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**VEHICLE SAFETY PROGRAM**

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Agency

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Adoption Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1\. Management Commitment [1-1](#management-commitment)

1.1. Safety Policy Statement [1-1](#safety-policy-statement)

2\. Safety Program Responsibilities
[2-1](#safety-program-responsibilities)

2.1. Compliance Responsibilities [2-1](#compliance-responsibilities)

2.1.1. Executive Director [2-1](#executive-director)

2.1.2. Drivers, Mechanics and Others Operating Agency Vehicles (and
Volunteers)
[2-1](#drivers-mechanics-and-others-operating-agency-vehicles-and-volunteers)

2.2. Vehicle Accident Prevention Committee
[2-2](#vehicle-accident-prevention-committee)

2.2.1. Meetings, Membership, Officers, Duties
[2-2](#meetings-membership-officers-duties)

2.3. Safety Incentive Program(s) [2-4](#safety-incentive-programs)

3\. Drivers -- Initial Hire [3-1](#drivers-initial-hire)

3.1. Qualifications [3-1](#qualifications)

3.1.1. Application [3-1](#application)

3.1.2. Interviews [3-1](#interviews)

3.1.3. Physical Requirements [3-1](#physical-requirements)

3.1.4. Age [3-2](#age)

3.1.5. Knowledge of English [3-2](#knowledge-of-english)

3.1.6. Driver Licensing [3-2](#driver-licensing)

3.1.7. Operating Skills [3-2](#operating-skills)

3.1.8. Criminal Record Checks [3-2](#criminal-record-checks)

3.1.9. Ability to perform simple math.
[3-3](#ability-to-perform-simple-math.)

3.1.10. Reasonable knowledge of the service area and ability to read
basic maps.
[3-3](#reasonable-knowledge-of-the-service-area-and-ability-to-read-basic-maps.)

3.1.11. A road test given by a designated Agency Supervisor is required.
[3-3](#a-road-test-given-by-a-designated-agency-supervisor-is-required.)

3.1.12. A written driving skills test is required.
[3-3](#a-written-driving-skills-test-is-required.)

3.2. Training -- Initial [3-3](#training-initial)

3.2.1. Agency Policies and Procedures
[3-3](#agency-policies-and-procedures)

3.2.2. Federal and State Guidelines and Regulations
[3-3](#federal-and-state-guidelines-and-regulations)

3.2.3. Pre and Post Trip Inspections
[3-3](#pre-and-post-trip-inspections)

3.2.4. Vehicle Familiarization [3-3](#vehicle-familiarization)

3.2.5. Basic Operations and Maneuvering
[3-4](#basic-operations-and-maneuvering)

3.2.6. Special Driving Conditions [3-4](#special-driving-conditions)

3.2.7. Backing [3-4](#backing)

3.2.8. Bad Weather [3-4](#bad-weather)

3.2.9. Boarding and Alighting Passengers
[3-4](#boarding-and-alighting-passengers)

3.2.10. Defensive Driving Course (DDC)
[3-4](#defensive-driving-course-ddc)

3.2.11. Passenger Assistance Training -- DRIVE Training
[3-5](#passenger-assistance-training-drive-training)

3.2.12. On Road [3-5](#on-road)

4\. Drivers -- Ongoing Supervision and Training
[4-1](#drivers-ongoing-supervision-and-training)

4.1. Training - Refresher/Retraining
[4-1](#training---refresherretraining)

4.2. Evaluation and Supervision [4-1](#evaluation-and-supervision)

4.3. Motor Vehicle Record Checks [4-1](#motor-vehicle-record-checks)

4.4. Annual Physical Examination [4-2](#annual-physical-examination)

4.5. Safety Meetings [4-3](#safety-meetings)

4.6. Seat-belt Usage [4-3](#seat-belt-usage)

4.7. Discipline/Recognition [4-3](#disciplinerecognition)

4.8. Preventable Accidents/Injuries
[4-4](#preventable-accidentsinjuries)

4.8.1. Grievance Procedure [4-4](#grievance-procedure)

4.8.2. Responsibility of Employees [4-5](#responsibility-of-employees)

5\. Emergency Driving Procedures [5-1](#emergency-driving-procedures)

5.1. Accident Causes [5-1](#accident-causes)

5.1.1. Slippery Road Surfaces [5-2](#slippery-road-surfaces)

5.1.2. Driving At Night [5-3](#driving-at-night)

5.1.3. Driving Through Water [5-5](#driving-through-water)

5.1.4. Winter Driving [5-5](#winter-driving)

5.1.5. Driving In Very Hot Weather [5-8](#driving-in-very-hot-weather)

5.2. Vehicle Breakdowns and Unavoidable Stops
[5-9](#vehicle-breakdowns-and-unavoidable-stops)

5.3. Vehicle Fire/Evacuation [5-9](#vehicle-fireevacuation)

5.4. Hold up/Robbery [5-10](#hold-uprobbery)

5.5. Natural Disasters [5-10](#natural-disasters)

5.5.1. Tornado [5-10](#tornado)

5.5.2. Flood Procedures - Vehicle [5-10](#flood-procedures---vehicle)

6\. Passenger Safety [6-1](#passenger-safety)

6.1. General Guidelines [6-1](#general-guidelines)

6.2. Seat-belts [6-1](#seat-belts)

6.3. Child Safety Seats [6-1](#child-safety-seats)

6.4. Mobility Device Securement and Passenger Restraint Systems
[6-3](#mobility-device-securement-and-passenger-restraint-systems)

6.5. Difficult Passengers [6-3](#difficult-passengers)

6.6. Medical Condition [6-3](#medical-condition)

6.7. First Aid [6-4](#first-aid)

6.8. Bloodborne Pathogens/Infection Control
[6-4](#bloodborne-pathogensinfection-control)

7\. Vehicles & Equipment [7-1](#vehicles-equipment)

7.1. Preventive Maintenance [7-1](#preventive-maintenance)

7.2. Program Development [7-1](#program-development)

7.3. Preventive Maintenance Needs [7-1](#preventive-maintenance-needs)

7.4. Preventive Maintenance Program
[7-2](#preventive-maintenance-program)

7.5. Conclusion [7-3](#conclusion)

7.6. Format for Preventive Maintenance Program for Transit Vehicles
[7-3](#format-for-preventive-maintenance-program-for-transit-vehicles)

7.7. Master Vehicle Service and Repair Record -- Maintenance History
[7-5](#master-vehicle-service-and-repair-record-maintenance-history)

7.8. Preventive Maintenance Intervals
[7-5](#preventive-maintenance-intervals)

7.8.1. A Level Inspection [7-5](#a-level-inspection)

7.8.2. B Level Inspection [7-6](#b-level-inspection)

7.8.3. C Level Inspection [7-7](#c-level-inspection)

7.9. Pre & Post Trip Inspections [7-7](#pre-post-trip-inspections)

7.10. Emergency Equipment on Vehicles and Usage
[7-9](#emergency-equipment-on-vehicles-and-usage)

7.11. Use of Emergency Equipment on Vehicles
[7-9](#use-of-emergency-equipment-on-vehicles)

7.12. Vehicle Procurement [7-10](#vehicle-procurement)

7.12.1. Exterior [7-10](#exterior)

7.12.2. Visibility [7-11](#visibility)

7.12.3. Interior [7-11](#interior)

7.13. Vehicle Security [7-11](#vehicle-security)

7.14. Vehicle Safety in and around the Shop or Yard
[7-12](#vehicle-safety-in-and-around-the-shop-or-yard)

8\. Accident Management [8-1](#accident-management)

8.1. Accident Documentation Packet [8-1](#accident-documentation-packet)

8.2. Accident Notification Procedures -- Driver Responsibility
[8-1](#accident-notification-procedures-driver-responsibility)

8.3. Accident Investigation -- Management Responsibility
[8-2](#accident-investigation-management-responsibility)

8.4. Accident Investigation Kit [8-8](#accident-investigation-kit)

8.5. Reconstruction & Analysis [8-8](#reconstruction-analysis)

8.6. Drug and Alcohol Tests [8-9](#drug-and-alcohol-tests)

8.7. Media Relations and Crises Communication After an Accident
[8-9](#media-relations-and-crises-communication-after-an-accident)

9\. Insurance Claims and Litigation Management
[9-1](#insurance-claims-and-litigation-management)

9.1. Dealing with Adjusters [9-1](#dealing-with-adjusters)

9.2. Dealing with Attorneys -- Ours/Theirs
[9-1](#dealing-with-attorneys-ourstheirs)

10\. Day to Day Operations -- Monitoring for Safety
[10-1](#day-to-day-operations-monitoring-for-safety)

10.1. Record keeping [10-1](#record-keeping)

10.2. Keeping Informed [10-1](#keeping-informed)

10.2.1. Websites [10-1](#websites)

10.2.2. Publications [10-2](#publications)

11\. Appendix [11-1](#appendix)

Acknowledgements [I](#acknowledgements)

Sources of Information [II](#sources-of-information)

***Vehicle Safety Program -- Ohio Department of Transportation***

# Management Commitment

## Safety Policy Statement

> This safety program describes the policies, procedures and
> requirements to be followed by management, maintenance and operating
> personnel in order to provide a safe environment for Agency employees
> (volunteers) and the general public. All personnel are expected and
> required to adhere to the policies, procedures, and requirements
> established herein and to properly and diligently perform
> safety-related functions as a condition of employment.
>
> The Agency has a sincere concern for the welfare and safety of its
> employees (and volunteers) as well as the public it serves. The goal
> of this program is to eliminate the suffering and cost of avoidable
> personal injury and vehicle accidents.
>
> It is the Agency policy to provide safe working conditions for all
> employees (and volunteers) and to provide complete instructions
> covering safe work methods. All Agency employees (and volunteers) will
> promote accident prevention by actively supporting the safety program.

**[PURPOSE]{.underline}**

> The National Safety Council defines a preventable accident as one in
> which the driver did not do everything that reasonably could have been
> done to prevent the accident. This plan's purpose is to determine
> whether an accident resulted from the action or inaction of an Agency
> employee (or volunteer), in order to identify and implement corrective
> action and ultimately prevent future accidents and/or injuries. The
> Agency Safety Program will be accomplished through the following
> activities:

-   The Agency will pursue an active safety inspection program involving
    all facilities, vehicles, and work procedures to identify and
    correct all hazardous conditions and practices;

-   The Agency will actively investigate and review all accidents
    involving Agency employees (and volunteers) or property to determine
    the source of negligence in the accident and to outline preventive
    measures;

-   The Agency will conduct both formal and informal safety training
    sessions for all employees (and volunteers);

-   The Agency will establish personal protective equipment guidelines
    for its employees (and volunteers), provide the equipment, and
    require employees (and volunteers) to utilize the equipment.

-   The Agency will provide adequate equipment so as to provide a safe
    transportation system for its riders and the general public.

> The Agency Safety Plan will involve all employees (and volunteers) and
> will be actively pursued as a condition of employment.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Signed -- Executive Director

# Safety Program Responsibilities

## Compliance Responsibilities

### Executive Director

> The executive director is responsible for establishing this safety
> program and for maintaining safe working conditions and practices for
> all Agency personnel. The executive director will:

-   Be responsible for successfully administering the plan and
    establishing, monitoring and reporting on the system's safety
    objectives;

-   Develop, publish and enforce reasonable safety procedures pertinent
    to the Agency activities;

-   Provide for adequate driver training and continuing instruction for
    all employees (and volunteers);

-   Make the final determination as to preventability or
    non-preventability of accidents;

-   Meet with employees (and volunteers) involved in accidents that are
    determined to be preventable to review disciplinary and corrective
    action; and

-   Set a good example for safety by working in a safe manner and by
    encouraging others to do so.

### Drivers, Mechanics and Others Operating Agency Vehicles (and Volunteers)

> Drivers (and volunteers) are responsible for exercising maximum care
> and good judgment in preventing accidents. Each employee will:

-   Maintain and have in his/her possession a valid Ohio drivers license
    or Commercial Drivers License (CDL) as required by law at all times
    while operating Agency vehicles.

-   Maintain and have in his/her possession a valid Department of
    Transportation medical examiners certificate, as required by law or
    regulation, at all times while operating an Agency vehicle.

-   Immediately report all motor vehicle citations, convictions,
    suspensions or removal of drivers license to Management.

-   Immediately report all accidents, no matter how insignificant they
    may seem, to the Executive Director or his/her designee;

-   Immediately report al1 unsafe practices or vehicle conditions and
    not operate a vehicle in an unsafe condition;

-   Use proper judgment and care to avoid accidents;

-   Participate in all safety training;

-   Become familiar with, and operate within, all safety procedures for
    the assigned work activity;

-   Notify the Executive Director or his/her designee when taking
    medication, whether prescription or nonprescription, which may
    impair physical or mental alertness and affect ability to perform a
    job safely;

-   Notify the Executive Director or his/her designee when a physical or
    mental condition may impair the ability to perform the job safely;

-   Use or wear protective equipment at all times and obtain
    replacements for such equipment when damaged or otherwise
    unserviceable;

-   Accurately complete "Employee Statements" on appropriate accident
    reports; and

-   Consent to all mandated pre or post accident drug and/or alcohol
    tests or screenings whether required by law or the Agency.

## Vehicle Accident Prevention Committee

> The ***Vehicle Accident Prevention Committee*** shall be established
> with the following guidelines:
>
> It is the purpose of the committee to act as a resource for enhancing
> and facilitating vehicle safety. The ***Vehicle Accident Prevention
> Committee*** shall not supersede the role of management and employees
> in safety.

### Meetings, Membership, Officers, Duties

> a\. Meetings
>
> The ***Vehicle Accident Prevention Committee*** shall meet at least 4
> times each calendar year at a time and place established by the
> current members during a regularly scheduled meeting. In addition, any
> current member may call a meeting for good cause by contacting either
> the Chairperson or the Vice-Chairperson. The Executive Director may
> also call ***a Vehicle Accident Prevention Committee*** Meeting.
>
> b\. Membership
>
> Membership will be limited to Management, Employees (and Volunteers)
> of the Agency.
>
> As much as possible and taking into consideration staff schedules,
> representatives should be from both supervisory and direct service
> staff.
>
> Terms shall be two (2) years:
>
> All members must attend a minimum of 75% of all scheduled meetings in
> order to remain on the committee. If a member is unable to fulfill
> this requirement, the departments being represented shall appoint
> someone to replace that member.
>
> c\. Officers
>
> Annually and at the first meeting of each calendar year, ***the
> Vehicle Accident Prevention Committee*** shall elect the following
> officers:
>
> ***Chair*** - Chair all meetings of the committee and prepare the
> agenda.
>
> ***Vice Chair*** - Chair all meetings of the committee in the absence
> of the chair.
>
> ***Recording Secretary*** - Record and prepare the minutes of each
> meeting and chair all meetings in the absence of both the Chair and
> the Vice‑Chair. Notify all members of meetings. Forward
> recommendations and findings to Management.
>
> d\. Duties of the Committee
>
> i\. Help management identify current accident prevention and safety
> training needs.
>
> ii\. Assist supervision to develop strategies that prevent vehicle
> accidents.
>
> iii\. Identify and communicate new vehicle and operator safety
> requirements. Along with Management, identify staff who should attend
> any training related to these requirements.
>
> iv\. Identify and recognize successful safety projects.
>
> v\. Maintain a vehicle safety training resource library.
>
> vi\. Attend safety training as applicable to safety committee
> operations and general safety procedures.
>
> vii\. Maintain confidentiality of all records (as required by law and
> Governing Board Policy).
>
> viii\. Conduct an annual safety audit of all facilities and provide a
> report, including recommendations, to Management.

