microcystin.

1492\. Lee, T. J.; Nakano, K.; and Matsumura, M. (2002). A novel
strategy for cyanobacterial bloom control by ultrasonic irradiation.
[Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [46]{.underline}(6-7):207-215.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ flow cytometry/ gas vacuoles/ Myxobacter/
ultrasonic irradiation.

1493\. Leeuwangh, P.; Kappers, F. I.; Dekker, M.; and Koerselman, W.
(1983). Toxicity of cyanobacteria in Dutch lakes and reservoirs. [Aquat.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}:63-72. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Dutch
lakes.

1494\. Lefevre, M. (1964). Extracellular products of algae. In: D. F.
Jackson (ed.) [Algae and Man]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, pp.
337-367. 434 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

1495\. Lehtimäki, J.; Lyra, C.; Suomalainen, S.; Sundman, P.;
Rouhiainen, L.; Paulin, L.; Salkinoja-Salonen, M.; and Sivonen, K.
(2000). Characterization of *Nodularia* strains, cyanobacteria from
brackish waters, by genotypic and phenotypic methods. [Int. J. Sys.
Evol. Microbiol.]{.underline} [50]{.underline}(Pt. 3):1043-1053.
Keywords: *Nodularia* cyanobacterium/ RFLP/ 16S rDNA sequencing/ REP-and
ERIC-PCR/ ribotyping/ Baltic Sea/ Australian waters.

1496\. Lehtimäki, J.; Moisander, P.; Sivonen, K.; and Kononen, K.
(1997). Growth, nitrogen fixation and nodularin production by two Baltic
Sea cyanobacteria. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[63]{.underline}(5):1647-1656. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ growth/
nodularin production/ Baltic Sea.

1497\. Lehtimäki, J.; Sivonen, K.; Luukkainen, R.; and Niemelä, S. I.
(1994). The effects of incubation time, temperature, light, salinity,
and phosphorus on growth and hepatotoxin production by *Nodularia*
strains. [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [130]{.underline}(3):269-282.
Keywords: effects/ growth/ hepatotoxin production/ incubation time/
temperature/ light/ salinity/ phosphorus/ *Nodularia*.

1498\. Lehtiniemi, M.; Engström-Ost, J.; Karjalainen, M.;
Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B.; and Viitasalo, M. (2002). Fate of cyanobacterial
toxins in the pelagic food web: transfer to copepods or to faecal
pellets? [Mar. Ecol.--Prog. Ser.]{.underline} [241]{.underline}:13-21.
Keywords: cyanobacterial toxin/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ toxin transfer/
copepods/ faecal pellets/ Baltic Sea.

1499\. Lehtonen, K. K.; Kankaanpää, H.; Leinio, S.; Sipiä, V. O.;
Pflugmacher, S.; and Sandberg-Kilpi, E. (2003). Accumulation of
nodularin-like compounds from the cyanobacterium *Nodularia spumigena*
and changes in acetylcholinesterase activity in the clam *Macoma
balthica* during short-term laboratory exposure. [Aquat.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(4):461-476. Keywords:
acetylcholinesterase/ bioaccumulation/ cyanobacteria/ *Macoma balthica*/
*Nodularia spumigena*/ nodularin/ Northern Baltic Sea.

1500\. Leiers, T.; Bihlmayer, A.; Ammon, H. P. T.; and Wahl, M. A.
(2000). \[Ca^2+^\]i(-) and insulin-stimulating effect of the
non-membranepermeable phosphatase-inhibitor microcystin-LR in intact
insulin-secreting cells (RINm5F). [Br. J. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[130]{.underline}(6):1406-1410. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ insulin
stimulation.

1501\. Lem, N. W. and Glick, B. R. (1985). Biotechnological uses of
cyanobacteria. [Biotechnol. Adv.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}:195-208.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ biotechnology.

1502\. Lenarcic, B.; Krishnan, G.; Borukhovich, R.; Ruck, B.; Turk, V.;
and Moczydlowski, E. (2000). Saxiphilin, a saxitoxin-binding protein
with two thyroglobulin type 1 domains, is an inhibitor of papain-like
cysteine proteinases. [J. Biol. Chem.]{.underline}
[275]{.underline}(20):15572-15577. Keywords: ray crystal structure/
cathepsin-b/ transferrin family/ molecular cloning/ *Rana catesbeiana*/
occluding loop/ stefin-b/ bullfrog/ reveals/ chromatography.

1503\. Leon, L. De and Yunes, J. S. (2001). First report of a
microcystin-containing bloom of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis
aeruginosa* in the La Plata River, South America. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(1):110-112. Keywords: freshwater/
*Microcystis*/ La Plata River, South America.

1504\. Leppänen, J-M.; Rantajärvi, E.; Hällfors, S.; Kruskopf, M.; and
Laine, V. (1995). Unattended monitoring of potentially toxic
phytoplankton species in the Baltic Sea in 1993. [J. Plankton
Res.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(4):891-902. Keywords: monitoring/
toxic phytoplankton/ Baltic Sea/ *Nodularia spumigena*.

1505\. Levin, R. B.; Epstein, P. R.; Ford, T. E.; Harrington, W.; Olson,
E.; and Reichard, E. G. (2002). U.S. drinking water challenges in the
twenty-first century. [Environ. Health Perspect.]{.underline}
[110]{.underline}(1):43-52. Keywords: drinking water/ federal
regulations/ global warming/ groundwater/ public infrastructure/ surface
water/ waterborne disease.

1506\. Lewin, W. C.; Kamjunke, N.; and Mehner, T. (2003). Phosphorus
uptake by *Microcystis* during passage through fish guts. [Limnol.
Oceanogr.]{.underline} [48]{.underline}(6):2392-2396. Keywords: roach
*Rutilus rutilus*/ perch *Perca fluviatilis*/ food consumption/
eutrophic lake/ selective filtration/ cyanobacteria/ algae/
consequences/ herbivory/ growth/ phosphorus uptake/ *Microcystis*/ fish
gut.

1507\. Li, M. and Damuni, Z. (1994). Okadaic acid and microcystin-LR
directly inhibit the methylation of protein phosphatase 2A by its
specific methyltransferase. [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.]{.underline}
[202]{.underline}(2):1023-1030. Keywords: okadaic acid/ microcystin-LR/
methylation inhibition/ PP2A.

1508\. Li, P. C. H.; Hu, S.; and Lam, P. K. S. (1999). Development of a
capillary zone electrophoretic method for the rapid separation and
detection of hepatotoxic microcystins. [Mar. Poll. Bull.]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(1-12):250-254. Keywords: microcystins/ detection/
separation/ method development.

1509\. Li, R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Brittain, S.; Eaglesham, G. K.; Shaw,
G. R.; Mahakhant, A.; Noparatnaraporn, N.; Yongmanitchai, W.; Kaya, K.;
and Watanabe, M. M. (2001). Isolation and identification of the
cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin from a
Thailand strain of *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* (cyanobacteria).
[Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(7):973-980. Keywords:
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ cylindrospermopsin/ cyanotoxin/
Thailand/ Seenaya et Subba Raju.

1510\. Li, R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Liu, Y.; and Watanabe, M. M. (2000).
Taxonomic re-evaluation of *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* NH-5 based on
morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequences. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[438]{.underline}(1):99-105. Keywords: taxonomy/ *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae*/ 16S rRNA.

1511\. Li, R. H.; Carmichael, W. W.; Brittain, S.; Eaglesham, G. K.;
Shaw, G. R.; Liu, Y-D.; and Watanabe, M. M. (2001). First report of the
cyanotoxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin from
*Raphidiopsis curvata* (cyanobacteria). [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(6):1121-1126. Keywords: China/ cyanotoxins/
cylindrospermopsin (CYN)/ deoxycylindrospermopsin (deoxy-CYN)/
cyanobacteria/ *Raphidiopsis curvata*.

1512\. Li, R. H.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Pereira, P. (2003).
Morphological and 16S rRNA gene evidence for reclassification of the
paralytic shellfish toxin producing *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* LMECYA 31
as *Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi* (Cyanophyceae). [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(4):814-818. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ *Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi*/ cyanotoxin/
16S rDNA/ morphology/ gene sequences/ taxonomy.

1513\. Li, W. I.; Berman, F. W.; Okino, T.; Gerwick, W. H.; and Murray,
T. F. (2000). Antillatoxin, a neurotoxin from the cyanobacteria *Lyngbya
majuscula,* modulates \[H-3\]batrachotoxin a 20-alpha-benzoate (BTX-B)
binding in intact cerebellar granule cells. [FASEB J.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(8):944, A1476. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ antillatoxin/
cytotoxin. (Meeting Abstract)

1514\. Li, X. Y.; Liu, Y. D.; Song, L. R.; and Liu, H. T. (2003).
Responses of antioxidant systems in the hepatocytes of common carp
*(Cyprinus carpio* L.) to the toxicity of microcystin-LR.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(1):85-89. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ antioxidant system/ common carp/ hepatocyte/
glutathione/ superoxide dismutase/ catalase/ glutathione peroxide/
glutathione S-transferase/ reactive oxygen species/ Dianchi Lake/ China/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Cyprinus carpio* L.

1515\. Li, Y.; Llewellyn, L.; and Moczydlowski, E. (1993). Biochemical
and immunochemical comparison of saxiphilin and transferrin, two
structurally related plasma proteins from *Rana catesbeiana.* [Mol.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [44]{.underline}(4):742-748. Keywords:
comparison/ saxiphilin/ transferrin/ *Rana catesbeiana*.

1516\. Liebig, J. R. (1997). Feeding behavior of zebra mussels in
Saginaw Bay: selection for change. [40th Conference of the International
Association for Great Lakes Research]{.underline}. International
Association for Great Lakes Research: pp. 71. June 1-5, 1997; Buffalo,
New York. Keywords: assimilation rates/ feeding behavio/ filtering
rates/ food intake rates/ seasonality/ selective rejection mechanism.

1517\. Lightner, D. V. (1978). Possible toxic effects of the marine
blue-green alga, *Spirulina* *subsalsa*, on the blue shrimp, *Panaeus
stylirostris.* [J. Invert. Pathol.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}:139-150. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Spirulina* *subsalsa*/
*Lyngbya*/ *Panaeus stylirostris*/ blue shrimp.

1518\. Lilleheil, G.; Andersen, R. A.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Alexander,
J. (1997). Effects of homoanatoxin-a containing extract from
*Oscillatoria formosa* (Cyanophyceae/cyanobacteria) on neuromuscular
transmission. [Toxicon]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(8):1275-1289.
Keywords: homoanatoxin-a/ *Oscillatoria formosa*/ effects/ neurouscular
transmission.

1519\. Lin, J. R. and Chu, F. S. (1994). *In vitro* neutralization of
the inhibitory effect of microcystin-LR to protein phosphatase 2A by
antibody against the toxin. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(5):605-613. Keywords: neutralization/ inhibitory
effect/ microcystin-LR/ PP2A/ antibody.

1520\. Lin, J. R. and Chu, F. S. (1994). Kinetics of distribution of
microcystin-LR in serum and liver cytosol of mice: an immunochemical
analysis. [J. Agric. Food Chem.]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(4):1035-1040. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ serum/ liver/
mice.

1521\. Lincoln, E. P. and Carmichael, W. W. (1981). Preliminary tests of
toxicity of *Synechocystis* sp. grown on wastewater medium. In: W. W.
Carmichael (ed.) [The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and
Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 223-230. 491 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Synechocystis*.

1522\. Lincoln, R. A.; Strupinski, K.; and Walker, J. M. (1991).
Bioactive compounds from algae. [Life Chem. Rep.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}:97-183. Keywords: bioactive compounds/ cytotoxins.

1523\. Lincoln, R. A.; Strupinski, K.; and Walker, J. M. (1990). Use of
an isolated guinea-pig ileum assay to detect bioactive compounds in
microalgal cultures. [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}:83-88. Keywords: bioactive compounds/ guinea-pig ileum.

1524\. Lincoln, R. A.; Strupinski, K.; and Walker, J. M. (1996). The use
of *Artemia nauplii* (brine shrimp larvae) to detect toxic compounds
from microalgal cultures. [Int. J. Pharmacog.]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(5):384-389. Keywords: *Artemia nauplii*/ brine shrimp/
microalgae.

1525\. Lind, M. G.; Edler, L.; Fernö, S.; Lundberg, R.; and Nilsson, P.
O. (1983). Risken for algforgiftning har okat - hundar avled efter bad i
sodra Ostersjoen. [Läkartidningen]{.underline}
[80]{.underline}(28-29):2734-2737. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

1526\. Lindgren, B.; Stjernlöf, P.; and Trogen, L. (1987). Synthesis of
anatoxin-a, a constituent of blue-green freshwater algae. [Acta Chem.
Scand.]{.underline} [B41]{.underline}:180-183. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
anatoxin/ synthesis.

1527\. Lindholm, T. (1991). [Från Havsvik till Insjö]{.underline}. Miljö
för laget: Åbo. 160 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1528\. Lindholm, T. (1987). Giftiga alger - ett aktuellt
vattenvardsproblem. [Finsk Tidskr.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}:395-402.
Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1529\. Lindholm, T. (1988). Toxic cyanobacteria, water quality criteria
and monitoring problems. In: [Toxinproducing Algae]{.underline}. Oct.
20-21, 1988; Olso, Norway. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ water quality/
criteria/ monitoring. (Meeting Abstract)

1530\. Lindholm, T.; Al-Layl, K. J.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J.
E.; and Codd, G. A. (1989). Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in
freshwater mussels. In: [Fourth International Conference Toxic Marine
Phytoplankton]{.underline}. June 26-30, 1989; Lund, Sweden. Keywords:
bioaccumulation/ freshwater mussels. (Poster)

1531\. Lindholm, T.; Degerlund, M.; Spoof, L.; and Meriluoto, J. (2002).
A century of water quality changes in a coastal lake with toxic
*Planktothrix.* [Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}:984-987. Keywords: water quality changes/ century/
coastal lake/ *Planktothrix*.

1532\. Lindholm, T. and Eriksson, J. E. (1985). Giftiga alger aven i
Finland. [Skärgård]{.underline} [1]{.underline}:35-38. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Finland. (Swedish)

1533\. Lindholm, T. and Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Giftiga alger hotar
varldens kustvatten. [Skärgård]{.underline} [2]{.underline}:44-45.
Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1534\. Lindholm, T. and Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Ongelmalliset
myrkylliset sinilevat. [Tiedepolitiikka]{.underline}
[1]{.underline}:31-32. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

1535\. Lindholm, T. and Eriksson, J. E. (1985). Problemalger och fiskdod
i alandska vattentakter. [Ympär. Terv.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}:41-44. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1536\. Lindholm, T.; Eriksson, J. E.; Bylund, G.; and Meriluoto, J. A.
O. (1987). Orsakar toxiska cyanobakterier fisk-och fageldod? In:
[Biotieteen Paivat]{.underline}. May 26-27, 1987; Åbo Akademi, Turku,
Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish --- Poster)

1537\. Lindholm, T.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1988).
Distribution of *Oscillatoria agardhii* and its toxin in a eutrophic
lake. In: [VI International Symposium, Photosynthetic
Prokaryotes]{.underline}. Aug. 8-13, 1988; Noordwijkerhout, Holland.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ eutrophic lakes.
(Meeting Abstract)

1538\. Lindholm, T.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1989).
Toxic cyanobacteria and water-quality problems---examples from a
eutrophic lake on Åland, South West Finland. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(4):481-486. Keywords: toxic cyanobacteria/ water
quality/ eutrophic lake/ Åland Islands/ South West Finland/
phytoplankton/ peptide toxin/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ HPLC. (Finnish)

1539\. Lindholm, T.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1989).
Toxiner fran blagronalger anrikas i musslor. [Fauna Flora]{.underline}
[84]{.underline}:21-25. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1540\. Lindholm, T.; Eriksson, J. E.; Reinikainen, M.; and Meriluoto, J.
A. O. (1992). Ecological effects of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria. [Environ.
Toxicol. Water Qual.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(1):87-93. Keywords:
effects/ ecological/ hepatotoxic cyanobacteria.

1541\. Lindholm, T.; Karlsson, M.; and Meriluoto, J.A.O. (1989).
Undersokningar av Ostra Kyrksundet 1989. [Forskningsrapport till Alands
landskapsstyrelse nr 74]{.underline}. 12 pp. Keywords: cynotoxin.
(Swedish)

1542\. Lindholm, T. and Lahti, K. (1988). Raportti Olson
myrkkylevakokouksesta. [Ympär. Terv.]{.underline}
[9-10]{.underline}:648-650. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

1543\. Lindholm, T. and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1991). Recurrent depth
maxima of the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium *Oscillatoria agardhii.* [Can.
J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.]{.underline} [48]{.underline}(9):1629-1634.
Keywords: depth maxima/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*.

1544\. Lindholm, T.; Vesterkvist, P.; Spoof, L.; Lundberg-Niinisto, C.;
and Meriluoto, J. (2003). Microcystin occurrence in lakes in Åland, SW
Finland. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [505]{.underline}(1-3):129-138.
Keywords: microcystin/ toxin/ cyanobacteria/ lakes/ HPLC/ TR-FIA/ PPIA/
Åland/ Finland.

1545\. Lindstrom, E. (1976). Et udbrud af algeforgiftning blandt hunde.
[Danst Vet. Tidsskr.]{.underline} [59]{.underline}:637-641. Keywords:
cyanotoxin. (Danish)

1546\. Lippy, E. C. and Erb, J. (1976). Gastrointestinal illness at
Sewickley, Pa. [J. Am. Water Works Assoc.]{.underline}
[68]{.underline}:606-610. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ illness/ Sewickley, PA.

1547\. Lirås, V.; Lindberg, M.; Nyström, P.; Annadotter, H.; Lawton, L.
A.; and Graf, B. (1998). Can ingested cyanobacteria be harmful to the
signal crayfish *(Pacifastacus leniusculus)?* [Freshwater
Biol.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(2):233-242. Keywords: *Pacifastacus
leniusculus*/ crayfish/ *Oscillatoria sancta*/ hepatotoxic.

1548\. Liu, I.; Lawton, L. A.; Cornish, B.; and Robertson, P. K. J.
(2002). Mechanistic and toxicity studies of the photocatalytic oxidation
of microcystin-LR. [J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem.]{.underline}
[148]{.underline}(1-3 SP ISS):349-354. Keywords: microcystins/ protein
phosphatase 1/ PP1/ photocatalytic oxidation/ TiO ~2~/ water treatment.

1549\. Liu, I.; Lawton, L. A.; and Robertson, P. K. J. (2003).
Mechanistic studies of the photocatalytic oxidation of microcystin-LR:
an investigation of byproducts of the decomposition process. [Environ.
Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(14):3214-3219. Keywords:
blue-green algae/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/ toxins/ removal/ water/
microcystin-LR.

1550\. Liu, Y. D.; Song, L. R.; Li, X. Y.; and Liu, T. M. (2002). The
toxic effects of microcystin-LR on embryo-larval and juvenile
development of loach, *Misguruns mizolepis* Gunthe.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(4):395-399. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ M*isguruns mizolepis* Gunthe/ teratogenesis/ toxicity/
protein phosphatase inhibition.

1551\. Liu, Y. D.; Song, L. R.; Shen, Y. W.; Li, D. H.; Hu, C. X.;
Huang, Z. B.; Hu, Z. L.; and Zhu, Y. Z. (2001). Potential of terrestrial
microalgae and cyanobacteria in environmental technology. In: H. Kojima
and Y. K. Lee (eds.) [Photosynthetic Microorganisms in Environmental
Biotechnolology]{.underline}. Springer: Hong Kong/New York, pp. 195-216,
Ch. 13. 310 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Nostoc*/ *Anabaena*/ ecology.

1552\. Llewellyn, L. E. and Doyle, J. (2001). Microtitre plate assay for
paralytic shellfish toxins using saxiphilin: gauging the effects of
shellfish extract matrices, salts and pH upon assay performance.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(2-3):217-224. Keywords:
saxiphilin/ saxitoxin/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ microtitre plate/
shellfish.

1553\. Llewellyn, L. E.; Doyle, J.; Jellett, J.; Barrett, R.; Alison,
C.; Bentz, C.; and Quilliam, M. (2001). Measurement of paralytic
shellfish toxins in molluscan extracts: comparison of the microtitre
plate saxiphilin and sodium channel radioreceptor assays with mouse
bioassay, HPLC analysis and a commercially available cell culture assay.
[Food Add. Contam.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(11):970-980. Keywords:
shellfish/ saxitoxin/ sodium channel/ saxiphilin/ mouse bioassay/ HPLC/
cell culture/ PST/ PSP.

1554\. Llewellyn, L. E.; Doyle, J.; and Negri, A. P. (1998). A high
throughput, microtiter plate assay for paralytic shellfish poisons using
the saxitoxin-specific receptor, saxiphilin. [Analyt.
Biochem.]{.underline} [261]{.underline}(1):51-56. Keywords: assay/
paralytic shellfish poisons/ saxiphilin.

1555\. Lluisma, A. O.; Karmacharya, N.; Zarka, A.; Ben-Dov, E.;
Zaritsky, A.; and Boussiba, S. (2001). Suitability of *Anabaena* PCC7120
expressing mosquitocidal toxin genes from *Bacillus thuringiensis*
subsp. *israelensis* for biotechnological application. [Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol.]{.underline} [57]{.underline}(1-2):161-166. Keywords:
*Bacillus thuringiensis*/ larvicidal activity/ cyanobacterium/ PCC-7120/
combinations/ PCC-7942/ strains/ cloning/ PCR/ *Anabaena*.

1556\. Lo, K. K. W.; Ng, D. C. M.; Lau, J. S. Y.; Wu, R. S. S.; and Lam,
P. K. S. (2003). Derivatisation of microcystin with a redox-active label
for high-performance liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection.
[New J. Chem.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(2):274-279. Keywords:
cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins/ cytochrome P450(cam)/ electronic
detection/ toxic peptides/ chromatography/ purification/ protein/ assay/
oligonucleotide/ waters.

1557\. Locke, S. J. and Thibault, P. (1994). Improvement in detection
limits for the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in
shellfish tissues using capillary electrophoresis electrospray mass
spectrometry and discontinuous buffer systems. [Analyt.
Chem.]{.underline} [66]{.underline}(20):3436-3446. Keywords: detection
limits/ improvement/ PSP determination/ capillary electrophoresis
electrospray mass spectrometry.

1558\. Loizzo, A.; Sechi, N.; Volterra, L.; and Contu, A. (1988). Some
features of a bloom of *Oscillatoria rubescens* D.C. registered in two
Italian reservoirs. [Water Air Soil Poll.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(3-4):263-271. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Oscillatoria
rubescens*/ reservoirs/ Italy.

1559\. Long, B. M. and Carmichael, W. W. (2003). Marine cyanobacterial
toxins. In: G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A. D. Cembella (eds.)
[Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae]{.underline}. UNESCO Publishing:
Paris, pp. 279-296. 793 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxins/ marine.

1560\. Long, B. M.; Jones, G. J.; and Orr, P. T. (2001). Cellular
microcystin content in N-limited *Microcystis aeruginosa* can be
predicted from growth rate. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[67]{.underline}(1):278-283. Keywords: blue-green-algae/ toxin
production/ hepatotoxin/ production/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ light/
*Anabaena*/ strains/ acid/ cyanobacteria/ temperature.

1561\. Long, E. G.; Ebrahimzadeh, A.; White, E. H.; Swisher, B.; and
Callaway, C. S. (1990). Alga associated with diarrhea in patients with
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in travelers. [J. Clin.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(6):1101-1104. Keywords: alga/
diarrhea/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/ travelers.

1562\. Long, E. G.; White, E. H.; Carmichael, W. W.; Quinlisk, P. M.;
Raja, R.; Swisher, B. L.; Daugharty, H.; and Cohen, M. T. (1991).
Morphologic and staining characteristics of a cyanobacterium-like
organism associated with diarrhea. [J. Infect. Dis.]{.underline}
[164]{.underline}(1):199-202. Keywords: characteristics/ organism/
diarrhea.

1563\. Longley, R. E. and Koehn, F. E. (1991). Microcolin A and B: novel
immunosuppressive lipopeptides derived from marine blue-green algae.
[FASEB J.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(5):1206. Keywords:
immunosuppressive lipopeptides/marine/blue-green algae. (Abstract)

1564\. Looper, R. E. and Williams, R. M. (2001). Construction of the
A-ring of cylindrospermopsin via an intramolecular oxazinone-N-oxide
dipolar cycloaddition. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(5):769-771. Keywords: marine hepatotoxin
cylindrospermopsin/ enolate claisen rearrangement/ alpha-amino-acids/
enantio selective synthesis/ derivatives/ *raciborskii*/ nitrone/
synthon/ model.

1565\. Lopez Rodas, V. and Costas, E. (1997). Characterization of
morphospecies and strains of *Microcystis* (cyanobacteria) from natural
populations and laboratory clones using cell probes (lectins and
antibodies). [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(3):446-454.
Keywords: *Microcystis*/ taxonomy/ lectins/ antibodies.

1566\. Lopez Rodas, V. and Costas, E. (1999). Preference of mice to
consume *Microcystis aeruginosa* (toxin-producing cyanobacteria): a
possible explanation for numerous fatalities of livestock and wildlife.
[Res. Vet. Sci.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}:107-110. Keywords: mice/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ livestock fatalities/ wildlife fatalities.

1567\. Loudiki, M.; Oudra, B.; Sabour, B.; Sbiyyaa, B.; and Vasconcelos,
V. (2002). Taxonomy and geographic distribution of potential toxic
cyanobacterial strains in Morocco. [Ann. Limnol.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(2):101-108. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blooms/ taxonomy/
toxicity/ distribution/ Morocco.

1568\. Loui, M. S. M. and Moore, R. E. (1979).
7-methoxy-9-methylhexadeca-4(E),8(E)-dienoic acid from *Lyngbya
majuscula.* [Phytochem.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}:1733-1734.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ products.

1569\. Louw, P. G. J. (1950). The active constituent of the poisonous
algae *Microcystis toxica* Stephens. [S. Afr. Ind. Chem.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}:62-66. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis toxica*/
constituent.

1570\. Louzao, M. C.; Vieytes, M. R.; Cabado, A. G.; Baptista de Sousa,
J. M. V.; and Botana, L. M. (2003). A fluorimetric microplate assay for
detection and quantitation of toxins causing paralytic shellfish
poisoning. [Chem. Res. Toxicol.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}
(4):433-438. Keywords: fluorometric detection/ liquid-chromatography/
sodium-channels/ saxitoxins/ binding/ cells/ tetrodotoxin/ brevetoxins/
bioassay/ receptor.

1571\. Lovell, R. A.; Holmes, K. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V.
R. (1989). Hemodynamic and pathologic effects of microcystin-LR
administered intravenously to swine. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(1):60. Keywords: effects/ microcystin-LR/ swine.

1572\. Lovell, R. A.; Schaeffer, D. J.; Hooser, S. B.; Dahlem, A. M.;
Haschek, W. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R. (1989). Toxicity
of intraperitoneal doses of microcystin-LR in two strains of male mice.
[J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(3):221-237. Keywords: toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ male
mice.

1573\. Lu, C. M.; Chau, C. W.; and Zhang, J. H. (2000). Acute toxicity
of excess mercury on the photosynthetic performance of cyanobacterium,
*S. platensis* --- assessment by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis.
[Chemosphere]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(1-2):191-196. Keywords:
inactive photosystem-II/ sublethal concentrations/ *Spirulina
platensis*/ electron transport/ inhibition/ physiology/ evolution/
cadmium/ *Euglena*/ protein.

1574\. Luckas, B. (1992). Phycotoxins in seafood-toxiological and
chromatographic aspects. [J. Chromat.]{.underline}
[624]{.underline}:439-456. Keywords: phycotoxins/ seafood.

1575\. Luesch, H.; Harrigan, G. G.; Goetz, G.; and Horgen, F. D. (2002).
The cyanobacterial origin of potent anticancer agents originally
isolated from sea hares. [Curr. Med. Chem.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(20):1791-1806. Keywords: marine cyanobacteria/
*Lyngbya*/ *Symploca*/ sea hares/ *Dolabella auricularia*/ dolastatins/
secondary metabolites/ cytotoxins.

1576\. Luesch, H.; Pangilinan, R.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and
Paul, V. J. (2001). Pitipeptolides A and B, new cyclodepsipeptides from
the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(3):304-307. Keywords:
philinopsis-speciosa/ inhibition/ assemblage/ mollusk/ toxins/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*.

1577\. Luesch, H.; Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and
Paul, V. J. (2002). Ulongamides A-F, new beta-amino acid-containing
cyclodepsipeptides from Palauan collections of the marine cyanobacterium
*Lyngbya* sp. [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[65]{.underline}(7):996-1000. Keywords: *Lyngbya* *majuscula*/
cyclodepsipeptides/ Palau.

1578\. Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Harrigan, G. G.; Doom, J. P.; Moore,
R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2002). Lyngbyaloside B, a new glycoside
macrolide from a Palauan marine cyanobacterium, *Lyngbya* sp. [J.
Natural Products]{.underline} [65]{.underline}(12):1945-1948. Keywords:
polycavernoside-a/ *Lyngbya* *majuscula*/ sponge/ alga.

1579\. Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2000).
Apramides A-G, novel lipopeptides from the marine cyanobacterium
*Lyngbya majuscula.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[63]{.underline}(8):1106-1112. Keywords: *Philinopsis speciosa*/
peptides/ mollusk/ marine cyanobacterium/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ Apra
Harbor, Guam.

1580\. Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2000).
Isolation and structure of the cytotoxin lyngbyabellin B and absolute
configuration of lyngbyapeptin A from the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya
majuscula.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[63]{.underline}(10):1437-1439. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ isolation/ structure.

1581\. Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2002).
New apratoxins of marine cyanobacterial origin from Guam and Palau.
[Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett.]{.underline}
[10]{.underline}(6):1973-1978. Keywords: *Lyngbya majuscula*/ marine/
Guam/ Palau.

1582\. Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; Paul, V. J.; Mooberry,
S. L.; and Corbett, T. H. (2002). Symplostatin 3, a new dolastatin 10
analogue from the marine cyanobacterium *Symploca* sp. VP452. [J.
Natural Products]{.underline} [65]{.underline}(1):16-20. Keywords: hare
*Dolabella-auricularia*/ advanced solid tumors/ antineoplastic agents/
nsc-376128/ hydnoides/ peptides/ *Symploca*.

1583\. Lukac, M. and Aegerter, R. (1993). Influence of trace metals on
growth and toxin production of *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(3):293-305. Keywords: influence/
trace metals/ growth/ toxin production/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1584\. Lukondeh, T. (2002). Absence of cyanotoxin carryover into milk
\[Correction for 2001, 56(2):132\]. [Aust. J. Dairy
Technol.]{.underline} [57]{.underline}(1):52. Keywords: milk/
cyanotoxin.

1585\. Lukondeh, T.; Neilan, B. A.; Moffitt, M. C.; Burns, B. P.;
Naidoo, D.; Della Vedova, J.; Gooden, J.; and Feitz, A. J. (2001).
Absence of cyanotoxin carryover into milk. [Aust. J. Dairy
Technol.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(2):132. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ cyanobacteria/ water/ milk.

1586\. Lundberg, R.; Edler, L.; Fernö, S.; Lind, M. G.; and Nilsson, P.
O. (1983). Algforgiftning hos hund. [Svensk Vet.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(10):509-516. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1587\. Lung, W. S. and Paerl, H. W. (1988). Modeling blue green algal
blooms in the lower Neuse River. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(7):895-905. Keywords: models/ blooms/ Neuse River/
North Carolina.

1588\. Lunt, G. G.; Wonnacott, S.; Thorne, B.; Rapoport, H.; Aracava,
Y.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1987). Anatoxin-a acts at central nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors. [Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline} Keywords: anatoxin-a/ acetylcholine receptors.
(Abstract)

1589\. Lurling, M. (2003). *Daphnia* growth on microcystin-producing and
microcystin-free *Microcystis aeruginosa* in different mixtures with the
green alga *Scenedesmus obliquus.* [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[48]{.underline}(6):2214-2220. Keywords: life history/ fatty acids/
cyanobacteria/ zooplankton/ inhibition/ food/ survival/ PCC7806/
*Daphnia*/ growth/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Scenedesmus obliquus*/
mixtures.

1590\. Lurling, M. (2003). Effects of microcystin-free and
microcystin-containing strains of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis
aeruginosa* on growth of the grazer *Daphnia magna.* [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(3):202-210. Keywords: clearance
rate/ cyanobacteria/ *Daphnia* growth/ feeding inhibition/ microcystin/
natural toxins/ plankton interactions/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Daphnia magna*.

1591\. Lurling, M. and van der Grinten, E. (2003). Life-history
characteristics of *Daphnia* exposed to dissolved microcystin-LR and to
the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* with and without
microcystins. [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(6):1281-1287. Keywords: clearance rate/ *Daphnia*
growth/ feeding inhibition/ natural toxins/ plankton interactions/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ microcystin-LR.

1592\. Luu, H. A.; Chen, D. Z. X.; Magoon, J.; Worms, J.; Smith, J.; and
Holmes, C. F. B. (1993). Quantification of diarrhetic shellfish toxins
and identification of novel protein phosphatase inhibitors in marine
phytoplankton and mussels. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[31]{.underline}(1):75-83. Keywords: shellfish toxins/ protein
phosphatase.

1593\. Luukkainen, R.; Namikoshi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Rinehart, K. L.; and
Niemelä, S. I. (1994). Isolation and identification of 12 microcystins
from four strains and two bloom samples of *Microcystis* spp.: structure
of a new hepatotoxin. [Toxicon]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(1):133-139.
Keywords: microcystins/ *Microcystis*/ hepatotoxins.

1594\. Luukkainen, R.; Sivonen, K.; Namikoshi, M.; Färdig, M.; Rinehart,
K. L.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1993). Isolation and identification of eight
microcystins from thirteen *Oscillatoria* *agardhii* strains and
structure of a new microcystin. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[59]{.underline}(7):2204-2209. Keywords: isolation/ identification/
microcystins/ *Oscillatoria* *agardhii*/ structure.

1595\. Lyck, S. and Christoffersen, K. (2003). Microcystin quota, cell
division and microcystin net production of precultured *Microcystis
aeruginosa* CYA 228. [Phycologia]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(6):667-674. Keywords: biosynthesis/ toxicity/ Brazil/
growth/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1596\. M-Hamvas, M.; Máthé, C.; Molnár, E.; Vasas, G.; Grigorszky, I.;
and Borbély, G. (2003). Microcystin-LR alters the growth, anthocyanin
content and single-stranded DNase enzyme activities in *Sinapis alba* L.
seedlings. [Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline} [62]{.underline}(1):1-9.
Keywords: anthocyanin/ growth/ microcystin-LR/ *Sinapis alba* L./
ssDNase.

1597\. Maagd, P. G-J. de; Hendriks, A. J.; Seinen, W.; and Sijm, D. T.
H. M. (1999). pH-Dependent hydrophobicity of the cyanobacteria toxin
microcystin-LR. [Water Res.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(3):677-680.
Keywords: microcystin-LR/ cyanobacteria/ n-octanol/ water distribution
ratio/ pH/ bioconcentration/ hydrophobicity.

1598\. Maatouk, I.; Bouaïcha, N.; Fontan, D.; and Levi, Y. (2002).
Seasonal variation of microcystin concentrations in the Saint-Caprais
reservoir (France) and their removal in a small full-scale treatment
plant. [Water Res.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(11):2891-2897.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/
neuro-2A cell line/ PP2A inhibition test/ water processing/ Saint
Caprais reservoir, France.

1599\. Macallan, D. R. E.; Lunt, G. G.; Wonnacott, S.; Swanson, K. L.;
Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1988). Methyllycaconitine and
(+)-anatoxin-a differentiate between nicotinic receptors in vertebrate
and invertebrate nervous systems. [FEBS Lett.]{.underline}
[226]{.underline}(2):357-363. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ nicotinic
receptors.

1600\. MacDonald, D. W. (1960). Algal poisoning in beef cattle. [Can.
Vet. J.]{.underline} [1]{.underline}:108. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ beef
cattle.

1601\. Macías-Silva, M. and García-Sáinz, J. A. (1994). Inhibition of
hormone-stimulated inositol phosphate production and disruption of
cytoskeletal structure. Effects of okadiac acid, microcystin,
chlorpromazine, W7 and nystatin. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(1):105-112. Keywords: microcystin/ cytoskeleton.

1602\. Mackenthun, K. M.; Herman, E. F.; and Bartsch, A. F. (1948). A
heavy mortality of fishes resulting from the decomposition of algae in
the Yahara River, Wisconsin. [Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.]{.underline}
[75]{.underline}:175-180. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fish mortality/ algae
decomposition/ Yahara River, Wisconsin.

1603\. MacKinnon, A. F. (1950). Report on algae poisoning. [Can. J.
Comp. Med.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}:208. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

1604\. MacKintosh, C. (1992). Regulation of spinach-leaf nitrate
reductase by reversible phosphorylation \[microcystin-LR\]. [Biochim.
Biophys. Acta]{.underline} [1137]{.underline}(1):121-126. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ protein phosphatase inhibitor.

1605\. MacKintosh, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Klumpp, S.; Cohen, P.; and Codd,
G. A. (1990). Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific
inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher
plants. [FEBS Lett.]{.underline} [264]{.underline}(2):187-192. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ inhibitor/ protein phosphatases 1 and 2A/ mammals/
higher plants/ toxin/ protein kinase/ okadaic acid.

1606\. MacKintosh, C. and MacKintosh, R. W. (1994). Inhibitors of
protein kinases and phosphatases (review). [Trends Biochem.
Sci.]{.underline} [19]{.underline}(11):444-448. Keywords: inhibitors/
protein kinases/ phosphatases.

1607\. Mackintosh, F. H. and Smith, E. A. (2002). Evaluation of MIST
Alert (TM) rapid test kits for the detection of paralytic and amnesic
shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish. [J. Shellfish Res.]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}(2):455-460. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisoning
toxins/ amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins/ MIST Alert/ shellfish
monitoring/ mouse bioassay/ high-performance liquid chromatography/
domoic acid/ Scotland.

1608\. MacKintosh, R. W.; Dalby, K. N.; Campbell, D. G.; Cohen, P. T.
W.; Cohen, P.; and MacKintosh, C. (1995). The cyanobacterial toxin
microcystin binds covalently to cysteine-273 on protein phosphate 1.
[FEBS Lett.]{.underline} [371]{.underline}(3):236-240. Keywords:
microcystin/ binds covalently/ PP1.

1609\. Maclean, J. L. (1993). Developing country aquaculture and harmful
algal blooms. In: R. S. V. Pullin, H. Rosenthal, and Maclean. J.L.
(eds.) [Environment and Aquaculture in Developing
Countries]{.underline}. ICLARM Conf. Proc.:Vol. 31, pp. 252-284. 359 pp.
Keywords: harmful algae blooms/ aqua cultures/ developing countries.

1610\. MacMillan, J. B.; Ernst-Russell, M. A.; Ropp, J. S. de; and
Molinski, T. F. (2002). Lobocyclamides A-C, lipopeptides from a cryptic
cyanobacterial mat containing *Lyngbya confervoides.* [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(23):8210-8215. Keywords: antifungal
cyclic peptides/ alga *Anabaena* *laxa*/ biological properties/
laxaphycin-a/ amino acids/ *majuscula*/ *Lyngbya confervoides*.

1611\. Maeda, H.; Sasaki, S.; Mima, H.; Yano, S.; Suzuki, T.; and
Marumoto, M. (1999). Potential water-improvement by zeolite rocks from
the Ikutahara district in northeastern Hokkaido, Japan: significance for
the prevention of water bloom in Lake Abashiri. [Resource
Geology]{.underline} [Sp. Iss. 20]{.underline}:151-159. Keywords:
zeolite/ zeolite rock/ cation exchange capacity/ mineral composition/
hydrothermal alteration/ hydrothermal zeolitization/ environmental
improvement/ Lake Abashiri/ Japan.

1612\. Magalhães, V. F. de and Azevedo, S. M. F. O. (1998). Ecological
implications of hepatotoxic *Microcystis aeruginosa* in Jacarepaguá
Lagoon, RJ-Brazil. In: B. Reguera, J. Blanco, M^a.^ L. Fernández, and T.
Wyatt, (eds.) [Harmful Algae]{.underline}. Xunta de Galicia
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO: Galicia, Spain.
pp. 26-28. 635 pp. Proceedings of the VIII^th^ International Conference
on Harmful Algae. June 25-29, 1997; Vigo, Spain. Keywords: implications/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ Jacarepaguá Lagoon/ RJ-Brazil.

1613\. Magalhães, V. F. de; Soares, R. M.; and Azevedo, S. M. F. O.
(2001). Microcystin contamination in fish from the Jacarepagúa Lagoon
(Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): ecological implication and human health risk.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(7):1077-1085. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ microcystins/ Tilapia/ fish/ human health/
Rio de Janeiro/ Jacarepagúa Lagoon/ Brazil.

1614\. Mahakhant, A.; Sano, T.; Ratanachot, P.; Tong-a-ram, T.;
Srivastava, V. C.; Watanabe, M. M.; and Kaya, K. (1998). Detection of
microcystins from cyanobacterial water blooms in Thailand fresh water.
[Phycol. Res.]{.underline} [46]{.underline}(Suppl.):25-29. Keywords:
microcystins/ waterblooms/ Thailand.

1615\. Mahar, J.; Lukacs, G. L.; Li, Y.; Hall, S.; and Moczydlowski, E.
(1991). Pharmacological and biochemical properties of saxiphilin, a
soluble saxitoxin-binding protein from the bullfrog *(Rana
catesbeiana).* [Toxicon]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(1):53-71.
Keywords: saxiphilin/ properties/ *Rana catesbeiana*.

1616\. Mahmood, N. A. (1985). [Neurotoxins from the Cyanobacteria
*Anabaena flos-aquae* NRC 525-17 and *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*
NH-5]{.underline}. Ph.D. Thesis. Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio.
166 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae*/ neurotoxin.

1617\. Mahmood, N. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1987). Anatoxin-a(s), an
anticholinesterase from the cyanobacterium *Anabaena flos-aquae*
NRC-525-17. [Toxicon]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(11):1221-1227.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ anatoxin.

1618\. Mahmood, N. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1987). Anatoxin-a(s), an
irreversible anticholinesterase from the blue-green algae *Anabaena
flos-aquae* NRC-525-17. [Toxicon]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(2):148.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ anticholinesterase.
(Meeting Abstract)

1619\. Mahmood, N. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1985). Chemical studies of
freshwater cyanobacteria neurotoxins. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(1):33. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ neurotoxins. (Abstract)

1620\. Mahmood, N. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1986). Paralytic shellfish
poisons produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae* NH-5. [Toxicon]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(2):175-186.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ paralytic shellfish
poisons/ PSP.

1621\. Mahmood, N. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1986). The pharmacology of
anatoxin-a(s), a neurotoxin produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium
*Anabaena flos-aquae* NRC 525-17. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(5):425-434. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena*/ anatoxin/
neurotoxin.

1622\. Mahmood, N. A.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Pfahler, D. (1988).
Anticholinesterase poisonings in dogs from a cyanobacterial (blue-green
algae) bloom dominated by *Anabaena flos-aquae.* [Am. J. Vet.
Res.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(4):500-503. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ anatoxin/ neurotoxin/ dog poisoning.

1623\. Maier, H. R.; Burch, M. D.; and Bormans, M. (2001). Flow
management strategies to control blooms of the cyanobacterium, *Anabaena
circinalis,* in the River Murray at Morgan, South Australia. [Regul.
Rivers: Res. & Manage.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(6):637-650.
Keywords: *Anabaena circinalis*/ cyanobacterial bloom/ flow management/
River Murray/ rivers/ thermal stratification/ wind speed/ artificial
neural networks/ lower Ebro River/ temperature/ Australia.

1624\. Maier, H. R.; Sayed, T.; and Lence, B. J. (2000). Forecasting
cyanobacterial concentrations using B-spline networks. [J. Computing
Civil Eng.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(3):183-189. Keywords:
feedforward neural networks/ River Murray/ algorithms/ ASMOD/ Australia.

1625\. Maier, H. R.; Sayed, T.; and Lence, B. J. (2001). Forecasting
cyanobacterium *Anabaena* spp. in the River Murray, South Australia,
using B-spline neurofuzzy models. [Ecol. Model.]{.underline}
[146]{.underline}(1-3):85-96. Keywords: B-spline associative memory
network/ fuzzy neural network/ water quality/ *Anabaena*/ cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae)/ forecasting/ River Murray/ Australia.

1626\. Main, D.C. (1994). Toxic algal blooms. [Western Australia Dept.
Agriculture Bull.]{.underline} Report \# Farmnote 43/94. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ waterblooms.

1627\. Main, D. C.; Berry, P. H.; Peet, R. L.; and Robertson, J. P.
(1977). Sheep mortalities associated with the blue-green alga *Nodularia
spumigena.* [Aust. Vet. J.]{.underline} [53]{.underline}:578-581.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ sheep mortalities.

1628\. Malbrouck, C.; Trausch, G.; Devos, P.; and Kestemont, P. (2003).
Hepatic accumulation and effects of microcystin-LR on juvenile goldfish
*Carassius auratus* L. [Comp. Biochem. Physiol.--C: Pharmacol.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [135]{.underline}(1):39-48. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ goldfish/ liver/ aminotransferases/
glutathione-S-transferase (GST)/ protein phosphatase/ lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH)/ *Carassius auratus* L.

1629\. Maloney, T. E. and Carnes, R. A. (1966). Toxicity of a
*Microcystis* waterbloom from an Ohio pond. [Ohio J. Sci.]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}(5):514-517. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ Ohio.

1630\. Malyarevskaya, A. Y. (1984). Effect of extreme factors of the
environment on the metabolism of substances in fish \[effect of
blue-green toxins on fish\]. In: M. Shatunovskii, (ed.) [Biol. Osn.
Rybovod, Aktuol. Probl. Ekol. Fiziol. Biokhim.]{.underline} pp. 116-133.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fish. (Russian)

1631\. Malyarevskaya, A. Y. (1983). Influence of anthropogenic
eutrophication: effects on fish in the form of blue-green algae mass
development (toxicity of blue-greens to fish). [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [97]{.underline}(4):417-424. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ fish.

1632\. Malyarevskaya, A. Y. (1979). On causes of fish kills under the
influence of blue-green algae. In: [S.I.L. Worshop on Hypertrophic
Ecosystems]{.underline}. Sept. 10-14; Vaxjo, Sweden. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ fish kills. (Abstract)

1633\. Man, B. K. W.; Lam, M. H. W.; Lam, P. K. S.; Wu, R. S. S.; and
Shaw, G. (2002). Cloud-point extraction and preconcentration of
cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) from natural waters using a
cationic surfactant. [Environ. Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}(18):3985-3990. Keywords: performance liquid
chromatography/ protein phosphatase bioassay/ micelle-mediated
extraction/ phase separation/ chemiluminescence detection/ capillary
electrophoresis/ organic compounds/ human serum/ immunoassay/
quantification.

1634\. Manallack, D. T.; Ellis, D. D.; Thompson, P. E.; Gallagher, T.;
and Livingstone, D. J. (1994). Quantitative structure-activity
relationships of (+)-anatoxin-a derivatives. [Natural Product
Lett.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}(2):121-128. Keywords: anatoxin-a
derivatives/ structure-activity relationships/ ZSAR/ molecular
modelling/ principal components analysis/ non-linear mapping/
multivariate analysis.

1635\. Mankelow, D. P. and Neilan, B. A. (2000). Non-ribosomal peptide
antibiotics. [Expert Opin. Therapeut. Patents]{.underline}
[10]{.underline}(10):1583-1591. Keywords: biosynthetic engineering/
combinatorial biosynthesis/ cyanobacteria/ non-ribosomal peptide/
peptide synthetase/ polyketide synthase.

1636\. Mankiewicz, J.; Tarczynska, M.; Fladmark, K. E.; Døskeland, S.
O.; Walter, Z.; and Zalewski, M. (2001). Apoptotic effect of
cyanobacterial extract on rat hepatocytes and human lymphocytes.
[Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(3):225-233. Keywords:
cyanobacterial extract/ microcystin-LR/ human lymphocytes/ rat
hepatocytes/ apoptosis.

1637\. Mankiewicz, J.; Tarczynska, M.; Jurczak, T.;
Wojtysiak-Staniaszczyk, M.; and Zalewski, M. (2003). Test with
luminescent bacteria for the toxicity assessment of cyanobacterial bloom
samples. [Fresen. Environ. Bull.]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(8):861-864. Keywords: microcystins/ cyanobacteria/
toxicity/ *Vibrio fischeri*/ ToxAlert.

1638\. Mankiewicz, J.; Walter, Z.; Tarczynska, M.; Palyvoda, O.;
Wojtysiak-Staniaszczyk, M.; and Zalewski, M. (2002). Genotoxicity of
cyanobacterial extracts containing microcystins from Polish water
reservoirs as determined by SOS chromotest and comet assay. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(4):341-350. Keywords:
cyanobacterial extract with microcystins/ standard microcystin-LR/
*Escherichia coli* PQ37/ human lymphocytes/ SOS Chromotest/ comet assay/
genotoxicity/ Poland/ water supplies.

1639\. Mann, N. H. (2003). Phages of the marine cyanobacterial
picophytoplankton. [FEMS Microbiol. Rev.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(1):17-34. Keywords: bacteriophage/ phage/ cyanophage/
marine/ *Synechococcus*/ *Prochlorococcus*/ picoplankton.

1640\. Mansell, H. L. (1996). Synthetic approaches to anatoxin-a.
[Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(17):6025-6061. Keywords:
anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

1641\. Marner, F-J. and Moore, R. E. (1977). Majusculamides A and B, two
epimeric lipodipeptides from *Lyngbya* *majuscula* Gomont. [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}:2815-2818. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Lyngbya* *majuscula*/ toxic/ nontoxic.

1642\. Marquez, B.; Verdier-Pinard, P.; Hamel, E.; and Gerwick, W.
(1998). Curacin D, an antibiotic agent from the marine cyanobacteria
*Lyngbya majuscula.* [Phytochem.]{.underline}
[49]{.underline}(8):2387-2389. Keywords: *Lyngbya majuscula*/ curacin D/
marine/ cytotoxin.

1643\. Marsálek, B. and Bláha, L. (2000). Microbiotests for
cyanobacterial toxins screening. In: G. Persoone, C. Janssen, and W. de
Coen [New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and
Biomonitoring]{.underline}. Kluwar Academic/Plenum Publishing: New York,
pp. 519-525. 550 pp. Keywords: cyanabacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
toxicity/ exposure/ LR/ shrimp/ injury/ sheep.

1644\. Marsálek, B.; Bláha, L.; and Hindak, F. (2000). Review of
toxicity of cyanobacteria in Slovakia. [Biologia]{.underline}
[55]{.underline}(6):645-652. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyanobacterial
blooms/ microcystin/ toxins/ *Microcystis*/ *Cylindrospermopsis*/
*Anabaena*/ *Raphidiopsis*/ Slovakia.

1645\. Marsálek, B.; Bláha, L.; Turánek, J.; and Neca, J. (2001).
Microcystin-LR and total microcystins in cyanobacterial blooms in the
Czech Republic 1993-1998. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 56-62.
357 pp. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ microcystins/ Czech Republic.

1646\. Martin, C.; Codd, G. A.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Weckesser, J.
(1989). Lipopolysaccharides and polysaccharides of the cell envelope of
toxic *Microcystis aeruginosa* strains. [Arch. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[152]{.underline}(1):90-94. Keywords: lipopolysaccharides/
polysaccharides/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ chemotype/ lipid A/ cell
envelope/ cell wall.

1647\. Martin, C.; Oberer, L.; Ino, T.; König, W. A.; Busch, M.; and
Weckesser, J. (1993). Cyanopeptolins, new depsipeptides from the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis* sp. PCC 7806. [J. Antibiot.]{.underline}
[46]{.underline}(10):1550-1556. Keywords: depsipeptides/ *Microcystis*/
cyanopeptolins.

1648\. Martin, C.; Sivonen, K.; Matern, U.; Dierstein, R.; and
Weckesser, J. (1990). Rapid purification of the peptide toxins
microcystin-LR and nodularin. [FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline}
[68]{.underline}(1-2):1-6. Keywords: purification/ microcystin-LR/
nodularin.

1649\. Martin, C.; Weckesser, J.; Ino, T.; and König, W. A. (1992).
7-desmethyl-microcystin-RR, a hepatotoxin from a waterbloom of
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Z. Naturfo. C]{.underline}
[47]{.underline}(5-6):335-340. Keywords: hepatotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*.

1650\. Martin, J. F.; Izaguirre, G.; and Waterstrat, P. (1991). A
planktonic *Oscillatoria* species from Mississippi catfish ponds that
produces the off-flavor compound 2-methylisoborneol. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(12):1447-1451. Keywords:
*Oscillatoria*/ Mississippi/ catfish ponds/ off-flavor/ planktonic
aglae/ aquaculture/ isolation/ MIB/ 2-methylisoborneol.

1651\. Maruyama, T.; Park, H. D.; and Kato, K. (2003). Direct analysis
of the population dynamics regarding microcystin-degrading bacteria in
Lake Suwa. [Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [Vol
28]{.underline}( Pt 3):1644. Keywords: hepatotoxin/ *Microcystis*/
bacteria/ Lake Suwa, Japan.

1652\. Mason, C. P.; Edwards, K. R.; Carlson, R. E.; Pignatello, J.;
Gleason, F. K.; and Wood, J. M. (1982). Isolation of chlorine-containing
antibiotic from the freshwater cyanobacterium *Scytonema hofmanni.*
[Science]{.underline} [215]{.underline}:400-402. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Scytonema hofmanni*/ antibiotic/ pharmaceutical/ isolation.

1653\. Mason, M. F. and Wheeler, R. E. (1942). Observations upon the
toxicity of blue-green algae. In: [Fed. Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chem. 36th
Ann. Meeting]{.underline}. Vol. 1, pp. 124. Boston. Keywords:
cyanotoxin.

1654\. Matern, U.; Oberer, L.; Erhard, M.; Herdman, M.; and Weckesser,
J. (2003). Hofmannolin, a cyanopeptolin from *Scytonema hofmanni* PCC
7110. [Phytochem.]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(6):1061-1067. Keywords:
*Scytonema hofmanni*/ cyanobacteria/ cyanopeptolins/ cyclic
depsipeptides/ hofmannolin.

1655\. Matern, U.; Oberer, L.; Falchetto, R. A.; Erhard, M.; König, W.
A.; Herdman, M.; and Weckesser, J. (2001). Scyptolin A and B, cyclic
depsipeptides from axenic cultures of *Scytonema hofmanni* PCC 7110.
[Phytochem.]{.underline} [58]{.underline}(7):1087-1095. Keywords:
*Scytonema hofmanni*/ cyanobacteria/ cyanopeptolins/ cyclic/
depsipeptides/ scyptolin/ cyanobacterium *Microcystis* sp./ porcine
pancreatic elastase/ serine proteases/ inhibitors/ cyanopeptolins/
substrate/ leukocyte/ *Anabaena*.

1656\. Matern, U.; Schleberger, C.; Jelakovic, S.; Weckesser, J.; and
Schulz, G. E. (2003). Binding structure of elastase inhibitor scyptolin
A. [Chem. Biol.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(10):997-1001. Keywords:
porcine pancreatic elastase/ marine cyanobacteria/ depsipeptides/
cyanopeptolins/ peptides.

1657\. Mathew, J. M. (1930). Hume Reservoir and algal infestation.
[Commonw. Eng.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}:401-405. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Hume Reservoir.

1658\. Matsuda, H.; Okino, T.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1996).
Aeruginosins 102-A and B, new thrombin inhibitors from the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis viridis* (NIES-102). [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}(46):14501-14506. Keywords: thrombin inhibitor/
*Microcystis viridis*.

1659\. Matsuda, H.; Okino, T.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1996).
Radiosumin, a trypsin inhibitor from the blue-green alga *Plectonema
radiosum.* [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(24):8648-8650.
Keywords: trypsin inhibitor/ *Plectonema radiosum*.

1660\. Matsunaga, H.; Harada, K-I.; Senma, M.; Ito, Y.; Yasuda, N.;
Ushida, S.; and Kimura, Y. (1999). Possible cause of unnatural mass
death of wild birds in a pond in Nishinomiya, Japan: sudden appearance
of toxic cyanobacteria. [Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[7]{.underline}(2):81-84. Keywords: wild bird deaths/ toxic
cyanobacteria/ Nishinomiya, Japan/ pond.

1661\. Matsunaga, S.; Fujiki, H.; Sakata, D.; and Fusetani, N. (1991).
Calyculins E, F, G, and H, additional inhibitors of protein phosphatases
1 and 2A, from the marine sponge *Discodermia calyx.* [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [47]{.underline}(18/19):2999-3006. Keywords: protein
phosphatase inhibitors/ *Discodermia calyx*.

1662\. Matsunaga, S.; Moore, R. E.; Niemczura, W. P.; and Carmichael, W.
W. (1989). Anatoxin-a(s), a potent anticholinesterase from *Anabaena
flos-aquae.* [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[111]{.underline}(20):8021-8023. Keywords: anatoxin-a(s)/ *Anabaena
flos-aquae*/ anticholinesterase.

1663\. Matsunaga, T.; Okochi, M.; and Nakayama, H. (1999). Construction
of an automated DNA detection system for manipulation of *Microcystis*
spp. using specific DNA probe immobilized on magnetic particles.
[Electrochim. Acta]{.underline} [44]{.underline}(21-22):3779-3784.
Keywords: *Microcystis* spp./ DNA detection/ Micro-machine robot/ 16yS
rDNA/ specific DNA probe-immobilized magnetic particles.

1664\. Matsushima-Nishiwaki, R.; Shidoji, Y.; Nishiwaki, S.; Yamada, T.;
Moriwaki, H.; and Muto, Y. (1995). Suppression by carotenoids of
microcystin-induced morphological changes in mouse hepatocytes.
[Lipids]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(11):1029-1034. Keywords:
suppression/ carotenoids/ microcystin/ mouse hepatocytes.

1665\. Matsushima, R.; Yoshizawa, S.; Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.;
Furusawa, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Fujiki, H. (1990). *In vitro* and
*in vivo* effects of protein phosphatase inhibitors, microcystins and
nodularin, on mouse skin and fibroblasts. [Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Commun.]{.underline} [171]{.underline}(2):867-874. Keywords: effects/
protein phosphatase inhibitors/ microcystin/ nodularin/ mouse/ skin/
fibroblasts.

1666\. Matsuura, F.; Hamada, Y.; and Shioiri, T. (1994). Total synthesis
of microginin, an angiotensin- converting enzyme-inhibitory pentapeptide
from the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[Tetrahed.]{.underline} [50]{.underline}(38):1303-1314. Keywords:
synthesis/ microginin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1667\. Matthiensen, A.; Metcalf, J. S.; Ferreira, A. H. F.; Yunes, J.
S.; and Codd, G. A. (2001). Biodegradation and biotransformation of
microcystins by aquatic microbes in estuarine waters from the Patos
Lagoon, RS, Brazil. In: W. J. de Koe, R. A. Samson, H. P. van Egmond, J.
Gilbert, and M. Sabino, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in
Perspective at the Turn of the Millenium]{.underline}. W.J. de Koe,
printed by Ponsen & Looyen: Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 527-536.
574 pp. Proceedings of X ^th^ International IUPAC Symposium on
Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. May 21-25, 2000; Guarujá (Brazil). Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ biodegradation/ biotransformation/ microcystins/ Patos
Lagoon/ Brazil.

1668\. Mattsson, C. and Puu, G. (1979). Toxiska blagrona alger. In: [FOA
Rapport]{.underline}. Report \# C 40098 - Cl . 8 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1669\. Mattsson, R. and Willén, T. (1986). Toxin producing algae in
Swedish lakes 1985 (Toxinbildande blagrona alger i svenska insjoar
1985). In: [Naturvardsverket Rapport Laboratoriet for
Miljokontroll]{.underline}. Uppsala. Report \# 3096. 26 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1670\. Matveev, V.; Matveeva, L.; and Jones, G. J. (1994). Study of the
ability of *Daphnia carinata* King to control phytoplankton and resist
cyanobacterial toxicity: implications for biomanipulation in Australia.
[Aust. J. Mar Freshwater Res.]{.underline} [45]{.underline}:889-904.
Keywords: *Daphnia carinata*/ biomanipulation.

1671\. Maude, A. B.; Mehrotra, A. P.; and Gani, D. (1997). Design and
preparation of serine-threonine protein phosphatase inhibitors based
upon the nodularin and microcystin toxin structures: Part 2. Synthesis
of a functionalized nodularin macrocycle and a stripped-down microcystin
macrocycle. [J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1]{.underline}
[1997]{.underline}(17):2513-2526. Keywords: nodularin/ microcystin/
protein phosphatase inhibitor.

1672\. May, V. (1988). Algae of Carcoar Dam, New South Wales, Australia.
[Cunninghamia]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(1):1-8. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ Australia.

1673\. May, V. (1978). Areas of recurrence of toxic algae within
Burrinjuck Dam, New South Wales, Australia. [Telopea]{.underline}
[1]{.underline}(5):295-313. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Australia.

1674\. May, V. (1972). Blue-green algal blooms at Braidwood, New South
Wales, Australia. [Sci. Bull.]{.underline} [82]{.underline}:1-45.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Australia/ waterbloom. (N.S.W. Dept. Agric.)

1675\. May, V. (1976). Control of algae blooms by removal of nutrients.
In: [Proceedings Aust. Water Resources Council]{.underline}. Aust. Gov.
Public Serv: Canberra. pp. 79-82. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ nutrient
control.

1676\. May, V. (1988). The effect of drought and position in the dam on
the algal composition of two dams in New South Wales.
[Cunninghamia]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(1):75-84. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ waterblooms/ Australia.

1677\. May, V. (1978). Ferric alum can reduce toxic algae in farm dams.
[Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.]{.underline} [89]{.underline}(4):6-7. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ ferric alum/ Australia.

1678\. May, V. (1971). Forecasts of poisonous alga outbreaks? [Agric.
Gaz. N.S.W.]{.underline} [82]{.underline}(3):116. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
Australia.

1679\. May, V. (1981). The occurrence of toxic cyanophyte blooms in
Australia. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water Environment: Algal
Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 127-142. 491
pp. Keywords: waterblooms/ Australia.

1680\. May, V. (1974). Suppression of blue-green algal blooms in
Braidwood Lagoon with alum. [J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci.]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}:54-57. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ suppression/ Braidwood
Lagoon/ Australia. (Technical Note)

1681\. May, V. (1970). A toxic alga in New South Wales and its
distribution. [Contrib. N.S.W. Natl. Herb.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}(3):84-86. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ New South Wales/
Australia.

1682\. May, V. and Baker, H. (1978). [Reduction of Toxic Algae in Farm
Dams by Ferric Alum]{.underline}. Bulletin #19, 16 pp. N.S.W. Dept.
Agric. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ ferric alum/ Australia. (Technical
Bulletin)

1683\. May, V. and McBarron, E. J. (1973). Occurrence of the blue-green
alga *Anabaena circinalis* Rabenh., in New South Wales and toxicity to
mice and honey bees. [J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci.]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(4):264-266. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena
circinalis*/ New South Wales/ Australia/ toxicity/ mice/ honey bees.

1684\. May, V. and Powell, J. M. (1986). Algae of the Peel River and the
newly constructed Chaffey Dam, New South Wales, Australia.
[Cunninghamia]{.underline} [1]{.underline}(4):503-536. Keywords:
waterblooms/ Australia.

1685\. Mazur, H. and Plinski, M. (2003). *Nodularia spumigena* blooms
and the occurrence of hepatotoxin in the Gulf of Gdansk.
[Oceanologia]{.underline} [45]{.underline}(2):305-316. Keywords:
*Nodularia spumigena*/ nodularin/ cyanobacterial toxins/ Gulf of Gdansk/
Baltic Sea.

1686\. McBarron, E. J. (1983). Algal Waterblooms. In: E. J. McBarron
(au.) [Poisonous Plants Handbook for Farmers and Graziers]{.underline}.
N.S.W. Dept. Agric., Inkata Press: Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-2. 150
pp. Keywords: algal blooms/ poisonous/ Australia.

1687\. McBarron, E. J. (1976). In: [Medical and Veterinary Aspects of
Plant Poisons in New South Wales]{.underline}. N.S.W. Dept. Agric.:
Sydney, Australia, 243 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Australia.

1688\. McBarron, E. J. and May, V. (1966). Poisoning of sheep in New
South Wales by the blue-green alga, *Anacystis cyanea* (Küetz.) Dr. and
Dail. [Aust. Vet. J.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}:449-453. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Anacystis cyanea*/ sheep/ New South Wales/ Australia.

1689\. McBarron, E. J.; Walker, R. I.; Gardner, I.; and Walker, K. H.
(1975). Toxicity to livestock of the blue-green alga *Anabaena
circinalis.* [Aust. Vet. J.]{.underline} [51]{.underline}:587-588.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena circinalis*/ livestock.

1690\. McCartney, B.; Howell, L. D.; Kennelly, P. J.; and Potts, M.
(1997). Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in the cyanobacterium
*Anabaena* sp. stain PCC-7120. [J. Bacteriol.]{.underline}
[179]{.underline}(7):2314-2318. Keywords: *Anabaena*/ protein
phosphorylation.

1691\. McCluskey, A.; Sim, A. T. R.; and Sakoff, J. A. (2002).
Serine-threonine protein phosphatase inhibitors: development of
potential therapeutic strategies. [J. Med. Chem.]{.underline}
[45]{.underline}(6):1151-1175. Keywords: sponge *Discodermia calyx*/
maleic-anhydride segment/ transmembrane conductance regulator/ cyclic
heptapeptide/ hepatotoxins/ bioactive marine metabolites/ vinylogous
urethane approach/ microcystin toxin structures/ modified cantharidin
analogs/ natural product inhibitors/ adenovirus E4orF4 protein.

1692\. McCormick, P. V. and Cairns, J. (1994). Algae as indicators of
environmental change. [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}:509-526. Keywords: waterblooms/ environment.

1693\. McDaniel, H. R.; Middlebrook, J. B.; and Bowman, R. O. (1962).
Isolation of pure cultures of algae from contaminated cultures. [Appl.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}:223. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
cultures/ isolation.

1694\. McDermott, C. M.; Feola, R.; and Plude, J. (1995). Detection of
cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) in waters of northeastern Wisconsin
by a new immunoassay technique. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(11):1433-1442. Keywords: microcystins/ detection/
northeastern Wisconsin/ ELISA.

1695\. McDermott, C. M.; Nho, C. W.; Howard, W.; and Holton, B. (1998).
The cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin-LR, can induce apoptosis in a
variety of cell types. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}(12):1981-1996. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ apoptosis.

1696\. Mcdougall, R. J. and Tandy, M. W. (1993). Coccidian
cyanobacterium-like bodies as a cause of diarrhea in Australia.
[Pathology]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(4):375-378. Keywords:
coccidian/ cause/ diarrhea/ Australia.

