**[Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for Preplant Soil Use for
tomato Grown in Open Fields]{.smallcaps}**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [For Administrative Purposes Only:]{.smallcaps}                       |
|                                                                       |
| **[Date received by Ozone Secretariat:]{.smallcaps}**                 |
|                                                                       |
| YEAR: CUN:                                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**\
**

+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **[Nominating      | # The United States of America                  |
| Par                |                                                 |
| ty:]{.smallcaps}** |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **[Brief           | Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for      |
| Descriptive Title  | Pre-plant Soil Use for Tomato Grown in Open     |
| of                 | Fields                                          |
| Nominati           |                                                 |
| on:]{.smallcaps}** |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| **[Nominating Party  |                                               |
| Contact              |                                               |
| De                   |                                               |
| tails]{.smallcaps}** |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Contact Person:      | John E. Thompson, Ph. D.                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Title:               | International Affairs Officer                 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Address:             | Office of Environmental Policy                |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | U.S. Department of State                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | 2201 C Street N.W. Room 4325                  |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Washington, DC 20520                          |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | U.S.A.                                        |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Telephone:           | \(202\) 647-9799                              |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Fax:                 | \(202\) 647-5947                              |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| E-mail:              | <ThompsonJE2@state.gov>                       |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Following the        |                                               |
| requirements of      |                                               |
| Decision IX/6        |                                               |
| paragraph (a)(1),    |                                               |
| the United States of |                                               |
| America has          |                                               |
| determined that the  |                                               |
| specific use         |                                               |
| detailed in this     |                                               |
| Critical Use         |                                               |
| Nomination is        |                                               |
| critical because the |                                               |
| lack of availability |                                               |
| of methyl bromide    |                                               |
| for this use would   |                                               |
| result in a          |                                               |
| significant market   |                                               |
| disruption.          |                                               |
|                      |                                               |
| X Yes No             |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

  ------------------------ -----------------------------------------------
  **[Contact or Expert(s)  
  for Further Technical    
  Details]{.smallcaps}**   

  Contact/Expert Person:   Tina E. Levine, Ph.D.

  Title:                   Division Director

  Address:                 Biological and Economic Analysis Division

                           Office of Pesticide Programs

                           U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

                           Mail Code 7503C

                           Washington, DC 20460

                           U.S.A.

  Telephone:               \(703\) 308-3099

  Fax:                     \(703\) 308-8090

  E-mail:                  <levine.tina@epa.gov>

                           
  ------------------------ -----------------------------------------------

# [List of Documents Sent to the Ozone Secretariat in Official Nomination Package]{.smallcaps}

List all paper and electronic documents submitted by the Nominating
Party to the Ozone Secretariat

+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
| 1.  **[Paper Documents:]{.smallcaps}**       | **     | **Date Sent |
|                                              | Number | to Ozone    |
| > **Title of Paper Documents and             | of     | Se          |
| > Appendices**                               | P      | cretariat** |
|                                              | ages** |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+

+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
| 2.  **[electronic copies of all paper        | **Size | **Date Sent |
|     documents:]{.smallcaps}**                | of     | to Ozone    |
|                                              | File   | Se          |
| **Title of Electronic Files**                | (kb)** | cretariat** |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+

***Table of Contents***

[[Part A: Summary]{.smallcaps} 7](#part-a-summary)

[1. Nominating Party 7](#__RefHeading___Toc65590707)

[2. Descriptive Title of Nomination 7](#__RefHeading___Toc65590708)

[3. Crop and Summary of Crop System 7](#__RefHeading___Toc65590709)

[4. Methyl Bromide Nominated 7](#__RefHeading___Toc65590710)

[5. Brief Summary of the Need for Methyl Bromide as a Critical Use
8](#__RefHeading___Toc65590711)

[6. Summarize Why Key Alternatives Are Not Feasible
9](#__RefHeading___Toc65590712)

[7. Proportion of Crops Grown Using Methyl Bromide
10](#__RefHeading___Toc65590713)

[8. Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for Critical Use
11](#__RefHeading___Toc65590714)

[9. Summarize Assumptions Used to Calculate Methyl Bromide Quantity
Nominated for Each Region 12](#__RefHeading___Toc65590715)

[Region A - [Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide
Use]{.smallcaps}
13](#california-region---part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[Region A - 10. Key Diseases and Weeds for which Methyl Bromide Is
Requested and Specific Reasons for this Request
13](#__RefHeading___Toc65590717)

[Region A - 11. Characteristics of Cropping System and Climate
14](#__RefHeading___Toc65590718)

[Region A - 12. Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl Bromide, and/or
Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for which an Exemption Is Requested
16](#__RefHeading___Toc65590719)

[[Region A - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}
17](#california-region---part-c-technical-validation)

[Region A - 13. Reason for Alternatives Not Being Feasible
17](#__RefHeading___Toc65590721)

[Region A - 14. List and Discuss Why Registered *(and Potential)*
Pesticides and Herbicides Are Considered Not Effective as Technical
Alternatives to Methyl Bromide: 19](#__RefHeading___Toc65590722)

[Region A - 15. List Present *(and Possible Future)* Registration Status
of Any Current and Potential Alternatives
19](#__RefHeading___Toc65590723)

[Region A - 16. State Relative Effectiveness of Relevant Alternatives
Compared to Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key Target Pests and Weeds
for which It Is Being Requested 19](#__RefHeading___Toc65590724)

[Region A - 17. Are There Any Other Potential Alternatives Under
Development which Are Being Considered to Replace Methyl Bromide?
20](#__RefHeading___Toc65590725)

[Region A - 18. Are There Technologies Being Used to Produce the Crop
which Avoid the Need for Methyl Bromide?
20](#__RefHeading___Toc65590726)

[Region A - Summary of Technical Feasibility
21](#california-region---summary-of-technical-feasibility)

[Region B - [Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide
Use]{.smallcaps}
21](#michigan-region---part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[Region B - 10. Key Diseases and Weeds for which Methyl Bromide Is
Requested and Specific Reasons for this Request
21](#__RefHeading___Toc65590729)

[Region B - 11. Characteristics of Cropping System and Climate
22](#__RefHeading___Toc65590730)

[Region B - 12. Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl Bromide, and/or
Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for which an Exemption Is Requested
23](#__RefHeading___Toc65590731)

[[Region B - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}
24](#michigan-region---part-c-technical-validation)

[Region B - 13. Reason for Alternatives Not Being Feasible
24](#__RefHeading___Toc65590733)

[Region B - 14. List and Discuss Why Registered *(and Potential)*
Pesticides and Herbicides Are Considered Not Effective as Technical
Alternatives to Methyl Bromide: 25](#__RefHeading___Toc65590734)

[Region B - 15. List Present *(and Possible Future)* Registration Status
of Any Current and Potential Alternatives
26](#__RefHeading___Toc65590735)

[Region B - 16. State Relative Effectiveness of Relevant Alternatives
Compared to Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key Target Pests and Weeds
for which It Is Being Requested 26](#__RefHeading___Toc65590736)

[Region B - 17. Are There Any Other Potential Alternatives Under
Development which Are Being Considered to Replace Methyl Bromide?
27](#__RefHeading___Toc65590737)

[Region B - 18. Are There Technologies Being Used to Produce the Crop
which Avoid the Need for Methyl Bromide?
28](#__RefHeading___Toc65590738)

[Region B - Summary of Technical Feasibility
28](#michigan-region---summary-of-technical-feasibility)

[Region C - [Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide
Use]{.smallcaps}
28](#south-eastern-united-states---part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[Region C - 10. Key Diseases and Weeds for which Methyl Bromide Is
Requested and Specific Reasons for this Request
28](#__RefHeading___Toc65590741)

[Region C - 11. Characteristics of Cropping System and Climate
29](#__RefHeading___Toc65590742)

[Region C - 12. Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl Bromide, and/or
Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for which an Exemption Is Requested
30](#__RefHeading___Toc65590743)

[[Region C - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}
31](#south-eastern-united-states---part-c-technical-validation)

[Region C - 13. Reason for Alternatives Not Being Feasible
31](#__RefHeading___Toc65590745)

[Region C - 14. List and Discuss Why Registered *(and Potential)*
Pesticides and Herbicides Are Considered Not Effective as Technical
Alternatives to Methyl Bromide: 33](#__RefHeading___Toc65590746)

[Region C - 15. List Present *(and Possible Future)* Registration Status
of Any Current and Potential Alternatives
34](#__RefHeading___Toc65590747)

[Region C - 16. State Relative Effectiveness of Relevant Alternatives
Compared to Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key Target Pests and Weeds
for which It Is Being Requested 36](#__RefHeading___Toc65590748)

[Region C - 17. Are There Any Other Potential Alternatives Under
Development which Are Being Considered to Replace Methyl Bromide?
36](#__RefHeading___Toc65590749)

[Region C - 18. Are There Technologies Being Used to Produce the Crop
which Avoid the Need for Methyl Bromide?
37](#__RefHeading___Toc65590750)

[Region C - Summary of Technical Feasibility
38](#south-eastern-united-states---summary-of-technical-feasibility)

[[Part D: Emission Control]{.smallcaps} 39](#part-d-emission-control)

[19. Techniques That Have and Will Be Used to Minimize Methyl Bromide
Use and Emissions in the Particular Use 39](#__RefHeading___Toc65590753)

[20. If Methyl Bromide Emission Reduction Techniques Are Not Being Used,
or Are Not Planned for the Circumstances of the Nomination, State
Reasons 39](#__RefHeading___Toc65590754)

[[Part E: Economic Assessment]{.smallcaps}
40](#part-e-economic-assessment)

[21. Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over 3-Year Period
40](#__RefHeading___Toc65590756)

[22. Gross and Net Revenue 41](#__RefHeading___Toc65590757)

[Measures of Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives
42](#__RefHeading___Toc65590758)

[Summary of Economic Feasibility 43](#summary-of-economic-feasibility)

[[Part F. Future Plans]{.smallcaps} 47](#part-f.-future-plans)

[23. What Actions Will Be Taken to Rapidly Develop and Deploy
Alternatives for This Crop? 47](#__RefHeading___Toc65590761)

[24. How Do You Plan to Minimize the Use of Methyl Bromide for the
Critical Use in the Future? 48](#__RefHeading___Toc65590762)

[25. Additional Comments on the Nomination
49](#__RefHeading___Toc65590763)

[26. Citations 50](#__RefHeading___Toc65590764)

[[APPENDIX B. Summary of New Applicants]{.smallcaps}
56](#__RefHeading___Toc65590765)

***List of Tables***

[*[Part A: Summary]{.smallcaps}* 7](#part-a-summary)

[Table 4.1: Methyl Bromide Nominated 7](#__RefHeading___Toc65590767)

[Table A.1: Executive Summary for Tomatoes
9](#__RefHeading___Toc65590768)

[Table 7.1: Proportion of Crops Grown Using Methyl Bromide
10](#table-7.1-proportion-of-crops-grown-using-methyl-bromide)

[Region A - Table 8.1: Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for Critical
Use
11](#california-region---table-8.1-amount-of-methyl-bromide-requested-for-critical-use)

[Region B - Table 8.2: Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for Critical
Use 11](#__RefHeading___Toc65590771)

[Region C - Table 8.3: Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for Critical
Use
12](#south-eastern-united-states---table-8.3-amount-of-methyl-bromide-requested-for-critical-use)

[Table A.2: 2006 Sector Nomination 13](#__RefHeading___Toc65590773)

[*[Region A - Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide
Use]{.smallcaps}*
13](#california-region---part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[Region A - Table 10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and Reason for Methyl
Bromide Request 13](#__RefHeading___Toc65590775)

[Region A - Table 11.1: Characteristics of Cropping System
14](#__RefHeading___Toc65590776)

[Region A - Table 11.2 Characteristics of Climate and Crop Schedule
14](#__RefHeading___Toc65590777)

[Region A - Table 12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl Bromide
16](#__RefHeading___Toc65590778)

[*[Region A - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}*
17](#california-region---part-c-technical-validation)

[Region A -- Table 13.1: Reason for Alternatives Not Being Feasible
17](#__RefHeading___Toc65590780)

[Region A -- Table 14.1: Technically Infeasible Alternatives Discussion
19](#__RefHeading___Toc65590781)

[Region A -- Table 15.1: Present Registration Status of Alternatives
19](#__RefHeading___Toc65590782)

[Region A -- Table 16.1: Effectiveness of Alternatives -- Key Pest 1
20](#__RefHeading___Toc65590783)

[Region A -- Table C.1: Alternatives Yield Loss Data Summary
20](#__RefHeading___Toc65590784)

[*[Region B - Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide
Use]{.smallcaps}*
21](#michigan-region---part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[Region B - Table 10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and Reason for Methyl
Bromide Request 21](#__RefHeading___Toc65590786)

[Region B - Table 11.1: Characteristics of Cropping System
22](#__RefHeading___Toc65590787)

[Region B - Table 11.2 Characteristics of Climate and Crop Schedule
22](#__RefHeading___Toc65590788)

[Region B - Table 12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl Bromide
23](#__RefHeading___Toc65590789)

[*[Region B - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}*
24](#michigan-region---part-c-technical-validation)

[Region B -- Table 13.1: Reason for Alternatives Not Being Feasible
24](#__RefHeading___Toc65590791)

[Region B -- Table 14.1: Technically Infeasible Alternatives Discussion
25](#__RefHeading___Toc65590792)

[Region B -- Table 15.1: Present Registration Status of Alternatives
26](#__RefHeading___Toc65590793)

[Region B -- Table 16.1: Effectiveness of Alternatives -- Key Pest 1
26](#__RefHeading___Toc65590794)

[Region B -- Table C.1: Alternatives Yield Loss Data Summary
27](#__RefHeading___Toc65590795)

[*[Region C - Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide
Use]{.smallcaps}*
28](#south-eastern-united-states---part-b-crop-characteristics-and-methyl-bromide-use)

[Region C - Table 10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and Reason for Methyl
Bromide Request 28](#__RefHeading___Toc65590797)

[Region C - Table 11.1: Characteristics of Cropping System
29](#__RefHeading___Toc65590798)

[Region C - Table 11.2 Characteristics of Climate and Crop Schedule
29](#__RefHeading___Toc65590799)

[Region C - Table 12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl Bromide
30](#__RefHeading___Toc65590800)

[*[Region C - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}*
31](#south-eastern-united-states---part-c-technical-validation)

[Region C -- Table 13.1: Reason for Alternatives Not Being Feasible
31](#__RefHeading___Toc65590802)

[Region C -- Table 14.1: Technically Infeasible Alternatives Discussion
33](#__RefHeading___Toc65590803)

[Region C -- Table 15.1: Present Registration Status of Alternatives
34](#__RefHeading___Toc65590804)

[Region C -- Table 16.1: Effectiveness of Alternatives -- Key Pest 1
36](#__RefHeading___Toc65590805)

[Region C -- Table C.1: Alternatives Yield Loss Data Summary
36](#__RefHeading___Toc65590806)

[*[Part D: Emission Control]{.smallcaps}* 39](#part-d-emission-control)

[Table 19.1: Techniques to Minimize Methyl Bromide Use and Emissions
39](#table-19.1-techniques-to-minimize-methyl-bromide-use-and-emissions)

[*[Part E: Economic Assessment]{.smallcaps}*
40](#part-e-economic-assessment)

[Table 21.1: Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over
3-Year Period 40](#__RefHeading___Toc65590810)

[Table 22.1: Year 1 Gross and Net Revenue
41](#__RefHeading___Toc65590811)

[Table 22.2: Year 2 Gross and Net Revenue
41](#__RefHeading___Toc65590812)

[Table 22.3: Year 3 Gross and Net Revenue
41](#__RefHeading___Toc65590813)

[California - Table E.1: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives
42](#__RefHeading___Toc65590814)

[Michigan - Table E.2: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives
42](#__RefHeading___Toc65590815)

[Southeastern US - Table E.3: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide
Alternatives 43](#__RefHeading___Toc65590816)

[*[Part F. Future Plans]{.smallcaps}* 47](#part-f.-future-plans)

[APPENDIX A. 2006 Methyl Bromide Usage Numerical Index (BUNI).
52](#__RefHeading___Toc65590818)

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [Part A: Summary]{.smallcaps}                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[1. Nominating Party]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590707
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  The United States of America (U.S.)
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[2. Descriptive Title of
  Nomination]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590708
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for Pre-plant Soil Use for
  Tomato Grown in Open Fields
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[3. Crop and Summary of Crop
  System]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590709 .anchor}

  Tomato Crops Grown in Open Fields for Fruit. In California, Michigan
  and South-Eastern United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia,
  Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee). These
  crops are grown in open fields on plastic tarps, often followed by
  various other crops. Harvested fruit is destined for the fresh
  market**.**
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[4. Methyl Bromide
  Nominated]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590710
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Table 4.1: Methyl Bromide
Nominated]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590767 .anchor}

  ------------------------ ----------------------- -----------------------
  **[Year]{.smallcaps}**   **[Nomination Amount    **[Nomination Area
                           (kg)]{.smallcaps}**     (ha)]{.smallcaps}**

  **2006**                 **2,931,879**           **19,839**
  ------------------------ ----------------------- -----------------------

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **5[. Brief Summary of the Need for Methyl Bromide as a Critical      |
| Use]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590711 .anchor}             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Currently registered alternatives to methyl bromide do not            |
| consistently provide effective control of nutsedge weed species and   |
| more time is needed to evaluate relationship between fumigant         |
| alternatives, various mulches, and herbicide systems under different  |
| growing conditions.                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| The US nomination is only for those areas where the alternatives are  |
| not suitable. In US tomato production there are several factors that  |
| make the potential alternatives to methyl bromide unsuitable. These   |
| include:                                                              |
|                                                                       |
| -   pest control efficacy of alternatives: the efficacy of            |
|     alternatives may not be comparable to methyl bromide in some      |
|     areas, making these alternatives technically and/or economically  |
|     infeasible for use in tomato production.                          |
|                                                                       |
| -   geographic distribution of key target pests: i.e., some           |
|     alternatives may be comparable to methyl bromide as long as key   |
|     pests occur at low pressure, and in such cases the US is only     |
|     nominating a CUE for tomato where the key pest pressure is        |
|     moderate to high such as nutsedge in the Southeastern US.         |
|                                                                       |
| -   regulatory constraints: e.g., telone use is limited in California |
|     due to townships caps and in Florida due to the presence of karst |
|     geology.                                                          |
|                                                                       |
| -   delay in planting and harvesting: e.g., the plant-back interval   |
|     for telone+chloropicrin is two weeks longer than methyl           |
|     bromide+chloropicrin, and in Michigan an additional delay would   |
|     occur because soil temperature must be higher to fumigate with    |
|     alternatives. Delays in planting and harvesting result in users   |
|     missing key market windows, and adversely affect revenues through |
|     lower prices.                                                     |
|                                                                       |
| -   unsuitable topography: e.g., alternatives that must be applied    |
|     with drip irrigation may not be suitable in areas with rolling or |
|     sloped topography due to uneven distribution of the fumigant.     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**[Table A.1: Executive Summary for tomatoes
\*]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590768 .anchor}