## Safety Incentive Program(s)

> Safety Incentive Programs are based upon positive reinforcement of
> good driving skills. Key elements include:
>
> 1\. Standards must be set high but be attainable so as not to reward
> mediocre behavior.
>
> 2\. The incentive must be earned.
>
> 3\. The incentive must have some personal value, whether it be an
> elevation in status, physical reward or both.
>
> 4\. The award should be based upon performance over a reasonable
> period of time. Not too long or short. For safe driver awards, an
> interval of yearly is appropriate. For other incentive programs such
> as contests, three or six months are appropriate.
>
> 5\. For drivers, individual performance, rather than group performance
> should be used as a criteria.
>
> 6\. It is better for many participants to receive small awards rather
> than one person to receive a big reward.
>
> 7\. The presentation of an award should be preceded by a celebration
> to emphasize the importance.

The following safe driver award program is suggested:

> Every driver who completes a year (1500 hours or \_\_\_\_ miles) or
> more of safe driving without a preventable accident and without a
> moving violation will be presented with a Safe Driver patch denoting
> the number of years of continuous safe driving and the following
> monetary awards:
>
> One Year - \$25
>
> Two Years - \$50
>
> Three Years - \$75
>
> Four Years - \$100
>
> Five Years - \$150
>
> Over Five - \$150 + \$25 for each year over 5
>
> Ten Years - \$400
>
> In addition, to encourage family support of the safe driver, the
> spouse or significant other will receive an appropriate gift and
> recognition.
>
> The award will be presented at the annual Safe Driver Award Dinner.
> All drivers and their spouses or significant others will be invited to
> attend at no cost.

Patches will be sewn onto uniforms at Agency expense.

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# Drivers -- Initial Hire

## Qualifications

### Application

> Each potential employee shall complete a written application.

### Interviews

> Each potential employee shall be interviewed by the Executive Director
> and supervisor.

### Physical Requirements

> No person shall drive, require or permit any person to drive any
> vehicle in the service of transporting clients or on agency business
> unless the driver possess the following minimum qualifications:

a.  Mental and Physical Conditions - Drivers shall be in sound physical
    and mental condition. Drivers shall not have any physical or mental
    defects or limitations likely to interfere with safe driving,
    passenger assistance or emergency activities, in the opinion of the
    party responsible for hiring or supervising drivers and the
    physician performing the driver's physical examination. The driver
    must be physically capable of assisting persons with disabilities
    including wheelchair users if the job duties require it.

b.  Eyesight - Drivers must have vision in both eyes, normal depth
    perception, normal peripheral vision and be free of any disease or
    condition that could impair vision. Drivers must have 20/40 vision
    in each eye with or without correction, and 140 degrees or better
    horizontal vision. Drivers must be able to distinguish between
    green, red and yellow.

c.  Hearing - Drivers shall have adequate hearing to assure safe
    response to vehicle horns, emergency vehicle sirens, and train
    signals.

d.  Alcohol, narcotics and drugs - Drivers shall not be addicted to the
    use of alcohol, narcotics or habit-forming drugs. Drug and alcohol
    tests shall be conducted in accordance with State and/or Federal
    Regulations.

e.  Doctor's Physical Examination - The Director shall have and keep on
    file a certificate of Physical Examination given within twelve (12)
    months prior to employment, signed by a qualified, licensed
    physician, for every driver in the organization's employment,
    attesting that such a doctor has examined said driver and found
    him/her to meet satisfactorily the qualifications set forth in
    applicable State and/or Federal Regulations.

### Age

> Drivers shall be at least twenty-one years of age.

### Knowledge of English

> Drivers shall be able to read, write and speak the English language.

### Driver Licensing

> Drivers transporting people shall hold a valid Ohio Driver's License
> or Commercial Driver's License as appropriate. An original, not a
> copy, of the Bureau of Motor Vehicle (BMV) report issued within the
> past ten (10) days must be produced before the potential employee is
> considered for hire. (See qualification criteria below.) **In no case
> will an individual be given a road test, placed in training or allowed
> to operate an Agency vehicle without a BMV check that is in compliance
> with this policy and has been approved by the Executive Director.**
>
> These criteria include:

-   Good driving record with no Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), Driving
    Under the Influence (DUI) or similar charges, reckless driving,
    railroad crossing violations or leaving the scene of an accident
    offenses.

-   No more than a total of two moving violations or accidents within
    the last three years.

-   No suspended or revoked licenses within the past 10 years for moving
    violations or violations of criminal laws.

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-   Any combination of violations, unfavorable road observations or
    accidents that indicates a **pattern** of unsafe vehicle operation
    behavior, whether on or off the job.

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-   Minimum of five years driving experience.

### Operating Skills

> Drivers shall have experience in safely driving some type of motor
> vehicle (including private automobile) for not less than five (5)
> years, including experience throughout the four seasons.

###  {#section .unnumbered}

### Criminal Record Checks

> An original criminal record check, issued within the past 10 days,
> shall be obtained as part of the application process. Persons with
> felony convictions of any sort are unacceptable. Other unacceptable
> convictions include crimes of violence, drug usage or sales, physical
> abuse, fraud or theft. A pattern of unlawful behavior shall also
> disqualify an applicant.

### Ability to perform simple math.

### Reasonable knowledge of the service area and ability to read basic maps.

### A road test given by a designated Agency Supervisor is required.

### A written driving skills test is required.

## Training -- Initial

> The following subjects will be covered and trainees will demonstrate
> expertise in:

### Agency Policies and Procedures

> This includes:

a)  Policy and Procedures Manual

b)  Personnel Policy Manual

c)  Scheduling

d)  Radio Procedures

e)  Office and Paperwork Requirements

### Federal and State Guidelines and Regulations

a)  Drug and Alcohol Program

b)  Bloodborne Pathogens

c)  ADA Requirements

d)  Other Federal and State Requirements

### Pre and Post Trip Inspections

> Training will be conducted on proper pre and post trip inspections as
> shown later in this manual.

### Vehicle Familiarization

> New employees will be given a complete familiarization of the vehicle
> including engine compartment, all driver controls, emergency equipment
> and passenger safety devices.

### Basic Operations and Maneuvering

> Training will include starting, stopping, left and right turns, and
> parking.

### Special Driving Conditions

a)  Interstate -- Proper procedures for entering and exiting Interstate
    or other limited access highways will be covered.

b)  Intersections -- Procedures for safely negotiating intersections of
    all types will be covered.

c)  Railroad Crossings -- Agency vehicles will stop at all railroad
    crossings, the front door will be opened and both directions will be
    carefully checked for trains. In the case of multiple tracks,
    vehicles will not proceed until all tracks can be verified as clear.
    Special caution will be exercised at unguarded crossings.

### Backing

> Backing is prohibited unless absolutely necessary. When backing is
> necessary, it is only to be done with a spotter or guide.

### Bad Weather

> New employees will be trained in operating in adverse weather
> conditions as shown in the Emergency Driving Procedures section.

### Boarding and Alighting Passengers

> Proper procedures for boarding and alighting passengers safely will be
> covered. This includes stopping, starting, bus stops, special
> situations and hazardous conditions on steps or outside the vehicle.

### Defensive Driving Course (DDC)

> Drivers shall complete the National Safety Council's Defensive Driving
> Course (DDC) prior to beginning his or her driving duties if possible,
> or within six months following employment, and every third year
> thereafter. The four-hour Defensive Driving Course II (DCII) may be
> used as the "refresher course" for those drivers who have previously
> completed the eight hour DDC core course.

### Passenger Assistance Training -- DRIVE Training

> All drivers operating wheelchair lifts, ramps or otherwise assisting
> disabled persons shall receive specialized training and supervised
> practice on safe and proper techniques prior to offering such
> assistance. Such drivers shall also be prepared to deal with
> mechanical failures of lifts or other emergencies that may arise. An
> eight (8) hour training program will be completed.

### On Road

> All trainees shall complete an on the road training program that shall
> cover all aspects of driving duties. Due to varying levels of
> expertise and experience, the program will be adapted to the training
> needs of the trainee. After initial training, the new driver will be
> assigned to an experienced supervisor or driver for continued
> orientation and observation. Only when the driver is deemed to be
> fully trained will he or she be permitted to operate a vehicle in
> regular service.

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# Drivers -- Ongoing Supervision and Training

## Training - Refresher/Retraining

> In Service Training - Drivers shall participate in regular driver
> safety meetings and training sessions. Suggested training topics
> include first aid, cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, safe driving films,
> weather related driving topics, emergency procedures and review of
> state driving laws.

## Evaluation and Supervision

-   Ride Checks -- Management or supervisory staff should ride with and
    critique each driver once every six (6) months. A written report
    will be completed and reviewed with the driver. The report will be
    kept in the driver file.

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-   Road Observations -- Management or supervisory staff should observe
    the driving skills of each driver from outside the vehicle once
    every six (6) months.

## Motor Vehicle Record Checks

> Bureau of Motor Vehicle (BMV) reports, also known as Motor Vehicle
> Record (MVR) checks, are crucial documents that should be used in the
> process of determining whether to **consider for hire, to hire or
> retain** a driver. The existence of an acceptable BMV record is only
> one of the criteria used for hire or retention. An unacceptable BMV
> record stops the hiring or starts the dismissal process.
>
> It is the applicant's or current driver's responsibility to maintain
> an acceptable driving record in compliance with Agency policy. Only
> original reports issued within 10 days of Agency request are
> acceptable (no copies).

**Procedures**

The following procedures should be followed closely:

a\. BMV checks will be required at the following times:

> i\. At the time of application and **[before hire]{.underline}**
> (applicant's responsibility),
>
> ii\. Every 6 months (Agency responsibility),
>
> iii\. At the time of a preventable accident, (Agency responsibility)
>
> iv\. Any other time that the manager has reason to believe that the
> employee's driving record may have deteriorated. (Agency
> responsibility.)
>
> b\. Current (issued within the last 10 days), original BMV reports
> (not copies) shall be obtained **before** the applicant's application
> is acted upon.
>
> c\. Where required by state law or regulations, authorizations to
> obtain BMV records shall be obtained from employees. Failure to
> authorize a check is reasonable cause for dismissal.
>
> d\. Violations that occur on an employee's personal time or in a
> non-company vehicle are to be considered as part of the overall
> driving record.
>
> e\. BMV records will be reviewed and approved by the Executive
> Director based upon the criteria listed below, upon receipt.
>
> The following are unacceptable driving records:
>
> i\. If license has been suspended, the person must have ten (10) years
> with no subsequent violations.
>
> ii\. If license has been revoked, the person must have ten (10) years
> with no subsequent violations.
>
> iii\. Reckless driving within the past five (5) years.
>
> iv\. A combination of more that two (2) accidents and/or two (2)
> moving violations in the past three (3) years. For example, one
> accident and one moving violation or two (2) moving violations.
>
> v\. Person convicted of Driving under the Influence (DUI)/Driving
> While Intoxicated (DWI) are not acceptable candidates for driving
> employment no matter when the conviction.
>
> vi\. Any combination of violations, unfavorable road observations or
> accidents that indicate a pattern of unsafe vehicle operation
> behavior, whether on or off the job.
>
> vii\. Current employees charged with DUI/DWI will be suspended
> immediately pending the outcome. If the employee is convicted, this is
> cause for immediate termination.
>
> Note: State sponsored safety courses or DDC courses do not "erase"
> accidents or moving violations.
>
> f\. Employees are required to notify their manager immediately if they
> have received moving violations, DWI/DUI citations or have had their
> license suspended or revoked. Those that operate an Agency vehicle
> with a suspended or revoked license are subject to immediate
> dismissal. Employees not notifying management of tickets will be
> subject to disciplinary procedures up to and including dismissal.

## Annual Physical Examination

> Annual physical examinations are required for all drivers.

## Safety Meetings

> Safety meetings shall be held not less than quarterly. They should
> cover a topic germane to the time of year, types of accidents that
> have occurred in the near term or to reinforce important rules and
> regulations.

## Seat-belt Usage

> The use of seat-belts by drivers and passengers is mandatory in all
> Agency vehicles. Disabled passengers shall be secured and restrained
> in accordance with their disability and type of mobility device in
> use.

## Discipline/Recognition

> When an Agency employee (or volunteer) violates work rules/policies or
> commits an unsafe act, immediate corrective action is required. Safe
> work rules/policies and driving procedures must be enforced for the
> protection of the employee (and volunteer), passengers and the public.
>
> When determining disciplinary action, cost incurred from the accident
> is not addressed. Unsafe acts, which cause little accidents, also
> cause big accidents. All Agency employees (and volunteers) are
> obligated to follow the necessary precautions to avoid accidents and
> injuries.

**VIOLATIONS WHICH WILL BE CAUSE FOR DISCIPLINARY ACTION**

**UP TO AND INCLUDING DISCHARGE**

-   Showing up for any shift under the influence of any intoxicating
    substance and/or the use of an intoxicating substance while on duty

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-   Unauthorized use of an Agency vehicle

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-   Failure to immediately report any accident involving an Agency
    vehicle

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-   Possession of an open alcoholic beverage or illegal drug within the
    Agency facility

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-   Possession of any weapon or firearm while on duty

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-   Preventable accidents involving personal injury and/or substantial
    property damage

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-   Failure to secure wheelchair or mobility devices properly

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-   Failure to restrain wheelchair passengers or require passengers to
    use seat-belts

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-   Falsification of records

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-   Attitude detrimental to the productive operation of the Agency

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-   Operation of an Agency vehicle in a reckless or unsafe manner

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-   Theft of any money or property from the system (including improper
    fare collection) or from passengers

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-   Assaulting or threatening any individual while on duty

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-   Conviction for driving under the influence (DUI/DWI)

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-   Failure to pick up passengers as assigned

> **INCIDENTS THAT ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO DISCIPLINARY ACTION**

-   A no-show for a shift

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-   Late for a shift

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-   Improper radio use

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-   Failure to run on schedule for reasons within the control of the
    operator

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-   Failure to report to the supervisor any reroutes caused by traffic
    or road conditions

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-   Misuse of an Agency vehicle (i.e. stopping at an unauthorized
    location)

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-   Failure to perform the required pre and post trip inspections

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-   Violation of or inability to perform duties and responsibilities as
    prescribed in this handbook

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-   Eating, drinking, or smoking in your vehicle.