1697\. McDowell, M. E.; Powell, R. C.; Nevels, E. M.; Sellars, J. H.;
and Witt, N. F. (1960). Algae feeding in humans: acceptability,
digestibility and toxicity. [Fed. Proc.]{.underline}
[19]{.underline}(11):319. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ algae/ human food. (44th
Ann. Meeting Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Chicago --- Abstract)

1698\. McElhiney, J.; Drever, M.; Lawton, L. A.; and Porter, A. J.
(2002). Rapid isolation of a single-chain antibody against the
cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR by phage display and its use in the
immunoaffinity concentration of microcystins from water. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [68]{.underline}(11):5288-5295. Keywords:
polyclonal antibodies/ *Escherichia coli*/ purification/ fragments/
quantification/ chromatography/ phosphatase 1/ mouse.

1699\. McElhiney, J.; Lawton, L. A.; Edwards, C.; and Gallacher, S.
(1998). Development of a bioassay employing the desert locust
*(Schistocerca gregaria)* for the detection of saxitoxin and related
compounds in cyanobacteria and shellfish. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}(2):417-420. Keywords: bioassay development/ desert
locust/ *Schistocerca gregaria*/ detection/ saxitoxin.

1700\. McElroy, R. and Chambers, H. (1984). Synthesis and biological
activity studies of selected organophosphorus esters. [J. Agric. Food
Chem.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}:119-123. Keywords: organophosphorus
esters/ anatoxin-a(s).

1701\. McInnes, A.; Jackson, A. R. B.; Falconer, I. R.; and Runnegar, M.
T. C. (1983). The clinical pathology of sheep experimentally poisoned
with the blue green algae *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[Toxicon]{.underline}(3 Suppl.):281-284. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ sheep/ pathology.

1702\. McIntyre, M. and Lyons, M. (1993). Screening of patients with
diarrhoea in the U.K. for cyanobacteria-like bodies. [J.
Infection]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(1):107-109. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ diarrhea/ U.K. (Letter to Editor)

1703\. McIvor, R.A. and Grant, G.A. (1955). II. Preliminary attempts to
prepare toxic extracts. In: [Toxic Algae]{.underline}. Can. Defense
Research Board, Defense Research Chem. Laboratories: Ottawa. Report \#
Report No. 190, Project No. D52-20-20-18. 7 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
extracts.

1704\. McLachlan, J. and Gorham, P. R. (1961). Growth of *Microcystis
aeruginosa* Kütz. in a precipitate-free medium buffered with Tris. [Can.
J. Microbiol.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}:869-882. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ culture/ ASM-1.

1705\. McLachlan, J.; Hammer, U. T.; and Gorham, P. R. (1963).
Observations on the growth and colony habits of ten strains of
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.* [Phycologia]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}(4):157-168. Keywords: *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/
culture/ growth.

1706\. McLeod, J. A. and Bondar, G. F. (1952). A case of suspected algal
poisoning in Manitoba. [Can. J. Pub. Health]{.underline}
[43]{.underline}:347. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ algal poisoning/ Manitoba/
Canada.

1707\. McPhail, K. L. and Gerwick, W. H. (2003). Three new malyngamides
from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya
majuscula.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}(1):132-135. Keywords: Amide/ Papua, New Guinea/
*Lyngbya majuscula*.

1708\. Meckler, H. (1983). [The Total Synthesis of Anatoxin-a and
Loline]{.underline}. Ph.D. Thesis. State Univ. of New York, Buffalo. 239
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ synthesis. (Diss. Abst. Int. B 1984,
44(7), 2161---Univ. Microfilms Int. Order \# DA8325087)

1709\. Meek, S.; Morrice, N.; and MacKintosh, C. (1999). Microcystin
affinity purification of plant protein phosphatases: PPIC, PP5 and a
regulatory A subunit of PP2A. [FEBS Lett.]{.underline}
[457]{.underline}(3):494-498. Keywords: arachidonic acid/ protein
phosphatase 5/ tetratricopeptide repeat/ plant/ microcystin.

1710\. Mehrotra, A. P. and Gani, D. (1996). Synthesis of functionalized
cyclic pentapeptides analogues of the serine-threonine protein
phosphatase inhibitor nodularin. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(38):6915-6918. Keywords: nodularin/ protein phosphatase
inhibition.

1711\. Mehrotra, A. P.; Webster, K. L.; and Gani, D. (1997). Design and
preparation of serine-threonine protein phosphatase inhibitors based
upon the nodularin and microcystin toxin structures. Part 1. Evaluation
of key inhibitory features and synthesis of a rationally stripped-down
nodularin macrocycle. [J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1]{.underline}
[1997]{.underline}(17):2495-2511. Keywords: nodularin/ microcystin/
protein phosphatase inhibitors.

1712\. Mehto, P.; Ankelo, M.; Hinkkanen, A.; Mikhailov, A.; Eriksson, J.
E.; Spoof, L.; and Meriluoto, J. (2001). A time-resolved
fluoroimmunometric assay for the detection of microcystins,
cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(6):831-836. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxins/
microcystins/ time resolved fluoroimmunoassay.

1713\. Meißner, K.; Dittmann, E.; and Börner, T. (1996). Toxic and
non-toxic strains of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* contain
sequences homologous to peptide synthetase genes. [FEMS Microbiol.
Lett.]{.underline} [135]{.underline}(2-3):295-303. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ peptide synthetase genes.

1714\. Meissner, K.; Dittmann, E.; and Börner, T. (1996). Toxic and
nontoxic strains of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* contain
sequences homologous to peptide synthetase genes. [FEMS Microbiol.
Lett.]{.underline} [135]{.underline}(2-3):295-303. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ sequences/ peptide synthetase genes.

1715\. Mellgren, G.; Bruland, T.; Døskeland, A. P.; Flatmark, T.;
Vintermyr, O. K.; and Døskeland, S. O. (1997). Synergistic
antiproliferative actions of cyclic adensosine 3,5-monophasphate,
interleukin-1ß, and activators of Ca^2+^/calmodulin-dependent protein
kinase in primary hepatocytes. [Endocrinology]{.underline}
[138]{.underline}(10):4373-4383. Keywords: protein kinase/ hepatocytes/
microcystin.

1716\. Mellgren, G.; Vintermyr, O. K.; Bøe, R.; and Døskeland, S. O.
(1993). Hepatocyte DNA replication is abolished by inhibitors selecting
protein phosphatase 2A rather than phosphatase 1. [Exp. Cell
Res.]{.underline} [205]{.underline}:293-301. Keywords: hepatocyte/ DNA/
protein phosphatase inhibitors/ PP1/ PP2A.

1717\. Menear, K. A.; Dunnet, K. E.; Hastewell, J. G.; Eichler, H. G.;
Gibson, J. C.; Kimble, E. F.; Kump, W.; and Taylor, P. W. (1992).
Hypolipidaemic activity of a novel acylic ansamycin derivative.
[Arzneim.-Forsch.---Drug Res.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(II No.
9):1125-1129. Keywords: ansamycin/ cyanotoxins.

1718\. Mereish, K. A.; Bunner, D. L.; Ragland, D. R.; and Creasia, D. A.
(1991). Protection against microcystin-LR induced hepatotoxicity by
silmarin---biochemistry, histopathology and lethality. [Pharmacol.
Res.]{.underline} [8]{.underline}(2):273-277. Keywords: protection/
hepatotoxicity/ microcystin-LR.

1719\. Mereish, K. A. and Solow, R. (1990). Effect of antihepatotoxic
agents against microcystin-LR toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes.
[Pharmacol. Res.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(3):256-259. Keywords: rat
hepatocytes/ microcystin/ hepatotoxicity.

1720\. Mereish, K. A. and Solow, R. (1989). Interaction of
microcystin-LR with superchar: water decontamination and therapy. [Clin.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(4-5):271-280. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ water decontamination.

1721\. Mereish, K. A.; Solow, R.; Singh, Y.; Bhatnager, R., and
Wannemacher Jr., R. W. (1989). Comparative toxicity of cyclic
polypeptides and depsipeptides on cultured rat hepatocytes.
[Toxicologist]{.underline}. [9]{.underline}(1):68. Keywords:
toxicity/cyclic polypeptides and depsipeptides/cultured rat hepatocytes.
(28th Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989
--- Abstract #272)

1722\. Meriluoto, J. (2000). Toxins of freshwater cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae). In: M. J. Bogusz (ed.) [Handbook of Analytical
Separations. Volume 2 Forensic Science]{.underline}. Elsevier:
Amsterdam, pp. 359-390. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ freshwater.

1723\. Meriluoto, J.; Härmälä-Braskén, A. S.; Eriksson, J.; Toivola, D.;
and Lindholm, T. (1996). Choosing analytical strategy for microcystins.
[Phycologia]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(6 Suppl.):125-132. Keywords:
microcystins/ analytical strategy.

1724\. Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1997). Chromatography of microcystins
(review). [Analyt. Chim. Acta]{.underline}
[352]{.underline}(1-3):277-298. Keywords: microcystins/ chromatography.

1725\. Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1990). [Liquid chromatographic analysis of
cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins]{.underline}. Ph.D Thesis. Dept.
Biochemistry & Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. 216 pp.
Keywords: microcystins/ liquid chromatography.

1726\. Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1990). Liquid chromatography analysis of
cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins. [Acta Academiae
Aboensis]{.underline} [50]{.underline}(6):1-33. Keywords: microcystins/
hepatotoxins/ liquid chromatography.

1727\. Meriluoto, J. A. O. and Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Internal surface
reversed phase chromatography of cyanobacterial peptide toxins. In:
[Toxinproducing Algae]{.underline}. Oct. 20-21, 1988; Oslo, Norway.
Keywords: HPLC/ reverse phase chromatography. (Meeting Abstract)

1728\. Meriluoto, J. A. O. and Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Rapid analysis of
peptide toxins in cyanobacteria. [J. Chromat.]{.underline}
[438]{.underline}(1):93-99. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ peptide/ analysis.

1729\. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J. E.; Harada, K-I.; Dahlem, A.
M.; Sivonen, K.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Internal surface
reversed-phase high-performance liquid chormatographic separation of the
cyanobacterial peptide toxins microcystin-LA, -LR, -YR, -RR and
nodularin. [J. Chromat.]{.underline} [509]{.underline}(2):390-395.
Keywords: HPLC/ microcystin-LA/ microcystin-LR/ microcystin-YR/
microcystin-RR/ nodularin.

1730\. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Kronberg, L. (1986).
Isolering av och egenskaper hos piptidtoxiner hos chanobakterier. In:
[Nordiskt Mote on Organiska Miljogifter]{.underline}. Sept. 9-12, 1986;
Braviken, Sweden. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish --- Poster)

1731\. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Kronberg, L. (1986).
Preparative isolering av och toxicitet hos tva peptidtoxiner fran
blagronalger (cyanobakterier). In: [Nordiskt Mote om Organiska
Miljogifter 1986]{.underline}. Sept. 9-12, 1986; Braviken, Sweden.
Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish --- Poster)

1732\. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Lindholm, T. (1987).
Syanobakteerien hepatotoksiinien kemiasta. In: [Biotieteen
Paivat]{.underline}. May 26-27, 1987; Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland.
Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish --- Poster)

1733\. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Isaksson, K.; Soini, H.; Nygård, S. E.; and
Eriksson, J. E. (1990). Retention mechanisms and selectivity in
internal-surface reversed-phase liquid chromatography---studies with
cyanobacterial peptide toxins. [Chromatographia]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(5-6):301-308. Keywords: peptide toxin studies/
retention mechanisms/ selectivity/ chromatography.

1734\. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Kincaid, B.; Smyth, M. R.; and Wasberg, M.
(1998). Electrochemical detection of microcystins, cyanobacterial
peptide hepatotoxins, following high-performance liquid chromatography.
[J. Chromat. A]{.underline} [810]{.underline}(1-2):226-230. Keywords:
microcystins/ detection/ HPLC.

1735\. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Lawton, L.; and Harada, K. (2000). Isolation
and detection of microcystins and nodularins, cyanobacterial peptide
hepatotoxins. In: O. Holst (ed.) [Bacterial Toxins: Methods and
Protocols]{.underline}. Humana Press: Totowa, New Jersey, Vol. 145, pp.
65-87. 379 pp. Methods in Molecular Biology. Keywords: microcystins/
nodularins/ hepatotoxins/ isolation/ detection.

1736\. Meriluoto, J. A. O. and Nygård, S. (1989). Internal surface
reversed phase liquid chromatography of cyanobacterial peptide
toxins---a low pH approach. In: [Nordic Symposium Organic Environmental
Chemicals]{.underline}. Sept. 11-14, 1989; Joensuu. Keywords:
microcystins/ HPLC/ liquid chromatography. (Poster)

1737\. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Nygård, S. E.; Dahlem, A. M.; and Eriksson,
J. E. (1990). Synthesis, organotropism and hepatocellular uptake of two
tritium-labeled epimers of dihydromicrocystin-LR, a cyanobacterial
peptide toxin analog. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}(12):1439-1446. Keywords: synthesis/ uptake/ epimers/
dihydromicrocystin-LR.

1738\. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Sandström, A.; Eriksson, J. E.; Remaud, G.;
Craig, A. G.; and Chattopadhyaya, J. (1989). Structure and toxicity of a
peptide hepatotoxin from the cyanobacterium *Oscilllatoria agardhii.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(9):1021-1034. Keywords:
structure/ toxicity/ hepatotoxin/ *Oscilllatoria agardhii*.

1739\. Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K. A.; Pflugmacher, S.; and Codd, G. A.
(2000). Immuno cross-reactivity and toxicity assessment of conjugation
products of the cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin-LR. [FEMS Microbiol.
Lett.]{.underline} [189]{.underline}(2):155-158. Keywords: microcystin/
immunoassay/ detoxication.

1740\. Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K. A.; Ressler, J.; Gerbersdorf, S.;
Pflugmacher, S.; and Codd, G. A. (2002). Cross-reactivity and
performance assessment of four microcystin immunoassays with
detoxication products of the cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin-LR. [J.
Water Supply Res. Technol.--Aqua]{.underline}
[51]{.underline}(3):145-151. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ ELISA/
immunoassays/ microcystin.

1741\. Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K. A.; Saker, M. L.; and Codd, G. A.
(2002). Effects of organic solvents on the high performance liquid
chromatographic analysis of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin
and its recovery from environmental eutrophic waters by solid phase
extraction. [FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline}
[216]{.underline}(2):159-164. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/
cyanobacterial toxin/ analysis/ solid phase extraction.

1742\. Metcalf, J. S.; Bell, S. G.; and Codd, G. A. (2001). Colorimetric
immune-protein phosphatase inhibition assay for specific detection of
microcystins and nodularins of cyanobacteria. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(2):904-909. Keywords:
polyclonal antibodies/ LR/ bioassay/ blooms/ water/ toxin.

1743\. Metcalf, J. S.; Bell, S. G.; and Codd, G. A. (2000). Production
of novel polyclonal antibodies against the cyanobacterial toxin
microcystin-LR and their application for the detection and
quantification of microcystins and nodularin. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(10):2761-2769. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green
algae/ microcystin/ toxins/ antibodies/ immunoassays.

1744\. Metcalf, J. S. and Codd, G. A. (2003). Analysis of cyanobacterial
toxins by immunological methods. [Chem. Res. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(2):103-112. Keywords: linked-immunosorbent-assay/
phosphatase inhibition assay/ shellfish poisoning toxins/ blue-green
algae/ liquid-chromatographic method/ highly sensitive immunoassay/
microcystin-LR/ monoclonal-antibodies/ enzyme-immunoassay/ polyclonal
antibodies.

1745\. Metcalf, J. S. and Codd, G. A. (2000). Microwave oven and boiling
waterbath extraction of hepatotoxins from cyanobacterial cells. [FEMS
Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline} [184]{.underline} (2):241-246. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ nodularin/ microwave/ extraction.

1746\. Metcalf, J. S.; Hyenstrand, P.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A.
(2000). Effects of physicochemical variables and cyanobacterial extracts
on the immunoassay of microcystin-LR by two ELISA kits. [J. Appl.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [89]{.underline}(3):532-538. Keywords: exposure/
toxins/ Brazil.

1747\. Metcalf, J. S.; Lindsay, J.; Beattie, K. A.; Birmingham, S.;
Saker, M. L.; Torokne, A. K.; and Codd, G. A. (2002). Toxicity of
cylindrospermopsin to the brine shrimp *Artemia salina:* comparisons
with protein synthesis inhibitors and microcystins.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(8):1115-1120. Keywords:
cylindrospermopsin/ *Cylindrospermopsis*/ microcystin/ *Artemia salina*/
cyanobacteria.

1748\. Metting, B. and Pyne, J. W. (1986). Biologically active compounds
from microalgae. [Enzyme Microbial Technol.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}(7):386-394. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ compounds.

1749\. Metting, F. B. (1996). Biodiversity and application of
microalgae. [J. Ind. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(5-6):477-489. Keywords: microalgae/ biodiversity/
biotechnology.

1750\. Meyer, C. M. (1987). Contamination of water by the toxic
blue-green alga *Microcystis* *aeruginosa.* [S. Afr. J.
Sci.]{.underline} [83]{.underline}(9):517-518. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1751\. Mez, K.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.; Hanselmann, K.; Hauser, B.;
Naegeli, H.; and Preisig, H. R. (1997). Identification of microcystin in
benthic cyanobacteria linked to cattle deaths on alpine pastures in
Switzerland. [Eur. J. Phycol.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}:111-117.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ cattle deaths/ toxicity/ Switzerland.

1752\. Mez, K.; Hanselmann, K.; Hauser, B.; Braun, U.; Schmidt, J.; and
Nageli, H. (1994). Are cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) responsible for
the deaths of alpine cattle. [Schw. Arch. Tier.]{.underline}
[136]{.underline}(9):313-314. Keywords: alpine cattle deaths/
cyanobacteria. (German)

1753\. Mez, K.; Hanselmann, K.; and Preisig H.R. (1998). Environmental
conditions in high mountain lakes containing toxic benthic
cyanobacteria. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [368]{.underline} :1-15.
Keywords: high mountain lakes/ toxic cyanobacteria/ environmental
conditions.

1754\. Mian, P.; Heilmann, J.; Bürgi, H-R.; and Sticher, O. (2003).
Biological screening of terrestrial and freshwater cyanobacteria for
antimicrobial activity, brine shrimp lethality, and cytotoxicity.
[Pharmaceut. Biol.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(4):243-247. Keywords:
antibacterial/ antifungal/ *Artemia salina*/ brine shrimp/
cyanobacteria/ cytotoxicity/ KB cell line/ screening.

1755\. Michaud, S.; Levasseur, M.; Doucette, G.; and Cantin, G. (2002).
Particle size fractionation of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs):
seasonal distribution and bacterial production in the St Lawrence
Estuary, Canada. [Toxicon]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(10):1451-1462.
Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisoning/ paralytic shellfish toxins/
toxin/ size fraction/ bacteria/ dinoflagellate/ *Alexandrium*/
shellfish/ blue mussel/ *Mytilus edulis*/ St Lawrence Estuary/ Canada.

1756\. Michel, S.; Gevrey, J.; and Wautier, J. (1972). Toxicity of an
algal complex on freshwater fauna (Mise en évidence de la toxicité d\'un
complexe algal sur la faune aquatique). [Sci. Vet.]{.underline}
[74]{.underline}:185-194. Keywords: toxicity/ freshwater fauna. (French)

1757\. Micheli, L.; Di Stefano, S.; Moscone, D.; Palleschi, G.; Marini,
S.; Coletta, M.; Draisci, R.; and Quadri, F. D. (2002). Production of
antibodies and development of highly sensitive formats of enzyme
immunoassay for saxitoxin analysis. [Analyt. Bioanalyt.
Chem.]{.underline} [373]{.underline}(8):678-684. Keywords: enzyme
immunoassay/ saxitoxins/ paralytic shellfish poisoning.

1758\. Mikalsen, B.; Boison, G.; Skulberg, O. M.; Fastner, J.; Davies,
W.; Gabrielsen, T. M.; Rudi, K.; and Jakobsen, K. S. (2003). Natural
variation in the microcystin synthetase operon mcyABC and impact on
microcystin production in *Microcystis* strains. [J.
Bacteriol.]{.underline} [185]{.underline}(9):2774-2785. Keywords:
ribosomal-RNA sequences/ group-I introns/ nonribosomal peptide/ protein
phosphatases/ adenylation domains/ *aeruginosa* PCC-7806/ genus
*Microcystis*/ gramicidin-S/ cyanobacteria/ biosynthesis.

1759\. Mikhailov, A.; Härmälä-Braskén, A. S.; Hellman, J.; Meriluoto,
J.; and Eriksson, J. E. (2003). Identification of ATP-synthase as a
novel intracellular target for microcystin-LR. [Chem-Biol.
Inter.]{.underline} [142]{.underline}(3):223-237. Keywords:
microcystins/ ATP-synthase/ protein phosphatases/ microcystin-LR.

1760\. Mikhailov, A.; Härmälä-Braskén, A. S.; Meriluoto, J.; Sorokina,
Y.; Dietrich, D.; and Eriksson, J. E. (2001). Production and specificity
of mono and polyclonal antibodies against microcystins conjugated
through N-methyldehydroalanine. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(4):477-483. Keywords: microcystin/
methyldehydroalanine/ aminoethylation/ antibody/ specificity/ ELISA.

1761\. Mikhailov, A.; Härmälä-Braskén, A. S.; Polosukhina, E.; Hanski,
A.; Wahlsten, M.; Sivonen, K.; and Eriksson, J. E. (2001). Production
and specificity of monoclonal antibodies against nodularin conjugated
through N-methyldehydrobutyrine. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(10):1453-1459. Keywords: nodularin/
N-methyldehydrobutyrine/ aminoethylation/ antibody/ specificity/ ELISA.

1762\. Mikhailov, V. V. and Teplyi, D. L. (1961). On the toxicity of
blue-green algae of the Volga River (Otoksichnosti sinenelenykh
vodorosley reki Volgi). [Zoologicheskii Zh. (Mosc.)]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}(11):1619-1623. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Volga River.
(Technical Translation 1133 by G. Belkov, National Research Council of
Canada, Ottawa, 1964 --- Ukrainian)

1763\. Miljostyrelsen (1979). Unders∅gelser vedr. forekomsten af
blågr∅nalgen *Nodularia* *spumigena* I sommeren 1977.
[Miljo-Projekter]{.underline}. Report \# Samlerapport 18. 77 pp.
(Februar 1979). Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia* *spumigena*. (Danish)

1764\. Miller, D.; Conte, E. D.; Shen, C. Y.; and Perschbacher, P. W.
(1999). Colorimetric approach to cyanobacterial off-flavor detection.
[Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [40]{.underline} (6):165-169.
Keywords: off-flavor/ colorimetric/ detection/ geosmin/ MIB.

1765\. Miller, M. J.; Critchley, M. M.; Hutson, J.; and Fallowfield, H.
J. (2001). The adsorption of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins from water onto
soil during batch experiments. [Water Res/]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(6):1461-1468. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxin removal/
hepatotoxins/ drinking water/ soil adsorption/ bank filtration/ pH
effect.

1766\. Miller, M. J. and Fallowfield, H. J. (2001). Degradation of
cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in batch experiments. [Water Sci.
Technol.]{.underline} [43]{.underline}(12):229-232. Keywords: nodularin/
microcystin/ bank filtration/ degradation/ soils/ toxin removal.

1767\. Millie, D. F.; Dionigi, C. P.; Schofield, O.; Kirkpatrick, G. J.;
and Tester, P. A. (1999). The importance of understanding the molecular,
cellular, and ecophysiological bases of harmful algal blooms. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(6):1353-1355. Keywords: HABs
understanding.

1768\. Milligan, K. E.; Marquez, B. L.; Williamson, R. T.; and Gerwick,
W. H. (2000). Lyngbyabellin B, a toxic and antifungal secondary
metabolite from the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J.
Natural Products]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(10):1440-1443. Keywords:
*Hormothamnion enteromorphoides*/ brine shrimp/ peptides/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*.

1769\. Mills, J. G. and Wyatt, J. T. (1974). Ostracod reactions to
nontoxic and toxic algae. [Oecologia (Berl.)]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}:171-177. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ ostracod.

1770\. Milutinovic, A.; Sedmak, B.; Horvat-Znidarsic, I.; and Suput, D.
(2002). Renal injuries induced by chronic intoxication with
microcystins. [Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett.]{.underline}
[7]{.underline}(1):139-141. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ microcystin-YR/
chronic toxicity/ kidney/ rat.

1771\. Mintz, E. D. and Long, E. G. (1994). CLB---an emerging infectious
cause of chronic diarrhea. [Infect. Dis. Clin. Prac.]{.underline}
[3]{.underline}(4):315-320. Keywords: chronic diarrhea/ CLB.

1772\. Mitrovic, S. M.; Bowling, L. C.; and Buckney, R. T. (2001).
Vertical disentrainment of *Anabaena circinalis* in the turbid,
freshwater Darling River, Australia: quantifying potential benefits from
buoyancy. [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(1):47-55.
Keywords: planktonic cyanobacteria/ aquatic systems/ waterblooms/
dominance/ phytoplankton / lakes/ *Microcystis*/ populations/ nitrogen/
phosphorus/ Darling River/ Australia/ *Anabaena circinalis*.

1773\. Mitsui, A.; Rosner, D.; Goodman, A.; Reyes-Vasquez, G.; Kusumi,
T.; Kodama, T.; and Nomoto, K. (1989). Hemolytic toxins in marine
cyanobacterium *Synechococcus* sp. In: T. Okaichi, D. M. Anderson, and
T. Nemoto (eds.) [Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and
Toxicology]{.underline}. Elsevier: New York, pp. 367-370. 489 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ marine/ biotech/ products/ hemolytic/
*Synechococcus*. (First International Symposium on Red Tides, Takamatsu,
Japan, November 10-14, 1987)

1774\. Mittal, A.; Agarwal, M. K.; and Shivpuri, D. N. (1979).
Respiratory allergy to algae: clinical aspects. [Ann.
Allergy]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(4):253-246. Keywords: allergy/
India.

1775\. Mittal, A.; Agarwal, M. K.; and Shivpuri, D. N. (1979). Studies
on allergenic algae of Delhi area: botanical aspects . [Ann.
Allergy]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(4):248-252 . Keywords: allergies/
India.

1776\. Miura, G. A.; Robinson, N. A.; Geisbert, T. W.; Bostian, K. A.;
White, J. D.; and Pace, J. G. (1989). Comparison of *in vivo* and *in
vitro* toxic effects of microcystin-LR in fasted rats.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(11):1229-1240. Keywords:
comparison/ *in vivo*/ *in vitro* / toxic effects/ microcystin-LR/ rats.

1777\. Miura, G. A.; Robinson, N. A.; Lawrence, W. B.; and Page, J. G.
(1991). Hepatotoxicity of microcystin-LR in fed and fasted rats.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(3):337-346. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ hepatotoxicity/ rats.

1778\. Moestrup, Ø. (1996). Toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in
1833. [Phycologia]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(Suppl. 6):5. Keywords:
cyanotoxin.

1779\. Moffitt, M. C.; Blackburn, S. I.; and Neilan, B. A. (2001). rRNA
sequences reflect the ecophysiology and define the toxic cyanobacteria
of the genus *Nodularia.* [Int. J. Sys. Evol. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[51]{.underline}(Pt 2):505-512. Keywords: *Nodularia*/ cyanobacteria/
16S rRNA/ nodularin/ evolution.

1780\. Moffitt, M. C. and Neilan, B. A. (2003). Evolutionary
affiliations within the superfamily of ketosynthases reflect complex
pathway associations. [J. Mol. Evol.]{.underline}
[56]{.underline}(4):446-457. Keywords: polyketide synthase/ nonribosomal
peptide synthetase/ ketosynthase/ cyanobacteria/ polyketide.

1781\. Moffitt, M. C. and Neilan, B. A. (2000). The expansion of
mechanistic and organismic diversity associated with non-ribosomal
peptides. [FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline}
[191]{.underline}(2):159-167. Keywords: non-ribosomal peptide/ peptide
synthetase/ polyketide/ secondary metabolite/ cyanobacteria.

1782\. Mohamed, Z. A. (2001). Accumulation of cyanobacterial
hepatotoxins by *Daphnia* in some Egyptian irrigation canals.
[Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety]{.underline} [50]{.underline}(1):4-8.
Keywords: accumulation/ microcystins/ toxins/ cyanobacteria/ *Daphnia*/
Egypt/ irrigation canals.

1783\. Mohamed, Z. A. (2002). Allelopathic activity of *Spirogyra* sp.:
stimulating bloom formation and toxin production by *Oscillatoria
agardhii* in some irrigation canals, Egypt. [J. Plankton
Res.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(2):137-141. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ cyanobacteria/ growth/ fresh/ phytoplankton/ microcystin/
metabolites/ macrophytes/ community/ toxicity/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/
irrigation canals/ Egypt/ *Spirogyra*.

1784\. Mohamed, Z. A. (2001). Alum and lime-alum removal of toxic and
nontoxic phytoplankton from the Nile River water: laboratory study.
[Water Resources Manage.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(4):213-221.
Keywords: alum/ cyanobacteria/ lime alum/ microcystins/ phytoplankton/
removal/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ chemical treatment/ cyanobacteria/
blooms/ Nile River.

1785\. Mohamed, Z. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (2000). Seasonal variation
in microcystin levels of river Nile water at Sohag City, Egypt. [Ann.
Limnol.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(4):227-234. Keywords: Egypt/
microcystin/ Nile River.

1786\. Mohamed, Z. A.; Carmichael, W. W.; An, J. S.; and El-Sharouny, H.
M. (1999). Activated carbon removal efficiency of microcystins in an
aqueous cell extract of *Microcystis aeruginosa* and *Oscillatoria
tenuis* strains isolated from Egyptian freshwaters. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):197-201. Keywords: efficiency/
activated carbon removal/ microcystins/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Oscillatoria tenuis*/ Egyptian freshwaters.

1787\. Mohamed, Z. A.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Hussein, A. A. (2003).
Estimation of microcystins in the freshwater fish *Oreochromis
niloticus* in an Egyptian fish farm containing a *Microcystis* bloom.
[Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(2):137-141. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ microcystins/ fish/ accumulation/ Nile perch / protein
phosphatase inhibition/ linked-immunosorbent-assay/ peptide toxin/ brown
trout/ LR/ accumulation/ *aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxicity/ nodularins/
*Daphnia*/ *Oreochromis niloticus* / Egypt.

1788\. Mohan, M. and Mukerji, K. G. (1979). Some biologically active
extracellular products of blue-green algae. [Phykos]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(1/2):73-82. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ products/
*Cylindrospermum*/ *Anabaenopsis*/ *Anacystis*.

1789\. Mohapatro, P. C.; Mohapatro, S.; and Padhy, R. N. (1997).
Insecticides impair development and germination of akinetes of the
cyanobacterium *Anabaena doliolum.* [Fresen. Environ. Bull.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}(9-10):579-583. Keywords: *Anabaena doliolum*/
insecticidal/ akinetes.

1790\. Moikeha, S. N. and Chu, G. W. (1971). Dermatitis-producing alga
*Lyngbya majuscula* Gomont in Hawaii. II. Biological properties of the
toxic factor. [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}:8-13. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ dermatitis/ Hawaii/ biological
properties.

1791\. Moikeha, S. N.; Chu, G. W.; and Berger, L. R. (1971).
Dermatitis-producing alga *Lyngbya majuscula* Gomont in Hawaii. I.
Isolation and chemical characterization of the toxic factor. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}:4-8. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ dermatitis/ Hawaii/ isolation/ characterization.

1792\. Molica, R.; Onodera, H.; Garcia, C.; Rivas, M.; Andrinolo, D.;
Nascimento, S.; Meguro, H.; Oshima, Y.; Azevedo, S.; and Lagos, N.
(2002). Toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii* (Cyanophyceae) isolated from Tabocas reservoir in Caruaru,
Brazil, including demonstration of a new saxitoxin analogue.
[Phycologia]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(6):606-611. Keywords:
paralytic shellfish toxins/ *Aphanizomenon-flos-aquae*/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ Tabocas reservoir/ Caruaru, Brazil.

1793\. Molloy, L.; Wonnacott, S.; Gallagher, T.; Brough, P. A.; and
Livett, B. G. (1995). Anatoxin-a is a potent agonist of the nicotinic
acetylcholine-receptor of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. [Eur. J.
Pharmacol.: Mol. Pharmacol. Sec.]{.underline} [289]{.underline}
(3):447-453. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ bovine/ adrenal chromaffin cells/
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor/ neuronal type/ nicotinic receptor
agonist/ mecamylamine/ noradrenaline release/ adrenaline release.

1794\. Monserrat, J. M.; Yunes, J. S.; and Bianchini, A. (2001). Effects
of *Anabaena spiroides* (cyanobacteria) aqueous extracts on the
acetylcholinesterase activity of aquatic species. [Environ. Toxicol.
Chem.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(6):1228-1235. Keywords: neurotoxins/
acetylcholinesterase/ cyanobacteria/ *Anabaena spiroides*/ aquatic
species.

1795\. Moollan, R. W.; Rae, B.; and Verbeek, A. (1996). Some comments on
the determination of microcystin toxins in waters by high-performance
liquid chromatography. [Analyst]{.underline}
[121]{.underline}(2):233-238. Keywords: determination/ *Microcystis*/
toxins/ HPLC/ nodularin/ photodiode array detection/ microcystin
identification/ ultraviolet spectra/ solid-phase extraction.

1796\. Moon, S-S.; Chen, J-L.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L.
(1992). Calophycin, a fungicidal cyclic decapeptide from the terrestrial
blue-green alga *Calothrix fusca.* [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(4):1097-1103. Keywords: calophycin/ *Calothrix fusca*.

1797\. Moor, F. C. de and Scott, W. E. (1985). Digestion of *Microcystis
aeriginosa* by *Oreochromis mossambicus.* [J. Limnol. Soc. S.
Afr.]{.underline} [11]{.underline}(1):14-19. Keywords: digestion/
*Microcystis aeriginosa*/ *Oreochromis mossambicus*/ South Africa.

1798\. Moore, B. S. (1999). Biosynthesis of marine natural products:
microorganisms and microalgae. [Natural Product Rep.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(6):653-674. Keywords: marine natural products/
biosynthesis.

1799\. Moore, B. S.; Chen, J-L.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E.
(1990). \[7.7\] paracyclophanes from blue-green algae. [J. Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [112]{.underline}(10):4061-4063. Keywords:
paracyclophanes/ cytotoxins.

1800\. Moore, B. S.; Ohtani, I.; Koning, C. B. de; Moore, R. E.; and
Carmichael, W. W. (1992). Biosynthesis of anatoxin-a(s). Origin of the
carbons. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(44):6595-6598.
Keywords: anatoxin-a(s)/ biosynthesis.

1801\. Moore, G. T. (1900). Algae as a cause of the contamination of
drinking water. [Am. J. Pharmacy]{.underline} [72]{.underline}:25.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cyanobacteria/ drinking water.

1802\. Moore, R. E. (1981). Constituents of blue-green algae. In: P. J.
Scheuer (ed.) [Marine Natural Products: Chemical and Biological
Perspectives]{.underline}. Academic Press: New York, Vol. IV, pp. 1-52,
Ch. 1. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

1803\. Moore, R. E. (1992). Cyanobacterial toxins. [Abstr. Papers Am.
Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [203]{.underline}:482. Keywords: toxins/
cyanobacterial. (Meeting Abstract)

1804\. Moore, R. E. (1996). Cyclic peptides and depsipeptides from
cyanobacteria: a review. [J. Ind. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(2):134-143. Keywords: natural products/ hepatotoxins/
fungicides/ antitumor agents/ enzyme inhibitors/ cyclic peptides/
depsipeptides.

1805\. Moore, R. E. (1984). Public health and toxins from marine
blue-green algae. In: E. P. Ragelis (ed.) [Seafood Toxins]{.underline}.
American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., pp. 369-376. v. Symposium
Series 262. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ marine/ public health.

1806\. Moore, R. E. (1984). Structure-activity studies of
aplysiatoxin-type tumor promoters. In: H. Fujiki, E. Heeker, R. E.
Moore, T. Sugimura, and I. B. Weinstein (eds.) [Cellular Interactions by
Environmental Tumor Promoters]{.underline}. Japan Sci. Soc. Press,
Tokyo/VNU Science Press: Utrecht, pp. 49-57. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
aplysiatoxin/ tumor promoters.

1807\. Moore, R. E. (1982). Toxins, anticancer agents, and tumor
promoters from marine prokaryotes. [Pure Appl. Chem.]{.underline}
[54]{.underline}:1919-1934. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ marine/
pharmaceuticals/ products/ anticancer/ toxin.

1808\. Moore, R. E. (1977). Toxins from blue-green algae.
[Bioscience]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(12):797-802. Keywords:
cyanotoxins.

1809\. Moore, R. E. (1981). Toxins from marine blue-green algae. In: W.
W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and
Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 15-23. 491 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya*/ *Schizothrix*/ *Oscillatoria*/
lyngbyatoxin/ aplsiatoxin/ teleocidin/ dermatitis/ tumor promoter.

1810\. Moore, R. E.; Banarjee, S.; Bornemann, V.; Caplan, F. R.; Chen,
J-L.; Corley, D. G.; Larsen, L. K.; Moore, B. S.; Patterson, G. M. L.;
Paul, V. J.; Stewart, J. B.; and Williams, D. E. (1989). Novel
cytotoxins and fungicides from blue-green algae and marine animals
possessing algal symbionts. [Pure Appl. Chem.]{.underline}
[61]{.underline}(3):521-524. Keywords: cytotoxins/ fungicides/ algal
symbionts.

1811\. Moore, R. E.; Blackman, A. J.; Cheuk, C. E.; Mynderse, J. S.;
Matsumoto, G. K.; Clardy, J.; Woodard, R. W.; and Craig, J. C. (1984).
Absolute stereochemistries of the aplysiatoxins and oscillatoxin A. [J.
Org. Chem.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}:2484-2489. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ oscillatoxin/ structure/ stereochemistry.

1812\. Moore, R. E.; Bornemann, V.; Niemczura, W. P.; Gregson, J. M.;
Chen, J-L.; Norton, T. R.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Helms, G. L. (1989).
Puwainaphycin C, a cardioactive cyclic peptide from the blue-green alga
*Anabaena* BQ-16-1. Use of two-dimensional ^13^C-^13^C and ^13^C-^15^N
correlation spectroscopy in sequencing the amino acid units. [J. Am.
Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [111]{.underline}(16):6128-6132. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena*/ cardioactive/ mass spectrometry.

1813\. Moore, R. E.; Chen, J-L.; Moore, B. S.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and
Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Biosynthesis of microcystin-LR---origin of the
carbons in the Adda and Masp units. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[113]{.underline}(13):5083-5084. Keywords: biosynthesis/ microcystin-LR/
Adda/ Masp.

1814\. Moore, R. E.; Cheuk, C.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1984).
Hapalindoles: new alkaloids from the blue-green alga *Hapalosiphon
fontinalis.* [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[106]{.underline}:6456-6457. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Hapalosiphon*/
haplindoles/ alkaloids.

1815\. Moore, R. E.; Cheuk, C.; Yang, X-Q. G.; Patterson, G. M. L.;
Bonjouklian, R.; Smitka, T. A.; Mynderse, J. S.; Foster, R. S.; Jones,
N. D.; Swartzendruber, J. K.; and Deeter, J. B. (1987). Hapalindoles,
antibacterial and antimycotic alkaloids from the cyanophyte
*Hapalosiphon fontinali*s. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}(6):1036-1043. Keywords: cyano/ toxin/ marine/ products/
anticancer/ antibacterial/ *Hapalosiphon*/ hapalindoles/ antibacterial/
antimycotic/ alkaloids.

1816\. Moore, R. E.; Corbett, T. H.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Valeriote,
F. A. (1996). The search for new antitumor drugs from blue-green algae.
[Curr. Pharmaceut. Design]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(3):317-330.
Keywords: search/ antitumor drugs/ blue-green algae.

1817\. Moore, R. E. and Entzeroth, M. (1988). Majusculamide D and
deoxymajusculamide D, two cytotoxins from *Lyngbya majuscula.*
[Phytochem.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(10):3101-3103. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ marine/ *Lyngbya*/ cytotoxin/ antifungal/ HPLC.

1818\. Moore, R. E.; Ohtani, I.; Moore, B. S.; Koning, C. B. de;
Yoshida, W. Y.; Runnegar, M. T.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1993).
Cyanobacterial toxins. [Gazz. Chim. Ital.]{.underline}
[123]{.underline}(6):329-336. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ cyanobacterial.

1819\. Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1988).
New pharmaceuticals from cultured blue-green algae. In: D. G. Fautin
(ed.) [Biomedical Importance of Marine Organisms]{.underline}.
California Academy of Sciences: San Francisco, Vol. 13, pp. 143-150.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ pharmaceuticals/ marine/ products.

1820\. Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Entzeroth, M.; Morimoto, H.;
Suganuma, M.; Hakii, H.; Fujiki, H.; and Sugimura, T. (1986). Binding
studies of \[^3^H\]lyngbyatoxin A and \[^3^H\]debromoaplysiatoxin to the
phorbol ester receptor in a mouse epidermal particulate fraction.
[Carcinogenesis]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(4):641-644. Keywords:
cyano/ toxin/ *Lyngbya*/ lyngbyatoxin/ aplysiatoxin.

1821\. Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Mynderse, J. S.; Barchi Jr.,
J. J.; Norton, T. R; Furusawa, E.; and Furusawa, S. (1986). Toxins from
cyanophytes belonging to the Scytonemataceae. [Pure Appl.
Chem.]{.underline} [58]{.underline}(2):263-271. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Scytonema*/ cytotoxins.

1822\. Moore, R. E.; Yang, X-Q. G.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1987).
Fontonamide and anyhdrohapaloxindole A, two new alkaloids from the
blue-green alga *Hapalosiphon fontinalis.* [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}:3733-3777. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Hapalosiphon*/
fontonamide/ anyhdrohapaloxindole/ antifungal/ NMR.

1823\. Moorhead, G.; MacKintosh, C.; Morrice, N.; and Cohen, P. (1995).
Purification of the hepatic glycogen-associated form of protein
phosphatase 1 by microcystin-sepharose affinity chromatography. [FEBS
Lett.]{.underline} [362]{.underline}(2):101-105. Keywords: purification/
protein phosphatase 1/ chromatography.

1824\. Moorhead, G.; MacKintosh, R. W.; Morrice, N.; Gallagher, T.; and
MacKintosh, C. (1994). Purification of type-1 protein (serine/threonine)
phosphatases by microcystin-sepharose affinity-chromatography. [FEBS
Lett.]{.underline} [356]{.underline}(1):46-50. Keywords: purification/
phosphatases/ microcystin-sepharose affinity-chromatography.

1825\. Mori, T.; Gustafson, K. R.; Pannell, L. K.; Shoemaker, R. H.; Wu,
L.; McMahon, J. B.; and Boyd, M. R. (1998). Recombinant production of
cyanovirin-N, a potent human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating protein
derived from a cultured cyanobacterium. [Protein Expres.
Pur.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}(2):151-158. Keywords: production/
cyanovirin-N/ human immunodeficiency virus.

1826\. Mori, Y.; Kohchi, Y.; Noguchi, H.; Suzuki, M.; Carmeli, S.;
Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991). Isotactic
polymethoxy-1-aldenes from the terrestrial blue-green alga *Scytonema
ocellatum:* structure and synthesis. [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[47]{.underline}(27):4889-4904. Keywords: *Scytonema ocellatum*/
cytotoxins.

1827\. Mori, Y.; Kohchi, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and
Patterson, G. M. L. (1991). Isotactic polymethoxy-1-alkenes from
blue-green algae: synthesis and absolute stereochemistry. [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(2):631-637. Keywords: synthesis/
stereochemistry/ cytotoxins.

1828\. Mosulishvili, L. M.; Kirkesali, E. I.; Belokobylsky, A. I.;
Khizanishvili, A. I.; Frontasyeva, M. V.; Pavlov, S. S.; and Gundorina,
S. F. (2002). Experimental substantiation of the possibility of
developing selenium- and iodine-containing pharmaceuticals based on
blue-green algae *Spirulina platensis.* [J. Pharmaceut. Biomed.
Anal.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(1):87-97. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ *Spirulina platensis*/ selenium/ iodine/ neutron activation
analysis.

1829\. Mouchet, P. and Bonnélye, V. (1998). Solving algae problems:
French expertise and world-wide applications. [J. Water Supply Res.
Technol.--Aqua]{.underline} [47]{.underline}(3):125-141. Keywords: algae
problems/ French.

1830\. Muir, J. C.; Pattenden, G.; and Ye, T. (1998). A concise total
synthesis of (+)-curacin A, a novel cyclopropyl substituted thiazoline
from the cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(18):2861-2864. Keywords: synthesis/
curacin A/ *Lyngbya majuscula*.

1831\. Muir, J. C.; Pattenden, G.; and Ye, T. (2002). Total synthesis of
(+)-curacin A, a novel antimitotic metabolite from a cyanobacterium. [J.
Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1]{.underline}
[2002]{.underline}(20):2243-2250. Keywords: ascidian
lissoclinum-patella/ alpha-amino aldehydes/ curacin A/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ thioacylating agents/ natural product/ enantioselective
synthesis/ absolute configuration/ organoboron compounds/ secondary
alcohols.

1832\. Muittari, A.; Kuusisto, P.; Virtanen, P.; Sovijarvi, A.;
Gronroos, P.; Harmoinen, A.; Antila, P.; and Kellomaki, L. (1980). An
epidemic of extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by tap water. [Clin.
Allergy]{.underline} [10]{.underline}:77-90. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
allergic. (Finnish)

1833\. Muittari, A.; Rylander, R.; and Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (1980).
Endotoxin and bathwater fever. [Lancet]{.underline}
[II]{.underline}:C89. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ endotoxin/ bathwater fever.

1834\. Mulé, M. C. Z. de; Caire, G. Z. de; and Cano, M. M. S. de.
(1996). Bioactive substances from *Spirulina platensis* (cyanobacteria).
[Phyton--Int. J. Exp. Bot.]{.underline} [58]{.underline}(1-2):93-96.
Keywords: bioactive substances/ *Spirulina platensis* .

1835\. Mulé, M. C. Z. de; Caire, G. Z. de; Cano, M. M. S. de; and
Halperín, D. R. de. (1991). Bioactive compounds from *Nostoc muscorum*
(cyanobacteria). [Cytobios]{.underline} [66]{.underline}:169-172.
Keywords: bioactive compounds/ *Nostoc muscorum*/ cyanobacteria.

1836\. Mulhearn, C. J. (1959). Beware algae! They can poison livestock.
[J. Agric. S. Aust.]{.underline} [62]{.underline}(9):406-408. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ livestock poisoning.

1837\. Mulholland, M. R. and Capone, D. G. (2000). The nitrogen
physiology of the marine N-2-fixing cyanobacteria *Trichodesmium* spp*.*
[Trends Plant Sci.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(4):148-153. Keywords:
*Trichodesmium*/ north Atlantic Ocean/ dissolved organic nitrogen/
nonheterocystous cyanobacterium/ diazotrophiccyanobacteria/ glutamine
synthetase/ natural populations/ Pacific Ocean/ *Anabaena cylindrica*/
circadian rhythm/ gene expression.

1838\. Mullor, J. B. (1945). Toxic algae (Algas toxicas). [Rev. Sanid.,
Asist. Social Trabajo]{.underline} [1]{.underline}:95. Keywords:
cyanotoxin. (Spanish)

1839\. Mullor, J.B. and Wachs, A.M. (1950). Algas toxicas. In: [1948
Reports of the South American Congress of Chemistry]{.underline}.
Keywords: toxic algae. (Spanish)

1840\. Mullor, J. B. and Wachs, A. M. (1948). Some characteristics of
toxic alga *Anabaena venenosa* (Algunas caracteristicas del alga toxica
*Anabaena venenosa).* In: [Contreso Sudamericano Quimica, 4th Trabajos
Presentados]{.underline}. Vol. 1, pp. 326-327. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Anabaena venenosa*. (Spanish)

1841\. Mundt, S.; Effmert, U.; Granitzka, V.; Novotny, A.; and Teuscher,
E. (1991). Immunosuppressive substances from blue-green algae. [Agents
Actions]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(1-2):117-118. Keywords:
immunosuppressive substances/ blue-green algae.

1842\. Mundt, S.; Kreitlow, S.; and Jansen, R. (2003). Fatty acids with
antibacterial activity from the cyanobacterium *Oscillatoria redekei*
HUB 051. [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(2-3):263-267.
Keywords: alpha-dimorphecolic acid/ agar plate diffusion test/
antibacterial activity/ coriolic acid/ cyanobacteria/ hydroxy fatty
acids/ *Limnothrix redekei*/ minimal inhibition concentration/
*Oscillatoria redekei* .

1843\. Mundt, S. and Teuscher, E. (1988). Blue algae as a source of
pharmacologically active compounds (Blaualgen als quelle pharmakologish
aktiver verbindurgen). [Pharmazie]{.underline}
[43]{.underline}(12):809-815. Keywords: cytotoxins/ cyanotoxins.
(German)

1844\. Mundt, S. and Teuscher, E. (1987). Cyanobacteria, a source of
pharmacological-active compounds. [Pharmazie]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(3):218. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ pharmaceutical/
cytotoxins. (German --- Meeting Abstract)

1845\. Murakami, M.; Ishida, K.; Okino, T.; Okita, Y.; Matsuda, H.; and
Yamaguchi, K. (1995). Aeruginosins 98 A and B, trypsin inhibitors from
the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa* (NIES-98). [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(16):2785-2788. Keywords: trypsin
inhibitors/ *Microcystis aeruginosa* .

1846\. Murakami, M.; Kodani, S.; Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; and Yamaguchi,
K. (1997). Micropeptin 103, a chymotrypsin inhibitor from the
cyanobactrium *Microcystis viridis* (NIES-103). [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(17):3035-3038. Keywords: cytotoxins/
micropeptin/ *Microcystis viridis*.

1847\. Murakami, M.; Matsuda, H.; Makabe, K.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1991).
Oscillariolide, a novel macrolide from a blue-green alga *Oscillatoria*
sp. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(21):2391-2394.
Keywords: macrolide/ *Oscillatoria*.

1848\. Murakami, M.; Okita, Y.; Matsuda, H.; Okino, T.; and Yamaguchi,
K. (1994). Aeruginosin 298 A, a thrombin and trypsin inhibitor from the
blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa* (NIES 298). [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(19):3129-3132. Keywords:
aeruginosin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ thrombin inhibitor.

1849\. Murakami, M.; Shin, H. J.; Matsuda, H.; Ishida, K.; and
Yamaguchi, K. (1997). A cyclic peptide, anabaenopeptin-B, from the
cyanobacterium *Oscillatoria agardhii.* [Phytochem.]{.underline}
[44]{.underline}(3):449-452. Keywords: anabaenopeptin/ *Oscillatoria
agardhii*.

1850\. Murakami, M.; Sun, Q.; Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; Okino, T.; and
Yamaguchi, K. (1997). Microviridins, elastase inhibitors from the
cyanobacterium *Nostoc minutum* (NIES-26). [Phytochem.]{.underline}
[45]{.underline}(6):1197-1202. Keywords: microviridins/ *Nostoc
minutum*.

1851\. Murakami, M.; Suzuki, S.; Itou, Y.; Kodani, S.; and Ishida, K.
(2000). New anabaenopeptins, potent carboxypeptidase-A inhibitors from
the cyanobacterium *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(9):1280-1282. Keywords:
*Oscillatoria agardhii*/ cyclic peptides.

1852\. Murakami, N.; Imamura, H.; Sakakibara, J.; and Yamada, N. (1990).
Seven new monogalactosyl diacylglycerols isolated from the axenic
cyanobacterium *Phormidium tenue.* [Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(12):3497-3499. Keywords: axenic/ cyanobacterium/
*Phormidium tenue* / galactolipid/ monogalactosyl diacylglycerol/
enzymatic hydrolysis/ lipase/ lysis.

1853\. Murakami, N.; Morimoto, T.; Imamura, H.; Ueda, T.; Nagai, S.;
Sakakibara, J.; and Yamada, N. (1991). Studies on glycolipids. III.
Glyceroclycolipids from an axenically cultured cyanobacterium,
*Phormidium tenue.* [Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull.]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(9):2277-2281. Keywords: glyceroclycolipids/ *Phormidium
tenue*/ glycolipids.

1854\. Murakami, N.; Shirahashi, H.; Sakakibara, J.; and Tsuchida, Y.
(1992). A novel glyceroglycolipid from the nitrogen-fixing
cyanobacterium *Anabaena flos-aquae* f*. flos-aquae.* [Chem. Pharmaceut.
Bull.]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(1):285-287. Keywords:
glyceroglycolipid/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*.

1855\. Murata, H.; Shoji, H.; Oshikata, M.; Harada, K-I.; Suzuki, M.;
Kondo, F.; and Goto, H. (1995). High-performance liquid chromatography
with chemiluminescence detection of derivatized microcystins. [J.
Chromat. A]{.underline} [693]{.underline}(2):263-270. Keywords: HPLC/
microcystins/ detection.

1856\. Murphy, P. J. and Thomas, C. W. (2001). The synthesis and
biological activity of the marine metabolite cylindrospermopsin. [Chem.
Soc. Rev.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(5):303-312. Keywords:
cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin/ cultured rat hepatocytes/
Lake Kinneret/ hepatotoxin/ cylindrospermopsin/ *Aphanizomenon
ovalisporum*/ enantioselective synthesis/ *Umezakia natans raciborskii*/
toxicity/ toxins.

1857\. Murphy, R. C. and Stevens Jr., S. E. (1995). Development of a
cyanobacterial biolarvicide. [Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz]{.underline}
[90]{.underline}(1):109-113. Keywords: development/ cyanobacterial/
biolarvicide.

1858\. Murphy, T. (2003). Global perspectives and limitations of lake
restoration. In: M. Kumagai and W. F. Vincent, (eds.) [Freshwater
Management]{.underline}. Springer: Tokyo/New York, pp. 83-98. Keywords:
climate change/ atmospheric mercury/ algal blooms/ Great Lakes/
phosphorus/ water/ cyanobacteria/ sulfate/ eutrophication/ groundwater.

1859\. Murphy, T.; Lawson, A.; Nalewajko, C.; Murkin, H.; Ross, L.;
Oguma, K.; and McIntyre, T. (2000). Algal toxins --- initiators of avian
botulism? [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(5):558-567.
Keywords: algal toxins/ microcystins/ avian botulism/ *Clostridium*/
biogeochemistry.

1860\. Murphy, T. P.; Irvine, K.; Guo, J.; Davies, J.; Murkin, H.;
Charlton, M.; and Watson, S. B. (2003). New microcystin concerns in the
lower Great Lakes. [Water Quality Res. J. Canada]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(1):127-140. Keywords: microcystin/ *Microcystis*/
botulism/ algal toxins/ blue-green algae/ *Danio rerio*/ *Oscillatoria
agardhii*/ cyanobacteria/ LR/ water/ decomposition/ accumulation/
*aeruginosa*/ zebrafish/ Hamilton Harbour, Ontario.

1861\. Murphy, T. P.; Lean, D. R. S.; and Nalewajko, C. (1976).
Blue-green algae: their excretion of iron-selective chelators enables
them to dominate other algae. [Science]{.underline}
[192]{.underline}(28):900-903. Keywords: iron/ chelators/ dominance.

1862\. Murthy, J. R. and Capindale, J. B. (1970). A new isolation and
structure for the endotoxin from *Microcystis aeruginosa* NRC-1. [Can.
J. Biochem.]{.underline} [48]{.underline}(4):508-510. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ isolation/ structure.

1863\. Murthy, J. R.; Crompton, C. M.; Hainey, S.; Codd, G. A.; and
Hutchison, C. J. (1995). The role of protein phosphorylation in the
assembly of a replication competent nucleus: investigations in *Xenopus*
egg extracts using the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR. [J. Cell
Sci.]{.underline} [108]{.underline}:235-244. Keywords: role/ protein
phosphorylation/ microcystin-LR/ DNA replication/ nuclear assembly.

1864\. Mynderse, J. S. and Hunt, A. H. (1988). 57-normajusculamide C, a
minor cyclic depsipeptide isolated from *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [51]{.underline}(6):1299-1301. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ marine/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ antifungal/ NMR.

1865\. Mynderse, J. S. and Moore, R. E. (1978). Toxins from blue-green
algae: structures of oscillatoxin A and three related bromine-containing
toxins. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline} [43]{.underline}:2301-2303.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ oscillatoxin/ structure.

1866\. Mynderse, J. S.; Moore, R. E.; Kashiwagi, M.; and Norton, T. R.
(1977). Antileukemia activity in the Oscillatoriaceae: isolation of
debromoaplysiatoxin from *Lyngbya.* [Science]{.underline}
[196]{.underline}:538-540. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya*/
oscillatoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ antileukemia/ anticancer.

1867\. Naegeli, H.; Sahin, A.; Braun, U.; Hauser, B.; Mez, K.;
Hanselmann, K.; Preisig, H. R.; Bivetti, A.; and Eitel, J. (1997).
Sudden deaths of cattle on alpine pastures in South-eastern Switzerland.
[Schw. Arch. Tier.]{.underline} [139]{.underline}(5):201-209. Keywords:
cattle/ poisoning/ Switzerland. (German)

1868\. Nagai, H.; Satake, M.; Murata, M.; and Yasumoto, T. (1990).
Screening of marine phytoplankton for antifungal substances. In: E.
Granéli, B. Sundstrom, L. Edler, and D. Anderson, (eds.) [Toxic Marine
Phytoplankton]{.underline}. Elsevier Science Publishing: St. Louis,
Missouri. pp. 385-390. 554 pp. Proceedings of the Fourth International
Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. June 26-30, 1989; Lund,
Sweden. Keywords: cytotoxins/ marine.

1869\. Nagai, H.; Yasumoto, T.; and Hokama, Y. (1996). Aplysiatoxin and
debromoaplysiatoxin as the causative agents of a red alga: *Gracilaria
coronopifolia* poisoning in Hawaii. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(7):753-761. Keywords: aplysiatoxin/
debromoaplysiatoxin/ *Gracilaria coronopifolia*/ red algae/ Hawaii.

1870\. Nagashima, Y.; Noguchi, T.; and Hashimoto, K. (1989). Detection
of paralytic shellfish poisons by HPLC. In: S. Natori, K. Hashimoto, and
Y. Ueno, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins \'88, a Collection of
Invited Papers Presented at the 7th International IUPAC
Symposium]{.underline}. Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam,
Netherlands. 484 pp. Bioactive Molecules. Vol. 10. August 16-19, 1988;
Tokyo, Japan. Keywords: saxitoxins/ HPLC/ detection.

1871\. Nagata, S.; Soutome, H.; Tsutsumi, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Sekijima,
M.; Sugamata, M.; Harada, K-I.; Suganuma, M.; and Ueno, Y. (1995). Novel
monoclonal antibodies against microcystin and their protective activity
for hepatotoxicity. [Natural Toxins]{.underline} [3]{.underline}:78-86.
Keywords: *Microcystis*/ blue-green algae/ hepatocytes/ protein
phosphatase/ ELISA/ microcystin/ antibodies/ monoclonal/ hepatotoxicity.

1872\. Nagata, S.; Tsutsumi, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Watanabe, M. F.; and
Ueno, Y. (1995). Determination of microcystin in environmental water by
highly sensitive immunoassay. [Jap. J. Toxicol. Environ.
Health]{.underline} [41]{.underline}:10. Keywords: immunoassay/
microcystin. (Proc. 20th Symposium on Toxicology & Environ. Health,
Sept. 21-22, 1994, Tokyo, Japan)

1873\. Nagata, S.; Tsutsumi, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Yoshida, F.; Ueno, Y.;
and Watanabe, M. F. (1997). Enzyme-immunoassay for direct determination
of microcystins in environmental water. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem.
Int.]{.underline} [80]{.underline}(2):408-417. Keywords: microcystin/
immunoassay/ detection.

1874\. Nagata, S.; Tsutsumi, T.; Yoshida, F.; and Ueno, Y. (1999). A new
type sandwich immunoassay for microcystin---production of monoclonal
antibodies specific to the immune-complex formed by microcystin and an
anti-microcystin monoclonal antibody. [Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[7]{.underline}(2):49-55. Keywords: immunoassay/ microcystin/ monoclonal
antibody.

1875\. Nagatsu, A.; Kajitani, H.; and Sakakibara, J. (1995). Muscoride
A: a new oxazole peptide alkaloid from freshwater cyanobacterium *Nostoc
muscorum.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(23):4097-4100.
Keywords: muscoride A/ alkaloid/ *Nostoc muscorum*/ cytotoxin.

1876\. Nagle, D. G. and Gerwick, W. H. (1995). Nakienones A-C and
nakitriol, new cytotoxic cyclic C~11~ metabolites from an Okinawan
cyanobacterial *(Synechocystis* sp.) overgrowth of coral. [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(6):849-852. Keywords: cytotoxic
metabolites/ *Synechocystis* sp./ Okinawa/ coral.

1877\. Nagle, D. G. and Inderjit (2002). The chemistry and chemical
ecology of biologically active cyanobacterial metabolites. In: [Chemical
Ecology of Plants: Allelopathy in Aquatic and Terrestrial
Ecosystems]{.underline}. pp. 33-56. Keywords: ecology/ metabolites.

1878\. Nagle, D. G. and Paul, V. J. (1998). Chemical defense of a marine
cyanobacterial bloom. [J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.]{.underline}
[225]{.underline}(1):29-38. Keywords: marine/ cyanobacterial bloom/
chemical defense/ cytotoxins.

1879\. Nagle, D. G.; Sultana, G. N. N.; Schrader, K. K.; Hossain, C. F.;
Stanikunaite, R.; Hamann, M. T.; and Rajbhandari, I. (2003). Secondary
metabolites from plants and marine organisms as selective
anti-cyanobacterial agents. In: A. M. Rimando and K. K. Schrader (eds.)
[Off-Flavors in Aquaculture]{.underline}. American Chemical
Society/Oxford Univ. Press: Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 179-194. 268
pp. ACS Symposium Series. Keywords: seaweed chemical defenses/
blue-green alga/ absolute configuration/ *Fischerella muscicola*/
natural algicide/ udoteatrial hydrate/ *Scytonema hofmanni*/
photosystem-II/ herbivores.

1880\. Nagle, D. G. and Wedge, D. E. (2002). Antifungal properties of
cyanobacteria and algae: ecological and agricultural implications. In:
[Chemical Ecology of Plants: Allelopathy in Aquatic and Terrestrial
Ecosystems]{.underline}. pp. 7-32. Keywords: antifungal properties/
cytotoxins.

1881\. Nagle, D. G.; Zhou, Y-D.; Park, P. U.; Paul, V. J.; Rajbhandari,
I.; Duncan, C. J. G.; and Pasco, D. S. (2000). A new indanone from the
marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula* that inhibits hypoxia-induced
activation of the VEGF promoter in Hep3B cells. [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(10):1431-1436. Keywords:
*Schizothrix calcicola*/ symploca hydnoides/ metabolites/ analog/
*Lyngbya majuscula*/ cytotoxins.

1882\. Nakai, S.; Inoue, Y.; and Hosomi, M. (2001). Algal growth
inhibition effects and inducement modes by plant-producing phenols.
[Water Res.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(7):1855-1859. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ growth inhibition/ shikimate pathway/
autoxidation/ phenol/ polyphenol.

1883\. Nakai, S.; Inoue, Y.; Hosomi, M.; and Murakami, A. (2000).
*Myriophyllum spicatum* released allelopathic polyphenols inhibiting
growth of blue-green algae *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Water
Res.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(11):3026-3032. Keywords:
*Myriophyllum spicatum*/ allelochemical/ polyphenol/ synergistic growth
inhibition/ autoxidation/ blue-green algae.

1884\. Nakamura, C.; Kobayashi, T.; Miyake, M.; Shirai, M.; and Miyake,
J. (2001). Usage of a DNA aptamer as a ligand targeting microcystin.
[Mol. Crystals Liq. Crystals]{.underline} [371]{.underline}:369-374.
Keywords: DNA aptamer/ *in vitro* selection/ microcystin/ surface
plasmon resonance/ cyanobacterial toxins/ protein phosphatases/ binding/
selection.

1885\. Nakano, M.; Nakano, Y.; Saitotaki, T.; Mori, N.; Kojima, M.;
Ohtake, A.; and Shirai, M. (1989). Toxicity of *Microcystis aeruginosa*
K-139 strain. [Microbiol. Immunol.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(9):787-792. Keywords: toxicity/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ mice. (Technical Note)

1886\. Nakano, Y.; Shirai, M.; Mori, N.; and Nakano, M. (1991).
Neutralization of microcystin shock in mice by tumor necrosis factor
alpha antiserum. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(1):327-330. Keywords: microcystin shock/
neutralization/ mice/ antiserum/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1887\. Nakayasu, M.; Fujiki, H.; Mori, M.; Sugimura, T.; and Moore, R.
E. (1981). Teleocidin, lyngbyatoxin A and their hydrogenerated
derivatives, possible tumor promoters induce terminal differentiation in
HL-60 cells. [Cancer Lett.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}:271-277.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya*/ lyngbyatoxin/ tumor promoters.

1888\. Nalecz-Jawecki, G.; Tarczynska, M.; and Sawicki, J. (2002).
Evaluation of the toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water
reservoirs with microbiotests. [Fresen. Environ. Bull.]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(7):347-351. Keywords: microcystin/ cyanobacteria/
toxicity/ drinking water/ reservoirs/ Spirotox/ Thamnotoxkit F/
Daphtoxkit F.

1889\. Namera, A.; So, A.; and Pawliszyn, J. (2002). Analysis of
anatoxin-a in aqueous samples by solid phase microextraction coupled to
high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and
on-fiber derivatization. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline}
[963]{.underline}(1-2):295-302. Keywords: solid phase microextraction/
anatoxins/ toxins/ fluorometric detection/ mass spectrometry/
cyanobacteria.

1890\. Namikoshi, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sakai, R.; Jareserijman, E. A.;
Kaup, A. M; and Rinehart, K. L. (1993). 9-Deazaadenosine and its
5\'-alpha-D-glucopyranoside isolated from the cyanobacterium *Anabaena
affinis* strain VS-1. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[115]{.underline}(6):2504-2505. Keywords: *Anabaena affinis*/
cytotoxins.

1891\. Namikoshi, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sakai, R.; Jareserijman, E. A.;
Kaup, A. M.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1993). 9-deazaadenosine and its
5\'-alpha-d-glucopyranoside from the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga)
*Anabaena affinis* strain VS-1. [Abstr. Papers Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [205]{.underline}:252. Keywords: 9-deazaadenosine/
*Anabaena affinis*/ cytotoxins. (Meeting Abstract)

1892\. Namikoshi, M.; Choi, B. W.; Sakai, R.; Sun, F.; Rinehart, K. L.;
Carmichael, W. W.; Evans, W. R.; Cruz, P.; Munro, M. H. G.; and Blunt,
J. W. (1994). New nodularins: a general method for structure assignment.
[J. Org. Chem.]{.underline} [59]{.underline}:2349-2357. Keywords:
nodularins/ structure.