+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| ### Region                  | ***        | *          | ***Sou     |
|                             | California | **Michigan | th-Eastern |
|                             | Region***  | Region***  | United     |
|                             |            |            | States***  |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| ##### [Amount               |            |            |            |
|  of Nomination]{.smallcaps} |            |            |            |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| ####  2006 Kilograms        | 102,058    | 10,745     | 2,799,236  |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Application Rate          | 105        | 48         | 150        |
| (kg/ha)**                   |            |            |            |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Area (ha)**               | 971        | 223        | 18,645     |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| ##### [Amount of App        |            |            |            |
| licant Request]{.smallcaps} |            |            |            |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| ####  2005 Kilograms        | *          | **32,214** | **4        |
|                             | *102,058** |            | ,640,896** |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Application Rate          | **105**    | **48**     | **155**    |
| (kg/ha)**                   |            |            |            |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Area (ha)**               | **971**    | **668**    | **29,959** |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| ####  2006 Kilograms        | *          | **31,606** | **4        |
|                             | *102,058** |            | ,519,689** |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Application Rate          | **105**    | **48**     | **150**    |
| (kg/ha)**                   |            |            |            |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Area (ha)**               | **971**    | **656**    | **30,104** |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| #### [Economics For Next Be |            |            |            |
| st Alternative]{.smallcaps} |            |            |            |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Technically Feasible      | **[Metam   | **[1,3-D + | #          |
| Alternative (s)**           | S          | Pic]{.sm   | ### [1,3-D |
|                             | odium]{.sm | allcaps}** |  + Pic]{.s |
|                             | allcaps}** |            | mallcaps}  |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| #### Production Loss (%)    | **15%**    | **6%**     | **6%**     |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Loss per hectare          | **\$       | **\$       | **\$       |
| (US\$/ha)**                 | 8,618**    | 6,113**    | 5,708**    |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Loss per kg Methyl        | **\$ 82**  | **\$ 127** | **\$ 38**  |
| Bromide (US\$/kg)**         |            |            |            |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Loss as % of Gross        | **10%**    | **15%**    | **14%**    |
| Revenue (%)**               |            |            |            |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Loss as % of Net Revenue  | **26%**    | **65%**    | **39%**    |
| (%)**                       |            |            |            |
+-----------------------------+------------+------------+------------+

> \* See Appendix A for complete description of how the nominated amount
> was calculated.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **6. [Summarize Why Key Alternatives Are Not                          |
| Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590712 .anchor}:       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Research results confirm that methyl bromide alternatives options     |
| provide inconsistent control of nutsedge weed species. Nutsedge is an |
| extremely competitive weed in tomato and can cause significant yield  |
| losses in the Southeast. Methyl bromide alternatives also provide     |
| incomplete control of soil pathogens in Michigan.                     |
|                                                                       |
| In addition, there is a regulatory prohibition on the use of 1,3-D on |
| karst topography in the South-Eastern United States. In Michigan,     |
| 1,3-D can only be used when soil temperature are higher than required |
| for using methyl bromide, and this results in a                       |
| planting/harvesting/marketing delay. In California, alternatives that |
| must be applied with drip irrigation may not be suitable in areas     |
| with rolling or sloped topography due to uneven distribution of the   |
| fumigant**.**                                                         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **7. (*i*) [Proportion of Crops Grown Using Methyl
  Bromide]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590713 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

#### [[Table 7.1: Proportion of Crops Grown Using Methyl Bromide]{.underline}]{.smallcaps}

+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| **[Region where       | **[Total crop        | **[Proportion of      |
| Methyl Bromide use is | area]{.smallcaps}**  | total crop area       |
| req                   |                      | treated with methyl   |
| uested]{.smallcaps}** | **[Average of 2001   | bromide in 2002       |
|                       | and 2002             | (%)]{.smallcaps}**    |
|                       | (ha)]{.smallcaps}**  |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| ##                    | 15,479               | 6                     |
| ### California Region |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Michigan Region**   | 749                  | 88                    |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| **South-Eastern       | 31,270               | 99                    |
| United States**       |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| **[National Total :   | 51,506               | 63                    |
| \*]{.smallcaps}**     |                      |                       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+

\* National total includes other regions not requesting methyl bromide

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **7. (*ii*) [If only part of the crop area is treated with methyl     |
| bromide, indicate the reason why methyl bromide is not used in the    |
| other area, and identify what alternative strategies are used to      |
| control the target pathogens and weeds without methyl bromide         |
| there.]{.smallcaps}**                                                 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The primary reason that some tomatoes may be grown without methyl     |
| bromide in all three regions is the absence of key target pests       |
| (i.e., nutsedge in the Southeast, soil pathogens in Michigan, and     |
| pathogens and nematodes in California).                               |
|                                                                       |
| In Florida, areas without karst geology and having low nutsedge       |
| pressure can successfully employ a fumigation system relying on 1,3-D |
| and chloropicrin.                                                     |
|                                                                       |
| In Michigan, the majority of tomato producing acres do not have       |
| *Phytopthora spp*., and do not use methyl bromide.                    |
|                                                                       |
| In California, areas with flat terrain successfully employ 1,3-D with |
| chloropicrin as a fumigant.                                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **7. (*iii*) [Would it be feasible to expand the use of these methods
  to cover at least part of the crop that has requested use of methyl
  bromide? What changes would be necessary to enable this?]{.smallcaps}**

  No, areas that use methyl bromide do so because hilly terrain, cold
  soil temperatures, and heavy pest pressure preclude the use of
  fumigants that are employed when these conditions are not present.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **8. [Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for Critical
  Use]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590714 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

#### [California Region - Table 8.1: Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for Critical Use]{.smallcaps}

+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+
| # [Region:]{.smallcaps}                      | ##### C  |           |   |
|                                              | aliforni |           |   |
|                                              | a Region |           |   |
+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+
| # [Year of Exemption Request]{.smallcaps}    | **[200   | **[2      |   |
|                                              | 5]{.smal | 006]{.sma |   |
|                                              | lcaps}** | llcaps}** |   |
+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+
| [Kilograms of Methyl Bromide]{.smallcaps}    | 102,058  | 102,058   |   |
+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+
| [Use: Broad acre or Strip/Bed                |          |           |   |
| Treatment]{.smallcaps}                       |          |           |   |
+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+
| **[Formulation]{.smallcaps}** *(ratio of     | 67/33    | 67/33     |   |
| methyl bromide/chloropicrin mixture)* [to be |          |           |   |
| used for the CUE]{.smallcaps}                |          |           |   |
+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+
| [Total Area to be treated with the methyl    | 971      | 971       |   |
| bromide or methyl bromide/Chloropicrin       |          |           |   |
| formulation]{.smallcaps} *(m^2^ or ha)*      |          |           |   |
+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+
| [Application rate]{.smallcaps} *(kg/ha)*     | 105      | 105       |   |
| [for the **active ingredient**]{.smallcaps}  |          |           |   |
+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+
| [Application rate]{.smallcaps} *(kg/ha)*     | 157      | 157       |   |
| [for the **formulation**]{.smallcaps}        |          |           |   |
+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+
| [Dosage rate\*]{.smallcaps} *(g/m^2^)* [of   | 10.5     | 10.5      |   |
| **active ingredient** used to calculate      |          |           |   |
| requested kilograms of methyl                |          |           |   |
| bromide]{.smallcaps}                         |          |           |   |
+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+
| [Dosage rate\*]{.smallcaps} *(g/m^2^)* [of   | 15.7     | 15.7      |   |
| **formulation** used to calculate requested  |          |           |   |
| kilograms of methyl bromide]{.smallcaps}     |          |           |   |
+----------------------------------------------+----------+-----------+---+

**[Michigan Region - Table 8.2: Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for
Critical Use]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590771 .anchor}

+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| # [Region:]{.smallcaps}                     | ###       |           |
|                                             | ## Michig |           |
|                                             | an Region |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| # [Year of Exemption Request]{.smallcaps}   | **[2      | **[2      |
|                                             | 005]{.sma | 006]{.sma |
|                                             | llcaps}** | llcaps}** |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Kilograms of Methyl Bromide]{.smallcaps}   | 32,214    | 31,606    |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Use: Broad acre or Strip/Bed               | Strip/Bed | Strip/Bed |
| Treatment]{.smallcaps}                      |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| **[Formulation]{.smallcaps}** *(ratio of    | 67/33     | 67/33     |
| methyl bromide/Chloropicrin mixture)* [to   |           |           |
| be used for the CUE]{.smallcaps}            |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Total Area to be treated with the methyl   | 668       | 656       |
| bromide or methyl bromide/Chloropicrin      |           |           |
| formulation]{.smallcaps} *(m^2^ or ha)*     |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Application rate\*]{.smallcaps} *(kg/ha)*  | 48\*      | 48\*      |
| [for the **active ingredient**]{.smallcaps} |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Application rate\*]{.smallcaps} *(kg/ha)*  | 71.6*\**  | 71.6*\**  |
| [for the **formulation**]{.smallcaps}       |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Dosage rate\*]{.smallcaps} *(g/m^2^)* [of  | 13.1      | 13.1      |
| **active ingredient** used to calculate     |           |           |
| requested kg of methyl bromide]{.smallcaps} |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Dosage rate\*]{.smallcaps} *(g/m^2^)* [of  | 19.5      | 19.5      |
| **formulation** used to calculate requested |           |           |
| kg of methyl bromide]{.smallcaps}           |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+

*\*Only 36.7% percent of an hectare receives this amount of methyl
bromide formulation.*

#### 

#### [South-Eastern United States\* - Table 8.3: Amount of Methyl Bromide Requested for Critical Use]{.smallcaps}

+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| # [Region:]{.smallcaps}                     | #####     |           |
|                                             | South-Eas |           |
|                                             | tern Unit |           |
|                                             | ed States |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| # [Year of Exemption Request]{.smallcaps}   | **[2      | **[2      |
|                                             | 005]{.sma | 006]{.sma |
|                                             | llcaps}** | llcaps}** |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Kilograms of Methyl Bromide]{.smallcaps}   | 4,640,896 | 4,519,689 |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Use: Flat fumigation or Strip/Bed          | Mostly    | Mostly    |
| Treatment]{.smallcaps}                      | Strip/Bed | Strip/Bed |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| **[Formulation]{.smallcaps}** *(ratio of    | Mostly    | Mostly    |
| methyl bromide/Chloropicrin mixture)* [to   | 67/33     | 67/33     |
| be used for the CUE]{.smallcaps}            |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Total Area to be treated with the methyl   | 29,959    | 30,104    |
| bromide or methyl bromide/Chloropicrin      |           |           |
| formulation]{.smallcaps} *(m^2^ or ha)*     |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Application rate]{.smallcaps} *(kg/ha)*    | 155       | 150       |
| [for the **active ingredient**]{.smallcaps} |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Application rate]{.smallcaps} *(kg/ha)*    | 231       | 224       |
| [for the **formulation**]{.smallcaps}       |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Dosage rate\*]{.smallcaps} *(g/m^2^)* [of  | 15.5      | 15.0      |
| **active ingredient** used to calculate     |           |           |
| requested kg of methyl bromide]{.smallcaps} |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| [Dosage rate\*]{.smallcaps} *(g/m^2^)* [of  | 23.1      | 22.4      |
| **formulation** used to calculate requested |           |           |
| kg of methyl bromide]{.smallcaps}           |           |           |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+

*\* Includes Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee.*

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[9. Summarize Assumptions Used to Calculate Methyl Bromide Quantity |
| Nominated for Each                                                    |
| Region]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590715                   |
| .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**                                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The amount of methyl bromide nominated by the US was calculated as    |
| follows:                                                              |
|                                                                       |
| -   The percent of regional hectares in the applicant's request was   |
|     divided by the total area planted in that crop in the region      |
|     covered by the request. Values greater than 100 percent are due   |
|     to the inclusion of additional varieties in the applicant's       |
|     request that were not included in the USDA National Agricultural  |
|     Statistics Service surveys of the crop.                           |
|                                                                       |
| -   Hectares counted in more than one application or rotated within   |
|     one year of an application to a crop that also uses methyl        |
|     bromide were subtracted. There was no double counting in this     |
|     sector.                                                           |
|                                                                       |
| -   Growth or increasing production (the amount of area requested by  |
|     the applicant that is greater than that historically treated) was |
|     subtracted. The three applicants that included growth in their    |
|     request had the growth amount removed.                            |
|                                                                       |
| -   Quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) hectares is the area in the     |
|     applicant's request subject to QPS treatments. Not applicable in  |
|     this sector.                                                      |
|                                                                       |
| -   Only the acreage experiencing one or more of the following        |
|     impacts were included in the nominated amount: moderate to heavy  |
|     key pest pressure, regulatory impacts, karst topography, buffer   |
|     zones, unsuitable terrain, and cold soil temperatures.            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**[Table A.2: 2006 Sector Nomination
\*]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590773 .anchor}

+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| ##      |                       | **C       | ###       | **Sout    |
| ### 200 |                       | alifornia | ## Michig | h-Eastern |
| 6 (Sect |                       | Region**  | an Region | United    |
| or) Nom |                       |           |           | States**  |
| ination |                       |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **Ap    | Requested Hectares    | 971       | 656       | 31,104    |
| plicant | (ha)                  |           |           |           |
| Request |                       |           |           |           |
| for     |                       |           |           |           |
| 2006**  |                       |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | Requested Application | 105       | 48        | 150       |
|         | Rate (kg/ha)          |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | Requested Kilograms   | 102,058   | 31,606    | 4,519,688 |
|         | (kg)                  |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **CUE   | Nominated Hectares    | 971       | 223       | 18,645    |
| No      | (ha)                  |           |           |           |
| minated |                       |           |           |           |
| for     |                       |           |           |           |
| 2006**  |                       |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | Nominated Application | 105       | 48        | 150       |
|         | Rate (kg/ha)          |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | Nominated Kilograms   | 102,058   | 10,745    | 2,799,236 |
|         | (kg)                  |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         |                       |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **2006  | **Overall Reduction   | 37        |           |           |
| Sector  | (%)**                 |           |           |           |
| Nom     |                       |           |           |           |
| ination |                       |           |           |           |
| T       |                       |           |           |           |
| otals** |                       |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | **Total 2006 U.S. CUE | 2,931,879 |           |           |
|         | Nominated Kilograms   |           |           |           |
|         | (kg)**                |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | **Research Amount     | 5,501     |           |           |
|         | (kg)**                |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | **Total 2006 U.S.     | **2,      |           |           |
|         | Sector Nominated      | 937,380** |           |           |
|         | Kilograms (kg)**      |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

> \* See Appendix A for complete description of how the nominated amount
> was calculated.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [California Regi                                                    |
| on - Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide Use]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Region - 10. Key Diseases and Weeds for which Methyl
  Bromide Is Requested and Specific Reasons for this
  Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590717 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Region - Table 10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and Reason for
Methyl Bromide Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590775
.anchor}

+------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------+
| **[Region  | **[Key disease(s) and | **[Specific reasons why methyl |
| where      | weed(s) to genus and, | bromide is                     |
| methyl     | if known, to species  | needed]{.smallcaps}\           |
| bromide    | level]{.smallcaps}**  | **                             |
| use is     |                       |                                |
| requ       |                       |                                |
| ested]{.sm |                       |                                |
| allcaps}** |                       |                                |
+------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------+
| California | *Fusarium* wilt       | Registered alternatives do not |
|            |                       | provide consistent, efficient  |
|            | *Verticillium* wilt   | and economical control of      |
|            |                       | listed pests.                  |
|            | Root Knot nematodes   |                                |
|            |                       |                                |
|            | *Pythium* spp.        |                                |
+------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Region - 11. (]{.smallcaps}*i*[) Characteristics of
  Cropping System and
  Climate]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590718 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Region - Table 11.1: Characteristics of Cropping
System]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590776 .anchor}

+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| ##### [Characteristics]{.smallcaps}     | ### [Cali                  |
|                                         | fornia Region]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Crop Type:]{.smallcaps}** *(e.g.     | Transplants for tomato     |
| transplants, bulbs, trees or cuttings)* | fruit production           |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Annual or Perennial                  | Annual                     |
| Crop:]{.smallcaps}** *(# of years       |                            |
| between replanting)*                    |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Typical Crop Rotation]{.smallcaps}** | Tomato -- Strawberry or    |
| *(if any)* **[and use of methyl bromide | Barley or fallow           |
| for other crops in the                  |                            |
| rotation:]{.smallcaps}** *(if any)*     |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Soil Types:]{.smallcaps}** *(Sand,   | Sandy to Loam              |
| loam, clay, etc.)*                      |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Frequency of methyl bromide          | Annual                     |
| Fumigation:]{.smallcaps}**              |                            |
|                                         |                            |
| *(e.g. every two years)*                |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **[Other relevant                       | No additional information  |
| factors:]{.smallcaps}**                 | was provided               |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+

**[California Region - Table 11.2 Characteristics of Climate and Crop
Schedule]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590777 .anchor}

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Mar</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Apr</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">May</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jun</span></strong></td>
<td><h6 id="jul"><span class="smallcaps">Jul</span></h6></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Aug</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Sept</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Oct</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Nov</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Dec</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jan</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Feb</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h4 id="climatic-zone-plant-hardiness-zone"><span
class="smallcaps">Climatic Zone<br />
</span><em>(Plant Hardiness Zone)</em></h4></td>
<td colspan="12">9A, 9B, 10A</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Rainfall</strong>
<em>(</em></span><em>mm<span class="smallcaps">)</span></em></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>0.25</td>
<td>0.00</td>
<td>0.25</td>
<td>3.05</td>
<td>51.8</td>
<td>2.29</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Outside Temp.</strong>
<em>(C)*</em></span></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>17.8</td>
<td>20.5</td>
<td>22.2</td>
<td>20.0</td>
<td>14.4</td>
<td>11.7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Fumigation Schedule
(dates)</span></strong></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Planting</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Schedule
(Dates)</span></strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Key Market Window
(Dates)</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

\* Norton *et al.,*2000.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[California Region --]{.smallcaps} 11. (*ii*) [Indicate if any of   |
| the above characteristics in 11]{.smallcaps}. (*i*) [prevent the      |
| uptake of any relevant alternatives?]{.smallcaps}**                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Telone fumigation controls nematodes. Chloropicrin controls fungal    |
| pathogens. A combination of telone and chloropicrin may be a          |
| technically feasible alternative for methyl bromide on flat terrain.  |
| However, this CUE is only for hilly, rolling terrain where these      |
| alternatives would not be uniformly distributed by the irrigation     |
| systems.                                                              |
|                                                                       |
| Metam sodium alone or metam sodium plus chloropicrin will not control |
| root knot nematodes. In addition, rolling field topography having     |
| varied soil textures does not allow uniform application of metam      |
| sodium. This may result in pockets of high and low concentrations of  |
| metam sodium. High concentrations of metam sodium can be phytotoxic   |
| to the tomatoes, limiting its usefulness as an alternative in areas   |
| of hilly or rolling terrain. The surviving fungal pathogen            |
| populations can build up quickly to kill tomato plants (Burnette,     |
| 2003).                                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Region - 12. Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl Bromide,
  and/or Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for which an Exemption Is
  Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590719 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Region - Table 12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl
Bromide]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590778 .anchor}

