ISS002 Science Results Briefing

February 14, 2002

# Rainfall and Water Issues

**Andean Salars**

\(L\) **ISS002-715-068**

Water levels in some salars (ephemeral salt lakes) in the Andean
Altiplano, such as Uyuní, drop during El Niño periods leaving bright
salt-crusted patches in the high desert. Water returns to the salars
during La Niña phases.

\(R\) **ISS002-715-067**

Salar de Coipasa lies just north of Uyuní and responds similarly to El
Niño/La Niña rainfall cycles. The long time series of photos in the
Earth sciences database makes it possible to track such events and to
quantify changes.

**Lake Eyre, Australia**

\(L\) **ISS002-728-087**

Lake Eyre, South Australia, is another sensitive indicator of global
weather patterns, such as El Niño/La Niña episodes. Drying of the lake
has been associated with past El Niño events, while flooding has
occurred during La Niña episodes.

\(R\) **ISS002-703-071**

Lake McKay, lying on the border between Western Australia and Northern
Territory, responds to El Niño cycles in similar manner to Lake Eyre.

**Paraná River**

\(L\) **ISS002-701-013**

This broad view shows the delta of the Paraná in the regional context of
the Rio de la Plata estuary; Buenos Aires, Argentina is on the SW shore
and Montevideo, Uruguay is near the Atlantic on the NE. Following rains
in the vast drainage basin of the Paraná large volumes of sediment are
transported to the estuary, as seen here.

\(R\) **ISS002-701-129**

Plumes of sediment extend outward to the Atlantic, where tides and
oceanic currents interact with flow from the estuary. The Uruguayan
capital of Montevideo is at lower right, below the gyre of
sediment-laden water.

**Somalian Coast**

\(L\) **ISS002-715-060**

Somalia Coastal Dunes. Vegetation color in the ISS 2 image appears
similar to that in the NM-21 photo (March, 1996), taken a year before a
major El Niño event. The NASA-6 photo (January, 1998), taken during an
El Niño episode, shows intensely green vegetation following record
rainfall in East Africa. There is no Somalian weather service, so
rainfall and weather patterns are commonly extrapolated from Ethiopian
measurements or interpreted from satellite images. Photos from this and
past missions corroborate other research indicating that El Niño cycles
also affect this part of the world. It is thought that an El Niño
pattern is developing now. Images like these can provide initial
information about the health of crops and potential for malaria
outbreaks.

\(R\) **Coastal Somalia** as seen from NM-21 in 1996 and NASA-6 in 1998.

**Tigris-Euphrates**

\(L\) **ISS002-716-008**

Euphrates River, Turkey, Syria. This panoramic view shows the chain of
reservoirs on the Euphrates, extending from Keban, Hazar, etc. in the
north to Lake Assad (Syria) in the south. The Turks have embarked on an
ambitious program of reservoir construction referred to as the Greater
Anatolia Project, in the course of which 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric
power plants will be built by the end of 2005.

\(R\) **ISS002-710-028**

Lake Ataturk, southern Turkey. The dam that impounds Lake Ataturk, one
of the largest in the world, was completed in 1990.

\(L\) **ISS002-710-019**

Lake Assad, Syria. With completion of the various Turkish water
projects, Syria could lose as much as 40 percent of its surface water
supply.

\(R\) **ISS002-710-020**

New dam and lake at northwest end of Lake Assad.

\(L\) **ISS002-710-033**

Batman Suyu on the Tigris River, near the town of Batman, Turkey, is a
new reservoir created in 1998. The Harres and Sira ranges lie to the
north.

\(R\) **ISS002-710-032**

Lake Bakhma, Iraq, is another new reservoir, which began filling in
1986. The lake is on a tributary of the Tigris.

\(L\) **ISS002-721-077**

Lake TharThar, north of Baghdad between the Tigris and Euphrates.

\(R\) **ISS002-701-121**

Baghdad, Iraq and Barh Al Milh.