1893\. Namikoshi, M.; Choi, B. W.; Sun, F. R.; Rinehart, K. L.; Evans,
W. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1993). Chemical characterization and
toxicity of dihydro derivatives of nodularin and microcystin-LR, potent
cyanobacterial cyclic peptide hepatotoxins. [Chem. Res.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}(2):151-158. Keywords: nodularin/
microcystin-LR/ hepatotoxins.

1894\. Namikoshi, M.; Murakami, T.; Watanabe, M. F.; Oda, T.; Yamada,
J.; Tsujimura, S.; Nagai, H.; and Oishi, S. (2003). Simultaneous
production of homoanatoxin-a, antitoxin-a, and a new non-toxic
4-hydroxyhomoanatoxin-a by the cyanobacterium *Raphidiopsis
mediterranea* Skuja. [Toxicon]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(5):533-538.
Keywords: *Raphidiopsis mediterranea*/ homoanatoxin-a/
4-hydroxyhomoanatoxin-a/ antitoxin-a/ cyanobacterium/ neurotoxin/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ biosynthesis.

1895\. Namikoshi, M. and Rinehart, K. L. (1996). Bioactive compounds
produced by cyanobacteria. [J. Ind. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(5-6):373-384. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

1896\. Namikoshi, M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.;
and Carmichael, W. W. (1989). Total synthesis of Adda, the unique C~20~
amino acid of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(33):4349-4352. Keywords: synthesis/ Adda.

1897\. Namikoshi, M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Sakai, R.; Sivonen, K.; and
Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Structures of three new cyclic heptapeptide
hepatotoxins produced by the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) *Nostoc*
sp. strain 152. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[55]{.underline}(25):6135-6139. Keywords: structures/ cyclic
heptapeptide hepatotoxins/ *Nostoc*.

1898\. Namikoshi, M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Sakai, R.; Stotts, R. R.; Dahlem,
A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Evans, W. R. (1992).
Identification of 12 hepatotoxins from a Homer Lake bloom of the
cyanobacteria *Microcystis aeruginosa*, *Microcystis viridis,* and
*Microcystis wesenbergii:* nine new microcystins. [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [57]{.underline}(3):866-872. Keywords:
identification/ hepatotoxins/ Homer Lake, Illinois/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ *Microcystis viridis*/ *Microcystis wesenbergii*/
microcystins.

1899\. Namikoshi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.;
Rouhiainen, L.; Luukkainen, R.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Structures
of three new homotyrosine-containing microcystins and a new
homophenylalanine variant from *Anabaena* sp. strain 66. [Chem Res
Toxicol.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(5):661-666. Keywords: structure/
microcystins/ *Anabaena*.

1900\. Namikoshi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sun,
F.; Rouhiainen, L.; Luukkainen, R.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Two new
L-serine variants of microcystins-LR and -RR from *Anabaena* sp. strains
202 A1 and 202 A2. [Toxicon]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(11):1457-1464.
Keywords: microcystin-LR/ microcystin-RR/ *Anabaena*.

1901\. Namikoshi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Evans, W. R.; Sun, F.; Carmichael, W.
W.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Isolation and structures of microcystins
from a cyanobacterial water bloom (Finland). [Toxicon]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(11):1473-1479. Keywords: microcystins/ isolation/
structure/ Finland.

1902\. Namikoshi, M.; Sun, F. R.; Choi, B. W.; Rinehart, K. L.;
Carmichael, W. W.; Evans, W. R.; and Beasley, V. R. (1995). Seven more
microcystins from Homer Lake cells: application of the general method
for structure assignment of peptides containing α-β-dehydroamino acid
unit(s). [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}(12):3671-3679.
Keywords: microcystins/ Homer Lake/ Ilinois/ peptides.

1903\. Namikoshi, M.; Yuan, M.; Sivonen, K.; Carmichael, W. W.;
Rinehart, K. L.; Rouhiainen, L.; Sun, F.; Brittain, S.; and Otsuki, A.
(1998). Seven new microcystins possessing two L-Glutamic acid units,
isolated from *Anabaena* sp. strain 186. [Chem. Res.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [11]{.underline}(2):143-149. Keywords:
microcystins/ *Anabaena*.

1904\. Nandini, S. (2000). Responses of rotifers and cladocerans to
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (Cyanophyceae): a demographic study. [Aquat.
Ecol.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}:227-242. Keywords: responses/
rotifers/ cladocerans/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

1905\. Nandini, S.; Sarma, S. S. S.; and Ramirez-Garcia, P. (2000). Life
table demography and population growth of *Daphnia* *laevis*
*(Cladocera*, *Anomopoda)* under different densities of *Chlorella
vulgaris* and *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Crustaceana]{.underline}
[73]{.underline}(10):1273-1286. Keywords: toxic cyanobacterium/
zooplankton/ rotifers/ food/ *Chlorella vulgaris*/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*.

1906\. Naseem, S. M.; Hines, H. B.; and Creasia, D. A. (1990).
Inhibition of microcystin-induced release of cyclooxygenase products
from rat hepatocytes by anti-inflammatory steroids. [Proc. Soc. Exp.
Biol. Med.]{.underline} [195]{.underline}(3):345-349. Keywords:
inhibition/ microcystin/ cyclooxygenase products release/ rat
hepatocytes/ steroids.

1907\. Naseem, S. M.; Mereish, K. A.; Solow, R.; and Hines, H. B.
(1991). Microcystin-induced activation of prostaglandin synthesis and
phospholipid metabolism in rat hepatocytes. [Toxicol. *in
Vitro*]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(4):341-345. Keywords: microcystin/
activation/ prostaglandin/ phospholipid/ rat hepatocytes.

1908\. Navrátil, S.; Palíkova, M.; and Vajcova, V. (1998). The effects
of pure microcystin-LR and biomass of blue-green on blood indices of
carp *(Cyprinus carpio* L.). [Acta Vet. Brno]{.underline}
[67]{.underline}(4):273-279. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ biomass/ blood/
carp/ *Cyprinus carpio* L.

1909\. Negri, A.; Llewellyn, L.; Doyle, J.; Webster, N.; Frampton, D.;
and Blackburn, S. (2003). Paralytic shellfish toxins are restricted to
few species among Australia\'s taxonomic diversity of cultured
microalgae. [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(4):663-667.
Keywords: saxitoxin/ screen/ diversity/ microalgae/ paralytic shellfish
toxin/ radioreceptor assays/ *Anabaena circinalis*/ sodium channel/
cyanobacterium/ saxiphilin/ saxitoxin/ receptor/ poisons/ waters/ HPLC/
Australia.

1910\. Negri, A. P. and Jones, G. J. (1995). Bioaccumulation of
paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins from the cyanobacterium
*Anabaena circinalis* by the freshwater mussel *Alathyria condola.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(5):667-678. Keywords:
bioaccumulation/ PSP/ *Anabaena circinalis*/ mussel/ *Alathyria
condola*.

1911\. Negri, A. P.; Jones, G. J.; and Blackburn, S. (1998). Paralytic
shellfish toxins in Australian strains of the freshwater cyanobacterium
*Anabaena circinalis.* In: B. Reguera, J. Blanco, M^a.^ L. Fernández,
and T. Wyatt, [Harmful Algae]{.underline}. Xunta de Galicia
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO: Galicia, Spain.
pp. 345-348. 635 pp. Proceedings of the VIII^th^ International
Conference on Harmful Algae. June 25-29, 1997; Vigo, Spain. Keywords:
PSP toxins/ PST/ *Anabaena circinalis*/ Australia.

1912\. Negri, A. P.; Jones, G. J.; Blackburn, S. I.; Oshima, Y.; and
Onodera, H. (1997). Effect of culture and bloom development and of
sample storage on paralytic shellfish poisons in the cyanobacterium
*Anabaena circinalis.* [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(1):26-35. Keywords: *Anabaena circinalis*/
cyanobacteria/ neurotoxin/ paralytic shellfish poison/ PSP toxins/
saxitoxin.

1913\. Negri, A. P.; Jones, G. J.; and Hindmarsh, M. (1995). Sheep
mortality associated with paralytic shellfish poisons from the
cyanobacterium *Anabaena circinalis.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(10):1321-1329. Keywords: sheep mortality/ PSP/
paralytic shellfish poisons/ *Anabaena circinalis*.

1914\. Nehring, S. (1991). Lethal effects of a *Nodularia spumigena*
bloom at the North Sea coast. [Red Tide Newsl.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}(2&3):8-9. Keywords: *Nodularia spumigena*/ North Sea.

1915\. Nehring, S. (1993). Mortality of dogs associated with a mass
development of *Nodularia spumigena* (Cyanophyceae) in a brackish lake
at the German North Sea coast. [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(7):867-872. Keywords: mortality/ dogs/ brackish lake/
North Sea/ German coast/ *Nodularia spumigena*.

1916\. Nehring, S. (1991). Toxic algae --- the cyanophycee *Nodularia
spumigena.* [Mikrokosmos]{.underline} [80]{.underline}:321-327.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia spumigena*.

1917\. Neiger, R. D.; Johnson, T. J.; Hurley, D. J.; Higgins, K. F.;
Rottinghaus, G. E.; and Stahr, H. (1994). The short-term effect of low
concentrations of dietary anatoxin and T-2 toxin on mallard ducklings.
[Avian Dis.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(4):738-743. Keywords:
anatoxin/ effect/ mallard ducklings.

1918\. Neilan, B. A. (1995). Identification and phylogenetic analysis of
toxigenic cyanobacteria by multiplex randomly amplified polymorphic DNA
PCR. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[61]{.underline}(6):2286-2291. Keywords: identification/ analysis/
polymorphic DNA.

1919\. Neilan, B. A.; Cox, P. T.; Hawkins, P. R.; and Goodman, A. E.
(1994). 16S ribosomal-RNA gene sequence and phylogeny of toxic
*Microcystis* sp. (cyanobacteria). [DNA Seq.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}(5):333-337. Keywords: gene sequence/ toxic/
*Microcystis*.

1920\. Neilan, B. A.; Dittmann, E.; Rouhiainen, L.; Bass, R. A.; Schaub,
V.; Sivonen, K.; and Börner, T. (1999). Nonribosomal peptide synthesis
and toxigenicity of cyanobacteria. [J. Bacteriol.]{.underline}
[181]{.underline}(13):4089-4097. Keywords: nonribosomal peptide
synthesis/ cyanotoxins.

1921\. Neilan, B. A.; Jacobs, D.; Deldot, T.; Blackall, L. L.; Hawkins,
P. R.; Cox, P. T.; and Goodman, A. E. (1997). Ribosomal-RNA sequences
and evolutionary relationships among toxic and nontoxic cyanobacteria of
the genus *Microcystis.* [Int. J. Sys Bacteriol.]{.underline}
[47]{.underline}(3):693-697. Keywords: *Microcystis*/ ribosomal-RNA/
sequences.

1922\. Neilan, B. A.; Jacobs, D.; and Goodman, A. E. (1995). Genetic
diversity and phylogeny of toxic cyanobacteria determined by DNA
polymorphisms within the phycocyanin locus. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(11):3875-3883. Keywords:
genetic diversity/ phylogeny/ DNA.

1923\. Neilan, B. A.; Saker, M. L.; Fastner, J.; Torokne, A.; and Burns,
B. P. (2003). Phylogeography of the invasive cyanobacterium
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.* [Mol. Ecol.]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(1):133-140. Keywords: biogeography/ cyanobacteria/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ human health/ PCR-fingerprinting/
toxins/ molecular characterization/ northern Australia/ Palm Island/
Queensland/ DNA/ PCR/ identification/ Cyanophyceae/ *Nostocales*.

1924\. Nekles, H. A.; Wetzel, R. L.; and Orth, R. J. (1993). Relative
effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing on epiphyte-macrophyte
*(Zostera marina* L.) dynamics. [Oecologia]{.underline}
[93]{.underline}:285-295. Keywords: epiphyte/ *Zostera marina*/ nutrient
enrichment.

1925\. Nelson, N. P. B. (1903). Observations upon some algae which cause
\"water bloom\". [Minn. Botan. Ser. IV]{.underline}
[3]{.underline}:51-56. Keywords: observations/ algae/ waterbloom.

1926\. Neogy, B. P. and Kachroo, P. (1956). Observations on association
of blue-green algae with *Anophelies.* [Proceedings & Papers of the
24thAnnual Conference of the California Mosquito Control
Association]{.underline}. Department of Agriculture: pp. 50-52. January
16-18, 1956; Stockton, California. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anophelies*.

1927\. Neumann, U.; Campos, V.; Cantarero, S.; Urrutia, H.; Heinze, R.;
Weckesser, J.; and Erhard, M. (2000). Co-occurrence of non-toxic
(cyanopeptolin) and toxic (microcystin) peptides in a bloom of
*Microcystis sp.* from a Chilean Lake. [System. Appl.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(2):191-197. Keywords:
cyanopeptolin/ enzyme inhibition/ *Microcystis*/ peptides/ microcystin/
bloom/ cyanobacteria/ Lake Tres Pascualas, Chile/ MALDI-TOF.

1928\. Neumann, U. and Weckesser, J. (1998). Elimination of microcystin
peptide toxins from water by reverse osmosis. [Environ. Toxicol. Water
Qual.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(2):143-148. Keywords: microcystin
toxins/ elimination/ reverse osmosis.

1929\. Neumdorfer, J. V. and Kemp, W. M. (1993). Nitrogen versus
phosphorus enrichment of brackish water: responses of the submerged
plant *Potamogeton perfoliatus* and its associated algal community.
[Mar. Ecol.--Prog. Ser.]{.underline} [94]{.underline}:71-82. Keywords:
nitrogen/ phosphorus/ nutrient enrichment/ *Potamogeton perfoliatus*.

1930\. Newcombe, G. (2002). [Removal of Algal Toxins from Drinking Water
using Ozone and GAC]{.underline}. AWWA Res. Found. & AWWA: Denver, CO.
133 pp. Keywords: removal/ algal toxins/ drinking water.

1931\. Newcombe, G.; Cook, D.; Brooke, S.; Ho, L.; and Slyman, N.
(2003). Treatment options for microcystin toxins: similarities and
differences between variants. [Environ. Technol.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(3):299-308. Keywords: water treatment/ microcystins/
activated carbon/ algal toxins .

1932\. Newcombe, G. and Nicholson, B. (2002). Treatment options for the
saxitoxin class of cyanotoxins. [3rd World Water Congress: Drinking
Water Treatment]{.underline}. Vol 2, Issue 5-6, pp. 271-275. Keywords:
algal toxins/ blue-green algae/ drinking water treatment/ saxitoxins.

1933\. Newcombe, N. J. and Simpkins, N. S. (1995). A concise asymmetric
synthesis of (-)-anatoxin-a using an enantioselective enolization
strategy. [J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comp.]{.underline}(8):831-832. Keywords:
synthesis/ anatoxin-a/ enantioselective enolization.

1934\. Newell, S. W.; Perchellet, E. M.; Gao, X. M.; Chen, G.; and
Perchellet, J. P. (1996). Ability of okadaic acid and other protein
phosphatase inhibitors to mimic the stimulatory effects of
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on hydroperoxide production in
mouse epidermis *in vivo.* [Cancer Lett.]{.underline}
[98]{.underline}(2):241-251. Keywords: protein phosphatase inhibitors/
mimic/ effects/ hydroperoxide production/ mouse epidermis/ *in vivo*/
okadaic acid/ calyculin A/ tumor promotion.

1935\. Newman, J. R. and Barrett, P. R. F. (1993). Control of
*Microcystis aeruginosa* by decomposing barley straw. [J. Aquat. Plant
Manage.]{.underline} [31]{.underline}:203-206. Keywords: control/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ barley straw/ blue-green algae/ growth
inhibition.

1936\. Nhoato, A.; Vassilieff, I.; and Azevedo, S. M. F. O. (2001).
Assay for toxicity of *Microcystis* spp. bloom collected in Jurumirim
Dam, town of Itai - SP, Brazil. [Toxicology]{.underline}
[164]{.underline}(1-3 Suppl.):183. Keywords: *Microcystis*/ Brazil/
Jurumirim Dam.

1937\. Nhoato, A.; Vassilieff, I.; and Azevedo, S. M. F. O. (2001).
Preventive treatment for intoxication by *Microcystis* spp. collected in
Jurumirim Dam, town of Itai-SP, Brazil. [Toxicology]{.underline}
[164]{.underline}(1-3 Suppl.):44. Keywords: *Microcystis*/ Brazil/
Jurumirim Dam.

1938\. Nicholson, B. C. and Burch, M. D. [Evaluation of Analytical
Methods for Detection and Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Relation to
Australian Drinking Water Guidelines]{.underline}. Australian
Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment: Salisbury,
South Australia. 57 pp. Keywords: analytical methods/ detection/
quantification/ cyanotoxins/ drinking water/ guidelines/ Australia.

1939\. Nicholson, B. C.; Rositano, J.; and Burch, M. D. (1994).
Destruction of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins by chlorine and
chloramine. [Water Res.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(6):1297-1303.
Keywords: hepatotoxins/ chlorine/ chloramine/ decomposition.

1940\. Nicholson, B. C.; Shaw, G. R.; Morrall, J.; Senogles, P-J.;
Woods, T. A.; Papageorgiou, J.; Kapralos, C.; Wickramasinghe, W.; Davis,
B. C.; Eaglesham, G. K.; and Moore, M. R. (2003). Chlorination for
degrading saxitoxins (paralytic shellfish poisons) in water. [Environ.
Technol.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(11):1341-1348. Keywords:
cyanobacterial toxins/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ removal/ water
treatment/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ degradation.

1941\. Nicholson, R. A.; Li, G. H.; Buenaventura, E.; and Graham, D.
(2002). A rapid and sensitive assay for paralytic shellfish poison (PSP)
toxins using mouse brain synaptoneurosomes. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}(6):831-838. Keywords: PSP toxin assay/ saxitoxins/ CD1
mouse brain synaptoneurosomes/ membrane potential/ rhodamine 6G.

1942\. Niemi, R. M.; Knuth, S.; and Lundstrom, K. (1982). Actinomycetes
and fungi in surface waters and in potable water. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [43]{.underline}(2):378-388. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ fungi/ actinomycetes/ surface waters/ potable water.

1943\. Nishibe, Y.; Kawabata, Z.; and Nakano, S. (2002). Grazing on
*Microcystis aeruginosa* by the heterotrophic flagellate *Collodictyon
triciliatum* in a hypertrophic pond. [Aquat. Microbial
Ecol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(2):173-179. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ heterotrophic flagellate/ *Collodictyon triciliatum*/
digestion/ grazing rate.

1944\. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R.; Fujiki, H.; Harada, K.; Taylor, C.; and
Quinn, R. J. (1992). The role of arginine in interactions of
microcystins with protein phosphatase 1 and phosphatase 2A. [Bioorg.
Medicinal Chem. Lett.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(7):673-676. Keywords:
microcystisn/ protein phosphatase/ arginine/ PP1/ PP2A.

1945\. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R.; Nishiwaki, S.; Ohta, T.; Yoshizawa, S.;
Suganuma, M.; Harada, K-I.; Watanabe, M. F.; and Fujiki, H. (1991).
Structure-function relationships of microcystins, liver tumor promoters,
in interaction with protein phosphatase. [Jap. J. Cancer
Res.]{.underline} [82]{.underline}(9):993-996. Keywords: microcystins/
structure-function relationships/ protein phosphatase 2A/ liver tumor
promoter/ 6(Z)-Adda microcystin.

1946\. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R.; Ohta, T.; Nishiwaki, S.; Suganuma, M.;
Kohyama, K.; Ishikawa, T.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Fujiki, H. (1992).
Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin
microcystin-LR. [J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol.]{.underline}
[118]{.underline}:420-424. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ tumor promotion.

1947\. Nishiwaki, R.; Ohta, T.; Sueoka, E.; Suganuma, M.; Harada, K.;
Watanabe, M. F.; and Fujiki, H. (1994). Two significant aspects of
microcystin-LR: specific binding and liver specificity. [Cancer
Lett.]{.underline} [83]{.underline}(1-2):283-289. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ specific binding/ liver specificity.

1948\. Nishiwaki, S.; Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Nishiwaki-Matsushima,
R.; and Sugimura, T. (1991). Rapid purification of protein phosphatase
2A from mouse brain by microcystin-affinity chromatography. [FEBS
Lett.]{.underline} [279]{.underline}(1):115-118. Keywords: protein
phosphatase 2A/ microcystin/ affinity chromatography.

1949\. Nishizawa, T.; Asayama, M.; Fujii, K.; Harada, K.; and Shirai, M.
(1999). Genetic analysis of the peptide synthetase genes for a cyclic
heptapeptide microcystin in *Microcystis* spp. [J. Biochem.]{.underline}
[126]{.underline}(3):520-529. Keywords: microcystin/ *Microcystis* sp./
genetic analysis/ peptide/ synthetase genes.

1950\. Nishizawa, T.; Asayama, M.; and Shirai, M. (2001). Cyclic
heptapeptide microcystin biosynthesis requires the glutamate racemase
gene. [Microbiology--SGM]{.underline} [147]{.underline}(5):1235-1241.
Keywords: amino acid racemase/ cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis*/ peptide
synthetase gene/ microcystin biosynthesis.

1951\. Nishizawa, T.; Ueda, A.; Asayama, M.; Fujii, K.; Harada, K.;
Ochi, K.; and Shirai, M. (2000). Polyketide synthase gene coupled to the
peptidesynthetase module involved in the biosynthesis of the cyclic
heptapeptide microcystin. [J. Biochem.]{.underline}
[127]{.underline}(5):779-789. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin
biosynthesis/ multifunctional enzyme complex/ peptide synthetase gene/
polyketide synthase gene.

1952\. Nivsarkar, M.; Acharya, J.; Rao, P. V. L.; and Kaushik, M. P.
(2002). Simultaneous detection of anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR from
cyanobacterial strains using high-performance liquid chromatography and
LC-ESI-MS method. [Indian J. Chem. Section A---Inorg. Bio-Inorg.
Physical Theoret. Analyt. Chem.]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(9):1867-1870. Keywords: *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
anatoxin-a/ microcystin-LR/ mass spectrometry/ toxins/ algae/ water.

1953\. Nivsarkar, M. and Kaushik, M. P. (2002). Liquid chromatography
determination and LC-ESI-MS analysis of microcystin-LR from PCC strains
of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Liq. Chromat. Related
Technol.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(6):865-875. Keywords: toxins/
microcystin-LR/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ liquid chromatography.

1954\. Nizan, S.; Dimentman, C.; and Shilo, M. (1986). Acute toxic
effects of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* on *Daphnia
magna.* [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(3):497-502.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*.

1955\. Nobre, A. C. L.; Coelho, G. R.; Coutinho, M. C. M.; Silva, M. M.
M.; Angelim, E. V.; Menezes, D. B.; Fonteles, M. C.; and Monteiro, H. S.
A. (2001). The role of phospholipase A(2) and cyclooxygenase in renal
toxicity induced by microcystin-LR. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(5):721-724. Keywords: microcistin-LR/ perfused kidney/
dexamethasone/ indomethacin.

1956\. Nobre, A. C. L.; Coutinho, M. C. M.; Silva, M. M. M.; Fonteles,
M. C.; and Monteiro, H. S. (1998). Determination of the acute toxicity,
study of the renal alterations and histopathologic evaluation of the
effects of the microcystin. [Naunyn-Schmied. Arch.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [358]{.underline}(1):P557. Keywords:
microcystin/ determination/ acute toxicity. (Meeting Abstract)

1957\. Nobre, A. C. L.; Jorge, M. C. M.; Menezes, D. B.; Fonteles, M.
C.; and Monteiro, H. S. A. (1999). Effects of microcystin-LR in isolated
perfused rat kidney. [Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(8):985-988. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ kidney/ perfused
kidney.

1958\. Nobre, A. C. L.; Martins, A. M. C.; Havt, A.; Benevides, C.;
Lima, A. A. M.; Fonteles, M. C.; and Monteiro, H. S. A. (2003). Renal
effects of supernatant from rat peritoneal macrophages activated by
microcystin-LR: role protein mediators. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(3):377-381. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ macrophages/
kidney/ rat.

1959\. Noda, K.; Shimohigashi, Y.; and Izumiya, N. (1983).
α-β-dehydroamino acids and peptides. In: [The Peptides]{.underline}.
Academic Press:Vol. 5, pp. 285-339, Ch. 5. Keywords: α-β-dehydroamino
acids/ peptides/ microcystins.

1960\. Nogle, L. M. and Gerwick, W. H. (2002). Somocystinamide A, a
novel cytotoxic disulfide dimer from a Fijian marine cyanobacterial
mixed assemblage. [Org. Lett.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}(7):1095-1098.
Keywords: *Lyngbya majuscula*/ natural products/ agent/ cytotoxin.

1961\. Nogle, L. M.; Okino, T.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2001). Antillatoxin
B, a neurotoxic lipopeptide from the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya
majuscula.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[64]{.underline}(7):983-985. Keywords: ichthyotoxic cyclic lipopeptide/
kalkitoxin/ revision/ toxins/ cytotoxin.

1962\. Noguchi, H.; Aoyama, T.; and Shioiri, T. (1997). Determination of
the absolute configuration and total synthesis of radiosumin, a trypsin
inhibitor from a freshwater blue-green alga. [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(16):2883-2886. Keywords: radiosumin/
trypsin inhibitor/ cytotoxin.

1963\. Noguchi, H.; Aoyama, T.; and Shioiri, T. (2002). Total synthesis
and absolute configuration of radiosumin, a strong trypsin inhibitor
from the blue-green alga *Plectonema radiosum.*
[Heterocycles]{.underline} [58]{.underline}:471-504. Keywords:
dipeptide/ hetero Diels-Alder reaction/ unusual amino acid/ *Plectonema
radiosum*.

1964\. Nonneman, D. and Zimba, P. V. (2002). A PCR-based test to assess
the potential for microcystin occurrence in channel catfish production
ponds. [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(1):230-233. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ *Microcystis*/ PCR/ toxin.

1965\. Noronha, I. L.; Schor, N.; Coelho, S. N.; Jorgetti, V.; Romao, J.
E.; Zatz, R.; and Burdmann, E. A. (1997). Nephrology, dialysis and
transplantation in Brazil. [Nephrol. Dial. Transpl..]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(11):2234-2243. Keywords: dialysis/ nephrology/
microcystins.

1966\. Norris, R. L.; Seawright, A. A.; Shaw, G. R.; Senogles, P.;
Eaglesham, G. K.; Smith, M. J.; Chiswell, R. K.; and Moore, M. R.
(2002). Hepatic xenobiotic metabolism of cylindrospermopsin *in vivo* in
the mouse. [Toxicon]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(4):471-476. Keywords:
metabolism/ cylindrospermopsin/ mouse.

1967\. Nowotny, A.; Mentel, R.; Wegner, U.; Mundt, S.; and Lindequist,
U. (1997). Antiviral activity of an aqueous extract of the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Phytotherapy Res.]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(2):93-96. Keywords: antiviral activity/ *Microcystis*.

1968\. NSW Blue-Green Algae Task Force (1992). [Final Report of the New
South Wales Blue-Green Algae Task Force]{.underline}. Department of
Water Resources: Parramatta, Australia. 159 pp. Keywords: report/ algae/
New South Wales.

1969\. Núñez, P. E. and Scoging, A. C. (1997). Comparison of a protein
phosphatase inhibition assay, HPLC assay and enzyme-linked
immunosorbentassay with the mouse bioassay for the detection of
diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in European shellfish. [Int. J.
Food Microbiol.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(1):39-48. Keywords: DSP
toxins/ HPLC/ protein phosphatase inhibition assay/ PPIA/ okadaic acid/
DTX-1/ shellfish.

1970\. Nürnberg, G. K.; LaZerte, B. D.; and Olding, D. D. (2003). An
artificially induced *Planktothrix rubescens* surface bloom in a small
kettle lake in southern Ontario compared to blooms world-wide. [Lake
Reservoir Manage.]{.underline} [19]{.underline}(4):307-322. Keywords:
toxic/ *Planktothrix rubescens*/ blooms/ Ontario kettle lake/
eutrophication/ artificial destratification/ hypolimnetic aeration.

1971\. Nygård, J.J. (1977). Toksiske blagronnalger i ferskvann. In:
[Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning, Arbok 1976]{.underline}. NIVA: Oslo.
17-24 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

1972\. Nygård, S.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1989).
Tritium-labelled and fluorescent derivatives of cyanobacterial peptide
toxins. In: [10^th^ Annual Symposium Finnish Society
Toxicology]{.underline}. May 19-20, 1989; Åbo Akadami, Turku, Finland.
Keywords: microcystins/ labeling/ fluorescent. (Poster)

1973\. O\'Brien, E.; Altheimer, S.; Kreke, N.; and Dietrich, D. R.
(2003). Teratogenicity of cyanobacterial extracts to FETAX embryos.
[Toxicol. Sci.]{.underline} [72]{.underline}(1 Suppl):246. Keywords:
embryos/ terotogenicity/ cyanobacterial extracts.

1974\. O\'Donnell, M. E.; Sanvoisin, J.; and Gani, D. J. (2001).
Serine-threonine protein phosphatase inhibitors derived from nodularin:
role of the 2-methyl and 3-diene groups in the Adda residue and the
effect of macrocyclic conformational restraint. [J. Chem. Soc., Perkin
Trans. 1]{.underline} [2001]{.underline}(14):1696-1708. Keywords:
microcystin toxin structures/ asymmetric synthesis/ phosphorylation/
specificity/ derivatives/ analog/ design.

1975\. O\'Donoghue, J. G. and Wilton, G. S. (1951). Algal poisoning in
Alberta. [Can. J. Comp. Med.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(8):193-198.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Alberta/ Canada.

1976\. O\'Flaherty, L. M. and Phinney, H. K. (1970). Requirements for
the maintenance and growth of *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* in culture. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}(1):95-97. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
culture/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*.

1977\. Oberemm, A. (2001). Effects of cyanotoxins on early life stages
of fish and amphibians. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp.
240-248. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ fish toxicity/ amphibians.

1978\. Oberemm, A. (2001). A fish-embryo bioassay for the assessment of
cyanobacterial toxicity. In: I. Chorus, (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp.
339-343. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ bioassay/ fish embryo.

1979\. Oberemm, A.; Becker, J.; Codd, G. A.; and Steinberg, C. (1999).
Effects of cyanobacterial toxins and aqueous crude exracts of
cyanobacteria on the development of fish and amphibians. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):77-88. Keywords: development/
fish/ amphibians/ cyanotoxins.

1980\. Oberemm, A.; Fastner, J.; and Steinberg, C. E. (1997). Effects of
microcystin-LR and cyanobacterial crude extracts on embryo-larval
development of zebrafish *(Danio rereio).* [Water Res.]{.underline}
[31]{.underline}(11):2918-2921. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ *Danio
rereio*/ fish toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ zebrafish.

1981\. Ochumba, P. B. O. (1987). Algal blooms and fish deaths in Lake
Victoria. In: [International Symposium Red Tides]{.underline}. November
10-14, 1987; Takamatsu, Japan. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lake Victoria/ fish
deaths. (Abstract)

1982\. Ochumba, P. B. O. (1990). Massive fish kills within the Nyanza
Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[208]{.underline}(1-2):93-99. Keywords: fish kills/ Nyanza Gulf/ Lake
Victoria/ Kenya.

1983\. Oehrle, S. A. and Westrick, J. (2002). Analysis of various
cyanobacterial toxins by LC-MS. [LC-GC Europe]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(11):728-730,732-733. Keywords: performance liquid
chromatography/ mass spectrometry/ screening method/ anatoxin-a/
microcystins/ peptide/ LR/ RR/ YR.

1984\. Oehrle, S. A. and Westrick, J. (2003). Analysis of various
cyanobacterial toxins by LC-MS. [LC-GC N. Am.]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}(7):634,636,638-640. Keywords: performance liquid
chromatography/ mass spectrometry/ screening method/ microcystins/
samples/ water/ algae/ LC-MS.

1985\. Oehrle, S. A. and Westrick, J. (2002). Analysis of various
cyanobacterial toxins by LC-MS \[Correction for 2002, 15:729\]. [LC-GC
Europe]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(12):772. Keywords: toxin analysis/
LC-MS.

1986\. Official Methods of Analysis of the Assoc. of Official Anal.
Chem. (1975). Paralytic shellfish poison. Biological Method (28) -
Official Action. In: [Official Methods of Analysis]{.underline}. Vol.
12, pp. 319-321. Keywords: analysis/ PSP.

1987\. Ogata, T.; Sato, S.; and Kodama, M. (1989). Paralytic shellfish
toxins in bivalves which are not associated with dinoflagellates.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(11):1241-1244. Keywords:
paralytic shellfish toxins/ bivalves. (Short Communication)

1988\. Oh, C. Y.; Kim, K. S.; and Ham, W. H. (1998). A formal total
synthesis of (±)-anatoxin-a by an intramolecular PD-catalyzed
aminocarbonylation reaction. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(15):2133-2136. Keywords: synthesis/ anatoxin-a/
aminocarbonylation reaction.

1989\. Oh, H. M.; Lee, S. J.; Kim, J. H.; Kim, H. S.; and Yoon, B. D.
(2001). Seasonal variation and indirect monitoring of microcystin
concentrations in Daechung Reservoir, Korea. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(4):1484-1489. Keywords:
phosphatase inhibition assay/ N-P ratio/ water bodies/ cyanobacteria/
*aeruginosa*/ lakes/ LR/ hepatotoxins/ extraction/ *Anabaena*.

1990\. Ohta, T.; Nishiwaki, R.; Suganuma, M.; Yatsunami, J.; Komori, A.;
Okabe, S.; Tatematsu, M.; and Fujiki, H. (1993). Significance of the
cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxins, the microcystins and nodularin, in
liver cancer. [Mutat. Res.]{.underline} [293]{.underline}(3):286-287.
Keywords: significance/ microcystins/ nodularins/ liver cancer. (Meeting
Abstract)

1991\. Ohta, T.; Nishiwaki, R.; Yatsunami, J.; Komori, A.; Suganuma, M.;
and Fujiki, H. (1992). Hyperphosphorylation of cytokeratins 8 and 18 by
microcystin-LR, a new liver tumor promoter, in primary cultured rat
hepatocytes. [Carcinogenesis]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(12):2443-2447. Keywords: microcystin-LR/
hyperphosphorylation/ rat hepatocytes.

1992\. Ohta, T.; Sueoka, E.; Iida, N.; Komori, A.; Suganuma, M.;
Nishiwaki, R.; Tatematsu, M.; Kim, S-J.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Fujiki,
H. (1994). Nodularin, a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and
2A, is a new environmental carcinogen in male F344 rat liver. [Cancer
Res.]{.underline} [54]{.underline}:6402-6406. Keywords: nodularin/
protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor/ protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor/
carcinogin/ rat liver/ microcystin-LR.

1993\. Ohtake, A.; Shirai, M.; Aida, T.; Mori, N.; Harada, K-I.;
Matsuura, K.; Suzuki, M.; and Nakano, M. (1989). Toxicity of
*Microcystis* species isolated from natural blooms and purification of
the toxin. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[55]{.underline}(12):3202-3207. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater/
*Microcystis*/ purification/ hepatotoxin/ peptides/ cyclic
heptapeptides.

1994\. Ohtani, I.; Moore, R. E.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1992).
Cylindrospermopsin: a potent hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.* [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[114]{.underline}(20):7941-7942. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*.

1995\. Oishi, S. and Watanabe, M. F. (1986). Acute toxicity of
*Microcystis aeruginosa* and its cardiovascular effects. [Environ.
Res.]{.underline} [40]{.underline}:518-524. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ toxicity/ cardiovascular effects.

1996\. Ojanperä I.; Pelander, A.; Vuori, E.; Himberg, K.; Waris, M.; and
Niinivaara, K. (1995). Detection of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by TLC.
[J. Planar Chromat.]{.underline} [8]{.underline}(1):69-72. Keywords:
TLC/ HPLC/ cyanobacteria/ hepatotoxin/ detection.

1997\. Ojanperä I.; Vuori E.; Himberg K.; Waris M.; and Niinivaara K.
(1991). Facile detection of anatoxin-a in algal material by thin-layer
chromatography with Fast Black K salt. [Analyst]{.underline}
[116]{.underline}(3):265-267. Keywords: anatoxin-a detection/ Fast Black
K salt/ thin-layer chromatography/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*.

1998\. Ojaveer, E.; Simm, M.; Balode, M.; Purina, I.; and Suursaar, U.
(2003). Effect of *Microcystis aeruginosa* and *Nodularia spumigena* on
survival of *Eurytemora affinis* and the embryonic and larval
development of the Baltic herring *Clupea harengus membras.* [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(4):236-242. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ *Eurytemora affinis*/
Baltic herring *Clupea harengus membras*/ toxic cyanobacteria/
*Daphnia*/ copepod/ Finland.

1999\. Okabe, S.; Sueoka, N.; Komori, A.; Suganuma, M.; Endo, Y.; Shudo,
K.; and Fujiki, H. (1998). Twist form of teleocidin derivatives is
active in *in vivo* tumor promotion by (--)-benzolactam-V8-310. [Biol.
Pharmaceut. Bull.]{.underline} [21]{.underline}(5):465-468. Keywords:
teleocidin derivatives/ tumor promotion.

2000\. Okabe, S.; Suganuma, M.; Tada, Y.; Ochiai, Y.; Sueoka, E.; Kohya,
H.; Shibata, A.; Takahashi, M.; Mitzutani, M.; Matsuzaki, T; and Fujiki,
H. (1999). Disaccharide esters screened for inhibition of tumor necrosis
factor-α release are new anti-cancer agents. [Jap. J. Cancer
Res.]{.underline} [90]{.underline}:669-676. Keywords: anticancer/ tumor
necrosis factor.

2001\. Okino, T.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1993).
Microginin, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from the
blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(3):501-504. Keywords: M*icrocystis aeruginosa*/ enzyme
inhibitor/ microginin/ cyanotoxin.

2002\. Okino, T.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1995).
New microvirdins, elastase inhibitors from the blue-green alga
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[51]{.underline}(39):10679-10686. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
elastase inhibitors/ microviridins.

2003\. Okino, T.; Murakami, M.; Haraguchi, R; Munegata, H.; Matsuda, H.;
and Yamaguchi, K. (1993). Micropeptins A and B, plasmin and trypsin
inhibitors from the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(50):8131-8134. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ plasmin inhibitor/ trypsin inhibitor/
micropeptins A and B.

2004\. Okino, T.; Qi, S.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K.
(1997). Nostopeptin-A and nostopeptin-B, elastase inhibitors from the
cyanobacterium *Nostoc minutum.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[60]{.underline}(2):158-161. Keywords: *Nostoc minutum*/ elastase
inhibitor/ chymotrypsin inhibitor/ nostopeptins A and B.

2005\. Olrik, K. (1976). Giftige alger. [Vand]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}:1-7. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Danish)

2006\. Olrik, K. (1980). Giftige alger. [Urt]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}:105-109. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Danish)

2007\. Olrik, K. and Christensen, J. H. (1983). Giftige alger. Et
milijo- og sundheds - problem i kystnaere omrader og soer? [Stads
Havnein.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}:32-39. Keywords: cyanotoxin.
(Danish)

2008\. Olrik, K.; Krogh, P.; Hansen, V.; Pedersen, S.M.; and Artebjerg,
G. (1984). Toksiske planktonalger i danske og tilstodende farvande. In:
[Vejledening udarbejdet for Fiskeriministeriet]{.underline}. Keywords:
cyanotoxin. (Danish)

2009\. Olsen, N. R. B.; Hedger, R. D.; and George, D. G. (2000). 3D
numerical modeling of *Microcystis* distribution in a water reservoir.
[J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE]{.underline} [126]{.underline}(10):949-953.
Keywords: homogeneous lake/ circulation/ wind/ phytoplankton/ Eglwys
Nynydd, Wales/ drinking water reservoir.

2010\. Olson, T. A. (1964). Blue-greens. In: J. P. Linkurska (ed.)
[Waterfowl Tomorrow]{.underline}. U.S. Dept. Int. Fish. Wildlife Serv.
(U.S. Gov. Printing Office): Washington, pp. 349-356. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ blue green algae/ botulism/ Minnesota.

2011\. Olson, T. A. (1949). History of toxic plankton and associated
phenomena: algae-laden water causes death of domestic animals; nature of
poison. [Sewage Works Eng.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(2):71.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ animal deaths.

2012\. Olson, T. A. (1955). Studies of algae poisoning. With special
reference to the relationship of this phenomenon to losses of wildfowl
and other birds. [Flicker]{.underline} [27]{.underline}:105. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ toxicity.

2013\. Olson, T. A. (1951). Toxic plankton. In: [Proceedings of
Inservice Training Course in Water Works Problems]{.underline} . Univ.
Michigan, School of Public Health: Ann Arbor. pp. 86-95. February 15-16;
Ann Arbor, Michigan. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

2014\. Olson, T. A. (1952). Toxic plankton. [Water Sewage
Works]{.underline} [99]{.underline}:75-77. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ toxic
algae history.

2015\. Olson, T. A. (1960). Water poisoning --- a study of poisonous
algae blooms in Minnesota. [Am. J. Pub. Health]{.underline}
[50]{.underline}:883-884. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ toxic algae history.

2016\. Olson, T.A. (1964). [Waterfowl and Algal Toxins]{.underline}.
University of Minnesota, School of Public Health: University of
Minnesota. 18 pp. Keywords: waterfowl/ toxic algae. (Unpublished Report)

2017\. Olson, T. A.; Hollenbeck, A. H.; and Brady, C. A. (1951).
Electronic precipitating and drying device for water suspended matter.
[Sewage Ind. Wastes]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(10):1308-1310.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ drying algae/ precipitating algae.

2018\. Onoda, T.; Shirai, R.; Koiso, Y.; and Iwasaki, S. (1996).
Synthetic study on curacin A: a novel antimitotic agent from the
cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}(46):14543-14562. Keywords: cytotoxins/ curacin A/
antimitotic/ *Lyngbya majuscula*.

2019\. Onodera, H.; Oshima, Y.; Henriksen, P.; and Yasumoto, T. (1997).
Confirmation of anatoxin-a(s), in the cyanobacterium *Anabaena
lemmermannii,* as the cause of bird kills in Danish lakes.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(11):1645-1648. Keywords:
anatoxin-a(s)/ *Anabaena lemmermannii* / bird deaths/ Denmark.

2020\. Onodera, H.; Satake, M.; Oshima, Y.; Yasumoto, T.; and
Carmichael, W. W. (1997). New saxitoxin analogues from the freshwater
filamentous cyanobacterium *Lyngbya wollei.* [Natural
Toxins]{.underline} [5]{.underline}:146-151. Keywords: PSP/ paralytic
shellfish poison/ cyanobacteria/ NMR/ toxicity to mice.

2021\. Onyewuenyi, N. and Hawkins, P. (1996). Separation of toxic
peptides (microcystins) in capillary electrophoresis, with the aid of
organic mobile phase modifers. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline}
[749]{.underline}:271-277. Keywords: microcystin/ peptides.

2022\. Ooi, T.; Kusumi, T.; Kakisawa, H.; and Watanabe, M. (1989).
Structure of cyanoviridin-RR, a toxin from the blue-green alga,
*Microcystis viridis.* [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline}
[1]{.underline}:31-38. Keywords: blue-green alga/ *Microcystis viridis*/
cyanoviridin-RR/ microcystin-RR/ toxins.

2023\. Orjala, J. and Gerwick, W. H. (1996). Barbamide, a chlorinated
metabolite with molluscicidal activity from the Carribbean
cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[59]{.underline}(4):427-430. Keywords: *Lyngbya majuscula*/ marine/
barbamide.

2024\. Orjala, J.; Nagle, D. G.; and Gerwick, W. H. (1995). Malyngamide
H, an ichtoyotoxic amide possessing a new carbon skeleton from the
carribean cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [58]{.underline}(5):764-768. Keywords: *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ marine/ malyngamide/ ichthyotoxic amide.

2025\. Orjala, J.; Nagle, D. G.; Hsu, V. L.; and Gerwick, W. H. (1995).
Antillatoxin: an exceptionally ichthyotoxic cyclic lipopeptide from the
tropical cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J. Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [117]{.underline}(31):8281-8282. Keywords: *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ antillatoxin/ marine/ cyclic lipopeptide.

2026\. Orlovskii, V. M. and Kirpenko, Yu A. (1976). Biologically active
metabolites of blue-green algae and their effect on experimental
animals. [Gig. Sanit.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}:13-17. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ toxicity.

2027\. Orr, P. T. and Jones, G. J. (1998). Relationship between
microcystin production and cell division rates in nitrogen-limited
*Microcystis aeruginosa* cultures. [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
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microcystin production/ cell division rates.

2028\. Orr, P. T.; Jones, G. J.; Hunter, R. A.; and Berger, K. (2003).
Exposure of beef cattle to sub-clinical doses of *Microcystis
aeruginosa:* toxin bioaccumulation, physiological effects and human
health risk assessment. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(5):613-620. Keywords: MCYST-LR/ GC-MS/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ risk assessment/ toxin bioaccumulation/ Australia.

2029\. Orr, P. T.; Jones, G. J.; Hunter, R. A.; Berger, K.; Paoli, D. A.
de; and Orr, C. L. A. (2001). Ingestion of toxic *Microcystis
aeruginosa* by dairy cattle and the implications for microcystin
contamination of milk. [Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}:1847-1854.
Keywords: milk/ microcystin/ food/ contamination/ blue-green algal
toxins/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ cattle.

2030\. Ortega, Y. R.; Gilman, R. H.; and Sterling, C. R. (1994). A new
coccidian parasite *(Apicomplexa, eimeriidae)* from humans. [J.
Parasitol.]{.underline} [80]{.underline}(4):625-629. Keywords: coccidian
parasite/ humans.

2031\. Osborne, N. J.; Webb, P. M.; Moore, M. R.; and Shaw, G. R.
(2001). Environmental toxicology of the cyanobacterium *Lyngbya* spp.
[Toxicology]{.underline} [164]{.underline}(1-3 Suppl.):203. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Lyngbya*.

2032\. Osborne, N. J. T.; Webb, P. M.; and Shaw, G. R. (2001). The
toxins of *Lyngbya majuscula* and their human and ecological health
effects. [Environ. Int.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(5):381-392.
Keywords: *Lyngbya majuscula*/ cyanobacterium/ epidemiology/ toxin/
dermatitis/ marine.

2033\. Oshima, Y.; Sugino, K.; and Yasumoto, T. (1989). Latest advances
in HPLC analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins. In: S. Natori, K.
Hashimoto, and Y. Ueno, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins \'88, a
Collection of Invited Papers Presented at the 7th International IUPAC
Symposium]{.underline}. Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam,
Netherlands. 484 pp. Bioactive Molecules. Vol. 10. August 16-19, 1988;
Tokyo, Japan. Keywords: HPLC/ paralytic shellfish toxins.

2034\. Ostapowicz, G. and Lee, Y. H. (2000). Acute hepatic failure: a
western perspective. [J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.]{.underline}
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failure/ fulminant hepatitis/ liver transplantation/ viral hepatitis.

2035\. Østensvik, Ø.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Soli, N. E. (1981). Toxicity
studies with blue-green algae from Norwegian inland waters. In: W. W.
Carmichael (ed.) [The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and
Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 315-324. 491 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Norway.

2036\. Ostrofsky, M. L.; Jacobs, F. G.; and Rowan, J. (1983). Evidence
for the production of extracellular herbivore deterrents by *Anabaena
flos-aquae.* [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}:501-506.
Keywords: *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ herbivore deterrents.

2037\. Ostrom, B. (1976). Fertilization of the Baltic by nitrogen
fixation in the blue-green alga *Nodularia spumigena.* [Remote Sens.
Environ.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}:305-310. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Nodularia spumigena*/ Baltic/ nitrogen fixation.

2038\. Oudra, B.; El Andaloussi, M.; Franca, S.; Barros, P.; Martins,
R.; Oufdou, K.; Sbiyyaa, B.; Loudiki, M.; Mezrioui, N.; and Vasconcelos,
V. (2000). Harmful cyanobacterial toxic blooms in waste stabilization
ponds. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}
(10-11):179-186. Keywords: *Chlorella*/ *Daphnia*/ microcystins/
picocyanobacteria/ synechocystis/ wastewater/ Marrakesh.

2039\. Oudra, B.; Loudiki, M.; Vasconcelos, V.; Sabour, B.; Sbiyyaa, B.;
Oufdou, K.; and Mezrioui, N. (2002). Detection and quantification of
microcystins from cyanobacteria strains isolated from reservoirs and
ponds in Morocco. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(1):32-39. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ hepatotoxins/
microcystins/ *Synechocystis*/ *Pseudanabaena*/ toxic picocyanobacteria/
Morocco.

2040\. Oufdou, K.; Mezrioui, N.; Oudra, B.; Loudiki, M.; Barakate, M.;
and Sbiyyaa, B. (2001). Bioactive compounds from *Pseudanabaena* species
(cyanobacteria). [Microbios]{.underline}
[106]{.underline}(Suppl.):21-29. Keywords: *Pseudanabaena* species/
extracellular products/ intracellular products/ waste water.

2041\. Oxenrider, K. A.; Rasche, M. E.; Thorsteinsson, M. V.; and
Kennelly, P. J. (1993). Inhibition of an archael protein phosphatase
activity by okadiac acid, microcystin-LR, or calyculin A. [FEBS
Lett.]{.underline} [331]{.underline}(3):291-295. Keywords: protein
phosphatase/ okadaic acid/ microcystin-LR/ calyculin A/ *Archaea*.

2042\. Ozawa, K.; Yokoyama, A.; Ishikawa, K.; Kumagai, M.; Watanabe, M.
F.; and Park, H-D. (2003). Accumulation and depuration of microcystin
produced by the cyanobacterium *Microcystis* in a freshwater snail.
[Limnology]{.underline} [4]{.underline}(3):131-138. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ microcystin/ accumulation/ *Sinotaia histrica*/ Lake
Biwa.

2043\. Pace, J. G.; Robinson, N. A.; Miura, G. A.; Matson, C. F.;
Geisbert, T. W.; and White, J. D. (1991). Toxicity and kinetics of
\[^3^H\] microcystin-LR in isolated perfused rat livers. [Toxicol. Appl.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [107]{.underline}(3):391-401. Keywords:
toxicity/ kinetics/ microcystin-LR/ rat livers.

2044\. Paddle, B. M. (1996). Biosensors for chemical and biological
agents of defense interest. [Biosensors & Bioelectronics]{.underline}
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biological/ defense.

2045\. Paddle, B. M. (2003). Therapy and prophylaxis of inhaled
biological toxins. [J. Appl. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(3):139-170. Keywords: biological warfare/ toxins/
inhalation/ lung/ toxicity/ therapy/ prophylaxis/ monoclonal antibodies/
dendrimers/ aptamers.

2046\. Padhy, R. N. and Mohapatra, K. (2001). Toxicity of two carbamate
insecticides to the cyanobacterium *Anabaena* PCC 7120 and computations
of partial lethal concentrations by the probit method.
[Microbios]{.underline} [106]{.underline}(414):81-95. Keywords:
carbaryl/ carbofuran/ toxicity/ *Anabaena* PCC 7120/ probit/ lethal
concentrations.

2047\. Padisak, J.; Barbosa, F. A. R.; Borbély, G.; Borics, G.; Chorus,
I.; Espindola, E. L. G.; Heinze, R.; Rocha, O.; Torokne, A. K.; and
Vasas, G. (2001). Phytoplankton composition, biodiversity and a pilot
survey of toxic cyanoprokaryotes in a large cascading reservoir system
(Tiete basin, Brazil). In: [International Association of Theoretical and
Applied Limnology Proceedings]{.underline}. Stuttgart. 27(PT 5), pp.
2734-2742. Keywords: *Microcystis-aeruginosa*/ cyanobacterial blooms/
fresh-waters/ hepatotoxins/ diversity/ samples/ France/ Brazil.

2048\. Paerl, H. W. (1996). Microscale physiological and ecological
studies of aquatic cyanobacteria: macroscale implications. [Microscopy
Res. Technique]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(1):47-72. Keywords:
cyanobacterial-bacterial associations/ mutualism/ symbioses/ nitrogen
fixation/ photosynthesis/ oxygen/ aquatic cyanobacteria.

2049\. Paerl, H. W. (1988). Nuisance phytoplankton blooms in coastal,
estuarine, and inland waters. [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(4):823-847. Keywords: phytoplankton/ blooms/ coastal/
estuary/ inland waters.

2050\. Paerl, H. W. (1998). Structure and function of anthropogenically
altered microbial communities in coastal waters. [Curr. Opinion
Microbiol.]{.underline} [1]{.underline}:296-302. Keywords: marine/
microbial communities/ eutrophication/ pollutant enrichment.

2051\. Paerl, H. W. and Ustach, J. F. (1982). Blue-green algal scums: an
explanation for their occurrence during freshwater blooms. [Limnol.
Oceanogr.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(2):212-217. Keywords: blue-green
algal scums/ freshwater blooms/ occurrence.

2052\. Paerl, H. W. and Whitall, D. R. (1999). Antropogenically-derived
atmospheric nitrogen deposition, marine eutrophication and harmful algal
bloom expansion: is there a link? [Ambio]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}(4):307-311. Keywords: marine eutrophication/ harmful
algal boom expansion/ nitrogen loading.

2053\. Paerl, H. W.; Willey, J. D.; Go, M.; Peierls, B. L.; Pinckney, J.
L.; and Fogel, M. L. (1999). Rainfall stimulation of primary production
in western Atlantic Ocean waters: roles of different nitrogen sources
and co-limiting nutrients. [Mar. Ecol.--Prog. Ser.]{.underline}
[176]{.underline}:205-214. Keywords: atmospheric deposition/ nitrogen/
iron/ primary production/ eutrophication/ Atlantic Ocean.

2054\. Painuly, P.; Perez, R.; Fukai, T.; and Shimizu, Y. (1988). The
structure of a cyclic peptide toxin, cyanoginosin-RR from *Microcystis
aeruginosa.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(1):11-14.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ cyanoginosin/ peptide.

2055\. Palíkova, M.; Kovaru, F.; Navrátil, S.; Kubala, L.; Pesak, S.;
and Vajcova, V. (1998). The effects of pure microcystin-LR and biomass
of blue-green algae on selected immunological indices of carp *(Cyprinus
carpio* L.) and silver carp *(Hypophthalmichthyls molitrix* Val.). [Acta
Vet. Brno]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(4):265-272. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ leukocytes/ lymphocytes/ phagocyte activity/
microcystin-LR/ *Cyprinus carpio*/ carp/ *Hypophthalmichthys molitrix*.

2056\. Palíkova, M.; Navrátil, S.; Marsálek, B.; and Bláha, L. (2003).
Toxicity of crude extract of cyanobacteria for embryos and larvae of
carp *(Cyprinus carpio* L.). [Acta Vet. Brno]{.underline}
[72]{.underline}(3):437-443. Keywords: microcystin/ mortality/
malformations/ abnormal behaviour/ fish/ embryo-larval toxicity test/
*Cyprinus carpio*.

2057\. Palmer, C. M. (1960). Algae and other interference organisms in
the waters of the South-Central United States. [J. Am. Water Works
Assoc.]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(7):897-914. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
south-central United States.

2058\. Pan, H.; Song, L. R.; Liu, Y. D.; and Börner, T. (2002).
Detection of hepatotoxic *Microcystis* strains by PCR with intact cells
from both culture and environmental samples. [Arch.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [178]{.underline}(6):421-427. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis*/ microcystin/ toxin/ peptide synthetase/
whole-cell PCR.

2059\. Pandey, G.; Laha, J. K.; and Lakshmaiah, G. (2002).
Stereoselective construction of X-azabicyclo\[m.2.1\]alkanes by
\[3+2\]-cycloaddition of non-stabilized cyclic azomethine ylides:
synthesis of enantiopure constrained amino acids and formal total
synthesis of optically active epibatidine. [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[58]{.underline}(18):3525-3534. Keywords: non-stabilized/ azomethine
ylides/ constrained/ enantiopure.

2060\. Pandey, U. and Pandey, J. (2002). Antibacterial properties of
cyanobacteria: a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach to control
bacterial leaf spot disease of chilli. [Curr. Sci.]{.underline}
[82]{.underline}(3):262-264. Keywords: leaf spot control/ cyanobacteria.

2061\. Panek, J. S. and Masse, C. E. (1999). Total synthesis of
(+)-Lactacysin. [Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(8):1093-1095. Keywords: lactacysin/ synthesis/
cytotoxin.

2062\. Pankow, H. (1964). Comments about the harmfulness of
cyanobacterial blooms on animals (Bemerkungen über die Schädlichkeit von
blaualgenwasserblüten für tiere). [Naturwissen.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}(146/147):1-2. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (German)

2063\. Panosso, R.; Carlsson, P.; Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B.; Azevedo, S. M.
F. O.; and Granéli, E. (2003). Effect of grazing by a neotropical
copepod, *Notodiaptomus,* on a natural cyanobacterial assemblage and on
toxic and non-toxic cyanobacterial strains. [J. Plankton
Res.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(9):1169-1175. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ *Microsystis aeruginosa*/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ lake/
zooplankton/ food/ phytoplanton/ size/ *Notodiaptomus iheringi*.

2064\. Panosso, R. and Granéli, E. (2000). Effects of dissolved organic
matter on the growth of *Nodularia spumigena* (Cyanophyceae) cultuvated
under N or P deficiency. [Mar. Biol.]{.underline}
[136]{.underline}(2):331-336. Keywords: blue-green algae/ coastal
phytoplankton/ nitrogen fixation/ phosphorus ratios/ *Nodularia
spumigena*/ cyanobacteriaceae/ limitation/ Australia.

2065\. Papendorf, O.; König, G. M.; and Wright, A. D. (1998). Hierridin
B and 2,4-dimethoxy-6-heptadecyl-phenol, secondary metabolites from the
cyanobacterium *Phormidium ectocarpi* with antiplasmodial activity.
[Phytochem.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(8):2383-2386. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ biological activity/ antimalaria/ *Phormidium ectocarpi*/
aromatic lipids.

2066\. Papke, U.; Gross, E. M.; and Francke, W. (1997). Isolation,
identification and determination of the absolute-configuration of
fischerellin-B --- a new algicide from the fresh-water cyanobacterium
*Fischerella muscicola* (Thuret). [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(3):379-382. Keywords: *Fischerella muscicola*/
fischerellin B.

2067\. Park, A.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1992).
Fischerindole L, a new isonitrile from the terrestrial blue-green alga
*Fischerella muscicola.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(23):3257-3260. Keywords: *Fischerella muscicola*/
fischerindole L/ isonitrile.

2068\. Park, H.; Namikoshi, M.; Brittain, S. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; and
Murphy, T. (2001). \[D-Leu^1^\] microcystin-LR, a new microcystin
isolated from waterbloom in a Canadian prairie lake.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(6):855-862. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ microcystin/ \[D-Leu^1^\] microcystin-LR/
Lake Pakowki/ Canada.

2069\. Park, H-D. (2001). Cyanotoxins and cyanobacterial blooms in South
Korean lakes. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 68-75. 357 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ South Korea/ waterblooms.

2070\. Park, H-D.; Iwami, C.; Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Okino, T.;
and Hayashi, H. (1998). Temporal variabilities of the concentrations of
intra- and extracellular microcystin and toxic *Microcystis* species in
a hypertrophic lake, Lake Suwa, Japan. (1991-1994). [Environ. Toxicol.
Water Qual.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(1):61-72. Keywords:
extracellular microcystin/ intracellular microcystin/ hepatotoxins/ Lake
Suwa/ microcystin/ *Microcystis* species/ temporal variation of
microcystin/ Japan.

2071\. Park, H-D.; Kim, B.; Kim, E.; and Okino, T. (1998). Hepatotoxic
microcystins and neurotoxic anatoxin-a in cyanobacterial blooms from
Korean lakes. [Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}:225-234. Keywords: microcystin/ hepatotoxin/
anatoxin-a/ neurotoxin/ cyanotoxin/ cyanobacteria bloom/ Korean lakes.

2072\. Park, H-D.; Sasaki, Y.; Maruyama, T.; Yanagisawa, E.; Hiraishi,
A.; and Kato, K. (2001). Degradation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin
microcystin by a new bacterium isolated from a hypertrophic lake.
[Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(4):337-343. Keywords:
microcystin/ biodegradation/ degradation rate/ Lake Suwa, Japan.

2073\. Park, H-D.; Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Nagai, H.; Suzuki, M.;
Watanabe, M.; and Hayashi, H. (1993). Hepatotoxin (microcystin) and
neurotoxin (anatoxin-a) contained in natural blooms and strains of
cyanobacteria from Japanese freshwaters. [Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[1]{.underline}:353-360. Keywords: *Anabaena*/ anatoxin-a/ neurotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ microcystin/ hepatotoxin/ natural bloom/ strain/ Japanese
freshwaters/ simultaneous analysis of anatoxin-a and microcystin/ Japan.

2074\. Park, H-D.; Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Suzuki, M.; Hayashi,
H.; and Okino, T. (1993). Seasonal variations of *Microcystis* species
and toxic heptapeptide microcystins in Lake Suwa. [Environ. Toxicol.
Water Qual.]{.underline} [8]{.underline}(4):425-435. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ heptapeptide/ Lake Suwa/ toxic/ dissolved inorganic
nitrogen concentration.

2075\. Park, M. J.; Hwang, I. Y.; Choi, A. R.; and Lee, J. A. (1996). A
study on the blue-green algal toxin of the Sonaktong Reservoir. [Algae
(Korean J. Phycol.)]{.underline} [11]{.underline}(1):149-154. Keywords:
microcystin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ algal toxin/ blue-green algae/
Sonaktong Reservoir.

2076\. Park, T. J.; Song, K. Y.; Sohn, S. H.; and Lim, I. K. (2002).
Marked inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis by the hepatotoxin
nodularin due to apoptosis of Leydig cells. [Mol. Carcinog.]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(3):151-163. Keywords: nodularin/ testosterone/ testes/
Leydig cell/ peroxisome proliferation/ apoptosis.

2077\. Parker, D. L. (1982). Improved procedures for the cloning and
purification of *Microcystis* cultures (Cyanophyta). [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}:471-477. Keywords: axenic (pure)
culture/ capsule/ cation effects/ Chroococcales/ cyanobacteria/
cyanophyta/ *Microcystis*/ sheath/ sulfide/ sulfite.

2078\. Parker, D. L.; Kumar, H. D.; Rai, L. C.; and Singh, J. B. (1997).
Potassium salts inhibit growth of the cyanobacteria *Microcystis* spp.
in pond water and defined media: implications for control of
microcystin-producing aquatic blooms. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(6):2324-2329. Keywords:
potassium salts/ growth inhibition/ India/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Microcystis flos-aquae*.

2079\. Parris, J. T.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Jones, S. B. (2001). *In
vitro* inhibition of rainbow trout *(Oncorhynchus mykiss)* brain
cholinesterase activity by anatoxin-a(s), a cyanobacterial neurotoxin: a
comparison with dichlorvos and carbaryl. In: [International Association
of Theoretical and Applied Limnology Proceedings]{.underline}.
Stuttgart. 27(Pt 5), pp. 3082-3085. Keywords: brain cholinesterase
activity inhibition/ rainbow trout/ *Oncorhynchus mykiss*/
anatoxin-a(s)/ neurotoxin.

2080\. Parsons, P. J.; Camp, N. P.; Edwards, N.; and Sumoreeah, L. R.
(2000). Synthesis of (±)-anatoxin-a and analogues.
[Tetrahed.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(2):309-315. Keywords:
±anatoxin-a/ ß-lactam/ transannular cyclisation/ synthesis.

2081\. Parsons, P. J.; Camp, N. P.; Underwood, J. M.; and Harvey, D. M.
(1995). Short and efficient route to (±)-anatoxin-a. [J. Chem. Soc.,
Chem. Commun.]{.underline}(14):1461-1462. Keywords: route/
(±)-anatoxin-a.

2082\. Partensky, F.; le Boterff, J.; and Verbist, J-F. (1989). Does the
fish-killing dinoflagellate *Gymnodinium* cf. *Nagasakiense* produce
cyanotoxins? [J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K.]{.underline}
[69]{.underline}:501-509. Keywords: *Gymnodinium* cf. *nagasakiense*/
dinoflagellate/ cytotoxins/ marine.

2083\. Pashkevich, Y. A. (1979). The etiology of skin lesions developed
after contact with blue-green algae. [Vest. Dermatol.
Venerol.]{.underline}:47-51. Keywords: blue-green algae/ etiology/ skin
lesions.

2084\. Pattenden, G. and Thom, S. M. (1992). Cytotoxic alkaloids from
blue-green algae: a total synthesis of (-)-didehydromirabazole-A.
[Synlett]{.underline} [6]{.underline}:533-534. Keywords: cytotoxic/
alkaloids/ blue-green algae/ didehydromirabazole A/ *Scytonema
mirabile*/ cytotoxin.

2085\. Patterson, G. M. L. (1993). Bioactive natural products from
blue-green algae. [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(3
Suppl.):14. Keywords: cytotoxins. (Meeting of the Phycological Society
of America---Abstract #69)

2086\. Patterson, G. M. L.; Baker, K. K.; Baldwin, C. L.; Bolis, C. M.;
Caplan, F. R.; Larsen, L. K.; Levine, I. A.; Moore, R. E.; Nelson, C.
S.; Tschappat, K. D.; Tuang, G. D.; Boyd, M. R.; Cardellina II, J. H.;
Collins, R. P.; Gustafson, K. R.; Snader, K. M.; Weislow, O. S.; and
Lewin, R. A. (1993). Antiviral activity of cultured blue-green algae
(Cyanophyta). [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(1):125-130.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Scytonemataceae/ Stigonemataceae/ biotech/
antiviral/ antiherpes/ antimicrobial/ antifungal/ antibacterial.

2087\. Patterson, G. M. L.; Baldwin, C. L.; Bolis, C. M.; Caplan, F. R.;
Karuso, H.; Larsen, L. K.; Levine, I. A.; Moore, R. E.; Nelson, C. S.;
Tschappat, K. D.; Tuang, G. D.; Furusawa, E.; Furusawa, S.; Norton, T.
R.; and Raybourne, R. B. (1991). Antineoplastic activity of cultured
blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(4):530-536. Keywords: anticancer/ cyanobacteria/
microalgae/ natural products/ pharmaceutical.

2088\. Patterson, G. M. L.; Baldwin, C. L.; Bolis, C. M.; Caplan, F. R.;
Karuso, H.; Larsen, L. K.; Levine, I. A.; Nelson, C. S.; Tuang, G. D.;
and Moore, R. E. (1990). Antiviral and antimicrobial activity of
cultured cyanobacteria. In: [1990 ASM Annual Meeting]{.underline}. May
13-17, 1990; Anaheim, California. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
Scytonemataceae/ Stigonemataceae/ biotech/ antiviral/ antiherpes/
antimicrobial/ antifungal/ antibacterial.

2089\. Patterson, G. M. L. and Bolis, C. M. (1997). Fungal cell-wall
polysaccharides elicit an antifugal secondary metabolite (phytoalexin)
in the cyanobacterium *Scytonema ocellatum.* [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(1):54-60. Keywords: antibiotic/ chitin/ cyanophyte/
cytotoxin/ elicitor/ polyketide/ *Scytonema ocellatum*.