+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[For as many   | **1   | **1   | **1   | **2   | **2   | **2   |
| years as         | 997** | 998** | 999** | 000** | 001** | 002** |
| possible as      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| shown            |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| specify          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| :]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Area          | 994   | 1,039 | 1,087 | 1,089 | 1,080 | 900   |
| Treate           |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| d]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(hectares)*     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[ratio of Flat | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  |
| Fumigation use   | flat  | flat  | flat  | flat  | flat  | flat  |
| to strip/bed use | fumig | fumig | fumig | fumig | fumig | fumig |
| if strip         | ation | ation | ation | ation | ation | ation |
| treatment is     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| use              |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| d]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Amount of     | 12    | 12    | 12    | 12    | 12    | 9     |
| methyl bromide   | 5,359 | 5,318 | 5,964 | 6,236 | 3,783 | 7,775 |
| active           |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ingredient       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| use              |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| d]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|                  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(total          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| kilograms)*      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[formulations  | 67/33 | 67/33 | 67/33 | 67/33 | 67/33 | 67/33 |
| of methyl        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| bromid           |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| e]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|                  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(methyl bromide |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| /chloropicrin)*  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Method by     | M     | M     | M     | M     | M     | M     |
| which methyl     | ostly | ostly | ostly | ostly | ostly | ostly |
| bromide          | Shank | Shank | Shank | Shank | Shank | Shank |
| applie           | at    | at    | at    | at    | at    | at    |
| d]{.smallcaps}** | 25-30 | 25-30 | 25-30 | 25-30 | 25-30 | 25-30 |
|                  | cm    | cm    | cm    | cm    | cm    | cm    |
| *(e.g. injected  | depth | depth | depth | depth | depth | depth |
| at 25cm depth,   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| hot gas)*        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Application   | 126   | 121   | 116   | 116   | 115   | 109   |
| rate of active   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ingredient       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| in]{.smallcaps}  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| kg/ha\***        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Application   | 188   | 181   | 173   | 173   | 172   | 163   |
| rate of          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| formulations     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| in]{.smallcaps}  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| kg/ha\***        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Actual dosage | 12.6  | 12.1  | 11.6  | 11.6  | 11.5  | 10.9  |
| rate of active   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ingredien        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| t]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(g/m^2^)*       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Actual dosage | 18.8  | 18.1  | 17.3  | 17.3  | 17.2  | 16.3  |
| rate of          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| formulation      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| s]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(g/m^2^)***\*** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

*\* It is based on formulation containing 67% methyl bromide.*

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [california region - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[california region - 13. Reason for Alternatives Not Being
  Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590721 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[california region -- Table 13.1: Reason for Alternatives Not Being
Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590780 .anchor}

+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| **[Name of    | * |                                      | * |             |
| Alternative]{ | * |                                      | * |             |
| .smallcaps}** | [ |                                      | [ |             |
|               | T |                                      | I |             |
|               | e |                                      | s |             |
|               | c |                                      | t |             |
|               | h |                                      | h |             |
|               | n |                                      | e |             |
|               | i |                                      | a |             |
|               | c |                                      | l |             |
|               | a |                                      | t |             |
|               | l |                                      | e |             |
|               | a |                                      | r |             |
|               | n |                                      | n |             |
|               | d |                                      | a |             |
|               | r |                                      | t |             |
|               | e |                                      | i |             |
|               | g |                                      | v |             |
|               | u |                                      | e |             |
|               | l |                                      | c |             |
|               | a |                                      | o |             |
|               | t |                                      | n |             |
|               | o |                                      | s |             |
|               | r |                                      | i |             |
|               | y |                                      | d |             |
|               | \ |                                      | e |             |
|               | * |                                      | r |             |
|               | r |                                      | e |             |
|               | e |                                      | d |             |
|               | a |                                      | c |             |
|               | s |                                      | o |             |
|               | o |                                      | s |             |
|               | n |                                      | t |             |
|               | s |                                      | e |             |
|               | f |                                      | f |             |
|               | o |                                      | f |             |
|               | r |                                      | e |             |
|               | t |                                      | c |             |
|               | h |                                      | t |             |
|               | e |                                      | i |             |
|               | a |                                      | v |             |
|               | l |                                      | e |             |
|               | t |                                      | ? |             |
|               | e |                                      | ] |             |
|               | r |                                      | { |             |
|               | n |                                      | . |             |
|               | a |                                      | s |             |
|               | t |                                      | m |             |
|               | i |                                      | a |             |
|               | v |                                      | l |             |
|               | e |                                      | l |             |
|               | n |                                      | c |             |
|               | o |                                      | a |             |
|               | t |                                      | p |             |
|               | b |                                      | s |             |
|               | e |                                      | } |             |
|               | i |                                      | * |             |
|               | n |                                      | * |             |
|               | g |                                      |   |             |
|               | f |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | b |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | r |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | v |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | b |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | ] |                                      |   |             |
|               | { |                                      |   |             |
|               | . |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | m |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | p |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | } |                                      |   |             |
|               | * |                                      |   |             |
|               | * |                                      |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| # [Chemical   |   |                                      |   |             |
|  Alternatives |   |                                      |   |             |
| ]{.smallcaps} |   |                                      |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| Telone        | E |                                      | N |             |
|               | f |                                      | o |             |
|               | f |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | v |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | g |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | m |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | d |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | b |                                      |   |             |
|               | u |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | g |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
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|               | f |                                      |   |             |
|               | u |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
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|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | p |                                      |   |             |
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|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | p |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | h |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
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|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | . |                                      |   |             |
|               | N |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | f |                                      |   |             |
|               | f |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | v |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | h |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | y |                                      |   |             |
|               | , |                                      |   |             |
|               | r |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | g |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | r |                                      |   |             |
|               | r |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | . |                                      |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| Metam sodium  | E |                                      | N |             |
|               | f |                                      | o |             |
|               | f |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
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|               | v |                                      |   |             |
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|               | a |                                      |   |             |
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|               | p |                                      |   |             |
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|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
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|               | a |                                      |   |             |
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|               | t |                                      |   |             |
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|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | b |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | p |                                      |   |             |
|               | h |                                      |   |             |
|               | y |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | x |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | d |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | w |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | r |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | d |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | r |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | f |                                      |   |             |
|               | u |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | g |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | p |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | h |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | g |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | ( |                                      |   |             |
|               | d |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | u |                                      |   |             |
|               | b |                                      |   |             |
|               | m |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | d |                                      |   |             |
|               | ) |                                      |   |             |
|               | . |                                      |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| Chloropicrin  | C |                                      | N |             |
|               | h |                                      | o |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | r |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | p |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | r |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | f |                                      |   |             |
|               | f |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | c |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | v |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | w |                                      |   |             |
|               | h |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | t |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | s |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | p |                                      |   |             |
|               | p |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | i |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | d |                                      |   |             |
|               | a |                                      |   |             |
|               | l |                                      |   |             |
|               | o |                                      |   |             |
|               | n |                                      |   |             |
|               | e |                                      |   |             |
|               | . |                                      |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| ####          |   |                                      |   |             |
| [Non Chemical |   |                                      |   |             |
|  Alternatives |   |                                      |   |             |
| ]{.smallcaps} |   |                                      |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| Soil          |   | The CUE is for tomatoes grown in the |   | No          |
| solarization  |   | coastal areas of California, which   |   |             |
|               |   | have mild weather conditions (15 -   |   |             |
|               |   | 25 C temperatures). The weather      |   |             |
|               |   | conditions restrict soil             |   |             |
|               |   | solarization as alternative to       |   |             |
|               |   | methyl bromide.                      |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| Steam         |   | While steam has been used            |   | No          |
|               |   | effectively against fungal pests in  |   |             |
|               |   | protected production systems, such   |   |             |
|               |   | as greenhouses, there is no evidence |   |             |
|               |   | that it would be effective in open   |   |             |
|               |   | tomato fields. Any such system would |   |             |
|               |   | also require large amounts of energy |   |             |
|               |   | and water to provide sufficient      |   |             |
|               |   | steam necessary to pasteurize soil   |   |             |
|               |   | down to the rooting depth of field   |   |             |
|               |   | crops (at least 20-50 cm).           |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| Biological    |   | Biological control agents are not    |   | No          |
| Control       |   | technically feasible alternatives to |   |             |
|               |   | methyl bromide because they alone    |   |             |
|               |   | cannot control the soil pathogens    |   |             |
|               |   | and/or nematodes. While biological   |   |             |
|               |   | control may have utility as part of  |   |             |
|               |   | plant pathogen management strategy,  |   |             |
|               |   | it can not be a methyl bromide       |   |             |
|               |   | alternative                          |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| Cover crops   |   | There is no evidence that these      |   | No          |
| and mulching  |   | practices effectively substitute for |   |             |
|               |   | the control methyl bromide provides  |   |             |
|               |   | against fungal pathogens and         |   |             |
|               |   | nematodes.                           |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| Crop rotation |   | The land is very expensive and there |   | No          |
| and fallow    |   | are not enough hectares in tomato    |   |             |
| land          |   | growing areas to rotate. The fungal  |   |             |
|               |   | pathogen survive for many years in   |   |             |
|               |   | soil and therefore it is not a       |   |             |
|               |   | viable option.                       |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| Endophytes    |   | No information is available on       |   | No          |
|               |   | tomato endophytes that will control  |   |             |
|               |   | fungal and plant pathogens.          |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| F             |   | Flooding is not technically feasible |   | No          |
| looding/Water |   | as an alternative because it does    |   |             |
| management    |   | not have any suppressive effect on   |   |             |
|               |   | fungal plant pathogens and           |   |             |
|               |   | nematodes. In addition, it is        |   |             |
|               |   | prohibitively expensive and there    |   |             |
|               |   | are water management restrictions.   |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+
| Graft         |   | There are no studies documenting the |   | No          |
| ing/resistant |   | commercial availability of resistant |   |             |
| ro            |   | rootstock immune to the fungal       |   |             |
| otstock/plant |   | pathogens listed as target pests.    |   |             |
| bree          |   | Grafting and plant breeding are thus |   |             |
| ding/soilless |   | also rendered technically infeasible |   |             |
| cu            |   | as methyl bromide alternatives for   |   |             |
| lture/organic |   | control of fungal pathogens and      |   |             |
| production/su |   | nematodes.                           |   |             |
| bstrates/plug |   |                                      |   |             |
| plants.       |   |                                      |   |             |
+---------------+---+--------------------------------------+---+-------------+

+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| ####           |                                      |             |
| [Combinations  |                                      |             |
| of Alternative |                                      |             |
| s]{.smallcaps} |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Metam sodium + | Undulating land topography and       | No          |
| Chloropicrin   | variable soil texture will result in |             |
|                | uneven concentration of metam sodium |             |
|                | through drip irrigation that may     |             |
|                | affect field performance and can     |             |
|                | result in phytotoxicity to tomato    |             |
|                | transplants. This mixture will not   |             |
|                | control nematodes.                   |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Metam sodium + | Same as metam sodium                 | No          |
| Crop rotation  |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| 1,3 D +        | This mixture may control fungi and   | No          |
| Metam-sodium   | nematodes, but undulating land       |             |
|                | topography will result in uneven     |             |
|                | concentration of metam sodium        |             |
|                | through drip irrigation that may     |             |
|                | result in phytotoxicity to tomato    |             |
|                | transplants.                         |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| 1,3-D +        | Telone is effective against          | No          |
| Chloropicrin   | nematodes. Chloropicrin is effective |             |
|                | against fungal plant pathogens. The  |             |
|                | combination is a technically         |             |
|                | feasible alternative to methyl       |             |
|                | bromide, but undulating topography   |             |
|                | can reduce its uniformity of         |             |
|                | application and, hence, its          |             |
|                | effectiveness.                       |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| 1,3-D + metam  | This mixture cannot be used as a     | No          |
| sodium +       | methyl bromide alternative because   |             |
| pebulate       | pebulate is no longer registered in  |             |
|                | the United States (during 2002 its   |             |
|                | registration expired and the         |             |
|                | manufacturer went out of business).  |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+

*\* Regulatory reasons include local restrictions (e.g. occupational
health and safety, local environmental regulations) and lack of
registration.*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[california region - 14. List and Discuss Why
  Registered]{.smallcaps}** *(and Potential)* **[Pesticides and
  Herbicides Are Considered Not Effective as Technical Alternatives to
  Methyl Bromide:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590722 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[california Region -- Table 14.1: Technically Infeasible Alternatives
Discussion]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590781 .anchor}

+--------------------+---+-------------------------------------------------+
| **[Name of         | # |                                                 |
| Alternat           | # |                                                 |
| ive]{.smallcaps}** | # |                                                 |
|                    | # |                                                 |
|                    | # |                                                 |
|                    |   |                                                 |
|                    | [ |                                                 |
|                    | D |                                                 |
|                    | i |                                                 |
|                    | s |                                                 |
|                    | c |                                                 |
|                    | u |                                                 |
|                    | s |                                                 |
|                    | s |                                                 |
|                    | i |                                                 |
|                    | o |                                                 |
|                    | n |                                                 |
|                    | ] |                                                 |
|                    | { |                                                 |
|                    | . |                                                 |
|                    | s |                                                 |
|                    | m |                                                 |
|                    | a |                                                 |
|                    | l |                                                 |
|                    | l |                                                 |
|                    | c |                                                 |
|                    | a |                                                 |
|                    | p |                                                 |
|                    | s |                                                 |
|                    | } |                                                 |
+--------------------+---+-------------------------------------------------+
| None               |   | Foliar fungicides are not suitable because the  |
|                    |   | key pests are soil borne and afflict the        |
|                    |   | belowground portion of the tomato plant. There  |
|                    |   | are no other alternatives that exist for the    |
|                    |   | control of these key pests on hilly or rolling  |
|                    |   | terrain when they are present in the soil. A    |
|                    |   | number of fungicides are available that may     |
|                    |   | control fungal pathogenss when they attach      |
|                    |   | aerial plant parts. *Fusarium* spp. results in  |
|                    |   | plant wilting and there is no remedy once plant |
|                    |   | is systemically infected.                       |
+--------------------+---+-------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[california Region -]{.smallcaps} 15. [List Present
  ]{.smallcaps}***(and Possible Future)* **[Registration Status of Any
  Current and Potential
  Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590723
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California Region -- Table 15.1: Present Registration Status of
Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590782 .anchor}

+------------+------------------------------+---------------+----------+
| **[Name of | ##### [Present Regi          | **            | **[Date  |
| Altern     | stration Status]{.smallcaps} | [Registration | of       |
| ative]{.sm |                              | being         | possible |
| allcaps}** |                              | considered by | future   |
|            |                              | national      | regi     |
|            |                              | authorities?  | stration |
|            |                              | (Y/N)]{       | :]{.smal |
|            |                              | .smallcaps}** | lcaps}** |
+------------+------------------------------+---------------+----------+
| Methyl     | Application submitted to the | Yes           | Unknown  |
| Iodide     | US-EPA during February 2002. |               |          |
|            | Not registered               |               |          |
+------------+------------------------------+---------------+----------+
| Sodium     | No application submitted to  | No            | Unknown  |
| azide      | the US-EPA till date. Not    |               |          |
|            | registered                   |               |          |
+------------+------------------------------+---------------+----------+
| Propargyl  | No application submitted to  | No            | Unknown  |
| bromide    | the US-EPA till date. Not    |               |          |
|            | registered                   |               |          |
+------------+------------------------------+---------------+----------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Region - 16. State Relative Effectiveness of Relevant
  Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key Target
  Pests and Weeds for which It Is Being
  Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590724
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

The applicant submitted the results of two field trials conducted in San
Diego and Ventura counties on the efficacy of methyl bromide and its
alternatives in controlling listed pests (*Fusarium* wilt,
*Verticillium* wilt, Root-knot nematode, and *Pythium* spp.). Metam
sodium and 1,3-D are both not viable options because of hilly, rolling
terrain. Varied soil texture and undulating land topography can create
high and low concentration spots of metam sodium and 1,3-D, affecting
its efficacy in controlling the pests (Burnette, 2003). Low
concentrations may results in lower efficacy and high concentration in
phytotoxicity. The growers may suffer 15-20% yield losses. The applicant
did not submit any document on the effect of low and high concentration
spots of metam sodium on tomato yield. Therefore, we are unable to
validate whether or not these losses are reasonable.

**[California Region -- Table 16.1: Effectiveness of Alternatives -- Key
Pest 1]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590783 .anchor}

No additional information is available to present.

**[California Region -- Table C.1: Alternatives Yield Loss Data
Summary]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590784 .anchor}

+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [Alternat  | ##### [List   | ##### [Rang    | **[Best         |
| ive]{.smallcaps} |  Type of Pest | e of Yield Los | Estimate of     |
|                  | ]{.smallcaps} | s]{.smallcaps} | Yield           |
|                  |               |                | Loss            |
|                  |               |                | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| Metam sodium     | *Fusarium*    | 15-20%, based  | 15-20%          |
|                  | wilt          | on             |                 |
|                  |               | professional   |                 |
|                  | *             | opinion        |                 |
|                  | Verticillium* |                |                 |
|                  | wilt          |                |                 |
|                  |               |                |                 |
|                  | Root Knot     |                |                 |
|                  | nematodes     |                |                 |
|                  |               |                |                 |
|                  | *Pythium*     |                |                 |
|                  | spp.          |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| 1,3-D            | As above      | Not a viable   |                 |
|                  |               | option because |                 |
|                  |               | of hilly,      |                 |
|                  |               | rolling        |                 |
|                  |               | terrain.       |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| 1,3-D +          | As above      | Not a viable   |                 |
| Chloropicrin     |               | option because |                 |
|                  |               | of hilly,      |                 |
|                  |               | rolling        |                 |
|                  |               | terrain.       |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| 1,3-D + metam    | As above      | Not a viable   |                 |
| sodium +         |               | option because |                 |
| Chloropicrin     |               | of hilly,      |                 |
|                  |               | rolling        |                 |
|                  |               | terrain.       |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [          |               |                | **15-20%**      |
| Overall Loss Est |               |                |                 |
| imate for All Al |               |                |                 |
| ternatives to Pe |               |                |                 |
| sts]{.smallcaps} |               |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[California Region - 17. Are There Any Other Potential Alternatives |
| Under Development which Are Being Considered to Replace Methyl        |
| Bromide?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590725                 |
| .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}** *(If so, please specify.)*                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Methyl Iodide, Sodium Azide and Propargyl Bromide                     |
|                                                                       |
| These have not been widely tested in the fields or registered for use |
| in any crop by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The |
| above fumigants are potential alternatives to methyl bromide that     |
| could be used in California to control fungal pathogens and           |
| nematodes.                                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[California Region - 18. Are There Technologies Being Used to Produce
  the Crop which Avoid the Need for Methyl
  Bromide?:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590726 .anchor}

  Tomatoes are grown in fields. It is neither technically feasible nor
  economically viable to grow tomatoes in soil-less culture or in
  containers.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [[Californi                                                         |
| a Region - Summary of Technical Feasibility]{.underline}]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The US EPA has determined that in flat terrain, only 1,3-D +          |
| chloropicrin and metam sodium + chloropicrin can be technically       |
| feasible against the key pests of tomatoes grown in California.       |
| Metam-sodium alone will not control nematodes and may be phytotoxic   |
| to plants because of undulating land topography of tomato fields. A   |
| mixture of metam sodium and chloropicrin will not control nematodes.  |
| In addition, this mixture may also be phytotoxic due to undulating    |
| land topography. A mixture of 1,3-D and chloropicrin is unreliable in |
| undulating topography because of uneven distribution of the fumigant  |
| through drip irrigation systems. Currently unregistered alternatives, |
| such as methyl iodide, sodium azide or propargyl bromide have shown   |
| good efficacy against the key pests. However, even if registration is |
| pursued soon the commercial tomato growers will need transition       |
| period for adoption in California.                                    |
|                                                                       |
| There are also no non-chemical alternatives that are currently viable |
| for MB replacement for commercial tomato growers.                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [Michigan Regi                                                      |
| on - Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide Use]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Michigan Region - 10. Key Diseases and Weeds for which Methyl
  Bromide Is Requested and Specific Reasons for this
  Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590729 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Michigan Region - Table 10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and Reason for
Methyl Bromide Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590786
.anchor}