# Reefs and Atolls

Scientific targets were atolls in the Tuamotu Archipelago and islands of
American Samoa, and reefs in Malaysia, and the central Philippines. The
Tuamotu Archipelago was extensively photographed with numerous images
that surpass the spatial resolution of any images acquired from orbit in
the past (from human spaceflight or satellites). Of about 85 islands in
the archipelago, approximately 36 were photographed using the
Kodak/400mm/2x extender combination with low clouds. Because the quality
of these images is unsurpassed, we are now seeking at least one
low-cloud photograph for each atoll. All the images shown below have
already been used in mapping activities being conducted in the area. The
use of astronaut photography in the recently published "World Atlas of
Coral Reefs" and the recent acceptance of an article on using astronaut
photography to identify coral pinnacles in lagoons (in *International
Journal of Remote Sensing*) promises to further increase the visibility
and scientific importance of reef photography from the Space Station.

\(L\) **ISS002E5678**

Reao, Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia, the easternmost inhabited
atoll in the archipelago (313 residents), includes about 60 large stone
altars (similar to structures on Easter Island) dating to the 1^st^
century A.D. It is 16 km long.

\(R\) **ISS002E6373**

Fakahina, Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. Both atolls show
example of the structure of coral habitats within the lagoons. One
important mapping objective is to distinguish highly reflective coral
pinnacles form small clouds that form over the lagoons. Using multidate
images (2 images from ISS taken on different days, or an image from ISS
and a satellite image), the clouds and pinnacles can be easily
distinguished. Reef pinnacles are important to map because they are
centers of biodiversity within the lagoons.

\(L\) **ISS002E6371**

Napuka, Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. This atoll is 7 x 3.5 km
in size and has no pass through to its inner lagoon. There are 319
residents on the island.

\(R\) **ISS002E5401**

Pinaki, Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. Pinaki has more
continuous land surface than most small Tuamotu atolls because it is
raised enough that much of the atoll is now above the surface of the
water. The inner lagoon is extremely shallow and has a single narrow
spillway. The entire island is only 3.5 km^2^.

\(L\) **ISS002E6372**

Fangatau, Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. This isolated atoll has
a population of 150 people.

\(R\) **Landsat**

Landsat/ESC Detail This detail of the image on the left compares 30 m
resolution Landsat data (bands 5 \[IR\], 2 \[green\], and 1 \[blue\]) to
the ISS image of Fangatau. Landsat 7 provides the geographic information
that is used to accurately remap the ISS image into the correct
geographic projection. A number of important features are missed by the
Landsat data and captured by the ISS digital photographs. For example,
the heterogeneity of the [inner slope]{.underline} is visible on the ISS
data but not on the Landsat image. This zone has a network of basins and
walls that is unique to the Eastern Tuamotu atolls (Napuka, Fangatau,
Taatakoto, etc.). The structure provides the perfect habitat for giant
clams, which along with coconuts are the only economic resource on the
atolls.

FANGATAU MAP The 5 spectral bands from Landsat provide thematic layers
for simple classification.

## East African Rift

### (L) ISS002-715-005

Straight-shored lakes of the Ethiopian rift segment of the East African
rift system reflect control of the shorelines by faults; the lake
bottoms have been dropped down tens to hundreds of feet. Ziway is the
large lake to the NE, Abiyatta and Shala are in the SW, and Abaiuta is
to the SE in this view. Lake Shala is the southwesternmost; Abiyata and
Langano are the central pair; and Ziway is the larger northeastern one.

\(R\) **ISS002-723-008**

This is the first-ever, near-nadir photo of the junction of the Lake
Tanganyika rift valley and the Lake Rukwa transform fault valley. Lake
Tanganyika changes trend from due N to NW, where faults of the transform
system begin to interact.

\(L\) & (R) **ISS002-717-083**

Detailed near-nadir shots such as this one of NW Lake Rukwa provide
fundamental data for mapping interfering faults in remote and commonly
cloud-covered regions. Colleagues at British Petroleum and at the
Applied Geodynamics Laboratory (UT-Austin) are already using these data
in their investigations of the Western Branch of the East African rift.
Faults of several trends and senses of displacement are shown in the
view at right; hachures are on the downdropped sides of fault lines.
Green -- N, Tanganyika rift trend; Blue -- NW, Rukwa transform trend;
Red -- WNW, deflected transform trend; Yellow -- NE, secondary normal
faults. Green -- N, Tanganyika rift trend; Blue -- NW, Rukwa transform
trend; Red -- WNW, deflected transform trend; Yellow -- NE, secondary
normal faults.

\(L\) **ISS002-717-081**

Another first -- details of volcanic vents of the Rungwe volcanic field
and faults at the SW end of Lake Rukwa can be examined in this fine
telephoto view of the junction of the Lake Rukwa transform fault zone
with the Lake Malawi rift valley.