2090\. Patterson, G. M. L. and Bolis, C. M. (1995). Regulation of
scytophycin accumulation in cultures of *Scytonema ocellotum.* II.
Nutrient requirements. [Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.]{.underline}
[43]{.underline}(4):692-700. Keywords: scytophycin/ *Scytonema
ocellatum*/ nutrient effects.

2091\. Patterson, G. M. L. and Carmeli S. (1992). Biological effects of
tolytoxin (6-hydroxy-7-O-methyl-scytophycin b), a potent bioactive
metabolite from cyanobacteria. [Arch. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[157]{.underline}(5):406-410. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ secondary
metabolite/ antifungal/ cytotoxin.

2092\. Patterson, G. M. L.; Larsen, L. K.; and Moore, R. E. (1994).
Bioactive natural products from blue-green algae. [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}(2):151-157. Keywords: antibiotic/
anticancer/ biotechnology/ cytotoxic.

2093\. Patterson, G. M. L.; Norton, T. R.; Furusawa, E.; Furusawa, S.;
Kashiwagi, M.; and Moore, R. E. (1984). Antineoplastic evaluation of
marine algal extracts. [Botanica Marina]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}:485-488. Keywords: antitumor/ Palau, Western Caroline
Islands/ Marshall Islands/ Puerto Rico/ Hawaiian Islands/ marine/
pharmaceutical/ antineoplastic agents.

2094\. Payne, B. W. and Williams, E. D. F. (1977). An investigation of
virus-like inclusions in *Microcystis toxica* by means of digital image
analysis. [Proceedings Electron Microscopy Society of Southern
Africa]{.underline}. Vol. 7, pp. 107-108. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ virus/ image analysis.

2095\. Pearson, M.J. (Chair of Task Group.) (1990). [Toxic Blue-Green
Algae, a Report by the National Rivers Authority]{.underline}. Stanley
L. Hunt: United Kingdom, Rushden, Northouts. Report \# Water Quality
Series No. 2. 128 pp. Keywords: toxic blue-green algae/ neurotoxins/
hepatotoxins/ lipopolysaccharides.

2096\. Pearson, M. J.; Bateman, I. J.; and Codd, G. A. (2001). Measuring
the recreational and amenity values affected by toxic cyanobacteria: a
contingent valuation study of Rutland water, Leicestershire. In: R. K.
Turner, I. J. Bateman, and W. N. Adger (eds.) [Economics of Coastal and
Water Resources: Valuing Environmental Functions.]{.underline} Kluwer,
Dordrecht: The Netherlands, pp. 67-89, Ch. 3. Keywords: toxic
cyanobacteria/ recreational values/ amenity values/ Rutland water/
Leicestershire/ economics.

2097\. Peary, J. A. and Gorham, P. R. (1966). Influence of light and
temperature on growth and toxin production by *Anabaena flos-aquae*
NRC-44-1. In: [Proceedings of Phycological Society of
America]{.underline}. Phycolog. Soc. Am.: Maryland College Park. pp.
3-4. Aug. 14-19, 1966; Maryland. Keywords: *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ toxin
production/ NRC-44-1.

2098\. Pechar, L. (1992). Water blooms of *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* ---
an ecological study of fish pond populations. [Arch. Hydrobiol.--Monogr.
Beit.]{.underline} [90]{.underline}(3 Suppl.):339-418. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ ecological study.

2099\. Peinador, M. (1999). Cyanobacteria as bioindicators of organic
pollution (Las cianobacterias como indicadores de contaminación
orgánica). [Rev. Biol. Trop.]{.underline} [47]{.underline}(3):381-391.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Cyanophyta/ pollution/ water quality/
bioindicators/ waste water/ blue-green algae. (Spanish)

2100\. Pelander, A.; Ojanperä, I.; Lahti, K.; Niinivaara, K.; and Vuori,
E. (2000). Visual detection of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by thin-layer
chromatography and application to water analysis. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(10):2643-2652. Keywords: microcystin/
nodularin/ TLC/ screening/ detection/ visualization.

2101\. Pelander, A.; Ojanperä, I.; Sivonen, K.; Himberg, K.; Waris, M.;
Ninivaara, K.; and Vuori, E. (1996). Screening for cyanobacterial toxins
in bloom and strain samples by thin layer chromatography. [Water
Res]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(6):1464-1470. Keywords: TLC/ HPTLC/
u.v. densitometry/ microcystin/ nodularin/ anatoxin-a/ cyanobacteria/
screening/ Fast Black K salt.

2102\. Pelander, A.; Ojanperä, I.; and Vuori, E. (1998). Analysis of
cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by overpressured layer chromatography. [J.
Planar Chromat.]{.underline} [11]{.underline}(5):365-369. Keywords:
hepatotoxins/ analysis/ chromatography.

2103\. Pelander, A.; Sivonen, K.; Ojanperä, I.; and Vuorela, H. (1997).
Retardation behavior of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in the irregular
part of the \'Prisma\' model for thin layer chromatography. [J. Planar
Chromat.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(6):434-440. Keywords:
microcystin/ nodularin/ optimization/ PRISMA/ hepatotoxins/
cyanobacteria/ thin layer chromatography.

2104\. Peñaloza, R.; Rojas, M.; Vila, I.; and Zambrano, F. (1990).
Toxicity of a soluble peptide from *Microcystis* sp. to zooplankton and
fish. [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(2):233-240.
Keywords: *Microcystis* sp./ toxicity/ zooplankton/ phytoplankton.

2105\. Pendleton, P.; Schumann, R.; and Wong, S. H. (2001).
Microcystin-LR adsorption by activated carbon. [J. Colloid Interface
Sci.]{.underline} [240]{.underline}(1):1-8. Keywords: microcystin-LR/
adsorption/ activated carbon/ porous solids.

2106\. Pennings, S. C.; Nastisch, S.; and Paul, V. J. (2001).
Vulnerability of sea hares to fish predators: importance of diet and
fish species. [Coral Reefs]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(3):320-324.
Keywords: chemical defense/ cyanobacteria/ Guam/ predation/ sea hare/
Stylocheilus/ secondary metabolites/ *Stylocheilus longicauda*/ *Aplysia
californica*/ chemical defenses/ natural products/ nudibranch/
Opisthobranchia/ palatability/ gastropods/ *Anaspidea*.

2107\. Pennings, S. C.; Pablo, S. R.; and Paul, V. J. (1997). Chemical
defenses of the tropical, benthic marine cyanobacterium *Hormothamnion
enteromorphoides* --- diverse consumers and synergisms. [Limnol.
Oceanogr.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(5):911-917. Keywords:
*Hormothamnion enteromorphoides*/ marine/ cyanobacteria/ cytotoxin.

2108\. Pereira, P.; Onodera, H.; Andrinolo, D.; Franca, S.; Araújo, F.;
Lagos, N.; and Oshima, Y. (2000). Paralytic shellfish toxins in the
freshwater cyanobacterium *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae,* isolated from
Montargil Reservoir, Portugal. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(12):1689-1702. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae*/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ HPLC-FLD analysis/ LC-MS
analysis/ Montargil, Portugal.

2109\. Perez-Linares, J.; Cadena, M.; Rangel, C.; Urizueta-Bustamante,
M. L.; and Ochoa, J. L. (2003). Effect of *Schizothrix calcicola* on
white shrimp *Litopenaeus vannamei* *(Penaeus vannamei).* postlarvae.
[Aquaculture]{.underline} [218]{.underline}(1-4):55-65. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Litopenaeus vannamei*/ *Schizothrix calcicola*/ shrimp/
shrimp culture/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ cyanobacterial/
debromoaplysiatoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ blooms/ water.

2110\. Pergament, I. and Carmeli, S. (1994). Schizotrin-a --- a novel
antimicrobial cyclic peptide from a cyanobacterium. [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(45):8473-8476. Keywords:
Schizotrin-a/ antimicrobial cyclic peptide/ cytotoxin.

2111\. Perkins, D. R. and Barnum, S. R. (1992). DNA sequence and
analysis of a cryptic 4.2-kb plasmid from the filamentous
cyanobacterium, *Plectonema* sp. strain PCC 6402. [Plasmid]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}:170-176. Keywords: *Plectonema* sp./ strain PCC 6402/
cyanobacteria/ amino acid sequence.

2112\. Perschbacher, P. W. (2003). Biological control of off-flavor
cyanobacteria. In: A. M. Rimando and K. K. Schrader (eds.) [Off-Flavors
in Aquaculture]{.underline}. American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ.
Press: Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 167-177. 268 pp. ACS Symposium
Series. Keywords: channel catfish/ phytoplankton/ community/ ponds.

2113\. Persson, P-E. (1985). Myrkylliset ja hajua tuottavat sinilevat
seka niiden tutkimus Suomessa. [Ympär. Terv.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}:438-442. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

2114\. Persson, P-E. (1985). Sinilevien haittavaikutuksista vesistoissa:
myrkyt ja hajut. [Ymparistojuridiikka- Miljojuridik]{.underline}
[3/4]{.underline}:1-5. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

2115\. Persson, P-E.; Sivonen, K.; Keto, J.; Kononen, K.; Niemi, M.; and
Viljamaa, H. (1984). Potentially toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
in Finnish natural waters. [Aqua Fennica]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(2):147-154. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Finland/ toxic
blue-green algae.

2116\. Petersen, J. S.; Fels, G.; and Rapoport, H. (1984). Chirospecific
synthesis of (+)- and (-)- anatoxin-a. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[106]{.underline}(16):4539-4547. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/
synthesis.

2117\. Petersen, J. S.; Töteberg-Kaulen, S.; and Rapoport, H. (1984).
Synthesis of (±)-ω-Aza\[x.y.1\]bicycloalkanes by an intramolecular
Mannich reaction. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}
:2948-2953. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ acyclic acetal ketal benzylamines/
Mannich reaction/ synthesis/ heterocyclic compounds.

2118\. Peterson, H. (1991). Algae problems in dugouts and fighting water
blooms. [Prairie Water News]{.underline} [1]{.underline}(1):4-5.
Keywords: algae control/ dugouts/ Canada.

2119\. Petrova, N. A. and Tchernajenko, V. M. (1993). Blue-green algae
in freshwater reservoirs. [Priroda (Nature)]{.underline}
[W8]{.underline}:3-9. Keywords: blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria.
(Russian)

2120\. Pfau, E. and Carmichael, W. W. (1989). Assessment of the effects
of temperature and nitrate availability upon the qualitative and
quantitative toxicity of microcystin-LR and demethylmicrocystin-LR from
the cyanobacterium *Anabaena flos-aquae* S-23-G. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(1):71. Keywords: effects/ temperature/ nitrate
availability/ toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ demethylmicrocystin-LR/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*.

2121\. Pflugmacher, S. (2002). Possible allelopathic effects of
cyanotoxins, with reference to microcystin-LR, in aquatic ecosystems.
[Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(4):407-413. Keywords:
allelopathy/ cyanobacterial toxins/ photosynthesis/ aquatic macrophytes.

2122\. Pflugmacher, S.; Codd, G. A.; and Steinberg, C. E. (1999).
Effects of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR on detoxication
enzymes in aquatic plants. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):111-115. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ effects/
detoxication enzymes/ aquatic plants.

2123\. Pflugmacher, S. and Wiegand, C. (2001). Metabolism of
microcystin-LR in aquatic organisms. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins:
Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New
York, pp. 257-260. 357 pp. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ metabolism/ aquatic
organisms.

2124\. Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.; and
Steinberg, C. E. W. (1998). Uptake of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin
microcystin-LR by aquatic macrophytes. [J. Appl. Bot.]{.underline}
[72]{.underline}(5-6):228-232. Keywords: microcystin-LR uptake/ aquatic
macrophytes.

2125\. Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Krause, E.;
Steinberg, C. E. W.; and Codd, G. A. (2001). Uptake, effects, and
metabolism of cyanobacterial toxins in the emergent reed plant
*Phragmites australis* (cav.) trin. ex steud. [Environ. Toxicol.
Chem.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(4):846-852. Keywords: microcystin/
*Phragmites australis*/ glutathione S-transferase/
gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase/ carboxypeptidase.

2126\. Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Oberemm, A.; Beattie, K. A.;
Krause, E.; Codd, G. A.; and Steinberg, C. E. W. (1998). Identification
of an enzymatically formed glutathione conjugate of the cyanobacterial
hepatotoxin microcystin-LR: the first step of detoxication. [Biochim.
Biophys. Acta]{.underline} [1425]{.underline}(3):527-533. Keywords:
cyanobacterial toxin/ microcystin-LR/ detoxication enzyme/ metabolism.

2127\. Phillips, L.; Pau, D. I.; Mutton, A. F.; and Wyatt, J. T. (1973).
A preliminary report on the toxicity of a blue-green alga *Nostoc
linkia.* In: [Proceedings of the Tennessee Academy of
Science]{.underline}. Vol. 48, pp. 4178. Keywords: mouse assay/ gerbil
assay/ intraperitoneal/ neurotoxin. (Abstract)

2128\. Phillips, M. J.; Roberts, R. J.; Stewart, J. A.; and Codd, G. A.
(1985). The toxicity of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* to
rainbow trout, *Salmo gairdneri* Richardson. [J. Fish Dis.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}:339-344. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*
*aeruginosa*/ fish/ toxicity/ rainbow trout/ *Salmo gairdneri*/
intraperitoneal .

2129\. Phinney, H. K. and Peek, C. A. (1961). Klamath Lake, an instance
of natural enrichment. In: [Algae and Metropolitan Wastes]{.underline}.
U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare: Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 22-27.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Oregon/ eutrophication.

2130\. Piales, I.; Coursin, T.; Deloul, A-M.; Poirot, J. L.; and Tandeau
de Marsac, N. (1994). Search for cyanobacterium-like bodies in the
stools of travellers with diarrhoeal illness. [J. Eukar.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(5):58S. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ diarrheal illness/ travelers.

2131\. Pietsch, J.; Bornmann, K.; and Schmidt, W. (2002). Relevance of
intra- and extracellular cyanotoxins for drinking water treatment. [Acta
Hydrochim. Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(1):7-15. Keywords:
toxin release/ lab-scale treatment/ pilot-scale treatment/
microcystin-LR/ cyanobacterial cells/ activated carbon/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ removal/ hepatotoxins/ toxins/
flocculation/ destruction/ adsorption.

2132\. Pietsch, J.; Fichtner, S.; Imhof, L.; Schmidt, W.; and Brauch, H.
J. (2001). Simultaneous determination of cyanobacterial hepato- and
neurotoxins in water samples by ion-pair supported enrichment and
HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. [Chromatographia]{.underline}
[54]{.underline}(5-6):339-344. Keywords: column liquid chromatography/
solid phase extraction/ MS-MS detection/ algal toxins/ water samples/
cyanotoxins.

2133\. Pignatello, J. J.; Porwoll, J.; Carlson, R. E.; Xavier, A.;
Gleason, F. K.; and Wood, J. M. (1983). Structure of the antibiotic
cyanobacterin, a chlorine-containing γ-lactone from the freshwater
cyanobacterium *Scytonema hofmanni.* [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[48]{.underline}(22):4035-4038. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ products/
*Scytonema*/ antibiotic/ algicide/ antibacteria/ cyanobacterin/ IR/ mass
spectrometry/ NMR/ cytotoxin.

2134\. Pilotto, L.; Hobson, P.; Burch, M.; Ranmuthugala, G.; Weightman,
W.; and Attewell, R. (2003). Acute skin irritant effects of
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in healthy volunteers.
[Epidemiology]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(5 Suppl.):S34. Keywords:
skin irritant/ cyanobacteria/ humans/ voluntary exposure. (Meeting
Abstract)

2135\. Pilotto, L. S.; Douglas, R. M.; Burch, M. D.; Cameron, S.; Beers,
M.; Rouch, G. J.; Robinson, P.; Kirk, M.; Cowie, C. T.; Hardiman, S.;
and Moore, S. (1997). Health effects of exposure to cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae) during recreational water-related activities. [Aust.
NZ J. Pub. Health]{.underline} [21]{.underline}(6):562-566. Keywords:
exposure/ cyanobacteria/ health effects/ water recreational activities.

2136\. Pilotto, L. S.; Kliewer, E. V.; Davies, R. D.; Burch, M. D.; and
Attewell, R. G. (1999). Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) contamination
in drinking-water and perinatal outcomes. [Aust. NZ J. Pub.
Health]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(2):154-158. Keywords: drinking
water contamination/ cyanobacteria.

2137\. Pinho, G. L. L.; da Rosa, C. M.; Yunes, J. S.; Luquet, C. M.;
Bianchini, A.; and Monserrat, J. M. (2003). Toxic effects of
microcystins in the hepatopancreas of the estuarine crab *Chasmagnathus
granulatus* (Decapoda, Grapsidae). [Comp. Biochem. Physiol.--C:
Pharmacol. Toxicol.]{.underline} [135]{.underline}(4):459-468. Keywords:
microcystins/ glutathione-S-transferase/ catalase/ histopathology/ B
cells/ *Chasmagnathus granulatus* / estuarine crab/ oxidative stress.

2138\. Pires, L. M. D.; Jonker, R. R.; Van Donk, E.; and Laanbroek, H.
J. (2004). Selective grazing by adults and larvae of the zebra mussel
*(Dreissena polymorpha):* application of flow cytometry to natural
seston. [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(1):116-126.
Keywords: biomanipulation/ clearance rate/ Europa/ phytoplankton/ toxic
*Microcystis aeruginosa* / zebra mussel/ *Dreissena polymorpha*.

2139\. Pires, L. M. D.; Kusserow, R.; and Van Donk, E. (2003). Influence
of toxic and non-toxic phytoplankton on feeding and survival of
*Dreissena polymorpha* (Pallas) larvae. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[491]{.underline}(1-3):193-200. Keywords: zebra mussel/ phytoplankton/
toxic cyanobacteria/ survival/ grazing/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
blue-green algae/ *Daphnia galeata*/ food ingestion/ Lake Erie/
zooplankton/ blooms/ growth/ consumption/ *Dreissena polymorpha* .

2140\. Pita, R.; Anadon, A.; and Martinez-Larranaga, M. R. (2003).
Neurotoxins with anticholinesterase activity and their possible use as
warfare agents. [Medicina Clinica]{.underline}
[121]{.underline}(13):511-517. Keywords: biological warfare agents/
chemical warfare agents/ nerve agents/ anatoxin-a(s)/ fasciculins/
onchidal/ toxins/ neurotoxins.

2141\. Pitois, S.; Jackson, M. H.; and Wood, B. J. B. (2000). Problems
associated with the presence of cyanobacteria in recreational and
drinking waters. [Int. J. Environ. Health Res.]{.underline}
[10]{.underline}(3):203-218. Keywords: alkaloids/ hepatoxins/
microcystin/ neurotoxins/ toxic blooms.

2142\. Pleasance, S.; Ayer, S. W.; Laycock, M. V.; and Thibault, P.
(1992). Ionspray mass spectrometry of marine toxins. 3. Analysis of
paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by flow-injection analysis,
liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis
mass spectrometry. [Rapid Commun. Mass Spec.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}(1):14-24. Keywords: marine toxins/ mass spectrometry.

2143\. Ploutno, A. and Carmeli, S. (2002). Modified peptides from a
water bloom of the cyanobacterium *Nostoc* sp. [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[58]{.underline}(50):9949-9957. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Nostoc*/
protease inhibitors/ cyclichexapeptides.

2144\. Ploutno, A. and Carmeli, S. (2001). Prenostodione, a novel
UV-absorbing metabolite from a natural bloom of the cyanobacterium
*Nostoc* species. [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[64]{.underline}(4):544-545. Keywords: UV-absorbing metabolite/
*Nostoc*.

2145\. Ploutno, A.; Shoshan, M.; and Carmeli, S. (2002). Three novel
protease inhibitors from a natural bloom of the cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[65]{.underline}(7):973-978. Keywords: blue-green-alga/ depsipeptide/
298-A/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ protease inhibitors.

2146\. Plumley, F. G. (1997). Marine algal toxins: biochemistry,
genetics, and molecular biology. [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(5-2):1252-1264. Keywords: marine/ toxins/ biochemistry/
genetics/ molecular biology.

2147\. Plumley, F. G. (2001). Purification of an enzyme involved in
saxitoxin synthesis. [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(6):926-928. Keywords: microalgal metabolites/ toxins.

2148\. Pollingher, U.; Hadas, O.; Yacobi, Y. Z.; Zohary, T.; and Berman,
T. (1998). *Aphanizomenon ovalisporum* (Forti) in Lake Kinneret, Israel.
[J. Plankton Res.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(7):1321-1339. Keywords:
Lake Kinneret/ Israel/ *Aphanizomenon ovalisporum*/ bloom.

2149\. Pomati, F. (2003). [Sodium Homeostasis and the Production of
Saxitoxin in Cyanobacteria]{.underline}. Ph.D. Thesis. University of New
South Wales, Sydney, Australia. 252 pp. Keywords: sodium homeostasis/
saxitoxin production/ cyanobacteria.

2150\. Pomati, F.; Manarolla, G.; Rossi, O.; Vigetti, D.; and Rossetti,
C. (2001). The purine degradation pathway --- possible role in paralytic
shellfish toxin metabolism in the cyanobacterium *Planktothrix* sp. FP1.
[Environ. Int.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(6):463-470. Keywords:
paralytic shellfish toxins/ cyanobacteria/ allantoicase/ purine
degradation/ *Chlamydomonas-reinhardtii*/ saxitoxin/ analogs/
biosynthesis/ growth/ dinoflagellate/ purification/ allantoicase/
poisons/ blooms.

2151\. Pomati, F.; Neilan, B. A.; Suzuki, T.; Manarolla, G.; and
Rossetti, C. (2003). Enhancement of intracellular saxitoxin accumulation
by lidocaine hydrochloride in the cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii* T3 (Nostocales). [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(3):535-542. Keywords: *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
cyanobacteria/ growth/ lidocaine hydrochloride/ saxitoxin.

2152\. Pomati, F.; Rossetti, C.; Calamari, D.; and Neilan, B. A. (2003).
Effects of saxitoxin (STX) and veratridine on bacerial Na^+^-K^+^
fluxes: a prokaryote-based STX bioassay. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [69]{.underline}(12):7371-7376. Keywords:
bioassay/ effects/ saxitoxin/ veratridine/ paralytic shellfish toxins/
sensitive sodium-channels/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ dinoflagellate/ neurotoxins.

2153\. Pomati, F.; Sacchi, S.; Rossetti, C.; Giovannardi, S.; Onodera,
H.; Oshima, Y.; and Neilan, B. A. (2000). The freshwater cyanobacterium
*Planktothrix* sp. FP1: molecular identification and detection of
paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}(3):553-562. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ HPLC/ LC-MS/ Na+
channels/ patch clamp/ phycocyanin gene/ *Planktothrix*/ PSP/ saxitoxin/
16S rRNA/ Lake Varese, Italy.

2154\. Poon, G. K.; Griggs, L. J.; Edwards, C.; Beattie, K. A.; and
Codd, G. A. (1993). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass
spectrometry of cyanobacterial toxins. [J. Chromat.]{.underline}
[628]{.underline}:215-233. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxins/ liquid
chromatography/ mass spectrometry.

2155\. Poon, G. K.; Priestley, I. M.; Hunt, S. M.; Fawell, J. K.; and
Codd, G. A. (1987). Purification procedure for peptide toxins from the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* involving high-performance
thin-layer chromatography. [J. Chromat.]{.underline}
[387]{.underline}:551-555. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ peptide/
purification/ HPLC. (Technical Note)

2156\. Poon, K. F.; Lam, M. H. W.; Lam, P. K. S.; and Wong, B. S. F.
(2001). Determination of microcystins in cyanobacterial blooms by
solid-phase microextraction-high-performance liquid chromatography.
[Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(8):1648-1655.
Keywords: solid phase microextraction/ hepatotoxins/ microcystins/
abundance profile/ cyanobacterial blooms.

2157\. Porfirio, Z.; Ribeiro, M. P.; Estevam, C. S.; Houly, R. L. S.;
and Sant\'Ana, A. E. G. (1999). Hepatosplenomegaly caused by an extract
of cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeuriginosa* bloom collected in the
Manguaba lagoon, Alagoas-Brazil. [Rev. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(3):278-285. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
cyanobacteria/ hepatomegaly/ splenomegaly.

2158\. Porter, E.D. (1887). Investigation of supposed poisonous
vegetation in the waters of some of the lakes of Minnesota. In: [Dept.
Agric. Report 1881/86]{.underline}. Pioneer Press Co.: Univ. Minnesota.
Report \# Biennial Report of the Board of Regents, No. 4, Suppl. No. 1,
p. 95-96. Keywords: Minnesota/ toxins/ cyanotoxins.

2159\. Porter, K. G. and Orcutt, J. D. (1980). Nutritional adequacy,
manageability and toxicity as factors that determine the food quality of
green and blue-green algae for *Daphnia.* In: W. C. Kerfoot (ed.) [The
Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities]{.underline}. The Univ.
Press of New England: Hanover, New Hampshire, pp. 268-281. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Daphnia*/ nutritional adequacy/ green algae/ blue-green
algae.

2160\. Potts, M.; Hong, S.; Mockaitis, K.; Kennelly, P. J.; Reed, D.;
and Tonks, N. K. (1993). A protein-tyrosine/serine phosphatase encoded
by the genome of the cyanobacterium *Nostoc commune* UTEX 584. [J. Biol.
Chem.]{.underline} [268]{.underline}(11):7632-7635. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Nostoc commune*/ genome/ phosphatase.

2161\. Pouria, S.; Andrade, A. de; Barbosa, J.; Cavalcanti, R. L.;
Barreto, V. S. T.; Ward, C. J.; Preiser, W.; Poon, G. K.; Neild, G. H.;
and Codd, G. A. (1998). Fatal microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis
unit in Caruaru, Brazil. [The Lancet]{.underline}
[352]{.underline}:21-26. Keywords: microcystin/ toxins/ hemodialysis/
Caruaru/ Brazil/ deaths.

2162\. Powell, C. L. and Doucette, G. J. (1999). A receptor binding
assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins: recent advances and
applications. [Natural Toxins]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(6):393-400.
Keywords: receptor binding assay/ paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)/
saxitoxin/ *Alexandrium*/ toxin trophic transfer/ microplate
scintillation counting/ high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

2163\. Powell, M. W. (1997). Analysis of anatoxin-a in aqueous samples.
[Chromatographia]{.underline} [45]{.underline}(Suppl.):25-28. Keywords:
column liquid chromatography/ solid phase extraction/ algal toxins/
blue-green algae/ drinking water/ river water.

2164\. Prati, A.; Molteni, M.; Pomati, F.; Rossetti, C.; and Bernardini,
G. (2002). Biological effect of the *Planktothrix* sp. FP1
cyanobacterial extract. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}(3):267-272. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Planktothrix*/
PSP toxins/ FETAX/ lymphocytes/ IL-2/ IFN-gamma.

2165\. Praud, A.; Valls, R.; Piovetti, L.; and Banaigs, B. (1993).
Malyngamide-G: proposed structure for a new chlorine-containing amide
from a blue-green alga epiphyte of *Cystoseira crinita* (Malyngamide G:
proposition de structure pour un Nouvel Amide Chlore d\'une algue
bleu-verte epiphyte de *Cystoseira crinita).* [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(34):5437-5440. Keywords: malyngamide
G/ structure/ blue-green algae/ *Cystoseira crinita*/ cytotoxin.
(French)

2166\. Pravda, M.; Kreuzer, M. P.; and Guilbault, G. G. (2002). Analysis
of important freshwater and marine toxins. [Analyt. Lett.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(1):1-15. Keywords: toxins/ analysis/ microcystin/
anatoxin/ okadaic acid/ brevetoxin/ domoic acid/ tetrodotoxin/
biosensor/ ELISA/ HPLC/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ performance liquid
chromatography/ Prince Edward Island/ cyanobacterial toxins/ domoic
acid/ anatoxin-a/ fluorometric detection/ monoclonal antibody/ enzyme
immunoassay/ mass spectrometry.

2167\. Prepas, E. E.; Kotak, B. G.; Campbell, L. M.; Evans, J. C.;
Hrudey, S. E.; and Holmes, C. F. B. (1997). Accumulation and elimination
of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by the fresh-water clam *Anodonta grandis
simpsoniana.* [Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.]{.underline}
[54]{.underline}(1):41-46. Keywords: *Anodonta grandis simpsoniana*/
cyanobacterial hepatotoxin.

2168\. Prescott, G. W. (1960). Biological disturbances resulting from
algal populations in standing waters. In: [The Ecology of
Algae]{.underline}. pp. 22-37. Pymatuning Laboratory of Field Biology,
Univ. of Pittsburgh. Keywords: algal blooms.

2169\. Prescott, G. W. (1938). Objectionable algae and their control in
lakes and reservoirs. [Louisiana Municipal Rev.]{.underline} [Vol.
1]{.underline}(Nos. 2 & 3 ) Keywords: cyanotoxin/ algae control/ lakes/
reservoirs. (Unpaged reprint)

2170\. Prescott, G. W. (1948). Objectionable algae with reference to the
killing of fish and other animals. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[1]{.underline}(1):1-13. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fish deaths/
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Microcystis
flos-aquae*/ blooms.

2171\. Prescott, G. W. (1933). Some effects of the blue-green algae,
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae,* on lake fish. [Collect. Net]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}(4):77-80. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Aphanizomenon*.

2172\. Prescott, G. W. (1939). Some relationships of phytoplankton to
limnology and aquatic biology. In: [Problems of Lake
Biology]{.underline}. American Association of Advanced Science: Pub.
#10, 65-78 pp. Keywords: relationship/ phytoplankton/ limnology.

2173\. Preston, T.; Stewart, W. D. P.; and Reynolds, C. S. (1980).
Bloom-forming cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* overwinters on
sediment surface. [Nature]{.underline} [288]{.underline}(5788):365-367.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ sediment/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ English
Lake District/ inoculum/ overwinters.

2174\. Pretorius, J. A. and Eloff, J. N. (1981). Aspects of the growth
of *Microcystis aeruginosa* on agar. [J. Limnol. Soc. S.
Afr.]{.underline} [7]{.underline} (2):67-71. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ culture/ agar.

2175\. Pretorius, J. A. and Eloff, J. N. (1977). Occurrence of
nannocytes in *Microcystis.* [S. Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline}
[73]{.underline}:245-246. Keywords: *Microcystis*/ nannocytes/ axenic.

2176\. Pretorius, J. A.; Krüger, G. H. J.; and Eloff, J. N. (1977). The
release of nannocytes during the growth cycle of *Microcystis.* [J.
Limnol. Soc. S. Afr.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(1):17-20. Keywords:
*Microcystis* growth cycle/ nannocytes.

2177\. Priestley, I. M.; Codd, G. A.; Beattie, K. A.; Hunt, S. M.; and
Fawell, J. K. (1988). *In vitro* screening of cyanobacterial blooms for
toxicity. [Br. Phycol. J.]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(3):294-295.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ screen/ bioassay/ toxicity. (Meeting Abstract)

2178\. Priestley, I. M.; Poon, G. K.; Hunt, S. M.; Fawell, J. K.; and
Codd, G. A. (1987). Purification and assay procedures for *Microcystis
aeruginosa* peptide toxins. [Br. Phycol. J.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(3):309-310. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/
peptide/ bioassay. (Meeting Abstract)

2179\. Prinsep, M. R.; Caplan, F. R.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.;
Honkanen, R. E.; and Boynton, A. L. (1992). Microcystin-LA from a
blue-green alga belonging to the Stigonematales.
[Phytochem.]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(4):1247-1248. Keywords:
microcystin-LA/ *Hapalosiphon hibernicus*/ cyanobacteria.

2180\. Prinsep, M. R.; Caplan, F. R.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.;
and Smith, C. D. (1992). Tolyporphin, a novel multidrug resistance
reversing agent from the blue-green alga *Tolypothrix nodosa.* [J. Am.
Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [114]{.underline}(1):385-387. Keywords:
*Tolypothrix nodosa*/ tumor cells.

2181\. Prinsep, M. R.; Moore, R. E.; Levine, I. A.; and Patterson, G. M.
L. (1992). Westiellamide, a bistratamide-related cyclic peptide from the
blue-green alga *Westiellopsis prolifica.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [55]{.underline}(1):140-142. Keywords:
*Westiellopsis prolifica*/ westiellamide isolation.

2182\. Prinsep, M. R.; Patterson, G. M.; Larsen, L. K.; and Smith, C. D.
(1998). Tolyporphin-J and Tolyporphin-K, 2 further porphinoid
metabolites from the cyanobacterium *Tolypothrix nodosa.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(9):1133-1136. Keywords:
porphinoid metabolites/ *Tolypothrix nodosa*.

2183\. Prinsep, M. R.; Thompson, R. A.; West, M. L.; and Wylie, B. L.
(1996). Tolypodiol, an antiinflammatory diterpenoid from the
cyanobacterium *Tolypothrix nodosa.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[59]{.underline}(8):786-788. Keywords: *Tolypothrix nodosa*/
antiinflammatory activity.

2184\. Prociv, P. (1992). Blue-green algae: fact or fantasy. [Med. J.
Aust.]{.underline} [156]{.underline}(5):366-367. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ reality.

2185\. Prociv, P. (1987). Palm island reconsidered. Was it copper
poisoning? [Aust. NZ. J. Med.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}:345-349.
Keywords: Palm Island, Queensland/ Australia/ hepato-enteritis/ algal
toxicity/ copper poisoning.

2186\. Pugh, N. and Pasco, D. S. (2001). Characterization of human
monocyte activation by a water soluble preparation of *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae.* [Phytomedicine]{.underline} [8]{.underline}(6):445-453.
Keywords: *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ microalgae/ THP-1/ macrophage/
nuclear factor kappa B/ immunostimulatory.

2187\. Puiseux-Dao, S.; Bouaïcha, N.; and Diogene, G. (2000).
Maitotoxin, okadaic acid, and microcystins: toxins that disturb signal
transduction and phosphorylations. In: H. Rochat and M-F.
Martin-Eauclaire (eds.) [Animal Toxins: Facts and
Protocols]{.underline}. Birkhauser Verlag: Basel/Boston, pp. 20-30. 365
pp. Methods and Tools in Biosciences and Medicine. Keywords:
microcystin/ signal transduction.

2188\. Puschner, B.; Galey, F. D.; Johnson, B.; Dickie, C. W.; Vondy,
M.; Francis, T.; and Holstege, D. M. (1998). Blue-green algae toxicosis
in cattle. [J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.]{.underline}
[213]{.underline}(11):1605-1607. Keywords: cattle toxicosis/ blue-green
algae/ Burlington, Colorado.

2189\. Pybus, M. J.; Hobson, D. P.; and Onderka, D. K. (1986). Mass
mortality of bats due to probable blue-green algae toxicity. [J.
Wildlife Dis.]{.underline} [22]{.underline}(3):449-450. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Canada/ Edmonton, Alberta/ bat mortality/ bird deaths/ algal
toxicity.

2190\. Pyo, D.; Choi, E.; Cha, G. S.; Lee, J.; Jung, S. Y.; and Kim, M.
S. (2003). Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies
against microcystin LR. [Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(1):126-128. Keywords: microcystin/ monoclonal antibody/
cyanobacteria.

2191\. Pyo, D. and Lee, M. (1994). Chemical analysis of microcystins -RR
and -LR in cyanobacterium using a prepacked cyano cartridge.
[Chromatographia]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(7-8):427-430. Keywords:
analysis/ microcystin-RR/ microcystin-LR/ prepacked cyano cartridge.

2192\. Pyo, D.; Park, K.; Shin, H. D.; and Moon, M. (1999). Extraction
of microcystins from cyanobacteria by acetic acid modified supercritical
CO~2~. [Chromatographia]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(9-10):539-542.
Keywords: microcystin extraction/ acetic acid.

2193\. Pyo, D. and Shin, H. (2002). Extraction and analysis of
microcystins -RR and -LR in cyanobacteria using a cyano cartridge. [J.
Biochem. Biophys. Methods]{.underline} [51]{.underline}(2):103-109.
Keywords: cyano cartridge/ microcystin-RR/ microcystin-LR/ solid phase
extraction.

2194\. Pyo, D. and Shin, H. (1999). Supercritical fluid extraction of
microcystins from cyanobacteria. [Analyt. Chem.]{.underline}
[71]{.underline}(20):4772-4775. Keywords: microcystins/ fluid
extraction.

2195\. Pyo, D. J. and Kim, Y. S. (2001). Rapid and efficient method for
extraction and isolation of microcystin-RR from the cyanobacterium. [J.
Liq. Chromat. Related Technol.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(17):2685-2696. Keywords: *aeruginosa* / toxin/
hepatotoxin/ *viridis*/ microcystin-RR/ extraction/ isolation.

2196\. Pyo, D. J. and Lee, S. Y. (2002). Rapid purification of
microcystin-LR using supercritical fluid extraction and flash
chromatography. [Analyt. Lett.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(9):1591-1602. Keywords: microcystins/ purification/
supercritical fluid extraction.

2197\. Qiu, B. S. and Gao, K. S. (2002). Effects of CO~2~ enrichment on
the bloom-forming cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa*
(Cyanophyceae): physiological responses and relationships with the
availability of dissolved inorganic carbon. [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(4):721-729. Keywords: blue-green alga/ carbon dioxide/
cyanobacterium/ dissolved inorganic carbon/ elevated CO~2~/ growth/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ photosynthesis.

2198\. Quershi, A. A.; Coleman, R. N.; and Paran, J. H. (1984).
Evaluation and refinement of the Microtox test for use in toxicity
screening. In: D. Liu and B. J. Dutka (eds.) [Toxicity Screening
Procedures using Bacterial Systems]{.underline}. Marcel Dekker, Inc.:
New York, pp. 1-22. Keywords: Microtox test/ toxicity screening/
bacteria.

2199\. Quilliam, M. A. (2000). Phycotoxins. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt.
Chem. Int.]{.underline} [83]{.underline}(2):449-454. Keywords: shellfish
poisoning toxins/ anatoxin-a/ liquid chromatography/ cyanobacteria
toxins/ Danish lakes/ marine toxin/ mouse bioassay/ mass-spec/
homoanatoxin-a.

2200\. Quin, A. H. (1943). Sheep poisoning by algae. [J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc.]{.underline} [102]{.underline}:299. Keywords: algae/ poisoning/
sheep.

2201\. Quinn, R. J.; Taylor, C.; Suganuma, M.; and Fujiki, H. (1993).
The conserved acid binding domain model of inhibitors of protein
phosphatases 1 and 2A: molecular modelling aspects. [Bioorg. Medicinal
Chem. Lett.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(6):1029-1034. Keywords:
molecular modeling/ protein phosphatases 1 and 2A inhibitors.

2202\. Råbergh, C.; Bylund, G.; Eriksson, J.E.; and Meriluoto, J.A.O.
(1989). Myrkyllisen sinilevan *Oscillatoria agardhii:* n vaikutukset
kaloihin. In: [Forskningsrapport till Lahtis stad]{.underline}. 14 pp.
Keywords: *Oscillatoria agardhii*. (Finnish)

2203\. Råbergh, C.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Bylund, G. (1989). The effects
of the toxic cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) *Microcystis aeruginosa*
on common carp *(Cyprinus carpio* L.). In: [10^th^ Annual Symposium
Finnish Society Toxicology]{.underline}. May 19-20, 1989; Åbo Akademi,
Turku, Finland. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ toxic/ carp/
*Cyprinus carpio*. (Poster)

2204\. Råbergh, C.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Bylund, G. (1989). A light- and
electronmicroscopical study on the effects of the toxic cyanobacterium
(blue-green alga) *Microcystis aeruginosa* on common carp *Cyprinus
carpio* L. (Diseases of fish and shellfish). In: [IV EAFP (European
Association of Fish Pathologists) International Conference]{.underline}.
Sept. 24-28, 1989; Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ toxic/ carp/ *Cyprinus carpio*. (Poster)

2205\. Råbergh, C. M. I.; Bylund, G.; and Eriksson, J. E. (1991).
Histopathological effects of microcystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin from
the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) *Microcystis aeruginosa,* on common
carp *(Cyprinus carpio* L.). [Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[20]{.underline}(3):131-145. Keywords: histopathological effects/
microcystin-LR/ cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ carp/ *Cyprinus
carpio*/ peptide toxin.

2206\. Råbergh, C. M. I.; Isomaa, B.; and Eriksson, J. E. (1992). The
resin acids dehydroabietic acid and isopimaric acid inhibit bile acid
uptake and perturb potassium transport in isolated hepatocytes from
rainbow trout *(Oncorhynchus mykiss).* [Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}:169-180. Keywords: hepatocyte/ rainbow trout/ resin
acid/ dehydroabietic acid/ isopimaric acid/ bile acid/ *Oncorhynchus
mykiss*.

2207\. Rabin, P. (1976). [Studies on the Endotoxin from the Blue-Green
Alga *Microcystis aeruginosa* NRC-1]{.underline}. Ph.D. Thesis.
University of London King\'s College, London, U.K. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
endotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

2208\. Rabin, P. and Darbre, A. (1975). An improved extraction procedure
for the endotoxin from *Microcystis aeruginosa* NRC-1. [Biochem. Soc.
Trans.]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(3):428-430. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ extraction.

2209\. Radau, G. (2000). Serine protease inhibiting cyanopeptides.
[Pharmazie]{.underline} [55]{.underline}(8):555-560. Keywords:
cynopeptides/ inhibit/ serine protease.

2210\. Radau, G.; Gebel, J.; and Rauh, D. (2003). New
cyanopeptide-derived low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors. [Arch.
Pharmazie]{.underline} [336]{.underline}(8):372-380. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ cyanopeptides/ peptide syntheses/ rational drug design/
thrombin inhibitors.

2211\. Radau, G.; Schermuly, S.; and Fritsche, A. (2003). New
cyanopeptide-derived low molecular weight inhibitors of trypsin-like
serine proteases. [Arch. Pharmazie]{.underline}
[336]{.underline}(6-7):300-309. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyanopeptides/
peptide syntheses/ rational drug design/ thrombin inhibitors/
*Microcystis viridis*/ *Verbesina caracasana*.

2212\. Ragelis, E. P. (1988). Seafood toxins. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt.
Chem. Int.]{.underline} [71]{.underline}(1):81-83. Keywords: toxins/
seafood.

2213\. Ramamurthy, V. D. (1970). Antibacterial activity of the marine
blue-green alga *Trichodesmium* *erythraeum* in the gastro-intestinal
contents of the sea gull *Laurus brunicephalus.* [Mar.
Biol.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}:74-76. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
products/ *Trichodesmium erythraeum*/ antibacterial/ gastrointestinal/
sea gull/ *Laurus brunicephalus*.

2214\. Ramanan, S.; Tang, J.; and Velayudhan, A. (2000). Isolation and
preparative purification of microcystin variants. [J. Chromat.
A]{.underline} [883]{.underline}(1-2):103-112. Keywords: preparative
chromatography/ microcystins/ toxins/ peptides.

2215\. Ransom, R. E.; Nerad, T. A.; and Meier, P. G. (1978). Acute
toxicity of some blue-green algae to the protozoan *Paramecium
caudatum.* [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}:114-116. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Paramecium caudatum*/ toxicity.

2216\. Rantajärvi, E. and Leppänen, J.-M. (1994). Unattended algal
monitoring on merchant ships in the Baltic Sea. [Tema Nord]{.underline}.
Nordic Council of Ministers: Copenhagen, Denmark. p. 1-66, 546 pp.
Keywords: algal monitoring/ Baltic Sea/ merchant ships.

2217\. Rao, C. S. V. R. (1994). Antimicrobial activity of cyanobacteria.
[Indian J. Mar. Sci.]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(1):55-56. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ antimicrobial activity.

2218\. Rao, D. R.; Thangavel, C.; Kabilan, L.; Suguna, S.; Mani, T. R.;
and Shanmugasundaram, S. (1999). Larvicidal properties of the
cyanobacterium *Westiellopsis* sp. (blue-green algae) against mosquito
vectors. [Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.]{.underline}
[93]{.underline}(3):232. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/
*Westiellopsis*/ *Culex quinquefasciatus*/ *Culex tritaeniorhynchus*/
*Aedes aegypti*/ *Anopheles stephensi*/ vector control/ mosquito.

2219\. Rao, P. V. L.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; and Bhattacharya, R. (1996).
Effects of nutrient media and culture duration on growth, macromolecular
composition and toxicity in batch cultures of *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[Microbios]{.underline} [86]{.underline}:95-104. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin/ growth/ toxicity.

2220\. Rao, P. V. L. and Bhattacharya, R. (1996). The cyanobacterial
toxin microcystin-LR induced DNA damage in mouse liver *in vivo.*
[Toxicology]{.underline} [114]{.underline}:29-36. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ DNA damage/ DNA unwinding/ DNA strand breaks/
genotoxicity/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ mouse liver.

2221\. Rao, P. V. L.; Bhattacharya, R.; Gupta, N.; Parida, M. M.;
Bhaskar, A. S. B.; and Dubey, R. (2002). Involvement of caspase and
reactive oxygen species in cyanobacterial toxin anatoxin-a induced
cytotoxicity and apoptosis in rat thymocytes and vero cells. [Arch.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [76]{.underline}(4):227-235. Keywords: anatoxin-a/
*Anabena flos-aquae*/ apoptosis/ caspase/ reactive oxygen species.

2222\. Rao, P. V. L.; Bhattacharya, R.; and Gupta, S. D. (1994).
Isolation, culture, and toxicity of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga)
*Microcystis aeruginosa* from a freshwater source in India. [Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol.]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(6):878-885.
Keywords: isolation/ culture/ toxicity/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
freshwater/ India.

2223\. Rao, P. V. L.; Gupta, N.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; and Jayaraj, R.
(2002). Toxins and bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and their
implications on human health. [J. Environ. Biol.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(3):215-224. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/
microcystin/ anatoxin/ bioactive peptides.

2224\. Rapala, J.; Erkomaa, K.; Kukkonen, J.; Sivonen, K.; and Lahti, K.
(2002). Detection of microcystins with protein phosphatase inhibition
assay, high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection and
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay --- comparison of methods. [Analyt.
Chim. Acta]{.underline} [466]{.underline}(2):213-231. Keywords:
microcystin/ nodularin/ detection/ protein phosphatase/ ELISA/ HPLC.

2225\. Rapala, J.; Lahti, K.; Räsänen, L. A.; Aas, P.; Esala, A. L.;
Niemelä, S. I.; and Sivonen, K. (2002). Endotoxins associated with
cyanobacteria and their removal during drinking water treatment. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(10):2647-2635. Keywords: endotoxin
concentration/ endotoxin removal/ water treatment/ cyanobacteria/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ lipopolysaccharides/ strains/ growth/
envelope/ *Anabaena*/ bacteria/ algae/ drinking water.

2226\. Rapala, J.; Lahti, K.; Sivonen, K.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1994).
Biodegradability and adsorption on lake sediments of cyanobacterial
hepatotoxins and anatoxin-a. [Lett. Appl. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[19]{.underline}(6):423-428. Keywords: biodegradability/ adsorption/
lake sediments/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/ anatoxin-a.

2227\. Rapala, J. and Sivonen, K. (1998). Assessment of environmental
conditions that favor hepatotoxic and neurotoxic *Anabaena* spp. strains
cultured under light limitation at different temperatures. [Microbial
Ecol.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(2):181-192. Keywords: environmental
conditions/ light limitation/ temperature/ *Anabaena*.

2228\. Rapala, J.; Sivonen, K.; Luukkainen, R.; and Niemelä, S. I.
(1993). Anatoxin-a concentration in *Anabaena* and *Aphanizomenon* under
different environmental conditions and comparison of growth by toxic and
non-toxic *Anabaena-*strains --- a laboratory study. [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(6):581-591. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Anabaena*/ *Aphanizomenon*/ neurotoxin/ anatoxin-a/
concentration/ growth comparison.

2229\. Rapala, J.; Sivonen, K.; Lyra, C.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1997).
Variation of microcystins, cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, in *Anabaena*
spp. as a function of growth stimuli. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(6):2206-2212. Keywords: growth
stimuli/ microcystins/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/ *Anabaena*.

2230\. Rashash, D. M. C. and Gallagher, D. L. (1995). An evaluation of
algal enumeration. [J. Am. Water Works Assoc.]{.underline}
[87]{.underline}(4):127-132. Keywords: algal enumeration/ Palmer-Maloney
counting chamber method.

2231\. Raziuddin, S.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Tornabene, T. G. (1983).
Lipopolysaccharides of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[Eur. J. Biochem.]{.underline} [137]{.underline}:333-336. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ lipopolysaccharides.

2232\. Redpath, N. T. and Proud, C. G. (1991). Differing effects of the
protein phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and microcystin on
translation in reticulocyte lysates. [Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Commun.]{.underline} [A1093]{.underline}(1):36-41. Keywords: translation
in reticulocyte lysates/ effects/ protein phosphatase inhibitors.

2233\. Reed, R. H.; Warr, S. R. C.; Richardson, D. L.; Moore, D. J.; and
Stewart, W. D. P. (1985). Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria): prospects
and perspectives. [Plant and Soil]{.underline} [89]{.underline}:97-106.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ prospects.

2234\. Reguera, B.; Blanco, J.; Fernández, M^a.^ L.; and Wyatt, T.
(1998). [Harmful Algae]{.underline}. Xunta de Galicia &
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO: Galicia, Spain.
635 pp. Proceedings of the VIII^th^ International Conference on Harmful
Algae. June 25-29, 1997; Vigo, Spain. Keywords: HABs/ harmful algal
blooms.

2235\. Reichelt, M.; Hummert, C.; and Luckas, B. (1999). Hydrolysis of
microcystins and nodularin by microwave-radiation.
[Chromatographia]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(11-1):671-677. Keywords:
microcystins/ nodularin/ hydrolysis.

2236\. Reifel, K. M.; McCoy, M. P.; Rocke, T. E.; Tiffany, M. A.;
Hurlbert, S. H.; and Faulkner, D. J. (2002). Possible importance of
algal toxins in the Salton Sea, California. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[473]{.underline}(1-3):275-292. Keywords: dinoflagellate/ raphidophyte/
prymnesiophyte/ *Gyrodinium uncatenum*/ *Prorocentrum minimum*/
*Protoceratium reticulatum*/ *Gymnodinium* sp./ Chattonella marina/
*Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis*/ red tides/ eared grebe/ *Podiceps
nigricollis*/ saline lake/ algal blooms/ Salton Sea/ California.

2237\. Reinikainen, M. (1997). [Acute and Sublethal Effects of
Cyanobacteria with Different Toxic Properties on Cladocerean
Zooplankton]{.underline}. Ph.D. Thesis. Åbo Akademi University, Åbo,
Finland. Keywords: effects/ cyanobacteria/ zooplankton.

2238\. Reinikainen, M.; Ketola, M.; Jantunen, M.; and Walls, M. (1995).
Effects of *Microcystis aeruginosa* exposure and nutritional status on
the reproduction of *Daphnia pulex.* [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(2):431-436. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Daphnia pulex*/ exposure/ nutrition/ reproduction.

2239\. Reinikainen, M.; Ketola, M.; and Walls, M. (1994). Effects of the
concentrations of toxic *Microcystis aeruginosa* and an alternative food
on the survival of *Daphnia pulex.* [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(2):424-432. Keywords: toxic *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Daphnia pulex*/ survival/ nutrition.

2240\. Reinikainen, M.; Kiviranta, J.; Ulvi, V.; and Niku-Paavola, M. L.
(1995). Acute toxic effects of a novel cyanobacterial toxin on the
crustaceans *Artemia salina* and *Daphnia pulex.* [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [133]{.underline}(1):61-69. Keywords: toxicity
testing/ toxins/ Crustacea/ *Artemia salina*/ *Daphnia pulex*/
*Oscillatoria agardhii*/ cyanobacteria/ dose/ response effects/
Cyanophyta.

2241\. Reinikainen, M.; Lindvall, F.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Repka, S.;
Sivonen, K.; Spoof, L.; and Wahlsten, M. (2002). Effects of dissolved
cyanobacterial toxins on the survival and egg hatching of estuarine
calanoid copepods. [Mar. Biol.]{.underline}
[140]{.underline}(3):577-583. Keywords: *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
*Eurytemora affinis*/ *Acartia tonsa*/ Baltic sea/ bloom/ reproduction/
zooplankton/ toxicity/ *Daphnia*/ food.

2242\. Reinikainen, M.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Spoof, L.; and Harada, K.
(2001). The toxicities of a polyunsaturated fatty acid and a microcystin
to *Daphnia magna.* [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(5):444-448. Keywords: *Daphnia*/ PUFA/ fatty acid/
lipid/ microcystin/ toxic/ harmful/ zooplankton/ phytoplankton.

2243\. Remer, F. (1943). Sheep poisoned by algae. [J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc.]{.underline} [102]{.underline}:299. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ sheep
poisoning.

2244\. Repavich, W. M.; Sonzogni, W. C.; Standridge, J. H.; Wedepohl, R.
E.; and Meisner, L. F. (1990). Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in
Wisconsin waters: acute and chronic toxicity. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(2):225-231. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/
algae/ mutagen/ limnology/ biotesting/ toxin/ health effects/ algal
bloom/ freshwater/ water isolates/ clastogenicity/ mice/ Cyanophyta/
USA/ Wisconsin/ acute toxicity/ chronic toxicity.

2245\. Repka, S.; Mehtonen, J.; Vaitomaa, J.; Saari, L.; and Sivonen, K.
(2001). Effects of nutrients on growth and nodularin production of
*Nodularia* strain GR8b. [Microbial Ecol.]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(4):606-613. Keywords: blue-green-algae/ Baltic Sea/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin production/ cyanobacteria/
*Spumigena*/ protein/ phytoplankton/ limitation/ phosphorus.

2246\. Reshef, V. and Carmeli, S. (2001). Protease inhibitors from a
water bloom of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[Tetrahed.]{.underline} [57]{.underline}(14):2885-2894. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ protease inhibitors.

2247\. Reshef, V. and Carmeli, S. (2002). Schizopeptin 791, a new
anabeanopeptin-like cyclic peptide from the cyanobacterium *Schizothrix*
sp. [J. Natural Products]{.underline} [65]{.underline}(8):1187-1189.
Keywords: hexapeptides/ inhibitors/ *Schizothrix* .

2248\. Reskone, M. N. and Torokne, A. K. (2000). Toxic *Microcystis
aeruginosa* in Lake Velencei. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(5):554-557. Keywords: cyanobacterial bloom/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ cyanotoxin/ Lake Velencei, Hungary.

2249\. Ressom, R.; Soong, F. S.; Fitzgerald, J.; Turczynowicz, L.; El
Saadi, O.; Roder, D. M.; Maynard, T., and Falconer, I. R. (1994).
[Health Effects of Toxic Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)]{.underline}.
Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, ACT, Australia. 108
pp. Keywords: toxic cyanobacteria/ health effects.

2250\. Reyero, M.; Cacho, E.; Martinez, A.; Vazquez, J.; Marina, A.;
Fraga, S.; and Franco, J. M. (1999). Evidence of saxitoxin derivatives
as causative agents in the 1997 mass mortality of monk seals in the Cape
Blanc peninsula. [Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[7]{.underline}(6):311-315. Keywords: monk seals/ mass mortality/ PSP
toxins/ HPLC/ MS/ Cape Blanc, Western Sahara coast.

2251\. Reyes-Vasquez, G. (1985). [Effects of environmental factors on
the biosynthesis of hemolytic toxins by the marine cyanobacterium
*Synechococcus* sp. Miami BG116S]{.underline}. Thesis, . 113 pp.
Keywords: cyano/ *Synechococcus*/ toxin/ marine. (Univ. Microfilms Int.
Order No DA 8522774)

2252\. Reynolds, C. S. (1980). Cattle deaths and blue-green algae: a
possible instance from Chesire, England. [J. Inst. Water Eng.
Sci.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}:74-76. Keywords: England/ cattle
death/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria.

2253\. Reynolds, C. S. (1971). The ecology of the planktonic blue-green
algae in the North Shropshire meres, England. [Field Stud.]{.underline}
[3]{.underline}(3):409-432. Keywords: ecology/ blue-green algae/
England.

2254\. Reynolds, C. S. (1972). Growth, gas vacuolation and buoyancy in a
natural population of a planktonic blue-green alga. [Freshwater
Biol.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}:87-106. Keywords: planktonic
blue-green algae/ growth/ gas vacuolation/ buoyancy/ waterblooms.

2255\. Reynolds, C. S. and Jaworski, G. H. M. (1978). Enumeration of
natural *Microcystis* populations. [Br. Phycol. J.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}:269-277. Keywords: cell concentrations/ *Microcystis*/
populations.

2256\. Reynolds, C. S.; Jaworski, G. H. M.; Cmiech, H. A.; and Leedale,
G. F. (1981). On the annual cycle of the blue-green alga *Microcystis
aeruginosa* Kütz. emend. Elenkin. [Philosoph. Trans. Roy. Soc. London
Ser. B. Biol. Sci.]{.underline} [293]{.underline}(1068):419-477.
Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ cycle/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green
algae.

2257\. Reynolds, C. S. and Rogers, D. A. (1976). Seasonal variations in
the vertical distribution and buoyancy of *Microcystis aeruginosa* Kütz.
emend. Elenken in Rostherne mere, England. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[48]{.underline}(1):17-23. Keywords: England/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
seasonal variation/ distribution/ buoyancy/ overwinter/ sediment.

2258\. Rho, M. C.; Matsunaga, K.; Yasuda, K.; and Ohizumi, Y. (1996). A
novel monogalactosylacylglycerol with inhibitory effect on platelet
aggregation from the Cyanophyceae *Oscillatoria rosea.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [59]{.underline}(3):308-309. Keywords: inhibition/
platelet aggregation/ *Oscillatoria rosea*.

2259\. Richard, D. S.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (1983). Toxicity
of cyanobacterial blooms from Scottish freshwaters. [Environ. Technol.
Lett.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}:377. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Scotland/
freshwater/ blooms/ toxicity.

2260\. Richardson, K. (1997). Harmful or exceptional phytoplankton
blooms in the marine ecosystem (review). [Adv. Mar. Biol.]{.underline}
[31]{.underline}:301-385. Keywords: marine/ blooms/ harmful algal
blooms/ phytoplankton.

2261\. Richardson, L. L. (1997). Occurrence of the black band disease
cyanobacterium on healthy coral of the Florida Keys. [Bull. Mar.
Sci.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(2):485-490. Keywords: Florida/
marine/ black band disease/ corals/ cyanobacterium/ *Oscillatoria
submembranaceae*/ *Phormidium corallyticum*.

2262\. Ricketts, T. R. (1977). A continuous synchronous culture and
sampling system for algae. [J. Exp. Bot.]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}(103):416-424. Keywords: culture/ algae/ axenic.

2263\. Rinehart, K. L. (1989). Biologically active marine natural
products. [Pure Appl. Chem.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(3):525-528.
Keywords: marine natural products/ biologically active compounds.

2264\. Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Secondary metabolites from marine
organisms. In: [1992 Secondary Metabolites: their Function and Evolution
--- Ciba Foundation Symposium]{.underline}. Wiley: Chichester. Vol. 171,
pp. 236-254. Keywords: marine/ secondary metabolites/ biosynthesis.

2265\. Rinehart, K. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Namikoshi, M. (1996).
9-Deazaadenosine and its 5\'-alpha-D-glycopyranoside isolated from the
cyanobacterium *Anabaena affinis* strain VS-1. [Off. Gaz. U.S. Patent
Trade. Off. Patents]{.underline} [1191]{.underline}(5):3509. Keywords:
9-Deazaadenosine/ isolated/ *Anabaena affinis*.

2266\. Rinehart, K. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Namikoshi, M. (1997).
9-Deazaadenosine and its 5\'-alpha-D-glycopyranoside isolated from the
cyanobacterium *Anabaena affinis* strain VS-1. [Off. Gaz. U.S. Patent
Trade. Off. Patents]{.underline} [1204]{.underline}(1):432. Keywords:
9-Deazaadenosine/ isolated/ *Anabaena affinis*.

2267\. Rinehart, K. L.; Harada, K-I.; Namikoshi, M.; Chen, C.; Harvis,
C. A.; Munro, M. H. G.; Blunt, J. W.; Mulligan, P. E.; Beasley, V. R.;
Dahlem, A. M.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Nodularin, microcystin and
the configuration of Adda. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[110]{.underline}(25):8557-8558. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/
*Nodularia*/ nodularin/ microcystin/ related toxins/ configuration.

2268\. Rinehart, K. L.; Namikoshi, M.; and Choi, B. W. (1994). Structure
and biosynthesis of toxins from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). [J.
Appl. Phycol.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}(2):159-176. Keywords:
cyanobacterial toxins/ biosynthesis/ nodularin/ microcystins/ protein
phosphatases/ structure assignment/ mass spectrometry/ metabolism/
*Microcystis*/ *Nodularia*.

2269\. Rinehart, K. L.; Namikoshi, M.; Thompson, A. G.; Shield, L. S.;
Gäde, G.; Grimuelikhuijzen, C. J. P.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sivonen, K.;
Doughty, C. C.; and Grimshaw, C. E. (1991). Tandem mass spectrometry
(FAB ms/ms) studies of peptides and proteins. In: Atta-ur Rahman, (ed.)
[Studies in Natural Products Chemistry]{.underline}. Elsevier Sci.
Publ.: Amsterdam. 9, pp. 487-507. Proceedings of the 4th International
Symposium on Natural Products Chemistry. January 27-February 2, 1990;
Karachi, Pakistan. Keywords: tandem mass spectrometry/ peptides/
proteins.

2270\. Rinehart, K. L.; Shaw, P. D.; Shield, L. S.; Gloer, J. B.;
Harbour, G. C.; Koker, M. E. S.; Samain, D.; Schwartz, R. E.; Tymiak, A.
A.; Weller, D. L.; Carter, G. T.; Munro, M. H. G.; Hughes, R. G.; Renia,
H. E.; Swynenberg, E. B.; Stringfellow, D. A.; Vava, J. J.; Coats, J.
H.; Zurenko, G. E.; Kuentzel, S. L.; Li, L. H.; Bakus, G. J.; Brunsca,
R. C.; Craft, L. L.; Young, D. N.; and Conner, J. L. (1981). Marine
natural products as sources of antiviral, antimicrobial and
antineoplastic agents. [Pure Appl. Chem.]{.underline}
[53]{.underline}:795-817. Keywords: marine natural products/ antiviral/
antimicrobial/ antineoplastic.

2271\. Rivas, M.; Garcia, C; Liberona, J. L.; and Lagos, N. (2000).
Biochemical characterization and inhibitory effects of
dinophysistoxin-1, okadaic acid and microcystin-LR on protein
phosphatase 2A purified from the mussel *Mytilus chilensis.* [Biological
Res.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(3-4):197-206. Keywords: Chile/ DSP/
diarrhetic shellfish poisoning/ mussel/ *Mytilus chilensis*/ protein
phosphatase 2A/ microcystin-LR.

2272\. Rivasseau, C. and Hennion, M. C. (1999). Potential of
immunoextraction coupled to analytical and bioanalytical methods
(liquid-chromatography, ELISA kit and phosphatase inhibition test) for
an improved environmental monitoring of cyanobacterial toxins. [Analyt.
Chim. Acta]{.underline} [399]{.underline}(1-2):75-87. Keywords:
immunoextraction/ liquid chromatography/ ELISA/ phosphatase inhibition/
monitoring/ cyanotoxins.

2273\. Rivasseau, C.; Hennion, M. C.; and Sandra, P. (1996).
Determination of microcystins in cyanobacterial samples using
microliquid chromatography. [J. Microcol. Separ.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}:541-551. Keywords: microliquid chromatography/
micropacked chromatography/ blue-green algae/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Oscillatoria agardhii*/ cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystins.

2274\. Rivasseau, C.; Martins, S.; and Hennion, M. C. (1998).
Determination of some physicochemical parameters of microcystins
(cyanobacterial toxins) and trace level analysis in environmental
samples using liquid chromatography. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline}
[799]{.underline}(1-2):155-169. Keywords: trace analysis/
physicochemical parameters/ microcystins/ cyanobacterial toxins/ toxins.

2275\. Rivasseau, C.; Racaud, P.; Deguin, A.; and Hennion, M. C. (1999).
Development of a bioanalytical phosphatase inhibition test for the
monitoring of microcystins in environmental water samples. [Analyt.
Chim. Acta]{.underline} [394]{.underline}(2-3):243-257. Keywords:
microcystins/ monitoring/ test/ bioanalytical phosphatase inhibition.

2276\. Rivasseau, C.; Racaud, P.; Deguin, A.; and Hennion, M. C. (1999).
Evaluation of an ELISA kit for the monitoring of microcystins
(cyanobacterial toxins) in water and algae environmental samples.
[Environ. Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(9):1520-1527.
Keywords: ELISA kit/ evaluation/ microcystins.

2277\. Rivasseau, C.; Vanhoenacker, G.; Sandra, P.; and Hennion, M. C.
(2000). On-line solid-phase extraction in microcolumn-liquid
chromatography coupled to UV or MS detection: Application to the
analysis of cyanobacterial toxins. [J. Microcol. Separ.]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(5):323-332. Keywords: environmental analysis/ on-line
SPE-micro-LC/ on-line SPE-micro-LC-MS/ microbore chromatography/
microprecolumn/ microcystins/ cyanobacterial toxins.

2278\. Robarts, R. D. and Zohary, T. (1984). *Microcystis aeruginosa*
and underwater light attenuation in a hypertrophic lake (Hartbeespoort
Dam, South Africa). [J. Ecol.]{.underline} [72]{.underline}:1001-1017.
Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ Hartbeespoort Dam/ South Africa/
phytoplankton dynamics/ productivity/ underwater light attenuation.

2279\. Robertson, P. K.; Lawton, L. A.; Cornish, B. J. P.; and Jaspars,
M. (1998). Processes influencing the destruction of microcystin-LR by
TiO~2~ photocatalysis. [J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem.]{.underline}
[116]{.underline}(3):215-219. Keywords: destruction/ microcystin-LR/
photocatalysis.

2280\. Robertson, P. K. J.; Lawton, L. A.; and Cornish, B. J. P. A.
(1999). The involvement of phycocyanin pigment in the photodecomposition
of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR. [J. Porphyrins
Phthalocyanines]{.underline} [3]{.underline}(6-7):544-551. Keywords:
photocatalysis/ photo-oxygenation/ singlet oxygen/ cyanobacteria/ toxin/
microsystin-LR/ decomposition.

2281\. Robertson, P. K. J.; Lawton, L. A.; Münch, B.; and Rouzade, J.
(1997). Destruction of cyanobacterial toxins by semiconductor
photocatalysis. [Chem. Commun.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}:393-394.
Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ destruction/ semiconductor
photocatalysis.