+--------------+-----------------------+-------------------------------+
| **[Region    | **[Key disease(s) and | **[Specific reasons why       |
| where methyl | weed(s) to genus and, | methyl bromide                |
| bromide use  | if known, to species  | needed]{.smallcaps}\          |
| is           | level]{.smallcaps}**  | **                            |
| requested]{. |                       |                               |
| smallcaps}** |                       |                               |
+--------------+-----------------------+-------------------------------+
| Michigan     | 1.  Crown, root and   | Methyl bromide is currently   |
| Region       |     fruit rot caused  | the only product that can     |
|              |     by *Phytophthora  | control these soil-borne      |
|              |     capsici*          | pathogens and allow MI        |
|              |                       | growers to deliver their      |
|              | 2.  *Fusarium         | produce during premium priced |
|              |     oxysporum* wilt   | early market windows. Other   |
|              |                       | control measures have plant   |
|              |                       | back restrictions that put MI |
|              |                       | tomatoes outside the premium  |
|              |                       | priced fresh market.          |
|              |                       | Resistant varieties have not  |
|              |                       | been identified.              |
+--------------+-----------------------+-------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[michigan Region - 11. (]{.smallcaps}*i*[) Characteristics of
  Cropping System and
  Climate]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590730 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Michigan Region - Table 11.1: Characteristics of Cropping
System]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590787 .anchor}

+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ##### [Characteristics]{.smallcaps}    | ### [M                      |
|                                        | ichigan Region]{.smallcaps} |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Crop Type:]{.smallcaps}** *(e.g.    | Transplant tomatoes to      |
| transplants, bulbs, trees or           | produce fruit               |
| cuttings)*                             |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Annual or Perennial                 | Annual                      |
| Crop:]{.smallcaps}** *(# of years      |                             |
| between replanting)*                   |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Typical Crop                        | Squash, cucumber, eggplant  |
| Rotation]{.smallcaps}** *(if any)*     | and melons. All are         |
| **[and use of methyl bromide for other | susceptible to              |
| crops in the rotation:]{.smallcaps}**  | *Phytpphthora capsici*.     |
| *(if any)*                             |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Soil Types:]{.smallcaps}** *(Sand,  | Sandy to Loam               |
| loam, clay, etc.)*                     |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Frequency of methyl bromide         | Annual                      |
| Fumigation:]{.smallcaps}** *(e.g.      |                             |
| every two years)*                      |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Other relevant                      | Low soil temperatures       |
| factors:]{.smallcaps}**                | during late March do not    |
|                                        | allow effective soil        |
|                                        | fumigation with telone,     |
|                                        | telone+ chloropicrin or     |
|                                        | metam sodium for tomato     |
|                                        | planting in April.          |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+

**[Michigan Region - Table 11.2 Characteristics of Climate and Crop
Schedule]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590788 .anchor}

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Mar</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Apr</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">May</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jun</span></strong></td>
<td><h6 id="jul-1"><span class="smallcaps">Jul</span></h6></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Aug</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Sept</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Oct</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Nov</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Dec</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jan</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Feb</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h4 id="climatic-zone-plant-hardiness-zone-1"><span
class="smallcaps">Climatic Zone<br />
</span><em>(Plant Hardiness Zone)</em></h4></td>
<td colspan="12">5B</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Soil Temp.</span></strong></p>
<p><em><span class="smallcaps">(C)*</span></em></p></td>
<td>10</td>
<td>10-15</td>
<td>15-20</td>
<td>20-25</td>
<td>20-25</td>
<td>20-25</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>10-15</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Rainfall</span></strong></p>
<p><em><span class="smallcaps">(</span>mm<span class="smallcaps">)*
*</span></em></p></td>
<td>40</td>
<td>72</td>
<td>101</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>47</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>31</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Outside Temp.</strong> <em>(C) *
*</em></span></td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>7.4</td>
<td>12.1</td>
<td>17.7</td>
<td>20.6</td>
<td>20.9</td>
<td>18.1</td>
<td>8.0</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>-2.9</td>
<td>-8.0</td>
<td>-7.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Fumigation
Schedule</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Planting</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Schedule</span></strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Key Market
Window</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

> [*\** Hausbeck and Cortright (2003).]{.smallcaps}
>
> *[\*\* Data source "]{.smallcaps}*
> http://www.crh.noaa.gov/grr/climate/f6/preliminary.php?site=LAN"

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[michigan region --]{.smallcaps} 11. (*ii*) [Indicate if any of the
  above characteristics in 11]{.smallcaps}. (*i*) [prevent the uptake of
  any relevant alternatives?]{.smallcaps}**

  Low soil temperatures during late March to early April make the use of
  in-kind (metam-sodium, 1,3-D + chloropicrin) fumigants impractical
  because soil temperatures may be below the labeled minimums or plant
  back restrictions are too long (15 to 30 days) to allow April
  transplanting of tomato seedlings in the field.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Michigan Region - 12. Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl Bromide,
  and/or Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for which an Exemption Is
  Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590731 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Michigan Region - Table 12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl
Bromide]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590789 .anchor}

+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[For as     | **     | **     | **     | **     | **     | **     |
| many years as | 1997** | 1998** | 1999** | 2000** | 2001** | 2002** |
| possible as   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| shown         |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| specify:]{    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[Area       | 435    | 476    | 487    | 581    | 648    | 673    |
| Treated]{     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| *(hectares)*  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[ratio of   | 100%   | 100%   | 100%   | 100%   | 100%   | 100%   |
| flat          | strip  | strip  | strip  | strip  | strip  | strip  |
| fumigation    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| methyl        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| bromide use   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| to strip/bed  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| use if strip  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| treatment is  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| used]{        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[Amount of  | 21,001 | 22,964 | 23,493 | 28,003 | 31,235 | 32,461 |
| methyl        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| bromide       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| active        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ingredient    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| used]{        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| *(total kg)*  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **            | 67/33  | 67/33  | 67/33  | 67/33  | 67/33  | 67/33  |
| [formulations |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| of methyl     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| bromide]{     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| *(methyl      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| bromide       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| /c            |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| hloropicrin)* |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[Method by  | In     | In     | In     | In     | In     | In     |
| which methyl  | jected | jected | jected | jected | jected | jected |
| bromide       | 20-25  | 20-25  | 20-25  | 20-25  | 20-25  | 20-25  |
| applied]{     | cm     | cm     | cm     | cm     | cm     | cm     |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| *(e.g.        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| injected at   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| 25cm depth,   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| hot gas)*     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| *             | 48     | 48     | 48     | 48     | 48     | 48     |
| *[Application |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| rate of       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| active        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ingredient    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| in            |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ]{.smallcaps} |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| kg/ha\***     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| *             | 71.6   | 71.6   | 71.6   | 71.6   | 71.6   | 71.6   |
| *[Application | **\*** |        |        |        |        |        |
| rate of       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| formulations  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| in            |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ]{.smallcaps} |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| kg/ha\***     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[Actual     | 13.1   | 13.1   | 13.1   | 13.1   | 13.1   | 13.1   |
| dosage rate   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| of active     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ingredient]{  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| *(g/          |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| m^2^)***[\*]{ |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **[Actual     | 19.5   | 19.5   | 19.5   | 19.5   | 19.5   | 19.5   |
| dosage rate   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| of            |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| f             |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ormulations]{ |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| *(g/          |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| m^2^)***[\*]{ |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| .smallcaps}** |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

*\*Only 36.7 percent land area is treated in the form of beds and
therefore dosage rate (g/m^2^)* *is higher.*

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [Michigan Region - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps}        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[Michigan Region - 13. Reason for Alternatives Not Being            |
| Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590733 .anchor}        |
|                                                                       |
| *(Give list of all relevant chemical and non chemical alternatives,   |
| and their combinations)*                                              |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**[Michigan Region -- Table 13.1: Reason for Alternatives Not Being
Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590791 .anchor}

+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| **[Name of     | **[Technical and regulatory\*        | **[Is the   |
| Alternative]   | reasons for the alternative not      | alternative |
| {.smallcaps}** | being feasible or available +        | considered  |
|                | citations\*\*]{.smallcaps}**         | cost        |
|                |                                      | eff         |
|                |                                      | ective?]{.s |
|                |                                      | mallcaps}** |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| # [Chemic      |                                      |             |
| al Alternative |                                      |             |
| s]{.smallcaps} |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| 1,3-D          | It is not effective against fungal   | No          |
|                | plant pathogens.                     |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Metam sodium   | Metam sodium is effective against    | No          |
|                | soil fungi. Michigan soil            |             |
|                | temperature during April are too low |             |
|                | to use this fumigant for an early    |             |
|                | fresh market tomato crop. Product    |             |
|                | label states that transplant cannot  |             |
|                | be planted in the field up to 21     |             |
|                | days after fumigation. Technically,  |             |
|                | it is methyl bromide alternative but |             |
|                | economically it is not a viable      |             |
|                | alternative.                         |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Chloropicrin   | Chloropicrin is ineffective as soil  | No          |
|                | fumigant when applied alone.         |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| ##             |                                      |             |
| ## [Non Chemic |                                      |             |
| al Alternative |                                      |             |
| s]{.smallcaps} |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Soil           | Michigan is a northern state with    | No          |
| solarization   | cold weather conditions and          |             |
|                | therefore it is not a viable option. |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Steam          | While steam has been used            | No          |
|                | effectively against fungal pests in  |             |
|                | protected production systems, such   |             |
|                | as greenhouses, there is no evidence |             |
|                | that it would be effective in the    |             |
|                | open tomato fields. Any such system  |             |
|                | would also require large amounts of  |             |
|                | energy and water to provide          |             |
|                | sufficient steam necessary to        |             |
|                | pasteurize soil down to the rooting  |             |
|                | depth of field crops (at least 20-50 |             |
|                | cm).                                 |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Biological     | Biological control agents are not    | No          |
| Control        | technically feasible alternatives to |             |
|                | methyl bromide because they alone    |             |
|                | cannot control the soil pathogens    |             |
|                | and/or nematodes. While biological   |             |
|                | control may have utility as part of  |             |
|                | plant pathogen management strategy,  |             |
|                | it can not be a methyl bromide       |             |
|                | alternative                          |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Cover crops    | There is no evidence that these      | No          |
| and mulching   | practices effectively substitute for |             |
|                | the control methyl bromide provides  |             |
|                | against fungal pathogens and         |             |
|                | nematodes.                           |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Crop rotation  | The land is very expensive and there | No          |
| and fallow     | are not enough hectares in tomato    |             |
| land           | growing areas to rotate. The fungal  |             |
|                | pathogen survive for many years in   |             |
|                | soil and therefore crop rotation and |             |
|                | fallow are not a viable options      |             |
|                | (Lamour and Hausbeck, 2003\*)        |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Endophytes     | No information is available on       | No          |
|                | tomato endophytes that will control  |             |
|                | fungal and plant pathogens.          |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Flooding/Water | Flooding is not technically feasible | No          |
| management     | because it does not suppress fungal  |             |
|                | plant pathogens and nematodes.       |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Graf           | There are no studies documenting the | No          |
| ting/resistant | commercial availability of resistant |             |
| r              | rootstock immune to the fungal       |             |
| ootstock/plant | pathogens listed as target pests.    |             |
| bre            | Grafting and plant breeding are thus |             |
| eding/soilless | also rendered technically infeasible |             |
| c              | as methyl bromide alternatives for   |             |
| ulture/organic | control of fungal pathogens and      |             |
| production/s   | nematodes.                           |             |
| ubstrates/plug |                                      |             |
| plants.        |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| ####           |                                      |             |
| [Combinations  |                                      |             |
| of Alternative |                                      |             |
| s]{.smallcaps} |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Telone +       | Telone is effective against          | No          |
| Chloropicrin   | nematodes. Chloropicrin is effective |             |
|                | against fungal plant pathogens.      |             |
|                | Their combination is a technically   |             |
|                | feasible alternative, but Michigan's |             |
|                | low soil temperature does not allow  |             |
|                | soil fumigation during April months  |             |
|                | for early fresh market tomato crop.  |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Metam sodium + | Same as metam sodium                 | No          |
| Crop rotation  |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+

*\* Regulatory reasons include local restrictions (e.g. occupational
health and safety, local environmental regulations) and lack of
registration.*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Michigan Region - 14. List and Discuss Why Registered]{.smallcaps}**
  *(and Potential)* **[Pesticides and Herbicides Are Considered Not
  Effective as Technical Alternatives to Methyl
  Bromide:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590734 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Michigan Region -- Table 14.1: Technically Infeasible Alternatives
Discussion]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590792 .anchor}

+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **[Name of         | ##### [Discussion]{.smallcaps}                  |
| Alternat           |                                                 |
| ive]{.smallcaps}** |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| None               | Other than those options discussed above, there |
|                    | are no alternatives that may control the key    |
|                    | pest. Registered fungicides (such as            |
|                    | azoxystrobin, mefenoxam and mancozeb) may       |
|                    | control aerial infections of *Phytophthora      |
|                    | capsici*, but are not effective against collar  |
|                    | and root rot phase of this pathogen. Soil       |
|                    | fumigation with methyl bromide kills soil-borne |
|                    | primary inoculum of this pest and therefore     |
|                    | fungicide use is also reduced (Lamour and       |
|                    | Hausbeck, 2003\*)                               |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Michigan Region -]{.smallcaps} 15. [List Present
  ]{.smallcaps}***(and Possible Future)* **[Registration Status of Any
  Current and Potential
  Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590735
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Michigan Region -- Table 15.1: Present Registration Status of
Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590793 .anchor}

+-------------+-----------------------------+--------------+----------+
| **[Name of  | ##### [Present Regis        | **[          | **[Date  |
| Alte        | tration Status]{.smallcaps} | Registration | of       |
| rnative]{.s |                             | being        | possible |
| mallcaps}** |                             | considered   | future   |
|             |                             | by national  | regi     |
|             |                             | authorities? | stration |
|             |                             | (Y/N)]{.     | :]{.smal |
|             |                             | smallcaps}** | lcaps}** |
+-------------+-----------------------------+--------------+----------+
| Methyl      | Not registered.             | Yes          | Unknown  |
| Iodide      |                             |              |          |
+-------------+-----------------------------+--------------+----------+
| Sodium      | Not registered. No          | No           | Unknown  |
| azide       | registration package has    |              |          |
|             | been received.              |              |          |
+-------------+-----------------------------+--------------+----------+
| Furfural    | Not registered              | No           | Unknown  |
+-------------+-----------------------------+--------------+----------+
| Propargyl   | Not registered. No          | No           | Unknown  |
| Bromide     | registration package has    |              |          |
|             | been received.              |              |          |
+-------------+-----------------------------+--------------+----------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Michigan Region - 16. State Relative Effectiveness of Relevant
  Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key Target
  Pests and Weeds for which It Is Being
  Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590736
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

The applicant submitted the results of one small scale field trial on
the efficacy of methyl bromide alternatives in controlling the pest and
their effect on tomato yield (Hausbeck and Cortwright, 2003). This study
focused on tomato and a number of vegetable crops (cucurbits, winter
squash, and melons). As of July 2003, results showed that methyl
bromide+ chloropicrin (67/33, shank injected @ 390 Kg/Hectare), metam
sodium (drip applied) @ 355 KG ai/ha), 1, 3-D+chloropicrin (65/35, shank
injected @ 150 liters/ha) resulted in 0, 12.9, 6.4 percent plant loss.
Untreated control suffered 7.1% plant loss.

The fields were treated on May 15 and 16, 2003, and the weather was
unusually cooler than normal during May and early June of the year 2003.
The results are inconclusive. This study may be repeated during 2004
growing season. The state expert claims that the growers may suffer 6.4
and 12.9 percent yield losses using 1, 3-D + chloropicrin and metam
sodium. The expert claims that these losses are expected if the grower
fumigate their fields in early May instead of April (using methyl
bromide + chloropicrin). In addition, the growers may also suffer
revenue losses if they miss early tomato market when prices are higher.

**[Michigan Region -- Table 16.1: Effectiveness of Alternatives -- Key
Pest 1]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590794 .anchor}

No additional information is available.

**[Michigan Region -- Table C.1: Alternatives Yield Loss Data
Summary]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590795 .anchor}

+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [Alternat  | ##### [List   | ##### [Rang    | **[Best         |
| ive]{.smallcaps} |  Type of Pest | e of Yield Los | Estimate of     |
|                  | ]{.smallcaps} | s]{.smallcaps} | Yield           |
|                  |               |                | Loss            |
|                  |               |                | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| methyl bromide+  | Phytophthora  | 0.0 -- 0.0     | 0.0             |
| chloropicrin     | capsici       |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| metam sodium     | Phytophthora  | 0.0 -- 12.9    | 12.9            |
|                  | capsici       |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| 1,               | Phytophthora  | 0.0 --6.4      | 6.4             |
| 3-D+chloropicrin | capsici       |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| chloropicrin     | Phytophthora  | 0.0 --6.4      | 6.4             |
|                  | capsici       |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
|                  |               |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [          |               |                | **0 - 13 % plus |
| Overall Loss Est |               |                | revenue losses  |
| imate for All Al |               |                | due to          |
| ternatives to Pe |               |                | planting; Most  |
| sts]{.smallcaps} |               |                | likely losses   |
|                  |               |                | are 6 % using   |
|                  |               |                | 1,3 D +         |
|                  |               |                | chloropicrin    |
|                  |               |                | (the best       |
|                  |               |                | alternative)**  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[Michigan Region - 17. Are There Any Other Potential Alternatives   |
| Under Development which Are Being Considered to Replace Methyl        |
| Bromide?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590737 .anchor}        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| In Michigan the critical use exemption application states that        |
| telone + chloropicrin, metam-sodium, methyl iodide, sodium azide, and |
| furfural will continue to be under investigation as methyl bromide    |
| alternatives. Most of these alternatives are currently unregistered   |
| for use on tomato, and there are presently no commercial entities     |
| pursuing registration in the United States. The timeline for          |
| developing the above-mentioned MB alternatives in Michigan is as      |
| follows:                                                              |
|                                                                       |
| 2003 -- 2005: Test for efficacy (particularly against the more        |
| prevalent *Phytophthora*)                                             |
|                                                                       |
| 2005 -- 2007: Establish on-farm demonstration plots for effective MB  |
| alternatives                                                          |
|                                                                       |
| 2008 -- 2010: Work with growers to implement commercial use of        |
| effective alternatives.                                               |
|                                                                       |
| Research is also under way to optimize the use of a 50 % methyl       |
| bromide: 50 % chloropicrin formulation to replace the currently used  |
| 67:33 formulation. In addition, field research is being conducted to  |
| optimize a combination of crop rotation, raised crop beds, black      |
| plastic, and foliar fungicides. Use of virtually impermeable film     |
| (VIF) will also be investigated as a replacement for the currently    |
| used low density polyethylene (LDPE).                                 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Michigan Region - 18. Are There Technologies Being Used to Produce
  the Crop which Avoid the Need for Methyl
  Bromide?:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590738 .anchor} *(e.g.
  soilless systems, plug plants, containerized plants. State proportion
  of crop already grown in such systems nationally and if any constraints
  exist to adoption of these systems to replace methyl bromide use. State
  whether such technologies could replace a portion of proposed methyl
  bromide use.)*

  Tomatoes are grown in fields. In michigan, it is neither technically
  feasible nor economically viable to grow tomatoes in soil-less culture
  or in containers.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [[Michiga                                                           |
| n Region - Summary of Technical Feasibility]{.underline}]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Although the U.S. E.P.A. determined that metam sodium and a           |
| combination of telone + chloropicrin can control the key pest,        |
| *Phytophthora,* the planting and harvesting delay due to cold soil    |
| temperatures and longer plant-back interval lead to a shorter growing |
| season and missing key market windows when commodity prices are most  |
| favorable. These alternatives have plant back restriction of 14-28    |
| days. The plant back restriction delays tomato harvest by 14-28 days. |
| The delayed harvest results in lower net revenues per acre because    |
| tomato prices decline as season progresses.                           |
|                                                                       |
| Currently unregistered alternatives, such as methyl iodide, sodium    |
| azide, propargyl bromide and furfural have good efficacy against the  |
| key pests involved. However, even if registration is pursued, the     |
| growers will need transition time to adopt them.                      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STAT                                          |
| ES - Part B: Crop Characteristics and Methyl Bromide Use]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES - 10. Key Diseases and Weeds for which
  Methyl Bromide Is Requested and Specific Reasons for this
  Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590741 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[South-Eastern United States - Table 10.1: Key Diseases and Weeds and
Reason for Methyl Bromide
Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590797 .anchor}