\(R\) **ISS002-717-084**

Volcanic fields at rift-transform intersections are places where
economic deposits of minerals are commonly localized. The gold mines of
the Chunya district, the regular light patches around the Mbeya Range,
have yielded between 2 and 8 million ounces of gold as of March 2001.

## Nile River Basin

\(L\) **ISS002-701-010**

From its headwaters in the Ethiopian Plateau to the delta fringe on the
Mediterranean, the Nile -- longest river in the world \-- is some 6,695
km/4,160 mi long. In addition to the upper reaches of the Nile,
individual volcanic craters of the Ethiopian Plateau are easily
observable in this detailed photo.

\(R\) **ISS002-722-077**

Faiyum Depression, Egypt. The depression, which lies north of Cairo and
west of the Nile, is intensively farmed as there is water at the surface
(Lake Qarun is longer water body) and in the shallow subsurface. All the
light gray patches are cities and towns; roads are visible as well.

\(L\) **ISS002-710-014**

Nile valley, Egypt. In recent years, agricultural activities have
expanded beyond the boundaries of the dark green Nile River delta;
ground water is being mined to irrigate fields west of the River.
Between Cairo and the pyramids at Giza the edge of the delta is defined
by a stream-cut escarpment more than 100 ft high.

\(R\) **ISS002-724-080**

Egyptian desert west of Lake Nasser. With the development of the new
lakes and settlements west of Lake Nasser, new roads and canals can been
seen extending westward into the desert.

\(L\) **ISS002-724-085**

Lake Nasser, western arm. Owing to ample rains during the past three
years, water levels are high in Lake Nasser, as seen in this telephoto
view. Dust is being blown across the western arm.

\(R\) **ISS002E15, 16, 17**

Toshka Lakes, west of Nile River, Egypt. These three fine, detailed
telephoto views of the expanding Toshka Lakes permit us to monitor the
development of this ambitious water-diversion project and to quantify
the changes that have occurred during just the past three years.

## Glaciers, Ice

**Canadian Rockies**

\(L\) **ISS002-708-071**

Lake McNaughton, British Columbia - This segment of the 170-km long lake
includes a major course change for the Columbia River as it escapes the
Canadian Rockies. The river actually enters the lake from the southeast
(lower right) and exits the lake southward (near the top of this photo).
Small, retreating glaciers and their moraine features are found to
either side of the lake.

\(R\) **ISS002-709-030**

Bella Coola, British Columbia, Canada - A complex of fiords drains the
once heavily glaciated Frasier Plateau of southern British Columbia. The
Dean and Bella Coola Rivers empty into the Dean and Burke Channels near
the northeastern end of King Island.

**Chile**

\(L\) **ISS002-700-025**

Eastern Flank of the Northern Patagonian Ice Field, Chile -- A series of
outflow glaciers feed numerous turbid rivers, streams, and lakes on the
east side of the Chilean Andes. In this context photo, the three largest
glaciers here from top to bottom are: Nef, Rio de la Colonia, and Pared
Norte.

\(R\) **ISS002-700-022**

Rio de la Colonia and Nef Glaciers, Chile -- In this more detailed
photo, lateral moraines containing glacier eroded material are visible
as long flowing streaks on the glaciers. Also note the small pieces of
ice on the turbid lake at the foot of Nef Glacier (upper).

**Tropical Glaciers**

\(L\) **ISS002-709-00C**

Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: This 19,000 ft volcanic peak is located in
Northern Tanzania, near the border with Kenya. The mountain\'s ice cap
and small glacier features, visible here, are the subject of intense
investigation and measurement by glaciologists and climatologists. It is
estimated that 85% of the ice mass has been lost since 1912 and that it
may all but vanish in another 15 years.

\(R\) **ISS002-702-014**

Central Andean Ice Field, Peru: One of several small ice fields located
north and west of Lake Titicaca. The green lowlands of the Amazonian
Basin are mostly in cloud. Even though they are frequently cloud
covered, such masses of ice and their very small glaciers located in the
tropics are sensitive indicators global atmospheric temperature changes.

**Southern Ocean Ice**

\(L\) **ISS002-733-57**

Southern Ocean Icebergs

\(R\) **ISS002E7002**

Bouvet Island (Territory of Norway), South Atlantic Ocean (54.4S 3.4E) -
This uninhabited volcanic island is almost entirely covered by glaciers
and is difficult to approach. Discovered in 1739, it has and area of
58.5 sq km and a maximum elevation of 935m.