2282\. Robertson, S. J.; Pierce, M. J.; and Warner, J. A. (1993).
Effects of cyclosporine A and nodularin, two inhibitors of protein
phosphatases, on histamine release from human basophils. [Am. Rev. Resp.
Dis.]{.underline} [147]{.underline}(4):A932. Keywords: effects/
cyclosporine A/ nodularin/ histamine release/ human basophils. (Meeting
Abstract)

2283\. Robillot, C.; Vinh, J.; Puiseux-Dao, S.; and Hennion, M. C.
(2000). Hepatotoxin production kinetics of the cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa* PCC 7820, as determined by HPLC-mass
spectrometry and protein phosphatase bioassay. [Environ. Sci.
Technol.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(16):3372-3378. Keywords:
toxicity/ toxins/ growth/ chromatography/ temperature/ extraction/
waters/ UV-006.

2284\. Robinson, C. P.; Franz, D. R.; and Bondura, M. E. (1991). Effects
of lyngbyatoxin A from the blue-green alga *Lyngbya majuscula* on rabbit
aorta contractions. [Toxicon]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(8):1009-1017.
Keywords: freshwater/ aorta/ rabbits/ muscles/ heart/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ Cyanophyta/ lyngbyatoxin A/ effects on/ contraction/
biological poisons.

2285\. Robinson, N. A.; Matson, C. F.; and Pace, J. G. (1991).
Association of microcystin-LR and its biotransformation product with a
hepatic-cytosolic protein. [J. Biochem. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}(3):171-180. Keywords: microcystin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ protein phosphatases/ okadaic acid/ protein binding/
biotransformation/ metabolism/ *in vitro* activity/ microcystin-LR.

2286\. Robinson, N. A.; Miura, G. A.; Matson, C. F.; Dinterman, R. E.;
and Pace, J. G. (1989). Characterization of chemically tritiated
microcystin-LR and its distribution in mice. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(9):1035-1042. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ mice/ toxins/
mice/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ toxicology/ characterization/
distribution/ biological poisons.

2287\. Robinson, N. A.; Pace, J. G.; Matson, C. F.; Miura, G. A.; and
Lawrence, W. B. (1991). Tissue distribution, excretion and hepatic
biotransformation of microcystin-LR in mice. [J. Pharmacol. Exp.
Therapeut.]{.underline} [256]{.underline}(1):176-182. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ mice/ tissue distribution/ hepatic biotransformation/
excretion.

2288\. Rodas, V. L. and Costas, E. (1999). Preference of mice to consume
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (toxin-producing cyanobaceria)--- a possible
explanation for numerous fatalities of livestock and wildlife. [Res.
Vet. Sci.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(1):107-110. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ mice/ explanation/ livestock and wildlife
fatalities.

2289\. Rodger, H. D.; Turnbull, T.; Edwards, C.; and Codd, G. A. (1994).
Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) bloom associated pathology in brown
trout, *Salmo trutta* L. in Loch Leven, Scotland. [J. Fish
Dis.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(2):177-181. Keywords: Loch Leven/
Scotland/ cyanobacterial bloom/ trout pathology/ *Salmo trutta* L./
*Anabaena flos-aquae*.

2290\. Rodríguez-Vázquez, J. A.; Martinez, A. G.; Oshima, Y.; Sugino,
K.; Lee, J. S.; and Yasumoto, T. (1989). Analysis of toxins in mussels
from the Atlantic coast of Spain. In: S. Natori, K. Hashimoto, and Y.
Ueno, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins \'88, a Collection of Invited
Papers Presented at the 7th International IUPAC Symposium]{.underline}.
Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam, Netherlands. pp. 367-374. 484
pp. Bioactive Molecules. Vol. 10. August 16-19, 1988; Tokyo, Japan.
Keywords: Spain/ mussels/ toxins/ analysis.

2291\. Roelke, D. and Buyukates, Y. (2002). Dynamics of phytoplankton
succession coupled to species diversity as a system-level tool for study
of *Microcysti*s population dynamics in eutrophic lakes. [Limnol.
Oceanogr.]{.underline} [47]{.underline}(4):1109-1118. Keywords: food
webs/ competition/ nutrient/ blooms/ model/ cyanobacteria/ biodiversity/
stability/ estuarine/ biomass.

2292\. Rogers, K. R.; Fernando, J. C.; Thompson, R. G.; Valdes, J. J.;
and Eldefrawi, M. E. (1992). Detection of nicotinic receptor ligands
with a light addressable potentiometric sensor. [Analyt.
Biochem.]{.underline} [202]{.underline}(1):111-116. Keywords: biosensor/
nicotinic receptor/ detection/ light addressable potentiometric sensor/
anatoxin-a.

2293\. Rohrlack, T.; Christoffersen, K.; Hansen, P. E.; Zhang, W.;
Czarnecki, O.; Henning, M.; Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; Neilan, B. A.; and
Kaebernick, M. (2003). Isolation, characterization, and quantitative
analysis of microviridin J, a new *Microcystis* metabolite toxic to
*Daphnia.* [J. Chem. Ecol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(8):1757-1770.
Keywords: *Microcystis*/ cyanobacteria/ *Daphnia*/ microviridin/ NMR/
microcystin/ environmental toxins/ cyanotoxin.

2294\. Rohrlack, T.; Dittmann, E.; Börner, T.; and Christoffersen, K.
(2001). Effects of cell-bound microcystins on survival and feeding of
*Daphnia* spp. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[67]{.underline}(8):3523-3529. Keywords: fresh water/ cyanobacterial
toxins/ protein.

2295\. Rohrlack, T.; Dittmann, E.; Henning, M.; Börner, T.; and Kohl,
J-G. (1999). Role of microcystins in poisoning and food ingestion
inhibition of *Daphnia galeata* caused by the cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[65]{.underline}(2):737-739. Keywords: microcystins/ poisoning/ food
ingestion inhibition/ *Daphnia galeata*/ cyanobacterium/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*.

2296\. Rohrlack, T.; Henning, M.; and Kohl, J. G. (1999). Does the toxic
effect of *Microcystis aeruginosa* on *Daphnia galeata* depend on
microcystin ingestion rate? [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[146]{.underline}(4):385-395. Keywords: toxic effect/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ *Daphnia galeata*/ microcystin/ filtering rate/
zooplankton/ cyanobacteria/ inhibition/ blooms.

2297\. Rohrlack, T.; Henning, M.; and Kohl, J. G. (2001). Isolation and
characterization of colony-forming *Microcystis aeruginosa* strains. In:
I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 152-158. 357
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ isolation/ characterization/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*.

2298\. Rojas, M.; Nuñez, M. T.; and Zambrano, F. (1990). Inhibitory
effect of a toxic peptide isolated from a waterbloom of *Microcystis*
sp. (cyanobacteria) on iron uptake by rabbit reticulocytes.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(11):1325-1332. Keywords: toxic
peptide/ *Microcystis* waterbloom/ iron uptake/ rabbit reticulocytes/
inhibitory effect.

2299\. Romanowska-Duda, Z.; Mankiewicz, J.; Tarczynska, M.; Walter, Z.;
and Zalewski, M. (2002). The effect of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae) on water plants and animal cells. [Pol. J. Environ.
Stud.]{.underline} [11]{.underline}(5):561-566. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
blue-green algae/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/
microcystin-LR/ MC-LR/ *Spirodela oligorrhiza*/ rat hepatocytes/
morphological changes.

2300\. Romanowska-Duda, Z. and Tarczynska, M. (2002). The influence of
microcystin-LR and hepatotoxic cyanobacterial extract on the water plant
*Spirodela oligorrhiza.* [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(5):434-440. Keywords: *Spirodela oligorrhiza*/
cyanobacterial extract/ microcystin-LR.

2301\. Rose, E. T. (1954). Blue-green algae control at Storm Lake.
[Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}:604-614. Keywords:
blue-green algae/ control/ Iowa.

2302\. Rose, E. T. (1953). Toxic algae in Iowa lakes. [Proc. Iowa Acad.
Sci.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}:738-745. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Iowa.

2303\. Rosenberg, M. (1937). Algae and trout---a biological aspect of
the poor trout season in 1937. [Salmon Trout Mag.]{.underline}
[89]{.underline}:313-322. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Scotland/ trout fishing/
Northern Ireland.

2304\. Rositano, J.; Newcombe, G.; Nicholson, B.; and Sztajnbok, P.
(2001). Ozonation of NOM and algal toxins in four treated waters. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(1):23-32. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
algal toxins/ ozone/ drinking water treatment/ natural organic material/
characterization.

2305\. Rositano, J.; Nicholson, B. C.; and Pieronne, P. (1998).
Destruction of cyanobacterial toxins by ozone. [Ozone-Sci.
Eng.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(3):223-238. Keywords: destruction/
toxins/ ozone.

2306\. Ross, M.M. and Kidwell, D.A. (1987). Mass spectrometric analysis
of anatoxin-a and saxitoxin. In: [Annual Report for
USAMRIID]{.underline}. Contract No. 86MM6502, March 1986-March 1987. 10
pp. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ saxitoxin/ mass spectrometric analysis/
analysis comparison/ LC-MS/ GC-MS/ SIMS/ FABMS.

2307\. Ross, M.M. and Kidwell, D.A. (1987). Rapid screening and
structural characterization of toxins by mass spectrometry. In: [Annual
Report for USAMRIID]{.underline}. U.S. Govt. Printing Office: Virginia.
Report \# Contract No. 86MM6502 (March 1986 to March 1987). 10 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ mass spectrometry analysis.

2308\. Ross, M. M.; Kidwell, D. A.; and Callahan, J. H. (1989).
Mass-spectrometric analysis of anatoxin-a. [J. Analyt.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(6):317-321. Keywords: SIMS/
GC-MS/ DCI-MS/ TSP-MS/ analysis comparison/ anatoxin-a/ MS-MS.

2309\. Rossi, J. V.; Roberts, M. A.; Yoo, H. D.; and Gerwick, W. H.
(1997). Pilot-scale culture of the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya
majuscula* for its pharmaceutically-useful natural metabolite curacin A.
[J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(3):195-204. Keywords:
culture/ marine cyanobacterium/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ curacin A.

2310\. Rothhaupt, K. O. (1989). The influence of toxic and filamentous
blue-green algae on feeding and population growth of the rotifer
*Brachionus rubens.* [Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(5):2760. Keywords: *Brachionus rubens*/ toxic/
filamentous/ blue-green algae/ feeding/ population. (Proceedings XXIV
Congress Int. Assoc. Limnology --- Abstract)

2311\. Rothhaupt, K. O. (1991). The influence of toxic and filamentous
blue-green algae on feeding and population growth of the rotifer
*Brachionus rubens.* [Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[76]{.underline}(1):67-72. Keywords: influence/ blue-green algae/
feeding/ population growth/ rotifer/ *Brachionus rubens*.

2312\. Rouhiainen, L.; Sivonen, K.; Buikema, W. J.; and Haselkorn, R.
(1995). Characterization of toxin-producing cyanobacteria by using an
oligonucleotide probe containing a tandemly repeated heptamer. [J.
Bacteriol.]{.underline} [177]{.underline}(20):6021-6026. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ toxin/ oligonucleotide probe/ hepatotoxic/ neurotoxic.

2313\. Rowell, P. P.; Albuquerque, E. X.; and Wonnacott, S. (1990).
Subchronic administration of the nicotinic agonist (+) anatoxin-a
produces up-regulation of \[^3^H\]-nicotine binding sites in rat
striatal synaptosomes. [FASEB J.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}(1108):A457. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ rat striatal
synaptosomes/ receptor up-regulation. (Abstract)

2314\. Rowell, P. P. and Wonnacott, S. (1990). Evidence for functional
activity of up-regulated nicotine binding sites in rat striatal
synaptosomes. [J. Neurochem.]{.underline} [55]{.underline}(6):2105-2110.
Keywords: nicotine/ dopomine release/ (+)-anatoxin-a/ receptor
up-regulation.

2315\. Ruberu, S. R.; Liu, Y. G.; Wong, C. T.; Perera, S. K.; Langlois,
G. W.; Doucette, G. J.; and Powell, C. L. (2003). Receptor binding assay
for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins: optimization and
interlaboratory comparison. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem.
Int.]{.underline} [86]{.underline}(4):737-745. Keywords: mouse bioassay/
saxitoxin/ standardization/ synaptosomes/ PSP.

2316\. Rudi, K.; Larsen, F.; and Jakobsen, K. S. (1998). Detection of
toxin-producing cyanobacteria by use of paramagnetic beads for cell
concentration and DNA purification. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(1):34-37. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ toxin/ detection/ paramagnetic beads/ cell concentration/
DNA purification.

2317\. Rudi, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Jakobsen, K. S. (1998). Evolution
of cyanobacteria by exchange of genetic material among phyletically
related strain. [J. Bacteriol.]{.underline}
[180]{.underline}(13):3453-3461. Keywords: evolution of cyanobacteria/
phyletically related strains.

2318\. Rudi, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; Larsen, F.; and Jakobsen, K. S.
(1998). Quantification of toxic cyanobacteria in water by use of
competitive PCR followed by sequence-specific labeling of
oligonucleotide probes. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[64]{.underline}(7):2639-2643. Keywords: nucleic acid based assay/
quantification/ toxic cyanobacteria/ oligonucleotide probe.

2319\. Rudolph-Böhner, S.; Mierke, D. F.; and Moroder, L. (1994).
Molecular structure of the cyanobacterial tumor-promoting microcystins.
[FEBS Lett.]{.underline} [349]{.underline}(3):319-323. Keywords:
microcystin/ three-dimensional structure/ NMR/ distance geometry/
structure-function relationship/ cyanobacteria.

2320\. Rudolph-Böhner, S.; Wu, J-T.; and Moroder, L. (1993).
Identification and characterization of microcystin-LY from *Microcystis
aeruginosa* (strain 298). [Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler]{.underline}
[374]{.underline}(8):635-640. Keywords: *Microcystis aeurginosa*/
cyanobacterium/ hepatotoxin/ NMR/ structure determination.

2321\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Andrews, J.; Gerdes, R. G.; and Falconer, I.
R. (1987). Injury to hepatocytes induced by a peptide toxin from the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[25]{.underline}(11):1235-1239. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/
peptide/ hepatotoxin.

2322\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Berndt, N.; and Kaplowitz, N. (1991).
Identification of hepatic protein phosphatases as novel critical targets
for the hepatotoxicity of microcystin *in vivo.*
[Hepatology]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(4):A159. Keywords: hepatic
protein phosphatases/ identification/ targets/ microcystin. (Meeting
Abstract)

2323\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Berndt, N.; and Kaplowitz, N. (1995).
Microcystin uptake and inhibition of protein phosphatases: effects of
chemoprotectants and self-inhibition in relation to known hepatic
transporters. [Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[134]{.underline}(2):264-272. Keywords: microcystin/ protein
phostatases/ chemoprotectants/ hepatic transporters/ PP inhibition.

2324\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Berndt, N.; Kong, S-M.; Lee, E. Y. C; and
Zhang, L. F. (1995). *In vivo* and *in vitro* binding of microcystin to
protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. [Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Commun.]{.underline} [216]{.underline}(1):162-169. Keywords:
microcystin/ protein phosphatases 1 and 2A/ binding.

2325\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Deleve, L. D.; and Berndt, N. (1994). The
effects of the protein phosphatase inhibitors and microcystin and
calyculin A differ in hepatocytes and hepatic endothelial cells. [FASEB
J.]{.underline} [8]{.underline}(7):1231. Keywords: different effects/
microcytsin/ calyculin A/ hepatocytes/ hepatic endothelial cells.
(Meeting Abstract)

2326\. Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R. (1986). Effect of toxin
from the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* on ultrastructural
morphology and actin polymerization in isolated hepatocytes.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(2):109-115. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ hepatotoxin.

2327\. Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R. (1982). The *in vivo* and
*in vitro* biological effects of the peptide hepatotoxin from the
blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [S. Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline}
[78]{.underline}:363-366. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ peptide/
hepatotoxin.

2328\. Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R. (1981). Isolation,
characterization and pathology of the toxin from the blue-green alga
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water
Environment: Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New
York, pp. 325-342. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*.

2329\. Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R. (1975). Isolation of toxin
from a naturally occurring algal bloom of *Microcystis aeruginosa* (=
*Anacystis cyanea).* [Proceedings of the Australian Biochemical
Society]{.underline}. Vol. 8, pp. 5. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ *Anacystis*. (Abstract)

2330\. Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R. (1980). Variation with
temperature of toxin production in cultures of the blue-green alga,
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* In: [Aust. Soc. Aquat. Bot. Phycol. Inaugural
Meeting]{.underline}. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ temperature.
(Abstract)

2331\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; Buckley, T.; and Jackson, A.
R. B. (1986). Lethal potency and tissue distribution of ^125^I-labelled
toxic peptides from the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(5):506-509. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ tissue distribution.

2332\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and
McInnes, A. (1983). Toxin production of *Microcystis aeruginosa*
cultures. [Toxicon]{.underline}(3 Suppl.):377-380. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis* *aeruginosa*/ toxin production.

2333\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; and Silver, J. (1981).
Deformation of isolated rat hepatocytes by a peptide hepatotoxin from
the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Naunyn-Schmied. Arch.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [317]{.underline}(3):268-272. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ peptide/ hepatotoxin.

2334\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Gerdes, R. G.; and Falconer, I. R. (1991).
The uptake of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin by isolated rat
hepatocytes. [Toxicon]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(1):43-51. Keywords:
cyanobacterial hepatotoxin/ microcystin/ uptake/ rat/ hepatocytes.

2335\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and Falconer, I. R.
(1988). Toxicity of the cyanobacterium *Nodularia spumigena* Mertens.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(2):143-151. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Nodularia spumigena*/ toxicity.

2336\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and Falconer, I. R.
(1988). Toxicity to mice and sheep of a bloom of the cynaobacterium
(blue-green alga) *Anabaena circinalis.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(6):599-602. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena
circinalis*/ mice/ sheep/ toxicity.

2337\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kong, S-M.; and Berndt, N. (1993). Protein
phosphatase inhibition and *in vivo* hepatotoxicity of microcystins.
[Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.]{.underline}
[265]{.underline}(2):G224-G230. Keywords: liver/ cyanobacteria/
blue-green algae/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ PP inhibition/
hepatotoxicity/ *in vivo*.

2338\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kong, S-M.; Zhong, Y-Z.; Ge, J. L.; and Lu,
S. C. (1994). The role of glutathione in the toxicity of a novel
cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin in cultured rat hepatocytes.
[Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.]{.underline}
[201]{.underline}(1):235-241. Keywords: glutathione/ toxicity/
cylindrospermopsin/ rat hepatocytes.

2339\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kong, S-M.; Zhong, Y-Z; and Lu, S. C. (1995).
Inhibition of reduced glutathione synthesis by cyanobacterial alkaloid
cylindrospermopsin in cultured rat hepatocytes. [Biochem.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(2):219-225. Keywords:
cylindrospermopsin/ GSH synthesis/ cyanobacterial toxin/ rat/
hepatocytes.

2340\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kuhlenkamp, J.; and Hamm-Alvarez, S. (2001).
Microcystin and motor function. [Toxicology]{.underline}
[164]{.underline}(1-3 Suppl.):177. Keywords: microcystin/ motor
function.

2341\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Maddatu, T.; Deleve, L. D.; Berndt, N.; and
Govindarajan, S. (1995). Differential toxicity of the protein
phosphatase inhibitors microcystin and calyculin A. [J. Pharmacol. Exp.
Therapeut.]{.underline} [273]{.underline}(1):545-553. Keywords:
microcystin/ toxicity/ calyculin A.

2342\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Seward, D. J.; Ballatori, N.; Crawford, J.
M.; and Boyer, J. L. (1999). Hepatic toxicity and persistence of SER/THR
protein phosphatase inhibition by microcystin in the Little Skate *Raja
erinacea.* [Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[161]{.underline}(1):40-49. Keywords: microcystin/ *Raja erinacea*/
protein phosphatase inhibition/ hepatotoxicity/ liver transport/ marine
vertebrate.

2343\. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Xie, C. Y.; Snider, B. B.; Wallace, G. A.;
Weinreb, S. M.; and Kuhlenkamp, J. (2002). *In vitro* hepatotoxicity of
the cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin and related synthetic
analogues. [Toxicol. Sci.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(1):81-87.
Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ GSH synthesis inhibition/ hepatocyte
toxicity/ protein synthesis inhibition/ toxic cyanobacteria.

2344\. Ruseva, E.; Pietsch, A.; Fichtner, S.; Imhof, L.; and Schmidt, W.
(2003). Determination of cyanobacterial hepato- and neurotoxins in water
samples by HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. [Chimia]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(1-2):32. Keywords: hepatotoxins/ neurotoxins.

2345\. Rützler, K. (1988). Mangrove sponge disease induced by
cyanobacterial symbionts: failure of a primitive immune system? [Dis.
Aquat. Org.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}:143-149. Keywords: mangrove/
cyanobacteria/ Belize/ *Geodia papyracea*/ sponge.

2346\. Ryan, E. F. and Hamilton, D. P. (2003). Recent occurrence of
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* in Waikato Lakes of New Zealand. [NZ.
J. Mar. Freshwater Res.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(4):829-836.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ lakes/
Waikato Lakes/ New Zealand.

2347\. Saario, E.; Abdel-Hameed, A.; and Kiviranta, J. (1994).
Larvicidal microcystin toxins of cyanobacteria affect midgut epithelial
cells of *Aedes aegypti* mosquitoes. [Med. Vet. Entomol.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}(4):398-400. Keywords: *Aedes aegypti*/ *Anabaena* /
*Oscillatoria*/ microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ larvicide.

2348\. Sabour, B.; Loudiki, M.; Oudra, B.; Oubraim, S.; Fawzi, B.;
Fadlaoui, S.; Chlaida, M.; and Vasconcelos, V. (2002). First results on
*Microcystis ichthyoblabe* Kütz. toxic bloom in the hypertrophic Oued
Mellah Reservoir (Morocco). [Ann. Limnol.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(1):13-22. Keywords: blooms/ *Microcystis ichthyoblabe*/
microcystins/ HPLC-PDA/ ELISA/ Oued Mellah Reservoir/ Morocco.

2349\. Sabour, B.; Loudiki, M.; Oudra, B.; Vasconcelos, V.; Martins, R.;
Oubraim, S.; and Fawzi, B. (2002). Toxicology of a *Microcystis
ichthyoblab*e waterbloom from Lake Oued Mellah (Morocco). [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(1):24-31. Keywords: toxicology/
*Microcystis ichthyoblabe*/ microcystins/ Artemia test/ mouse bioassay/
high performance liquid chromatography/ HPLC/ Lake Oued Mellah/ Morocco.

2350\. Sahin, A.; Tencalla, F. G.; Dietrich, D. R.; Mez, K.; and
Naegeli, H. (1995). Enzymatic analysis of liver samples from rainbow
trout for diagnosis of blue-green algae-induced toxicosis. [Am. J. Vet.
Res.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(8):1110-1115. Keywords: rainbow
trout/ liver/ blue-green algae/ toxicosis.

2351\. Sahin, A.; Tencalla, F. G.; Dietrich, D. R.; and Naegeli, H.
(1996). Biliary excretion of biochemically active cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae) hepatotoxins in fish. [Toxicology]{.underline}
[106]{.underline}(1-3):123-130. Keywords: microcystin/ hepatotoxicity/
phosphatase/ organic ion transporter.

2352\. Saint, C. P. and Fergusson, K. M. (2001). Molecular
identification of toxic cyanobacteria. In: H. Kojima and Y. K. Lee
(eds.) [Photosynthetic Microorganisms in Environmental
Biotechnolology]{.underline}. Springer: Hong Kong/New York, pp. 225-242,
Ch. 15. 310 pp. Keywords: cyclic heptapeptide/ microcystin/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ PCR/ gene/ biosynthesis/ synthetases/
Australia/ water.

2353\. Saint George-Grambauer, T. D. (1957). Plants poisonous to
livestock. [J. Agric. S. Aust.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}(7):298.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ livestock/ Australia.

2354\. Saito, K.; Ishii, H.; Nishida, F.; Saito, H.; Abe, T.; and
Toyota, Y. (2002). Purification of microcystins by DEAE and C-18
cartridge chromatography. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}(1):97-101. Keywords: microcystin/ liquid
chromatography/ hydrophobic/ microcystin/ Japanese *Microcystis*/
cyanobacteria/ Brazil.

2355\. Saito, K.; Konno, A.; Ishii, H.; Saito, H.; Nishida, F.; Abe, T.;
and Chen, C. Y. (2001). Nodularin-Har: A new nodularin from *Nodularia.*
[J. Natural Products]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(1):139-141. Keywords:
protein phosphatase/ toxic cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/ *Nodularia*/
inhibitor/ potent/ Brazil/ death.

2356\. Saito, S.; Nakano, Y.; Kushida, K.; Shirai, M.; Harada, K-I.; and
Nakano, M. (1994). Cross reactivity and neturalizing ability of
monoclonal antibodies against microcystins. [Microbiol.
Immunol.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(5):389-392. Keywords:
microcystin/ monoclonal antibody.

2357\. Saito, T.; Sugiura, N.; Itayama, T.; Inamori, Y.; and Matsumura,
M. (2003). Biodegradation of *Microcystis* and microcystins by
indigenous nanoflagellates on biofilm in a practical treatment facility.
[Environ. Technol.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(2):143-151. Keywords:
biofilm/ microcystin/ *Microcystis*/ water treatment facility.

2358\. Saitou, T.; Sugiura, N.; Itayama, T.; Inamori, Y.; and Matsumura,
M. (2003). Degradation characteristics of microcystins by isolated
bacteria from Lake Kasumigaura. [J. Water Supply Res.
Technol.--Aqua]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(1):13-18. Keywords: 16 s
rRNA/ microcystin/ *Sphingomonas*/ blue-green algae/ LR/ *aeruginosa*/
Lake Kasumigaura.

2359\. Saitou, T.; Sugiura, N.; Itayama, T.; Inamori, Y.; and Matsumura,
M. (2002). Degradation of microcystin by biofilm in practical treatment
facility. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [46]{.underline}:11-12.
Keywords: biofilm/ degradation/ microcystin/ *Microcystis*/ Monia/ LR.

2360\. Sakabe, N.; Harada, H.; Hirata, Y.; Tomiie, Y.; and Nitta, I.
(1966). X-ray structure determination of dihydroteleocidin B
monobromoacetate. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}:2523-2525. Keywords: structure/ dihydroteleocidin B.

2361\. Sakamoto, H.; Terada, M.; Fujiki, H.; Mori, M.; Nakayasu, M.;
Sugimura, T.; and Weinstein, I. B. (1981). Stimulation of prostaglandin
production and choline turnover in HeLa cells by lyngbyatoxin A and
dihydroteleocidin B. [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.]{.underline}
[102]{.underline}(1):100-107. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ lyngbyatoxin A/
*Lyngbya*/ dihydroteleocidin B.

2362\. Sakamoto, M. and Okino, T. (2001). Self-regulation of
cyanobacterial blooms in a eutrophic lake. [Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(3):1243-1249. Keywords:
phosphorus/ nitrogen/ shallow/ simulation/ dominance/ shift.

2363\. Saker, M. L. and Eaglesham, G. K. (1999). The accumulation of
cylindrospermopsin from the cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii* in tissues of the redclaw crayfish *Cherax
quandricarinatus.* [Toxicon]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(7):1065-1077.
Keywords: *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ accumulation/ crayfish
tissues/ *Cherax quandricarinatus*.

2364\. Saker, M. L. and Griffiths, D. J. (2001). Occurrence of blooms of
the cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* (Woloszynska)
Seenaya et Subba Raju in a north Queensland domestic water supply. [Mar.
Freshwater Res.]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(6):907-915. Keywords:
water column stability/ temperature.

2365\. Saker, M. L. and Neilan, B. A. (2001). Varied diazotrophies,
morphologies, and toxicities of genetically similar isolates of
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* (Nostocales, Cyanophyceae) from
northern Australia. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[67]{.underline}(4):1839-1845. Keywords: Palm Island/ cyanobacteria/
PCR/ *Microcystis*.

2366\. Saker, M. L.; Neilan, B. A.; and Griffiths, D. J. (1999). Two
morphological forms of *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* (cyanobacteria)
isolated from Soloman Dam, Palm Island, Queensland. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(3):599-606. Keywords:
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ Soloman Dam/ Palm Island/ Queensland/
Australia/ cyanobacteria.

2367\. Saker, M. L.; Nogueira, I. C. G.; Vasconcelos, V. M.; Neilan, B.
A.; Eaglesham, G. K.; and Pereira, P. (2003). First report and
toxicological assessment of the cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii* from Portuguese freshwaters. [Ecotoxicol. Environ.
Safety]{.underline} [55]{.underline}(2):243-250. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ Portugal/ toxicity/
Northern Australia/ Palm Island/ Seenaya et Subba Raju/ Cyanophyceae/
Woloszynska/ Nostocales/ Queensland/ identification/ shellfish/
toxicity.

2368\. Saker, M. L.; Thomas, A. D.; and Norton, J. H. (1999). Cattle
mortality attributed to the toxic cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii* in an outback region of North Queensland. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):179-182. Keywords: cattle
deaths/ toxic/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ Queensland/ Australia.

2369\. Sakevich, A. I.; Osipov, L. F.; and Tchernajenko, V. M. (1979).
Organic compounds in blue-green algae culture media.
[Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.)]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(6):61-65. Keywords: culture media/ blue-green algae.

2370\. Sako, Y.; Kim, C-H; and Ishida, Y. (1956). Mendelian inheritance
of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in the marine dinoflagellate
*Alexandrium catenella.* [Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}:692-694. Keywords: PSP/ marine/ *Alexandrium catenella*.

2371\. Salcedo-Olavarrieta, N.; Ortega, M. M.; Marín-García, M. E.; and
Zavala-Moreno, C. (1978). Study of edible algae of the valley of Mexico.
III. Comparative amino acid analysis (Estudio de las algas comestibles
del Valle de México III. Análisis comparativo de aminoácidos). [Rev.
Lat. Amer. Microbiol.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}:215-217. Keywords:
Mexico/ amino acid/ analysis/ edible algae/ *Spirulina maxima*/
*Phormidium tenue*/ nutritive value. (Spanish)

2372\. Salcedo-Olavarrieta, N.; Ortega, M. M.; Marín-García, M. E.; and
Zavala-Moreno, C. (1978). Study of edible algae of the valley of Mexico.
II. Comparative chemical analysis (Estudio de las algas comestibles del
Valle de México. II. Análisis químico comparativo). [Rev. Lat. Amer.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}:211-214. Keywords: Mexico/
chemical analysis/ edible algae/ *Phormidium tenue*/ *Spirulina maxima*.
(Spanish)

2373\. Salomon, P. S.; Yunes, J. S.; Matthiensen, A.; and Codd, G. A.
(2001). Does salinity affect toxicity and toxin content of an estuarine
strain of *Microcystis aeruginosa?* In: W. J. de Koe, R. A. Samson, H.
P. van Egmond, J. Gilbert, and M. Sabino, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and
Phycotoxins in Perspective at the Turn of the Millenium]{.underline}.
W.J. de Koe, printed by Ponsen & Looyen: Wageningen, The Netherlands.
pp. 537-548. 574 pp. Proceedings of X^th^ International IUPAC Symposium
on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. May 21-25, 2000; Guarujá (Brazil).
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ microcystin/ Patos
Lagoon/ salinity.

2374\. Sams, W. M. (1949). Seabather\'s eruption. [Arch. Dermatol.
Syphilol.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}:227. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
dermatitis.

2375\. Samy, R.; Kim, H. Y.; Brady, M.; and Toogood, P. L. (1999). Total
synthesis of motuporin and 5-\[L-ALA\]-motuporin. [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [64]{.underline}(8):2711-2728. Keywords: motuporin/
synthesis.

2376\. Sanders, C. A.; Rodriguez Jr., M.; and Greenbaum, E. (2001).
Stand-off tissue-based biosensors for the detection of chemical warfare
agents using photosynthetic fluorescence induction. [Biosensors &
Bioelectronics]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(7-8):439-446. Keywords:
biosensor/ fluorescence/ algae/ cyanobacteria/ chemical warfare/
photosynthesis/ stand-off detection/ tabun/ sarin/ tributylamine/
dibutyl sulfide.

2377\. Sandström, A.; Glemarec, C.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J.
E.; and Chattopadhyaya, J. (1990). Structure of a hepatotoxic
pentapeptide from the cyanobacterium *Nodularia spumigena.*
[Toxicon]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(5):535-540. Keywords: structure/
*Nodularia spumigen*a/ hepatotoxic/ peptide.

2378\. Sangthongpitag, K.; Delaney S.F.; and Rogers, P. L. (1996).
Evaluation of four fresh-water unicellular cyanobacteria as potential
hosts for mosquitocidal toxins. [Biotechnol. Lett.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(2):175-180. Keywords: biocontrol of mosquitoes/
cyanobacteria/ *Synechococcus*/ cloning/ hosts/ mosquitocidal toxins.

2379\. Sano, T.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.; and Kaya, K. (1998). Two
(Z)-dehydrobutyrine-containing microcystins from a hepatotoxic bloom of
*Oscillatoria agardhii* from Soulseat Loch, Scotland. [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(6):851-853. Keywords:
microcystins/ hepatotoxic bloom/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ Scotland/
freshwater.

2380\. Sano, T.; He, J.; Liu, Y.; and Kaya, K. (1998). Isolation of
bioactive compounds in cyanobacteria from Chinese fresh water. 1.
Trypsin inhibitor. [Phycol. Res.]{.underline}
[46]{.underline}(Suppl.):13-17. Keywords:
3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone/ cyclic peptide/ depsipeptide/ freshwater
cyanobacteria/ oscillapeptin/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ trypsin
inhibitor/ cytotoxin.

2381\. Sano, T. and Kaya, K. (1995). A 2-amino-2-butenoic acid
(Dhb)-containing microcystin isolated from *Oscillatoria agardhii.*
[Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(47):8603-8606. Keywords:
microcystin/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ isolates/ NMR analysis/ structure.

2382\. Sano, T. and Kaya, K. (1995). Oscillamide Y, a chymotrypsin
inhibitor from toxic *Oscillatoria agardhii.* [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(33):5933-5936. Keywords:
*Oscillatoria agardhii*/ toxic/ oscillamide Y/ isolate/ structure/
cytotoxin.

2383\. Sano, T. and Kaya, K. (1996). Oscillapeptin G, a tyrosinase
inhibitor from toxic *Oscillatoria agardhii.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [59]{.underline}(1):90-92. Keywords: *Oscillatoria
agardhii*/ oscillapeptin G/ tyronsinase inhibitor/ isolate/ structure/
cytotoxin.

2384\. Sano, T. and Kaya, K. (1996). Oscillatorin, a chymotrypsin
inhibitor from toxic *Oscillatoria agardhii.* [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(38):6873-6876. Keywords:
chymotrypsin/ toxic *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ isolate/ structure/
cytotoxin.

2385\. Sano, T. and Kaya, K. (1998). Two new (E)-2-amino-2-butenoic acid
(Dhb)-containing microcystins isolated from *Oscillatoria agardhii.*
[Tetrahed.]{.underline} [54]{.underline}(3-4):463-470. Keywords:
microcystin/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/ isolate/ structure/ Dhb.

2386\. Sano, T.; Nohara, K.; Shiraishi, F.; and Kaya, K. (1992). A
method for micro-determination of total microcystin content in
waterblooms of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). [Int. J. Environ.
Analyt. Chem.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(3):163-170. Keywords:
microcystins/ 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid/ GC/ HPLC/
cyanobacteria/ blue-green aglae.

2387\. Sano, T.; Usui, T.; Ueda, K.; Osada, L.; and Kaya, K. (2001).
Isolation of new protein phosphatase inhibitors from two cyanobacteria
species, *Planktothrix* spp. [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[64]{.underline}(8):1052-1055. Keywords: toxic *Oscillatoria agardhii*/
cyclic peptides/ microcystins/ *Nostoc*.

2388\. Santikarn, S.; Williams, D. H.; Smith, R. J.; Hammond, S. J.;
Botes, D. P.; Tuinman, A.; Wessels, P. L.; Viljoen, C. C.; and Kruger,
H. (1983). A partial structure for the toxin BE-4 from the blue-green
algae, *Microcystis aeruginosa*. [J. Chem. Soc. Chem.
Commun.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}:652-654. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ BE-4/ amino acid sequence/ microcystin.

2389\. Sanvoisin, J.; Pollard, J. R.; Hormozdiari, P.; Ward, W. H. J.;
and Gani, D. (2001). A generic medium throughput activity assay
procedure for serine-threonine protein phosphatases using ^14^C labelled
N-acetyl-Arg-Arg-Ala-Thr(P)-Val-Ala. [J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans.
1]{.underline} [2001]{.underline}(14):1709-1715. Keywords: microcystin
toxin structures/ catalytic subunit/ calyculin A/ nodularin macrocycle/
okadaic acid/ inhibition/ glycogen/ binding/ identification/ motuporin.

2390\. Sardina, F. J.; Howard, M. H.; Koskinen, A. M. P.; and Rapoport,
H. (1989). Chirospecific synthesis of nitrogen and side chain modified
analogues of (+)-anatoxin. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[54]{.underline}:4654-4660. Keywords: anatoxin/ synthesis.

2391\. Sardina, F. J.; Howard, M. H.; Morningstar, M.; and Rapoport, H.
(1990). Enantiodivergent synthesis of (+)-anatoxin and (-)-anatoxin from
L-glutamic acid. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[55]{.underline}(17):5025-5033. Keywords: anatoxin/ synthesis.

2392\. Sargunar, H. T. P. and Sargunar, A. A. A. (1979). Phycotoxins
from *Microcystis aeruginosa*: their implication in human and animal
health. In: [4th Int. IUPAC Symposium Mycotoxins
Phycotoxins]{.underline}. Chemische Rundschau. Aug. 29-31, 1979;
Lausanne, Switzerland. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
health implications. (Abstract #610)

2393\. Sartonov, A. (1995). Effects of *Microcystis aeruginosa* on
interference competition between *Daphnia pulex* and *Keratella
cohlearis.* [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [307]{.underline}(1-3):117-126.
Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ interference/ *Daphnia pulex*/
*Keratella cohlearis*.

2394\. Sasner Jr., J.J. and Ikawa, M. (1980). [The Effects of Toxic
Blue-Green Algae on Aquatic Animals]{.underline}. Water Resource
Research Center, New Hampshire Univ.: Durham, N.H. Report \# RR-28,
\@80-06687, OWRT-A-047-NH(5). Keywords: cyanotoxin/ aquatic animals.

2395\. Sasner Jr., J. J.; Ikawa, M.; and Foxall, T. L. (1984). Studies
on *Aphanizomenon* and *Microcystis* toxins. In: E. P. Ragelis (ed.)
[Seafood Toxins]{.underline}. American Chemical Society : Washington,
D.C., pp. 391-406. Symposium Series 262. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Aphanizomenon*/ *Microcystis*.

2396\. Sasner Jr., J. J.; Ikawa, M.; Foxall, T. L.; and Watson, W. H.
(1981). Studies on aphantoxin from *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* in New
Hampshire. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water Environment: Algal
Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 389-403. 491
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ aphantoxin/ New
Hampshire.

2397\. Sato, S.; Ogata, T.; Borja, V.; Gonzales, C.; Fukuyo, Y.; and
Kodama, M. (2000). Frequent occurrence of paralytic shellfish poisoning
toxins as dominant toxins in marine puffer from tropical water.
[Toxicon.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(8):1101-1109. Keywords: puffer/
saxitoxin/ tetrodotoxin/ Masinloc Bay, Philippines.

2398\. Sato, S.; Sakai, R.; and Kodama, M. (2000). Identification of
thioether intermediates in the reductive transformation of gonyautoxins
into saxitoxins by thiols. [Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett.]{.underline}
[10]{.underline}(16):1787-1789. Keywords: PSP/ paralytic shellfish
toxins/ gluthathione/ gonyautoxin.

2399\. Sato, Y.; Murakami, M.; Miyazawa, K.; and Hori, K. (2000).
Purification and characterization of a novel lectin from a freshwater
cyanobacterium, *Oscillatoria agardhii*. [Comp. Biochem. Physiol.--B:
Biochem. Mol. Biol.]{.underline} [125]{.underline}(2):169-177. Keywords:
agglutinins/ cyanobacteria/ carbohydrate-binding specificity/ isolation/
lectin/ *Eucheuma*/ *Myxococcus xanthus*/ *Oscillatoria agardhii*/
N-terminal sequence.

2400\. Sawyer, P. J.; Gentile, J. H.; and Sasner Jr., J. J. (1968).
Demonstration of a toxin from *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae* (L.) Ralfs.
[Can. J. Microbiol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}:1199-1204. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*.

2401\. Sawyer, P. J.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and Ikawa, M. (1977). Toxic
blooms of blue-green algae. [Water Res. Action]{.underline}
[1]{.underline}(10):10. Keywords: New Hampshire/ toxic blooms/
blue-green algae.

2402\. Schaeffer, D. J.; Malpas, P. B.; and Barton, L. L. (1999). Risk
assessment of microcystin in dietary *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.*
[Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety]{.underline} [44]{.underline}(1):73-80.
Keywords: *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*/ cyanobacteria/ mice/ microcystin/
NOAEL/ risk analysis.

2403\. Schagerl, M.; Unterrieder, I.; and Angeler, D. G. (2002).
Allelopathy among Cyanoprokaryota and other algae originating from Lake
Neusiedlersee (Austria). [Int. Rev. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[87]{.underline}(4):365-374. Keywords: allelopathy/ Cyanoprokaryota/
Lake Neusiedlersee/ Austria/ growth inhibition.

2404\. Schantz, E. J. (1967). Biochemical studies on certain algal
toxins: biochem (includes overview of PSP and blue-green toxins). In: R.
I. Mateles (ed.) [Some Foodborne Microbiol. Toxins
Symposium]{.underline}. M.I.T. Press: Cambridge, Mass., pp. 51-65.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ PSP.

2405\. Schantz, E. J. and Johnson, E. A. (1992). Properties and use of
botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine. [Microbiol.
Rev.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(1):80-99. Keywords: properties/ use/
botulinum toxin/ neurotoxins/ medicine.

2406\. Schanz, F.; Allen, E. D.; and Gorham, P. R. (1980). Bioassay of
the seasonal ability of water from a eutrophic Alberta lake to promote
selective growth of strains of *Anabaena flos-aquae* and other
blue-green algae. [Can. J. Bot.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(21):2443-2451. Keywords: Alberta/ *Anabaena
flos-aquae*/ selective growth/ seasons.

2407\. Scheffer, M.; Rinaldi, S.; Gragnani, A.; Mur, L. R.; and van Nes,
E. H. (1997). On the dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria in shallow,
turbid lakes. [Ecology]{.underline} [78]{.underline}(1):272-282.
Keywords: alternative stable states/ blue-green algae/ catastrophe/
cyanobacteria/ dominance model/ lake restoration/ light/ *Oscillatoria*.

2408\. Schembri, M. A.; Neilan, B. A.; and Saint, C. P. (2001).
Identification of genes implicated in toxin production in the
cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.* [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(5):413-421. Keywords:
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ cyanobacteria/ toxin genes/
cylindrospermopsin.

2409\. Schijven, J.; Berger, P.; and Miettinen, I. (2002). Removal of
pathogens, surrogates, indicators, and toxins using riverbank
filtration. In: C. Ray, G. Melin, and R. B. Linsky (eds.) [Riverbank
Filtration: Improving Source-Water Quality]{.underline}. Dordrecht:
Boston & Kluwer Acad. Publishers: Fountain Valley, California. In
collaboration with National Water Research Institute, Vol. 43, pp.
73-116, Ch. 6. 364 pp. Water Science and Technology Library. Keywords:
*Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts*/ contaminated sandy aquifer/ blue-green
algae/ water-treatment processes/ alluvial gravel aquifer/ saturated
porous-media/ *Escherichia coli*/ waste-water/ *Campylobacter jejuni*/
enteric viruses/ riverbank filtration.

2410\. Schilling, B.; Wang, W.; McMurray, J. S.; and Medzihradszky, K.
F. (1999). Fragmentation and sequencing of cyclic peptides by
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization post-source decay mass
spectrometry. [Rapid Commun. Mass Spec.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(21):2174-2179. Keywords: cyclic peptides/
fragmentation/ sequencing/ mass spectrometry.

2411\. Schlegel, I.; Doan, N. T.; Chazal, N. de; and Smith, G. D.
(1999). Antibiotic activity of new cyanobacterial isolates from
Australia and Asia against green algae and cyanobacteria. [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}:471-479. Keywords: screening/
cyanobacteria/ green algae/ antibiotics/ bioactive compounds/
antibiosis/ allelopathy/ Australia/ Asia.

2412\. Schmidt, D. R. and Kollman, V. H. Algae\...a modern manna.
(1979). [Acres, U.S.A.: A Voice for Eco-Agriculture]{.underline}. June:
4 pp. Keywords: algae/ edible.

2413\. Schmidt, E. W.; Harper, M. K.; and Faulkner, D. J. (1997).
Mozamides A and B, cyclic peptides from a theonellid sponge from
Mozambique. [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[60]{.underline}(8):779-782. Keywords: Mozambique/ sponge/ cyclic
peptides/ structure/ cytotoxins.

2414\. Schmidt, K. and Jónasdóttir, S. H. (1997). Nutritional quality of
two cyanobacteria: how rich is \'poor\' food. [Mar. Ecol.--Prog.
Ser.]{.underline} [151]{.underline}:1-10. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ *Nodularia spumigena*/ cyanobacteria/ nutritional quality/
calanoid copepods/ *Acartia tonsa*/ egg production.

2415\. Schmidt, W.; Drews, G.; Weckesser, J.; Fromme, I.; and Borowiak,
D. (1980). Characterization of the lipopolysaccharides from eight
strains of the cyanobacterium *Synechococcus.* [Arch.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [127]{.underline}:209-215. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Synechococcus*/ lipopolysaccharides.

2416\. Schmidt, W.; Drews, G.; Weckesser, J.; and Mayer, H. (1980).
Lipopolysaccharides in four strains of the unicellular cyanobacterium
*Synechocystis.* [Arch. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[127]{.underline}:217-222. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Synechocystis*/
lipopolysaccharides.

2417\. Schmidt, W.; Willmitzer, H.; Bornmann, K.; and Pietsch, J.
(2002). Production of drinking water from raw water containing
cyanobacteria --- Pilot plant studies for assessing the risk of
microcystin breakthrough. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(4):375-385. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Planktothrix
rubescens*/ microcystins/ drinking water/ water treatment/ modeling/
risk assessment.

2418\. Schoeb, T. R.; Heaton-Jones, T. G.; Clemmons, R. M.; Carbonneau,
D. A.; Woodward, A. R.; Shelton, D.; and Poppenga, R. H. (2002).
Clinical and necropsy findings associated with increased mortality among
American alligators of Lake Griffin, Florida. [J. Wildlife
Dis.]{.underline} [38]{.underline}(2):320-337. Keywords: *Alligator
mississippiensis*/ American alligator/ electromyography/ encephalopathy/
Lake Griffin/ Florida/ neuropathy.

2419\. Schrader, K. K. (2003). Natural algicides for the control of
cyanobacterial-related off-flavor in catfish aquaculture. In: A. M.
Rimando and K. K. Schrader (eds.) [Off-Flavors in
Aquaculture]{.underline}. American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ. Press:
Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 195-208. 268 pp. ACS Symposium Series.
Keywords: *Oscillatoria* Cf. *Chalybea*/ barley straw/ selective
toxicity/ *Artemisia annua*/ United States/ ponds/ antialgal/ perornata/
diatom/ growth/ catfish/ aquaculure/ off-flavors.

2420\. Schrader, K. K.; Nagle, D. G.; and Wedge, D. E. (2002). Algal and
cyanobacterial metabolites as agents for pest management. In: [Advances
in Microbial Toxin Research and Its Biotechnological
Exploitation]{.underline}. pp. 171-195. Keywords: pest management/ algal
and cyanobacterial metabolites.

2421\. Schripsema, J. and Dagnino, D. (2002). Complete assignment of the
NMR spectra of \[D-Leu(1)\]-microcystin-LR and analysis of its solution
structure. [Magnetic Resonance Chem.]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}(9):614-617. Keywords: NMR/ H-1 NMR/ C-13 NMR/ solution
structure/ cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis*/ microcystin/ hepatotoxin/
protein phosphatases.

2422\. Schwabe, W.; Weihe, A.; Börner, T.; Henning, M.; and Kohl, J. G.
(1988). Plasmids in toxic and nontoxic strains of the cyanobacterium
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Curr. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}:133-137. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ plasmids/
toxic/ nontoxic.

2423\. Schwartz, R. E.; Hirsch, C. F.; Sesin, D. F.; Flor, J. E.;
Chartain, M.; Fromtling, R. E.; Harris, G. H.; Salvatore, M. J.; Liesch,
J. M.; and Yudin, K. (1990). Pharmaceuticals from cultured algae. [J.
Ind. Microbiol.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}:113-124. Keywords:
pharmaceuticals/ algae.

2424\. Schwarz, M.; Glick, D.; Loewenstein, Y.; and Soreq, H. (1995).
Engineering of human cholinesterases explains and predicts diverse
consequences of administration of various drugs and poisons. [Pharmacol.
Therapeut.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(2):283-322. Keywords:
engineering/ human cholinesterases/ consequences/ drugs/ poisons.

2425\. Schwimmer, D. and Schwimmer, M. (1964). Algae and medicine. In:
D. F. Jackson (ed.) [Algae and Man]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York,
pp. 368-412. 434 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ animals/ human disease.

2426\. Schwimmer, M. (1964). Human gastro-intestinal, respiratory, and
skin disorders associated with algae. In: K. M. Mackenthun, W. M.
Ingram, and R. Porges (eds.) [Limnological Aspects of Recreational
Lakes]{.underline}. Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, U.S.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1167: Washington, D.C., pp. 94-96.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ dermatitis/ intestinal/ respiratory.

2427\. Schwimmer, M. and Schwimmer, D. (1968). Medical aspects of
phycology. In: D. F. Jackson (ed.) [Algae, Man and the
Environment]{.underline}. Syracuse University Press: New York, pp.
279-358. 554 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ animals/ human disease.

2428\. Schwimmer, M. and Schwimmer, D. (ed.) (1955). [The Role of Algae
and Plankton in Medicine]{.underline}. Grune and Stratten: New York. 85
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ medicine.

2429\. Scott, R. M. (1952). Algal toxins. [Pub. Works]{.underline}
[85]{.underline}(March):54-55 & 65-66. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

2430\. Scott, R.M. (1955). Domestic animal deaths attributed to algal
toxins. In: [Case History Report from Illinois State Department of
Public Health]{.underline}. 5 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ animal deaths.

2431\. Scott, W. E. (1986). Examination of toxic and nontoxic
*Microcystis aeruginosa* in the field and in laboratory culture. In: P.
S. Steyn and R. Vleggaar, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bioactive
Molecules]{.underline}. Elsevier: Amsterdam. Vol. 1, pp. 41-50. 545 pp.
July 22-25, 1985; Pretoria, S. Afr. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/
toxic/ non toxic.

2432\. Scott, W. E. (1974). The isolation of *Microcystis.* [S. Afr. J.
Sci.]{.underline} [70]{.underline}:179. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*.

2433\. Scott, W.E. (1980). Large scale cultivation of toxic
*Microcystis*. In: [Water Report]{.underline}. National Institute for
Water Research, C.S.I.R.: Pretoria, South Africa. Report \# No. 11, pp.
2-3. (June 1980). Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ culture.
(Newsletter)

2434\. Scott, W. E. (1991). Occurrence and significance of toxic
cyanobacteria in southern Africa. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(1-3):175-180. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green
algae/ toxins/ microcystins/ cyanoginosins/ *Microcystis*/ distribution/
southern Africa.

2435\. Scott, W.E. (1987). Toxins of blue-green algae. In: [A Ten Year
Report]{.underline}. National Institute for Water Research(NIWR)/Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR): Pretoria, South Africa.
180 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ report.

2436\. Scott, W. E.; Barlow, D. J.; and Hauman, J. H. (1981). Studies on
the ecology, growth and physiology of toxic *Microcystis* *aeruginosa*
in South Africa. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water Environment:
Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 49-69.
491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ ecology/ growth/
physiology/ S. Africa.

2437\. Seawright, A. A.; Nolan, C. C.; Shaw, G. R.; Chiswell, R. K.;
Norris, R. L.; Moore, M. R.; and Smith, M. J. (1999). The oral toxicity
for mice of the tropical cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*
(Woloszynska). [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):135-142. Keywords: oral toxicity/ mice/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* .

2438\. Sedmak, B. and Kosi, G. (1997). Microcystins in Slovene
freshwaters (central Europe)---first report. [Natural
Toxins]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(2):64-73. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
blue-green algae/ hepatotoxins/ toxic algal blooms/ Europe.

2439\. Sedmak, B. and Kosi, G. (1998). The role of microcystins in heavy
cyanobacterial bloom formation. [J. Plankton Res.]{.underline}
[20]{.underline}(4):691-708. Keywords: microcystins/ role/ heavy blooms/
cyanobacteria.

2440\. Sedmak, B. and Kosi, G. (1998). The role of microcystins in heavy
cyanobacterial bloom formation \[Correction for 1998, 20(4):691\]. [J.
Plankton Res.]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(7):1421. Keywords:
microcystins/ role/ heavy blooms/ cyanobacteria.

2441\. Sedmak, B.; Kosi, G.; and Kolar, B. (1994). Cyanobacteria and
their relevance. [Periodicum Biologorum]{.underline}
[96]{.underline}(4):428-430. Keywords: cyanobacteria.

2442\. Sekijima, M.; Tsutsumi, T.; Yoshida, T.; Harada, T.; Tashiro, F.;
Chen, G.; Yu, S-Z.; and Ueno, Y. (1999). Enhancement of glutathione
S-transferase placental-form positive liver cell foci development by
microcystin-LR in aflatoxin B~1~-initiated rats.
[Carcinogenesis]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(1):161-165. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ carcinogenic/ liver bioassay/ rats.

2443\. Sellner, K. G. (1997). Physiology, ecology, and toxic properties
of marine cyanobacteria blooms (review). [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(5):1089-1104. Keywords: marine cyanobacteria/ blooms/
physiology/ ecology/ toxicity.

2444\. Sellner, K. G. Trophodynamics of marine cyanobacteria blooms. In:
E. J. Carpenter, D. G. Capone, and J. G. Rueter (eds.) [Marine Pelagic
Cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other Diazotrophs]{.underline}. Kluwer
Academic Publishers: Netherlands, pp. 75-94. Keywords: marine
cyanobacteria blooms/ *Trichodesmium*/ *Nodularia spumigena*/
*Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*.

2445\. Sellner, K. G.; Doucette, G. J.; and Kirkpatrick, G. J. (2003).
Harmful algal blooms: causes, impacts and detection. [J. Ind. Microbiol.
Biotechnol.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(7):383-406. Keywords: harmful
algal blooms/ detection/ molecular techniques/ remote sensing/ modeling.

2446\. Selosse, M-A. (1996). Les cyanobactéries, d\'étonnants
procaryotes autotrophes. [Biologie Géologie]{.underline}
[3]{.underline}:481-530. Keywords: cytotoxins. (French)

2447\. Semakov, V. V. and Sirenko, L. A. (1984). Toxicity of blue-green
algae for the larvae of certain insects. [Gidrobiologicheskii Zh.
(Hydrobiol. J.)]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(4):69-72. Keywords:
toxicity/ blue-green algae/ fly larvae.

2448\. Semakov, V. V. and Sirenko, L. A. (1984). Toxicity of some
blue-green algae on some insect larvae. [Gidrobiologicheskii Zh.
(Hydrobiol. J.)]{.underline} [20]{.underline}(4):72-75. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ insect larvae.

2449\. Semmelhack, M. F. and Rhee, H. (1993). Formal synthesis of
teleocidin-A via indole-Cr(CO)^3^ complexes. [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(9):1399-1402. Keywords: synthesis/
teleocidin-A/ cytotoxin.

2450\. Senior, V. E. (1960). Algal poisoning in Saskatchewan. [Can. J.
Comp. Med.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(1):26-31. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
Saskatchewan/ Canada.

2451\. Senogles-Derham, P-J.; Seawright, A.; Shaw, G.; Wickramasinghe,
W.; and Shahin, M. (2003). Toxicological aspects of treatment to remove
cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water determined using the
heterozygous P53 transgenic mouse model. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(8):979-988. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ cyanotoxins/
hepatotoxins/ cyanobacteria/ transgenic mice/ chlonnation.

2452\. Senogles, P.; Shaw, G.; Smith, M.; Norris, R.; Chiswell, R.;
Mueller, J.; Sadler, R.; and Eaglesham, G. (2000). Degradation of the
cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin, from *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii,* by chlorination. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(9):1203-1213. Keywords: degradation/ cyanobacterial
toxin/ cylindrospermopsin/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
chlorination.

2453\. Senogles, P-J.; Scott, J. A.; Shaw, G.; and Stratton, H. (2001).
Photocatalytic degradation of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin, using
titanium dioxide and UV irradiation. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(5):1245-1255. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ UV/
titanium dioxide/ water treatment/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*.

2454\. Senogles, P-J.; Seawright, A. A.; Shaw, G. R.; and Moore, M. R.
(2001). Evaluation of toxic byproducts of chlorination of cyanobacterial
toxins. [Toxicology]{.underline} [164]{.underline}(1-3 Suppl.):174.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ chlorination/ byproducts.

2455\. Sepulveda, M. S.; Rojas, M.; and Zambrano, F. (1992). Inhibitory
effect of a *Microcystis* sp. (cyanobacteria) toxin on development of
preimplantation mouse embryos. [Comp. Biochem. Physiol.--C: Pharmacol.
Toxicol. Endocrinol.]{.underline} [102]{.underline}(3):549-553.
Keywords: *Microcystis*/ inhibition/ mouse embryo development.

2456\. Serdula, M.; Bartolini, G.; Moore, R. E.; Gooch, J.; and
Wiebenga, N. (1982). Seaweed itch on Windward Oahu. [Hawaii Med.
J.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(7):200-201. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
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2457\. Serres, M. H.; Fladmark, K. E.; and Døskeland, S. O. (2000). An
ultrasensitive competitive binding assay for the detection of toxins
affecting protein phosphatases. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(3):347-360. Keywords: assay/ toxin detection/ protein
phosphatases.

2458\. Sette, W. F. and MacPhail, R. C. (1992). Qualitative and
quantitative issues in assessment of neurotoxic effects. In: H. Tilson
and C. Mitchell (ed.) [Neurotoxicology]{.underline}. Raven Press, Ltd:
New York, pp. 345-361, Ch. 14. 400 pp. Keywords: neurotoxicity.

2459\. Sevcik, C.; Noriega, J.; and D\'Suze, G. (2003). Identification
of *Enterobacter* bacteria as saxitoxin producers in cattle\'s rumen and
surface water from Venezuelan Savannahs. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(4):359-366. Keywords: paraplegia/ *Enterobacter*/ *E.
asburiae*/ *E. cloacae*/ saxitoxin/ bovine paraplegic syndrome/ PSP/
Venezuela.

2460\. Seydel, E. (1913). Fish death due to waterbloom (Fischsterben
durch wasserblute). [Mitt. FischVer. Prov. Brandenburg]{.underline}
[5]{.underline}(9):87. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fish toxicity. (German)

2461\. Shalev-Alon, G.; Sukenik, A.; Livnah, O.; Schwarz, R.; and
Kaplan, A. (2002). A novel gene encoding amidinotransferase in the
cylindrospermopsin producing cyanobacterium *Aphanizomenon ovalisporum.*
[Fems Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline} [209]{.underline}(1):87-91.
Keywords: amidinotransferase/ *Aphanizomenon ovalisporum*/
cylindrospermopsin/ toxic cyanobacterium/ polyketide synthase.

2462\. Shaw, G. R.; Seawright, A. A.; and Moore, M. R. (2001).
Toxicology and human health implications of the cyanobacterial toxin
cylindrospermopsin. In: W. J. de Koe, R. A. Samson, H. P. van Egmond, J.
Gilbert, and M. Sabino, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in
Perspective at the Turn of the Millenium]{.underline}. W.J. de Koe,
printed by Ponsen & Looyen: Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 435-443.
574 pp. Proceedings of X^th^ International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins
and Phycotoxins. May 21-25, 2000; Guarujá (Brazil). Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ cylindrospermopsin/ toxicology/ human health/ guidelines.

2463\. Shaw, G. R.; Seawright, A. A.; Moore, M. R.; and Lam, P. K. S.
(2000). Cylindrospermopsin, a cyanobacterial alkaloid---evaluation of
its toxicologic activity. [Therapeut. Drug Monit.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(1):89-92. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ toxicologic
activity.

2464\. Shaw, G. R.; Shen, X.; Wickramasinghe, W.; Senogles, P.;
Eaglesham, G. K.; Lam, P. K. S.; and Moore, M. R. (2001). Toxicological
aspects of byproducts of chlorination of the cyanobacterial toxin,
cylindrospermopsin. [Toxicology]{.underline} [164]{.underline}(1-3
Suppl.):174. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ byproducts/ cylindrospermopsin/
chlorination. (Abstract)

2465\. Shaw, G. R.; Sukenik, A.; Livne, A.; Chiswell, R. K.; Smith, M.
J.; Seawright, A. A.; Norris, R. L.; Eaglesham, G. K.; and Moore, M. R.
(1999). Blooms of the cylindrospermopsin-containing cyanobacterium,
*Aphanizomenon ovalisporum* (Forti) in newly constructed lakes,
Queensland, Australia. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):167-177. Keywords: blooms/ *Aphanizomenon
ovalisporum*/ new lakes/ Queensland/ Australia.

2466\. Shawwa, A. R. and Smith, D. W. (2001). Kinetics of microcystin-LR
oxidation by ozone. [Ozone-Sci. Eng.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(2):161-170. Keywords: ozone/ cyanobacteria/ kinetics/
microcystin-LR.

2467\. Shelubsky (Shilo), M. (1951). Observations on the properties of a
toxin produced by *Microcystis.* [Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol.]{.underline} [11]{.underline}:362-366. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ properties.

2468\. Shen, P. P.; Shi, Q.; Hua, Z. C.; Kong, F. X.; Wang, Z. G.;
Zhuang, S. X.; and Chen, D. C. (2003). Analysis of microcystins in
cyanobacteria blooms and surface water samples from Meiliang Bay, Taihu
Lake, China. [Environ. Int.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(5):641-647.
Keywords: eutrophication/ cyanobacteria bloom/ microcystin/ direct
competitive ELISA/ detection/ Meiliang Bay/ Taihu Lake/ China.

2469\. Shen, X. Y.; Lam, P. K. S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Wickramasinghe, W.
(2002). Genotoxicity investigation of a cyanobacterial toxin,
cylindrospermopsin. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}(10):1499-1501. Keywords: genotoxicity/
cylindrospermopsin/ DNA strand breaks/ alkaline gel electrophoresis.

2470\. Shephard, G. S.; Stockenström, S.; De Villiers, D.; Engelbrecht,
W. J.; Sydenham, E. W.; and Wessels, G. F. S. (1998). Photocatalytic
degradation of cyanobacterial microcystin toxins in water.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(12):1895-1901. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ photocatalytic degradation.

2471\. Shephard, G. S.; Stockenström, S.; De Villiers, D.; Engelbrecht,
W. J.; and Wessels, G. F. S. (2001). Application of a falling film
photocatalytic reactor to the treatment of cyanobacterial microcystin-LR
in water. In: W. J. de Koe, R. A. Samson, H. P. van Egmond, J. Gilbert,
and M. Sabino, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Perspective at the
Turn of the Millenium]{.underline}. W.J. de Koe, printed by Ponsen &
Looyen: Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 505-511. 574 pp. Proceedings of
X^th^ International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. May
21-25, 2000; Guarujá (Brazil). Keywords: phoyocatalysis/ microcystins/
cyanobacteria/ advanced oxidation/ algae.

2472\. Sheppeck, J. E.; Gauss, C. M.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (1997).
Inhibition of the ser-thr phosphatases PP1 and PP2A by
naturally-occurring toxins (review). [Bioorg. Medicinal
Chem.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(9):1739-1750. Keywords: toxins/
phosphatase inhibition .

2473\. Sherman, B. S.; Jones, G. J.; and Webster, I. T. (1994). Flow,
stratification and the growth of algae and cyanobacteria in Maude Weir
Pool on the Murrumbidgee River. In: [Proceedings of Australian Water and
Wastewater Association Environmental Flows Seminar]{.underline}. AWWA,
Inc.: Artarmon, Australia. pp. 170-177. Aug. 25-26, 1994; Canberra.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ algae growth/ Australia.

2474\. Sherman, B. S.; Webster, I. T.; Jones, G. J.; and Oliver, R. L.
(1998). Transitions between *Aulacoseira* and *Anabaena* dominance in a
turbid river weir pool. [Limnol. Oceanogr.]{.underline}
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dominance/ transition/ Australia.

2475\. Shi, L. and Carmichael, W. W. (1996). Identification of protein
serine/threonine phosphatase family I genes from cyanobacteria with
polymerase chain reaction. In: [Abstracts of the General Meeting ---
American Society for Microbiology]{.underline}. pp. 526. May 1996; New
Orleans, Louisiana. Keywords: identification/ genes/ cyanobacteria/
polymerase chain reaction. (Abstract)

2476\. Shi, L. and Carmichael, W. W. (1997). PP1-cyano2, a protein
serine/threonine phosphatase 1 gene from the cyanobacterium *Microcystis
aeruginosa* UTEX 2063. [Arch. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[168]{.underline}(6):528-531. Keywords: protein serine/ threonine
phosphatase 1/ cyanobacterium/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ PP1-cyano2.

2477\. Shi, L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Kennelly, P. J. (1999).
Cyanobacterial PPP family protein phosphatases possess multifunctional
capabilities and are resistant to microcystin-LR. [J. Biol.
Chem.]{.underline} [274]{.underline}(15):10039-10046. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ PPP/ phosphatases/ microcystin-LR .

2478\. Shi, L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Miller, I. (1995). Immuno-gold
localization of hepatotoxins in cyanobacterial cells. [Arch.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [163]{.underline}(1):7-15. Keywords: immuno-gold
localization/ cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystin/ nodularin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Nodularia spumigena*.

2479\. Shi, L.; Kehres, D. G.; and Maguire, M. E. (2001). The PPP-family
protein phosphatases PrpA and PrpB of *Salmonella entetica* serovar
*typhimurium* possess distinct properties. [J. Bacteriol.]{.underline}
[183]{.underline}(24):7053-7057. Keywords: *Escherichia coli*/ serine
threonine phosphatase/ microcystin-LR/ expression/ threonine/ archaeon/
cloning/ serine/ membrane/ kinases/ *Salmonella entetica*.

2480\. Shih, S. R.; Tsai, K. N.; Li, Y. S.; Chueh, C. C.; and Chan, E.
C. (2003). Inhibition of enterovirus 71-induced apoptosis by
allophycocyanin isolated from a blue-green alga *Spirulina platensis.*
[J. Med. Virol.]{.underline} [70]{.underline}(1):119-125. Keywords:
cytopathic effect/ antiviral activity/ phycobiliprotein/ cell cycle/
*Spirulina platensis*.

2481\. Shilo, M. (1967). Formation and mode of action of algal toxins.
[Bacteriol. Rev.]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(3):180-193. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ formation/ mode of action.