+--------------+-----------------------+-------------------------------+
| **[Region    | **[Key disease(s) and | **[Specific reasons why       |
| where methyl | weed(s) to genus and, | methyl bromide                |
| bromide use  | if known, to species  | needed]{.smallcaps}\          |
| is           | level]{.smallcaps}**  | **                            |
| requested]{. |                       |                               |
| smallcaps}** |                       |                               |
+--------------+-----------------------+-------------------------------+
| S            | Nutsedges (*Cyperus   | None of the listed MBTOC      |
| outh-Eastern | rotundus and C.       | alternative is effective in   |
| United       | esculentus*)          | controlling the key pests in  |
| States       |                       | the South-Eastern United      |
|              | Root-Knot nematodes   | States.                       |
|              |                       |                               |
|              | *Phytophthora* Crown  |                               |
|              | and Root Rot.         |                               |
|              | *Fusarium* Wilt (*F.  |                               |
|              | oxysporum*)           |                               |
+--------------+-----------------------+-------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[South-Eastern United States - 11. (]{.smallcaps}*i*[)              |
| Characteristics of Cropping System and                                |
| Climate]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590742 .anchor}         |
|                                                                       |
| *(Place major attention on the key characteristics that affect the    |
| uptake of alternatives):*                                             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES - Table 11.1: Characteristics of Cropping
System]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590798 .anchor}

+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ##### [Characteristics]{.smallcaps}    | ### [SOUTH-EASTERN          |
|                                        | UNITED STATES]{.smallcaps}  |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Crop Type:]{.smallcaps}** *(e.g.    | Transplant for tomato fruit |
| transplants, bulbs, trees or           | production                  |
| cuttings)*                             |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Annual or Perennial                 | Annual                      |
| Crop:]{.smallcaps}** *(# of years      |                             |
| between replanting)*                   |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Typical Crop                        | Tomato. Tomato-Cucumber or  |
| Rotation]{.smallcaps}** *(if any)*     | Squash or Watermelon or     |
| **[and use of methyl bromide for other | Cantaloupe.                 |
| crops in the rotation:]{.smallcaps}**  | Tomato-Cucurbits.           |
| *(if any)*                             |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Soil Types:]{.smallcaps}** *(Sand,  | Sandy to loam, over karst   |
| loam, clay, etc.)*                     | geology in many areas       |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Frequency of methyl bromide         | Annual                      |
| Fumigation:]{.smallcaps}** *(e.g.      |                             |
| every two years)*                      |                             |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **[Other relevant                      | No other information        |
| factors:]{.smallcaps}**                | provided.                   |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+

**[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES - Table 11.2 Characteristics of Climate
and Crop Schedule]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590799 .anchor}

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 16%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Mar</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Apr</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">May</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jun</span></strong></td>
<td><h6 id="jul-2"><span class="smallcaps">Jul</span></h6></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Aug</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Sept</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Oct</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Nov</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Dec</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Jan</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Feb</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h4 id="climatic-zone-plant-hardiness-zone-2"><span
class="smallcaps">Climatic Zone<br />
</span><em>(Plant Hardiness Zone)</em></h4></td>
<td colspan="12">6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9b, 10a, 10b</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Soil Temp.</strong> <em>(C)
**</em></span></td>
<td>17-20</td>
<td>17-21</td>
<td>21-24</td>
<td>22-26</td>
<td>25-29</td>
<td>26-29</td>
<td>27-30</td>
<td>28-32</td>
<td>27-29</td>
<td>25-27</td>
<td>21-23</td>
<td>19-21</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Rainfall</strong>
<em>(</em></span><em>mm<span class="smallcaps">)*</span></em></td>
<td>51-203</td>
<td>51-203</td>
<td>51-203</td>
<td>51-203</td>
<td>102-203</td>
<td>102-203</td>
<td>51-203</td>
<td>51-203</td>
<td>25-102</td>
<td>25-102</td>
<td>25-102</td>
<td>25-102</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="smallcaps"><strong>Outside Temp.</strong>
<em>(C)*</em></span></td>
<td>11-22</td>
<td>16-23</td>
<td>21-25</td>
<td>25-28</td>
<td>26-28</td>
<td>25-28</td>
<td>23-25</td>
<td>17-25</td>
<td>10-22</td>
<td>7-19</td>
<td>7-19</td>
<td>8-19</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Fumigation
Schedule</span></strong></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Planting</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Schedule</span></strong></p></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Key Market
Window</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

*[\* Jacob (1977). \*\* Florida soil temperatutes source is
www.imok.ufl/edu/weather/archives/200/clim00]{.smallcaps}*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[South-Eastern United States --]{.smallcaps} 11. (*ii*) [Indicate if
  any of the above characteristics in 11]{.smallcaps}. (*i*) [prevent the
  uptake of any relevant alternatives?]{.smallcaps}**

  Karst geology inhibits the use of all fumigants that contain 1,3-D.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[South-Eastern United States - 12. Historic Pattern of Use of Methyl
  Bromide, and/or Mixtures Containing Methyl Bromide, for which an
  Exemption Is Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590743
  .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES - Table 12.1 Historic Pattern of Use of
Methyl Bromide]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590800 .anchor}

+-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[For as many  | **1   | **1   | **1   | **2   | **2   | **2   |
| years as        | 997** | 998** | 999** | 000** | 001** | 002** |
| possible as     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| shown           |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| specify:        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Area         | 2     | 2     | 2     | 2     | 2     | 2     |
| Treated         | 2,269 | 4,002 | 5,814 | 7,831 | 8,931 | 8,572 |
| ]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(hectares)*    |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[ratio of     | Ap    | Ap    | Ap    | Ap    | Ap    | Ap    |
| flat Fumigation | prox. | prox. | prox. | prox. | prox. | prox. |
| use to          | 50%   | 50%   | 50%   | 50%   | 50%   | 50%   |
| strip/bed use   | strip | strip | strip | strip | strip | strip |
| if strip        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| treatment is    |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| used            |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Amount of    | 4,48  | 4,74  | 4,49  | 4,46  | 4,51  | 4,37  |
| methyl bromide  | 4,413 | 7,976 | 1,580 | 2,390 | 4,006 | 0,645 |
| active          |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ingredient      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| used            |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|                 |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(total kg)*    |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[formulations | 67/33 | 67/33 | 67/33 | 67/33 | 67/33 | 67/33 |
| of methyl       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| bromide         |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| (]{.smal        |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| lcaps}***methyl |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| bromide         |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| /Chloropicrin)* |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Method by    | M     | M     | M     | M     | M     | M     |
| which methyl    | ostly | ostly | ostly | ostly | ostly | ostly |
| bromide         | Inj   | Inj   | Inj   | Inj   | Inj   | Inj   |
| applied         | ected | ected | ected | ected | ected | ected |
| ]{.smallcaps}** | at    | at    | at    | at    | at    | at    |
| *(e.g. injected | 25-30 | 25-30 | 25-30 | 25-30 | 25-30 | 25-30 |
| at 25cm depth,  | cm    | cm    | cm    | cm    | cm    | cm    |
| hot gas)*       | depth | depth | depth | depth | depth | depth |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Application  | 201   | 196   | 175   | 163   | 158   | 154   |
| rate of         |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| formulations    |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| in]{.smallcaps} |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| kg/ha\***       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| **[Actual       | 20.1  | 19.6  | 17.5  | 16.3  | 15.8  | 15.4  |
| dosage rate of  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| formulations    |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| *(g/m^2^)***[\* |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| ]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [SO                                                                 |
| UTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES - Part C: Technical Validation]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES - 13. Reason for Alternatives Not Being
  Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590745 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES -- Table 13.1: Reason for Alternatives
Not Being Feasible]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590802 .anchor}

+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| **[Name of     | **[Technical and regulatory\*        | **[Is the   |
| Alternative]   | reasons for the alternative not      | alternative |
| {.smallcaps}** | being feasible or                    | considered  |
|                | available]{.smallcaps}**             | cost        |
|                |                                      | eff         |
|                |                                      | ective?]{.s |
|                |                                      | mallcaps}** |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| # [Chemic      |                                      |             |
| al Alternative |                                      |             |
| s]{.smallcaps} |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Telone         | Effective against nematodes, but not | No          |
|                | against fungal plant pathogens and   |             |
|                | nutsedge weeds. Approximately 40% of |             |
|                | tomato land has Karst geology.       |             |
|                | Growers with Karst topography can    |             |
|                | not use telone because of            |             |
|                | underground water contamination.     |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Metam sodium   | It will control many weeds but       | No          |
|                | control of nutsedge is very          |             |
|                | inconsistent. It is not very         |             |
|                | effective against nematode           |             |
|                | population.                          |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Chloropicrin   | Chloropicrin controls soil fungi     | No          |
|                | only. It also stimulates nutsedge    |             |
|                | weed growth and therefore it is not  |             |
|                | a viable option. It occasionally     |             |
|                | stimulates nutsedge emergence but    |             |
|                | also occasionally controls nutsedge  |             |
|                | as noted in the literature. Again    |             |
|                | the issue is its inability to get    |             |
|                | consistent control (Culpepper,       |             |
|                | 2004).                               |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| ##             |                                      |             |
| ## [Non Chemic |                                      |             |
| al Alternative |                                      |             |
| s]{.smallcaps} |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Soil           | For nutsedge control in the          | No          |
| solarization   | southeastern U.S. states,            |             |
|                | solarization is unlikely to be       |             |
|                | technically feasible as a methyl     |             |
|                | bromide alternative. Research        |             |
|                | indicates that the lethal            |             |
|                | temperature for nutsedge tubers is   |             |
|                | 50^o^C or higher (Chase et al.       |             |
|                | 1999). While this may be achieved    |             |
|                | for some portion of the autumn       |             |
|                | cropping in southern cucurbit        |             |
|                | growing regions, it is very unlikely |             |
|                | for any portion of the spring crops. |             |
|                | Trials conducted in mid-summer in    |             |
|                | Georgia resulted in maximal soil     |             |
|                | temperatures of 43^o^C at 5 cm       |             |
|                | depth, not high enough to destroy    |             |
|                | nutsedge tubers, and tubers lodged   |             |
|                | deeper in the soil would be          |             |
|                | completely unaffected.               |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Steam          | Steam is not a technically feasible  | No          |
|                | alternative for open field tomato    |             |
|                | production because it requires       |             |
|                | sustained heat over a required       |             |
|                | period of time (UNEP 1998). While    |             |
|                | steam has been used effectively      |             |
|                | against fungal pests in protected    |             |
|                | production systems, such as          |             |
|                | greenhouses, there is no evidence    |             |
|                | that it would be effective in tomato |             |
|                | fields. Any such system would also   |             |
|                | require large amounts of energy and  |             |
|                | water to provide sufficient steam    |             |
|                | necessary to pasteurize soil down to |             |
|                | the rooting depth of field crops (at |             |
|                | least 20-50 cm).                     |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Biological     | Biological control agents are not    | No          |
| Control        | technically feasible alternatives to |             |
|                | methyl bromide because they alone    |             |
|                | cannot control the soil pathogens,   |             |
|                | nematodes and nutsedges.             |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Cover crops    | Cover crops and mulches appear to    | No          |
| and mulching   | reduce weed population, but not      |             |
|                | nutsedges (Burgos and Talbert 1996). |             |
|                | Mulching has also been shown to be   |             |
|                | ineffective in controlling           |             |
|                | nutsedges, since these plants are    |             |
|                | able to penetrate through both       |             |
|                | organic and plastic mulches (Munn    |             |
|                | 1992, Patterson 1998).               |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Crop rotation  | It is not a technically or           | No          |
| and fallow     | economically (can not afford to take |             |
| land           | land out of production) feasible     |             |
|                | alternative to methyl bromide        |             |
|                | because it does not, by itself,      |             |
|                | provide adequate control of fungi    |             |
|                | and/or nutsedges. The crop rotations |             |
|                | available to growers are also        |             |
|                | susceptible to fungi; fallow land    |             |
|                | can still harbor fungal oospores. As |             |
|                | regards nutsedges, tubers of these   |             |
|                | perennial species provide new plants |             |
|                | with larger energy reserves than the |             |
|                | annual weeds that can be frequently  |             |
|                | controlled by crop rotations and     |             |
|                | fallow land. Furthermore, nutsedge   |             |
|                | plants can produce tubers within 8   |             |
|                | weeks after emergence. This enhances |             |
|                | their survival across different      |             |
|                | cropping regimes that can disrupt    |             |
|                | other plants that rely on a longer   |             |
|                | undisturbed growing period to        |             |
|                | produce seeds to propagate the next  |             |
|                | generation.                          |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Endophytes     | It is not a technically viable       | No          |
|                | option because it has never been     |             |
|                | shown to work against the key pests  |             |
|                | in tomato or similar crops.          |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Flooding/Water | Flooding has never been shown to     | No          |
| management     | control nutsedge species. Nutsedges  |             |
|                | are much more tolerant of watery     |             |
|                | conditions than many other weed      |             |
|                | pests. For example, Horowitz (1972)  |             |
|                | showed that submerging nutsedge in   |             |
|                | flowing or stagnant water (for 8     |             |
|                | days and 4 weeks, respectively) did  |             |
|                | not affect the sprouting capacity of |             |
|                | tubers. There are also serious       |             |
|                | practical obstacles to implementing  |             |
|                | flood management approaches in       |             |
|                | cucurbit production in the southern  |             |
|                | and southeastern U.S. states.        |             |
|                | Droughts are common in many parts of |             |
|                | these regions, and the soil          |             |
|                | composition may not support flooding |             |
|                | and still remain productive.         |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Graf           | These technologies have never been   | No          |
| ting/resistant | shown to control listed key pests    |             |
| r              | under field conditions. Resistant    |             |
| ootstock/plant | root stock or cultivars may control  |             |
| bree           | one pest, but not the other. It is   |             |
| ding/soil-less | almost impossible to breed or        |             |
| c              | genetically engineer tomato          |             |
| ulture/organic | cultivars that has all agronomic     |             |
| production/s   | characters and is resistant to all   |             |
| ubstrates/plug | key pests. This has no effect on     |             |
| plants.        | managing nutsedge weeds.             |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| ####           |                                      |             |
| [Combinations  |                                      |             |
| of Alternative |                                      |             |
| s]{.smallcaps} |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| 1,3 D +        | This combination is the most         | May be      |
| chloropicrin+  | promising alternative for the        |             |
| herbicide      | control of all key pests in          |             |
| (such as       | southeastern region. The executive   |             |
| pebulate)      | summary of dozens of research trials |             |
|                | show that the growers may harvest    |             |
|                | tomato yield that is near equal to   |             |
|                | the yield obtained using methyl      |             |
|                | bromide and chloropicrin. Using this |             |
|                | combination the growers may lose an  |             |
|                | average of 6.2% yield in areas where |             |
|                | this combination can be used         |             |
|                | (Chellemi *et al*., 2001).           |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Metam sodium + | This mixture may be more effective   | May be      |
| Chloropicrin   | than metam sodium alone in           |             |
|                | controlling fungal pests, but this   |             |
|                | combination would not prevent yield  |             |
|                | losses caused by nutsedges and some  |             |
|                | species of nematodes. This mixture   |             |
|                | along with a herbicide (for          |             |
|                | controlling nutsedge weeds) may be a |             |
|                | viable methyl bromide alternative in |             |
|                | the South-Eastern United States      |             |
|                | where the growers can not use telone |             |
|                | due to karst topography. Further     |             |
|                | experiments need to be done on this  |             |
|                | mixture to find out whether or not   |             |
|                | it is technically and economically   |             |
|                | viable.                              |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Telone +       | It is effective against nematodes    | No          |
| Chloropicrin   | and fungal plant pathogens, but not  |             |
|                | against nutsedge and other weeds.    |             |
|                | Approximately 40 and 8.0% of tomato  |             |
|                | land in Florida and Georgia,         |             |
|                | respectively, has Karst geology.     |             |
|                | Growers with Karst topography can    |             |
|                | not use telone because of state      |             |
|                | regulations and underground water    |             |
|                | contamination issues.                |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Telone + metam | This mixture could provide           | No          |
| sodium +       | reasonable control of pests if weed  |             |
| herbicide      | pressure is low to moderate and land |             |
| (such as       | does not have Karst geology.         |             |
| pebulate)      | Pebulate is no longer registered     |             |
|                | because the manufacturer went out of |             |
|                | business during 2002. Growers will   |             |
|                | need to use one of the newly         |             |
|                | registered herbicides if they use    |             |
|                | this combination, and will be        |             |
|                | constrained by certain limitations   |             |
|                | (described below).                   |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+
| Metam sodium + | Same as metam sodium.                |             |
| Crop rotation  |                                      |             |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+-------------+

*\* Regulatory reasons include local restrictions (e.g. occupational
health and safety, local environmental regulations) and lack of
registration.*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES - 14. List and Discuss Why
  Registered]{.smallcaps}** *(and Potential)* **[Pesticides and
  Herbicides Are Considered Not Effective as Technical Alternatives to
  Methyl Bromide:]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590746 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES -- Table 14.1: Technically Infeasible
Alternatives Discussion]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590803
.anchor}

+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **[Name of         | ##### [Discussion]{.smallcaps}                  |
| Alternat           |                                                 |
| ive]{.smallcaps}** |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Glyphosate         | For nutsedges: Non-selective herbicide that     |
|                    | will not control nutsedge. It is not labeled    |
|                    | for row middle application. In addition, it     |
|                    | does not provide residual control. It is a      |
|                    | non-selective herbicide used to control weeds   |
|                    | in row middles. Application to the rows would   |
|                    | cause injury to the tomato crop. As a preplant  |
|                    | treatment glyphosate will not provide season    |
|                    | long control of yellow and/or purple nutsedge   |
|                    | in tomatoes.                                    |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Paraquat           | Non-selective; will not control nutsedge in the |
|                    | plant rows; does not provide residual control.  |
|                    | Its repetitive applications are required to     |
|                    | achieve fair control in the row middle          |
|                    | (Culpepper, 2003). Paraquat is a non-selective  |
|                    | herbicide that controls annual weeds in row     |
|                    | middles. It may also be applied preemergence to |
|                    | the crop. Application to the rows would cause   |
|                    | injury to the tomato crop. For perennial weeds, |
|                    | such as nutsedge, it will burn down the top     |
|                    | portion of the plant but the tubers remain      |
|                    | viable, allowing the weed to grow again.        |
|                    | Therefore, paraquat will not provide season     |
|                    | long control because the weed can regrow during |
|                    | the growing season.                             |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES -]{.smallcaps} 15. [List Present
  ]{.smallcaps}***(and Possible Future)* **[Registration Status of Any
  Current and Potential
  Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590747
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES -- Table 15.1: Present Registration
Status of Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590804
.anchor}