**St. Lawrence Ice**

\(L\) **ISS002-701-252**

Labrador Sea Ice - A large, fractured mass of sea ice, driven by wind
and tide brushes Fogo Island (bottom left) located in the northeast
coast of the island of Newfoundland. Note the small dragon\'s head
formation, right center.

\(R\) **ISS002-701-257**

Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland - Winds and tides often drive large patches
of sea ice southeastward and shattering them along the rugged coasts of
Labrador and Newfoundland. Significant hazards to navigation, these
masses often assume bizarre shapes like the dragon\'s head near the
center of the frame.

## Dynamic Events

\(L\) **ISS002-754-006**

VonKarman Vortices; Canary Islands, Atlantic. This fluid-flow phenomenon
around solid objects, from butterfly wings to airplane wings to islands,
is easily seen leeward of the Canary Islands. This pattern indicates
that the winds are in the range of 5 to 13 meter/sec and the inversion
layer is below the island mountain peaks. When wind speeds are greater,
cloud eddies are elongated or pulled apart to some degree. Studies of
natural Von Karman vortices provide insights for modeling air-flow
patterns around aircraft -- e.g., interactions of vortices from planes
flying in close formation and comparisons of vortices from aircraft
*vs.* those from mountain peaks.

\(R\) **ISS002E6448**

Equatorial Front: Central Pacific. This line in the ocean, seen in the
sunglint, is oriented almost north-south. It occurs along the leading
edge of a mass of colder water pushing over warmer water moving from
east to west. (demonstrated in the animation of the Avg Monthly Sea
Surface Temps in 1996, they appear as waves along the equator). In
addition to being a shear zone where the two different water masses
meet, mixing of waters along this boundary brings up nutrient-rich water
from below and provides food for plankton. The plankton produce a less
ruffled area on the surface causing a different reflectance from the
waters surface. On the surface, this "line" can be about 1 mile across,
a yellow or greenish color as compared to the surrounding waters and
very noisy. This image was sent to the University of Hawaii.

\(L\) **ISS002-754-00D**

Two separate plumes of smoke trail southeastward from vents on the
central peak of Mt. Etna (no date on film). The current episode of
activity lasted from November, 2000 through January, 2002. Etna boasts
one of the world\'s longest documented records of historical volcanism,
dating back to 1500 BC. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur
at Etna: persistent explosive eruptions from the three prominent summit
craters and flank eruptions from fissures.

\(R\) **ISS002-714-002**

Plankton offshore from the Namibian Desert. In Shuttle photographs of
offshore Namibia we typically see coccolithophorid plankton blooms,
which appear as milky bright blue spots in the ocean. There are few
photos of this area (perhaps only one other) showing the filamentous
*Trihcodesmium* plankton seen here. We will confer with plankton
specialists about occurrences of this type of plankton off of Namibia
\-- different nutrient sources for the two varieties? different current
patterns? seasonal *vs.* infrequent occurrences of *Trichodesmium*?

## Aerosols

**Mediterranean**

\(L\) **ISS002-706-083**

Coppery sunglint color reflected off sea surfaces in the Gibraltar
region probably indicates air pollution from Western Europe. Southern
Spain appears right and northern Africa left. Oblique looking West. No
date/time information on film.

\(R\) **ISS002-732-049**

Western Mediterranean smog and smoke event on August 8, 2001. Panorama
looking west with dense Po River valley smog transported southwest into
the western Mediterranean basin and probable smog masses entering the
basin down the Rhone valley. Prominent smoke plume stretches south from
southern France to Corsica.

\(L\) **ISS002-754-00G**

Panorama of Adriatic Sea and northern Italy looking northwest, with smog
in the Po River valley and smoke from fires in the Dinaric Alps. No
date/time information on film.

\(R\) **ISS002-710-043**

Panorama with northern Italy and the Alps. Oblique looking northwest on
June 27, 2001 reveals Po River valley smog.

\(L\) **ISS002-731-028**

Eastern Mediterranean smog event on August 6, 2001. Oblique looking
north across Turkey, the southern coast of which is obscured by aerosol.