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-   A moving violation

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-   Violation of other responsibilities as prescribed by common sense
    judgments

## Preventable Accidents/Injuries

This category addresses employees' negligent acts, which result in:

-   Preventable injuries to employees, passengers or the general public;

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-   Preventable vehicle accidents.

> **Minimum disciplinary action required for violations in this category
> are as follows:**
>
> **First Occurrence**: Verbal Warning. The employee will be counseled
> by the Executive Director to determine the need for additional
> training, instruction, and/or other corrective action. Record of the
> warning will be kept in personnel file.
>
> **Second Occurrence** (within 3 years): Written Warning. The employee
> will be counseled by the Executive Director and be suspended without
> pay for at least one (1) day.
>
> **Third Occurrence** (within 3 years): Written Warning. The employee
> will be counseled by the Executive Director and be suspended without
> pay for at least three (3) days.
>
> **Fourth Occurrence** (within 3 years): The employee's employment with
> the Agency will be terminated.

###   {#section-1 .unnumbered}

### Grievance Procedure

> An employee shall not be disciplined or dismissed from service, nor
> shall entry be made in the employee's record, without just cause.
> He/she shall receive a written statement of the charges.
>
> Under ordinary circumstances, the Agency will administer discipline
> within ten working days (not counting Saturdays, Sundays, and
> holidays) from the date of knowledge of a violation. If an
> investigation is necessary, the discipline will be administered within
> ten working days of completion of the investigation.
>
> If an employee objects to a disciplinary action taken by the Agency,
> he/she must file a written statement of the grievance with the
> Executive Director within five working days of being informed of the
> disciplinary action. The statement must be signed by the employee.
>
> Within five working days, the employee will be accorded a hearing with
> the Executive Director or other representative of the Agency. A
> written decision will be issued within five working days of the
> hearing.

### Responsibility of Employees

> Your vehicle driver's license is a privilege granted to you by the
> state. It is also a prerequisite to your employment as a driver for
> the Agency. Anything that affects your driver's license, affects your
> job.
>
> You are expected to report all violations that you may incur on your
> license. Accidents, moving violations, vehicle equipment violations,
> etc., whether in an Agency vehicle or your own, must be reported to
> the Agency.

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# Emergency Driving Procedures

> An emergency can happen any time. No driver can control weather
> conditions, unexpected vehicle breakdowns, other drivers' mistakes, or
> passengers' illness. However, the driver must be prepared for all
> these possibilities.
>
> Preparing yourself mentally is not automatic. You need to ask yourself
> specific questions that might relate to the types of emergencies that
> you might encounter.
>
> Professional drivers prepare themselves for the day by finding answers
> to the following questions:

-   What is the weather forecast?

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-   Will the route require driving on dangerous roads?

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-   What will traffic be like?

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-   Will the vehicle be carrying an unusual number of passengers or
    different types of passengers than usual?

> In addition to information gathering, professional drivers need to
> regularly review how to handle emergencies by restudying the materials
> in training programs, learning from their own experiences, and talking
> to other drivers about how they have dealt with various situations.
>
> Remember, you must always wear a seat-belt when operating your
> vehicle. This will help you maintain control of your vehicle in an
> emergency and may prevent you from being injured. If you should be in
> an accident, wearing a seat-belt increases the chance that you will be
> able to respond to the needs of your passengers.

## Accident Causes

> One of the types of emergencies you may have to deal with is a traffic
> accident. What are the most common causes of these accidents? The
> Interstate Commerce Commission, through a study of accidents,
> concluded that the causes of traffic accidents are as follows:

-   Mechanical defects ‑ 3%

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-   Condition of street or highway ‑ 12%

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-   Human failure or error‑ 85%

> Some people might argue that apparently some 15% of traffic accidents
> are caused by factors beyond the control of the driver. Further
> studies of accident reports reveal, however, that this is not
> necessarily true. Quite a large percentage of accidents ascribed to
> condition of street or highway are actually caused by failure of
> drivers to adjust their driving to hazardous street or highway
> conditions. Also, quite a large percentage of accidents ascribed to
> mechanical defects are actually caused by failure of drivers to take
> into consideration known mechanical defects, or failure to see that
> proper repairs are made when mechanical defects are discovered.
>
> *Remember: If an accident results from a mechanical defect that you
> should have discovered during the pre-trip inspection, the accident is
> preventable and your fault.*
>
> Thus, many accident investigators today state that 95% to 99% of all
> traffic accidents are due to human failure or error.
>
> Unless thorough investigation shows circumstances beyond a driver's
> control, the following accidents are generally classified as
> preventable:

-   Backing accidents

-   Intersection accidents

-   Pedestrian accidents

-   Rear end collisions

-   Traffic lane encroachment accidents

-   Accidents resulting from mechanical conditions

-   Accidents with parked vehicles

-   Collision with stationary objects

-   Unattended vehicle accidents

-   Accidents blamed on adverse weather conditions

-   Passenger activities

### Slippery Road Surfaces

> It will take longer to stop and it will be harder to turn without
> skidding when the road is slippery. You must drive slower to be able
> to stop in the same distance as on a dry road. Wet roads can double
> stopping distance. Reduce speed by about 1/3 (i.e., slow from *55* to
> 35 mph) on a wet road. On packed snow, reduce speed by ½ or more. If
> the surface is icy, reduce speed to a crawl or discontinue operations
> until it is safe to drive.
>
> Sometimes it is hard to know the road is slippery. Here are some
> signs:
>
> Shaded Areas ‑ Shady areas of the road will remain icy and slippery
> long after open areas have melted.
>
> Bridges ‑ When the temperature drops, bridges will freeze before the
> road will. Be especially careful when the temperature is close to 32
> degrees F.
>
> Melting Ice ‑ Slight melting will make ice wet. Wet ice is much more
> slippery than ice that is not wet.
>
> Black Ice ‑ Black ice is a thin layer that is clear enough that you
> can see the road underneath it. It makes the road look wet. Any time
> the temperature is below freezing and the road looks wet, watch out
> for black ice.
>
> Vehicle Icing ‑ An easy way to check for ice is to open the window and
> feel the front of the mirror, mirror support or antenna. If they are
> icy, the road surface is probably starting to ice up.
>
> Just After Rain Begins ‑ Right after it starts to rain, the water
> mixes with oil left on the road by vehicles. This makes the road very
> slippery. If the rain continues, it will wash the oil away.
>
> Hydroplaning ‑ In some weather conditions, water or slush collect on
> the road. When this happens, your vehicle can hydroplane. The tires
> lose their contact with the road and have little or no traction. You
> may not be able to steer or brake. You can regain control by releasing
> the accelerator. This will slow your vehicle and let the wheels turn
> freely. If the vehicle is hydroplaning, do not use the brakes to slow
> down. It does not take a lot of water to cause hydroplaning.
> Hydroplaning can occur at speeds as low as 30 mph if there is a lot of
> water. Hydroplaning is more likely if tire pressure is low or the
> tread is worn. The grooves in a tire carry away the water; if they are
> not deep, they cannot work well.

### Driving At Night

> You are at greater risk when you drive at night. In the winter it gets
> light later and gets dark early. Drivers cannot see hazards as soon as
> in daylight, so they have less time to respond. Drivers caught by
> surprise are less able to avoid a crash.
>
> Driver Vision ‑ Drivers cannot see as sharply at night or in dim
> light. Also, the eyes need time to adjust to seeing in dim light. Slow
> down.
>
> Glare ‑ Drivers can be blinded for a short time by bright lights. It
> takes time to recover from this blindness. All drivers face these
> risks when driving at night. The risks are greater for some drivers
> whose visual recovery time is higher than others. Visual recovery time
> is the time it takes a driver's night vision to return to normal after
> being blinded by bright lights. Listed below are some specific causes
> that make visual recovery time higher for some individuals than for
> others:

-   Age ‑ recovery time increases as people get older

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-   High blood pressure

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-   Diabetes

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-   Other medical conditions

> These drivers will need to take special care when driving at night.
> Older drivers are especially bothered by glare. Even two seconds of
> glare blindness can be dangerous. A vehicle doing *55* mph will travel
> more than half the distance of a football field during that time. Do
> not look directly at bright lights when driving. Look at the right
> side of the road. Watch the sidelines when someone coming toward you
> has very bright lights.
>
> Other Drivers ‑ There is an increased number of tired and intoxicated
> drivers on the road at night, so be on the alert for them and be
> prepared to respond.
>
> Poor Lighting ‑ In the daytime there is usually enough light to see
> well. This is not true at night. Some areas may have bright
> streetlights, but many areas will have poor lighting. On most rural
> roads, you will probably have to depend entirely on your headlights.
>
> Less light means you will not be able to see hazards as well or as
> quickly as in daytime. Road users who do not have lights are hard to
> see. There are many accidents that involve pedestrians, joggers,
> bicyclists, and animals.
>
> Even when there are lights, the road scene can be confusing. Traffic
> signs and hazards can be hard to see against a background of signs,
> shop windows, and other lights. Drive slower when lighting is poor or
> confusing.
>
> Headlights ‑ At night your headlights will sometimes be the main
> source of light for you to see and for others to see you. You cannot
> see nearly as much with your headlights as you can see in the daytime.
> With low beams you can see ahead about 250 feet and with high beams
> about 350 to 400 feet. You must adjust your speed to keep your
> stopping distance within your sight distance. This means going slow
> enough to be able to stop within the range of your headlights.
> Otherwise, by the time you see a hazard, you will not have time to
> stop. If you are using your high beams, make sure you dim them within
> 500 feet of another vehicle so they will not cause glare for other
> drivers.
>
> Night driving can be more dangerous if you have problems with your
> headlights. Dirty headlights may give you only half the light they
> should, so keep them clean. If your lights fail you should:
>
> Try low and high beams (one may work). Pull safely off the roadway and
> inform the passengers. Call the dispatcher for further instructions.
>
> Turn Signals and Brake Lights ‑ At night your turn signals and brake
> lights are even more important for telling other drivers what you
> intend to do. Make sure you have clean, working turn signals and brake
> lights.
>
> Other Lights ‑ In order for you to be seen easily, the reflectors,
> clearance lights and taillights must be clean and working properly.
>
> Windshield and Mirrors ‑ It is more important at night than in the
> daytime to have clean windshields and mirrors. Bright light at night
> can cause dirt on your windshield and mirrors to create a glare,
> blocking your view.

###  {#section-2 .unnumbered}

### Driving Through Water

> If unable to avoid driving through deep puddles or flowing water and
> you feel it is safe, you should:
>
> Slow down.
>
> Place transmission in low gear.
>
> Increase engine RPM and slowly cross the water.
>
> When out of the water, maintain light pressure on the brakes for a
> short distance to heat them up and dry them out.
>
> Make a test stop when safe to do so. Check behind to make sure no one
> is following, then apply the brakes to be sure they work correctly.
>
> If, after entering deep water, you feel that it is too dangerous to
> continue, keep the engine running at a fast idle by holding the
> accelerator pedal down as you brake. This is one of the few situations
> where backing [may be]{.underline} permissible. If possible, designate
> a passenger to look out the window of the vehicle to guide you. Do not
> exit the vehicle in fast flowing or deep water. Once stopped, shift
> into reverse, checking to make sure it is clear behind you. Keep the
> engine running slightly faster than normal as you back out.
>
> Whether you back out or drive through, drive slowly afterward and
> continue applying your brakes lightly for a few minutes to heat them
> up and dry them out. Test frequently to see if the brakes are dry
> enough for you to stop quickly. Always check traffic behind to make
> sure it is safe to do so.

### Winter Driving

> During pre‑trip inspections pay extra attention to the following:

-   Coolant level/antifreeze amount

-   Defrosting/heating equipment

-   Wipers/washers

-   Tires/chains

-   Lights/reflectors

-   Windows/mirrors

-   Handrails and steps

-   Exhaust system

> a\. [Special Techniques for Driving on Ice and Snow]{.underline}:
>
> When first starting, get the feel of the road. Do not hurry.
>
> **Glare ‑** Snow produces a glare which can adversely affect vision.
> The sun, shining on the snow, makes the problem worse. Keep a pair of
> sunglasses in your vehicle and use them. Fog ‑ Remember, with moisture
> on the ground (in the form of snow) you are apt to run into foggy
> conditions frequently. Fog, coupled with slippery conditions, requires
> slowing down, as well as more alertness and attention to maintaining a
> safe following distance. In fog, driving with lights on low beam
> improves your visibility and your vision. Watch the right edge of the
> roadway to assure your vehicle is positioned correctly.
>
> **Braking** ‑ Know how and when to brake. When possible, use the
> braking power of the engine by downshifting to a lower gear rather
> than by using the brakes. When you must brake, do not jam on the
> brakes. For older vehicles tap and release them in a pumping motion.
> Newer vehicles have ABS brakes and require steady pressure rather than
> pumping. Know which type of brakes your vehicle has. Do not brake in
> the middle of a curve. If your vehicle goes into a skid, take your
> foot off the brake.
>
> **Skids** ‑ Do not panic. Do not over steer. Do not jam on the brakes.
> Remove your foot from the accelerator. For rear drive vehicles, turn
> the steering wheel in the direction of the skid, e.g., if the rear end
> of the vehicle is skidding toward the right, turn the steering wheel
> to right. When you are able to regain steering control, you may be
> able to resume braking by applying the brakes lightly.
>
> **Traction** ‑ To gain traction and avoid skids, start out slowly if
> parked on a slippery surface. If your wheels start spinning, let up on
> the accelerator until traction is returned. Before going up a hill,
> increase speed within reason to build up momentum to help you climb.
> Before going down a hill, especially a steep one, slow by shifting
> into a lower gear. Use your brakes only with extreme caution when
> going down a slippery hill. Remember the points discussed earlier in
> this chapter under "slippery road surfaces".
>
> **Hills** ‑ When approaching, either descending or ascending, observe
> other vehicles on the hill and how they are reacting to conditions.
> Stay well behind the vehicle in front, so that you can go around it if
> it becomes stuck. If other cars begin to slide, spin out or have to
> back down the hill, wait until you have enough room to maneuver before
> going up the hill yourself. If an alternative route is available it
> should be used.
>
> By observing what other vehicles are doing, it may be apparent that
> the hill is just too slippery and dangerous. Contact your dispatcher
> and report the conditions.
>
> **Stuck** - If you are stuck, use your judgment. The action you take
> depends on how badly you are stuck. Whatever you do, avoid spinning
> your wheels since this will aggravate the problem and could cause
> serious equipment damage. Also be realistic about your physical
> capability. Do not over exert yourself.
>
> You must call the dispatcher if stuck and advise if you need help.
> Until help arrives, you should set out flares or triangles to alert
> other traffic. Do not run the engine without checking to be sure the
> exhaust pipe is clear of snow, or other obstructions.
>
> If the snow is deep, shovel the snow from in front and behind the
> wheels (both front and rear wheels). Also, shovel out as much snow
> from under the vehicle as you can. If you have it, spread some salt or
> sand in front and behind your driving wheels.
>
> Do not let anyone stand behind the rear wheels. If you are using
> devices under the wheel for traction or if the wheels dig into the
> dirt or gravel, individuals behind the vehicle may be injured by rocks
> or objects thrown rearward by the spinning wheels.
>
> If possible, try to keep the front wheels pointed straight ahead until
> the vehicle is moving. The rolling resistance of the front wheels is
> lessened when they are not trying to move sideways.
>
> If your wheels keep spinning and the vehicle does not move, stop and
> let your tires cool. Tires heated from spinning will just dig deeper
> into ice and snow.
>
> If nothing works, try to rock the vehicle out of the rut by
> alternatively shifting from reverse to drive. With automatic
> transmissions check the owner's manual to make sure such a procedure
> can be followed with your particular vehicle.
>
> b\. [Snow and Ice Removal]{.underline}
>
> Do not wait until the last minute to load your vehicle with those
> items you will need to combat snow or ice. These include: flashlight,
> ice scraper, brush to remove snow from vehicle, extra fuses for
> vehicle electrical systems, a rag to clean lights and windshield, work
> gloves, small shovel and battery booster cables.
>
> Visibility is always critical. But, in cold wintry weather many
> motorists take unwarranted chances by cleaning just a portion of the
> windshield and rear window when they have been iced over or by
> brushing snow only from the windshield and rear window. Such laziness
> invites disaster since they may be unable to see your vehicle clearly.
>
> Snow Removal ‑ If your vehicle is covered with snow, it is essential
> that all snow be removed from hood, glass surfaces, roof and lights
> before driving. When driving, vehicle movement and stops can result in
> snow sliding from the roof onto the windshield or rear window,
> obscuring visibility. Wind, and the mere movement of the vehicle, can
> have the same effect.
>
> Ice scrapers should be used with care. When edges become burred or
> chipped, the scraper should be replaced. Use of a damaged scraper or
> trying to dig out encrusted ice with the point of the scraper can
> result in scratches to the glass and may even cause the glass to break
> because its strength has been weakened.
>
> Recessed Wipers -- If you have windshield wipers that disappear into a
> recess below the windshield when not in use, be especially careful to
> keep such recesses free of obstructions during snowy or cold weather.
> If the vehicle is outside during a snowstorm, such recesses must be
> cleared of snow and ice before wiper use.
>
> While driving in a snowstorm, it may be necessary to stop periodically
> and clear accumulated snow and ice from such recesses. In cold
> weather, even if there has not been snow, it is a good idea to check
> wiper blades before driving to make sure they operate properly. Should
> wiper arms or wipers be frozen fast, the wiper motors could be
> seriously damaged, a fuse may blow, or bits of the blade rubber may be
> torn loose making the wiper ineffective.
>
> *Remember: Most things break more easily in extreme cold.*
>
> c\. [Some Additional Hints and Precautions]{.underline}:
>
> Keeping your tires inflated properly will improve your traction.
>
> Observe traffic coming toward you and be prepared to take defensive
> action in the event of oncoming cars going into a skid.
>
> Always keep your gas tank at least half full.

###  {#section-3 .unnumbered}

### Driving In Very Hot Weather

> During pre‑trip inspections, pay special attention to: the tires,
> engine oil, engine coolant, engine belts and hoses.
>
> Tar in the road pavement frequently rises to the surface in very hot
> weather. Spots where the tar "bleeds" to the surface are very
> slippery.

## Vehicle Breakdowns and Unavoidable Stops

> Should a vehicle act erratically or a breakdown is suspected, or
> occurs, safely guide the unit off the road onto the right shoulder or
> into a parking area.
>
> Immediately engage emergency flashers and position emergency
> reflectors. Notify the dispatcher. Indicate whether there are
> passengers on board, give a brief description of the problem, and
> vehicle location.
>
> If necessary, use landmarks to clarify the location of vehicle. The
> dispatcher will dispatch another vehicle to the designated location
> and arrange for towing. The driver must ensure that passengers are
> kept as safe as possible.
>
> Passengers may be moved into an appropriate public building if the
> disabled vehicle is in a high accident area or if cold or hot weather
> endangers passengers. Removing passengers is not favored unless they
> will be safer than staying in your vehicle.
>
> Sometimes, it becomes imperative to remove the vehicle from the flow
> of traffic. Passenger illness, such as vomiting, vision impaired by
> sleet, snow, rain, or the unwanted presence of a bee or other insects,
> are all valid reasons for temporarily pulling clear of the road. Use
> directional signals and steer off the street exiting from the right
> lane onto the right shoulder or parking area. Engage hazard lights
> immediately.
>
> Do not leave passengers unattended, unless it is an extreme emergency.
>
> Be sure that you and your passengers are SAFE. If it is extremely
> cold, you will want to find shelter for your riders. If you cannot get
> shelter and your riders must remain on the vehicle, do not let your
> vehicle run standing still for more than ten (10) minutes every hour.
>
> When your vehicle is running, windows should be cracked open. Also, be
> sure your tailpipe is clear. This will prevent carbon monoxide
> poisoning. Carbon monoxide is a non‑irritating, colorless, tasteless,
> and odorless gas. Overexposure is extremely dangerous and can occur
> without victims realizing it.

## Vehicle Fire/Evacuation

1\. At first indication of fire on the vehicle, proceed as follows:
[PULL TO A SAFE LOCATION]{.underline}, [STOP]{.underline} the vehicle
immediately, [SHUT OFF ENGINE,]{.underline} open all doors, contact
dispatcher to request emergency services assistance and evacuate
passengers.

> 2\. Evacuate passengers in an orderly manner. Assist disabled
> passengers first. Safety of all passengers is your first
> consideration.

3\. If possible, use the fire extinguisher located on the vehicle. If
the fire is extinguished, notify dispatcher for further instructions.

> 4\. If fire cannot be controlled by fire extinguisher, notify
> dispatcher immediately giving vehicle location and fire location on
> vehicle. Do not re-board vehicle. Await assistance and tend to
> passenger needs. Passengers will be loaded on to another vehicle.

## Hold up/Robbery

> 1\. Drivers are not to carry any weapon while on duty, nor should they
> argue with or resist a bandit in case of a holdup. Instead, keep cool
> and notice the description of the bandit as to color, approximate size
> and weight, and color of clothing. If armed, notice what is used as
> weapon.
>
> 2\. Notify the dispatcher immediately after the holdup and request
> that the police be called. Do not state the amount lost to anyone
> other than the police or Management. Names of witnesses should be
> obtained and a full report written by the driver.

## Natural Disasters

### Tornado

> If a tornado warning is sounded or broadcast, employees will
> immediately report to the designated shelter. If drivers are in
> vehicles, drivers and passengers should exit the vehicle and seek
> shelter in a ditch, under a bridge, in the basement of a nearby
> building or in the safest possible place given the situation.
>
> Continue monitoring local weather reports.
>
> Management will determine when personnel and vehicles can return to a
> normal operating mode.
>
> If vehicles have sustained any damage from wind or wind blown debris,
> they should be inspected and repaired by maintenance staff before
> operating again.

### Flood Procedures - Vehicle

> The Manager or dispatcher will inform drivers that emergency flood
> preparedness measures are to be taken.
>
> Management will determine when and if transit services need to end.
> Service to areas susceptible to flood may be discontinued.
>
> Vehicles that are parked in areas that could flood should be moved to
> high ground if possible.
>
> In case of flash flood warnings, drivers on the road should avoid
> known flood areas. Never attempt to cross roads or bridges that are
> flooded. If your vehicle stalls because of high water, it is generally
> safer to stay in the vehicle and radio for emergency help rather than
> try to walk through fast flowing water.

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# Passenger Safety

## General Guidelines

> Bus, van and car passengers must obey the following rules which apply
> to vehicle travel.

-   The driver is in charge of the vehicle.

-   Passengers must remain seated and seat belted at all times and until
    the vehicle comes to a complete stop.

-   Passengers are not allowed to have any part of their body out the
    windows of the vehicle.

-   No smoking, drinking or eating is permitted on the vehicles.

-   Passengers must keep noise at a level that will allow the driver to
    hear traffic and requests for assistance.

-   No radios are to be played on the vehicles without earphones.

-   Passengers are not to disturb the driver.

-   Passengers are not permitted to yell or throw things out of the
    windows.

-   Passengers should keep the vehicles clean.

-   Passengers will not use profanity or language that is upsetting
    and/or disruptive to other passengers or staff.

## Seat-belts 

> Passengers will be required to properly use seat-belts at all times in
> all vehicles so equipped.

## Child Safety Seats

> Children, as required by State law, will be placed in child safety
> seats. The Ohio Child Safety seat law requires that children who are
> [either]{.underline} or [both]{.underline}:
>
> 1\. less than 4 years old
>
> 2\. less than 40 pounds
>
> must be in an approved, properly installed child safety seat (infant
> seat, convertible seat or booster seat) while being transported.
>
> Handicapped and medically fragile children must also be in an
> appropriate child restraint device.
>
> Examples of children who must be in an approved, properly installed
> child safety seat by law are:
>
> 1\. A child who is 5 years old and weighs 38 pounds.
>
> 2\. A child who is 3 years old and weighs 43 pounds.
>
> The driver is responsible to make sure that each seat is properly
> installed in the vehicle and that the child is properly restrained to
> minimize the possibility of injury before transporting the child.
>
> It must be remembered that there are a wide variety of approved child
> seats on the market. Some may also be installed in different ways
> depending upon the age and weight of the child.
>
> For those children that are handicapped or medically fragile,
> management must be consulted for proper procedures for safely
> transporting them.
>
> The following general rules apply to most child safety seats:
>
> 1\. Read and follow the manufacturers instructions for the child
> safety seat.
>
> 2\. Small children will not sit in the front seat, especially if the
> vehicle is equipped with air bags.
>
> 3\. The seat must be secured to the vehicle tightly.
>
> 4\. The harness straps should be snug and in the right slots for the
> age and weight of the child.
>
> 5\. Inspect the label for the date it was made. Seats over 6 years old
> may not be acceptable. Older child safety seats will be referred to
> Management.
>
> 6\. Damaged seats or seats that have been in an accident will not be
> used. Seats that are cracked or missing pieces are not acceptable.

7\. Child safety seats will be approved for the age and weight of the
child.

> 8\. Children under 1 year old and up to 22 pounds will generally be
> placed in rear facing seats.

9.  Drivers who have any questions on the appropriate use of child
    safety seats will contact their manager immediately.

> [Children Between 40 and 80 pounds]{.underline}
>
> These children are not required to be restrained by state law however
> the normal seat belts are normally not adequate to protect them in an
> accident.
>
> Observe the following guidelines:
>
> 1\. Adult lap and shoulder belt systems will not fit children that are
> smaller than 4'9" tall and weight less than 80 pounds.
>
> 2\. Lap belts should fit low over the child's upper thighs. The should
> belt should stay on the shoulder and be close to the child's chest. If
> the shoulder belt fits so poorly that it goes across the neck or face,
> a booster seat is necessary. **Never put a shoulder belt under the
> child's arm or behind the back.**

## Mobility Device Securement and Passenger Restraint Systems

> All mobility devices will be properly secured to the vehicle using the
> installed securement systems. Wheelchair passengers will be required
> to wear a wheelchair seat-belt and be properly restrained using the
> vehicle restraint system. Those using non wheelchair mobility devices
> will be requested to move to a seat and use the vehicle seat-belt
> system.

## Difficult Passengers

> In order to ensure the safety of staff and other passengers, any
> passenger who is unruly and is affecting the operation of a vehicle or
> the passengers on said vehicle will be dealt with in the following
> manner:
>
> The unruly passenger will be advised to stop their pattern of behavior
> immediately. If not done, the driver will advise the dispatcher of the
> circumstances involving the unruly passenger. The dispatcher may
> request that a Police Agency serving the area in which the vehicle is
> located be dispatched to that location immediately.
>
> If there is a risk of harm to anyone on the vehicle, the driver will
> immediately pull the vehicle over to a safe location, have passengers
> exit the vehicle and await the arrival of a Law Enforcement Official.
> Notify the dispatcher of the risk of harm.

The dispatcher shall immediately dial 9‑1‑1.

> The driver will relay any information as to the demeanor of the
> passenger to the dispatcher who will provide this information to the
> Law Enforcement Officer who is responding.
>
> The driver will not engage in any physical confrontation with the
> Unruly Passenger unless there is a clear and present danger to either
> themselves or another passenger on the vehicle.
>
> Upon arrival of a Law Enforcement Officer, the driver will relay
> information to that officer about the Unruly Passenger and await final
> disposition. All information will be given to the dispatcher.

## Medical Condition

> Upon becoming aware that a Medical Condition exists on or around a
> vehicle, the driver shall immediately notify the dispatcher that there
> is an emergency condition and request assistance as needed.
>
> If an ambulance is needed, the dispatcher shall maintain constant
> communications with the driver and call 9‑1‑1.
>
> The driver will relay any information as to the condition of the
> passenger to the dispatcher who will provide instructions to the
> driver and will make the necessary notification to have an ambulance
> respond to that driver's location.
>
> If trained, the driver may perform first aid and CPR until the
> ambulance service arrives.
>
> The driver, upon the ambulance arrival, will ascertain which ambulance
> company has the passenger and their destination. This information will
> be given to the dispatcher.

## First Aid

> In the best interest of our clients, a Primary First Aid class shall
> be given to all employees at no cost, once a year.
>
> The course for Primary First Aid will be given by an American Red
> Cross certified instructor. It will be provided to ensure that in the
> event of a medical situation on board, the driver will have the basic
> tools to react in the proper manner.
>
> Emergency first aid is to be given as required to our clients or any
> other individual that may require assistance before emergency
> responders arrive on the scene. The procedure to follow if a situation
> develops on board is as follows:

-   Pull off the road into a safe area, stop the vehicle, turn on
    emergency flashers and turn engine off

-   Determine the problem

-   Contact the Dispatcher and inform him or her of the situation

-   Follow the instructions from the dispatcher

-   Give the exact location of your vehicle

-   Perform first aid procedures

-   Remain calm until help arrives

-   Assist, as required, the first emergency responders

-   After the emergency has been dealt with, contact dispatch and follow
    instructions

> It is the intention of this procedure to give the driver the
> information necessary to handle the situation that has developed in
> the most professional, humane manner possible until help arrives on
> the scene.