2482\. Shilo, M. (1964). Review on toxigenic algae. [Verh. Internat.
Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}:782-795. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ review.

2483\. Shilo, M. (1972). Toxigenic algae. In: O. J. D. Hockenhull (ed.)
[Progress in Industrial Microbiology]{.underline}. Churchill Livingstone
Press: Edinburgh, Vol. 11, pp. 233-265. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

2484\. Shimizu, M.; Iwasaki, Y.; and Yamada, S. (1995). New fluorogenic
dienophile: synthesis, reaction with vitamin D, vitamin A and
microcystins, and application to fluorometric assays. [J. Pharmaceut.
Soc. Jap.]{.underline} [115]{.underline}(8):584-602. Keywords:
fluorescent dienophile/ fluorometric assay/ vitamin D metabolite/
retinoic acid/ microcystin.

2485\. Shimizu, Y. (1993). Culturing microalgae for bioactive compounds.
[J. Phycol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(3 Suppl.):14. Keywords:
culturing microalgae/ bioactive compounds.

2486\. Shimizu, Y. (1993). Microalgal metabolites. [Chem.
Rev.]{.underline} [93]{.underline}(5):1685-1698. Keywords: metabolites/
microalgal.

2487\. Shimizu, Y. (1996). Microalgal metabolites: a new perspective.
[Ann. Rev. Microbiol.]{.underline} [50]{.underline}:431-465. Keywords:
metabolites/ microalgal.

2488\. Shimizu, Y.; Norte, M.; Hori, A.; Genenah, A.; and Kobayashi, M.
(1984). Biosynthesis of saxitoxin analogues: the unexpected pathway. [J.
Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [106]{.underline}:6433-6434. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ saxitoxin/ neosaxitoxin/ pathway/ *Aphanizomenon*/ PSP.

2489\. Shimojo, R. Y. and Iwaoka, W. T. (2000). A rapid hemolysis assay
for the detection of sodium channel-specific marine toxins.
[Toxicology]{.underline} [154]{.underline}(1-3):1-7. Keywords:
saxitoxin/ ciguatoxin/ veratridine/ ouabain/ hemolysis.

2490\. Shin, H. J.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997).
Aeruginosins 205A and -B, serine-protease inhibitory glycopeptides from
the cyanobacterium *Oscillatoria agardhii* (NIES-205). [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [62]{.underline} (6):1810-1813. Keywords:
*Oscillatoria agardhii*/ serine protease inhibitors.

2491\. Shin, H. J.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1996).
Agardhipeptins A and B, two new cyclic hepta- and octapeptide, from the
cyanobacterium *Oscillatoria agardhii* (NIES-204).
[Tetrahed.]{.underline} [52]{.underline}(41):13129-13136. Keywords:
*Oscillatoria agardhii*/ peptides/ isolated.

2492\. Shin, H. J.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997).
Anabaenopeptins E and F, 2 new cyclic peptides from the cyanobacterium
*Oscillatoria agardhii* (NIES-204). [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[60]{.underline}(2):139-141. Keywords: new cyclic peptides/
*Oscillatoria agardhii*.

2493\. Shin, H. J.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997).
Circinamide, a novel papain inhibitor from the cyanobacterium *Anabaena
circinalis* (NIES-41). [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[53]{.underline}(16):5747-5754. Keywords: circinamide/ papain inhibitor/
*Anabaena circinalis*/ cytotoxin.

2494\. Shin, H. J.; Murakami, M.; Matsuda, H.; Ishida, K.; and
Yamaguchi, K. (1995). Oscillapeptin: an elastase and chymotrypsin
inhibitor from the cyanobacterium *Oscillatoria agardhii* (NIES, 204).
[Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(29):5235-5238. Keywords:
oscillapeptin/ elastase inhibitor/ chymotrypsin inhibitor/ *Oscillatoria
agardhii*.

2495\. Shin, H. J.; Murakami, M.; Matsuda, H.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1996).
Microviridins D-F, serine protease inhibitors from the cyanobacterium
*Oscillatoria agardhii* (NIES-204). [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}(24):8159-8168. Keywords: microviridins D-F/ serine
protease inhibitors/ *Oscillatoria agardhii* .

2496\. Shin, H. W.; Llobet, E.; Gardner, J. W.; Hines, E. L.; and Dow,
C. S. (2000). Classification of the strain and growth phase of
cyanobacteria in potable water using an electronic nose system. [IEE
Proc.--Sci. Measure. Technol.]{.underline} [147]{.underline}(4):158-164.
Keywords: gas/ *Microcystis*.

2497\. Shirahashi, H.; Morimoto, T.; Nagatsu, A.; Murakami, N.; Tatta,
K.; Sukakibara, J.; Tokuda, H.; and Nishino, H. (1996).
Antitumor-promoting activities of various synthetic
1-O-Acyl-3-O(6\'-O-Acyl-β-D-Galactopyranosyl)-sn-Glycerols related to
natural product from freshwater cyanobacterium *Anabaena flos-aquae* f*.
flos-aquae.* [Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull.]{.underline}
[44]{.underline}(7):1404-1406. Keywords: glyceroglycolipid/
antitumor-promoter/ Epstin-Barr virus/ *Anabaena flos-aquae* f*.
flos-aquae*.

2498\. Shirahashi, H.; Murakami, N.; Watanabe, M.; Nagatsu, A.;
Sakakibara, J.; Tokuda, H.; Nishino, H.; and Iwashima, A. (1993).
Isolation and identification of anti-tumor-promoting principles from the
fresh-water cyanobacterium *Phormidium tenue.* [Chem. Pharmaceut.
Bull.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(9):1664-1666. Keywords: *Phormidium
tenue*/ glyceroglycolipid/ anti-tumor promoter/ monogalactosyl
diacylglycerol (MGDG)/ digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG)/ Epstein-Barr
virus.

2499\. Shirai, M.; Ohtake, A.; Sano, T.; Matsumoto, S.; Sakamoto, T.;
Sato, A.; Aida, T.; Harada, K-I.; Shimada, T.; Suzuki, M.; and Nakano,
M. (1991). Toxicity and toxins of natural blooms and isolated strains of
*Microcystis* spp. (cyanobacteria) and improved procedure for
purification of cultures. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(4):1241-1245. Keywords: Japan/ toxicity/ *Microcystis*/
improved culture purification procedure.

2500\. Shirai, M.; Takamura, Y.; Sakuma, H.; Kojima, M.; and Nakano, M.
(1986). Toxicity and delayed type hypersensitivity caused by
*Microcystis* blooms from Lake Kasumigaura. [Microbiol.
Immunol.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(7):731-735. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ Japan/ Lake Kasumigaura.

2501\. Shoptaugh, N. H. (1978). [Fluorometric studies on the toxins of
*Gonyaulax tamarensis* and *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.*]{.underline}
Ph.D. Thesis. University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Gonyaulax*/ *Aphanizomenon*.

2502\. Short, S. B. and Edwards, W. C. (1990). Blue-green algae
toxicosis in Oklahoma. [Vet. Human Toxicol.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(6):558-560. Keywords: Oklahoma/ cattle deaths/
blue-green algae/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

2503\. Shurin, J. B. and Dodson, S. I. (1997). Sublethal toxic effects
of cyanobacteria and nonylphenol on environmental sex determination and
development in *Daphnia.* [Environ. Toxicol. Chem]{.underline}
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developmental effects/ environmental sex determination/ nonylphenol.

2504\. Siame, B. A.; Shushu, D. D.; and Masundire, H. M. (2001).
Occurrence of highly toxic *Microcystis* species in Botswana. In: W. J.
de Koe, R. A. Samson, H. P. van Egmond, J. Gilbert, and M. Sabino,
(eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Perspective at the Turn of the
Millenium]{.underline}. W.J. de Koe, printed by Ponsen & Looyen:
Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 445-451. 574 pp. Proceedings of X^th^
International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. May 21-25,
2000; Guarujá (Brazil). Keywords: occurrence/ toxic/ *Microcystis*/
Botswana/ cyanobacteria.

2505\. Siegelman, H. W.; Adams, W. H.; Stoner, R. D.; and Slatkin, D. N.
(1984). Toxins of *Microcystis aeruginosa* and their hematological and
histopathological effects. In: E. P. Ragelis (ed.) [Seafood
Toxins]{.underline}. American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., pp.
407-413. Symposium Series 262. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ hematological and histopathological effects.

2506\. Siegl, G.; MacKintosh, C.; and Stitt, M. (1990).
Sucrose-phosphate synthase is dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A
in spinach leaves, evidence from the effects of okadaic acid and
microcystin. [FEBS Lett.]{.underline} [270]{.underline}(1-2):198-202.
Keywords: microcystin/ okadaic acid/ sucrose phosphate synthase
dephosphorylation.

2507\. Sielaff, H.; Dittmann, E.; Tandeau de Marsac, N.; Bouchier, C.;
von Döhren, H.; Börner, T.; and Schwecke, T. (2003). The mcyF gene of
the microcystin biosynthetic gene cluster from *Microcystis aeruginosa*
encodes an aspartate racemase. [Biochem. J.]{.underline}
[373]{.underline}(3):909-916. Keywords: aspartate racemase/
cyanobacteria/ glutamate racemase/ microcystin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ non-ribosomal peptide.

2508\. Silbergeld, E. K.; Grattan, L.; Oldach, D; and Morris, J. G.
(2000). *Pfiesteria*: harmful algal blooms as indicators of human
ecosystem interactions. [Environ. Res.]{.underline}
[82]{.underline}(2):97-105. Keywords: ambush-predator/ dinoflagellate/
estuarine fish/ kills.

2509\. Sili, C.; Ena, A.; Materassi, R.; and Vincenzini, M. (1994).
Germination of desiccated aged akinetes of alkaliphilic cyanobacteria.
[Arch. Microbiol.]{.underline} [162]{.underline}(1-2):20-25. Keywords:
akinete/ akinete germination/ cell differentiation/ cyanobacteria/
*Cyanospira*/ extreme environments/ heterocyst.

2510\. Silva, E. D. de; Williams, D. E.; Andersen, R. J.; Klix, H.;
Holmes, C. F. B; and Allen, T. M. (1992). Motuporin, a potent protein
phosphatase inhibitor isolated from the Papua New Guinea sponge
*Theonella swinhoei* Gray. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(12):1561-1564. Keywords: Paupua, New Guinea/ sponge/
*Theonella swinhoei*/ motuporin/ protein phosphatase inhibitor.

2511\. Silva, L. M. T.; Dos Santos, C. P.; and Chaloub, R. M. (2001).
Effect of the respiratory activity on photoinhibition of the
cyanobacterium *Synechocystis* sp. [Photosyn. Res.]{.underline}
[68]{.underline}(1):61-69. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ nitrogen starvation/
photoinhibition/ photosynthesis/ respiration/ *Synechocystis*.

2512\. Sim, A. T. R.; Baldwin, M. L.; Rostas, J. A. P.; Holst, J.; and
Ludowyke, R. I. (2003). The role of serine/threonine protein
phosphatases in exocytosis. [Biochem. J.]{.underline}
[373]{.underline}(3):641-659. Keywords: beta-cell/ exocytosis/ mast
cell/ neuron/ phosphatase/ signal transduction.

2513\. Sim, A. T. R. and Mudge, L. M. (1993). Protein phosphatase
activity in cyanobacteria: consequences for microcystin toxicity
analysis. [Toxicon]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(9):1179-1186. Keywords:
protein phosphatase/ cyanobacteria/ microcystin toxicity analysis.

2514\. Simpson, B. and Gorham, P. R. (1958). Source of the fast-death
factor produced by unialgal *Microcystis aeruginosa* NRC-1. [Phycol.
Soc. Am. News Bull.]{.underline} [11]{.underline}:59-60. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ fast-death factor. (Abstract)

2515\. Simpson, J. (1977). [*Microcystis aeruginosa* SS-17: its
Endotoxin and *in vitro* Detection]{.underline}. Report \# Eli Lilly ---
report summary of project on antibiotic activity for toxic *M.
aeruginosa.* Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ detection.
(Unpublished)

2516\. Sims, J. K. and Zandee Van Rilland, R. D. (1981). Escharotic
stomatitis caused by the \"stinging seaweed\" *Microcoleus lyngbyaceus*
(formerly *Lyngbya majuscula):* case report and literature review.
[Hawaii Med. J.]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(9):243-248. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ dermatitis.

2517\. Singh, D. P.; Tyagi, M. B.; Kumar, A.; Thakur, J. K.; and Kumar,
A. (2001). Antialgal activity of a hepatotoxin-producing cyanobacterium,
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(1):15-22. Keywords: antialgal/ cyanobacteria/
microcystin/ *Microcystis* toxin.

2518\. Singh, I. P.; Milligan, K. E.; and Gerwick, W. H. (1999).
Tanikolide, a toxic and antifungal lactone from the marine
cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula*. [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[62]{.underline}(9):1333-1335. Keywords: *Lyngbya majuscula*/ anikolide/
antifungal lactone.

2519\. Singh, R. N. (1955). Limnological relations of Indian inland
waters with special reference to waterblooms. [Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}:831-836. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
India/ inland waters/ waterblooms.

2520\. Sings, H. L. and Rinehart, K. L. (1996). Compounds produced from
potential tunicate-blue-green algal symbiosis: a review. [J. Ind.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(5-6):385-396. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ ascidian/ *Synethocystis*/ *Prochloron*/ marine natural
product.

2521\. Sinha, R. P.; Klisch, M.; Helbling, E. W.; and Hader, D. P.
(2001). Induction of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAS) in
cyanobacteria by solar ultraviolet-B radiation. [J. Photochem.
Photobiol. B-Biol.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}(2-3):129-135. Keywords:
*Anabaena* sp./ high performance liquid chromatography/ mycosporine-like
amino acids/ *Nostoc* commune/ photosynthetic active radiation/
*Scytonema* sp./ spectroscopy/ ultraviolet.

2522\. Sipiä, V.; Kankaanpää, H.; Lahti, K.; Carmichael, W. W.; and
Meriluoto, J. (2001). Detection of Nodularin in flounders and cod from
the Baltic Sea. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(2):121-126. Keywords: nodularin/ *Nodularia spumigena*/
tissues/ flounder/ cod/ Baltic Sea.

2523\. Sipiä, V.; Kankaanpää, H.; and Meriluoto, J. (2000). The first
observation of okadaic acid in flounder in the Baltic Sea.
[Sarsia]{.underline} [85]{.underline}:471-475. Keywords: okadaic acid/
flounder/ Baltic Sea.

2524\. Sipiä, V. O.; Kankaanpää, H. T.; Flinkman, J.; Lahti, K.; and
Meriluoto, J. A. O. (2001). Time-dependent accumulation of
cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in flounders *(Platichthys flesus)* and
mussels *(Mytilus edulis)* from the northern Baltic Sea. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(4):330-336. Keywords:
hepatotoxin/ nodularin/ microcystin/ flounder/ mussel/ Baltic Sea.

2525\. Sipiä, V. O.; Kankaanpää, H. T.; Pflugmacher, S.; Flinkman, J.;
Furey, A.; and James, K. J. (2002). Bioaccumulation and detoxication of
nodularin in tissues of flounder *(Platichthys flesus),* mussels
*(Mytilus edulis, Dreissena polymorpha),* and clams *(Macoma balthica)*
from the northern Baltic Sea. [Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety]{.underline}
[53]{.underline}(2):305-311. Keywords: hepatotoxin/ nodularin/ flounder/
*Platichthys flesus*/ mussel/ *Mytilus edulis*/ *Dreissena polymorpha*/
clam/ *Macoma balthica*/ Baltic Sea/ bioaccumulation/ biotransformation.

2526\. Sipiä, V. O.; Lahti, K.; Kankaanpää, H. T.; Vuorinen, P. J.; and
Meriluoto, J. A. O. (2002). Screening for cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in
herring and salmon from the Baltic Sea. [Aquat. Ecosys. Health
Manage.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}:451-456. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
hepatotoxins/ screening/ herring/ salmon/ Baltic Sea.

2527\. Sirén, A. L. and Feuerstein, G. (1990). Cardiovascular effects of
anatoxin-a in the conscious rat. [Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[102]{.underline}(1):91-100. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ cardiovascular
effects/ rat.

2528\. Sirén, H.; Jussila, M.; Liu, H. W.; Peltoniemi, S.; Sivonen, K.;
and Riekkola, M-L. (1999). Separation, purity testing and identification
of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins with capillary-electrophoresis and
electrospray mass-spectrometry. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline}
[839]{.underline}(1-2):203-215. Keywords: hepatotoxins/ separation/
purity testing/ identification/ mass spectrometry/ microcystin.

2529\. Sirenko, L. A. (1987). The effects of blue-green algae on
formation of algal communities and on water quality in the Dnieper
reservoirs. [Arch. Hydrobiol.--Beih. Ergebn. Limnol.]{.underline}
[25]{.underline}:39-49. Keywords: Dnieper reservoirs/ Ukraine/
blue-green algae/ proportional representation/ water quality.

2530\. Sirenko, L. A. (1986). Some chemicobiological aspects of the
development of the composition of natural water. In: A. E. Shilov (ed.)
[Fundamental Research in Homogeneous Catalysis]{.underline}. Gordon &
Breach: New York, Vol. 3, pp. 1263-1272. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
composition of natural water.

2531\. Sirenko, L. A. (1980). Toxicity fluctuations and factors
determining them. In: J. Varica and L. R. Mur, (eds.) [Hypertrophic
Ecosystems/S.I.L. Workshop on Hypertrophic Ecosystems,
Växjö]{.underline}. Kluwer: The Hague/Boston. 2, pp. 231-234. 330 pp.
Sept. 10-14, 1979; Växjö, Sweden. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fluctuations/
factors/ Ukraine/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Aphanizomenon flos-aquae*.

2532\. Sirenko, L. A. (1981). Toxicity fluctuations and factors
determining them. [Dev. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}:P231-234. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ fluctuations/ factors.

2533\. Sirenko, L. A.; Kirpenko, Yu A.; and Kirpenko, N. I. (1997).
Biologically active metabolites of blue-green algae and their role in
the epidemiology. [Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.)]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(3):51-62. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ metabolites/ role/
epidemiology.

2534\. Sirenko, L. A.; Kirpenko, Yu A.; Lukina, L. F.; Kovalenko, O. V.;
and Zimovets, L. M. (1978). Toxicity of blue-green algae causative
agents of water bloom. [Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol.
J.)]{.underline} [12]{.underline}:22-28. Keywords: cyanotoxin .
(Ukrainian)

2535\. Sirenko, L. A.; Kirpenko, Yu A.; Lukina, L. F.; Kovalenko, O. V.;
and Zimovets, L. M. (1976). Toxicity of blue-green algae the causative
agents of the blooming of water. [Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol.
J.)]{.underline} [12]{.underline}:13-18. Keywords: cyanotoxin.
(Ukrainian)

2536\. Sirenko, L. A.; Malyarevskaya, A. Y.; Birger, T.; and Kirpenko,
Yu A. (1979). Ecological metabolites. In: E. V. Krasnov, (ed.)
[Vzaimodeistne Vodoi Zhiuym Veshchestuom, Tr. Conf.
Proceedings]{.underline}. Vol. 2, Izd, pp. 48-56. Nauka, Moscow.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ ecological metabolites. (Ukrainian)

2537\. Sirenko, L. A. and Parshikova, T. V. (1989). Algae toxicity and
difficulties in determining its natural water, a review.
[Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.)]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(5):48-58. Keywords: toxicity/ algae.

2538\. Sitachitta, N. and Gerwick, W. H. (1998). Grenadadiene and
grenadamide cyclopropyl-containing fatty acid metabolites from the
marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(5):681-684. Keywords: Grenada/
*Lyngbya majuscula*/ fatty acid metabolites/ structure/ cytotoxin.

2539\. Sitachitta, N.; Marquez, B. L.; Williamson, R. T.; Rossi, J.;
Roberts, M. A.; Gerwick, W. H.; Nguyen, V. A.; and Willis, C. L. (2000).
Biosynthetic pathway and origin of the chlorinated methyl group in
barbamide and dechlorobarbamide, metabolites from the marine
cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline}
[56]{.underline}(46):9103-9113. Keywords: biosynthesis/ peptide/
polyketide/ trichloromethyl group/ biological chlorination/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*.

2540\. Sitachitta, N.; Williamson, R. T.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2000).
Yanucamides A and B, two new depsipeptides from an assemblage of the
marine cyanobacteria *Lyngbya majuscula* and *Schizothrix* species. [J.
Natural Products]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(2):197-200. Keywords:
*Philinopsis speciosa*/ brine shrimp/ constituents/ mollusk/ cytotoxin.

2541\. Sivonen, K. (1996). Cyanobacterial toxins and toxin production.
[Phycologia]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(6):12-24. Keywords:
cyanotoxins/ production.

2542\. Sivonen, K. (1990). Effects of light, temperature, nitrate,
orthophosphate, and bacteria on growth of and hepatotoxin production by
*Oscillatoria agardhii* strains. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[56]{.underline}(9):2658-2666. Keywords: *Oscillatoria agardhii*/
factors affecting growth and toxicity.

2543\. Sivonen, K. (2000). Freshwater cyanobacterial neurotoxins:
ecobiology, chemistry and detection. In: L. M. Botana (ed.) [Seafood and
Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection]{.underline}.
Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, pp. 567-558. 798 pp. Keywords: freshwater
toxins/ pharmacology/ physiology/ toxicology/ ecology.

2544\. Sivonen, K. (1985). Syanobakteeritoksiinit ja niiden
toteamismenetalmat. [Ympär. Terv.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}:443-447.
Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

2545\. Sivonen, K. (1990). [Toxic Cyanobacteria in Finnish Fresh Waters
and the Baltic Sea]{.underline}. Ph.D Thesis in Microbiology, University
of Helsinki, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Finland/ freshwater/ Baltic
Sea. (Finnish)

2546\. Sivonen, K. (1998). Toxins produced by cyanobacteria. In: M.
Miraglia, H. van Egmond, C. Brera, and J. Gilbert (eds.) [Mycotoxins and
Phycotoxins-Developments in Chemistry, Toxicology and Food
Safety]{.underline}. USA, pp. 547-568. 56 pp. Keywords: phycotoxins/
*Microcystis*/ *Anabaena*/ *Oscillatoria*/ *Nodularia*/ *Nostoc*/
*Cylindrospermopsis*/ *Aphanizomenon*/ *Lyngbya*.

2547\. Sivonen, K.; Carmichael, W. W.; Namikoshi, M.; Rinehart, K. L.;
Dahlem, A. M.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1990). Isolation and characterization
of hepatotoxic microcystin homologs from the filamentous freshwater
cyanobacterium *Nostoc* sp. strain 152. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(9):2650-2657. Keywords:
Finalnd/ *Nostoc*/ hepatotoxic microcystin homologs/ isolation/
characterization.

2548\. Sivonen, K.; Himberg, K.; Luukkainen, R.; Niemelä, S. I.; Poon,
G. K.; and Codd, G. A. (1989). Preliminary characterization of
neurotoxic cyanobacteria blooms and strains from Finland. [Tox.
Assess.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}(3):339-352. Keywords: Finland/
neurotoxic cyanobacterial blooms.

2549\. Sivonen, K.; Himberg, K.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1986). Toxins of
cyanobacteria (Syanobakteeritoksiinit). [Kemia-Kemi]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(4):396-400. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish, English
summary)

2550\. Sivonen, K. and Jones, G. (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins. In: I.
Chorus and J. Bartram (eds.) [Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: a Guide to
Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and
Management]{.underline}. E & FN Spon: London, pp. 41-111. 416 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxins.

2551\. Sivonen, K.; Kononen, K.; Carmichael, W. W.; Dahlem, A. M.;
Rinehart, K. L.; Kiviranta, J.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1989). Occurrence of
the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium *Nodularia spumigena* in the Baltic Sea
and the structure of the toxin. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[55]{.underline}(8):1990-1995. Keywords: *Nodularia spumigena*/ Baltic
Sea/ occurrence/ structure.

2552\. Sivonen, K.; Kononen, K.; Esala, A-L.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1989).
Toxicity and isolation of the cyanobacterium *Nodularia spumigena* from
the southern Baltic Sea in 1986. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[185]{.underline}(1):3-8. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia spumigena*/
Baltic Sea/ toxicity/ isolation/ hepatotoxicity/ algal blooms.

2553\. Sivonen, K.; Namikoshi, M.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sun,
F.; Rouhiainen, L.; Luukkainen, R.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1992).
Isolation and characterization of a variety of microcystins from seven
strains of the cyanobacterial genus *Anabaena.* [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [58]{.underline}(8):2495-2500. Keywords:
*Anabaena*/ microcystins/ isolation/ characterization.

2554\. Sivonen, K.; Namikoshi, M.; Evans, W. R.; Färdig, M.; Carmichael,
W. W.; and Rhinehart, K. L. (1992). Three new microcystins, cyclic
heptapeptide hepatotoxins, from *Nostoc* sp. strain 152. [Chem. Res.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(4):464-469. Keywords: *Nostoc*/
microcystins/ heptapeptide hepatotoxins/ isolates.

2555\. Sivonen, K.; Namikoshi, M.; Evans, W. R.; Gromov, B. V.;
Carmichael, W. W.; and Rhinehart, K. L. (1992). Short Communications:
Isolation and structures of five microcystins from a Russian
*Microcystis aeruginosa* strain CALU 972. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(11):1481-1485. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
isolation and structure/ Russian.

2556\. Sivonen, K.; Namikoshi, M.; Luukkainen, R.; Färdig, M.;
Rouhiainen, L.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; and
Niemelä, S. I. (1995). Variation of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in
Finland. In: M. Munawar and M. Luotola (eds.) [The Contaminants in the
Nordic Ecosystem: Dynamics, Processes and Fate]{.underline}. SPB
Academic Publishing: Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 163-169. Ecovision
World Mono. Series. Keywords: Finland/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/
variation/ *Anabaena*/ *Microcystis*/ *Oscillatolria*/ *Nostoc*.

2557\. Sivonen, K.; Niemelä, S. I.; Niemi, R. M.; Lepistö, L.; Luoma, T.
H.; and Räsänen, L. A. (1990). Toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in
Finnish fresh and coastal waters. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[190]{.underline}(3):267-275. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cyanobacteria/
blue-green algae/ toxic blooms/ *Anabaena*/ *Aphanizomenon*/
*Gomphosphaeria*/ *Microcystis*/ *Nodularia*/ *Oscillatoria*/ Finland.

2558\. Sivonen, K. and Persson, P-E. (1986). Myrkylliset sinilevat. In:
K. Tyystjarvi and H. Ahola (eds.) [Aqua 86]{.underline}. Vedesta
vesistotutkimukseen: Helsinki, pp. 52-54. Keywords: cyanotoxin.
(Finnish)

2559\. Sivonen, K. and Rapala, J. (1998). Assessment of environmental
conditions that favor hepatotoxic and neurotoxic *Anabaena* spp. strains
cultured under light limitations at different temperatures. [Microbial
Ecol.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}:181-192. Keywords: *Anabaena*/
culture/ environmental conditions.

2560\. Sivonen, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; Namikoshi, M.; Evans, W. R.;
Carmichael, W. W.; and Rhinehart, K. L. (1992). Two methyl ester
derivatives of microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, isolated
from *Anabaena flos-aquae* strain CYA 83/1. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(11):1465-1471. Keywords: Norway/ microcystins/
derivatives/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*.

2561\. Sjöholm, A.; Honkanen, R. E.; and Berggren, P-O. (1995).
Inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatases by secretagogues in
insulin-secreting cells. [Endocrinology]{.underline}
[136]{.underline}(8):3391-3397. Keywords: serine/ threonine protein
phosphatases/ inhibition.

2562\. Skrinjar, M.; Nilsson, C.; and Wistrand, L. G. (1992). An
efficient synthesis of (+)-anatoxin-a. [Tetrahed.-Asymmetry]{.underline}
[3]{.underline}(10):1263-1270. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

2563\. Skulberg, O. M. (1972). Blue-green algae in Norwegian Inland
waters: the possible health consequences for humans and animals.
(Blagronnalger i norske vannforekomster, mulige konsekvenser av
sunnhetsmessig betydning for mennesker og dyr). [Tidsskr. Norske
Laegefor.]{.underline} [92]{.underline}(12):851-854. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Norwegian inland waters/ health consequences. (Norwegian,
English translation)

2564\. Skulberg, O.M. (1984). [Directory to Toxic Cyanophyte Literature
from Norden]{.underline}. Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA):
Oslo. Report \# F-83462, 26 Sept, 1984. 4 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
Norway/ directory.

2565\. Skulberg, O.M. (1984). [Giftproduscerende Blågronnalger
Ivannblomst --- Problemer for Helse og Trivsel]{.underline}. NIVA (Norsk
institutt for vannforskning): Oslo. Report \# F-83462. 18 pp. Keywords:
blue-green algae. (Norwegian)

2566\. Skulberg, O. M. (1984). Landbruksforurensninger og problemer med
masseutvikling av blagronnalger. In: [Jordbrukets Fororening av
Vattenmiljon, 20. Nordiska Symposiet om Vattenforskning
Hagerstein]{.underline}. Publ. 2, pp. 183-194. May 8-10, 1984;
Nordforsk, Miljovardsserien. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2567\. Skulberg, O.M. (1989). Toksinproduserende blagronnalger i norske
vanforekomster. [Rapporter og Publikasjoner]{.underline}. NIVA: 6 pp.
Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2568\. Skulberg, O.M. (1979). Toxic effects of blue-green algae---first
case of *Microcystis* poisoning reported from Norway (Giftvirkninger av
blågronnalger---forste tilfelle av *Microcystis* forgiftning registrert
i Norge). In: [Temarapport]{.underline}. Norsk institutt for
vannforskning (NIVA): Oslo. Report \# 4. 42 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
Norway. (Norwegian, English summary)

2569\. Skulberg, O. M. (1956). Vannblomst av blagronne alger some arsak
til forgiftning av dyr og mennesker. [Fauna]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(1):19-26. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2570\. Skulberg, O. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Andersen, R. A.; Matsunaga,
S.; Moore, R. E.; and Skulberg, R. (1992). Investigations of a
neurotoxic oscillatorialean strain (Cyanophyceae) and its toxin.
Isolation and characterization of homoanatoxin-a. [Environ. Toxicol.
Chem.]{.underline} [11]{.underline}(3):321-329. Keywords: Cyanophyceae/
*Oscillatoria formosa*/ phycotoxin/ homoanatoxin-a/ neuromuscular block.

2571\. Skulberg, O. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Codd, G. A.; and Skulberg, R.
(1993). Taxonomy of toxic Cyanophyceae (cyanobacteria). In: I. R.
Falconer (ed.) [Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water]{.underline}.
Academic Press: London, pp. 145-164, Ch. 9. 224 pp. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ taxonomy.

2572\. Skulberg, O. M.; Codd, G. A.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1984). Toxic
blue-green algal blooms in Europe: a growing problem.
[Ambio]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(4):244-247. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
Europe.

2573\. Skulberg, O. M. and Skulberg, R. (1985). Planktic species of
*Oscillatoria* (Cyanophyceae) from Norway: characterization and
classification. [Arch. Hydrobiol.--Algol. Stud.]{.underline}
[71]{.underline}(1-2 Suppl.):157-174. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Oscillatoria*/ clone cultures/ biogeography/ morphology/ phycobilins/
carotenoids/ allelopathic agents/ provisional system of classification/
Norway.

2574\. Skulberg, O.M. and Underdal, B. (1987). [Giftproduserende
Blagronnalger i Akersvatnet, Resultater av Undersokelser i 1986 for
Vestfold Interkommunale Vannverk (VIV)]{.underline}. Norsk institutt for
vannforskning (NIVA): Oslo. Report \# 0-84135. 32 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2575\. Slaga, T. J.; Fischer, S. M.; Nelson, K.; and Gleason, G. L.
(1980). Studies on the mechanism of skin tumor promotion. Evidence for
several stages in promotion. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.]{.underline}
[77]{.underline}(6):3659-3663. Keywords: skin tumor promotion.

2576\. Slater, G. P. and Blok, V. C. (1983). Volatile compounds of the
Cyanophyceae---a review. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}:181-190. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ products/ geosmin/
methylisoborneol.

2577\. Slatkin, D. N.; Stoner, R. D.; Adams, W. H.; Kycia, J. H.; and
Siegelman, H. W. (1983). Atypical pulmonary thrombosis caused by a toxic
cyanobacterial peptide. [Science]{.underline}
[220]{.underline}:1383-1385. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ pulmonary thrombosis/
peptide/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ liver damage/ mouse.

2578\. Sleire, B. (1980). Oppblomstringer av alger og cyanobakterier.
Innvirkning pa drikkevann. In: [Rapport Statens Institutt for
Folkehelse]{.underline}. 149 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2579\. Smirnov, N. N. and Feokistova, O. (1965). Influence of blue-green
algae on aquatic animals and plants. In: [Ecology and Physiology of
Blue-Green Algae \[Ekol. i Fisicol. Cenezel Vodoi\]]{.underline}. Akad.
Nauk. SSSR: Moscow-Leningrad, pp. 212-223. Keywords: blue-green algae/
aquatic animals and plants/ influence. (Russian)

2580\. Smirnov, N. N. and Feokistova, O. I. (1963). Toxicity of
blue-green algae. [Trudy Inst. Biol. Vodokhr.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}:10-20. Keywords: blue-green algae/ toxicity.

2581\. Smit, J. D. (1950). Experimental cases of algae poisoning in
small animals. [S. Afr. Ind. Chem.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}:66.
Keywords: cases/ algal poisoning/ small animals.

2582\. Smith, A. D. and Gilbert, J. J. (1995). Relative susceptibilities
of rotifers and cladocerans to *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [132]{.underline}(3):309-336. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ rotifers/ cladocerans/ susceptibility.

2583\. Smith, A. D. and Gilbert, J. J. (1995). Spatial and temporal
variability in filament length of a toxic cyanobacterium *(Anabaena
affinis).* [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(1):1-11.
Keywords: Vermont/ *Anabaena affinis*/ variability/ filament length.

2584\. Smith, C. D.; Prinsep, M. R.; Caplan, F. R.; Moore, R. E.; and
Patterson, G. M. L. (1994). Reversal of multiple drug resistance by
tolyporphin, a novel cyanobacterial natural product. [Oncol.
Res.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}(4-5):211-218. Keywords: tolyporphin/
MDR/ P-glycoprotein/ chemosensitizers.

2585\. Smith, M. T.; Thor, H.; and Orrenius, S. (1981). Toxic injury to
isolated hepatocytes is not dependent on extracellular calcium.
[Science]{.underline} [213]{.underline}:1257-1259. Keywords: liver cell
death/ extracellular calcium.

2586\. Smith, R. A. and Lewis, D. (1987). A rapid analysis of water for
anatoxin-a, the unstable toxic alkaloid from *Anabaena flos-aquae,* the
stable non-toxic alkaloids left after bioreduction and a related amine
which may be nature\'s precursor to anatoxin-a. [Vet. Human
Toxicol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(2):153-154. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
anatoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/ alkaloid.

2587\. Smith, T. A. and Hoover, J. P. (1995). Investigating a case of
suspected cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) intoxication in a dog
\[Correction for 1995, 90(11):1028\]. [Vet. Med.]{.underline}
[90]{.underline}(12):1130. Keywords: case/ cyanobacteria intoxication/
dog.

2588\. Smith, V. H. (2003). Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal
marine ecosystems --- a global problem. [Environ. Sci. Poll.
Res.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(2):126-139. Keywords: algae/ coastal
marine ecosystems/ estuaries/ eutrophication/ harmful algal blooms/
nitrogen/ nutrients/ lakes/ reservoirs/ rivers/ phosphorus/
phytoplankton/ shallow lakes/ wetlands.

2589\. Smitka, T. A.; Bonjouklian, R.; Doolin, L.; Jones, N. D.; Deeter,
J. B.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Prinsep, M. R.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G.
M. L. (1992). Ambiguine isonitriles, fungicidal hapalindole-type
alkaloids from three genera of blue-green algae belonging to the
*Stigonemataceae.* [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(3):857-861. Keywords: *Fischerella ambigua*/
*Hapalosiphon hibernicus*/ *Westiellopsis prolifica*/ isolation/
structure.

2590\. Smitka, T. A.; Bonjouklian, R.; Doolin, L.; Malloy, R. M.;
Debono, M.; Shaffer, S. A.; Stewart, J. B.; and Patterson, G. M. L.
(1990). Tipanazoles---new antifungal agents from the blue-green alga
*Tolypothrix tjipanasensis.* 200, pp. 39. Series Title: ABS PAP ACS.
August 16, 1990; Keywords: antifungal agents/ blue-green algaa/
*Tolypothrix tjipanasensis*. (Meeting Abstract)

2591\. Snell, T. W. (1980). Blue-green algae and selection in rotifer
populations. [Oecologia (Berl.)]{.underline} [46]{.underline}:343-346.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Florida/ rotifer population.

2592\. Snider, B. B. and Harvey, T. C. (1995). Synthesis of a bicyclic
model for the marine hepatotoxins cylindrospermopsin. [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(26):4587-4590. Keywords: synthesis/
marine hepatotoxins/ cylindrospermopsin.

2593\. Snider, B. B. and Xie, C. Y. (1998). Model studies for the
synthesis of the marine hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin---preparation of
a bicyclic guanidine with the hydrosymethyluracil side-chain.
[Tetrahed.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(39):7021-7024. Keywords:
studies/ synthesis/ cylindrospermopsin.

2594\. Snyder, G. S.; Goodwin, A. E.; and Freeman, D. W. (2002).
Evidence that channel catfish, *Ictalurus punctatus* (Rafinesque),
mortality is not linked to ingestion of the hepatotoxin microcystin-LR.
[J. Fish Dis.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(5):275-285. Keywords:
channel catfish/ cyanobacteria/ HCTC/ microcystin/ toxicosis/ *Ictalurus
punctatus*.

2595\. Soave, R. (1996). *Cyclospora* ---an overview. [Clin. Infect.
Dis.]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(3):429-437. Keywords: *Cyclospora*/
review.

2596\. Solé, A.; Gaju, N.; Méndez-Alvarez, S.; and Esteve, I. (2001).
Confocal laser scanning microscopy as a tool to determine cyanobacteria
biomass in microbial mats. [J. Microscopy]{.underline}
[204]{.underline}(3):258-262. Keywords: biomass/ confocal laser scanning
microscopy/ cyanobacteria/ microbial mats/ microorganisms/ soil/
enumeration/ UV. (Technical Note)

2597\. Soliakov, L.; Gallagher, T.; and Wonnacott, S. (1995). Anatoxin-a
evoked H^3^ dopamine release from rat striatal synaptosomes.
[Neuropharmacol.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(11):1535-1541. Keywords:
anatoxin-a/ dopamine release/ rat/ synaptosomes.

2598\. Soll, M. D. and Williams, M. C. (1985). Mortality of a white
rhinoceros (*Ceratotherium simum*) suspected to be associated with the
blue-green algae *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. S. Afr. Vet.
Assoc.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(1):49-51. Keywords: white
rhinoceros/ cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ mortality/ hepatic
necrosis/ South Africa.

2599\. Solly, W. W. (1966). A bloom of the alga *Nodularia.* [Newsl.
Aust. Soc. Limnol.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(2):28-29. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia*/ bloom/ Australia.

2600\. Solomon, A. E. and Stoughton, R. B. (1978). Dermatitis from
purified sea algae toxin (debromoaplysiatoxin). [Arch.
Dermatol.]{.underline} [114]{.underline}:1333-1335. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ dermatitis/ aplysiatoxin/ Hawaii.

2601\. Solow, R.; Mereish, K.; Anderson Jr., G. W.; Hewetson, J., and
Wannemacher Jr., R. W. (1989). Effect of microcystin-LR on cultured rat
endothelial cells. [Toxicologist]{.underline}. [9]{.underline}(1):160.
Keywords: microcystin-LR/rat endothelial cells. (28th Ann. Meeting
S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989 --- Abstract #637)

2602\. Solter, P.; Liu, Z. L.; and Guzman, R. (2000). Decreased hepatic
ALT synthesis is an outcome of subchronic microcystin-LR toxicity.
[Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.]{.underline} [164]{.underline}(2):216-220.
Keywords: liver/ alanine aminotransferase/ microcystin-LR/ protein
phosphatase/ protein synthesis.

2603\. Solter, P. F.; Wollenberg, G. K.; Huang, X.; Chu, F. S.; and
Runnegar, M. T. (1998). Prolonged sublethal exposure to the protein
phosphatase inhibitor microcystin-LR results in multiple dose-dependent
hepatotoxic effects. [Toxicol. Sci.]{.underline} [44]{.underline}:87-96.
Keywords: apoptosis/ histopathology/ immunohistochemistry/ liver/
microcystin-LR/ protein phosphatase/ rats/ serum biochemistry/ toxin.

2604\. Somfai, P. and Åhman, J. (1992). A short and enantioselective
synthesis of (+)-anatoxin-a. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(26):3791-3794. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

2605\. Song, L.; Sano, T.; Li, R.; Watanabe, M. M.; Liu, Y.; and Kaya,
K. (1998). Microcystin production of *Microcystis viridis*
(cyanobacteria) under different culture conditions. [Phycol.
Res.]{.underline} [46]{.underline}(Suppl.):19-23. Keywords: culture
conditions/ cyanobacteria/ Dianchi Lake/ China/ microcystin production/
*Microcystis viridis*.

2606\. Sönnichsen, J. D.; Jacoby, J.; and Welch, E. B. (1997). Response
of cyanobacterial migration to alum treatment in Green Lake. [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [140]{.underline}(3):373-392. Keywords:
Washington/ cyanobacteria/ migration/ alum treatment.

2607\. Soong, F. S.; Maynard, E.; Kirke, K.; and Luke, C. (1992).
Illness associated with blue-green algae. [Med. J. Aust.]{.underline}
[156]{.underline}(1):67. Keywords: Australia/ cyanobacteria/ illness.

2608\. Southcott, R. V. (1992). Illness associated with blue-green
algae. [Med. J. Aust.]{.underline} [156]{.underline}(1):67. Keywords:
illness/ blue-green algae. (Comment)

2609\. Souza, R. C. R. de; Carvalho, M. C.; and Truzzi, A. C. (1998).
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* (Wolosz.) Seenaya and Subba Raju
(Cyanophyceae) dominance and a contribution to the knowledge of Rio
Pequeno Arm, Billings Reservoir, Brazil. [Environ. Toxicol. Water
Qual.]{.underline} [13]{.underline}(1):73-81. Keywords: phytoplankton/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ water quality/ toxicity/ Billings
reservoir/ Brazil.

2610\. Spassova, M.; Mellor, I. R.; Petrov, A. G.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd,
G. A.; Vais, H.; and Usherwood, P. N. R. (1995). Pores formed in lipid
bilayers and in native membranes by nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin.
[Eur. Biophys. J.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(2):69-76. Keywords:
patch-clamp/ lipid monolayers/ lipid bilayers/ locust muscle membranes/
*Nodularia spumigena*/ cyanobacterial toxins/ nodularin/ membrane pores/
edge energy.

2611\. Spivak, C. E.; Albuquerque, E. X.; Aronstam, R. S.; Eldefrawi, M.
E.; and Witkop, B. (1979). A study of the pre-and postsynaptic reactions
of a potent agonist of the nicotinic receptor. [Soc. Neurosci.
Abstr.]{.underline} [5]{.underline}:489. Keywords: anatoxin/ nicotinic
receptor. (Poster Abstract #1661)

2612\. Spivak, C. E.; Gonzales-Rudo, R.; Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque,
E. X. (1984). Stereoselectivity of nicotinic receptors and their single
channel properties induced by anatoxin-a. [Soc. Neurosci.
Abstr.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(1):562. Keywords: anatoxin-a/
nicotinic receptors. (Abstract)

2613\. Spivak, C. E.; Waters, J.; Witkop, B.; and Albuquerque, E. X.
(1983). Potencies and channel properties induced by semirigid agonists
at frog nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. [Mol. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}:337-343. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ frog nicotinic
receptors.

2614\. Spivak, C. E.; Witkop, B.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1980).
Anatoxin-a: a novel, potent agonist at the nicotinic receptor. [Mol.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}:384-394. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
anatoxin-a/ nicotinic receptor.

2615\. Spoerke, D. G. and Rumack, B. H. (1985). Blue-green algae
poisoning. [J. Emerg. Med.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}:353-355.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ neurotoxins.

2616\. Spoof, L.; Karlsson, K.; and Meriluoto, J. (2001).
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of microcystins and
nodularin, cyanobacterial peptide toxins, on C-18 and amide C-16
sorbents. [J. Chromat. A]{.underline} [909]{.underline}(2):225-236.
Keywords: stationary phases/ LC/ mobile phase/ composition/
microcystins/ toxins/ nodularin.

2617\. Spoof, L.; Klimova, S.; Mikhailov, A.; Eriksson, J. E.; and
Meriluoto, J. (2003). Synthesis and organotropism of H-3-dihydro
derivatives of the cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxin nodularin.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(2):153-162. Keywords: nodularin/
cyanobacteria/ toxin/ radio labeling/ organotropism/ blue-green algae/
trout *Oncorhynchus mykiss*/ microcystin-LR/ protein phosphatase-1/
dihydromicrocystin-LR/ *in vivo*/ immunohistochemical localization/
tritiated dihydromicrocystin/ tissue distribution/ tumor promotion.

2618\. Spoof, L. and Meriluoto, J. (2002). Rapid separation of
microcystins and nodularin using a monolithic silica C-18 column. [J.
Chromat. A]{.underline} [947]{.underline}(2):237-245. Keywords:
stationary phases/ LC/ monolithic columns/ microcystins/ nodularin/
peptides/ toxins.

2619\. Spoof, L.; Vesterkvist, P.; Lindholm, T.; and Meriluoto, J.
(2003). Screening for cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, microcystins and
nodularin in environmental water samples by reversed-phase liquid
chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. [J. Chromat.
A]{.underline} [1020]{.underline}(1):105-119. Keywords: water analysis/
environmental analysis/ bacteria/ hepatotoxins/ toxins/ microcystins/
nodularin.

2620\. Springer, P. (1962). Literature references on blue-green algae in
relation to mosquito breeding. Keywords: mosquito/ blue-green algae/
references.

2621\. Stafford, R. G.; Mehta, M.; and Kemppainen, B. W. (1992).
Comparison of the partition coefficient and skin penetration of a marine
algal toxin (lyngbyatoxin A). [Food Chem. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(9):795-801. Keywords: lyngbyatoxin A/ skin penetration/
partition coefficient.

2622\. Stal, L. J.; Staal, M.; and Villbrandt, M. (1999). Nutrient
control of cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea. [Aquat. Microbial
Ecol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(2):165-173. Keywords: Baltic Sea/
cyanobacteria/ bloom/ picoplankton/ nutrients/ iron/ nitrogen/ nitrogen
fixation/ molybdate/ sulfate.

2623\. Stalker, M. (1887). On the Waterville cattle\'s disease. In:
[Department of Agriculture Report 1881/86]{.underline}. Pioneer Press
Co.: Univ. Minnesota. Report \# Biennial Report of the Board of Regents,
No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, pp. 105-108. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cattle.

2624\. Stangenberg, M. (1968). Toxic effects of *Microcystis aeruginosa*
Kg. extracts on *Daphnia longispina* O.F. Müller and *Eucypris virens*
Jurine. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [32]{.underline}:81-88. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Daphnia longispina*/ *Eucypris
virens*.

2625\. Stanier, R. Y.; Kunisawa, R.; Mandel, M.; and Cohen-Bazire, G.
(1971). Purification and properties of unicellular blue-green algae
(order Chroococcales). [Bacteriol. Rev.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(2):171-205. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ purification.

2626\. Starkweather, P. L. (1981). Trophic relationships between the
rotifer *Brachionus calyciflorus* and the blue-green algae *Anabaena
flos-aquae.* [Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}:1507-1514. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*/
*Brachionus calyciflorus*/ relationship.

2627\. Stavric, B. and Gorham, P. R. (1966). Toxic factors from
*Anabaena flos-aquae* (Lyngb.) de Bréb. clone NRC-44h. In: [Proceedings
Canadian Society Plant Physiology Annual Meeting]{.underline}. Vol. 7,
pp. 21. June 1-3, 1966; University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena flos-aquae*. (Abstract)

2628\. Steffensen, D.; Burch, M.; Nicholson, B.; Drikas, M.; and Baker,
P. (1999). Management of toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in
Australia. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):183-195.
Keywords: management/ toxic cyanobacteria/ Australia.

2629\. Stein, J. R. and Borden, C. A. (1984). Causative and beneficial
algae in human disease conditions: a review. [Phycologia]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}:485-501. Keywords: algae/ human disease.

2630\. Steiner, J. L. R.; Murakami, M.; and Tulinsky, A. (1998).
Structure of thrombin inhibited by aeruginosin 298-A from a blue-green
alga. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [120]{.underline}(3):597-598.
Keywords: blue-green alga/ thrombin inhibition/ structure.

2631\. Stephen, C.; Kent, M. L.; and Dawe, S. C. (1993). Hepatic
megalocytosis in wild and farmed chinook salmon *Oncorhynchus*
*tshawytscha* in British Columbia, Canada. [Dis. Aquat.
Org.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(1):35-39. Keywords: salmon/
*Oncorhynchus* *tshawytscha*/ British Columbia/ hepatic megalocytosis.

2632\. Stephens, E. L. (1945). *Microcystis toxica* sp. Nov.: a
poisonous alga from the Transvaal and Orange Free state. [Trans. Roy.
Soc. S. Afr.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}:105-112 \[Also published
(1948) Hydrobiologia 1:14\]. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis toxica*/
South Africa.

2633\. Stephenson, T. (1991). Blue-green algal blooms. [Chem.
Britain]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(2):131. Keywords: blooms/
blue-green algae.

2634\. Stevens, D. K. and Krieger, R. I. (1988). Analysis of anatoxin-a
by GC/ECD. [J. Analyt. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(3):126-131. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ analysis/
GC.

2635\. Stevens, D. K. and Krieger, R. I. (1991). Effect of route of
exposure and repeated doses on the acute toxicity in mice of the
cyanobacterial nicotinic alkaloid anatoxin-a. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(1):134-138. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ mice toxicity/
exposure route.

2636\. Stevens, D. K. and Krieger, R. I. (1990). N-methylation of
anatoxin-a abolishes nicotinic cholinergic activity.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(2):133-134. Keywords: anatoxin-a/
nicotinic cholinergic acitivity. (Letter to Editor)

2637\. Stevens, D. K. and Krieger, R. I. (1991). Stability studies on
the cyanobacterial nicotinic alkaloid anatoxin-a. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(2):167-179. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ stability studies.

2638\. Stevens Jr., S. E.; Murphy, R. C.; Lamoreaux, W. J.; and Coons,
L. B. (1994). A genetically engineered mosquitocidal cyanobacterium. [J.
Appl. Phycol.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}:187-197. Keywords:
*Agmenellum quadruplicatum*/ *Synechococcus* PCC 7002/ cyanobacteria/
*Bacillus thuringiensis* var. *israelensis*/ mosquitocidal/ larvacide.

2639\. Stewart, A. G.; Barnum, D. A.; and Henderson, J. A. (1950). Algal
poisoning in Ontario. [Can. J. Comp. Med.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(6):197-202. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Ontario.

2640\. Stewart, I.; Webb, P. M.; Schluter, P. J.; Shaw, G. R.; and
Moore, M. R. (2001). The epidemiology of recreational exposure to
freshwater cyanobacteria --- an observational study of recreational
water users in Queensland and New South Wales. [Toxicology]{.underline}
[164]{.underline}(1-3 Suppl.):174. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
epidemiology/ recreational waters.

2641\. Stewart, J. B.; Bornemann, V.; Chen, J-L.; Moore, R. E.; Caplan,
F. R.; Karuso, H.; Larsen, L. K.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1988).
Cytotoxic and fungicidal nucleosides from blue-green algae belonging to
the Scytonemataceae. [J. Antibiot.]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(8):1048-1056. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Scytonema*/
*Plectonema*/ *Tolypothrix*/ antifungal/ nucleoside/ NMR/ bioassay/
antitumor.

2642\. Steyn, D. G. (1944). Poisoning by algae on dams and pans
(Vergiftiging deur slyk (algae) op damme en panne). [S. Afr. Med.
J.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}:378. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Afrikaans)

2643\. Steyn, D. G. (1945). Poisoning of animals and human beings by
algae. [S. Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}:243-244. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ animal and human poisoning/ South Africa.

2644\. Steyn, D. G. (1943). Poisoning of animals by algae on dams and
pans. [Farming S. Afr.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}:489-510. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ South Africa/ animal poisonings/ algae.

2645\. Steyn, D.G. (1945). [Poisoning of Animals by Algae (Scum or
Waterbloom) in Dams and Pans]{.underline}. Union of S. Afr, Dept. of
Agric. and Forestry, Government Printer: Pretoria. 9 pp. Keywords: South
Africa/ animal poisonings/ algae.

2646\. Steyn, D. G. (1944). Poisonous and non-poisonous algae
(waterbloom, scum) in dams and pans. [Farming S. Afr.]{.underline}
[56]{.underline}(19):465-466. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ South Africa.

2647\. Steyn, D. G. (1949). Poisonous fresh-water algae. [African
Regional Scientific Conference]{.underline}. pp. 1-3. Johannesburg.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fresh-water. (Communication No. C{1} 5)

2648\. Stirling, D. J. and Quilliam, M. A. (2001). First report of the
cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in New Zealand.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(8):1219-1222. Keywords:
cylindrospermopsin/ Wellington region of New Zealand.

2649\. Stjernlöf, P.; Trogen, L.; and Andersson, A. (1989). Synthesis of
(+)- and (-)-anatoxin-a via classical diastereomeric salt resolution.
[Acta Chem. Scand.]{.underline} [43]{.underline}(9):917-918. Keywords:
anatoxin-a/ synthesis. (Letter)

2650\. Stocker, A.; Rüttimann, A.; and Woggon, W-D. (1993).
Identification of the tocopherol-cyclase in the blue-green algae
*Anabaena variabilis* Kützing (cyanobacteria). [Helvetica Chim.
Acta]{.underline} [76]{.underline}(4):1729-1738. Keywords: *Anabaena
variabilis*/ tocopherol cyclase/ identification.

2651\. Stolerman, I. P.; Albuquerque, E. X.; and Garcha, H. S. (1992).
Behavioural effects of anatoxin, a potent nicotinic agonist, in rats.
[Neuropharmacol.]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(3):311-314. Keywords:
nicotine/ anatoxin/ mecamylamine/ locomotor activity/ drug
discrimination.

2652\. Stolte, W.; Karlsson, C.; Carlsson, P.; and Granéli, E. (2002).
Modeling the increase of nodularin content in Baltic Sea *Nodularia
spumigena* during stationary phase in phosphorus-limited batch cultures.
[FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(3):211-220.
Keywords: cyanobacterium/ nodularin/ modeling/ *Nodularia spumigena*/
Baltic Sea.

2653\. Stoner, R. D.; Adams, W. H.; Slatkin, D. N.; and Siegelman, H. W.
(1990). Cyclosporine A inhibition of microcystin toxins.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(5):569-573. Keywords: microcystin
inhibition/ cyclosporine A.

2654\. Stoner, R. D.; Adams, W. H.; Slatkin, D. N.; and Siegelman, H. W.
(1989). The effects of single L-amino acid substitutions on the lethal
potencies of microcystins. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[27]{.underline}(7):825-828. Keywords: microcystins/ potencies/ L-amino
acid substitutions.

2655\. Stotts, R. R.; Namikoshi, M.; Haschek, W. M.; Rinehart, K. L.;
Carmichael, W. W.; Dahlem, A. M.; and Beasley, V. R. (1993). Structural
modifications imparting reduced toxicity in microcystins from
*Microcystis* spp. [Toxicon]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(6):783-789.
Keywords: microcystins/ structural modifications/ reduced toxicity.

2656\. Stotts, R. R.; Twardock, A. R.; Haschek, W. M.; Choi, B. W.;
Rinehart, K. L.; and Beasley, V. R. (1997). Distribution of tritiated
dihydromicrocystin in swine. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(6):937-953. Keywords: tritiated dihydromicrocystin/
distribution/ swine.

2657\. Stotts, R. R.; Twardock, A. R.; Koritz, G. D.; Haschek, W. M.;
Manuel, R. K.; Hollis, W. B.; and Beasley, V. R. (1997). Toxicokinetics
of tritiated dihydromicrocystin-LR in swine. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(3):455-465. Keywords: tritiated dihydromicrocystin-LR/
swine.

2658\. Stowe, C. M.; Monson, E.; Abdullah, A. S.; and Barnes, D. (1981).
Blue-green algae poisoning *(Microcystis aeruginosa)* in a dairy herd.
[Bovine Clin.]{.underline} [1]{.underline}:6-8. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ cattle deaths.

2659\. Stratmann, K.; Belli, J.; Jensen, C. M.; Moore, R. E.; and
Patterson, G. M. (1994). Aulosirazole, a novel solid tumor selective
cytotoxin from the blue-green alga *Aulosire fertilissima.* [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [59]{.underline}(21):6279-6281. Keywords:
aulosirazole/ tumor selective cytotoxin/ *Aulosire fertilissima*.

2660\. Stratmann, K.; Burgoyne, D. L.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M.
L.; and Smith, C. D. (1995). Hapalosin, a cyanobacterial cyclic
depsipeptide with multidrug-resistance reversing activity \[Correction
for 1994, 59(24):7222\]. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[60]{.underline}(9):2950. Keywords: hapalosin/ cyanobacteria/
multidrug-resistance reversing activity.

2661\. Stratmann, K.; Burgoyne, D. L.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M.
L.; and Smith, C. D. (1994). Hapalosin, a cyanobacterial cyclic
depsipeptide with multidrug-resistance reversing activity. [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [59]{.underline}(24):7219-7226. Keywords: hapalosin/
cyanobacteria/ multidrug-resistance reversing activity.

2662\. Stratmann, K.; Moore, R. E.; Bonjouklian, R.; Deeter, J. B.;
Patterson, G. M.; Shaffer, S.; Smith, C. D.; and Smitka, T. A. (1994).
Welwitindolinones, unusual alkaloids from the blue-green algae
*Hapalosiphon welwitschii* and *Westiella intricata:* relationship to
fischerindoles and hapalindoles. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[116]{.underline}(22):9935-9942. Keywords: alkaloids/ *Hapalosiphon
welwitschii*/ *Westiella intricata*/ relationship/ fischerindoles/
hapalindoles.

2663\. Sturgeon, S. A. and Towner, R. A. (1999). *In vivo* assessment of
microcystin-LR induced hepatotoxicity in the rat using proton nuclear
magnetic resonance (^1^ H-NMR) imaging. [Biochim. Biophys.
Acta]{.underline} [1454]{.underline}(3):227-235. Keywords: nuclear
magnetic resonance/ magnetic resonance imaging/ MRI/ microcystin-LR/
cyanobacteria/ hepatotoxicity/ liver.

2664\. Suganuma, M.; Fujiki, H.; Okabe, S.; Nishiwaki, S.; Brautigan,
D.; Ingebritsen, T. S.; and Rosner, M. R. (1992). Structurally different
members of the okadaic acid class selectively inhibit protein
serine/threonine but not tyrosine phosphatase activity.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(8):873-878. Keywords: structure/
members/ okadaic acid/ inhibit/ protein serine/ threonine.

2665\. Suganuma, M.; Fujiki, H.; Tahira, T.; Cheuk, C.; Moore, R. E.;
and Sugimura, T. (1984). Estimation of tumor promoting activity and
structure-function relationships of aplysiatoxins.
[Carcinogenesis]{.underline} [5]{.underline}(3):315-318. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ tumor promoting.

2666\. Sukenik, A.; Rosin, C.; Porat, R.; Teltsch, B.; Banker, R.; and
Carmeli, S. (1998). Toxins from cyanobacteria and their potential impact
on water quality of Lake Kinneret, Israel. [Israel J. Plant
Sci.]{.underline} [46]{.underline}(2):109-115. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
water quality/ Israel/ Lake Kinneret.

2667\. Suzuki, H.; Watanabe, M. F.; Wu, Y. P.; Sugita, T.; Kita, K.;
Sato, T.; Wang, X. L.; Tanzawa, H.; Sekiya, S.; and Suzuki, N. (1998).
Mutagenicity of microcystin-LR in human RSA cells. [Int. J. Mol.
Med.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(1):109-112. Keywords: mutagenicity/
microcystin-LR/ human RSA cells.

2668\. Swanson, K. L. and Albuquerque, E. X. (1992). Nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors and low molecular weight toxins. In: H. Herken
and F. Hucho (eds.) [Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Selective
Neurotoxicity]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, Vol.
102, pp. 611-658, Ch. 17. Keywords: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors/
toxins/ low molecular weight.

2669\. Swanson, K. L. and Albuquerque, E. X. (1992). Progress in
understanding the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function at central
and peripheral nervous system synapses through toxin interactions.
[Maryland Med. J.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(7):623-631. Keywords:
toxin/ interaction/ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor/ nervous system
synapses.

2670\. Swanson, K. L.; Allen, C. N.; Aronstam, R. S.; Rapoport, H.; and
Albuquerque, E. X. (1986). Molecular mechanisms of the potent and
stereospecific nicotinic receptor agonist (+)-anatoxin-a. [Mol.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}:250-257. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
anatoxin/ nicotinic receptor.

2671\. Swanson, K. L.; Aracava, Y.; Sardina, F. J.; Rapoport, H.;
Aronstam, R. S.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1989). N-methylanatoxinol
isomers: derivatives of the agonist (+)-anatoxin-a block the nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor ion channel. [Mol. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(2):223-231. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ block/
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

2672\. Swanson, K. L.; Aronstam, R. S.; Rapoport, H.; Sardina, F. J.;
and Albuquerque, E. X. (1988). Structure-activity relationships of
anatoxin analogs at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). [Soc.
Neurosci. Abstr.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}:1327. Keywords: anatoxin/
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor/ structure-activity relationship.

2673\. Swanson, K. L.; Aronstam, R. S.; Wonnacott, S.; Rapoport, H.; and
Albuquerque, E. X. (1991). Nicotinic pharmacology of anatoxin analogs.
I. Side chain structure-activity relationships at peripheral agonist and
noncompetitive antagonist sites. [J. Pharmacol. Exp.
Therapeut.]{.underline} [259]{.underline}(1):377-386. Keywords: anatoxin
analogs/ nicotinic pharmacology.

2674\. Swanson, K. L.; Aronstam, R. S.; Wonnacott, S.; Rapoport, H.; and
Albuquerque, E. X. (1989). Nicotinic potency of anatoxin analogues with
modifications of the acetyl moiety. [Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}:557. Keywords: anatoxin analogs/ nicotinic potency.
(Abstract)

2675\. Swanson, K. L.; Rapoport, H.; Aronstam, R. S.; and Albuquerque,
E. X. (1990). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function studied with
synthetic (+)-anatoxin-a and derivatives. In: S. Hall and G. Strichartz
(eds.) [Marine Toxins: Origin, Structure and Molecular
Pharmacology]{.underline}. American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C.,
pp. 107-118, Ch. 7. ACS Symposium Series #418. Keywords: anatoxin-a/
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

2676\. Swartz, R. E.; Hirsch, C. F.; Springer, J. P.; Pettibone, D. J.;
and Zink, D. L. (1987). Unusual cyclopropane-containing Hapalindolinones
from a cultured cyanobacterium. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[52]{.underline}:3704-3706. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Fischerella*/
products/ cyclopropane/ Hapalindolinone/ NMR/ IR/ mass spectrometry/
cytotoxin.

2677\. Swayze, E. E.; Drach, J. C.; Wotring, L. L.; and Townsend, L. B.
(1997). Synthesis, antiproliferative and antiviral activity of
imidazo\[4,5-*d*\]isothiazole nucleosides as 5:5 fused analogs of
nebularine and 6-methylpurine ribonucleoside. [J. Med.
Chem.]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(5):771-784. Keywords: cytotoxin/
synthesis/ antiproliferative activity/ antiviral activity.

2678\. Swift, P. K.; Wehausen, J. D.; Ernest, H. B.; Singer, R. S.;
Pauli, A. M.; Kinde, H.; Rocke, T. E.; and Bleich, V. C. (2000). Desert
Bighorn sheep mortality due to presumptive type-C botulism in
California. [J. Wildlife Dis.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(1):184-189.
Keywords: bighorn sheep/ California/ botulism.

2679\. Sykora, J. L. and Keleti, G. (1981). Cyanobacteria and endotoxins
in drinking water supplies. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) [The Water
Environment: Algal Toxins and Health]{.underline}. Plenum Press: New
York, pp. 285-302. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ drinking water.

2680\. Sykora, J. L.; Keleti, G.; Roche, R.; Volk, D. R.; Lippy, E. C.;
Kay, G. P.; Burgess, R. A.; and Shapiro, M. A. (1980). Endotoxins, algae
and Limulus amoebocyte lysate test in drinking water. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}:829-839. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
products/ biotechnology.

2681\. Sykora, J.L.; Roche, R.; Kriess, F.L.; Barath, M.A.; Volk, D.;
Coyne, J.T.; Jackim, R.R.; and Keleti, G. (1979). [Algae in Open
Drinking Water Reservoirs and Toxicity of *Shizothrix
calcicola.*]{.underline} Grad. School of Public Health, Univ. of
Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh, PA. Report \# EPA Grant No. 80536810. 94 pp.
Keywords: algae/ drinking water/ *Schizothrix calcicola*.

2682\. Takahashi, O.; Oishi, S.; and Watanabe, M. F. (1995). Defective
blood coagulation is not causative of hepatic haemorrhage induced by
microcystin-LR. [Pharmacol. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[76]{.underline}(4):250-254. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ hepatic
hemorrhage.

2683\. Takai, A. and Mieskes, G. (1991). Inhibitory effect of okadaic
acid on the *p*-nitrophenyl phosphate phosphatase activity of protein
phosphatases. [Biochem. J.]{.underline} [275]{.underline}:233-239.
Keywords: protein phosphatases/ okadaic acid/ inhibitory effect.

2684\. Takai, A.; Sasaki, K.; Nagai, H.; Mieskes, G.; Isobe, M.; Isono,
K.; and Yasumoto, T. (1995). Inhibition of specific binding of okadaic
acid to protein phosphatase 2A by microcystin-LR, calyculin A and
tautomycin: method of analysis of interactions of tight-binding ligands
with target protein. [Biochem. J.]{.underline}
[306]{.underline}:657-665. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ binding/ protein
phosphatase.

2685\. Takai, A.; Sasaki, K.; Nagai, H.; Mieskes, G.; Isobe, M.; Isono,
K.; and Yasumoto, T. (1995). Inhibition of specific binding of okadaic
acid to protein phosphatase 2A by microcystin-LR, calyculin A and
tautomycin: method of analysis of interactions of tight-binding ligands
with target protein \[Correction for 1995, Vol. 306:657\]. [Biochem.
J.]{.underline} [308]{.underline}:1039. Keywords: microcystin-LR/
binding/ protein phosphatase.