**South African Aerosols**

\(L\) **ISS002-713-055**

Namib Desert dust event. Local dust sources are active in southern
Namibia in the middle ground and give rise to individual dust plumes
(not detected by TOMS satellite). Generalized haze over central and
northern Namibia appears across the top of the view (denser loadings
appear on TOMS satellite maps for this date). No date/time information
on film.

\(R\) **ISS002-728D-184**

Southern Namib Desert dust source points and plumes on 010724.
Near-vertical view. The relatively small areas within deserts that
actively supply dust to the atmosphere are of specific interest in
modeling the dust budget of the planet (in terms of location, surface
geology, etc.) Panoramic, oblique view of this event is probably
ISS002-713-55.

\(L\) **ISS002-714-019**

Southern Africa aerosols. Rare view of aerosols moving southeast into
the Indian Ocean over the coast of KwaZulu-Natal ("southeast exit\")

## Cities

\(L\) **ISS002E6169**

New York City, May 6, 2001.

\(R\) **ISS003E5588**

New York City, September 11, 2001.

\(L\) **ISS002E6333**

Manhattan details, New York City, New York. The lower end of a greening
Central Park is to the upper right. Broadway angles across the center,
breaking with the grid of city blocks. Madison Square Gardens is the
circular feature at the left edge of the image. The Empire State
Building casts its profile shadow northwestward towards Broadway. The
Rockefeller Center complex is near the middle of this slice, and the
United Nations Headquarters is on the East River to the lower right.

\(R\) **ISS002E6229**

Las Vegas, Nevada. McCaran airport dominates this view of Las Vegas,
Nevada.

\(L\) **ISS002E6638**

London, England, Great Britain. This view of Greater London includes
Greenwich, which is on the south shore of a sharp bend in the River
Thames, just southeast of the City of London. The River Thames, with
port facilities and industrial sites, winds its way (left to right)
across the scene. The large, white, circular structure is the Millennium
Dome. More than 1 km in diameter and 50 m high, the exhibition center
was built to commemorate the new millennium, which chronologically began
at the Prime Meridian.

\(R\) **ISS002E6636**

Hyde Park, London, England.

\(L\) **ISS002E6328**

Norfolk, Virginia

\(R\) **ISS002E6612**

Yeysk, Russia

## Earth Observatory

\(L\) **ISS002E5654**

Tierras Bajas, Bolivia. The area east of Santa Cruz was originally dry
tropical forest. As part of the Tierras Bajas project, people have been
resettled from the Altiplano to cultivate soybeans. Each agricultural
\"pinwheel\" pattern is centered on a small community; the communities
are 5 km apart. Roadways connect the town centers.

\(R\) **Bolivian Deforestation**

\(L\) **ISS002E5325**

Niagara Falls, New York and Ontario, Canada. The Niagara River forms the
U.S.-Canadian Border and allows Lake Erie to drain northwestward into
Lake Ontario. Lake Ontario is about 100 m lower than Lake Erie; the
Falls and rapids account for most of the elevation difference. Width of
the American Falls is 328 m (1075 ft) and that of Horseshoe Falls is 675
m (2200 ft). The average total flow is 750,000 U.S. gallons (2.8 million
liters) per second; energy of the falls is harnessed to fuel several
power plants.

\(R\) **Niagara Falls**

#### Other Research Sites

**Aerosols**

\(L\) **ISS002-728A-040**

Saharan dust over western tropical Atlantic Ocean on Jun 16, 2001,
approx. 12N 38W

\(R\) **ISS002-717-045**

Saharan dust crosses the Atlas Mountains in Algeria (top) and penetrates
the Guadalquivir River valley in southern Spain on June 19, 2001.

**Aral Sea**

\(L\) **ISS002-707-081**

Aral Sea, Central Asia. Waters of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya (rivers)
are almost completely diverted for agricultural irrigation -- little
reaches the inland Aral Sea. By 1990 the surface area of the Sea had
decreased by about half and the salinity had tripled since 1960. Our
lengthy time series of photos from orbit permits monitoring and
quantification of changes in this disappearing body of water.

\(R\) **ISS002E9147**

Aral Sea, dust storm on dry seafloor. Toxic compounds ranging from
agricultural chemicals to metallic and biologic wastes were once beneath
the Sea; now, however, the seabed is largely dry and dust storms whip
the toxins into the air and carry them out over adjacent farmland.