## Bloodborne Pathogens/Infection Control

> If a bio-hazardous spill occurs as part of a vehicular accident, then
> first aid for injured passengers should be the first priority, along
> with notification of appropriate medical assistance personnel.
> Bio-hazardous spills may also occur from an on-vehicle injury without
> a vehicular accident. Again, first aid provision comes first.
> Additionally, a bio-hazardous spill may occur as a result of vomiting
> or loss of bladder control, in which case, first aid is normally not
> necessary. However, anytime the driver does administer first aid,
> latex gloves and other personal protective equipment should be used.
>
> Contaminated items should be carefully placed in the designated
> bio-hazard disposal bag.
>
> Following first aid administration, where necessary, the vehicle must
> be cleared of the spill. The following steps should be followed:

1.  Put on a new pair of latex gloves;

2.  Contain the spill as best as possible with paper towels and/or
    solidifying powder

3.  Clean up spill with paper towels, or if a solidifying powder is
    used, use a dustpan and brush.

4.  Clean area of spill with the cleaning or decontamination solution
    and wipe with paper towels and/or fresh solidifying powder.

5.  Place all items used to clean spill into bio-hazardous waste
    disposal bag.

6.  If the exterior of the disposal bag has not been contaminated by the
    spill, then remove both Latex gloves and place them in the disposal
    bag, and seal the bag.

7.  If the exterior of the bio-hazardous waste disposal bag has been
    contaminated by the spill, seal the bag and place inside another
    bag.

8.  Upon return to home base, place the plastic bag(s) into the
    designated disposal container.

9\. Management will have it disposed of by an appropriate medical hazard
disposal organization for proper ultimate destruction.

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# Vehicles & Equipment

## Preventive Maintenance

Introduction

> The purpose of this outline is to provide instructions and a format
> for implementing an effective preventive maintenance (PM) program for
> a passenger transportation system. It attempts to:

-   Clearly outline the scheduling of the preventive maintenance
    program;

-   Explain the functions that occur on a regular basis;

-   Establish a format for recording maintenance information; and

-   Provide easy access to needed vehicle specifications.

> The following pages contain recommendations, procedures, and forms to
> aid in the PM process.

## Program Development

> Recommended frequencies of inspection and maintenance operations are
> specifically tailored to meet the needs of vehicles used. Research is
> conducted to determine manufacturer maintenance recommendations,
> transit industry standards, and actual vehicle maintenance experience.
> Improved maintenance techniques and modern diagnostic technologies
> have also been incorporated. This program is designed to comply with
> all manufacturer warranty requirements and to maximize the value of a
> PM program while keeping costs to a minimum.
>
> A good PM program needs to be constantly monitored and updated to
> continue to be effective and efficient. Complete records are vital to
> this monitoring process and a format is included in this program.
> Changes in parts availability or improved maintenance may affect
> required inspection intervals.
>
> If problems arise, steps must be taken to alleviate them. Continual
> fine-tuning of the program will ensure equipment reliability and help
> to control maintenance costs.

## Preventive Maintenance Needs

> The maintenance requirements of vehicles can be categorized in the
> following manner:
>
> ***1. Daily Servicing Needs***
>
> *Daily* attention is required to maintain:

a.  Full fuel tank levels

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b.  Proper fluid levels and mixes

c.  Interior and exterior cleanliness

d.  Replacement of burned out lights

e.  Vehicle pre and post trip inspection

f.  Operational records and procedures

> Additionally, it is necessary for the drivers to effectively
> communicate vehicle defects to the manager so that the proper repair
> can be made.
>
> ***2. Periodic Inspection Needs***
>
> Periodic inspections are scheduled to provide maintenance personnel an
> opportunity to detect and repair damage or wear conditions before
> major repairs are necessary. Inspection items include: suspension
> elements, leaks, belts, electrical connections, tire wear, and any
> noticeable problems.
>
> ***3**.* ***Interval Related Maintenance***
>
> Interval related maintenance is required to identify wear, alignment,
> or deterioration problems of parts or fluids. Replacement intervals of
> these items are determined through experience and manufacturer
> recommendations. Replacing lubricating oils and filters are examples
> of this type of required maintenance.

***4. Breakdown maintenance***

> Breakdown maintenance is required when a failure is encountered by a
> vehicle that makes it unsafe or damaging to continue operation. These
> repairs are unscheduled and usually require a vehicle switch-out or a
> service call to repair. Examples include: flat tires, line ruptures,
> loss of brakes, engine breakdowns, loss of power, etc.

## Preventive Maintenance Program

> The goal of an effective PM program is to reduce or eliminate costly
> and unscheduled breakdown maintenance by concentrating efforts on the
> scheduled activities of *Daily*, *Periodic* and *Interval
> Maintenance*. To achieve this goal, a two-part program of daily
> service and periodic inspection has been developed.

[Daily Service]{.underline}

> The daily service format is included in this report. Key features of
> this program are:

1.  A thorough operational check of all systems each day.

2.  A checklist to communicate defects to maintenance services.

[Regular Interval Service and Record Keeping]{.underline}

> Part two of the preventive maintenance program consists of a record
> keeping system and a programmed regularly scheduled inspection.
> Periodic and interval-related maintenance activities are performed and
> monitored in this section.
>
> Each vehicle is provided with a Vehicle History File for recording
> this and other important maintenance information such as overhauls,
> rebuilds, and major repair work.
>
> The information is tracked using the "Vehicle Service and Repair
> Record" or similar form.
>
> Prior to each periodic inspection, the service record is reviewed and
> the present date and mileage of the vehicle is compared to those
> listed for the next scheduled service of each item. Items at or near
> the recommended service interval are then included in the inspection
> scheduled at that time.
>
> All interval-related maintenance and scheduled/unscheduled major
> repairs are scheduled to be done during the regular inspection. This
> scheduling allows for efficient use of garage and vehicle dispatching
> efforts.
>
> Quality parts are purchased with maximum warranties. Either OEM
> (original equipment manufacturer) parts or approved equal will be used
> in Agency vehicles.

## Conclusion

> This preventive maintenance program outlines the service necessary to
> keep vans, small vehicles and buses operating cleanly, efficiently,
> and reliably. Through the extensive record-keeping program; maximum
> utilization of labor, parts, and fluids can be achieved. Quality
> management information also means tracking and maximum warranty
> services available through the manufacturer, vehicle dealer, or third
> party warranty service.
>
> However, no program can be considered to be static. Continual
> monitoring and updating of the program is necessary to achieve the
> maximum preventive maintenance effect. We must comply with and even
> exceed maintenance standards, with cost-effectiveness in mind.

## Format for Preventive Maintenance Program for Transit Vehicles

> a\. Vehicle Pre and Post -Trip Inspection and Defect Report
>
> 1\. This form is to be completed by the *driver* of the vehicle.
>
> 2\. The form is a two-part list:
>
> a\. Front side -- daily vehicle check list, including space for
> breakdowns and accident notations
>
> b\. Back side -- daily vehicle trip sheet, including mileage, tire
> pressure and gas and oil used
>
> 3\. Each day the driver will inspect the vehicle and either check each
> item as okay or note any defects on the defect side. Slashes across
> the page with a large "OK" are not acceptable.
>
> 4\. Driver will indicate the fuel added and oil added each day.
>
> 5\. Driver will enter beginning and ending mileage and the daily
> total.

5.  

> 6\. Driver will sign the check list.

**Preventive Maintenance Inspection Work Sheet**

> This is the individual work sheet or work order of service and
> inspection performed on each vehicle.
>
> 1\. This worksheet should be completed by the mechanic performing the
> service.
>
> 2\. Special instruction (such as tire replacement) will be so noted as
> will repairs to be made in addition to normal service.
>
> 3\. Mechanic is required to perform service and inspection for each
> item listed and to also note any comments regarding service.
>
> 4\. The overall purpose is to make all corrections necessary to the
> vehicle while also performing full maintenance and inspection.
>
> 5\. Each box must be marked per code ("Okay," adjustment made, or
> needs attention).
>
> 6\. Mechanic will carry this service information forward on the Master
> Vehicle Service and Repair Record.
>
> 7\. Mechanic will sign this report upon completion.

## Master Vehicle Service and Repair Record -- Maintenance History 

> This is to be kept on file for recording all repairs and service made
> on the vehicle. This record is also valuable in locating persistent
> problems that occur too frequently. This information will also serve
> to determine if individual driver habits merit particular attention.

## Preventive Maintenance Intervals

> The following are special maintenance instructions and recommended
> intervals for servicing of the listed components during periodic
> vehicle inspections. Normal intervals for inspections are:

-   3,000 miles for gasoline vehicles used in urbanized areas,

-   4,000 miles for gasoline vehicles used in non-urbanized areas,

-   4,000 miles for small diesel vehicles,

-   6,000 miles for medium-to-heavy diesel buses.

> Mileage intervals may vary from those noted in this section according
> to local practices or manufacturers recommendations.
>
> Typically, Schedule A is the level of preventive maintenance performed
> every 3,000 to 4,000 miles for gas and small diesel, 6,000 for
> medium/heavy duty buses. Schedule B tasks are performed every 8,000 to
> 12,000 miles depending on the specific fleet experience and
> manufacturer requirements. Schedule C maintenance is much more
> intensive and is only required every 24,000 to 36,000 miles. Schedule
> B includes Schedule A level tasks, and Schedule C includes both
> Schedule A and Schedule B level tasks.
>
> A checklist is completed for each scheduled interval. The three
> scheduled PM levels incorporate some or all of the following tasks:

### A Level Inspection

> 3,000 - 4,000 Miles or Two Months (whichever comes first)

-   Check tire tread and pressure

-   Check wheel rims for cracks

-   Check lug nuts for tightness

-   Check for oil and water leaks and belt condition

-   Check brakes including master cylinder fluid level

-   Check exhaust system

-   Check seat-belts

-   Check passenger seats

-   Inspect brakes (pull wheels at Schedule B)

-   Change engine oil

-   Change oil filter

-   Inspect air filter

-   Inspect spark plug wires

-   Inspect belts and hoses

-   Inspect rear axle differential oil (change as needed, generally
    during Schedule C Level Inspection)

-   Check wheelchair securement and restraint systems. Make sure that
    all parts are for the system in use

-   Check and cycle wheelchair lift

-   Check windshield wipers and fluid

-   Check all interior and exterior mirrors

-   Check all exterior lights

-   Headlights (high and low beams)

-   Back-up lights and alarm

-   Tail lights

-   Stop lights

-   License plate light and plate tail light

-   Turn signals

-   Hazard warning lights

-   Dashboard lights

-   Interior lights

-   Check radio

-   Check fare box

### B Level Inspection

> 8,000 -- 12,000 Miles or Six Months (whichever comes first)
>
> All of "A" plus:

-   Check steering wheel for play

-   Check parking brake

-   Check for any abnormal noise or vibration, both internal and
    external

-   Check brake and acceleration pedals

-   Check sun visor

-   Check horn

-   Check signs (signs required by USDOT or Local requirements such as
    "No Smoking" etc.)

-   Check all window glass, door glass, and window operation

-   Check power steering fluid level

-   Check transmission fluid level

-   Check batteries

-   Check antifreeze and condition

-   Check exterior for body damage and condition of paint, lettering,
    decals, and molding

-   Check air filter

-   Check shock absorbers and springs

-   Check wheel bearings

-   Check fuel tank condition

-   Check alternator mountings for tightness

-   Check A/C system

-   Rotate tires

###  {#section-4 .unnumbered}

### C Level Inspection

> 24,000 -- 36,000 Miles or Twelve Months (whichever comes first)
>
> All of 'B" plus:

-   Detailed Frame and Body checks (Schedule C unless manufacturer
    requires more frequent) including bolts/nuts, rivets, and welds.

-   Pull all wheels, measure and inspect brake drums, rotors, brake
    pads, and calipers

-   Change rear axle differential fluid

-   Change fuel filter

-   Change air filter

-   Clean engine and engine compartment (as needed)

## Pre & Post Trip Inspections

> No driver shall begin operation of a vehicle until the following parts
> and accessories have been checked by the driver and are in good
> working order. The pre and post trip inspection form shall be legibly
> completed and signed by the vehicle operator.
>
> *\*Note: When malfunctions and/or defects are detected in the
> equipment listed in this section, or in any vehicle system or device
> which could threaten safe operating performance, no driver or other
> person will use the vehicle to transport persons until the defects are
> corrected.*

1.  Lights and Reflectors -- High/low beams, tail lights, turn signals,
    4-way Hazard flashers, marker lights, license plate light and
    reflectors. They should be cleaned as needed before and during
    periods of operation.

2.  Brakes -- both foot and emergency, capable of effectively stopping
    or restraining the vehicle. Brake pedal should be firm after 1-2
    inch free-play on a single down stroke and no noises, vibration or
    steering changes result from applying brakes while moving.

3.  Horn -- Gives an adequate and reliable warning signal.

4.  Windshield, washers, wipers and defroster -- Mechanical systems must
    be functioning properly to assure clean and clear windshields,
    inside and outside. Surfaces must be clean and unobstructed. Washer
    reservoirs are to be filled as needed.

5.  Mirrors -- All rear vision mirrors must be clean, properly adjusted
    and unobstructed for driver use. Outside mirrors must be mounted on
    both sides.

6.  Tires -- All vehicles shall be equipped with tires of adequate load
    capacity to support the gross vehicle weight when fully loaded.
    Tires shall be inflated to the recommended pressures. All tires,
    including the spare, shall be compatible within each set (i.e., all
    radials or all bias ply; no mixed tire sets). Tire wear surfaces and
    sidewalls shall be inspected daily for debris, damage and wear.
    Tires shall be even across the full tread surface. Tires shall be
    replaced prior to revealing the "wear bars" between the treads at
    the contact surface.

7.  Speedometer -- Shall be operational and accurately record speed in
    miles.

8.  Seat Belts -- Shall be in good operating condition and used by all
    passengers and drivers. Wheelchair passenger restraint and
    securement systems shall be fully operational.

9.  Doors -- Shall be maintained in safe operating condition, capable of
    being opened, shut and locked as required.

10. Fluids -- All vehicle fluids shall be maintained at the
    manufacturers recommended operating levels, including engine
    coolant, oil, battery electrolyte, brake fluid, power steering
    fluid, transmission fluid and washer solvent. The vehicle shall have
    sufficient fuel to meet foreseeable needs.

11. Emergency Equipment -- All vehicles shall be equipped with emergency
    equipment as shown below. A clean up kit to clean and sanitize the
    van shall also be included on board, in good working condition and
    securely stored to prevent movement in the event of an accident or
    sudden stop.

12. Cleanliness -- The vehicle interior shall be properly maintained and
    kept free of loose articles. Windows and exterior surfaces shall be
    kept as clean as weather permits.

13. Back up Alarms -- If the vehicle is so equipped, check the backup
    alarm. Making sure that there are no persons or objects behind the
    vehicle, set the parking brake and firmly apply the foot brakes.
    Only then shift into reverse. The alarm should sound. Do not back
    up.

14. Wheelchair Lifts -- Check operating and structural condition daily
    by operating through one complete cycle.

## Emergency Equipment on Vehicles and Usage

> The following emergency equipment should be on each vehicle. They
> should be checked daily to make sure that they are present and
> operational.