+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| **[Name  | ##### [Present                    | **[Reg    | **[Date  |
| of       |  Registration Status]{.smallcaps} | istration | of       |
| Al       |                                   | being     | possible |
| ternativ |                                   | c         | future   |
| e]{.smal |                                   | onsidered | regi     |
| lcaps}** |                                   | by        | stration |
|          |                                   | national  | :]{.smal |
|          |                                   | aut       | lcaps}** |
|          |                                   | horities? |          |
|          |                                   | (Y        |          |
|          |                                   | /N)]{.sma |          |
|          |                                   | llcaps}** |          |
+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| #### Hal | There are a number of             | Yes       | Recently |
| osulfuro | restrictions limiting the         |           | re       |
| n-methyl | potential to use this herbicide   |           | gistered |
|          | in tomatoes in the Southeast (see |           |          |
|          | additional notes below). Among    |           |          |
|          | these are potential crop injury   |           |          |
|          | and plant back restrictions for   |           |          |
|          | rotational crops. Efficacy is     |           |          |
|          | lowered in rainy conditions       |           |          |
|          | (which are common in this         |           |          |
|          | region). Need more time to        |           |          |
|          | experiment under field            |           |          |
|          | conditions.                       |           |          |
+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| ####     | For nutsedges: Was registered for | No        | Unknown  |
| Pebulate | use in tomatoes only, its         |           |          |
|          | registration expired during       |           |          |
|          | December, 2002 (the manufacturer  |           |          |
|          | went out of business)             |           |          |
+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| S-met    | For nutsedges: Not registered in  | Yes       | Already  |
| olachlor | some states of concern. It is     |           | re       |
|          | effective against yellow nutsedge |           | gistered |
|          | and not effective against purple  |           |          |
|          | nutsedge (Culpepper, 2004).       |           |          |
+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| Terbacil | For nutsedges: Registered ONLY in | No        | Unknown  |
|          | strawberries. The manufacturer    |           |          |
|          | claims that it is partially       |           |          |
|          | effective against yellow nutsedge |           |          |
|          | and does not control purple       |           |          |
|          | nutsedge.                         |           |          |
+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| Rim      | Registered for the control of     | Y         | Already  |
| sulfuron | nutsedge weeds in tomatoes. The   |           | re       |
|          | product label states that it is   |           | gistered |
|          | partially effective against       |           |          |
|          | nutsedges.                        |           |          |
+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| Trifloxy | For nutsedges: Newly Registrated  | Y         | Already  |
| sulfuron | for use in tomato. Efficacy needs |           | re       |
|          | to be tested under large scale    |           | gistered |
|          | field trials. Labeled for use in  |           |          |
|          | Florida only. It provides good    |           |          |
|          | control of nutsedge but           |           |          |
|          | rotational restrictions may limit |           |          |
|          | its large scale adoption.         |           |          |
+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| Methyl   | Not yet registered in the United  | Y         | unknown  |
| Iodide   | States                            |           |          |
+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| Sodium   | Not registered in the United      | No        | unknown  |
| azide    | States                            |           |          |
+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+
| Sulfuryl | It is not registered for preplant | The       | unknown  |
| Floride  | soil treatment. It is registered  | r         |          |
|          | for postharvest treatment of      | egistrant |          |
|          | agricultural produce (tomato not  | has not   |          |
|          | included)                         | contacted |          |
|          |                                   | US-EPA    |          |
|          |                                   | for its   |          |
|          |                                   | use as a  |          |
|          |                                   | preplant  |          |
|          |                                   | soil      |          |
|          |                                   | fumigant. |          |
+----------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------+

##### 

##### 

##### 

##### Additional notes on specific herbicides listed:

##### Halosulfuron-methyl

> In December 2002, halosulfuron-methyl (Sandea®) was registered for
> weed control (including nutsedge) in tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, and
> cucurbits. This recent registration was not on the list of
> alternatives from MBTOC and several years are needed to see if it will
> be adopted. Historically, in the United States it has taken three to
> five years for an herbicide to be adopted by a significant number of
> vegetable crop growers.

Halosulfuron-methyl has a number of limitations which may affect its
widespread adoption, that include: (1) phyto-toxicity with moderate
rainfall immediately after application; (2) cool temperatures, (3)
susceptible varieties, and (4) plant back restrictions. Specifically:

-   Rainfall or sprinkler irrigation greater than 2.5 cm, soon after a
    pre-emergent application of halosulfuron-methyl, may cause crop
    injury. Sudden storms with greater than 2.5 cm of rainfall are
    common in Florida and other areas of the southeastern United States.
    In addition, rainfall within four hours after a post-emergence
    application of halosulfuron-methyl may reduce effectiveness and
    cause crop injury.

-   Under cool temperatures that can delay early seedling emergence or
    growth, halosulfuron methyl can cause injury or crop failure. This
    is especially likely to occur during the first planting of the
    season. In addition, not all hybrids/varieties of tomatoes have been
    tested for sensitivity to halosulfuron-methyl. Halosulfuron may also
    delay maturity of treated crops.

-   Halosulfuron methyl plant back restrictions are up to 36 months.
    Many of the vegetable crops fall within the 4 to 12 month range,
    although some are longer. There are label limitations for
    halosulfuron methyl. As per product label, halosulfuron methyl
    should not be applied if the crop or target weeds are under stress
    due to drought, water saturated soils, low fertility, or other poor
    growing conditions. This herbicide can not be applied to soil that
    has been treated with organophosphate insecticides. Foliar
    applications of organophosphate insecticides may not be made within
    21 days before or 7 days after halosulfuron methyl application.

**Note:** All the limitations above are listed in the US registration
label for halosulfuron, which in turn is based on proprietary data
submitted to EPA by the registrant company.

##### S-metolachlor

It was registered for use in tomatoes in April 2003. However, it is not
registered in states of concern, and does not control purple nutsedge or
nightshade species. Further, it does not provide commercially acceptable
weed control in plasticulture systems.

**[Rimsulfuron]{.underline}**

There is evidence that rimsulfuron only provides suppressive control of
yellow nutsedge (40 to 70 percent control) (Nelson *et al*, 2002). In
addition, the label warns against tank mixing with organophosphate
insecticides because injury to the crop may occur. Also, for most of the
vegetable crops besides tomatoes there is a 12-month plant back
restriction. This plant back restriction can seriously compromise the
needed rotational interval needed for IPM programs.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES - 16. State Relative Effectiveness of
  Relevant Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide for the Specific Key
  Target Pests and Weeds for which It Is Being
  Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590748 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Telone C35 (1,3 D + 35 % chloropicrin) plus pebulate herbicide has been
found to be the best alternative to methyl bromide in controlling listed
key pests under Florida growing conditions (Chellemi *et al*., 2001).
Pebulate is no longer registered in the U.S., however, so another
herbicide would have to be substituted into the fumigation mixture. The
results of many trials showed that growers may harvest tomato yield that
is near equal to the yield obtained using methyl bromide and
chloropicrin. Assuming that an herbicide is used that is as effective as
pebulate, growers using a 1,3-D + chloropicrin + herbicide mixture may
suffer an average of 6.2 percent yield losses (Chellemi *et al*., 2001).
Florida and Georgia experts claim the yield losses using a combination
of 1,3 D + chloropicrin + herbicides will be higher than 6.2 percent
because pebulate is no longer registered and other herbicides have
limitations. The experts were unable to provide yield loss estimate
without 2-3 years of field trials. The experts claim that more time is
needed to evaluate various methyl bromide fumigant alternatives, mulches
and herbicides systems to study their effects on tomato yields.

**[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES -- Table 16.1: Effectiveness of
Alternatives -- Key Pest 1]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590805
.anchor}

No additional information is available.

**[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES -- Table C.1: Alternatives Yield Loss
Data Summary]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590806 .anchor}

+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [Alternat  | ##### [List   | ##### [Rang    | **[Best         |
| ive]{.smallcaps} |  Type of Pest | e of Yield Los | Estimate of     |
|                  | ]{.smallcaps} | s]{.smallcaps} | Yield           |
|                  |               |                | Loss            |
|                  |               |                | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| 1,3 D +          | Fungi,        | 3.  -- 10.1    | 6.2             |
| chloropicrin +   | Nematodes and |                |                 |
| herbicide        | Nutsedges     | > (Chellemi    |                 |
|                  |               | > *et al*.,    |                 |
|                  |               | > 2001)        |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
|                  |               |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [          |               |                | **6.2%**        |
| Overall Loss Est |               |                |                 |
| imate for All Al |               |                |                 |
| ternatives to Pe |               |                |                 |
| sts]{.smallcaps} |               |                |                 |
+------------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES - 17. Are There Any Other Potential
  Alternatives Under Development which Are Being Considered to Replace
  Methyl Bromide?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590749
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}** *(If so, please specify.)*

  A combination of 1,3 D + chloropicrin + pebulate appeared to be the
  best alternative in controlling key pests in tomato fields. Since
  pebulate herbicide is no longer available then the growers will have to
  substitute another herbicide, listed in table 14.1 and 15.1 (such as
  halosulfuron, rimsulfuron or trifloxysulfuron to achieve similar pest
  control). Florida and Georgia state expert claim the yield losses using
  a combination of 1,3 D + chloropicrin + herbicides will be higher than
  6.2 losses because pebulate is no longer registered and other
  herbicides have limitations. The experts were unable to provide yield
  loss estimate without 2-3 years of field trials. The experts claim that
  more time is needed to evaluate various methyl bromide fumigant
  alternatives, mulches and herbicides systems to study their effects on
  tomato yields.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[SOUTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES - 18. Are There Technologies Being Used
  to Produce the Crop which Avoid the Need for Methyl
  Bromide?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590750 .anchor} *(e.g.
  soilless systems, plug plants, containerized plants. State proportion
  of crop already grown in such systems nationally and if any constraints
  exist to adoption of these systems to replace methyl bromide use. State
  whether such technologies could replace a portion of proposed methyl
  bromide use.)*

  Tomatoes are grown in fields. In South-eastern united states, it is
  neither technically feasible nor economically viable to grow tomatoes
  in soil-less culture or in containers.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [[South-Eastern Unite                                               |
| d States - Summary of Technical Feasibility]{.underline}]{.smallcaps} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The submitted data showed that using the above best alternative the   |
| growers are expected to suffer 6.2% yield losses (Chellemi, Botts and |
| Noling. 2001). A combination of 1,3-D + chloropicrin + pebulate       |
| appeared to be the best alternative in controlling key pests in       |
| tomato fields. Since pebulate is no longer available then the growers |
| will need to substitute another herbicides such as halosulfuron,      |
| rimsulfuron or trifloxysulfuron to control nutsedge weeds. But, these |
| herbicides have significant limitations, as described in the notes to |
| Table 15.1. In addition, losses will be higher in areas of Karst      |
| geology, where 1,3-D may not be used.                                 |
|                                                                       |
| Florida and Georgia state expert claim that the yield losses using a  |
| combination of 1,3 D + chloropicrin + other herbicides will be higher |
| than 6.2 losses because of limitations of other herbicides (see table |
| 14.1 and 15.1). The experts were unable to provide yield loss         |
| estimate without 2-3 years of field trials. The experts claim that    |
| more time is needed to evaluate various methyl bromide fumigant       |
| alternatives, mulches and herbicides systems to study their effects   |
| on tomato yields.                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [Part D: Emission Control]{.smallcaps}                              |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **19. [Techniques That Have and Will Be Used to Minimize Methyl Bromide
  Use and Emissions in the Particular
  Use]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590753
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}** *(State % adoption or describe change)*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

#### [Table 19.1: Techniques to Minimize Methyl Bromide Use and Emissions]{.smallcaps}

  ------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
  **[Technique or Step      **[VIF or High Barrier **[methyl bromide dosage   **[Increased % chloropicrin  **[Less frequent
  Taken]{.smallcaps}**      Films]{.smallcaps}**   reduction]{.smallcaps}**   in methyl bromide            application]{.smallcaps}**
                                                                              formulation]{.smallcaps}**   

  **[What use/emission      Start research during  Already using 67:33 with   Already using 67:33 with the The US anticipates that the
  reduction methods are     2004                   the potential to use lower potential to use lower       decreasing supply of methyl
  presently                                        ratios in the future.      ratios in the future         bromide will motivate
  adopted?]{.smallcaps}**                          Between 1997 and 2002, the                              growers to try less frequent
                                                   US has achieved a 27 %                                  applications.
                                                   reduction in use rates.                                 

  **[What further           Start research during  Already using 67:33 with   Already using 67:33 with the Not applicable
  use/emission reduction    2004                   the potential to use lower potential to use lower       
  steps will be taken for                          ratios in the future       ratios in the future         
  the methyl bromide used                                                                                  
  for critical                                                                                             
  uses?]{.smallcaps}**                                                                                     

  **[Other                  Not applicable         Not applicable             Not applicable               Not applicable
  measures]{.smallcaps}**                                                                                  
  *(please describe)*                                                                                      
  ------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[20. If Methyl Bromide Emission Reduction Techniques Are Not Being
  Used, or Are Not Planned for the Circumstances of the Nomination, State
  Reasons]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590754
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

In accordance with the criteria of the critical use exemption, each
party is required to describe ways in which it strives to minimize use
and emissions of methyl bromide. The use of methyl bromide in the
growing of cucurbit nurseries in the United States is minimized in
several ways. First, because of its toxicity, methyl bromide has, for
the last 40 years, been regulated as a restricted use pesticide in the
United States. As a consequence, methyl bromide can only be used by
certified applicators who are trained at handling these hazardous
pesticides. In practice, this means that methyl bromide is applied by a
limited number of very experienced applicators with the knowledge and
expertise to minimize dosage to the lowest level possible to achieve the
needed results. In keeping with both local requirements to avoid "drift"
of methyl bromide into inhabited areas, as well as to preserve methyl
bromide and keep related emissions to the lowest level possible, methyl
bromide application for cucurbits is most often machine injected into
soil to specific depths.

As methyl bromide has become more scarce, users in the United States
have, where possible, experimented with different mixes of methyl
bromide and chloropicrin. Specifically, in the early 1990s, methyl
bromide was typically sold and used in methyl bromide mixtures made up
of 95% methyl bromide and 5% chloropicrin, with the chloropicrin being
included solely to give the chemical a smell enabling those in the area
to be alerted if there was a risk. However, with the outset of very
significant controls on methyl bromide, users have been experimenting
with significant increases in the level of chloropicrin and reductions
in the level of methyl bromide. While these new mixtures have generally
been effective at controlling target pests, at low to moderate levels of
infestation, it must be stressed that the long term efficacy of these
mixtures is unknown.

Tarpaulin (high density polyethylene) is also used to minimize use and
emissions of methyl bromide. In addition, cultural practices are
utilized by cucurbit growers.

Reduced methyl bromide concentrations in mixtures, cultural practices,
and the extensive use of tarpaulins to cover land treated with methyl
bromide has resulted in reduced emissions and an application rate that
we believe is among the lowest in the world for the uses described in
this nomination.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [Part E: Economic Assessment]{.smallcaps}                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

The following economic analysis is organized by MeBr critical use
application. Cost of MeBr and alternatives are given first in table
21.1. This is followed in table 22.1 by a listing of net and gross
revenues by applicant. Expected losses when using MeBr alternatives are
then decomposed in tables E1 through E3.

***Reader please note that in this study net revenue is calculated as
gross revenue minus operating costs. This is a good measure as to the
direct losses of income that may be suffered by the users. It should be
noted that net revenue does not represent net income to the users. Net
income, which indicates profitability of an operation of an enterprise,
is gross revenue minus the sum of operating and fixed costs. Net income
should be smaller than the net revenue measured in this study. We did
not include fixed costs because it is often difficult to measure and
verify.***

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **21. [Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over 3-Year
  Period]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590756
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**Table 21.1: Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over
3-Year Period**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590810 .anchor}

+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| ##### [R  | **[Al        | *   | **[Cost   | **[Cost   | **[Cost   |
| egion]{.s | ternative]{. | *[Y | in year   | in year   | in year   |
| mallcaps} | smallcaps}** | iel | 1]{.sma   | 2]{.sma   | 3]{.sma   |
|           |              | d\* | llcaps}** | llcaps}** | llcaps}** |
|           |              | ]{. | *(        | *(        | *(        |
|           |              | sma | US\$/ha)* | US\$/ha)* | US\$/ha)* |
|           |              | llc |           |           |           |
|           |              | aps |           |           |           |
|           |              | }** |           |           |           |
+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| ###       | **Methyl     | *   | **\$      | **\$      | **\$      |
| ## [Calif | Bromide**    | *10 | 50,240**  | 50,240**  | 50,240**  |
| ornia]{.s |              | 0** |           |           |           |
| mallcaps} |              |     |           |           |           |
+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           | Metam Sodium | 85  | \$ 46,353 | \$ 46,353 | \$ 46,353 |
+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           | Metam Sodium | 80  | \$ 44,626 | \$ 44,626 | \$ 44,626 |
+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| #         | ##### Me     | *   | **\$      | **\$      | **\$      |
| #### [Mic | thyl Bromide | *10 | 30,559**  | 30,559**  | 30,559**  |
| higan]{.s |              | 0** |           |           |           |
| mallcaps} |              |     |           |           |           |
+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           | 1,3--D +     | 78  | \$ 29,555 | \$ 29,555 | \$ 29,555 |
|           | Chloropicrin |     |           |           |           |
+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           | Metam Sodium | 78  | \$ 29,739 | \$ 29,739 | \$ 29,739 |
+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           | Chloropicrin | 78  | \$ 29,555 | \$ 29,555 | \$ 29,555 |
+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| ##### [S  | ##### Me     | *   | **\$      | **\$      | **\$      |
| outheaste | thyl Bromide | *10 | 26,380**  | 26,380**  | 26,380**  |
| rn US]{.s |              | 0** |           |           |           |
| mallcaps} |              |     |           |           |           |
+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|           | 1,3--D +     | 83  | \$ 24,946 | \$ 24,946 | \$ 24,946 |
|           | Chloropicrin |     |           |           |           |
+-----------+--------------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+

*\* As percentage of typical or 3-year average yield, compared to methyl
bromide e.g. 10% more yield, write 110.*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **22. [Gross and Net
  Revenue]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590757
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**Table 22.1: Year 1 Gross and Net
Revenue**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590811 .anchor}

+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| #### [Y   |                |                   |                    |
| ear 1]{.s |                |                   |                    |
| mallcaps} |                |                   |                    |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| ##### [R  | **             | **[Gross revenue  | **[Net Revenue for |
| egion]{.s | [Alternatives] | for last reported | last reported      |
| mallcaps} | {.smallcaps}** | ye                | y                  |
|           |                | ar]{.smallcaps}** | ear]{.smallcaps}** |
|           | *(as shown in  | *(US\$/ha)*       | *(US\$/ha)*        |
|           | question 21)*  |                   |                    |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| ###       | **Methyl       | **\$ 83,367**     | **\$ 33,127**      |
| ## [Calif | Bromide**      |                   |                    |
| ornia]{.s |                |                   |                    |
| mallcaps} |                |                   |                    |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
|           | Metam Sodium   | \$ 70,862         | \$ 24,509          |
|           |                |                   |                    |
|           | (15% loss)     |                   |                    |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
|           | Metam Sodium   | \$ 66,694         | \$ 22,068          |
|           |                |                   |                    |
|           | (loss 20%)     |                   |                    |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| #         | #####          | **\$ 39,996**     | **\$ 9,438**       |
| #### [Mic | Methyl Bromide |                   |                    |
| higan]{.s |                |                   |                    |
| mallcaps} |                |                   |                    |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
|           | 1,3--D +       | \$ 32,880         | \$ 3,325           |
|           | Chloropicrin   |                   |                    |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
|           | Metam Sodium   | \$ 34,931         | \$ 5,192           |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
|           | Chloropicrin   | \$ 32,880         | \$ 3,325           |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| ##### [S  | #####          | **\$ 40,914**     | **\$ 14,533**      |
| outheaste | Methyl Bromide |                   |                    |
| rn US]{.s |                |                   |                    |
| mallcaps} |                |                   |                    |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+
|           | 1,3--D +       | \$ 33,772         | \$ 8,825           |
|           | Chloropicrin   |                   |                    |
+-----------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+