2686\. Takai, A.; Tsuboi, K.; Koyasu, M.; and Isobe, M. (2000). Effects
of modification of the hydrophobic C-1-C-16 segment of tautomycin on its
affinity to type-1 and type-2A protein phosphatases. [Biochem.
J.]{.underline} [350]{.underline}(1):81-88. Keywords: enantiomer/ enzyme
inhibitor/ okadaic acid/ structure-affinity relationship/ smooth-muscle
myosin/ inhibition assay/ microcystin-LR/ sponge toxin/ calyculin A/
binding/ specificity/ isoforms/ enzyme.

2687\. Takamura, N. and Watanabe, M. (1987). Seasonal changes in the
biomass of four species of *Microcystis* in Lake Kasumigaura. [Jap. J.
Limnol.]{.underline} [48]{.underline}(Special Issue):S139-S144.
Keywords: microcystins/ seasonality/ Lake Kasumigaura/ distribution/
waterbloom/ Japan.

2688\. Takenaka, S. (2001). Covalent glutathione conjugation to
cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin LR by F344 rat cytosolic and
microsomal glutathione S-transferases. [Environ. Toxicol.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(4):135-139. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ cyanobacteria/ liver tumor promoter/ glutathione
conjugate/ glutathione S-transferase/ rat.

2689\. Takenaka, S. (1998). Formation of 3-amino-2, 6,
8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E, 6E-dienoic acid from microcystin-LR by the
treatment with various proteases, and its detection in mouse liver.
[Chemosphere]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(10):2277-2282. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ trypsin/ microcystin-LR metabolism/ mice.

2690\. Takenaka, S. and Tanaka, Y. (1995). Behavior of microcystins and
its decomposition product in water treatment process.
[Chemosphere]{.underline} [31]{.underline}(7):3635-3641. Keywords:
microcystins/ behavior/ decomposition/ water treatment.

2691\. Takenaka, S. and Tanaka, Y. (1995). Decomposition of
cyanobacterial microcystins by iron (III) chloride.
[Chemosphere]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(1):1-8. Keywords:
microcystins/ decomposition/ iron chloride.

2692\. Takenaka, S. and Watanabe, M. F. (1997). Microcystin-LR
degradation by *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* alkaline protease.
[Chemosphere]{.underline} [34]{.underline} (4):749-757. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ degradation/ *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*.

2693\. Takino, M.; Daishima, S.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1999). Analysis of
anatoxin-a in freshwaters by automated on-line derivatization---liquid
chromatography---electrospray mass spectrometry. [J. Chromat.
A]{.underline} [862]{.underline}(2):191-197. Keywords: water analysis/
anatoxins/ toxins.

2694\. Tan, L. T.; Marquez, B. L.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2002).
Lyngbouilloside, a novel glycosidic macrolide from the marine
cyanobacterium *Lyngbya bouillonii.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[65]{.underline}(6):925-928. Keywords: sponge *Callipelta* sp./
Cyanophyceae/ laingolide/ *majuscula*/ Papua, New Guinea/ *Lyngbya
bouillonii*.

2695\. Tan, L. T.; Okino, T.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2000). Hermitamides A
and B, toxic malyngamide-type natural products from the marine
cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[63]{.underline}(7):952-955. Keywords: brine shrimp/ stylocheilamide/
amide/ algae/ acid/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/ cytotoxin.

2696\. Tan, L. T.; Sitachitta, N.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2003). The
guineamides, novel cyclic depsipeptides from a Papua New Guinea
collection of the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [66]{.underline}(6):764-771. Keywords: mollusk/
*Philinopsis speciosa*/ cytotoxic depsipeptide/ *Symploca hydnoides*/
cephalaspidean mollusk/ dolastatin-10 analog/ amino-acids/
symplostatin-1/ kalkitoxin/ peptides/ Papua New Guinea/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ cytotoxin.

2697\. Tanaka, Y.; Takenaka, S.; Matsuo, H.; Kitamori, S.; and Tokiwa,
H. (1993). Levels of microcysins in Japanese lakes. [Toxicol. Environ.
Chem.]{.underline} [39]{.underline}:21-27. Keywords: microcycstin-RR/
microcystin-LR/ lake water/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry/ HPLC/ Japan.

2698\. Tanaka, Y.; Takenaka, S.; Matsuo, H.; Sasao, A.; Kitamori, S.;
and Tokiwa, H. (1993). The levels of microcystins and their properties
in lake water, Fukoka. [Mutat. Res.]{.underline}
[292]{.underline}(3):297. Keywords: microcystins/ levels/ properties/
lake water/ Fukoka. (Meeting Abstract)

2699\. Tandeau de Marsac, N. and Houmard, J. (1993). Adaptation of
cyanobacteria to environmental stimuli: new steps towards molecular
mechanisms. [FEMS Microbiol. Rev.]{.underline}
[104]{.underline}:119-190. Keywords: photosynthesis/ nitrogen starvation
or assimilation/ sulphur starvation or assimilation/ carbon starvation
or assimilation/ regulation/ light response/ chromatic adaptation/ cell
differentiation/ metal ion resistance/ stress/ cyanobacteria.

2700\. Tarczynska, M.; Nalecz-Jawecki, G.; Brzychcy, M.; Zalewski, M.;
and Sawicki, J. (2000). The toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms as
determined by microbiotests and mouse assays. In: G. Persoone, C.
Janssen, and W. de Coen [New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity
Screening and Biomonitoring]{.underline}. Kluwar Academic/Plenum
Publishing: New York, pp. 527-532. 550 pp. Keywords: *Artemia salina*/
*Daphnia*/ toxicity/ mouse bioassays.

2701\. Tarczynska, M.; Nalecz-Jawecki, G.; Romanowska-Duda, Z.; Sawicki,
J.; Beattie, K.; Codd, G.; and Zalewski, M. (2001). Tests for the
toxicity assessment of cyanobacterial bloom samples. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [16]{.underline}(5):383-390. Keywords: *Daphnia*/
*Microcystis*/ microcystins/ microbiotests/ *Spirostomum*/
*Thamnocephalus*.

2702\. Tarczynska, M.; Romanowska-Duda, Z.; Jurczak, T.; and Zalewski,
M. (2001). Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in a drinking water reservoir ---
causes, consequences and management strategy. [Water Sci. Technol. Water
Supply]{.underline} [1]{.underline}(2):237-246. Keywords: *Microcystis*/
microcystins/ water retention time/ water treatment process/
ecohydrological management/ drinking water.

2703\. Taroncher-Oldenburg, G.; Kulis, D. M.; and Anderson, D. M.
(1999). Coupling of saxitoxin biosynthesis to the G(1) phase of the cell
cycle in the dinoflagellate *Alexandrium fundyense*: temperature and
nutrient effects. [Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[7]{.underline}(5):207-219. Keywords: *Alexandrium fundyense*/ cell
cycle/ dinoflagellate/ physiology/ saxitoxin.

2704\. Taylor, C.; Quinn, R. J.; and Alewood, P. (1996). Synthesis of
cyclic peptides modelled on the microcystin and nodularin rings.
[Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}(17):2107-2112. Keywords: microcystin/ nodularin/ cyclic
peptides/ synthesis.

2705\. Taylor, C.; Quinn, R. J.; McCulloch, R.; Nishiwaki-Matsushima,
R.; and Fujiki, H. (1992). An alternative computer model of the
3-dimensional structures of microcystin-LR and nodularin rationalising
their interactions with protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. [Bioorg.
Medicinal Chem. Lett.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(4):299-302. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ nodularin/ protein phosphatases 1 and 2A/ computer
model.

2706\. Taylor, C.; Quinn, R. J.; Suganuma, M.; and Fujiki, H. (1996).
Inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A by cyclic peptides modelled on the
microcystin ring. [Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett.]{.underline}
[6]{.underline}(17):2113-2116. Keywords: protein phosphatase inhibition/
microcystin.

2707\. Taylor, J. A.; Heaney, S. I.; and Codd, G. A. (1995).
Immunodetection of cyanobacterial picoplankters. [FEMS Microbiol.
Lett.]{.underline} [130]{.underline}(2-3):159-164. Keywords:
immunodetection/ picoplankton/ *Synechococcus*/ cyanobacteria.

2708\. Teegarden, G. J.; Campbell, R. G.; and Durbin, E. G. (2001).
Zooplankton feeding behavior and particle selection in natural plankton
assemblages containing toxic *Alexandrium* spp. [Mar. Ecol.--Prog.
Ser.]{.underline} [218]{.underline}:213-226. Keywords: *Alexandrium*/
paralytic shellfish poisoning/ selective feeding/ zooplankton grazing.

2709\. Teixeira, M. Da G. L. C.; Costa, M. Da C. N.; Carvalho, V. L. P.
De; Pereira, M. Dos S.; and Hage, E. (1993). Gastroenteritis epidemic in
the area of the Itaparica Dam, Bahia, Brazil. [Bull. Pan Am. Health
Org.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}:244-253. Keywords: epidemic/
gastroenteritis/ Itaparica Dam/ Bahia/ Brazil.

2710\. Telitchenko, M. M. and Gusev, M. (1965). Toxicity of blue-green
algae (O toksichnoste sinezelenykh vodorosley). [Dokl. Akad. Nauk
SSSR]{.underline} [160]{.underline}:1424. Keywords: cyanotoxin.
(Ukrainian)

2711\. Tencalla, F. G. and Dietrich, D. R. (1997). Biochemical
characterization of microcystin toxicity in rainbow trout *(Oncorhynchus
mykiss).* [Toxicon]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(4):583-595. Keywords:
microcystin toxicity/ *Oncorhynchus mykiss*/ rainbow trout/ liver.

2712\. Tencalla, F. G.; Dietrich, D. R.; and Schlatter, C. (1994).
Toxicity of *Microcystis aeruginosa* peptide toxin to yearling rainbow
trout *(Oncorhynchus mykiss).* [Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(3):215-224. Keywords: toxicity/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ rainbow trout/ *Oncorhynchus mykiss*.

2713\. Teneva, I.; Asparuhova, D.; Dzhambazov, B.; Mladenov, R.; and
Schirmer, K. (2003). The freshwater cyanobacterium *Lyngbya aerugineo
coerulea* produces compounds toxic to mice and to mammalian and fish
cells. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(1):9-20.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Lyngbya aerugineo coerulea*/ toxins/ mouse
bioassay/ fish and mammalian cell cultures/ cytotoxicity/ rainbow trout
liver/ water/ microcystins/ cytotoxicity/ drinking/ cultures/ exposure/
*in vitro*.

2714\. Terao, K.; Ohmori, S.; Igarashi, K.; Ohtani, I.; Watanabe, M. F.;
Harada, K-I.; Ito, E.; and Watanabe, M. (1994). Electron microscopic
studies on experimental poisoning in mice induced by cylindrospermopsin
isolated from blue-green alga *Umezakia natans.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(7):833-843. Keywords: mouse poisoning/
cylindrospermopsin/ *Umezakia natans*.

2715\. Teste, V.; Briand, J. F.; Nicholson, B. C.; and Puiseux-Dao, S.
(2002). Comparison of changes in toxicity during growth of *Anabaena
circinalis* (cyanobacteria) determined by mouse neuroblastoma bioassay
and HPLC. [J. Appl. Phycol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(5):399-407.
Keywords: *Anabaena circinalis*/ cyanobacteria/ HPLC/ neuroblastoma/
PSTs/ STX/ toxicity/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae* / sensitive sodium channels/ cell bioassay/ toxins/ culture/
assay/ blooms/ neurotoxins/ ciguatoxins.

2716\. Tetz, V. I. (1964). Toxicity of blue-green algae (O toksichnosti
sinezelenykh vodorosley). [Gig. Sanit.]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}:106. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Czechoslovakian)

2717\. Teuscher, E.; Lindequist, U.; and Mundt, S. (1992). Blue-green
algae, sources of natural active agents (Cyanobakterien, quellen
biogener wirkstoffe). [Pharm. Ztg. Wiss.]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}(5/137):57-69. Keywords: blue-green algae/ polyketides/
amides/ alkaloids/ peptides/ poisons/ potential drugs/ antibotics/
cytostatic agents. (German)

2718\. Thacker, R. W.; Nagle, D. G.; and Paul, V. J. (1997). Effects of
repeated exposures to marine cyanobacterial secondary metabolites on
feeding by juvenile rabbitfish and parrotfish. [Mar. Ecol.--Prog.
Ser.]{.underline} [147]{.underline}(1-3):21-29. Keywords: marine
cyanobacteria/ feeding by juvenile rabbitfish and parrotfish.

2719\. Theiss, W. C. (1984). [Hepatotoxicity of the blue-green algae
(cyanobacteria) *Microcystis aeruginosa.*]{.underline} Ph.D. Thesis.
Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio. 121 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin.

2720\. Theiss, W. C. and Carmichael, W. W. (1986). Physiological effect
of a peptide toxin produced by the freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae) *Microcystis aeruginosa* strain 7820. In: P. S. Steyn and R.
Vleggaar, (eds.) [Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bioactive
Molecules]{.underline}. Elsevier: Amsterdam. Vol. 1, pp. 353-364. 545
pp. IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. July 22-25, 1985;
Pretoria, S. Afr. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aerguinosa*/
peptide.

2721\. Theiss, W. C.; Carmichael, W. W.; Mullins, M. M.; and Bruner, R.
H. (1984). Hepatoxicity of the blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Toxicologist]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}(1):12. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
hepatotoxin. (1984 Ann. SOT meeting --- Abstract)

2722\. Theiss, W. C.; Carmichael, W. W.; Mullins, M. M.; Bruner, R. H.;
and Wyman, J. E. (1985). Direct rapid hepatotoxicity of the
cyanobacteria *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(1):40-41. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin. (First American Symposium Animal, Plant
Microbial Toxins --- Abstract)

2723\. Theiss, W. C.; Carmichael, W. W.; Wyman, J.; and Bruner, R.
(1988). Blood pressure and hepatocellular effects of the cyclic
heptapeptide toxin produced by *Microcystis aeruginosa* strain PCC-7820.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(7):603-613. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin/ blood pressure.

2724\. Thiel, P. G. (1998). The role of natural toxins in environmental
pollution. [S. Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline} [94]{.underline}(9):419-422.
Keywords: pollution/ natural toxins/ role.

2725\. Thiel, S. U.; Wiltshire, R. J.; and Davies, L. J. (1995).
Automated object recognition of blue-green algae for measuring water
quality---a preliminary study. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(10):2398-2404. Keywords: automatic detection/
blue-green algae/ image processing/ object recognition/ pattern
recognition/ water quality measurement.

2726\. Thiel, T.; Bramble, J.; and Rogers, S. (1989). Optimum conditions
for growth of cyanobacteria on solid media. [FEMS Microbiol.
Lett.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(1-2):27-31. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
colony growth/ optimum conditions.

2727\. Thiery, I.; Nicolas, L.; Rippka, R.; and Tandeau de Marsac, N.
(1991). Selection of cyanobacteria isolated from mosquito breeding sites
as a potential food source for mosquito larvae. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [57]{.underline}(5):1354-1359. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ food source/ mosquito larvae.

2728\. Thomas, A.; Saker, M. L.; Norton, J. H.; and Olsen, R. D. (1998).
Cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* as a probable cause of
death in cattle in northern Queensland. [Aust. Vet. J.]{.underline}
[76]{.underline}(9):592-594. Keywords: *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
cattle deaths/ Queensland/ Australia.

2729\. Thomas, N. J.; Meteyer, C. U.; and Sileo, L. (1998). Epizootic
vacuolar myelinopathy of the central nervous system of bald eagles
*(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)* and American coots *(Fulica americana).*
[Vet Pathol.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}:479-487. Keywords: American
coot/ bald eagle mortality/ birds/ central nervous system/ *Fulica*
*americana*/ *Haliaeetus leucocephalus*/ intramyelinic edema/ vacuolar
myelinopathy/ Arkansas.

2730\. Thomas, P.; Stephens, M.; Wilkie, G.; Amar, M.; Lunt, G. G.;
Whiting, P.; Gallagher, T.; Pereira, E.; Alkondon, M.; Albuquerque, E.
X.; and Wonnacott, S. (1993). (+)-Anatoxin-a is a potent agonist at
neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. [J. Neurochem.]{.underline}
[60]{.underline}(6):2308-2311. Keywords: neuronal nicotinic receptors/
presynaptic nicotinic autoreceptor/ hippocampal neurons/ synaptosomes/
*Xenopus oocytes*/ anatoxin-a/ nicotine.

2731\. Thompson, P. E.; Manallack, D. T.; Blaney, F. E.; and Gallagher,
T. (1992). Conformational studies on (+)-anatoxin-a and derivatives. [J.
Computer-Aided Mol. Design]{.underline} [6]{.underline}(3):287-298.
Keywords: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor/ agonist/ anatoxin-a/
molecular modeling/ computer graphics.

2732\. Thompson, W. L.; Allen, M. B.; and Bostian, K. A. (1988). The
effects of microcystin on monolayers of primary rat hepatocytes.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [26]{.underline}(1):44. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ microcystin/ hepatotoxin/ rat. (Abstract)

2733\. Thompson, W. L. and Pace, J. G. (1992). Substances that protect
cultured hepatocytes from the toxic effects of microcystin-LR. [Toxicol.
*in Vitro*]{.underline} [6]{.underline}(6):579-587. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ toxic effects/ hepatocyte protection.

2734\. Thomson, W.K. (1958). (V.) Study of toxic bacterial contaminants.
In: [Toxic Algae]{.underline}. Can. Defense Research Board, Defense
Research Kingston Laboratory: Ottawa. Report \# No. 63, Project No.
D52-20-20-18. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

2735\. Thomson, W.K.; Laing, A.C.; and Grant, G.A. (1957). (IV.)
Isolation of toxic bacterial contaminant. In: [Toxic Algae]{.underline}.
Can. Defense Research Board, Defense Research Kingston Laboratory:
Ottawa. Report \# No. 51, Project No. D52-20-20-18. 9 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxin.

2736\. Thostrup, L. and Christoffersen, K. (1999). Accumulation of
microcystin in *Daphnia magna* feeding on toxic *Microcystis.* [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [145]{.underline}(4):447-467. Keywords: *Daphnia
magna*/ toxic *Microcystis* / microcystin accumulation.

2737\. Tidestrom, H. and Rennerfelt, J. (1986). Delrapport I ---
Rensingsforsok, & Delrapport II --- Litteraturstudie. Statens
Naturvardsverk. In: [Removal of Algal Toxins from Potable Water (Rening
av algtoxinhaltigt vatten )]{.underline}. 45 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
drinking water. (Swedish)

2738\. Tillett, D.; Dittmann, E.; Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H.; Börner,
T.; and Neilan, B. A. (2000). Structural organization of microcystin
biosynthesis in *Microcystis aeruginosa* PCC7806: an integrated
peptide-polyketide synthetase system. [Chem. Biol.]{.underline}
[7]{.underline}(10):753-764. Keywords: cyanobacterium/ microcystin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ nonribosomal peptide synthetase/ polyketide
synthetase.

2739\. Tillett, D.; Parker, D. L.; and Neilan, B. A. (2001). Detection
of toxigenicity by a probe for the microcystin synthetase A gene (mcyA)
of the cyanobacterial genus *Microcystis,* comparison of toxicities with
16S rRNA and phycocyanin operon (phycocyanin intergenic spacer)
phylogenies. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[67]{.underline}(6):2810-2818. Keywords: genomic DNA/ strains/
*aeruginosa*/ algae/ toxin/ LR/ polymorphisms/ intoxication.

2740\. Tisdale, E. S. (1931). The 1930-31 drought and its effect upon
public water supply. [Am. J. Pub. Health]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}:1203-1215. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ water supply/ drought.

2741\. Tisdale, E. S. (1931). Epidemic of intestinal disorders in
Charleston, W. Va., occurring simultaneously with unprecedented water
supply conditions. [Am. J. Pub. Health]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}:198-200. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ West Virginia/ water
supply/ intestinal disorders.

2742\. Tiwari, O. N.; Prasanna, R.; Yadav, A. K.; Dhar, D. W.; and
Singh, P. K. (2001). Growth potential and biocide tolerance of
non-heterocystous filamentous cyanobacterial isolates from rice fields
of Uttar Pradesh, India. [Biol. Fertility Soils]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(4):291-295. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ rice fields/
growth/ non-heterocystous/ biocide tolerance/ India.

2743\. Todd, E. C. D. (1994). Emerging diseases associated with seafood
toxins and other water-borne agents. [Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.]{.underline}
[740]{.underline}:77-94. Keywords: diseases/ seafood toxins.

2744\. Todorova, A. K.; Jüttner, F.; Linden, A.; Plüss, T.; and von
Philipsborn, W. (1995). Nostocyclamide: a new macrocyclic,
thiazole-containing allelochemical from *Nostoc* sp*.* 31
(cyanobacteria). [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[60]{.underline}(24):7891-7895. Keywords: *Nostoc*/ notsocyclamide.

2745\. Toerien, D. F.; Scott, W. E.; and Pitout, M. J. (1976).
*Microcystis* toxins: isolation, identification, implications. [Water S.
Afr.]{.underline} [2]{.underline}(4):160-162. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis*/ isolation/ identification/ implications.

2746\. Toivola, D. and Eriksson, J. E. (1989). Formation of plasma
membrane protrusions and cell death of isolated rat hepatocytes treated
with various hepatotoxic compounds. In: [10^th^ Annual Symposium Finnish
Society Toxicology]{.underline}. May 19-20, 1989; Åbo Akademi, Turku,
Finland. Keywords: hepatotoxic compounds/ rat hepatocytes/ plasma
membrane protrusions. (Poster)

2747\. Toivola, D. and Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Ultrastructural
morphology in isolated rat hepatocytes treated with various hepatoxic
compounds. In: [Eurotox \'88]{.underline}. Sept. 4-7, 1988; Munchen,
BRD. Keywords: morphology/ rat hepatocytes/ hepatoxic compounds.
(Poster)

2748\. Toivola, D.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Brautigan, D. L. (1994).
Identification of protein phosphatase 2A as the primary target for
microcystin-LR in rat liver homogenates. [FEBS Lett.]{.underline}
[344]{.underline}(2-3):175-180. Keywords: protein phosphatase 2A/
microcystin-LR/ rat liver/ hepatotoxin/ protein phosphorylation.

2749\. Toivola, D.; Eriksson, J.E.; and Meriluoto, J.A.O. (1988).
Forekomsten av toxiska blagronalger i alandska insjoar. In:
[Forskningsrapport till Alands Landskapsstyrelse nr 63]{.underline}. 28
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

2750\. Toivola, D. M.; Goldman, R. D.; Garrod, D. R.; and Eriksson, J.
E. (1997). Protein phosphatases maintain the organization and structural
interactions of hepatic keratin intermediate filaments. [J. Cell.
Sci.]{.underline} [110]{.underline}(Jan):23-33. Keywords: protein
phosphatases/ organization/ structure/ hepatic keratin.

2751\. Tokuda, H.; Nishino, H.; Shirahashi, H.; Murakami, N.; Nagatsu,
A.; and Sakakibara, J. (1996). Inhibition of
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate promoted mouse skin papilloma by
digalactosyl diacylglycerols from the fresh water cyanobacteria
*Phormidium tenue.* [Cancer Lett.]{.underline} [104]{.underline}:91-95.
Keywords: *Phormidium tenue*/ digalactosyl diacglycerol/
glyceroglycolipid/ antitumor-promoting activity/ two-stage mouse skin
carcinogenesis/ cytotoxin.

2752\. Torchon, T. M.; Morton, D.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Effect
of microcystin-LR on viability, morphology, adherence and phagocytosis
of salt-damaged erythrocytes in rat exudate peritoneal macrophages.
[Assoc. S.E. Biol. Bull.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(2):127. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ viability/ morphology/ salt-damaged erythrocytes/ rat.
(Abstract)

2753\. Torokne, A. K. (1999). A new culture-free microbiotest for
routine detection of cyanobacterial toxins. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(5):466-472. Keywords:
microbiotest/ toxin detection/ cyanobacteria.

2754\. Torokne, A. K. (2000). The potential of the Thamnotoxkit
microbiotest for routine detection of cyanobacterial toxins. In: G.
Persoone, C. Janssen, and W. de Coen [New Microbiotests for Routine
Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring]{.underline}. Kluwar
Academic/Plenum Publishing: New York, pp. 533-539. 550 pp. Keywords:
toxicity tests/ Thamnotoxkit.

2755\. Torokne, A. K.; Laszlo, E.; Chorus, I.; Fastner, J.; Heinze, R.;
Padisak, J; and Barbosa, F. A. R. (2000). Water quality monitoring by
Thamnotoxkit F (TM) including cyanobacterial blooms. [Water Sci.
Technol.]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(1-2):381-385. Keywords:
cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystins/ *Thamnocephalus platyurus*/
monitoring.

2756\. Torokne, A. K.; Laszlo, E.; Chorus, I.; Sivonen, K.; and Barbosa,
F. A. R. (2000). Cyanobacterial toxins detected by Thamnotoxkit (a
double blind experiment). [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[15]{.underline}(5):549-553. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/
microcystins/ anatoxin-a/ *Thamnocephalus platyurus*/ monitoring/
Thamnotoxkit F (TM).

2757\. Towner, R. A.; Sturgeon, S. A.; and Hore, K. E. (2002).
Assessment of *in vivo* oxidative lipid metabolism following acute
microcystin-LR-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. [Free Radical
Res.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(1):63-71. Keywords: electron spin
resonance (ESR) spectroscopy/ spin trapping/ free radicals/ nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy/ hepatotoxicity/ microcystins.

2758\. Towner, R. A.; Sturgeon, S. A.; Khan, N.; Hou, H.; and Swartz, H.
M. (2002). *In vivo* assessment of nodularin-induced hepatotoxicity in
the rat using magnetic resonance techniques (MRI, MRS and EPR oximetry).
[Chem-Biol. Inter.]{.underline} [139]{.underline}(3):231-250. Keywords:
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/ magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)/
electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry/ nodularin/
cyanobacteria/ hepatotoxicity/ liver.

2759\. Trainer, V. L. and Poli, M. A. (2000). Assays for dinoflagellate
toxins, specifically brevetoxin, ciguatoxin, and saxitoxin. In: H.
Rochat and M-F. Martin-Eauclaire (eds.) [Animal Toxins: Facts and
Protocols]{.underline}. Birkhauser Verlag: Basel/Boston, pp. 1-19. 365
pp. Keywords: saxitoxin/ dinoflagellate.

2760\. Trimurtulu, G.; Ohtani, I.; Patterson, G. M.; Moore, R. E.;
Corbett, T. H.; Valeriote, F. A.; and Demchik, L. (1994). Total
structures of cryptophycins, potent antitumor depsipeptides from the
blue-green alga *Nostoc* sp. strain GSV-224. [J. Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [116]{.underline}(11):4729-4737. Keywords: structure/
cryptophycins/ antitumor depsipeptides/ *Nostoc*.

2761\. Trogen, G-B.; Annila, A.; Eriksson, J. E.; Kontteli, M.;
Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Sethson, I.; Zdunek, J.; and Edlund, U. (1996).
Conformational studies of microcystin-LR using NMR spectroscopy and
molecular dynamics calculations. [Biochem.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(10):3197-3205. Keywords: studies/ microcystin-LR/ NMR/
molecular dynamics.

2762\. Trogen, G-B.; Edlund, U.; Larsson, G.; and Sethson, I. (1998).
The solution NMR structure of a blue-green algae hepatotoxin,
microcystin-RR. A comparison with the structure of microcystin-LR. [Eur.
J. Biochem.]{.underline} [258]{.underline}(2):301-312. Keywords:
microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ protein phosphatase/ three-dimensional
structure/ simulated annealing.

2763\. Trost, B. M. and Oslob, J. D. (1999). Asymmetric synthesis of
(-)-anatoxin-a via an asymmetric cyclization using a new ligand for
PD-catalyzed alkylations. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[121]{.underline}(13):3057-3064. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis/
ligand/ alkylations.

2764\. Troutt, H-F.; Munnel, J.; Hatch, R.; and Mitchell, F. (1976). A
possible pathogenesis of hepatic and other lesions caused by the alga,
*Microcystis aeruginosa.* In: [9e Congrès Internationel sur les Maladies
du Bétail, Paris, Rapports et Résumés]{.underline}. Société Française de
Buiatria: Boigneville. Tome 2, pp. 1143-1147. Bétail, Paris. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin.

2765\. Trubetskova, I. L. and Haney, J. F. (2000). The impact of the
toxic strain of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* In: J. C. von Laupel Klein and
F. R. Schram, [The Biodiversity Crisis and Crustacea: Proceedings of the
Fourth International Crustacean Congress]{.underline}. Rotterdam:
Brookfield, Vermont. Vol. 2, pp. 457-462. 848 pp. Crustacean Issues,
0168-6356; 12. July 20-24, 1998; Amsterdam, Netherlands. Keywords: egg
size/ cyanobacteria/ food/ survival/ products/ blooms/ *pulex*/ *Daphnia
magna*/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

2766\. Tsuchiya, Y. and Watanabe, M. (1997). Disk type solid-phase
extraction of microcystin in environmental water. [Jap. J. Toxicol.
Environ. Health]{.underline} [43]{.underline}(3):190-196. Keywords:
microcystin/ *Microsystis aeruginosa*/ toxin/ waterbloom/ solid phase
extraction/ styrene divinyl benzene polymer (SDB). (Japanese)

2767\. Tsuji, K.; Masui, H.; Uemura, H.; Mori, Y.; and Harada, K.
(2001). Analysis of microcystins in sediments using MMPB method.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(5):687-692. Keywords:
microcystins/ detoxification/ ozonolysis/ sediment/ MMPB.

2768\. Tsuji, K.; Naito, S.; Kondo, F.; Ishikawa, N.; Watanabe, M. F.;
Suzuki, M.; and Harada, K-I. (1994). Stability of microcystins from
cyanobacteria: effect of light on decomposition and isomerization.
[Environ. Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(1):173-177.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystins/ stability/ light effects/
decomposition/ isomerization.

2769\. Tsuji, K.; Naito, S.; Kondo, F.; Watanabe, M. F.; Suzuki, S.;
Nakazawa, H.; Suzuki, M.; Shimada, T.; and Harada, K-I. (1994). A
clean-up method for analysis of trace amounts of microcystin in lake
water. [Toxicon]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(10):1251-1259. Keywords:
microcystin/ clean-up method/ analysis/ lake water.

2770\. Tsuji, K.; Setsuda, S; Watanuki, T.; Kondo, F.; Nakazawa, H.;
Suzuki, M.; and Harada, K-I. (1996). Microcystin levels during 1992-1995
for lakes Sagami and Tsukui-Japan. [Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}:189-194. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/
determination/ *Microcystis*/ Japan.

2771\. Tsuji, K.; Watanuki, T.; Kondo, F.; Watanabe, M. F.; Nakazawa,
H.; Suzuki, M.; Uchida, H.; and Harada, K-I. (1997). Stability of
microcystins from cyanobacteria: IV. Effect of chlorination of
decomposition. [Toxicon]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(7):1033-1041.
Keywords: microcystins/ decomposition/ chlorination.

2772\. Tsuji, K.; Watanuki, T.; Kondo, F.; Watanabe, M. F.; Suzuki, S.;
Nakazawa, H.; Suzuki, M.; Uchida, H.; and Harada, K-I. (1995). Stability
of microcystins from cyanobacteria. II. Effect of UV light on
decompostion and isomerization. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(12):1619-1631. Keywords: microcystins/ stability/ UV
light/ decomposition/ effect.

2773\. Tsujimura, S.; Tsukada, H.; Nakahara, H.; Nakajima, T.; and
Nishino, M. (2000). Seasonal variations of *Microcystis* populations in
sediments of Lake Biwa, Japan. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[434]{.underline}(1-3):183-192. Keywords: *Microcystis*/ cyanobacteria/
sediment/ overwintering/ life cycle/ recruitment/ Lake Biwa/ Japan.

2774\. Tsukamoto, S.; Painuly, P.; Young, K. A.; Yang, X. M.; Shimizu,
Y.; and Cornell, L. (1993). Microcystilide A: a novel
cell-differentiation promoting depsipeptide from *Microcystis
aeruginosa* NO-15-1840. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[115]{.underline}(23):11046-11047. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
microcystilide A.

2775\. Tsukuda, T.; Kakisawa, H.; Painuly, P.; and Shimizu, Y. (1989).
The absolute configurations at 8 and 9-carbons of Adda, an amino acid
component of a hepatotoxin, cyanoviridin-RR. [Tetrahed.
Lett.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(32):4245-4248. Keywords:
cyanoviridin-RR/ hepatotoxin/ configurations.

2776\. Tsutsumi, T.; Nagata, S.; Hasegawa, A.; and Ueno, Y. (2000).
Immunoaffinity column as clean-up tool for determination of trace
amounts of microcystins in tap water. [Food Chem. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(7):593-597. Keywords: microcystins/ anti-microcystins /
monoclonal antibody/ immunoaffinity column/ tap water.

2777\. Tsutsumi, T.; Nagata, S.; Yoshida, F.; Harada, K-I.; and Ueno, Y.
(2000). Development and application of highly sensitive anti-immune
complex ELISAs for microcystins in tap water. [Food Agric.
Immunol.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}(3):231-241. Keywords:
microcystin/ environmental tumor promoter/ anti-immune complex antibody/
sandwich ELISA/ tap water.

2778\. Tsutsumi, T.; Nagata, S.; Yoshida, F.; and Ueno, Y. (1998).
Anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies against anti-microcystin antibody
and their use in enzyme immunoassay. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[36]{.underline}(2):235-245. Keywords: antibodies/ microcystin/ enzyme
immunoassay.

2779\. Tsutsumi, T.; Nagata, S.; Yoshida, F.; and Ueno, Y. (1998).
Development of sandwich immunoassay for microcystins, a natural
contaminant in environmental water: an assay based on anti-immune
complex antibodies. [Jap. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health]{.underline}
[44]{.underline}(1):25. Keywords: development/ immunoassay/
microcystins.

2780\. Tucker, C. S. and Hargreaves, J. A. (2003). Copper sulfate to
manage cyanobacterial off-flavors in pond-raised channel catfish. In: A.
M. Rimando and K. K. Schrader (eds.) [Off-Flavors in
Aquaculture]{.underline}. American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ. Press:
Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 133-145. 268 pp. ACS Symposium Series.
Keywords: heavy metals/ toxicity/ phytoplankton/ off-flavors/ catfish.

2781\. Tufariello, J. J.; Meckler, H.; and Senaratne, K. P. A. (1984).
Synthesis of anatoxin-a: very fast death factor. [J. Am. Chem.
Soc.]{.underline} [106]{.underline}:7979-7980. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

2782\. Tufariello, J. J.; Meckler, H.; and Senaratne, K. P. A. (1985).
The use of nitrones in the synthesis of anatoxin-a, very fast death
factor. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(17):3447-3453.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

2783\. Turner, P. C.; Gammie, A. J.; Hollinrake, K.; and Codd, G. A.
(1990). Pneumonia associated with contact with cyanobacteria. [Br. Med.
J.]{.underline} [300]{.underline}(6737):1440-1441. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ pneumonia.

2784\. Turrel, M. J. and Middlebrook, J. L. (1988). Mosquito
inoculation---an alternative bioassay for toxins. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(11):1089-1094. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ bioassay/ mosquito
inoculation.

2785\. Tustin, R. C.; vanRensburg, S. J.; and Eloff, J. N. (1973).
Hepatic damage in the primate following ingestion of toxic algae. In: S.
J. Saunders and J. Terblanche, (eds.) [Liver: Proceedings International
Liver Conference]{.underline}. Pitman Medical: London. pp. 383-385. Jan.
22-26, 1973; Keywords: cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ South Africa/ primate.

2786\. Twist, H. and Codd, G. A. (1997). Degradation of the
cyanobacterial hepatoxin, nodularin, under light and dark conditions.
[FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]{.underline} [151]{.underline}:83-88. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ *Nodularia*/ nodularin/ toxin/ hepatotoxin.

2787\. Tyagi, M. B.; Thakur, J. K.; Singh, D. P.; Kumar, A.; Prasuna, E.
G.; and Kumar, A. (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins---the current status
(review). [J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(1):9-21. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ review.

2788\. Uda, T.; Itoh, Y.; Nishimura, M.; Usagawa, T.; Murata, M.; and
Yasumoto, T. (1989). Enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibody
specific for diarrhetic shellfish poisons. In: S. Natori, K. Hashimoto,
and Y. Ueno, [Seventh International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and
Phycotoxins]{.underline}. Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam.
335-342 pp. Aug. 16-19, 1988; Tokyo, Japan. Keywords: enzyme
immunoassay/ diarrhetic shellfish poisons (DSP).

2789\. Ueno, Y.; Makita, Y.; Nagata, S.; Tsutsumi, T.; Yoshida, F.;
Tamura, S-I.; Sekijima, M.; Tashiro, F.; Harada, T.; and Yoshida, T.
(1999). No chronic oral toxicity of a low-dose of microcystin-LR, a
cyanobacerial hepatotoxin, in female Balb/C mice. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [14]{.underline}(1):45-55. Keywords: oral
toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ female mice/ hepatotoxin/ chronic toxicity/
drinking waer/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

2790\. Ueno, Y.; Nagata, S.; Tsutsumi, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Watanabe, M.
F.; Park, H-D.; Chen, G-C.; Chen, G.; and Yu, S-Z. (1996). Detection of
microcystins, a blue-green algal hepatotoxin, in drinking water sampled
in Haimen and Fusui, endemic areas of primary liver cancer in China, by
highly sensitive immunoassay. [Carcinogenesis]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(6):1317-1321. Keywords: microcystins/ detection/
drinking water/ China.

2791\. Ueno, Y.; Nagata, S.; Tsutsumi, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Yoshida, F.;
Suttajit, M.; Mebs, D.; Pütsch, M.; and Vasconcelos, V. (1996). Survey
of microcystins in environmental water by a highly sensitive immunoassay
based on monoclonal antibody. [Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}:271-276. Keywords: microcystins/ blue-green algae/
environmental water/ ELISA/ Japan/ Thailand/ Germany/ Portugal.

2792\. Underdal, B.; Nordstoga, K.; and Skulberg, O. M. (1999).
Protracted toxic effects caused by saline extracts of *Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae* (Cyanophyceae/cyanobacteria). [Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[46]{.underline}(3-4):269-278. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ *Aphanizomenon*/
protracted toxic effects/ histopathology/ hepatocytic damage/
broncho-interstitial lesion/ Norway.

2793\. Underdal, B. and Skulberg, O.M. (1982). Giftproduserende
blagronnalger i vannblomst. In: [SFT arsrapport 1982]{.underline}.
Report \# TA-588, pp. 87-92. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2794\. Underdal, B.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Østensvik, Ø. (1979).
Problemer med masseforekomst av blagronnalger --- nye tilfeller sommeren
1979? [Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift]{.underline} [nr.
6]{.underline}:375-377. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2795\. Usleber, E.; Dietrich, R.; Burk, C.; Schneider, E.; and
Martlbauer, E. (2001). Immunoassay methods for paralytic shellfish
poisoning toxins. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int.]{.underline}
[84]{.underline}(5):1649-1656. Keywords: linked immunosorbent assay/
enzyme immunoassay/ saxitoxin/ antibodies/ neosaxitoxin/
radioimmunoassay/ chromatography/ ELISA.

2796\. Utkilen, H. and Gjolme, N. (1995). Iron-stimulated toxin
production in *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [61]{.underline}(2):797-800. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ toxin production.

2797\. Utkilen, H. and Gjolme, N. (1992). Toxin production by
*Microcystis aeruginosa* as a function of light in continuous cultures
and its ecological significance. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[58]{.underline}(4):1321-1325. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ toxin
production.

2798\. Utkilen, H.; Skulberg, O. M.; Skulberg, R.; Gjolme, N.; and
Underdal, B. (2001). Toxic cyanobacterial blooms of inland waters in
southern Norway. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes,
Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 49-56. 357 pp.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blooms/ inland waters/ Norway.

2799\. Vaishampayan, A.; Sinha, R. P.; Hader, D. P.; Dey, T.; Gupta, A.
K.; Bhan, U.; and Rao, A. L. (2001). Cyanobacterial biofertilizers in
rice agriculture. [Botan. Rev.]{.underline} [67]{.underline}(4):453-516.
Keywords: blue-green-alga/ methionine-DL-sulfoximine/ nitrogen-fixing
cyanobacteria/ azolla-anabaena relationship/ triticum-vulgare L/
oryza-sativa-L/ sp strain ATCC-33047/ *Nostoc muscorum*/ wetland rice/
N~2~-fixing cyanobacteria.

2800\. Vaitomaa, J.; Rantala, A.; Halinen, K.; Rouhiainen, L.; Tallberg,
P.; Mokelke, L.; and Sivonen, K. (2003). Quantitative real-time PCR for
determination of microcystin synthetase E copy numbers for *Microcysti*s
and *Anabaena* in lakes. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[69]{.underline}(12):7289-7297. Keywords: 16S ribosomal-RNA/ cyclic
heptapeptide microcystin/ TAQ nuclease assays/ cyanobacerial
hepatotoxins/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Anabaena*.

2801\. Vajcova, V.; Navrátil, S.; and Palíkova, M. (1998). The effect of
intraperitoneally applied pure microcystin-LR on haematological,
biochemical and morphological indices of silver carp
*(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix* Val.). [Acta Vet. Brno]{.underline}
[67]{.underline}(4):281-287. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ plasma enzymes/ red
blood cells/ histo-pathological changes.

2802\. Vakeria, D.; Codd, G. A.; Bell, S. G.; Beattie, K. A.; and
Priestley, I. M. (1985). Toxicity and extrachromosomal DNA in strains of
the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [FEMS Microbiol.
Lett.]{.underline} [29]{.underline}(1-2):69-72. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ DNA/ plasmid/ hepatotoxin.

2803\. Valentine, W. M.; Schaeffer, D. J., and Beasley, V. R. (1991).
Electromygraphic assessment of the neuromuscular blockade produced *in
vivo* by anatoxin-a in the rat. [Toxicon]{.underline}.
[29]{.underline}(3):347-357. Keywords: assessment/neuromuscular
blockade/anatoxin-a/rat. (Abstract)

2804\. van den Top, H. J.; Boenke, A.; Burdaspal, P. A.; Bustos, J.; van
Egmond, H. P.; Legarda, T.; Mesego, A.; Mouriño, A.; Paulsch, W. E.; and
Salgado, C. (2000). The development of reference materials for paralytic
shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel: interlaboratory
studies of methods of analysis. [Food Add. Contam.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(6):419-433. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poison/ PSP/
saxitoxin .

2805\. van den Top, H. J.; Boenke, A.; Burdaspal, P. A.; Bustos, J.; van
Egmond, H. P.; Legarda, T.; Mesego, A.; Mouriño, A.; Paulsch, W. E.; and
Salgado, C. (2001). The development of reference materials for paralytic
shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II. Certification
study. [Food Add. Contam.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(9):810-824.
Keywords: paralytic shellfish poison/ PSP/ saxitoxin/ decarbamoyl
saxitoxin/ shellfish/ interlaboratory/ reference material/ phycotoxin/
standardization/ regulatory level/ certification.

2806\. van der Grinten, E.; Lurling, M.; and Burger-Wiersma, T. (2001).
Is *Microcystis* really toxic to *Daphnia?* [International Association
of Theoretical and Applied Limnology Proceedings]{.underline}.
Stuttgart. 27(Pt 5), pp. 3226-3229. Keywords: *Microcystis*/ *Daphnia*.

2807\. Van der Westhuizen, A. J. and Eloff, J. N. (1983). Effect of
culture age and pH of culture medium on the growth and toxicity of the
blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Z.
Pflanzenphysiol.]{.underline} [110]{.underline}(S):157-163. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ blue-green algae/ culture age/ culture pH/
cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ South Africa.

2808\. Van der Westhuizen, A. J. and Eloff, J. N. (1985). Effect of
temperature and light on the toxicity and growth of the blue-green alga
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (UV-006). [Planta]{.underline}
[163]{.underline}:55-59. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
temperature/ light.

2809\. Van der Westhuizen, A. J. and Eloff, J. N. (1982). Toxin
extraction from the blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa* by
different extraction media. [J. Limnol. Soc. S. Afr.]{.underline}
[8]{.underline}(2):76-77. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ extraction.

2810\. Van der Westhuizen, A. J.; Eloff, J. N.; and Krüger, G. H. J.
(1988). Effect of culture age and pH of the culture medium on the
composition of the toxin of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa*
(UV-006). [S. Afr. J. Bot.]{.underline} [54]{.underline}(4):372-374.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ age/ pH.

2811\. Van der Westhuizen, A. J.; Eloff, J. N.; and Krüger, G. H. J.
(1986). Effect of temperature and light (fluence rate) on the
composition of the toxin of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa*
(UV-006). [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [108]{.underline}(2):145-154.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis*/ temperature/ light/ South Africa.

2812\. Van der Westhuizen, A. J.; Eloff, J. N.; and Krüger, G. H. J.
(1988). Isolation of several toxins from the cyanobacterium *Microcystis
aeruginosa* UV-006. [S. Afr. J. Sci.]{.underline}
[84]{.underline}:70-71. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
isolation/ South Africa.

2813\. van Dijk, G. M. (1993). Dynamics and attenuation characteristics
of periphyton upon artificial substratum under various light conditions
and some additional observations on periphyton upon *Potamogeton
pectinatus* L. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [252]{.underline}:143-161.
Keywords: periphyton/ light climate/ attenuation/ artificial substratum/
*Potamogeton pectinatus*.

2814\. Van Dok, W and Hart, B. T. (1996). Akinete differentiation in
*Anabaena circinalis* (Cyanophyta). [J. Phycol]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}:557-565. Keywords: akinete/ *Anabaena circinalis*/
cyanobacteria/ differentiation/ inclusions/ phosphorus metabolism.

2815\. Van Dok, W. and Hart, B. T. (1997). Akinete germination in
*Anabaena circinalis* (Cyanophyta). [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(1):12-17. Keywords: *Anabaena circinalis*/ akinete
germination.

2816\. Van Dolah, F. M. (2000). Marine algal toxins: origins, health
effects, and their increased occurrence. [Environ. Health
Perspect.]{.underline} [108]{.underline}(1):133-141. Keywords: marine/
cyanobacteria/ health effects/ increased occurrence/ amnesic shellfish
poisoning/ diarrhetic shellfish poisoning/ dinoflagellates/ domoic acid/
global climate change/ harmful algal blooms/ marine toxins/ neurotoxic/
okadaic acid/ paralytic shellfish poisoning.

2817\. Van Dolah, F. M. and Ramsdell, J. S. (2001). Review and
assessment of *in vitro* detection methods for algal toxins. [J. Assoc.
Off. Analyt. Chem. Int.]{.underline} [84]{.underline}(5):1617-1625.
Keywords: phosphatase inhibition assay/ linked immunosorbent assay/
shellfish poisoning toxins/ fluorescent microplate assay/ sensitive
sodium channels/ receptor binding assay/ tissue culture assay/ okadaic
acid/ domoic acid/ enzyme immunoassay.

2818\. Van Dolah, F. M.; Roelke, D.; and Greene, R. M. (2001). Health
and ecological impacts of harmful algal blooms: Risk assessment needs.
[Human Ecol. Risk Assess.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(5):1329-1345.
Keywords: algal toxins/ harmful algal blooms/ phytoplankton/ PSP/ NSP/
ASP/ DSP/ PEAS/ ciguatera/ risk assessment.

2819\. van Egmond, H. P.; Mouriño, A.; Burdaspal, P. A.; and Boenke, A.
(2001). Development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish
poisoning toxins. [J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int.]{.underline}
[84]{.underline}(5):1668-1676. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisoning.

2820\. van Geel, B.; Mur, L. R.; Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M.; and Goslar, T.
(1994). Fossil akinetes of *Aphanizomenon* and *Anabaena* as indicators
for medieval phosphate-eutrophication of Lake Gosciaz (central Poland).
[Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.]{.underline} [83]{.underline}(1-3):97-105.
Keywords: fossil akinetes/ *Aphanizomenon*/ *Anabaena*/ medieval
eutrophication/ Lake Gosciaz/ central Poland.

2821\. Van Halderen, A.; Harding W.R.; Wessels, J. C.; Schneider, D. J.;
Heine, E. W. P.; Van der Merwe, J.; and Fourie, J. M. (1995).
Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) poisoning of livestock in the Western
Cape province of South Africa. [J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}(4):260-264. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxicosis/
*Microcystis*/ *Nodularia*/ cattle/ sheep/ hepatotoxicosis/
photosensitization/ South Africa.

2822\. Van Voorst, I. L. *Nodularia spumigena.* (1991). 26 pp. Keywords:
*Nodularia spumigena*/ review. (German --- Unpublished)

2823\. Vanderploeg, H. A.; Johengen, T. H.; Nalepa, T. F.; Liebig, J.
R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1997). Mechanisms of ecosystem change: the
role of zebra mussels in Saginaw Bay. In: [40th Conference of the
International Association for Great Lakes Research]{.underline}. pp.
72-73. June 1-5, 1997; Buffalo, New York. Keywords: role/ zebra mussles/
Saginaw Bay/ Michigan. (Meeting Abstract)

2824\. Vanderploeg, H. A.; Liebig, J. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Agy, M. A.;
Johengen, T. H.; Fahnenstiel, G. L.; and Nalepa, T. F. (2001). Zebra
mussel *(Driessena polymorpha)* selective filtration promoted toxic
*Microcystis* blooms in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and Lake Erie. [Can. J.
Fish. Aquat. Sci.]{.underline} [58]{.underline}(6):1208-1221. Keywords:
zebra mussel/ *Driessena polymorpha*/ *Microcystis* blooms/ Saginaw Bay/
Lake Huron/ Lake Erie/ water quality management/ *Diaptomus silicis*/
St. Clair/ phytoplankton/ impacts/ rates/ colinization.

2825\. Vardi, A.; Schatz, D.; Beeri, K.; Motro, U.; Sukenik, A.; Levine,
A.; and Kaplan, A. (2002). Dinoflagellate-cyanobacterium communication
may determine the composition of phytoplankton assemblage in a
mesotrophic lake. [Curr. Biol.]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(20):1767-1772. Keywords: oxidative burst/ marine
phytoplankton/ okadaic acid/ cell death/ stress/ limitation/ apoptosis/
Kinneret/ phosphorylation/ photosynthesis/ *Peridinium gatunense*/
*Microcystis*/ Sea of Galilee.

2826\. Varkonyi, Z.; Zsiros, O.; Farkas, T.; Garab, G.; and Gombos, Z.
(2000). The tolerance of cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*
to low-temperature photo-inhibition affected by the induction of
polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. [Biochem. Soc. Trans.]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}(6):892-894. Keywords: enviromental stress/ fatty acid
desaturation/ lipids/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* .

2827\. Vasas, G.; Gáspár, A.; Surányi, G.; Batta, G.; Gyémánt, G.;
M-Hamvas, M.; Máthé, C.; Grigorszky, I.; Molnár, E.; and Borbély, G.
(2002). Capillary electrophoretic assay and purification of
cylindrospermopsin, a cyanobacterial toxin from *Aphanizomenon
ovalisporum,* by plant test (blue-green *Sinapis* test). [Analyt.
Biochem.]{.underline} [302]{.underline}(1):95-103. Keywords:
*Aphanizomenon ovalisporum*/ cyanotoxin/ capillary electrophoretic
assay/ cylindrospermopsin/ *Sinapsis* assay/ *Umezakia natans*/
*raciborskii*.

2828\. Vasconcelos, V. M. (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins in
Portugal---effects on aquatic animals and risk for human health.
[Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(3):249-254.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Portugal/ aquatic animals/ human health risk.

2829\. Vasconcelos, V. M. (2001). Freshwater cyanobacteria and their
toxins in Portugal. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 62-67.
357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Portugal.

2830\. Vasconcelos, V. M. (1990). Preliminary results of a study on the
impact of toxic and nontoxic cyanobacteria on some freshwater
microcrustacean species. [Crustaceana]{.underline}
[59]{.underline}(3):317-318. Keywords: Portugal/ cyanobacteria/ toxic/
nontoxic/ freshwater microcrustacean.

2831\. Vasconcelos, V. M. (1994). Toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
in Portuguese fresh waters. [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[130]{.underline}(4):439-451. Keywords: Portugal/ toxic cyanobacteria/
freshwater.

2832\. Vasconcelos, V. M. (1993). Toxicity of cyanobacteria in lakes of
north and central Portugal: ecological implications. [Verh. Internat.
Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}(2):694-697. Keywords:
Portugal/ cyanotoxin/ lakes.

2833\. Vasconcelos, V. M. (1995). Uptake and depuration of the
heptapeptide toxin microcystin-LR in *Mytilus golloprovinciales.*
[Aquat. Toxicol.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(2-3):227-237. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis*/ *Mytilus
galloprovincialis*/ depuration.

2834\. Vasconcelos, V. M.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and
Namikoshi, M. (1993). Isolation of microcystin-LR from a *Microcystis*
(cyanobacteria) waterbloom collected in the drinking water reservoir for
Porto, Portugal. [J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A--Toxic/Hazardous
Substances Environ. Eng.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(9):2081-2094.
Keywords: microcystin-LR/ isolation/ *Microcystis*/ waterbloom/ drinking
water/ Porto/ Portugal.

2835\. Vasconcelos, V. M.; Oliveira, S.; and Teles, F. O. (2001). Impact
of a toxic and a non-toxic strain of *Microcystis aeruginosa* on the
crayfish *Procambarus clarkii.* [Toxicon]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(10):1461-1470. Keywords: crayfish/ *Procambarus
clarkii*/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ toxins/ microcystins/ toxicity/
accumulation.

2836\. Vasconcelos, V. M. and Pereira, E. (2001). Cyanobacteria
diversity and toxicity in a wastewater treatment plant. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(5):1354-1357. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ microcystins/ wastewater treatment plant/
contamination.

2837\. Vasconcelos, V. M.; Sivonen, K.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Namikoshi, M. (1996). Hepatotoxic microcystin diversity in
cyanobacterial blooms collected in Portuguese freshwaters. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(10):2377-2384. Keywords: microcystin/
hepatotoxic/ diversity/ blooms/ Portugal/ freshwater.

2838\. Vasconcelos, V. M.; Sivonen, K.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.;
and Namikoshi, M. (1995). Isolation and characterization of microcystins
(heptapeptide hepatotoxins) from Portuguese strains of *Microcystis
aeruginosa* Kütz. emend Elenkin. [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[134]{.underline}(3):295-305. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
isolation/ characterization/ microcystins/ Portugal.

2839\. Vasseur, P.; Ferard, J. F.; Vial, J.; and Larbaigt, G. (1984).
Comparaison des tests microtox et daphnie pour l\'evaluation de la
toxicité aigue d\'effluents industriels. [Environ. Poll.]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(A):225-235. Keywords: microtox test/ *Daphnia* test/
comparison. (French)

2840\. Vaughan, R. D.; Geary, E.; Pravda, M.; and Guilbault, G. G.
(2003). Piezoelectric immunosensors for environmental monitoring. [Int.
J. Environ. Analyt. Chem.]{.underline} [83]{.underline}(7-8):555-571.
Keywords: piezoelectricity/ piezoelectric immunosensors/ environmental
analyses/ microcystin/ okadaic acid.

2841\. Veldee, M. V. (1931). Epidemiological study of suspected
waterborne gastroenteritis. [Am. J. Pub. Health]{.underline}
[21]{.underline}:1227-1235. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

2842\. Velez, P.; Sierralta, J.; Alcayaga, C.; Fonseca, M.; Loyola, H.;
Johns, D. C.; Tomaselli, G. F.; Marban, E.; and Suarez-Isla, B. A.
(2001). A functional assay for paralytic shellfish toxins that uses
recombinant sodium channels. [Toxicon]{.underline}
[39]{.underline}(7):929-935. Keywords: saxitoxins/ electrophysiological
assay/ sodium channel.

2843\. Velzeboer, R. M. A.; Baker, P. D.; and Rositano, J. (2001).
Saxitoxins associated with the growth of the cyanobacterium *Anabaena
circinalis* (Nostocales, Cyanophyta) under varying sources and
concentrations of nitrogen. [Phycologia]{.underline}
[40]{.underline}(3):305-312. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisons/
protogonyaulax tamarensis/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin
production/ environmental factors/ toxins/ temperature/ water/ light/
toxicity.

2844\. Velzeboer, R. M. A.; Baker, P. D.; Rositano, J.; Heresztyn, T.;
Codd, G. A.; and Raggett, S. L. (2000). Geographical patterns of
occurrence and composition of saxitoxins in the cyanobacterial genus
*Anabaena* (Nostocales, Cyanophyta) in Australia.
[Phycologia]{.underline} [39]{.underline}(5):395-407. Keywords:
*Anabaena*/ saxitoxins/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ blue-green alga/
liquid chromatographic method/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ toxicity/ Austrialia northeast coast,
southeast coast/ Tasmania/ Murray-Darling Basin/ south coast/ southwest
coast/ Wongulla Lagoon.

2845\. Venkataraman, L. V.; Somasekaran, T.; and Becker, E. W. (1994).
Replacement value of blue-green alga *(Spirulina platensis)* for fish
meal and a vitamin mineral premix for broiler chicks. [Br. Poultry
Sci.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(3):373-381. Keywords: blue-green
alga/ *Spirulina platensis*/ broiler chicks.

2846\. Vernier, W. (1997). [Studies toward the total synthesis of
cylindrospermopsin]{.underline}. M.Sc. Thesis. Ohio State Univ., 62 pp.
Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ synthesis.

2847\. Vesterkvist, P. S. M. and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (2003). Interaction
between microcystins of different hydrophobicities and lipid monolayers.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(3):349-355. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ cyanobacteria/ toxins/ microcystins/ hydrophobicity/ lipid
monolayers/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin/ blue green algae/
dihydromicrocystin-LR/ protein phosphatase 1/ hepatocellular uptake/
peptide toxin/ *in vivo*/ toxicity/ membranes/ *aeruginosa*.

2848\. Vezie, C.; Brient, L.; Sivonen, K.; Bertru, G.; Lefeuvre, J-C.;
and Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (1997). Occurrence of microcystin-containing
cyanobacterial blooms in freshwaters of Brittany (France). [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [139]{.underline}(3):401-413. Keywords:
microcystin/ occurrence/ freshwater/ France.

2849\. Vezie, C.; Brient, L.; Sivonen, K.; Bertru, G.; Lefeuvre, J-C.;
and Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (1998). Variation of microcystin content of
cyanobacterial blooms and isolated strain in Lake Grand-Lieu (France).
[Microbial Ecol.]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(2):126-135. Keywords:
microcystin content/ cyanobacterial blooms/ France.

2850\. Vezie, C.; Rapala, J.; Vaitomaa, J.; Seitsonen, J.; and Sivonen,
K. (2002). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth of toxic and
nontoxic *Microcystis* strains and on intracellular microcystin
concentrations. [Microbial Ecol.]{.underline}
[43]{.underline}(4):443-454. Keywords: cyclic heptapeptide microcystin/
blue-green algae/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/ environmental factors/
genus *Microcystis*/ tumor promotion/ Alberta lakes/ ribosomal RNA/
*aeruginosa*/ light.

2851\. Vezie, C.; Sivonen, K.; Brient, L.; Bertru, G.; and Lefeuvre,
J-C. (1996). Development of toxic cyanobacteria in western France:
detection of toxicity with *Artemia salina* tests. [Ann.
Limnol.]{.underline} [32]{.underline}(2):123-128. Keywords: toxic
cyanobacteria/ western France/ *Artemia salina* tests.

2852\. Vieira, J. M. D.; Azevedo, M. T. D.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Honda,
R. Y.; and Correa, B. (2003). Microcystin production by *Radiocystis
fernandoi* (Chroococcales, cyanobacteria) isolated from a drinking water
reservoir in the city of Belam, PA) Brazilian Amazonia region.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [42]{.underline}(7):709-713. Keywords: toxic
cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ microcystins/ *Radiocystis fernandoi*.

2853\. Villatte, F.; Schulze, H.; Schmid, R. D.; and Bachmann, T. T.
(2002). A disposable acetylcholinesterase-based electrode biosensor to
detect anatoxin-a(s) in water. [Analyt. Bioanalyt. Chem.]{.underline}
[372]{.underline}(2):322-326. Keywords: biosensor/ acetylcholinesterase/
anatoxin-a(s)/ amperometric detection.

2854\. Vinagre, T. M.; Alciati, J. C.; Regoli, F.; Bocchetti, R.; Yunes,
J. S.; Bianchini, A.; and Monserrat, J. M. (2003). Effect of microcystin
on ion regulation and antioxidant system in gills of the estuarine crab
*Chasmagnathus granulatus* (Decapoda, Grapsidae). [Comp. Biochem.
Physiol.--C: Pharmacol. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[135]{.underline}(1):67-75. Keywords: microcystin/ total scavenging
capacity/ glutathione-S-transferase/ lipid peroxidation/ Na+, K+-ATPase/
*Chasmagnathus granulatus*.

2855\. Vinberg, G. G. (1954). Toxic phytoplankton (Toksicheskii
fitoplankton). [Uspekhi Sovr. Biologii]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}(5):216-226. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2856\. Vincent, W. F., ed). (1987). Dominance of bloom-forming
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). [NZ. J. Mar. Freshwater
Res.]{.underline} [21]{.underline}(3):361-542. 139 pp. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ bloom-forming/ dominance. (Special Issue)

2857\. Visser, P. M.; Ketelaars, H. A.; van Breeman, L. W. C. A.; and
Mur, L. R. (1996). Diurnal buoyancy changes of *Microcystis* in an
artificially mixed storage reservoir. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline}
[331]{.underline}:131-141. Keywords: buoyancy/ artificial mixing/
aeration/ *Microcystis*/ cyanobacteria.

2858\. Visser, P. M.; Passarge, J.; and Mur, L. R. (1997). Modelling
vertical migration of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis.*
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [349]{.underline}:99-109. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ vertical migration/ buoyancy/ modeling/ fluctuating
irradiance/ carbohydrate.

2859\. Volterra, L.; Aquilina, G.; Conti, L.; Contu, A.; Crebelli, P.;
DeMaria, G.; Fortuna, S.; LaTorre, F.; Palazzesi, S.; Palliola, E.;
Sechi, N.; Stammati, A. L.; Zampaglioni, F.; and Loizzo, A. (1986). A
toxic bloom of *Oscillatoria* in Italy, uni- and multi-dosal predictive
toxicometrics using *in vivo* and *in vitro* models. In: Z. Dubinsky and
Y. Steinberger (eds.) [Environmental Quality and Ecosystem
Stability]{.underline}. Bar-Ilan University Press: Ramat-Gan, Vol. III,
Part B, pp. 697-706. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Oscillatoria*/ Italy.

2860\. Von Scharf, E. M.; Spittler, P.; and Van Oertzen, J. A. (1979).
The effect of *Microcystis aeruginosa* on the population growth of batch
cultured *Chydorus sphaericus* (Zum enfluss von *Microcystis aeruginosa*
(Cyanophyta) auf das populationswachstum von *Chydorus sphaericus*
(Cladocera). [Wissen. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck Uni. Rostock]{.underline}
[28]{.underline}(6):531-536. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ population growth/ *Chydorus sphaericus*. (German)

2861\. Vuori E.; Pelander, A.; Himberg, K.; Waris, M.; and Niinivaara,
K. (1997). Removal of nodularin from brackish water with reverse-osmosis
or vacuum distillation. [Water Res.]{.underline}
[31]{.underline}(11):2922-2924. Keywords: nodularin/ removal/ brackish
water.

2862\. Wake, H.; Umetsu, H.; Ozeki, Y.; Shimomura, K., and Matsunaga, T.
(1991). Extracts of marine cyanobacteria stimulated somatic
embryogenesis of *Daucus carota* L. [Plant Cell Rep.]{.underline}
[9]{.underline}(12):655-658. Keywords: extracts/marine
cyanobacteria/*Daucus carota*.

2863\. Walker, H. L. (2003). Microbial algicides: potential for
management of cyanobacteria that cause off-flavor in aquaculture. In: A.
M. Rimando and K. K. Schrader (eds.) [Off-Flavors in
Aquaculture]{.underline}. American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ. Press:
Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 147-165. 268 pp. ACS Symposium Series.
Keywords: blue-green algae/ Mississippi catfish ponds/ *Oscillatoria*
Cf. *chalybea*/ channel catfish/ geosmin production/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ community structure/ bacteria/ 2-methylisoborneol/ virus.

2864\. Walker, H. L. and Higginbotham, L. R. (2000). An aquatic
bacterium that lyses cyanobacteria associated with off-flavor of channel
catfish *(Ictalurus punctatus).* [Biol. Control]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(1):71-78. Keywords: *Oscillatoria* cf. *chalybea*/
*Anabaena*/ biological control/ microbial algicide/ aquaculture.

2865\. Walls, M.; Laurén-Määttä, C.; Ketola, M.; Ohra-Aho, P.;
Reinikainen, M.; and Repka, S. (1997). Phenotypic plasticity of
*Daphnia* life history traits: the roles of predation, food level and
toxic cyanobacteria. [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}:353-364. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Daphnia*.

2866\. Walsby, A. E. and Avery, A. (1996). Measurement of filamentous
cyanobacteria by image analysis. [J. Microbiol. Methods]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(1-2):11-20. Keywords: image analysis/ cyanobacteria/
filaments.

2867\. Walsby, A. E.; Hayes, P. K.; and Boje, R. (1995). The gas
vesicles, buoyancy and vertical distribution of cyanobacteria in the
Baltic Sea. [Eur. J. Phycol.]{.underline} [30]{.underline}(2):87-94.
Keywords: Baltic Sea/ buoyancy/ cyanobacteria/ gas vacuoles/
waterblooms.

2868\. Walsh, A. H.; Cheng, A. Y.; and Honkanen, R. E. (1997).
Fostriechin, an antitumor antibiotic with inhibitory activity against
serine/threonine protein phosphatases type-1 (PP1) and type-2A (PP2A),
is highly selective for PP2A. [FEBS Lett.]{.underline}
[416]{.underline}(3):230-234. Keywords: antitumor antibiotic/ serine/
threonine/ protein phosphatase/ PP1/ PP2A/ cytotoxin.

2869\. Walsh, K.; Jones, G. J.; and Dunstan, R. H. (1998). Effect of
high irradiance and iron on volatile odour compounds in the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Phytochem.]{.underline}
[49]{.underline}(5):1227-1239. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
cyanobacteria/ heptadecane/ iron/ irradiance/ photooxidation/
terpenoids/ volatile odor compounds.

2870\. Walsh, K.; Jones, G. J.; and Dunstan, R. H. (1997). Effect of
irradiance on fatty-acid, carotenoid, total protein composition and
growth of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Phytochem.]{.underline}
[44]{.underline}(5):817-824. Keywords: irradiance effect/ fatty acid/
carotenoid/ protein composition/ growth/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

2871\. Walsh, K.; Jones, G. J.; and Dunstan, R. H. (1998). Effects of
high irradiance and iron concentration on pigment and fatty acid
composition in the cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Mar.
Freshwater Res.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}:399-407. Keywords:
carotenoids/ chlorophyll/ photooxidation/ sunlight.