-   Flares

-   Fire extinguisher

-   First Aid kit

-   Spare tire

-   Jack and lug wrench

-   Reflective triangles

-   Flashlight with batteries

-   Bloodborne pathogens clean up kit

-   Reflective vest for driver

-   Seat belt cutter

## Use of Emergency Equipment on Vehicles

> So that one can properly use the emergency equipment on the vehicle,
> it is extremely important that the driver knows what equipment is on
> the vehicle and how to use it. All drivers must familiarize themselves
> with where the equipment is located in the vehicle and the following
> guidelines on the uses of this equipment should be learned:
>
> 1\. Flares ‑ encased in a metal container, are used as warning devices
> when the vehicle is disabled. Extreme care must be used when lighting
> the flare as it gets very hot. **Never use flares when there is the
> presence of gasoline or other flammable liquid**. The following
> procedure is used for lighting the fuse:
>
> a\. Grasp flare in right hand.
>
> b\. Twist and lift off cap with left hand.
>
> c\. Strike fuse across cap.
>
> d\. Point ignited end away from body.
>
> e\. Three (3) flares should be placed accordingly:
>
> i\. At the side of the vehicle on roadway side - a safe distance from
> the vehicle and oncoming traffic.
>
> ii\. Approximately 40 paces or 100 feet to the rear of the vehicle. If
> there is a hill or curve, the distance should be greater, but no
> farther than 300 feet.
>
> iii\. Approximately 40 paces or 100 feet in front of the vehicle,
> again using greater distances if conditions warrant.
>
> 2\. Three (3) red reflectors - should be used in the same way as
> flares. The reflectors may be used both day and night.
>
> 3\. Fire extinguisher - has approximately thirty (30) seconds of use
> and must be checked daily. The needle must be in the green. After
> [every]{.underline} use it must be properly recharged by a qualified
> person. The following operating procedure should be followed:

a.  Remove extinguisher from mounting bracket and hold vertically.

b.  Remove safety pin.

> c\. Point hose at the base of flames.
>
> d\. Squeeze handle to discharge chemicals.
>
> e\. Direct chemical discharge until fire is out or extinguisher is
> empty.
>
> 4\. First Aid Kit -- Management will provide a first aid kit meeting
> required standards. The kit should be sealed. Kits with broken seals
> will be turned in for restocking and resealing as appropriate.
>
> 5\. Bloodborne pathogens clean up kit -- Management will provide a kit
> meeting required standards. The kit should be sealed. Kits with broken
> seals will be turned in for restocking and resealing as appropriate.
>
> 6\. Reflective Vest -- The driver should wear the reflective vest
> whenever a roadside emergency occurs or when the driver must be in the
> roadway.

## Vehicle Procurement

> Making safety a priority during the vehicle procurement stage can have
> a long term positive impact on safety and accident costs. While
> aesthetics of a vehicle are important, many safety features can be
> incorporated at relatively low costs.

### Exterior

> Mirrors are critical for safe operation and maneuvering of the
> vehicle. The following should be considered:

-   Upgraded mirrors on both sides of the vehicle.

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-   Remote adjusting right side mirrors.

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-   Convex or spot mirrors, separately mounted not covering the existing
    mirror space.

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-   Electrically heated mirrors.

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-   Convex mirrors mounted at the front and rear of vehicles.

### Visibility

> The more visible a vehicle is during day, night, low light or
> inclement weather conditions, the less likely it is to be involved in
> an accident. The following should be considered:

-   Operating at all times with headlights on.

-   Upgraded lighting package to include: extra large rear stop lights,
    running lights and "Wahlen scene" rear back up lights.

-   Reflective stripping around vehicle at eye level.

-   Logos or messages in reflective materials.

### Interior

> A significant number of accidents occur inside the vehicle. Many
> transit system passengers have decreased physical capabilities because
> of age or disability. The following should be considered:

-   Contrasting color schemes between floors, seats and walls.

-   Upgraded interior lighting, especially on vehicle steps.

-   Non-skid flooring on aisles and steps.

-   Clearly marked step edges.

-   Textured oval handrails on both sides of steps.

## Vehicle Security

> When leaving your vehicle, other than to assist a passenger enter the
> vehicle or if the ignition must be on to operate the wheelchair lift,
> you will remove the keys from the ignition and take them with you.
> When you will be out of sight of the vehicle, the vehicle will be
> locked. Vehicle keys will be given to the dispatcher at the conclusion
> of your shift.
>
> If the vehicle is parked at your home, the keys must be removed and
> the vehicle locked. Keys should be kept in a secure location out of
> the reach of children. In no case may a vehicle be used for non-agency
> purposes, either during or after the work shift. Children shall not
> play in, on or around the vehicle.
>
> Vehicles should be parked in a well lit location where it is unlikely
> for them to be damaged or vandalized.
>
> The parking brake must always be set and the transmission placed in
> park whenever you are out of the drivers seat.

## Vehicle Safety in and around the Shop or Yard

> Due to the congested nature of the shop and yard the following rules
> are established:
>
> 1\. A maximum speed of 10 mph is allowed in the facility.
>
> 2\. Vehicles are only to be parked in designated spaces.
>
> 3\. Where feasible, vehicle routing will be in "pull through" fashion
> to avoid backing.
>
> 4\. If backing is necessary the following rules will be observed:

a.  The driver will set the parking brake and place the transmission in
    park.

b.  The driver will get out of the vehicle and walk completely around it
    to inspect for any obstacles or persons in the vicinity.

c.  Another person will serve as a guide, maintaining visual and verbal
    communication with the driver at all times.

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5.  In cases where the vehicle must be placed in a maintenance facility
    or garage, where there is no pull through capability, the vehicle
    will be backed in, rather than backed out using the above
    guidelines.

6.  Vehicles will never be left running or with keys in them while
    unattended.

# Accident Management

## Accident Documentation Packet

> Each vehicle will be equipped with the Accident Documentation Packet.
> This will include:
>
> 1\. Drivers accident report form.
>
> 2\. Witness or courtesy cards.
>
> 3\. Pens or pencils.
>
> As soon as possible after all emergency procedures have been completed
> or turned over to qualified emergency personnel, the driver should
> clearly and legibly complete the report form. Follow the instructions
> below on Accident Notification Procedures.

## Accident Notification Procedures -- Driver Responsibility

> In the event a transit vehicle is involved in an accident of any type,
> drivers must take the following steps:
>
> 1\. Assess whether or not passengers should be evacuated from the
> vehicle.
>
> 2\. Aid the injured.
>
> 3\. Contact the dispatcher by radio. Give your exact location and
> scene description including number injured and potential for fire.
> Immediately ask the dispatcher to contact emergency squad or law
> enforcement as appropriate.
>
> Make sure the responding Agency office personnel, emergency or law
> enforcement dispatcher has all information before you terminate your
> conversation. If you are unable to make contact because you are
> injured or providing first aid/CPR, ask the first able person you see
> to contact emergency personnel for help.
>
> 4\. Obtain the name and address of the reporting officer and his/her
> badge number.
>
> 5\. Obtain facts about other vehicles involved in the accident.
>
> 6\. Obtain facts about the witnesses and give them a witness courtesy
> card. Witnesses include any person riding your vehicle at the time of
> the accident or persons who witnessed the accident. Courtesy cards
> should be collected from all witnesses before leaving the scene
> whenever possible.
>
> 7\. Describe the accident to law enforcement personnel only. DO NOT
> DISCUSS THE ACCIDENT WITH ANYBODY OTHER THAN LAW ENFORCEMENT, YOUR
> SUPERVISOR OR THE AGENCY INSURANCE COMPANY REPRESENTATIVE.
>
> 8\. DO NOT MAKE ANY STATEMENT CONCERNING AGENCY LIABILITY. GIVE ONLY
> INFORMATION REQUESTED BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OR SUPERVISOR. DO NOT SIGN
> ANY STATEMENT UNLESS PRESENTED BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OR YOUR SUPERVISOR.
>
> 9\. Under no circumstances should a driver leave the scene of an
> accident prior to the arrival of law enforcement unless directed to do
> so by emergency medical personnel. The driver shall not move the
> vehicle unless there is a danger from other traffic, or unless
> directed by law enforcement.
>
> 10\. Every accident, no matter how small, shall be reported to the
> dispatcher. Management shall determine if law enforcement shall be
> contacted even in the event of a minor, non-injury accident. If law
> enforcement refuses to come to the scene, Management or the dispatcher
> should take the name and badge number of the law enforcement person
> notified. It is the driver's responsibility to obtain the name and
> address and insurance company of the other vehicle's driver prior to
> leaving the scene.
>
> 11\. As soon as possible after an accident is reported to the
> dispatcher, a management representative shall go to the scene to
> facilitate the above-mentioned activities and to interface with media
> as necessary.
>
> 12\. Anytime a driver is involved in an accident, the driver shall be
> taken off driving duty for the rest of the workday at a minimum. Drug
> and alcohol tests will be performed as soon as possible and within the
> time frames specified in the regulations. The Executive Director shall
> arrange for substitute drivers as needed. The driver shall spend this
> time and any other time needed completing an Accident Report. The
> Executive Director shall assist the driver in the completion of these
> forms to assure accuracy and completeness.

## Accident Investigation -- Management Responsibility

[Purpose]{.underline}

> The purpose of this policy is to set forth guidelines for Management
> responsibility in conducting an accident investigation for vehicle
> accidents and/or employee injuries.
>
> [General]{.underline}
>
> Accident investigation is more than filling out forms, as important as
> they are. It is a system of collecting and documenting factual data
> that can reveal accident causes, driver/employee error,
> vehicle/equipment failure, and/or other factors.
>
> A thorough accident investigation program also shows accident trends
> and provides factual information to use when preparing legal defenses.
> Accident investigation data can help us improve vehicle and equipment
> purchase specifications, plan driver and employee safety training
> programs, validate actions against negligent drivers, and reduce claim
> settling costs.
>
> Although employee discipline could result from the accident
> investigation, it is an important process that should not be perceived
> by the employee as *fixing blame*. If fixing blame is the perceived
> purpose of the accident investigation process, vital information will
> often be withheld, or facts may be distorted.
>
> When a good investigation procedure is in effect, there can be
> positive results on the employee's accident prevention awareness if
> management demonstrates its concern for employee safety and its
> interest in providing a safe workplace. Finding out the *why* of
> accidents, and then doing something about correcting it, is further
> proof to the employee that management means business.
>
> All accidents involving the following must be investigated
> [personally]{.underline} by either the Executive Director or other
> properly trained individual. This task is not to be delegated to
> others. The following accidents are to be investigated immediately:

-   Any accident involving passengers on Agency vehicles.

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-   Damage to the property of another, such as a motor vehicle or
    structure expected to exceed \$500.

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-   Serious physical damage to our vehicle where damage is expected to
    exceed \$1,000.

**Responsibility for Investigating Vehicle Accidents.**

> It is the Executive Director's responsibility to inform drivers and
> employees of their expected conduct and responsibilities at accident
> scenes. Although our goal is no accidents, occasionally an accident
> will occur, even with the best precautionary measures in place. Once
> an accident occurs, its ultimate cost can vary greatly depending upon
> how it is handled. Quick and accurate implementation of the following
> procedures are necessary to insure the correct and fair settlement of
> a workers compensation, vehicle physical damage, and/or vehicle
> liability claim.
>
> **Five Basic Steps of Accident Investigation for Vehicle and/or
> Employee Injury Accidents:**
>
> **1. Manage the Accident Scene**
>
> *Protect the injured* - If possible, the driver should request medical
> assistance from authorized sources such as the police, fire
> department, or a hospital. The extent of assistance to the injured
> that can be provided will vary based on the severity of the accident.
> The goal is to keep the injured as comfortable as possible until
> qualified help arrives.
>
> *Preserve the accident scene* - Eliminate and control remaining
> hazards to keep the effects of the accident from becoming worse by
> immediately placing warning signals, flares, reflective triangles or
> other devices to permit, as nearly as possible, the uninterrupted,
> normal traffic flow. Vehicle engines should be turned off and the
> emergency brake should be engaged. Vehicles should not be moved until
> instructed to do so by the law enforcement agency having jurisdiction.
> Ideally pictures and diagrams can be done before the vehicles are
> moved.
>
> *Determine the extent of damage* - Is there fuel leaking from the
> vehicles? If so is their potential for ignition? Is a tow truck
> needed?
>
> *Notify appropriate parties*

**2. Gather Information**

> *Get the facts* - Who, What, When, Where, How -- Use the Accident
> Investigation Kit
>
> *Physical Evidence*

-   Make sketches - a good diagram with measurements is very important

-   Take photographs with landmarks that can be used as reference
    points - **take plenty of pictures** - they are cheap and can be
    very beneficial. Record the date, time, location, and name of
    photographer on the back of the photos. **Polaroid photos are not
    acceptable**. A 35 mm camera with a date back using fast (400 ASA)
    film is ideal for most accident situations.

-   Record weather conditions

-   Examine equipment, materials, and the area around the accident scene

> *Taking Photos*
>
> Good photographs can be very valuable documents for an accident
> investigation. They can also be very helpful in the defense of a
> lawsuit. You don't have to be a professional photographer to take good
> accident scene photos if you follow these tips.

1.  **Do not take Polaroids.** They are very poor and do not reproduce
    or blow up well.

2.  Use a 35 mm camera with properly set "date back" if possible.

3.  Fast film (200 or 400 ASA) is good for most situations.

4.  Hold camera steady with both hands.

5.  Take pictures directly on subject, not at unusual angles.

6.  Avoid taking pictures into the sun.

7.  Get one picture of license numbers and ID numbers of all vehicles in
    the accident.

8.  Do not take pictures of gory scenes.

9.  Take pictures of all four sides of the accident at 90° angles.

10. The first set of pictures should take in all of the scene then move
    in closer for the 2^nd^ set. Final set should be very close.

11\. Skid marks should be photographed. You may have to crouch down to
get the best angle and picture.

12\. Take pictures of defective equipment, bald tires, beverage
containers in other car, etc. Use caution in taking pictures of
incriminating evidence on Agency vehicle.

> *Accident Sketching*
>
> A good accident sketch or diagram can be very helpful during your
> accident investigation.
>
> Remember, you can do a rough sketch at the scene and then improve or
> redo it back at the office. Follow these tips for a good sketch.

1.  Use graph paper if available.

2.  Note the date, time, and preparer's name.

3.  Show directions -- North, South, East and West

4.  Clearly show location of vehicles, road signs, intersections, number
    of lanes, speed limits, etc.

5.  Measure skid marks and show on diagram.

6.  If possible, measure road widths, distance from intersections or
    other landmarks.

*Witnesses*

1.  Explain the purpose of your conversation.

2.  Listen - See "Active Listening During Accident Investigation".

3.  Ask open-ended questions to avoid yes/no answers. Let the witness
    describe the accident, do not describe the accident to the
    witness. - Ask, [How did the accident occur?]{.underline} Instead
    of, [Did the other vehicle come into your lane]{.underline}?