**Table 22.2: Year 2 Gross and Net
Revenue**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590812 .anchor}

+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| #        |                |                    |                    |
| ### [Yea |                |                    |                    |
| r 2]{.sm |                |                    |                    |
| allcaps} |                |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| ##       | **             | **[Gross revenue   | **[Net Revenue for |
| ### [Reg | [Alternatives] | for last reported  | last reported      |
| ion]{.sm | {.smallcaps}** | y                  | y                  |
| allcaps} |                | ear]{.smallcaps}** | ear]{.smallcaps}** |
|          | *(as shown in  | *(US\$/ha)*        | *(US\$/ha)*        |
|          | question 21)*  |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| #####    | **Methyl       | **\$ 83,367**      | **\$ 33,127**      |
| [Califor | Bromide**      |                    |                    |
| nia]{.sm |                |                    |                    |
| allcaps} |                |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | Metam Sodium   | \$ 70,862          | \$ 24,509          |
|          |                |                    |                    |
|          | (15% loss)     |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | Metam Sodium   | \$ 66,694          | \$ 22,068          |
|          |                |                    |                    |
|          | (loss 20%)     |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| ####     | #####          | **\$ 39,996**      | **\$ 9,438**       |
| # [Michi | Methyl Bromide |                    |                    |
| gan]{.sm |                |                    |                    |
| allcaps} |                |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | 1,3--D +       | \$ 32,880          | \$ 3,325           |
|          | Chloropicrin   |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | Metam Sodium   | \$ 34,931          | \$ 5,192           |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | Chloropicrin   | \$ 32,880          | \$ 3,325           |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| ###      | #####          | **\$ 40,914**      | **\$ 14,533**      |
| ## [Sout | Methyl Bromide |                    |                    |
| heastern |                |                    |                    |
|  US]{.sm |                |                    |                    |
| allcaps} |                |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | 1,3--D +       | \$ 33,772          | \$ 8,825           |
|          | Chloropicrin   |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+

**Table 22.3: Year 3 Gross and Net
Revenue**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590813 .anchor}

+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| #        |                |                    |                    |
| ### [Yea |                |                    |                    |
| r 3]{.sm |                |                    |                    |
| allcaps} |                |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| ##       | **             | **[Gross revenue   | **[Net Revenue for |
| ### [Reg | [Alternatives] | for last reported  | last reported      |
| ion]{.sm | {.smallcaps}** | y                  | y                  |
| allcaps} |                | ear]{.smallcaps}** | ear]{.smallcaps}** |
|          | *(as shown in  | *(US\$/ha)*        | *(US\$/ha)*        |
|          | question 21)*  |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| #####    | **Methyl       | **\$ 83,367**      | **\$ 33,127**      |
| [Califor | Bromide**      |                    |                    |
| nia]{.sm |                |                    |                    |
| allcaps} |                |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | Metam Sodium   | \$ 70,862          | \$ 24,509          |
|          |                |                    |                    |
|          | (15% loss)     |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | Metam Sodium   | \$ 66,694          | \$ 22,068          |
|          |                |                    |                    |
|          | (loss 20%)     |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| ####     | #####          | **\$ 39,996**      | **\$ 9,438**       |
| # [Michi | Methyl Bromide |                    |                    |
| gan]{.sm |                |                    |                    |
| allcaps} |                |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | 1,3--D +       | \$ 32,880          | \$ 3,325           |
|          | Chloropicrin   |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | Metam Sodium   | \$ 34,931          | \$ 5,192           |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | Chloropicrin   | \$ 32,880          | \$ 3,325           |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| ###      | #####          | **\$ 40,914**      | **\$ 14,533**      |
| ## [Sout | Methyl Bromide |                    |                    |
| heastern |                |                    |                    |
|  US]{.sm |                |                    |                    |
| allcaps} |                |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|          | 1,3--D +       | \$ 33,772          | \$ 8,825           |
|          | Chloropicrin   |                    |                    |
+----------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------+

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[[Measures of Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide
  Alternatives]{.underline}]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590758
  .anchor}

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

**[California - Table E.1: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide
Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590814 .anchor}

+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **California**                    | **[Methyl   | **     |          |
|                                   | Bromide]{.s | [Metam |          |
|                                   | mallcaps}** | Sod    |          |
|                                   |             | ium]{. |          |
|                                   |             | smallc |          |
|                                   |             | aps}** |          |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **[Production Loss                | **0%**      | *      | **20%**  |
| (%)]{.smallcaps}**                |             | *15%** |          |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **[Production per                 | **11,106**  | **9    | *        |
| Hectare]{.smallcaps}**            |             | ,440** | *8,885** |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **[\* Price per Unit              | **\$ 8**    | **\$   | **\$ 8** |
| (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**             |             | 8**    |          |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **[= Gross Revenue per Hectare    | **\$        | **\$   | **\$     |
| (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**             | 83,367**    | 70     | 66,694** |
|                                   |             | ,862** |          |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **[- Operating Costs per Hectare  | **\$        | **\$   | **\$     |
| (us\$)\*\*]{.smallcaps}**         | 50,240**    | 46     | 44,626** |
|                                   |             | ,353** |          |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **[= Net Revenue per Hectare      | **\$        | **\$   | **\$     |
| (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**             | 33,127**    | 24     | 22,068** |
|                                   |             | ,509** |          |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ###                               |             |        |          |
| ## [Loss Measures \*]{.smallcaps} |             |        |          |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **[1. Loss per Hectare            | **\$ -**    | **\$   | **\$     |
| (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**             |             | 8      | 11,059** |
|                                   |             | ,618** |          |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **[2. Loss per Kilogram of Methyl | **\$ -**    | **\$   | **\$     |
| Bromide (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**     |             | 82**   | 105**    |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **[3. Loss as a Percentage of     | **0%**      | *      | **13%**  |
| Gross Revenue (%)]{.smallcaps}**  |             | *10%** |          |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+
| **[4. Loss as a Percentage of Net | **0%**      | *      | **33%**  |
| Revenue (%)]{.smallcaps}**        |             | *26%** |          |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+--------+----------+

**[Michigan - Table E.2: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide
Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590815 .anchor}

  ----------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------
  **Michigan**                  **[Methyl                **[1,3-D +           **[Metam                **[Chloropicrin]{.smallcaps}**
                                Bromide]{.smallcaps}**   Pic]{.smallcaps}**   Sodium]{.smallcaps}**   

  **[Production Loss            **0%**                   **6%**               **6%**                  **6%**
  (%)]{.smallcaps}**                                                                                  

  **[Production per             **4,248**                **3,976**            **3,976**               **3,976**
  Hectare]{.smallcaps}**                                                                              

  **[\* Price per Unit          **\$ 9**                 **\$ 8**             **\$ 9**                **\$ 8**
  (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**                                                                               

  **[= Gross Revenue per        **\$ 39,996**            **\$ 32,880**        **\$ 34,931**           **\$ 32,880**
  Hectare (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**                                                                       

  **[- Operating Costs per      **\$ 30,559**            **\$ 29,555**        **\$ 29,739**           **\$ 29,555**
  Hectare                                                                                             
  (us\$)\*\*]{.smallcaps}**                                                                           

  **[= Net Revenue per Hectare  **\$ 9,438**             **\$ 3,325**         **\$ 5,192**            **\$ 3,325**
  (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**                                                                               

  **[Loss                                                                                             
  Measures]{.smallcaps}**                                                                             

  **[1. Loss per Hectare        **\$ -**                 **\$ 6,113**         **\$ 4,246**            **\$ 6,113**
  (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**                                                                               

  **[2. Loss per Kilogram of    **\$ -**                 **\$ 127**           **\$ 88**               **\$ 127**
  Methyl Bromide                                                                                      
  (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**                                                                               

  **[3. Loss as a Percentage of **0%**                   **15%**              **11%**                 **15%**
  Gross Revenue                                                                                       
  (%)]{.smallcaps}**                                                                                  

  **[4. Loss as a Percentage of **0%**                   **65%**              **45%**                 **65%**
  Net Revenue                                                                                         
  (%)]{.smallcaps}**                                                                                  
  ----------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------

**[Southeastern US - Table E.3: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide
Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590816 .anchor}

  ----------------------------------------- ------------------------ --------------------
  **Southeastern US**                       **[Methyl                **[1,3-D +
                                            Bromide]{.smallcaps}**   Pic]{.smallcaps}**

  **[Production Loss (%)]{.smallcaps}**     **0%**                   **6%**

  **[Production per Hectare]{.smallcaps}**  **4,382**                **4,110**

  **[\* Price per Unit                      **\$ 9**                 **\$ 8**
  (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**                                              

  **[= Gross Revenue per Hectare            **\$ 40,914**            **\$ 33,772**
  (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**                                              

  **[- Operating Costs per Hectare          **\$ 26,380**            **\$ 24,946**
  (us\$)\*\*]{.smallcaps}**                                          

  **[= Net Revenue per Hectare              **\$ 14,533**            **\$ 8,825**
  (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**                                              

  **[Loss Measures \*]{.smallcaps}**                                 

  **[1. Loss per Hectare                    **\$ -**                 **\$ 5,708**
  (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**                                              

  **[2. Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide **\$ -**                 **\$ 38**
  (us\$)]{.smallcaps}**                                              

  **[3. Loss as a Percentage of Gross       **0%**                   **14%**
  Revenue (%)]{.smallcaps}**                                         

  **[4. Loss as a Percentage of Net         **0%**                   **39%**
  Operating Revenue (%)]{.smallcaps}**                               
  ----------------------------------------- ------------------------ --------------------

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ######### Summary of Economic Feasibility                             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

The economic analysis of the tomato application compared data on yields,
crop prices, revenues and costs using methyl bromide and using
alternative pest control regimens in order to estimate the loss of
methyl bromide availability. The alternatives identified as technically
feasible - in cases of low pest infestation - by the U.S. are: (a)
1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin; (b) Metam sodium; and (c)
Chloropicrin. Changes in pest control costs for tomatoes are less than 4
percent of total variable costs therefore they would have little impact
on any of the economic measures used in the analysis.

The economic factors that really drives the feasibility analysis for
fresh market tomato uses of methyl bromide are: (1) yield losses,
referring to reductions in the quantity produced, (2) increased
production costs, which may be due to the higher-cost of using an
alternative, additional pest control requirements, and/or resulting
shifts in other production or harvesting practices (3) quality losses,
which generally affect the quantity and price received for the goods,
and (4) missed market windows due to plant back time restrictions, which
also affect the quantity and price received for the goods.

The economic reviewers then analyzed crop budgets for pre-plant sectors
to determine the likely economic impact if methyl bromide were
unavailable. Various measures were used to quantify the impacts,
including the following:

\(1\) **Loss per Hectare.** For crops, this measure is closely tied to
income. It is relatively easy to measure, but may be difficult to
interpret in isolation.

\(2\) **Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide**. This measure indicates
the value of methyl bromide to crop production.

\(3\) **Loss as a Percentage of Gross Revenue.** This measure has the
advantage that gross revenues are usually easy to measure, at least over
some unit, *e.g.*, a hectare of land or a storage operation. However,
high value commodities or crops may provide high revenues but may also
entail high costs. Losses of even a small percentage of gross revenues
could have important impacts on the profitability of the activity.

\(4\) **Loss as a Percentage of Net Operating Revenue**. We define net
cash revenues as gross revenues minus operating costs. This is a very
good indicator as to the direct losses of income that may be suffered by
the owners or operators of an enterprise. However, operating costs can
often be difficult to measure and verify.

\(5\) **Operating Profit Margin**. We define operating profit margin to
be net operating revenue divided by gross revenue per hectare. This
measure would provide the best indication of the total impact of the
loss of methyl bromide to an enterprise. Again, operating costs may be
difficult to measure and fixed costs even more difficult, therefore
fixed costs were not included in the analysis.

These measures represent different ways to assess the economic
feasibility of methyl bromide alternatives for methyl bromide users, who
are tomato producers in this case. Because producers (suppliers)
represent an integral part of any definition of a market, we interpret
the threshold of significant market disruption to be met if there is a
significant impact on commodity suppliers using methyl bromide. The
economic measures provide the basis for making that determination.

# California

We conclude that, at present, no economically feasible alternatives to
MeBr exist for use in California tomato production. Yield loss in
California tomato production is expected to be 15\~20% when using MeBr
alternatives. Growers will experience loss on a per hectare basis of
approximately US\$8,618 to US\$11,059 and approximately 10% and 35%
losses in gross and net operating revenues, respectively. These measures
clearly indicate that Metam-Sodium is not an economically feasible
alternative to MeBr.

We have quantified the economic conditions of tomato growers as best as
possible but, primarily due to limited data availability, are unable to
capture every aspect of the economic picture in our numeric analysis.
Factors not accounted for in this analysis are distribution of yield
loss across individual growers and the yield risk associated with using
MeBr alternatives.

# Michigan

We conclude that, at present, no economically feasible alternatives to
MeBr exist for use in Michigan tomato production. Three factors have
proven most important in our conclusion. These are yield loss, quality
loss, and missed market windows, which are discussed individually below.

1\. Yield Loss - Expected yield losses of 6% are anticipated throughout
Michigan tomato production.

2\. Quality Loss -- Expected quality losses of 7% are anticipated
throughout Michigan tomato production. The quality losses are translated
into a reduction in the season average price by 1\~3%.

### 3. Missed Market Windows - We agree with Michigan's assertion that growers will likely receive significantly lower prices for their produce if they switch to 1,3-D + chloropicrin or Metam-Sodium or Chloropicrin. This is due to changes in the harvest schedule caused by the above described soil temperature complications and extended plant back intervals when using these alternatives. 

Our analysis of this effect is based on the fact that prices farmers
receive for their tomatoes vary widely over the course of the growing
season. Driving these fluctuations are the forces of supply and demand.
Early in the growing season, when relatively few tomatoes are harvested,
the supply is at is lowest and the market price is at its highest. As
harvested quantities increase, the price declines. In order to maximize
their revenues, tomato growers manage their production systems with the
goal of harvesting the largest possible quantity of tomatoes when the
prices are at their highs. The ability to sell produce at these higher
prices makes a significant contribution toward the profitability of
tomato operations.

To describe these conditions in Michigan tomato production, we used
daily tomato sales data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the
previous year to gauge the impact of early season price fluctuations on
gross revenues. Though data availability is limiting, we assume that if
tomato growers adjust the timing of their production system, as required
when using 1,3-D + Chloropicrin or Metam-Sodium or Chloropicrin, that
they will, over the course of the growing season, accumulate gross
revenues reduced by approximately 4\~11%. We reduced the season average
price by 4\~11% in our analysis of the alternatives to reflect this.
Based on currently available information, we believe this reduction in
gross revenues serves as a reasonable indicator of the typical effect of
planting delays resulting when MeBr alternatives are used in Michigan.

# Southeastern US

We conclude that, at present, no economically feasible alternatives to
MeBr exist for use in Southeastern US tomato production. Two factors
have proven most important in our conclusion. These are yield loss and
missed market windows, which are discussed individually below.

1\. Yield Loss - Expected yield losses of 6% are anticipated throughout
Michigan tomato production.

### 2. Missed Market Windows - We agree with Southeastern US's assertion that growers will likely receive significantly lower prices for their produce if they switch to 1,3-D + chloropicrin. This is due to changes in the harvest schedule caused by the above described soil temperature complications and extended plant back intervals when using these alternatives. 

Our analysis of this effect is based on the fact that prices farmers
receive for their tomatoes vary widely over the course of the growing
season. Driving these fluctuations are the forces of supply and demand.
Early in the growing season, when relatively few tomatoes are harvested,
the supply is at is lowest and the market price is at its highest. As
harvested quantities increase, the price declines. In order to maximize
their revenues, tomato growers manage their production systems with the
goal of harvesting the largest possible quantity of tomatoes when the
prices are at their highs. The ability to sell produce at these higher
prices makes a significant contribution toward the profitability of
tomato operations.

To describe these conditions in Southeastern US tomato production, we
used weekly tomato sales data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
for the previous three years to gauge the impact of early season price
fluctuations on gross revenues. Though data availability is limiting, we
assume that if tomato growers adjust the timing of their production
system, as required when using 1,3-D + Chloropicrin, that they will,
over the course of the growing season, accumulate gross revenues reduced
by approximately 12%. We reduced the season average price by 12% in our
analysis of the alternatives to reflect this. Based on currently
available information, we believe this reduction in gross revenues
serves as a reasonable indicator of the typical effect of planting
delays resulting when MeBr alternatives are used in Southeastern US.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # [Part F. Future Plans]{.smallcaps}                                  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **[23. What Actions Will Be Taken to Rapidly Develop and Deploy       |
| Alternatives for This                                                 |
| Crop?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590761 .anchor}           |
| *[(]{.smallcaps}Based on responses to Question 13, the answer should  |
| include activities that would be undertaken to overcome the           |
| difficulties that resulted in the alternatives being considered       |
| unsuitable. Include a timetable for completion of key                 |
| activities.)***:**                                                    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Since 1997, the United States EPA has made the registration of        |
| alternatives to methyl bromide a high registration priority. Because  |
| the EPA currently has more applications pending in its registration   |
| review queue than the resources to evaluate them, EPA prioritizes the |
| applications. By virtue of being a top registration priority, methyl  |
| bromide alternatives enter the science review process as soon as U.S. |
| EPA receives the application and supporting data rather than waiting  |
| in turn for the EPA to initiate its review.                           |
|                                                                       |
| As one incentive for the pesticide industry to develop alternatives   |
| to methyl bromide, the Agency has worked to reduce the burdens on     |
| data generation, to the extent feasible while still ensuring that the |
| Agency's registration decisions meet the Federal statutory safety     |
| standards. Where appropriate from a scientific standpoint, the Agency |
| has refined the data requirements for a given pesticide application,  |
| allowing a shortening of the research and development process for the |
| methyl bromide alternative. Furthermore, Agency scientists routinely  |
| meet with prospective methyl bromide alternative applicants,          |
| counseling them through the preregistration process to increase the   |
| probability that the data is done right the first time and rework     |
| delays are minimized                                                  |
|                                                                       |
| The U.S. EPA has also co-chaired the U.S.DA/EPA Methyl Bromide        |
| Alternatives Work Group since 1993 to help coordinate research,       |
| development and the registration of viable alternatives. This         |
| coordination has resulted in key registration issues (such as worker  |
| and bystander exposure through volatilization, township caps and      |
| drinking water concerns) being directly addressed through USDA's      |
| Agricultural Research Service's U.S.\$15 million per year research    |
| program conducted at more than 20 field evaluation facilities across  |
| the country. Also EPA's participation in the evaluation of research   |
| grant proposals each year for USDA's U.S.\$2.5 million per year       |
| methyl bromide alternatives research has further ensured close        |
| coordination between the U.S. government and the research community.  |
|                                                                       |
| As per Culpepper (2004), over 50 vegetable trials, focusing on weed   |
| management, were conducted by the University of Georgia. Four of      |
| these trials compared methyl bromide alternatives and another 30      |
| trials searched for the development and labeling of new herbicides    |
| for vegetables. During 2004, these experiments will be continued to   |
| find methyl bromide alternatives.                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

The amount of methyl bromide requested for research purposes is
considered critical for the development of effective alternatives.
Without methyl bromide for use as a standard treatment, the research
studies can never address the comparative performance of alternatives.
This would be a serious impediment to the development of alternative
strategies. The U.S. government estimates that tomatoes research will
require 5501 kg per year of methyl bromide for 2005 and 2006. This
research request also includes the amounts for asparagus, cabbage,
ginseng, and nutsedge for 74 kg per year. This amount of methyl bromide
is necessary to conduct research on alternatives and is in addition to
the amounts requested in the submitted CUE applications. One example of
the research is a field study testing the comparative performance of
methyl bromide, host resistance, cultural practices, pest management
approaches for control of root-knot nematodes. Another example is a five
year field study comparing methyl bromide to 1,3-D combined with
biologically based materials including transplant treatments for control
of weeds, root-knot nematodes and soil borne fungal pathogens.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[24. How Do You Plan to Minimize the Use of Methyl Bromide for the
  Critical Use in the
  Future?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590762 .anchor} *(Include
  a plan of the stepwise reduction schedule for methyl bromide as
  alternatives are phased in and/or additional emission controls are
  implemented)***:**

  The U.S. wants to note that our usage rate is among the lowest in the
  world in requested sectors and represents efforts of both the
  government and the user community over many years to reduce use rates
  and emissions. We will continue to work with the user community in each
  sector to identify further opportunities to reduce methyl bromide use
  and emissions. Georgia experts (Culpepper, 2004) note that the ability
  to reduce the use of methyl bromide will rely on the interaction of
  fumigant alternatives, plastic mulches and herbicide systems under
  specific growing conditions. More time is needed to develop these
  systems.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[25. Additional Comments on the
  Nomination?]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590763 .anchor}*)*

  Research efforts began in the early 1990's to find out methyl bromide
  alternatives in various crops including tomato. With each year of
  experimentation the researchers became more familiar and efficient with
  methyl bromide fumigant alternatives for nutsedge management. The
  researchers learned strengths and weakness of each fumigant system,
  plastic film types, herbicide system, and various production
  environments. The researchers need more time to evaluate and refine
  these systems in large scale trials prior to large scale implementation
  at growers field level.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[26. Citations]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590764 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Chellemi, D., Botts, D.A. and Noling, J.W. 2001. Field scale
demonstration/validation studies of methyl bromide in plastic mulch
culture in Florida, USDA ARS specific co-operative agreement SCA \#
58-6617-6-013, Executive Summary (1996-2001) submitted to the US-EPA.