2872\. Wang, H. B. and Zhu, H. G. (1996). Promoting activity of
microcystins extracted from waterblooms in the cell-transformation
assay. [Biomed. Environ. Sci.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(1):46-51.
Keywords: activity promotion/ microcystins/ cell transformation assay.

2873\. Wang, X. F.; Parkpian, P.; Fujimoto, N.; Ruchirawat, K. M.;
DeLaume, R. D.; and Jugsujinda, A. (2002). Environmental conditions
associating microcystins production to *Microcystis aeruginosa* in a
reservoir of Thailand. [J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A--Toxic/Hazardous
Substances Environ. Eng.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(7):1181-1207.
Keywords: microcystin-RR/ microcystin-YR/ microcystin-LR/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ chlorophyll-a/ reversed phase high performance liquid
chromatography/ Thailand.

2874\. Wannemacher Jr., R. W.; Dinterman, R. E.; Mereish, K. A.; and
Creasia, D. A. (1990). Use of rifampin for prophylaxis and treatment of
microcystin-LR intoxication. [FASEB J.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}:A740. Keywords: treatment/ intoxication/ microcytin-LR.

2875\. Wannemacher Jr., R.W.; Dinterman, R.E.; Thompson, W.L.; Schimdt,
M.O.; and Burrows, W.D. (1993). [Treatment for removal of biotoxins from
drinking water]{.underline}. U.S. Army Biomedical Research and
Development Laboratory: Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD. Report \# Technical
Report 9120. 41 pp. Keywords: drinking water/ biotoxins/ removal.

2876\. Ward, C. J. and Codd, G. A. (1999). Comparative toxicity of four
microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan,
*Tetrahymena pyriformis.* [J. Appl. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[86]{.underline}(5):874-882. Keywords: microcystins/ toxicity/
*Tetrahymena pyriformis*.

2877\. Warhurst, A. M.; Raggett, S. L.; McConnachie, G. L.; Pollard, S.
J. T.; Chipofya, V.; and Codd, G. A. (1997). Adsorption of the
cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by a low-cost activated carbon
from the seed husks of the pan-tropical tree, *Moringa oleifera.* [Sci.
Total Environ.]{.underline} [207]{.underline}(2-3):207-211. Keywords:
activated carbon/ algal toxins/ low cost adsorbents/ *Moringa oleifera*/
microcystin-LR.

2878\. Wasmund, N. (2002). Harmful algal blooms in coastal waters of the
South-Eastern Baltic Sea. In: [Baltic Coastal Ecosystems]{.underline}.
Springer-Verlag: Berlin, pp. 93-116. Keywords: cyanobacterium/
*Nodularia spumigena*/ environmental conditions/ nitrogen fixation/
shellfish toxins/ mortality/ eutrophication/ phytoplankton/ toxicity/
Baltic Sea.

2879\. Wasmund, N. (1997). Occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in the
Baltic Sea in relation to environmental conditions. [Int. Revue ges.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [82]{.underline}(2):169-184. Keywords:
phytoplankton blooms/ *Aphanizomenon*/ *Nodularia*/ ecological
requirements/ Baltic Sea.

2880\. Watanabe, M. (1987). Studies on the planktonic blue-green algae
2. *Umezakia natans* gen. et sp. nov. (Stigonemataceae) from the Mikata
Lakes, Fukui Prefecture. [Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. (Tokyo)]{.underline}
[Ser. B, 13]{.underline}(3):81-88. Keywords: Japan/ *Umezakia natans*/
studies/ Mikata Lates/ Fukui prefecture.

2881\. Watanabe, M. and Chihara, M. (1980). Taxonomy of cyanophytic
plankton in Kasumigaura Lake. In: [Algal Flora in Tsukuba Science City
v. Classification of the Planktonic Blue-green Algae]{.underline}.
Tsukuba no KanKyou KenKyuu:Vol. 5A, pp. 80-86. Keywords: Japan/
taxonomy/ blue-green algae/ Kasumigaura. (Japanese)

2882\. Watanabe, M. F. (1986). Toxic blue-green algae. In: I. Ikushima
(ed.) [Mechanism and Control of Water Bloom Development]{.underline}.
Tokai University Press: Tokyo, pp. 32-46. Keywords: cyanotoxin.
(Japanese)

2883\. Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Carmichael, W. W., and Fujiki, H.
(eds.) (1996). [Toxic *Microcystis.*]{.underline} CRC Press: Boca Raton,
FL. 262 pp. Keywords: toxic/ *Microcystis*.

2884\. Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Oishi, S.; Watanabe,
Y.; and Suzuki, M. (1989). Heptapeptide toxins contained in natural
samples of *Microcystis* species. [Tox. Assess.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}(4):487-497. Keywords: *Microcystis*/ heptapeptide
toxins.

2885\. Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Watanabe, M.; and
Suzuki, M. (1989). Heptapeptide toxin production during the batch
culture of two *Microcystis* species (cyanobacteria). [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [1]{.underline}:161-165. Keywords: toxin/
cyanobacteria/ *Microcystis*/ culture.

2886\. Watanabe, M. F. and Kaya, K. (1988). Freshwater blue-green alga
*Microcystis viridis* toxins: structure and environmental effects. In:
[Third International Conference Conservation and Management of
Lakes]{.underline}. Sept. 11-17, 1988; Keszthely, Hungary. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcysti*s *viridis*/ structure/ environmental effects.
(Abstract)

2887\. Watanabe, M. F. and Oishi, S. (1985). Effects of environmental
factors on toxicity of a cyanobacterium *(Microcystis aeruginosa)* under
culture conditions. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[49]{.underline}(5):1342-1344. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ culture.

2888\. Watanabe, M. F. and Oishi, S. (1983). A highly toxic strain of
blue-green alga *Microcystis aeruginosa* isolated from Lake Suwa. [Bull.
Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(11):1759. Keywords:
*Microcystis aeruginosa*/ highly toxic/ Japan.

2889\. Watanabe, M. F. and Oishi, S. (1982). Toxic substance from a
natural bloom of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [43]{.underline}(4):819-822. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

2890\. Watanabe, M. F. and Oishi, S. (1980). Toxicities of *Microcystis
aeruginosa* collected from some lakes, reservoirs, ponds and moat in
Tokyo and adjacent regions. [Jap. J. Limnol.]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(1):5-9. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
Japan.

2891\. Watanabe, M. F. and Oishi, S. (1982). Toxins of blue-green algae.
In: Japanese Society of Fisheries Science (ed.) [Toxic Phytoplankton,
Occurrence, Mode of Action and Toxins]{.underline}. Koseisha-Koseikaku
Press: Tokyo, pp. 123-132. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ occurrence/ mode of
action. (Japanese)

2892\. Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Kawai,
H.; and Suzuki, M. (1988). Toxins contained in *Microcystis* species of
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). [Toxicon]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}(11):1017-1025. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis* .

2893\. Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; and Nakao, T. (1981). Toxic
characteristics of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol.]{.underline} [21]{.underline}(3):1441-1443. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ characteristics.

2894\. Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; Watanabe, Y.; and Watanabe, M.
(1986). Strong probability of lethal toxicity in the blue-green alga
*Microcystis viridis* lemmermann. [J. Phycol.]{.underline}
[22]{.underline}(4):552-556. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis
viridis*/ lethal/ waterbloom. (Technical Note)

2895\. Watanabe, M. F.; Ozawa, Y.; and Oishi, S. (1987).
Hemagglutinating activity of *Microcystis aeruginosa* (cyanobacterium).
[Nippon Suis. Gak.]{.underline} [53]{.underline}(9):1643-1646. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hemagglutination.

2896\. Watanabe, M. F.; Park, H. D.; Kondo, F.; Harada, K-I.; Hayashi,
H.; and Okino, T. (1997). Identification and estimation of microcystins
in freshwater mussels. [Natural Toxins]{.underline}
[5]{.underline}:31-35. Keywords: microcystin/ *Microcystis*/ mussel/
fish/ accumulation/ waterbloom.

2897\. Watanabe, M. F.; Park, H. D.; and Nakajima, T. (2001).
Composition of *Microcystis* and microcystins in Lake Biwa.
[International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology
Proceedings]{.underline}. Stuttgart. 27(Pt 5), pp. 2899-2903. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ microcystins/ Lake Biwa.

2898\. Watanabe, M. F.; Park, H.-D.; and Watanabe, M. (1994).
Compositions of *Microcystis* species and heptapeptide toxins. [Verh.
Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}:2226-2229.
Keywords: composition/ *Microcystis*/ heptapeptide toxin.

2899\. Watanabe, M. F.; Watanabe, M.; Kato, T.; Harada, K-I; and Suzuki,
M. (1991). Composition of cyclic peptide toxins among strains of
*Microcystis aeruginosa* (blue-green algae, cyanobacteria). [Bot. Mag.
Tokyo]{.underline} [104]{.underline}(1073):49-57. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ cyanobacteria/ cyclic peptide/ *Microcysti*s/ strain/ toxin.

2900\. Watanabe, M. M.; Kaya, K.; and Takamura, N. (1992). Fate of the
toxic cyclic heptapeptides, the microcystins, from blooms of
*Microcystis* (cyanobacteria) in a hypertrophic lake. [J.
Phycol.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}:761-767. Keywords: accumulation/
*Bosmina fatalis*/ cyanobacteria/ fate of toxins/ leakage/ microcystins/
*Microcystis*/ toxins/ zooplankton.

2901\. Water Quality Bureau Environmental Sciences Division (1984).
Toxic algae. In: [Montana Water Quality; The 1984 Montana 305 (b)
Report]{.underline}. pp. 55-59. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Montana.

2902\. Webster, I. T.; Sherman, B. S.; Bormans, M.; and Jones, G. J.
(2000). Management strategies for cyanobacterial blooms in an impounded
lowland river. [Regul. Rivers: Res. & Manage.]{.underline}
[16]{.underline}(5):513-525. Keywords: cyanobacterial blooms/ lowland
river/ management strategies/ temperature stratification/ Australia/
dominance/ buoyancy/ Murray River.

2903\. Webster, K. L.; Maude, A. B.; O\'Donnell, M. E.; Mehrotra, A. P.;
and Gani, D. (2001). Design and preparation of serine-threonine protein
phosphatase inhibitors based upon the nodularin and microcystin toxin
structures. Part 3. [J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1]{.underline}
[2001]{.underline}(14):1673-1695. Keywords:
(2s,3s,8s,9s,4e,6e)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic/
amino-acid/ aspartic-acid/ allyl esters/ synthetic peptides/ catalytic
subunit/ protecting group/ mild conditions/ beta/ identification.

2904\. Weckesser, J.; Katz, A.; Drews, G.; Mayer, H.; and Fromme, I.
(1974). Lipopolysaccharide containing L-acofriose in the filamentous
blue-green algae *Anabaena variabilis.* [J. Bacteriol.]{.underline}
[120]{.underline}:672-678. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena*/ acofriose.

2905\. Weckesser, J.; Martin, C.; and Jakobi, C. (1996). Cyanopeptolins,
depsipeptides from cyanobacteria. [System. Appl. Microbiol.]{.underline}
[19]{.underline}(2):133-138. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ depsipeptides/
cyanopeptolins.

2906\. Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; and Seitz, G. (2000). A new and efficient
synthetic route to enantiopure (+)-anatoxin-a from (-)-cocaine
hydrochloride. [Tetrahed.-Asymmetry]{.underline}
[11]{.underline}(6):1405-1410. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ asymmetric
synthesis/ (-)-anatoxin-a/ ligand/ ring.

2907\. Weiss, J.; Liebert, H. P.; and Braune, W. (2000). Influence of
microcystin-RR on growth and photosynthetic capacity of the duckweed
*Lemna minor L.* [J. Appl. Bot.]{.underline}
[74]{.underline}(3-4):100-105. Keywords: protein phosphatases/ spray
irrigation/ enzyme activity/ hepatotoxins/ cyanotoxins/ higher plants.

2908\. Weithoff, G. and Walz, N. (1995). Influence of the filamentous
cyanobacterium *Planktothrix agardhii* on population growth and
reproductive pattern of the rotifer *Brachionus calyciflorus.*
[Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [313]{.underline}:381-386. Keywords:
*Planktothrix agardhii*/ population growth/ reproductive pattern/
*Brachionus calyciflorus*.

2909\. Welker, M.; Bickel, H.; and Fastner, J. (2002). HPLC-PDA
detection of cylindrospermopsin --- opportunities and limits. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(18):4659-4663. Keywords:
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ cylindrospermopsin/ HPLC/ photo diode
array detection/ cyanotoxin.

2910\. Welker, M.; Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; and von Döhren, H. (2002).
Applications of MALDI-TOF MS analysis in cyanotoxin research. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(4):367-374. Keywords: flight mass
spectrometry/ assisted laser desorption ionization/ desorption
ionization time/ blue-green algae/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hepatotoxin
production/ matrix/ cyanobacteria/ identification/ *Planktothrix*.

2911\. Welker, M. and Steinberg, C. (1999). Indirect photolysis of
cyanotoxins: one possible mechanism for their low persistence. [Water
Res.]{.underline} [33]{.underline}(5):1159-1164. Keywords: photolytical
degradation/ microcystins/ elimination.

2912\. Welker, M. and Steinberg, C. (2000). Rates of humic substance
photosensitized degradation of microcystin-LR in natural waters.
[Environ. Sci. Technol.]{.underline} [34]{.underline} (16):3415-3419.
Keywords: cyanobacterial hepatotoxin/ photooxidation/ bacterial binding/
carbon.

2913\. Welker, M.; Steinberg, C.; and Jones, G. (2001). Release and
persistence of microcystins in natural waters. In: I. Chorus (ed.)
[Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}.
Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 83-101. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/
microcystins.

2914\. Welker, M.; von Döhren, H.; Tauscher, H.; Steinberg, C. E. W.;
and Erhard, M. (2003). Toxic *Microcystis* in shallow lake Muggelsee
(Germany) - dynamics, distribution, diversity. [Arch.
Hydrobiol.]{.underline} [157]{.underline}(2):227-248. Keywords:
microcystin/ *Microcystis*/ biodiversity/ cyanotoxin/ temporal dynamics/
blue-green algae/ phytoplankton community structure/ mass-spectrometry/
*aeruginosa*/ blooms/ phosphorus/ nitrogen/ reservoir/ *Daphnia*/
Muggelsee/ Germany.

2915\. Weller, M. G.; Zeck, A.; Eikenberg, A.; Nagata, S.; Ueno, Y.; and
Niessner, R. (2001). Development of a direct competitive microcystin
immunoassay of broad specificity. [Analyt. Sci.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(12):1445-1448. Keywords: linked immunosorbent assay/
blue-green algae/ enzyme immunoassay/ nitroaromatic residues/
polyclonal/ antibodies/ increased sensitivity/ triazine herbicides/
quantification/ reactivity/ nodularin.

2916\. Wells, P. G.; Lee, K.; Blaise, C., and Gauthier, J. (eds.)
(1998). [Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques,
and Practice]{.underline}. CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida. 679 pp.
Keywords: microscale testing/ aquatic toxicology/ techniques.

2917\. Wheeler, R. E.; Lackey, J. B.; and Schott, S. A. (1942). A
contribution on the toxicity of algae. [Pub. Health Rep.]{.underline}
[57]{.underline}(45):1695-1701. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

2918\. Wheeler, R. E.; Lackey, J. B.; and Schott, S. A. (1943). A
contribution on the toxicity of algae. [J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc.]{.underline} [102]{.underline}:230. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

2919\. White, A. W. (ed.) (1990). [Toxic Algal Blooms: an International
Directory of Experts in Toxic and Harmful Algal Blooms and Their Effects
on Fisheries and Public health]{.underline}. Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution: Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 216 pp. Keywords: toxic algal
blooms/ experts/ international/ directory.

2920\. White, J. D.; Kim, T-S.; and Nambu, M. (1995). Synthesis of
curacin A: a powerful antimitotic from the cyanobacterium *Lyngbya
majuscula.* [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[117]{.underline}(20):5612-5613. Keywords: synthesis/ curacin A/
*Lyngbya majuscula*.

2921\. White, S. H.; Fabbro, L. D.; and Duivenvoorden, L. J. (2003).
Changes in cyanoprokaryote populations, *Microcystis* morphology, and
microcystin concentrations in Lake Elphinstone (central Queensland,
Australia). [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [18]{.underline}(6):403-412.
Keywords: *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ *Lyngbya*/ periodicity/
cylindrospermopsin/ nutrients/ iron/ shallow lakes/ Lake Elphinstone/
central Queensland/ Australia.

2922\. Wickramasinghe, W. A.; Senogles, P-J.; Eaglesham, G. K.; Moore,
M. R.; and Shaw, G. R. (2001). Identification of possible toxic
byproducts of the cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis* after
chlorination. [Toxicology]{.underline} [164]{.underline}(1-3
Suppl.):175. Keywords: identification/ toxic byproducts/ cyanobacteria/
*Cylindrospermopsis*/ chlorination . (Abstract)

2923\. Wicks, R. J. and Thiel, P. G. (1990). Environmental factors
affecting the production of peptide toxins in floating scums of the
cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa* in a hypertrophic African
reservoir. [Environ. Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}(9):1413-1418. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ environmental
factors/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ South Africa.

2924\. Wickstrom, M. L.; Khan, S. A.; Haschek, W. M.; Wyman, J. E.;
Eriksson, J. E.; Schaeffer, D. J.; and Beasley, V. R. (1995).
Alterations in microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
induced by microcystin-LR in cultured cells. [Toxicologic
Pathol.]{.underline} [23]{.underline}(3):326-337. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ protein phosphatase inhibitors/
cytoskeleton/ hepatocytes.

2925\. Wiedner, C.; Chorus, I.; Fastner, J.; Gude, H.; Hoehne, L.;
Kohler, A.; Koch, S.; Koschel, R.; Krienitz, L.; Melzer, B.; Meyer, B.;
Nixdorf, B.; Nusch, E.; Oehms, M.; Portugal, L.; Rönicke, H.; Schuster,
H. H.; Stottmeister, S.; Vareschi, E.; Walz, N.; Wanka, R.; Wege, H.;
Kruspe, U.; and Willmitzer, H. (2001). The waterbodies surveyed for
cyanotoxins in Germany. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 6-21.
357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Germany.

2926\. Wiedner, C.; Nixdorf, B.; Heinze, R.; Wirsing, B.; Neumann, U.;
and Weckesser, J. (2002). Regulation of cyanobacteria and microcystin
dynamics in polymictic shallow lakes. [Arch. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[155]{.underline}(3):383-400. Keywords: oscillatoriales/ microcystin
production/ light adaptation/ competition.

2927\. Wiedner, C.; Visser, P. M.; Fastner, J.; Metcalf, J. S.; Codd, G.
A.; and Mur, L. R. (2003). Effects of light on the microcystin content
of *Microcystis* strain PCC 7806. [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [69]{.underline}(3):1475-1481. Keywords:
*Oscillatoria agardhii* strains/ toxin production/ natural blooms/
growth rates/ *aeruginosa*/ cyanobacteria/ cultures/ biosynthesis/
temperature/ population.

2928\. Wiegand, C.; Peuthert, A.; Pflugmacher, S.; and Carmeli, S.
(2002). Effects of microcin SF608 and microcystin-LR, two cyanobacterial
compounds produced by *Microcystis* sp., on aquatic organisms. [Environ.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [17]{.underline}(4):400-406. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
cyanobacterial compound/ microcin SF608/ microcystin-LR/ glutathione
S-transferase/ glutathione peroxidase/ peroxidase/ photosynthesis/
chlorophyll a-b/ *Microcystis*.

2929\. Wiegand, C. and Pflugmacher, S. (2001). Effects of microcystin-LR
on detoxication enzymes. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp.
253-257. 357 pp. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ detoxication/ enzymes.

2930\. Wiegand, C. and Pflugmacher, S. (2001). Uptake of microcystin-LR
in aquatic organisms. In: I. Chorus (ed.) [Cyanotoxins: Occurrence,
Causes, Consequences]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp.
249-252. 357 pp. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ uptake.

2931\. Wiegand, C.; Pflugmacher, S.; Oberemm, A.; Meems, N.; Beattie, K.
A.; Steinberg, C. E.; and Codd, G. A. (1999). Uptake and effects of
microcystin-LR on detoxication enzymes of early-life stages of the zebra
fish *(Danio rerio).* [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):89-95. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ uptake/ effects/
zebra fish/ *Danio rerio*.

2932\. Wilkins, D. (October, 1988). Waging war agains algae. [Country
Guide: Farm Mag.]{.underline} [107]{.underline}(10), pp. 18-20.
Keywords: algae control/copper sulfate treatment/Canada/dugouts.

2933\. Willen, E. (1976). [Phytoplankton and environmental factors in
Lake Hjalmaren]{.underline}. Report \# SNV PM 718/NLU Rapport 87, pp.
69-70. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ environmental factors/ Sweden.

2934\. Willen, E. (1981). Vattenblomning. [Svensk Bot.
Tidskr.]{.underline} [75]{.underline}:345-355. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
Lake Hjalmaren. (Swedish)

2935\. Willen, E.; Ahlgren, G.; and Soderhielm, A. C. (2000). Toxic
cyanophytes in three Swedish lakes. [Internat. Verein.
Limnol.]{.underline} [27]{.underline}(Pt. 1):560-564. Keywords: liquid
chromatographic method/ neurotoxic/ anatoxin-a/ waters/ fresh/
microcystins/ blooms/ Sweden.

2936\. Willen, E. and Tiren, T. (1984). [Lilla Ullfjarden - en
sjobeskrivning]{.underline}. Report \# SNV PM 1798 Rapport Mk - lab, 121
pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

2937\. Willén, T. and Mattsson, R. (1997). Water-blooming and
toxin-producing cyanobacteria in Swedish fresh and brackish waters,
1981-1995. [Hydrobiologia]{.underline} [353]{.underline}:181-192.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ waterbloom/ toxicity/ mouse bioassay/
hepatotoxin/ Sweden.

2938\. Williams, D. E.; Craig, M.; Dawe, S. C.; Kent, M. L.; Andersen,
R. J.; and Holmes, C. F. B. (1997). ^14^C-labeled microcystin-LR
administered to Atlantic salmon via intraperitoneal injection provides
*in vivo* evidence for covalent binding of microcystin-LR in salmon
livers. [Toxicon]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(6):985-989. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ covalent binding/ salmon livers/ intraperitoneal.

2939\. Williams, D. E.; Craig, M.; Dawe, S. C.; Kent, M. L.; Holmes, C.
F. B.; and Andersen, R. J. (1997). Evidence for a covalently bound form
of microcystin-LR in salmon liver and Dungeness crab larvae. [Chem. Res.
Toxicol.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(4):463-469. Keywords:
microcystin-LR/ covalently bound/ salmon liver/ Dungeness crab larvae.

2940\. Williams, D. E.; Craig, M.; Holmes, C. F. B.; and Andersen, R. J.
(1996). Ferintoic acid-a and acid-b, new cyclic hexapeptides from the
freshwater cyanobacterium *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [59]{.underline}(6):570-575. Keywords: ferintoic
acid-a/ ferintoic acid-b/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*.

2941\. Williams, D. E.; Dawe, S. C.; Kent, M. L.; Andersen, R. J; Craig,
M.; and Holmes, C. F. B. (1997). Bioaccumulation and clearance of
microcystins from salt water mussels, *Mytilus edulis,* and *in viv*o
evidence for covalently bound microcystins in mussel tissues.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [35]{.underline}(11):1617-1625. Keywords:
microcystins/ *Mytilus edulis*/ mussels/ bioaccumulation/ covalently
bound microcystins.

2942\. Williams, D. H. (1983). Application of fast atom bombardment mass
spectrometry to structural problems in organic chemistry. [Int. J. Mass
Spec. Ion Physics]{.underline} [53]{.underline}:37-44. Keywords:
*Microcystis*/ fast atom bombardment/ mass spectrometry.

2943\. Williams, P. G.; Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and
Paul, V. J. (2003). Continuing studies on the cyanobacterium *Lyngbya*
sp.: isolation and structure determination of 15-norlyngbyapeptin a and
lyngbyabellin D. [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}(5):595-598. Keywords: configuration/ hectochlorin/
*majuscula*/ *Lyngbya*.

2944\. Williams, P. G.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2003). Isolation
and structure determination of lyngbyastatin 3, a lyngbyastatin 1
homologue from the marine cyanobacterium *Lynbgya majuscula.*
Determination of the configuration of the
4-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoic acid unit in majusculamide C,
dolastatin 12, lyngbyastatin 1, and lyngbyastatin 3 from cyanobacteria.
[J. Natural Products]{.underline} [66]{.underline}(10):1356-1363.
Keywords: constituent amino acids/ absolute configuration/ cyclic
depsipeptide/ stereochemistry/ peptide/ collection/ dolabella/ analogs/
LC-MS/ *Lynbgya majuscula*.

2945\. Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J.
(2002). Isolation and structure determination of obyanamide, a novel
cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide from the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya
confervoides.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[65]{.underline}(1):29-31. Keywords: hare *Dolabella auricularia*/
strain gsv-224/ biological activity/ *majuscula*/ cryptophycins/
dolastatin-12/ hexapeptide/ agents/ *Lyngbya confervoides*/ Saipan,
Mariana Islands.

2946\. Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J.
(2002). Tasiamide, a cytotoxic peptide from the marine cyanobacterium
*Symploca* sp. [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[65]{.underline}(9):1336-1339. Keywords: *Tasiamide*/ peptide/ marine
cyanobacterium/ *Symploca*.

2947\. Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J.
(2003). Tasipeptins A and B: new cytotoxic depsipeptides from the marine
cyanobacterium *Symploca* sp. [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[66]{.underline}(5):620-624. Keywords: *Microcystis aeruginosa*/
*Oscillatoria agardhii*/ protease inhibitors/ *Lyngbya majuscula*/
analog/ dolastatin-13/ peptides/ elastase/ viridis/ *Symploca* .

2948\. Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Quon, M. K.; Moore, R. E.; and
Paul, V. J. (2003). The structure of Palau\'amide, a potent cytotoxin
from a species of the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya.* [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [66]{.underline}(12):1545-1549. Keywords:
structure/ cytotoxin/ marine/ cyanobacterium/ *Lyngbya*/
coupling-constants/ NMR/ configuration.

2949\. Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Quon, M. K.; Moore, R. E.; and
Paul, V. J. (2003). Ulongapeptin, a cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide from a
Palauan marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya* sp. [J. Natural
Products]{.underline} [66]{.underline}(5):651-654. Keywords: amino
acids/ *Lyngbya majuscula* .

2950\. Williams, P. H. and Clarke, S. C. (1998). Why do microbes have
toxins? [J. Appl. Microbiol. Symp. Suppl.]{.underline}
[84]{.underline}:1S-6S. Keywords: microbes/ toxins.

2951\. Williamson, R. T.; Boulanger, A.; Vulpanovici, A.; Roberts, M.
A.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2002). Structure and absolute stereochemistry of
phormidolide, a new toxic metabolite from the marine cyanobacterium
*Phormidium* sp. [J. Org. Chem.]{.underline}
[67]{.underline}(23):7927-7936. Keywords: pulsed field gradients/
coupling constants/ configuration analysis/ secondary alcohols/ NMR/
assignment/ derivatives/ macrolide/ adequate/ MTPA/ Indonesian isolate/
*Phormidium* .

2952\. Williamson, R. T.; Boulanger, A.; Vulpanovici, A.; Roberts, M.
A.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2003). Structure and absolute stereochemistry of
phormidolide, a new toxic metabolite from the marine cyanobacterium
*Phormidium* sp. \[Correction for 2002, 67:7934\]. [J. Org.
Chem.]{.underline} [68]{.underline}(5):2060. Keywords: *Phormidium* sp./
metabolite/ structure.

2953\. Wilmot Enterprise. Farmer tells some news (on stock poisoning in
Big Stone Lake). (1925, Oct. 1). [Wilmot Enterprise]{.underline}.
Wilmot, South Dakota. Keywords: cattle deaths/ South Dakota.

2954\. Wilmot Enterprise. One hundred twenty seven hogs, 4 cows die
after drinking water from (Big Stone) lake, stock stricken, last
Saturday, all die in short time, lake water sent in for analysis. (1925,
Oct. 1). [Wilmot Enterprise]{.underline}. Wilmot, South Dakota.
Keywords: cattle deaths/ pig deaths/ South Dakota.

2955\. Wilson, K. M.; Schembri, M. A.; Baker, P. D.; and Saint, C. P.
(2000). Molecular characterization of the toxic cyanobacterium
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii* and design of a species-specific PCR.
[Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]{.underline} [66]{.underline}(1):332-338.
Keywords: characterization/ toxic/ *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
design/ PCR.

2956\. Wirsing, B.; Flury, T.; Wiedner, C.; Neumann, U.; and Weckesser,
J. (1999). Estimation of the microcystin content in cyanobacterial field
samples fom German lakes using the colorimetric protein-phosphatase
inhibition assay and RP-HPLC. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[14]{.underline}(1):23-29. Keywords: microcystin content/ estimation/
colorimetric PPIA/ RP-HPLC/ German lakes.

2957\. Wirsing, B.; Hoffmann, L.; Heinze, R.; Dalby, K. N.; Daloze, D.;
Braekman, J. C.; and Weckesser, J. (1998). First report on the
identification of microcystin in a water bloom collected in Belgium.
[System. Appl. Microbiol.]{.underline} [21]{.underline}(1):23-27.
Keywords: microcystin identification/ waterbloom/ Belgium.

2958\. Wiseman, J. R. and Lee, S. Y. (1986). Synthesis of anatoxin-a.
[J. Org. Chem.]{.underline} [51]{.underline}:2485-2487. Keywords:
anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

2959\. Woitke, P.; Heinze, R.; Dewender, M.; Henning, M., and Kohl, J.
G. (2001). Can the primary rat hepatocyte assay replace the mouse assay
for microcystin testing? Validation with \"historic\" samples from the
first survey on cyanobacterial toxicity in Germany. In: I. Chorus, (ed.)
[Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences]{.underline}.
Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 324-330. Keywords: microcystin/ assay/
hepatocyte/ Germany.

2960\. Wolf, H-U. and Frank, C. (2002). Toxicity assessment of
cyanobacterial toxin mixtures. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[17]{.underline}(4):395-399. Keywords: toxicity assessment/ toxicity
equivalent factors/ cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystins/
cylindrospermopsin/ anatoxin-a/ anatoxin a-(s)/ saxitoxins/
neosaxitoxin.

2961\. Wolters, B. (1964). Antibiotisch und toxisch wirkende substanzen
aus algen und moosen. [Planta Medica]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}(1):85-99. Keywords: antibiotics/ cyanotoxin/ taxonomy/
chemistry. (German)

2962\. Wong, B. S. F.; Lam, P. K. S.; Xu, L. H.; Zhang, Y. Y.; and
Richardson, B. J. (1999). A colorimetric assay for screening microcystin
class compounds in aquatic systems. [Chemosphere]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(5):1113-1122. Keywords: colorimetric assay/
microcystin/ screening.

2963\. Wong, S. H. and Hindin, E. (1982). Detecting an algal toxin by
high-pressure liquid chromatography. [J. Am. Water Works
Assoc.]{.underline} [74]{.underline}(10):528-529. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
detection/ high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).

2964\. Wonnacott, S.; Jackman, S.; Cockcroft, V. B.; Aronstam, R. S.;
Rapoport, H.; Swanson, K. L.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1989).
Interactions of anatoxin-a analogues with neuronal acetylcholine
receptors. [Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}:678.
Keywords: anatoxin-a/ analogs/ interaction/ neuronal acetylcholine
receptors.

2965\. Wonnacott, S.; Jackman, S.; Swanson, K. L.; Rapoport, H.; and
Albuquerque, E. X. (1991). Nicotinic pharmacology of anatoxin analogs.
II. Side chain structure-activity relationships at neuronal nicotinic
ligand binding sites. [J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut.]{.underline}
[259]{.underline}(1):387-391. Keywords: anatoxin analogs/ nicotinic
pharmacology/ structure-activity relationships.

2966\. Wonnacott, S.; Kaiser, S.; Mogg, A.; Soliakov, L.; and Jones, I.
W. (2000). Presynaptic nicotinic receptors modulating dopamine release
in the rat striatum. [Eur. J. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[393]{.underline}(1-3):51-58. Keywords: nicotinic receptor/ presynaptic/
glutamate receptor/ antagonist/ nicotine/ anatoxin-a/ immunogold
electron microscopy/ synaptosome/ rat.

2967\. Wonnacott, S.; Swanson, K. L.; Albuquerque, E. X.; Huby, N. J.
S.; Thompson, P.; and Gallagher, T. (1992). Homoanatoxin: a potent
analogue of anatoxin-a. [Biochem. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[43]{.underline}(3):419-423. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ analog.

2968\. Wood, S. A. and Stirling, D. J. (2003). First identification of
the cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterium *Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii* in New Zealand. [NZ. J. Mar. Freshwater Res.]{.underline}
[37]{.underline}(4):821-828. Keywords: *Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/
cylindrospermopsin/ deoxy-cylindrospermopsin/ cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxin/
New Zealand.

2969\. Woodcock, E. F. (1927). Plants of Michigan poisonous to
livestock. [J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.]{.underline} [25]{.underline}:475.
Keywords: livestock/ poisonous plants/ Michigan.

2970\. World Health Organization (WHO) (2003). Algae and cyanobacteria
in coastal and estuarine waters. In: [Guidelines for Safe Recreational
Water Environments --- Vol. 1 Coastal and Fresh Waters]{.underline}.
World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 128-135, Ch. 7. 218
pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ coastal waters/ exposure routes/
precautions.

2971\. World Health Organization (WHO) (1998). [Guidelines for Drinking
Water Quality]{.underline}. 2nd ed. World Health Organization: Geneva,
Switzerland. Vol. 2 Addendum, Keywords: drinking water/ quality/
guidelines.

2972\. World Health Organization (WHO) (2002). [Guidelines for Drinking
Water Quality. Addendum: Microbiological Agents in Drinking
Water]{.underline}. 2nd ed. World Health Organization: Geneva,
Switzerland. 142 pp. Keywords: drinking water/ quality/ guidelines/
microbial agents.

2973\. World Health Organization (WHO) (1998). [Guidelines for Drinking
Water Quality. Volume 1, Recommendations/World Health
Organization]{.underline}. 2nd ed. World Health Organization: Geneva,
Switzerland. Vol. 1, 36 pp. Keywords: drinking water/ quality/
guidelines/ recommendations.

2974\. Wright, E.; Gallagher, T.; Sharples, C. G. V.; and Wonnacott, S.
(1997). Synthesis of UB-165: a novel nicotinic ligand and
anatoxin-a/epibatidine hybrid. [Bioorg. Medicinal Chem.
Lett.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(22):2867-2870. Keywords: anatoxin-a/
synthesis.

2975\. Wu, C.; Maurer, C.; Wang, Y.; Xue, S.; and Davis, D. L. (1999).
Water pollution and human health in China. [Environ. Health
Perspect.]{.underline} [107]{.underline}(4):251-256. Keywords: China/
human health/ pollution/ water.

2976\. Wu, X. Q.; Vennison, S. J.; Liu, H. R.; Ben-Dov, E.; Zaritsky,
A.; and Boussiba, S. (1997). Mosquito larvicidal activity of transgenic
*Anabaena* strain PCC-7120 expressing combinations of genes from
*Bacillus thuringiensis* subsp. *israelensis.* [Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [63]{.underline}(12):4971-4974. Keywords:
*Anabaena*/ mosquito larvicidal activity/ *Bacillus thuringiensis*.

2977\. Wulf, F. and Cederwaall, H. (1984). [Dynamics of a *Nodularia*
bloom in the Baltic Proper]{.underline}. Report \# ICES C.M. 1984/B4.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Nodularia* bloom/ dynamics/ Baltic.

2978\. Wurtz, A. (1949). Propriétés particulières d\'une fleur d\'eau de
Cyanophycée: *Microcystis aeruginosa* Kütz. [Bull. Soc. Bot.
France]{.underline} [96]{.underline}:50-51. Keywords: cyanotoxin/
*Microcystis aeruginosa*. (French)

2979\. Wurtz, R. (1994). *Cyclospora* ---a newly identified intestinal
pathogen of humans (review). [Clin. Infect. Dis.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(4):620-623. Keywords: *Cyclospora*/ intestinal
pathogen/ humans.

2980\. Wyatt, G. M.; Lee, H. A., and Morgan, M. R. A. (eds.) (1992).
[Immunoassays for Food-Poisoning Bacteria and Bacterial
Toxins]{.underline}. Chapman & Hall: London/New York. 129 pp. (Food
Safety Series; Keywords: immunoassays/ bacterial toxins.

2981\. Xia, Z. P. and Smith, C. D. (2000). Synthesis of dendroamide A, a
multidrug reversing cyclic hexapeptide derivative from cyanobacteria.
[Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline} [220]{.underline}(1):U549.
Keywords: dendroamide A/ synthesis.

2982\. Xie, C. Y.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; and Snider, B. B. (2000). Total
synthesis of (±)-cylindrospermopsin. [J. Am. Chem. Soc.]{.underline}
[122]{.underline}(21):5017-5024. Keywords: cyanobacterium/
*Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii*/ marine hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin/
enantiopure n-acyldihydropyridones/ conjugate addition reaction/
cultured rat hepatocytes/ grignard reagents/ asymmetric synthesis/
1-acyl-4-methoxypyridinium salts/ alkaloid cylindrospermopsin/ *Umezakia
natans*.

2983\. Xie, L. Q.; Xie, P.; Ozawa, K.; Honma, T.; Yokoyama, A.; and
Park, H. D. (2004). Dynamics of microcystins-LR and -RR in the
phytoplanktivorous silver carp in a sub-chronic toxicity experiment.
[Environ. Poll.]{.underline} [127]{.underline}(3):431-439. Keywords:
sub-chronic toxicity experiment/ microcystin-LR/ microcystin-RR/
*Microcystis viridis*/ phytoplanktivorous silver carp/ deputation/
evolution.

2984\. Xing, H.; Yuan, B. L.; Wang, Y. H.; and Qu, J. H. (2002).
Photocatalytic detoxification of microcystins combined with ferrate
pretreatment. [J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A--Toxic/Hazardous
Substances Environ. Eng.]{.underline} [37]{.underline}(4641-4649)
Keywords: photocatalysis/ ferrate oxidation/ combined technique/
microcystin/ water treatment.

2985\. Xu, H.; Vavilin, D.; and Vermaas, W. (2001). Chlorophyll b can
serve as the major pigment in functional photosystem II complexes of
cyanobacteria. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.]{.underline}
[98]{.underline}(24):14168-14173. Keywords: *Synechocystis*/ pcc-6803/ a
or b-binding protein/ *Arabidopsis thaliana*/ a oxygenase/ light.

2986\. Xu, J. K.; Liu, Y. F.; Zhu, H. G.; and Ding, W. X. (2000). The
identification and toxicity of the microcystin in the waterbloom
obtained from an eutrophied lake. [Biomed. Environ. Sci.]{.underline}
[13]{.underline}(2):97-140. Keywords: cell transformation/
cyanobacteria.

2987\. Xu, L.; Lam, P. K. S.; Chen, J.; Zhang, Y.; and Harada, K.
(2000). Comparative study on *in vitro* inhibition of grass carp
*(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)* and mouse protein phosphatases by
microcystins. [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(2):71-75.
Keywords: microcystins/ fish protein phosphatases/ *in vitro*
inhibition.

2988\. Xu, L. H.; Lam, P. K. S.; Chen, J. P.; Xu, J. M.; Wong, B. S. F.;
Zhang, Y. Y.; Wu, R. S. S.; and Harada, K-I. (2000). Use of protein
phosphatase inhibition assay to detect microcystins in Donghu Lake and a
fish pond in China. [Chemosphere]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(1-2):53-58. Keywords: cyanobacteria toxins/ water/
Donghu Lake/ fish pond/ China.

2989\. Xu, Z. K. and Burns, C. W. (1991). Development, growth and
survivorship of juvenile calanoid copepods on diets of cyanobacteria and
algae. [Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol.]{.underline}
[76]{.underline}(1):73-87. Keywords: copepods/ development/ growth/
survivorship/ algae diet.

2990\. Yamada, N.; Murakami, N.; Morimoto, T.; and Sakakibara, J.
(1993). Auto-growth inhibitory substance from the fresh-water
cyanobacterium *Phormidium tenue.* [Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull.]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(10):1863-1865. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ *Phormidium
tenue*/ auto-growth inhibitory substance/ unsaturated fatty acid/
linoleic acid/ linolenic acid.

2991\. Yamaguchi, M.; Jimbo, M.; Sakai, R.; Muramoto, K.; and Kamiya, H.
(1998). Purification and characterization of *Microcystis aeruginosa*
freshwater cyanobacterium lectin. [Comp. Biochem. Physiol.--B: Biochem.
Mol. Biol.]{.underline} [119]{.underline}:593-597. Keywords: agglutinin/
blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ hemagglutinin/ lectin/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa*.

2992\. Yan, F.; Ozsoz, M.; and Sadik, O. A. (2000). Electrochemical and
conformational studies of microcystin-LR. [Analyt. Chim.
Acta]{.underline} [409]{.underline}(1-2):247-255. Keywords:
microcystins/ electrochemistry/ molecular modeling/ mechanism/ toxicity.

2993\. Yang, M.; Lam, P. K. S.; Huang, M. H.; and Wong, B. S. F. (1999).
Effects of microcystins on phosphorylase-a binding to phosphatase 2A:
kinetic analysis by surface plasmon resonance biosensor. [Biochim.
Biophys. Acta]{.underline} [1427]{.underline}(1):62-73. Keywords:
microcystin/ phosphorylase a/ phosphatase 2A/ surface plasmon resonance.

2994\. Yasuno, M. and Sugaya, Y. (1991). Toxicities of *Microcystis
viridis* and the isolated hepatotoxic polypeptides on cladocerans.
[Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline}
[24]{.underline}:2622-2626. Keywords: *Microcystis viridis*/ cyanotoxin/
cladocerans.

2995\. Yasuno, M.; Sugaya, Y.; Kaya, K.; and Watanabe, M. M. (1998).
Variations in the toxicity of *Microcystis* species to *Moina
macrocopa.* [Phycol. Res.]{.underline} [46]{.underline}(Suppl.):31-36.
Keywords: cladoceran/ lethal time/ microcystins/ toxicity.

2996\. Yea, S. S.; Kim, H. M.; Jeon, Y. J.; Oh, H-M.; Jeong, H. G.; and
Yang, K-H. (2000). Suppression of IL-2 and IL-4 gene expression by
nodularin through the reduced NF-AT binding activity. [Toxicol.
Lett.]{.underline} [114]{.underline}(1-3):215-224. Keywords: nodularin/
T lymphocytes/ interleukin-2/ interleukin-4/ NF-AT.

2997\. Yea, S. S.; Yang, Y. I.; Jang, W. H.; and Paik, K. H. (2001).
Microcystin-induced proinflammatory cytokines expression and cell death
in human hepatocytes. [Hepatology]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(4 Pt. 2
Suppl.):516A. Keywords: microcystin.

2998\. Yin, Q.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Evans, W. R. (1997). Factors
influencing growth and toxin production by cultures of the freshwater
cyanobacterium *Lyngbya wollei* Farlow ex Gomont. [J. Appl.
Phycol.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}:55-63. Keywords: *Lyngbya wollei*/
PSP/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ growth/ toxin production.

2999\. Yokokawa, F.; Fujiwara, H.; and Shioiri, T. (2000).
Stereoselective synthesis of a tricyclic guanidinium model of
cylindrospermopsin. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[41]{.underline}(12):1849-1853. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/
guanidines/ piperidines.

3000\. Yokokawa, F.; Fujiwara, H.; and Shioiri, T. (2000). Total
synthesis and revision of absolute stereochemistry of antillatoxin, an
ichthyotoxic cyclic lipopeptide from marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya
majuscula.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline} [56]{.underline}(12):1759-1775.
Keywords: antillatoxin/ ichthyotoxicity/ cyclic lipopeptide/ total
synthesis.

3001\. Yokokawa, F.; Sameshima, H.; Katagiri, D.; Aoyama, T.; and
Shioiri, T. (2002). Total syntheses of lyngbyabellins A and B, potent
cytotoxic lipopeptides from the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya
majuscula.* [Tetrahed.]{.underline} [58]{.underline}(46):9445-9458.
Keywords: lipopeptide/ total synthesis/ chemical manganese dioxide/
macrolactamization/ *Lyngbya majuscula*.

3002\. Yokokawa, F.; Sameshima, H.; and Shioiri, T. (2001). Total
synthesis of lyngbyabellin A, a potent cytotoxic metabolite from the
marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya majuscula.* [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(25):4171-4174. Keywords: organic synthesis/ peptide.

3003\. Yokokawa, F. and Shioiri, T. (2002). Total synthesis of somamide
A, an Ahp (3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone)-containing cyclic
depsipeptide. [Tetrahed. Lett.]{.underline}
[43]{.underline}(48):8673-8677. Keywords: total synthesis/ cyclic
depsipeptide/ marine cyanobacteria/ cyclic hemiaminal/ dehydroamino
acid.

3004\. Yokoyama, A. and Park, H. D. (2003). Depuration kinetics and
persistence of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR in the freshwater
bivalve *Unio douglasiae.* [Environ. Toxicol.]{.underline}
[18]{.underline}(1):61-67. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ toxicokinetics/
accumulation/ depuration rate constant/ bivalve/ *Unio douglasiae*.

3005\. Yong, C.; Struthers, H.; and Mang, O. (1989). Blue-green algae
(*Anabaena* sp.) poisoning in cattle. [Can. Vet. J.]{.underline}
[30]{.underline}(10):832. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ *Anabaena*/ cattle
deaths/ Canada. (Technical Note)

3006\. Yoo, H-D. and Gerwick, W. H. (1995). Curacins B and C, new
antimitotic natural products from the marine cyanobacterium *Lyngbya
majuscula.* [J. Natural Products]{.underline}
[58]{.underline}(12):1961-1965. Keywords: marine cyanobacteria/ *Lyngbya
majuscula*/ curacins B and C.

3007\. Yoo, R. S.; Carmichael, W. W.; Hoehn, R. C., and Hrudey, S. E.
(eds.) (1995). [Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algal) Toxins: a Resource
Guide]{.underline}. AWWA Res. Foundation & American Water Works Assoc.:
Denver, Colorado. 229 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins.

3008\. Yoo, R. S.; Carmichael, W. W.; Hoehn, R. C.; and Hrudey, S. E.
(1995). Health effects and risk assessment. In: R. S. Yoo, W. W.
Carmichael, R. C. Hoehn, and S. E. Hrudey (eds.) [Cyanobacterial
(Blue-Green Algal) Toxins: a Resource Guide]{.underline}. AWWA Res.
Foundation & American Water Works Assoc.: USA, pp. 61-92, Ch. 3. 229 pp.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ risk assessment/ health effects.

3009\. Yoshida, T.; Makita, Y.; Tsutsumi, T.; Nagata, S.; Tashiro, F.;
Yoshida, F.; Sekijima, M.; Tamura, S-I.; Harada, T.; Maita, K.; and
Ueno, Y. (1998). Immunohistochemical localization of microcystin-LR in
the liver of mice: a study on the pathogenesis of microcystin-LR-induced
hepatotoxicity. [Toxicologic Pathol.]{.underline} [26]{.underline}
(3):411-418. Keywords: hepatocyte/ hemorrhage/ necrosis/ apoptosis/
protein adducts/ microcystin-LR/ mice liver.

3010\. Yoshizawa, S.; Matsushima, R.; Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.;
Ichihara, A.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Fujiki, H. (1990). Inhibition of
protein phosphatases by *Microcystis* and nodularin associated with
hepatotoxicity. [J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol.]{.underline}
[116]{.underline}(6):609-614. Keywords: microcystin/ nodularin/
hepatotoxicity/ protein phosphatase/ inhibition.

3011\. Yotsu-Yamashita, M.; Sugimoto, A.; Terakawa, T.; Shoji, Y.;
Miyazawa, T.; and Yasumoto, T. (2001). Purification, characterization,
and cDNA cloning of a novel soluble saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin binding
protein from plasma of the puffer fish, *Fugu pardalis.* [Eur. J.
Biochem.]{.underline} [268]{.underline}(22):5937-5946. Keywords:
saxitoxin/ tetrodotoxin/ puffer fish/ saxiphilin/ freshwater puffers/
sodium channels/ toxins/ saxiphilin/ anhydrotetrodotoxin/ transferring/
muscle/ crab.

3012\. Yu, F. Y.; Liu, B. H.; Chou, H. N.; and Chu, F. S. (2002).
Development of a sensitive ELISA for the determination of microcystins
in algae. [J. Agric. Food Chem.]{.underline}
[50]{.underline}(15):4176-4182. Keywords: enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay/ ELISA/ microcystins/ antibodies.

3013\. Yu, J-L.; Chen, M-H.; Lin, K-N.; and Yu, M-J. (1987). Study on
the toxicity of waterblooms in the Donghu Lake, Wuhan. I. Detection of
the toxic effect of blue-green algae. [Acta Hydrobiol.
Sinica]{.underline} [11]{.underline}(3):212-218. Keywords: blue-green
algae/ waterbloom/ toxicity/ hemagglutination test/ China. (Chinese)

3014\. Yu, M-J.; Zhang, Q-X.; He, Z-R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1990).
Toxicity of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) waterblooms in central
China. [J. Toxicol. - Toxin Rev.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(1):86.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ China. (Abstract)

3015\. Yu, S-Z. (1989). Drinking water and primary liver cancer. In:
Z-Y. Tang; M-C. Wu, and S-S. Xia, (eds.) [Primary Liver
Cancer]{.underline}. Springer-Verlag: Berlin & China Acad. Publ.:
Beijing, pp. 30-37, Ch. 4. 495 pp. Keywords: drinking water/ liver
cancer.

3016\. Yuan, B. L. and Qu, J. H. (2001). Accumulation and separation of
algae peptide toxins by solid phase extraction and high performance
liquid chromatography. [Chinese J. Analyt. Chem.]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(12):1406-1408. Keywords: *Oscillatoria amoena*/ algae
peptide toxin/ solid phase extraction/ high performance liquid
chromatography.

3017\. Yuan, B. L.; Qu, J. H.; and Fu, M. L. (2002). Removal of
cyanobacterial microcystin-LR by ferrate oxidation-coagulation.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [40]{.underline}(8):1129-1134. Keywords:
*Planktothrix*/ microcystin-LR/ ferrate/ oxidation/ coagulation.

3018\. Yuan, M.; Namikoshi, M.; Otsuki, A.; Rinehart, K. L.; Sivonen,
K.; and Watanabe, M. F. (1999). Low-energy collisionally activated
decomposition and structural characterization of cyclic heptapeptide
microcystins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. [J. Mass
Spec.]{.underline} [34]{.underline}(1):33-43. Keywords: microcystins/
electrospray ionization/ tandem mass spectrometry/ protonation site/
side chain characteristic.

3019\. Yuan, M.; Namikoshi, M.; Otsuki, A.; and Sivonen, K. (1998).
Effect of amino acid side-chain on fragmentation of cyclic peptide ions:
differences of electrospray-ionization collision-induced decomposition
mass spectra of toxic heptapeptide microcystins containing ADMAdda
instead of Adda. [Eur. Mass Spec.]{.underline}
[4]{.underline}(4):287-298. Keywords: microcystins/ electrospray
ionization/ doubly charged ion/ tandem mass spectrometry/ fragmentation
of cyclic peptide ion.

3020\. Yuan, M.; Namikoshi, M.; Otsuki, A.; Watanabe, M. F.; and
Rinehart, K. L. (1999). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric
analysis of microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins ---
modulation of charge states and \[M+H\]^+^ to \[M+Na\]^+^ ratio. [J. Am.
Soc. Mass Spec.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(11):1138-1151. Keywords:
microcystins/ electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis/
modulation/ charge states/ blue-green algae/ liquid chromatography/
positive ion/ gas phase/ cyanobacteria/ toxins/ distributions/
*aeruginosa*/ mechanism/ peptide.

3021\. Zagatto, P. A.; Lorenzetti, M. L.; Perez, L. S. N.; Menegon Jr.,
N.; and Buratini, S. V. (1998). Proposal for a new water quality index.
[Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.]{.underline}
[26]{.underline}:2449-2451. Keywords: water quality index.

3022\. Zainuddin, E. N.; Mundt, S.; Wegner, U.; and Mentel, R. (2002).
Cyanobacteria a potential source of antiviral substances against
influenza virus. [Med. Microbiol. Immunol.]{.underline}
[191]{.underline}(3-4):181-182. Keywords: antiviral/ cyanobacteria/
influenza virus/ natural product/ *Microcystis*/ *Nodularia*/
*Oscillatoria*/ *Scytonema*/ *Lyngbya*/ *Calothrix*/ antiviral activity.

3023\. Zalewski, M.; Wagner-Lotkowska, I.; and Tarczynska, M. (2001).
Ecohydrological approaches to the elimination of toxic algal blooms in a
lowland reservoir. [International Association of Theoretical and Applied
Limnology Proceedings]{.underline}. Stuttgart. 27(Pt 5), pp. 3176-3183.
Keywords: toxic algal bloom elimination/ lowland reservoir.

3024\. Zambrano, F. and Canelo, E. (1996). Effects of microcystin-LR on
the partial reactions of the Na^+^--K^+^ pump of the gill of carp
*(Cyprinus carpio* linneo). [Toxicon]{.underline}
[34]{.underline}(4):451-458. Keywords: Microcystin-LR/ *Cyprinus
carpio*/ gill.

3025\. Zeck, A.; Eikenberg, A.; Weller, M. G.; and Niessner, R. (2001).
Highly sensitive immunoassay based on a monoclonal antibody specific for
\[4-arginine\]microcystins. [Analyt. Chim. Acta]{.underline}
[441]{.underline}(1):1-13. Keywords: microcystin/ monoclonal antibody/
ELISA/ direct competitive enzyme immunoassay/ cyanobacteria/ algal
toxin.

3026\. Zeck, A.; Weller, M. G.; Bursill, D.; and Niessner, R. (2001).
Generic microcystin immunoassay based on monoclonal antibodies against
Adda. [Analyst]{.underline} [126]{.underline}(11):2002-2007. Keywords:
polyclonal antibodies/ enzyme immunoassay/ nodularin-LR.

3027\. Zeck, A.; Weller, M. G.; and Niessner, R. (2001).
Multidimensional biochemical detection of microcystins in liquid
chromatography. [Analyt. Chem.]{.underline}
[73]{.underline}(22):5509-5517. Keywords: immunochemical detection/
enzyme immunoassay/ toxic peptides/ water/ purification/ *aeruginosa*/
extraction/ strategies/ mycotoxins/ samples.

3028\. Zegura, B.; Sedmak, B.; and Filipic, M. (2003). Microcystin-LR
induces oxidative DNA damage in human hepatoma cell line HepG2.
[Toxicon]{.underline} [41]{.underline}(1):41-48. Keywords: comet assay/
DNA damaged/ endonuclease III/ formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase
microcystin/ reactive oxygen species.

3029\. Zehnder, A. and Gorham, P. R. (1960). Factors influencing the
growth of *Microcystis aeruginosa* (Kütz) emend. Elenkin. [Can. J.
Microbiol.]{.underline} [6]{.underline}:645-660. Keywords: *Microcystis
aeruginosa*/ growth factors.

3030\. Zehnder, A. and Hughes, E. O. (1958). The antialgal activity of
acti-dione. [Can. J. Microbiol.]{.underline} [4]{.underline}:399-408.
Keywords: antialgal activity/ acti-dione.

3031\. Zehnder, A.; Hughes, E. O.; and Gorham, P. R. (1956). Toxic blue
algae (Giftige blau-algen). [Verh. Schweiz. Naturforsch.
Ges.]{.underline} [136]{.underline}:126. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (German
--- Abstract)

3032\. Zettereström, M.; Trogen, L.; Hammarström, L. G.; Julin, L.;
Nilsson, B.; Damberg, C.; Bartfai, T.; and Langel, U. (1995). Synthesis
of an N-methyldehydroalanine-containing fragment of microcystin by
combination of solid phase peptide syntheses and ß elimination in
solution. [Acta Chem. Scand.]{.underline} [49]{.underline}(9):696-700.
Keywords: synthesis/ fragment/ microcystin.

3033\. Zhan, L.; Honma, M.; Wu, D. S.; Zhang, L. S.; Sakamoto, H.;
Sakuraba, M.; and Hayashi, H. (2003). Genotoxicity induced by
microcystin-LR in human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells.
[Toxicology]{.underline} [191]{.underline}(1):37. Keywords:
genotoxicity/ microcystin-LR/ human cells. (Meeting Abstract)

3034\. Zhang, C-C.; Friry, A.; and Peng, L. (1998). Molecular and
genetic analysis of two closely linked genes that encode, respectively,
a protein phosphatase 1/2A/2B homolog and a protein kinase homolog in
the cyanobacterium *Anabaena* sp. strain PCC 7120. [J.
Bacteriol.]{.underline} [180]{.underline}(10):2616-2622. Keywords:
*Anabaena*/ molecular and genetic analysis/ protein phosphatase.

3035\. Zhang, L. F.; Zhang, Z. J.; Long, F. X.; and Lee, E. Y. C.
(1996). Tyrosine-272 is involved in the inhibition of protein
phosphatase 1 by multiple toxins. [Biochem.]{.underline}
[35]{.underline}(5):1606-1611. Keywords: protein phosphatase 1
inhibition/ tyrosine-272.

3036\. Zhang, Q-X.; Carmichael, W. W.; and DeMott, W. R. (1990).
Chemical ecology of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria blue-green algae.
[Ohio J. Sci.]{.underline} [90]{.underline}(2):30. Keywords: ecology/
cyanotoxins/ freshwater.

3037\. Zhang, Q-X.; Carmichael, W. W.; Yu, M-J.; and Li, S-H. (1991).
Cyclic peptide hepatotoxins from freshwater cyanobacterial (blue-green
algae) waterblooms collected in central China. [Environ. Toxicol.
Chem.]{.underline} [10]{.underline}(3):313-321. Keywords: cyanobacteria/
blue-green algae/ waterblooms/ hepatotoxins/ China.

3038\. Zhang, Q-X. and Yu, M-J. (1989). Toxicities and toxin of
*Microcystis aeruginosa* waterblooms from Chao Lake. [Acta Scien.
Circum.]{.underline} [9]{.underline}(1):86-94. Keywords: Chao Lake/
*Microcystis aeruginosa* waterblooms/ hepatotoxin/ China. (Chinese)

3039\. Zhang, W. H. and Xu, X. Q. (2001). Determination of trace level
microcystins in water using solid-phase extraction and high performance
liquid chromatography. [Chinese J. Analyt. Chem.]{.underline}
[29]{.underline}(5):522-525. Keywords: microcystin/ solid phase
extraction/ HPLC.

3040\. Zhang, W. H.; Zhang, X. H.; Zhang, G. M.; and Xu, X. Q. (2003).
Variation of microcystins in a lake for water supply. [J. Environ. Sci.
Health Part A--Toxic/Hazardous Substances Environ. Eng.]{.underline}
[38]{.underline}(12):2857-2865. Keywords: microcystins/
photoirridatiation/ adsorption/ biodegradation/ lake/ water supply.

3041\. Zhang, X. and Nordberg, A. (1993). The competition of
(--)-\[^3^H\] nicotine binding by the enantiomers of nicotine,
nornicotine and anatoxin-a in membranes and solubilized preparations of
different brain regions of rat. [Arch. Pharmacol.]{.underline}
[348]{.underline}(1):28-34. Keywords: nicotine/ nornicotine/ anatoxin-a/
enantiomers/ nicotinic receptors/ membrane/ solubilazation/ rat brain
regions.

3042\. Zhang, X.; Stjernlöf, P.; Adem, A.; and Nordberg, A. (1987).
Anatoxin-a, a potent ligand for nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat
brain. [Eur. J. Pharmacol.]{.underline} [135]{.underline}:457-458.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ rat brain.

3043\. Zhang, Z. H.; Zhu, H. G.; Jiang, S. H.; and Zhao, J. M. (2003).
Study on the mechanism of anatoxin-a activation of PC12 cells.
[Toxicology]{.underline} [191]{.underline}(1):36. Keywords: anatoxin-a/
mechanism. (Meeting Abstract)

3044\. Zhang, Z. J.; Zhao, S. M.; Long, F. X.; Zhang, L. F.; Bai, G.;
Shima, H.; Nagao, M.; and Lee, E. Y. C. (1994). A mutant of protein
phosphatase 1 that exhibits altered toxin sensitivity. [J. Biol.
Chem.]{.underline} [269]{.underline}(25):16997-17000. Keywords: toxin
sensitivity/ protein phosphatase 1/ mutant.

3045\. Zhou, J. and Fritz, L. (1994). Okadaic acid antibody localizes to
chloroplasts in the DSP-toxin-producing dinoflagellates *Prorocentrum
lima* and *Prorocentrum maculosum.* [Phycologia]{.underline}
[33]{.underline}(6):455-461. Keywords: okadaic acid antibody/ diarrhetic
shellfish poisoning (DSP)/ *Prorocentrum lima*/ *Prorocentrum
maculosum*.

3046\. Zhou, L.; Yu, H.; and Chen, K. (2002). Relationship between
microcystin in drinking water and colorectal cancer. [Biomed. Environ.
Sci.]{.underline} [15]{.underline}(2):166-171. Keywords: drinking water/
microcystin/ colorectal cancer/ liver.

3047\. Zhou, Z. and Xue, S. (1988). Toxins of the blue-green alga in
freshwater and their toxicity. [J. Health Toxicol.]{.underline}
[2]{.underline}(1):57-60. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater/ toxicity.
(Chinese)

3048\. Zillberg, B. (1966). Gastroenteritis in Salisbury European
children --- a five year study. [Centr. Afr. J. Med.]{.underline}
[12]{.underline}:164-168. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

3049\. Zimba, P. V.; Boue, S.; Chatham, M. A.; and Nonneman, D. (2003).
Variants of microcystin in south-eastern USA channel catfish *(Ictalurus
punctatus* Rafinesque) production ponds. [Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol.]{.underline} [28]{.underline}(Pt 3):1163-1166. Keywords:
catfish/ *Ictalurus punctatus* Rafinesque/ microcystin.

3050\. Zimba, P. V. and Grimm, C. C. (2003). A synoptic survey of
musty/muddy odor metabolites and microcystin toxin occurrence and
concentration in southeastern USA channel catfish (*Ictalurus punctatus*
Rafinesque) production ponds. [Aquaculture]{.underline}
[218]{.underline}(1-4):81-87. Keywords: beta-cyclocitral/ cyanobacteria/
geosmin/ 2-methylisoborneol/ microcystin/ off-flavor/ toxic algae/
*Ictalurus punctatus* Rafinesque.

3051\. Zimba, P. V.; Khoo, L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Gaunt, P. (2000).
Confirmation of catfish mortalities resulting from microcystin produced
during *Microcystis* blooms. [J. Phycol.]{.underline} [36]{.underline}(3
Suppl.):72-73. Keywords: catfish mortalities/ microcystin/
*Microcystis*/ blooms.

3052\. Zimba, P. V.; Khoo, L.; Gaunt, P. S.; Brittain, S.; and
Carmichael, W. W. (2001). Confirmation of catfish, *Ictalurus punctatus*
(Rafinesque) mortality from *Microcystis* toxins. [J. Fish
Dis.]{.underline} [24]{.underline}(1):41-47. Keywords: *Ictalurus
punctatus*/ mortality/ *Microcystis*/ toxins.

3053\. Zohary, T. (1988). Cyanobacterial hyperscums of hypertrophic
water bodies. In: Y. Choen and E. Rosenberg, (eds.) [Microbial Mats:
Physiological Ecology of Benthic Microbial Communities]{.underline}.
Amer. Soc. Microbiol.: New York, pp. 52-63, Ch. 5. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ waterblooms/ hypertrophic water bodies.

3054\. Zohary, T. (1985). Hyperscums of the cyanobacterium *Microcystis
aeruginosa* in a hypertrophic lake (Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa).
[J. Plankton Res.]{.underline} [7]{.underline}(3):399-409. Keywords:
waterblooms/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ hypertrophic lake/ Hartbeespoort
Dam/ South Africa.

3055\. Zohary, T. and Pais-Madeira, A. M. (1990). Structural, physical
and chemical characteristics of *Microcystis aeruginosa* hyperscums from
a hypertrophic lake. [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(2):339-352. Keywords: characteristics/ *Microcystis
aeruginosa* waterbloom/ hypertrophic lake/ South Africa.

3056\. Zohary, T.; Pais-Madeira, A. M.; Robarts, R. D.; and Hambright,
K. D. (1995). Cyanobacteria---phytoplankton dynamics of a hypertrophic
African lake. [Water Sci. Technol.]{.underline}
[32]{.underline}(4):103-104. Keywords: competitive exclusion/ diversity/
Hartbeespoort Dam/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ *Oocystis lacustris*/
species composition/ South Africa.

3057\. Zohary, T. and Robarts, R. D. (1989). Diurnal mixed layers and
the long-term dominance of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Plankton
Res.]{.underline} [11]{.underline}(1):25-48. Keywords: diurnal mixed
layers/ dominance/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ South Africa.

3058\. Zohary, T. and Robarts, R. D. (1990). Hyperscums and the
population dynamics of *Microcystis aeruginosa.* [J. Plankton
Res.]{.underline} [12]{.underline}(2):423-432. Keywords: waterblooms/
population dynamics/ *Microcystis aeruginosa*/ South Africa.

3059\. Zolnierowicz, S. (2000). Type 2A protein phosphatase, the complex
regulator of numerous signaling pathways. [Biochem.
Pharmacol.]{.underline} [60]{.underline}(8):1225-1235. Keywords: protein
phosphatase 2A/ protein phosphorylation/ protein phosphatases/ protein
kinases/ signal transduction/ phosphatase inhibitors/ cell cycle/
transcription factors.

3060\. Zotou, A.; Jefferies, T. M.; Brough, P. A.; and Gallagher, T.
(1993). Determination of anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin in blue-green algal
extracts by high performance liquid chromatography and gas
chromatography mass spectrometry. [Analyst]{.underline}
[118]{.underline}(7):753-758. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ homoanatoxin/
*Anabaena flos-aquae*/ *Oscillatoria*/ high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC)/ gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

3061\. zu Jeddeloh, B. (1939). Symptoms of algae associated with Haff\'s
disease. [Ergeb. Inn. Med. Kinder.]{.underline} [57]{.underline}:139.
Keywords: cyanotoxin.

3062\. Zurawell, R. W.; Kotak, B. G.; and Prepas, E. E. (1999).
Influence of lake trophic status on the occurrence of microcystin-LR in
the tissue of pulmonate snails. [Freshwater Biol.]{.underline}
[42]{.underline}(4):707-718. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ pulmonate snails.

3063\. Zweigenbaum, J. A.; Henion, J. D.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.;
and Poon, G. K. (2000). Direct analysis of microcystins by microbore
liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass
spectrometry. [J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal.]{.underline}
[23]{.underline}(4):723-733. Keywords: microcystins/ microbore/ liquid
chromatography/ electrospray ionization ion trap/ tandem mass.