**Terrestrial Impact Craters**

Why should anyone care about terrestrial impact craters? The most
fundamental process throughout the Solar System is impact cratering.
Impacts have affected the evolution of planetary atmospheres, life on
Earth and possibly other planets, and still pose a regional and global
societal threat. The study of terrestrial impact craters also provides a
tool for morphologic characterization to reconstruct crater size,
recognize and characterize the major structural elements of an impact
crater; and for planning and guiding detailed field work for crater
studies. The Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory now has the
capability to co-display Shuttle and Station imagery with SRTM digital
elevation data. This unique, merged dataset has the potential to further
define surface morphology of impact craters.

\(L\) **ISS002-407-017**

The original crater diameter was 100 km. What is visible today is the
result of the impoundment of two arched lakes, Manicouagan and
Mouchalagan, and topography created by a large impact event
approximately 212 million years ago. The island at center is Ile
Rene-Levasseur and is a resistant melt sheet resulting from the impact.

\(R\) **Upheaval Dome Animation**

\(L\) **ISS002-714-007**

Roter Kamm in Namibia is a relatively recent crater, a mere 3.7 million
years old and 2.5 km in diameter.

\(R\) **ISS002-716-054**

Aorounga impact crater is located at the southeastern corner of the
Tibesti Massif in Chad. Aorounga is 12.6 km in diameter and is \< 345
million years old. This crater is also a testament that impact craters
can be found amongst volcanic craters.

**Mountain Building**

\(L\) **ISS002-701-017**

Southern Zagros Mts., southern Iran. The broad, open folds of the
Southern Zagros are characteristic of folded mountains with rock salt,
gypsum or similar materials at their cores. Such salts behave
plastically when mountain-building forces are applied. This detailed
photo shows several breached folds, from which the salt cores have been
eroded away. In the narrow up-arched fold (anticline) at the right,
individual rock layers can be seen to dip away from the center of the
structure and to be pervasively fractured.

\(R\) **ISS002-749-053**

Dasht-e-Kavir, northern Iran. On the opposite side of Iran from the
Southern Zagros is another salt basin, where salt has been deformed into
pillars and salt domes.

\(L\) **ISS002-725-079**

Pyrenees, northeastern Spain/southern France. The Pyrenees (highest
point 3404 m), extend from the Bay of Biscay (west) to the Gulf of Lyon
(east). The range began forming about 320 million years ago and was
strongly uplifted again during early stages of Eurasian-African plate
collision. This fine photo reveals details of folded and faulted strata
of the southern Pyrenees. Tin, tungsten, talc, fluorite, barium and gold
have been mined from the mountains, and petroleum is produced from the
adjacent Aquitaine sedimentary basin in France.

\(R\) **ISS002E8334**

Wind River Range, Wyoming. The broad, SE-trending Wind River Mts. are
part of the great Rocky Mountain chain that stretches from northwestern
Canada into northern Mexico. That whole mountain system was created in
response to the long-lasting collision of the eastern Pacific and North
American tectonic plates. In this fine view, rock layers on the NE flank
of the range can be seen to dip away from the ridgecrest. Numerous
parallel joints and fractures control the locations of valleys and
stream courses along both flanks of the uplift.

## Exceptional Views

\(L\) **ISS002-710-012**

Pyramids at Giza, west of Cairo, Egypt.

\(R\) **ISS002E7108**

Aswan Dam, Nile River, Egypt.

\(L\) **ISS002E7253**

Mouth of the Danube River, Bulgaria.

\(R\) **ISS002E6632**

Gulf of Kambay, NW India.

\(L\) **ISS002-727-056**

An outstanding view of a rarely cloudless southern Sweden. Mien Lake
just out of view is an impact crater 9 km in diameter.

\(R\) **ISS002-727-057**

This view is slightly to the right of ISS002-727-056. Mien Lake is just
out of view to the left.

\(L\) **ISS002-702-004**

Eleuthra Island, sandwaves on Grand Bahama Bank, Bahamas.

\(R\) **ISS002-700-027**

Falkland Islands, extreme South Atlantic.

\(L\) **ISS002-732-088**

STS105 launch, Cape Canaveral, KSC, Florida.

\(R\) **ISS002-754-058**

STS *Discovery* with payload, approaching ISS.

\(L\) **ISS002-705-063**

Canyonlands and Lake Powell: Arizona, Utah.

\(R\) **ISS002E6232**

Goosenecks of the San Juan River, Wyoming.