4.  Summarize descriptions.

5.  Obtain a written statement. If possible have the witness sign the
    written statement.

6.  End on a positive note.

> *Documentation that may also be needed to complete your investigation*

-   Employee records

-   Equipment maintenance records

-   Job or task records

-   Previous accident reports

-   Operating procedures

-   Training procedures and records

    2.  **Analyze Information Purpose is to find the causes.**

> Superficial vs. Real or Root causes -- for example the fact that it
> was raining and the road was wet is a superficial cause. Driving too
> fast for conditions or badly worn tires are root causes.

3.  **Recommend/Implement Corrective Actions.**

> Purpose is to eliminate the root causes.
>
> Identify actions that need to be taken.
>
> Assign the responsibility for implementation.
>
> Set a target completion date.
>
> Obtain management approval to implement changes.
>
> Communicate the desired results of implementation.

4.  **Follow up and Monitor Implementation Progress.**

Purpose is to monitor the actions taken.

Identify follow up activities.

Assign the responsibility for follow up.

Set a target date.

> All vehicle accident investigation reports shall include the following
> information:

-   Accident Report forms completed by the driver.

-   A copy of the police accident report.

-   Facts obtained while reviewing physical evidence.

-   Witnesses.

-   Information from documentation records.

-   Pictures, sketches, driver and witness statements.

-   Recommended corrective actions to be taken.

> **[Active Listening During Accident Investigation]{.underline}**
>
> The following pointers will assist you in becoming an active listener.
> Active listening will result in more detailed, relevant information
> during the accident investigation process:
>
> [Want to Listen]{.underline} - Almost all problems in listening can be
> overcome by having the right attitude. Remember, there is no such
> thing as non-interesting people - only disinterested listeners.
>
> [Act Like a Good Listener]{.underline} - Be alert, sit straight, lean
> forward if appropriate, let your face radiate interest.
>
> [Listen to Understand]{.underline} - Do not just listen for the sake
> of listening; listen to gain real understanding of what is being said.
>
> [React]{.underline} - The only time a person likes to be interrupted
> is when applauded or complimented. Be generous with your compliments.
> Make the other person feel important. Show your gratitude with nods,
> smiles, comments, and encouragement.
>
> [Stop Talking]{.underline} - You cannot listen while you are talking.
> Communicate; do not take turns talking.
>
> [Empathize with the Other Person]{.underline} - Try to put yourself in
> the other's place so that you can see that point of view.
>
> [Ask Questions]{.underline} - When you do not understand, when you
> need further clarification, when you want the other person to
> cooperate, when you want to show you are listening, ask questions.
> However, do not ask questions that will embarrass or "put down" the
> other person.
>
> [Concentrate on what the Other Person is Saying]{.underline} -
> Actively focus your attentions on the words, the ideas, and the
> feelings related to the subject.
>
> [Look at the Other Person]{.underline} - Face, mouth, eyes, and hand
> gestures are used by the other person to communicate with you. Eye
> contact with the other person helps you concentrate, too. Shows you
> are listening.
>
> [Leave Your Emotions Behind]{.underline} - Try to push your worries,
> your fears, and your problems away. They may prevent you from
> listening well.
>
> [Get the Main Points]{.underline} (the big story) - Concentrate on the
> primary information and not the unrelated comments; examples, stories,
> etc. are important, but usually are not the main points. Examine them
> only to see if they prove, support, define the main information.
>
> [Share Responsibility For Communication]{.underline} - Only part of
> the responsibility rests with the speaker; you as the listener have an
> important part. Try to understand, and if you do not, ask for
> clarification.
>
> [React to Information, Not to the Person]{.underline} - Do not allow
> your reaction to the person to influence your interpretation of words.
> Good information can come from people whose looks or personality you
> do not like.
>
> [Do Not Argue Mentally]{.underline} - When you are trying to
> understand the other person, it is a handicap to argue while you are
> listening. This sets up a barrier between you and the speaker.
>
> [Use the Difference in Rate]{.underline} - You can listen faster than
> anyone can talk, so use this rate difference to your advantage by
> trying to stay on the right track, think back over what the speaker
> has said. Rate difference: speech rate is about 100 to 150 words per
> minute; thinking: 500.
>
> [Do Not Antagonize Speaker]{.underline} - You may cause the other
> person to conceal ideas, emotions, or attitudes by being antagonizing
> in any number of ways: arguing, criticizing, taking notes, not taking
> notes, asking questions, not asking questions, etc. Try not to judge
> and be aware of the effect you are having on the other person. Adapt
> to the speaker.
>
> [Avoid Hasty Judgements]{.underline} - Wait until all facts are in
> before making any judgements.

## Accident Investigation Kit

> The following items will provide adequate tools to perform a well
> documented Accident Investigation:
>
> 35 mm camera with date back and flash
>
> 12 exposure rolls of 400 ASA film
>
> Safety Reflective Vest
>
> Measuring wheel
>
> 100 foot tape
>
> Yellow Lumber Crayons
>
> 12" ruler
>
> Clipboard
>
> 8 2 x 11 paper and graph paper
>
> Pencils/sharpener and pens
>
> Rubber bands
>
> Flashlight
>
> Spare batteries for flashlight and camera
>
> Photo Labels
>
> Traffic Template
>
> Satchel to store equipment
>
> Inventory

## Reconstruction & Analysis

> Accident reconstruction and analysis will generally be required when a
> serious accident takes place involving personal injury. This is a
> specialized skill and will involve the hiring of an outside expert.
> Agency personnel can aid this process by following the steps shown in
> the accident investigation section above.
>
> Well documented sketches and clear, properly labeled photographs will
> aid the accident reconstructionist in determining critical factors
> contributing to the accident.

## Drug and Alcohol Tests

> These will be performed as soon as possible after an accident but in
> no case later than the time limits specified in state and federal
> regulations. Specific information will be found in the Agency Drug and
> Alcohol policy.

## Media Relations and Crises Communication After an Accident

> After a serious accident, it is likely that you will be contacted by
> the media. There is also a possibility that they will respond to an
> accident scene while emergency personnel are working.
>
> The job of the media personnel is to gather newsworthy matters for
> their newspaper, radio or TV stations. A bad accident involving a
> highly visible public transit vehicle is a very newsworthy story for
> most local news media organizations. With proper preparation a
> moderately skilled agency representative can use the occasion to
> improve agency image or at the very least control damage.
>
> The following guidelines should be followed:

[Media Relations -- At the Scene]{.underline}

1\. All Agency personnel should be instructed that all questions are to
be referred to the Agency representative, normally a member of senior
staff.

2\. The designated representative should be available to the media as
soon as possible. They have deadlines and will not wait for you to tell
your side of the story, no matter how good.

3\. Do not panic -- be under control.

4\. Never say "No Comment". It makes you look like you have something to
hide. It is better to say that "the cause of the accident is unknown at
this time and is under investigation".

5\. Control the interview as much as possible. Insert information about
positive safety activities and other good things that your Agency does.

6\. Be prepared for tough questions or questions that cannot be answered
without incrimination.

7\. Be aware of liability issues. Do not admit anything that could come
back to haunt you or be used as evidence in court.

> [Media Relations - After the Accident]{.underline}
>
> 1\. Control entry to your premises.
>
> 2\. Meet with media promptly.
>
> 3\. Instruct employees not to talk to media.
>
> 4\. If a press conference is necessary:
>
> a\) Choose the venue carefully.
>
> b\) Prepare a written statement in advance.
>
> c\) Consider consulting a media expert if the accident and resulting
> situation is bad.
>
> d\) Have a media kit that includes an Agency fact sheet, positive
> articles and good things that your Agency does for the community.
>
> e\) Do not reveal confidential information "off the record." Do not
> legitimize negative, incorrect or hearsay information.
>
> f\) Always be friendly, brief, positive, composed and stick to your
> side of the story. Do not argue with reporters. Remember that your
> image may be seen by thousands on the 6:00 news tonight.

# Insurance Claims and Litigation Management

## Dealing with Adjusters

> Employees should be cautioned not to speak to insurance adjusters for
> either side unless authorized by the Executive Director. Commonly,
> adjusters for the other party will call the employee at home to get a
> "recorded" statement. What is said and how it is said could affect the
> way a claim is settled. Seemingly innocent remarks could lead to our
> claim against another party being denied.
>
> If an adjuster for the other party calls or visits the employee at
> home, the employee is not to answer questions or give a recorded
> statement without authorization from the Executive Director. The
> employee should get the person's full name, insurance company and
> phone number. In the case of a personal visit, the person's card
> should be obtained. The employee should then call the Executive
> Director for guidance. A written statement may be authorized,
> sometimes a phone conversation may be permitted, but rarely will a
> recorded statement be given.
>
> Recorded statements taken by our insurer's adjuster are generally
> acceptable but it is best to instruct the employee to speak to no one
> without authorization.
>
> Accidents are either preventable or non-preventable. When reviewing an
> accident for preventability words such as "chargeable" or "at fault"
> or other modifiers will not be used.
>
> **Special Note: Use Caution with the Word "Preventable" When Dealing
> With Claimants or Attorneys**
>
> Because of the way laws read and the practices of insurance companies,
> the words **at fault**, **preventable** and **chargeable** do have a
> significant impact on the outcome of a claim against us or another
> party. Management is cautioned not to tell an opposing adjuster that
> an accident was "preventable" on our part as this imputes guilt when
> legally our driver may not be guilty under the law. Employees should
> not be talking with attorneys except as authorized by our General
> Counsel or management. The term "preventable" is only to be used
> internally to enable management to determine the suitability of the
> employee to operate our vehicles.

## Dealing with Attorneys -- Ours/Theirs

> In order to make sure that everyone understands what needs to be done
> in case of a lawsuit or other communications from attorneys, carefully
> follow these instructions.
>
> [Terms and Definitions]{.underline}
>
> ***Lawsuits*** are formal papers that are filed by an attorney that
> generally allege that certain events took place and that their client
> has been damaged or injured in some way. In many cases, they are
> ***served*** (brought) by a law enforcement officer. At other times,
> contracted couriers or process servers will deliver the papers.
>
> Another term is ***Warrant in Debt***. These are similar to lawsuits
> but are generally for smaller amounts. A letter from an attorney is
> **not** a lawsuit but it may result in one at a later date. Commonly,
> the letter will simply say that the attorney is representing someone
> (***Letter of Representation***). We must take all such correspondence
> seriously and act immediately.
>
> You may also receive ***Subpoenas***. These are legal documents
> requesting information.
>
> In most cases, lawsuits will be responded to by insurance company
> attorneys. All suits have a response time, generally 21 days from the
> date that it is served on the Agency or employee. If we do not answer
> the lawsuit within the period allowed by the law, we could lose by
> ***default***. This means that the court could say that since we did
> not respond properly, the Agency must pay the amount demanded! We
> cannot allow this to happen. Your prompt attention is needed to the
> following procedures:
>
> [What To Do]{.underline}
>
> Any [correspondence from an attorney]{.underline} regarding an
> accident or any other on the job issue must be forwarded to the
> Executive Director.
>
> In the case of a [Lawsuit, Subpoena or Warrant in Debt]{.underline},
> forward to the Executive Director immediately.
>
> [What Happens Later]{.underline}
>
> Expect that our defense attorneys will want to talk to people involved
> in the accident and will request written documents and pictures. **Do
> not speak to any attorney without prior clearance from the Executive
> Director**. Either call the Executive Director or refer the attorney
> to him/her.
>
> If any additional information is received on the lawsuit, it should be
> forwarded to the Executive Director. Do not assume that the Executive
> Director has the same information others have received.
>
> [Requests for Documents, Pictures, Parts of Vehicles,
> etc.]{.underline}
>
> In many cases, a process called ***Discovery*** will take place. Both
> sides ask the other for copies of documents, pictures, witness
> statements, police reports, etc. We are required by law and must swear
> that the information we provide is complete and factual.
>
> If discovery occurs, our insurance company's attorney will contact the
> Executive Director to get the necessary information together. We will
> only send copies, **not originals**, of all items. This is true of all
> claims whether in lawsuit or not. For pictures, especially Polaroid
> shots, we must keep the original.
>
> Note that Polaroid pictures are to be taken only as a last resort.
> 35-mm cameras should always be used for accident photos (see Accident
> Investigation). Mark each photo on the back with date, time, place
> taken, who took the picture and driver or claimant. Corporate counsel
> may assist us in the preparation of this information before it is
> submitted to the other side.
>
> Discovery is a long and tedious process. You must extend full
> cooperation to make sure that all information is produced. If
> information isn't produced during discovery, it may not be used to
> defend us at trial time.
>
> [Depositions]{.underline}
>
> ***Depositions*** are sworn (under oath) testimony from people who
> have knowledge of the accident. Depositions are conducted before a
> trial by both the opposing and defending attorneys. People who can be
> expected to be deposed are the manager, driver, supervisors, executive
> director, etc. The information provided may be used to build the case
> and asked again in a trial.
>
> Anyone involved in depositions will be briefed before hand by our
> attorneys.
>
> **How Long Can a Lawsuit Take?**
>
> A lawsuit can be served up to two years after an accident. After that,
> it can take years before it goes to court and is finally won, lost or
> settled. The information that is gathered immediately after an
> accident can be crucial to protect us years into the future.
>
> In the case of accidents involving children, the lawsuit can be
> brought up to two years after the child has reached age 18! In these
> situations, preservation of evidence is even more important. Good
> accident investigations and meticulous documentation are imperative to
> protect us. All accident files must be kept for at least 5 years. If
> they are in suit or if the accident involves a child, they must be
> retained for at least 20 years or until instructed by company
> management that they can be destroyed.
>
> In summary, the key is to respond quickly and get the information to
> the people that can act to protect our Agency.
>
> **Requests for Information From Attorneys**
>
> Frequently, we receive requests from attorneys for copies of personnel
> or payroll records that will be used in claims by our employees
> against us or other parties. In most cases we are required to produce
> the records but that does not mean that we cannot charge for our time
> and effort in producing them.
>
> Examples of requests for records include:

-   Subpoena Duces Tecum

-   Warrants

-   Authorizations to release records signed by former or present
    employees

> Contact the Executive Director for instructions as soon as these
> requests are received.
>
> In all cases of requests from attorneys for records, **except those
> from attorneys defending us**, we will make a charge of \$0.10 per
> page copied plus mailing or shipping costs. In addition, we will
> charge for the preparation time. To calculate the fee, take the
> preparer's annual salary and divide by 1,000. For example, at \$15,000
> annual salary the hourly fee would be \$15. If clerical and management
> staff do the work, the charge should be for both individuals.
>
> The attorneys will have the option to pick up the documents if they
> choose, but **no one is to give them any verbal information either in
> person or over the phone**. The check for the copies and preparation
> costs should be received before the material is handed over.