Burnette, G. 2003. Personal communication, November 25, 2003.

Culpepper, Stanley. 2004. Faculty, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
Comments on methyl bromide Critical use nomination for preplant soil use
for tomato grown in open fields.

Florida. 2000. Florida soil temperatures. Web address:
[www.imok.ufl/edu/weather/archive/200/clim00](http://www.imok.ufl/edu/weather/archive/200/clim00)

Hausbeck, M. and Cortright, B. 2003. Soil temperature data submitted to
BEAD (OPP, US-EPA) in support of methyl bromide critical use exemption
application.

Jacob, W. C. 1977. Range of mean outside temperature and rainfall in
South-Eastern United States. Climatic Atlas of the United States.
Published by the US Department of Commerce.

Lamour, H.H. and Hausbeck, M. 2003. Effect of crop rotation on the
survival of *Phytophthora capsici* in Michigan. Plant Disease 87:
841-845.

Locasio, S.J., Gilreath, J.P., Dickson, D.W., Kucharek, T.A., Jones,
J.P. and Noling, J.W. 1997. Fumigant alternatives to methyl bromide for
polyethylene-mulched tomato. HortScience 32(7) 1208-1211.

Morales, J.P., Santos, B.M., Stall, W.M. and Bewick. T.A. 1997. Effects
of purple nutsedge (*Cyprus* *rotundus*) on tomato and bell pepper
vegetative growth and fruit yield. Weed Science Technology 11: 672-676.

Nelson, K.A. and Renner, K.A. 2002. Yellow nutsedge (*Cyprus
esculentus*) control and tuber production with glyphosate and
ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Weed Technology 16(3): 512-519.

Norton, J., Nelson, R.D., Nelson, M.D., Olson, B.O., Mey, B.V. and
Lepez, G. 2000. Field evaluation of alternatives to methyl bromide for
pre-plant soil fumigant in California tomatoes. USDA IR-4 methyl bromide
alternatives program for minor crop. Report submitted to the US-EPA
during 2003 in support of methyl bromide critical use exemption.

Stall, W.M. and Morales-Payan, J.P. 2003. The critical period of
nutsedge interference in tomato, Florida. Web address:
<http://www.imok.ufl.edu/liv/groups/ipm/weed_con/nutsedge.htm>

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Re-registration Eligibility
Decision (RED) 1,3 dichloroprppene. Available at
<http://www.epa.gov/REDs/0328red.pdf>

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Feasibility of using gas
permeable tarps to reduce methyl bromide emissions associated with soil
fumigation in the United States.

**APPENDIX A. 2006 Methyl Bromide Usage Numerical Index
(BUNI**).[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65590818 .anchor}

![](media/image1.wmf)

**Footnotes for Appendix A:**

Values may not sum exactly due to rounding.

1.  **[Average Hectares in the US]{.underline}** -- Average Hectares in
    the US is the average of 2001 and 2002 total hectares in the US in
    this crop when available. These figures were obtained from the USDA
    National Agricultural Statistics Service.

2.  **[% of Average Hectares Requested]{.underline}** - Percent (%) of
    Average Hectares Requested is the total area in the sector's request
    divided by the Average Hectares in the US. Note, however, that the
    NASS categories do not always correspond one to one with the sector
    nominations in the U.S. CUE nomination (e.g., roma and cherry
    tomatoes were included in the applicant's request, but were not
    included in NASS surveys). Values greater than 100 percent are due
    to the inclusion of these varieties in the U.S. CUE request that
    were not included in the USDA NASS: nevertheless, these numbers are
    often instructive in assessing the requested coverage of
    applications received from growers.

3.  **[2006 Amount of Request]{.underline}** -- The 2006 amount of
    request is the actual amount requested by applicants given in total
    pounds active ingredient of methyl bromide, total acres of methyl
    bromide use, and application rate in pounds active ingredient of
    methyl bromide per acre. U.S. units of measure were used to describe
    the initial request and then were converted to metric units to
    calculate the amount of the US nomination.

4.  **[2001 & 2002 Average Use]{.underline}** -- The 2001 & 2002 Average
    Use is the average of the 2001 and 2002 historical usage figures
    provided by the applicants given in total pounds active ingredient
    of methyl bromide, total acres of methyl bromide use, and
    application rate in pounds active ingredient of methyl bromide per
    acre. Adjustments are made when necessary due in part to unavailable
    2002 estimates in which case only the 2001 average use figure is
    used.

5.  **[Quarantine and Pre-Shipment]{.underline}** -- Quarantine and
    pre-shipment (QPS) hectares is the percentage (%) of the applicant's
    request subject to QPS treatments.

6.  **[Regional Hectares, 2001 & 2002 Average Hectares]{.underline}** --
    Regional Hectares, 2001 & 2002 Average Hectares is the 2001 and 2002
    average estimate of hectares within the defined region. These
    figures are taken from various sources to ensure an accurate
    estimate. The sources are from the USDA National Agricultural
    Statistics Service and from other governmental sources such as the
    Georgia Acreage estimates.

7.  [**Regional Hectares, Requested Acreage %**]{.underline} - Regional
    Hectares, Requested Acreage % is the area in the applicant's request
    divided by the total area planted in that crop in the region covered
    by the request as found in the USDA National Agricultural Statistics
    Service (NASS). Note, however, that the NASS categories do not
    always correspond one to one with the sector nominations in the U.S.
    CUE nomination (e.g., roma and cherry tomatoes were included in the
    applicant's request, but were not included in NASS surveys). Values
    greater than 100 percent are due to the inclusion of these varieties
    in the U.S. CUE request that were not included in the USDA NASS:
    nevertheless, these numbers are often instructive in assessing the
    requested coverage of applications received from growers.

8.  **[2006 Nomination Options]{.underline}** -- 2006 Nomination Options
    are the options of the inclusion of various factors used to adjust
    the initial applicant request into the nomination figure.

9.  **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts]{.underline}** --
    Subtractions from Requested Amounts are the elements that were
    subtracted from the initial request amount.

10. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, 2006 Request]{.underline}**
    -- Subtractions from Requested Amounts, 2006 Request is the starting
    point for all calculations. This is the amount of the applicant
    request in kilograms.

11. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, Double
    Counting]{.underline}** - Subtractions from Requested Amounts,
    Double Counting is the estimate measured in kilograms in situations
    where an applicant has made a request for a CUE with an individual
    application while their consortium has also made a request for a CUE
    on their behalf in the consortium application. In these cases the
    double counting is removed from the consortium application and the
    individual application takes precedence.

12. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, Growth or 2002 CUE
    Comparison]{.underline}** - Subtractions from Requested Amounts,
    Growth or 2002 CUE Comparison is the greatest reduction of the
    estimate measured in kilograms of either the difference in the
    amount of methyl bromide requested by the applicant that is greater
    than that historically used or treated at a higher use rate or the
    difference in the 2006 request from an applicant's 2002 CUE
    application compared with the 2006 request from the applicant's 2003
    CUE application.

13. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, QPS]{.underline}** -
    Subtractions from Requested Amounts, QPS is the estimate measured in
    kilograms of the request subject to QPS treatments. This subtraction
    estimate is calculated as the 2006 Request minus Double Counting,
    minus Growth or 2002 CUE Comparison then multiplied by the
    percentage subject to QPS treatments. *Subtraction from Requested
    Amounts, QPS = (2006 Request -- Double Counting -- Growth)\*(QPS %)*

14. **[Subtraction from Requested Amounts, Use Rate
    Difference]{.underline}** -- Subtractions from requested amounts,
    use rate difference is the estimate measured in kilograms of the
    lower of the historic use rate or the requested use rate. The
    subtraction estimate is calculated as the 2006 Request minus Double
    Counting, minus Growth or 2002 CUE Comparison, minus the QPS amount,
    if applicable, minus the difference between the requested use rate
    and the lowest use rate applied to the remaining hectares.

15. **[Adjustments to Requested Amounts]{.underline}** -- Adjustments to
    requested amounts were factors that reduced to total amount of
    methyl bromide requested by factoring in the specific situations
    were the applicant could use alternatives to methyl bromide. These
    are calculated as proportions of the total request. We have tried to
    make the adjustment to the requested amounts in the most appropriate
    category when the adjustment could fall into more than one category.

16. **[(%) Karst topography]{.underline}** -- Percent karst topography
    is the proportion of the land area in a nomination that is
    characterized by karst formations. In these areas, the groundwater
    can easily become contaminated by pesticides or their residues.
    Regulations are often in place to control the use of pesticide of
    concern. Dade County, Florida, has a ban on the use of 1,3D due to
    its karst topography.

17. **[(%) 100 ft Buffer Zones]{.underline}** -- Percentage of the
    acreage of a field where certain alternatives to methyl bromide
    cannot be used due the requirement that a 100 foot buffer be
    maintained between the application site and any inhabited structure.

18. **[(%) Key Pest Impacts]{.underline}** - Percent (%) of the
    requested area with moderate to severe pest problems. Key pests are
    those that are not adequately controlled by MB alternatives. For
    example, the key pest in Michigan peppers, *Phytophthora* spp.
    infests approximately 30% of the vegetable growing area. In southern
    states the key pest in peppers is nutsedge.

19. **[Regulatory Issues (%)]{.underline}** - Regulatory issues (%) is
    the percent (%) of the requested area where alternatives cannot be
    legally used (e.g., township caps) pursuant to state and local
    limits on their use.

20. **[Unsuitable Terrain (%)]{.underline}** -- Unsuitable terrain (%)
    is the percent (%) of the requested area where alternatives cannot
    be used due to soil type (e.g., heavy clay soils may not show
    adequate performance) or terrain configuration, such as hilly
    terrain. Where the use of alternatives poses application and
    coverage problems.

21. **[Cold Soil Temperatures]{.underline}** -- Cold soil temperatures
    is the proportion of the requested acreage where soil temperatures
    remain too low to enable the use of methyl bromide alternatives and
    still have sufficient time to produce the normal (one or two) number
    of crops per season or to allow harvest sufficiently early to obtain
    the high prices prevailing in the local market at the beginning of
    the season.

22. **[Combined Impacts (%)]{.underline}** - Total combined impacts are
    the percent (%) of the requested area where alternatives cannot be
    used due to key pest, regulatory, soil impacts, temperature, etc. In
    each case the total area impacted is the conjoined area that is
    impacted by any individual impact. The effects were assumed to be
    independently distributed unless contrary evidence was available
    (e.g., affects are known to be mutually exclusive). For example, if
    50% of the requested area had moderate to severe key pest pressure
    and 50% of the requested area had karst topography, then 75% of the
    area was assumed to require methyl bromide rather than the
    alternative. This was calculated as follows: 50% affected by key
    pests and an additional 25% (50% of 50%) affected by karst
    topography.

23. **[Qualifying Area]{.underline}** - Qualifying area (ha) is
    calculated by multiplying the adjusted hectares by the combined
    impacts.

24. **[Use Rate]{.underline}** - Use rate is the lower of requested use
    rate for 2006 or the historic average use rate.

25. **[CUE Nominated amount]{.underline}** - CUE nominated amount is
    calculated by multiplying the qualifying area by the use rate.

26. **[Percent Reduction]{.underline}** - Percent reduction from initial
    request is the percentage of the initial request that did not
    qualify for the CUE nomination.

27. **[Sum of CUE Nominations in Sector]{.underline}** -
    Self-explanatory.

28. **[Total US Sector Nomination]{.underline}** - Total U.S. sector
    nomination is the most likely estimate of the amount needed in that
    sector.

29. **[Dichotomous Variables]{.underline}** -- dichotomous variables are
    those which take one of two values, for example, 0 or 1, yes or no.
    These variables were used to categorize the uses during the
    preparation of the nomination.

30. **[Strip Bed Treatment]{.underline}** -- Strip bed treatment is
    'yes' if the applicant uses such treatment, no otherwise.

31. **[Currently Use Alternatives]{.underline}** -- Currently use
    alternatives is 'yes' if the applicant uses alternatives for some
    portion of pesticide use on the crop for which an application to use
    methyl bromide is made.

32. **[Research/ Transition Plans]{.underline}** -- Research/ Transition
    Plans is 'yes' when the applicant has indicated that there is
    research underway to test alternatives or if applicant has a plan to
    transition to alternatives.

33. **[Tarps/ Deep Injection Used]{.underline}** -- Because all
    pre-plant methyl bromide use in the US is either with tarps or by
    deep injection, this variable takes on the value 'tarp' when tarps
    are used and 'deep' when deep injection is used.

34. **[Pest-free cert. Required]{.underline}** - This variable is a
    'yes' when the product must be certified as 'pest-free' in order to
    be sold

35. **[Other Issues]{.underline}**.- Other issues is a short reminder of
    other elements of an application that were checked

36. **[Change from Prior CUE Request]{.underline}**- This variable takes
    a '+' if the current request is larger than the previous request, a
    '0' if the current request is equal to the previous request, and a
    '-' if the current request is smaller that the previous request.

37. **[Verified Historic Use/ State]{.underline}**- This item indicates
    whether the amounts requested by administrative area have been
    compared to records of historic use in that area.

38. **[Frequency of Treatment]{.underline}** -- This indicates how often
    methyl bromide is applied in the sector. Frequency varies from
    multiple times per year to once in several decades.

39. **[Economic Analysis]{.underline}** -- provides summary economic
    information for the applications.

40. **[Loss per Hectare]{.underline}** -- This measures the total loss
    per hectare when a specific alternative is used in place of methyl
    bromide. Loss comprises both the monetized value of yield loss
    (relative to yields obtained with methyl bromide) and any additional
    costs incurred through use of the alternative. It is measured in
    current US dollars.

41. **[Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide]{.underline}** -- This
    measures the total loss per kilogram of methyl bromide when it is
    replaced with an alternative. Loss comprises both the monetized
    value of yield loss (relative to yields obtained with methyl
    bromide) and any additional costs incurred through use of the
    alternative. It is measured in current US dollars.

42. **[Loss as a % of Gross revenue]{.underline}** -- This measures the
    loss as a proportion of gross (total) revenue. Loss comprises both
    the monetized value of yield loss (relative to yields obtained with
    methyl bromide) and any additional costs incurred through use of the
    alternative. It is measured in current US dollars.

43. **[Loss as a % of Net Operating Revenue]{.underline}** -This
    measures loss as a proportion of total revenue minus operating
    costs. Loss comprises both the monetized value of yield loss
    (relative to yields obtained with methyl bromide) and any additional
    costs incurred through use of the alternative. It is measured in
    current US dollars. This item is also called net cash returns.

44. **[Quality/ Time/ Market Window/Yield Loss (%)]{.underline}** --
    When this measure is available it measures the sum of losses
    including quality losses, non-productive time, missed market windows
    and other yield losses when using the marginal strategy.

45. **[Marginal Strategy]{.underline}** -This is the strategy that a
    particular methyl bromide user would use if not permitted to use
    methyl bromide.

**[APPENDIX B. Summary of New Applicants]{.smallcaps}**

A number of new groups applied for methyl bromide for 2005 during this
application cycle, as shown in the table below. Although in most cases
they represent additional amounts for sectors that were already
well-characterized sectors, in a few cases they comprised new sectors.
Examples of the former include significant additional country (cured,
uncooked) ham production; some additional request for tobacco transplant
trays, and very minor amounts for pepper and eggplant production in lieu
of tomato production in Michigan.

For the latter, there are two large requests: cut flower and foliage
production in Florida and California ('Ornamentals') and a group of
structures and process foods that we have termed 'Post-Harvest NPMA'
which includes processed (generally wheat-based foods), spices and
herbs, cocoa, dried milk, cheeses and small amounts of other
commodities. There was also a small amount requested for field-grown
tobacco.

The details of the case that there are no alternatives which are both
technically and economically feasible are presented in the appropriate
sector chapters, as are the requested amounts, suitably adjusted to
ensure that no double-counting, growth, etc. were included and that the
amount was only sufficient to cover situations (key pests, regulatory
requirements, etc.) where alternatives could not be used.

The amount requested by new applicants is approximately 2.5% of the 1991
U.S. baseline, or about 1,400,000 pounds of methyl bromide, divided 40%
for pre-plant uses and 60% for post-harvest needs.

The methodology for deriving the nominated amount used estimates that
would result in the lowest amount of methyl bromide requested from the
range produced by the analysis to ensure that adequate amounts of methyl
bromide were available for critical needs. We are requesting additional
methyl bromide in the amount of about 500,000 Kg, or 2% or the 1991 U.S.
baseline, to provide for the additional critical needs in the pre-plant
and post-harvest sector.

  -------------------------------------- -- -------------------------------
  **Applicant Name**                        **2005 U.S. CUE Nomination
                                            (lbs)**

  California Cut Flower Commission          400,000

  National Country Ham Association          1,172

  Wayco Ham Company                         39

  California Date Commission                5,319

  National Pest Management Association      319,369

  Michigan Pepper Growers                   20,904

  Michigan Eggplant Growers                 6,968

  Burley & Dark Tobacco Growers USA -       2,254
  Transplant Trays                          

  Burley & Dark Tobacco Growers USA -       28,980
  Field Grown                               

  Virginia Tobacco Growers - Transplant     941
  Trays                                     

  Michigan Herbaceous Perennials            4,200

  Ozark Country Hams                        240

  Nahunta Pork Center                       248

  American Association of Meat              296,800
  Processors                                

  Total lbs                                 **1,087,434**

  Total kgs                                 **493,252**
  -------------------------------------- -- -------------------------------

.