# Day to Day Operations -- Monitoring for Safety

## Record keeping

> Located in the Section 11 - Appendix, Sample Forms

a.  Employee Training Log

b.  Applicant Authorization to Release Information

c.  Acknowledgement of Receipt of Drug-Free Workplace Statement &
    Related Documents

d.  Refusal of Treatment and/or Transportation

Note: Insert your Agency's standard forms.

## Keeping Informed

### Websites

> **[General]{.underline}**
>
> American Public Transportation Association www.apta.com
>
> Community Transportation Assoc. of America www.ctaa.org
>
> Federal Emergency Management Agency
> [www.fema.gov](http://www.fema.gov/)
>
> Federal Highway Administration www.fhwa.dot.gov
>
> Federal Transit Administration www.fta.dot.gov
>
> Insurance Institute of Highway Safety
> [www.Hwysafety.org](http://www.Hwysafety.org/)
>
> National Highway Traffic Safety Adm. www.Nhtsa.dot.gov
>
> National Safety Council www.NSC.org
>
> National Transportation Safety Board
> [www.ntsb.gov](http://www.ntsb.gov/)
>
> Ohio Assn. For Pupil Transportation www.oapt.org
>
> Ohio Department of Transportation www.dot.state.oh.us
>
> U.S. Department of Transportation [www.dot.gov](http://www.dot.gov/)
>
> Volpe National Trans. System Center www.volpe.dot.gov
>
> **[Child Transit Safety Sites]{.underline}**
>
> American Association of Pediatricians
> [www.aap.org](http://www.aap.org/)
>
> 2000 Family Guide to Car Seats
> [www.aap.org/Family/famshop.htm](http://www.aap.org/Family/famshop.htm)
>
> **[Traffic Safety Advocates]{.underline}**
>
> [www.safekids.org](http://www.safekids.org/)
>
> [www.childsafety.org](http://www.childsafety.org/)
>
> [www.nsc.org](http://www.nsc.org/)
>
> [www.aaafts.org](http://www.aaafts.org/)
>
> [www.saferidenews.com](http://www.saferidenews.com/)
>
> [www.carseat.org](http://www.carseat.org/)
>
> [www.safetyseal.org](http://www.safetyseal.org/)
>
> **[Car Child Restraint Manufacturers]{.underline}**
>
> [www.britax.com](http://www.britax.com/)
>
> [www.centuryproducts.com](http://www.centuryproducts.com/)
>
> [www.coscoinc.com](http://www.coscoinc.com/)
>
> [www.evenflo.com](http://www.evenflo.com/)
>
> [www.ezonpro.com](http://www.ezonpro.com/)
>
> [www.fisher-price.com](http://www.fisher-price.com/)
>
> [www.gracobaby.com](http://www.gracobaby.com/)
>
> [www.safelinecorp.com](http://www.safelinecorp.com/)

### Publications

> See Sources of Information

# Appendix 

**[Employee Training Log]{.underline}**

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------
  Employee        

  Home Address    

  S.S. \#         

  Drivers License 
  \#              

  Endorsements    

  Last License    
  Check           

  Date of Hire    

  Title           
  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------

Individual Date Trainer Employee

ORIENTATION Responsible Completed Initials Initials

  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------
  Welcome by Director           Office Manager                     

  Appointment with Operations   Office Manager                     
  Manager                                                          

  Appointment with Training     Office Manager                     
  Supervisor                                                       

  Appointment with Office       Office Manager                     
  Manager                                                          

  Review of County Policy       Office Manager                     
  Manual                                                           

  Issuance of Policy Manual     Operations Mgr.                    

  Review of Policy Manual       Operations Mgr.                    

  Review of ODOT/Fed's Policy   Operations Mgr.                    

  Review of the ADA Manual      Operations Mgr.                    

  Review of Drug & Alcohol      Operations Mgr.                    
  Program                                                          

  Review of Bloodborne          Operations Mgr.                    
  Pathogens                                                        

  Assigned to Trainer           Operations Mgr.                    

  Appointment with Lead Driver  Operations Mgr.                    
  & Trainer                                                        

  Uniform Fitting               Operations Mgr.                    
  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------

OPERATIONS (Office)

  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------
  Review of Computer Dispatch   Office Manager                     
  System                                                           

  Review of Telephone System    Office Manager                     

  Review of Radio System        Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Review of Radio Operations    Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Review of Radio Procedures    Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Review of Paperwork           Office Manager                     
  Requirements                                                     

  Review of Trip Manifest       Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Review of Route Sheet(s)      Training                           
                                Supervisor                         
  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------

OPERATIONS (Vehicle)

  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------
  Review of Vehicle Types       Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Single Wheel Cutaway          Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Light Transit Vehicle         Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Map of County                 Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Diesel Operation              Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Pre-Trip Inspection Procedure Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  In Vehicle Operation          Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Wheel Chair Lift Operations   Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Safety Procedures             Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Fare Box Procedures           Training                           
                                Supervisor                         
  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------

**[Employee Training Log -- Page 2]{.underline}**

Individual Date Trainer Employee

Responsible Completed Initials Initials

OPERATIONS (In-Service)

  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------
  Assign Trainer                Operations Mgr.                    

  Review of Daily Operation     Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Review of Daily Driver        Training                           
  Procedures                    Supervisor                         

  Map Instruction               Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Location Definitions          Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Passenger Assistance Review   Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Probationary Driving          Training                           
  Instruction                   Supervisor                         
  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------

DRIVER CERTIFICATION

  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------
  On Road Operations            Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Office Operations             Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Radio Operations              Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Paperwork Operation           Training                           
                                Supervisor                         
  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------

ON GOING TRAINING

  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------
  Passenger Assistance          Training                           
  Certification                 Supervisor                         

  Emergency Operation           Training                           
  Certification                 Supervisor                         

  Emergency Deployment          Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  CPR Certification             Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Basic Emergency First Aid     Training                           
                                Supervisor                         

  Bloodborne Pathogen           Training                           
  Certification                 Supervisor                         

  Defensive Driving             Training                           
  Certification                 Supervisor                         
  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------

ANNUAL EMPLOYEE REVIEW

  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------
  Probationary Review           Operations Mgr.                    

  Annual Performance Review     Operations Mgr.                    

  Incentive Review              Operations Mgr.                    

  Longevity Review              Operations Mgr.                    

  Next Review Date              Operations Mgr.                    
  ----------------------------- --------------- --------- -------- --------

Qualified to Operate the Following Vehicles

  ----------------------------- -------------- ---------- -------- --------
  Diesel Operations             Operations                         
                                Mgr.                               

  Single Wheel Cut-a-way Body   Operations                         
  Style                         Mgr.                               

  Light Transit Vehicle Body    Operations                         
  Style                         Mgr.                               
  ----------------------------- -------------- ---------- -------- --------

**Applicant Authorization to Release Information**

The undersigned,
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
hereby authorizes the Agency or any of its authorized representatives,
agents and employees, bearing this Release or a copy thereof, to obtain
any information in your files pertaining to the undersigned and his/her
employment, education records (including, but not limited to, academic
achievement, attendance, and disciplinary records), medical records,
psychological and psychiatric records, and any record of arrest with
police agencies.

The undersigned voluntarily consents. To the release of such information
upon request of the bearer.

The undersigned directs you to release such information upon request of
the bearer made within sixty (60 days) from the date hereof. This
Release is executed with full knowledge and understanding that the
information hereby requested and obtained is for use by the Agency, in
connection with the possible employment of the undersigned by said
Agency.

The undersigned hereby releases you, as custodian of such records, any
school, college or university, or other educational institution;
hospital or other repository of medical records; social service agency,
police department, any employer, or retain business establishment
including its officers, employees or related personnel both individually
and collectively; and the Agency, its representatives, agents and
employees from any and all liability for damages of whatever kind which
may at any time result to the undersigned, his/her heirs, family or
associates because of compliance with this authorization and request for
information or any other attempt to comply with it.

The information hereby obtained by the Agency, is to be used only for
the purposes of employment of the undersigned by said Agency and may be
made a part of the permanent personnel file of the undersigned upon such
employment. I acknowledge receipt of a copy of this authorization.

> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Signature of Applicant

> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Full Name of Applicant

> S.S. #\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Birth Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Signed in the presence of:

(Note to Agency: This form or any like it must be reviewed by your
attorney before use.)

**Acknowledgment of Receipt of Drug-Free Workplace Statement and Related
Documents**

**By Current Employee**

You have been given a copy of the Agency Drug-Free Workplace Statement
addressing Drug-Free Workplace and Drug Testing, a copy of a document
entitled "Statement in Support of Strict enforcement of Drug-Free
Workplace Article" and a copy of a document entitled "Drug Testing
Notice".

These documents may have a significant impact on your employment with
the Agency. Read them carefully, If you have any questions regarding any
aspect of these documents, ask your supervisor to explain the material
to you. Your signature on this receipt is intended for the sole purpose
of indicating that you have received the documents noted above and that
you have been advised to read and understand the documents.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

> Employee Signature

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

> Date

**Refusal of Treatment and/or Transportation**

**DATE: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DISPATCH TIME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

VEHICLE NO: \_\_\_\_\_ TRANSPORTATION DEPT. RUN NO: [\_
N/A\_]{.underline}

I,
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_refuse
to allow the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to give me
emergency care and/or transport me to a hospital.

I have been advised there are risks involved in making such a refusal
and accept all responsibility connected with this action.

I am taking this action on my own freewill and I do hereby, for myself,
my heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, forever release and
fully discharge the Agency and its employees from any liability and
claims which could arise from the consequences of this refusal, and
agree to save them harmless.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Patient's Signature (Parent or Legal Guardian if patient is a minor) Age
Date of Birth

Printed Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Street Address: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

City/State/Zip: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Phone Number: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Drivers Initials

> \_\_\_\_\_\_ The above named patient (parent or legal guardian if
> patient is a minor) appeared to be alert, oriented, and capable of
> making proper decisions.
>
> \_\_\_\_\_ I personally advised the above named patient (parent or
> legal guardian if patient is a minor) of risks involved in making this
> refusal.

\_\_\_\_\_ The above named patient would not sign a refusal. The reason
given was:

> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Signature of Driver taking this refusal:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Cab Number:
\_\_\_\_\_\_

**[WITNESSES]{.underline}**:

Signature: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Signature:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Printed Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Printed Name:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\*Address: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \*Address:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

City/State/Zip: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ City/State/Zip:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\*Address not necessary **IF** witness is a public safety service
provider **AND** is known by the person taking this report. For address
note the department the witness is employed by. (i.e. OSP, PD, etc.)

Remarks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

#### Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}

**Portions of this document were drawn from the safety programs of the
agencies listed below. Their valuable contribution is gratefully
acknowledged.**

Champaign Transit System

Community Action Transit System/CATS (Pike County)

Fayette County Transportation Program

Geauga County Transit

Hancock Area Transportation Services (HATS)

Logan County Transit System (LCTS)

Sandusky Transit System

Willington City Cab

Richland County Transit

**Committee Members - The writer gratefully acknowledges the
contributions of the Vehicle Safety Program Committee Members. Their
comments, suggestions and ideas were invaluable.**

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ms. Glenda Harper     | Mr. Bud Jordan        | Mr. Mark Sigler       |
|                       |                       |                       |
| Director              | Director              | Administrator         |
|                       |                       |                       |
| Champaign Transit     | Geauga County Transit | Marion Area Transit   |
| System                |                       |                       |
|                       | 12555 Merritt Road    | 233 West Center       |
| 308-D Miami Street    |                       | Street                |
|                       | Chardon, OH 44024     |                       |
| Urbana, OH 43078      |                       | Marion, OH 43302      |
|                       | 440-285-2228          |                       |
| 937-653-8777          |                       | 740-387-2020          |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Mr. John Jones        | Ms. Katrina Heineking | Ms. Joan Danda        |
|                       |                       |                       |
| Transit Director      | General Manager       | Operations Manager    |
|                       |                       |                       |
| Medina County Transit | Muskingum Authority   | Sandusky Transit      |
|                       | of Public Transit     | System                |
| 144 North Broadway    |                       |                       |
|                       | 375 Fairbanks Street  | c/o North Cental EMS  |
| Medina, OH 44256      |                       |                       |
|                       | Zanesville, OH 43701  | 12513 USR 250 North   |
| 330-723-9670, ext. 24 |                       |                       |
|                       | 740-454-8573          | Milan, OH 44846       |
|                       |                       |                       |
|                       |                       | 419-626-0283          |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Mrs. Jeanne Foster    | Mr. Jonathan Walbert  | Ms. Carrie Smith      |
|                       |                       |                       |
| Director of           | General Manager       | Planner               |
| Transportation        |                       |                       |
|                       | Richland County       | Erie County Planning  |
| Wilmington City Cab   | Transit               | Commission            |
|                       |                       |                       |
| 485 East Columbus     | 232 North Main Street | 2900 Columbus Avenue  |
| Street                |                       |                       |
|                       | Mansfield, OH 44902   | Sandusky, OH 44870    |
| Wilmington, OH 45177  |                       |                       |
|                       | 419-522-4504          | 419-627-6671          |
| 937-382-7964          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

#### Sources of Information {#sources-of-information .unnumbered}

Brodbeck, John E., ed. [Motor Fleet Safety Manual]{.underline}, 4^th^
ed.. National Safety Council, 1996.

[Accident Prevention Manual for Business & Industry]{.underline}. 10^th^
ed., 3 vols. National Safety Council, 1992, 1995.

U.S. Department of Transportation, [Bus and Passenger Accident
Prevention]{.underline}. FTA Volope Center, 1994.

U.S. Department of Transportation, [Evacuation and Rescue of Elderly and
Disabled Passengers from Paratransit Vans and Buses]{.underline}, 1984.
FTA. Kentron, Inc., 1992.

U.S. Department of Transportation, [ADA Paratransit Handbook:
Implementing the Complementary Paratransit Service Requirements of the
American with Disabilities Act of 1990]{.underline}, Urban Mass
Transportation Administration, 1991.

U.S. Department of Transportation, [Transit Security Procedures
Guide]{.underline}, FTA Volpe Center, 1994.

U.S. Department of Transportation, [Sourcebook on Transit-Related
Environmental Regulations]{.underline}, EG&G Dynatrend, 1994.

U.S. Department of Transportation, [Recommended Emergency Preparedness
Guidelines for Urban, Rural and Specialized Transit
Systems]{.underline}, FTA Volpe Center, 1992.

U.S. Department of Transportation, [Compressed Natural Gas Safety in
Transit Operations]{.underline}, FTA Volpe Center, 1995.

U.S. Department of Transportation, [Ruralization of Risk
Management]{.underline}, FTA Walther, 1992.

U.S. Department of Transportation, [Strategies for Implementing a
Standee on Lift Program for Fixed-Route Bus Service]{.underline}, FTA
Ryan and Boyd, 1993.