**Lake Tahoe Case Study**

**Master Bibliography**

In the process of data compilation for the assessment of current and
historic ecosystem conditions and trends, we compiled a digital
bibliography. This was done using the bibliographic database program
EndNote 2. There are over 1,200 references in the database and an output
file of them follows. The data are also contained in the
\~ADDENDUM/\~A_C07DAT directory in three formats: EndNote 2 database
(LT_BIB.EN2), ASCII text (LT_BIB.TXT), and Microsoft Word 6.0
(LT_BIB.DOC).

Emerald Bay Camp, Lake Tahoe. \[San Francisco?, distributed by the
Peck-Judah Co.\].

(1899). Lake Tahoe miscellany. San Francisco, CA, \[A factitious
collection with title and numbering supplied by The Bancroft Library, UC
Berkeley\].: 9 nos. in 1 v.

(1900). Tallac, Lake Tahoe : the summer resort of the world. South Lake
Tahoe, CA, \[publisher unknown\].

(1906). Lake Tahoe, California. San Francisco, CA, Southern Pacific Co.

(1940). Camp Richardson, Lake Tahoe : fun on the beach at Camp
Richardson. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Camp Richardson Resort.

(1940s). Lake Tahoe Meeks Bay Resort : an ideal white sand bathing beach
on the shore of Meeks Bay. South Lake Tahoe, CA?, Meeks Bay Resort?

(1950). Citizens (Group pictures): P - R. View of family at picnic
table. In background, people sunbathing \[Zephyr Cove, Lake Tahoe\].

(1957). Camino, Placerville and Lake Tahoe Railroad, and the
Michigan-California Lumber Company. Western Railroader. San Mateo, CA.
21: 15 p.

(1959). Folder of newspaper clippings and miscellany on water quality
and pollution control in San Francisco Bay, Sacramento-San Joaquin
Delta, Lake Tahoe, and Klamath River Basin.

(1960). Photographs of the Lake Tahoe Region. \[Photographs apparently
for publication project of the Sierra Club documenting the human impact
on the Lake Tahoe Region\].

(1969). Lake Eutrophication\--Water Pollution Causes, Effects and
Control. 'Save the Lakes Symposium', Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, Water
Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.\
Papers presented at 'save the lakes symposium' held at detroit lakes,
minnesota, august 18-19, 1969, focused on lake pollution and
eutrophication: what it is, what causes it, the technology needed and
available to control it, and the type of community action that can and
must be taken for effective control and improvement. the purpose is to
make facts available to the public and to clarify the cooperative role
of citizens and government. the life cycle of a lake is described.
improved methods of lake management may be uncovered in fundamental
studies dealing with present sources of pollution, municipal sewage and
diffuse sources, such as agricultural operations, fallout and washout
from air, drainage, and the technical problems involved. the history and
diversion of wastes at madison, wisconsin, lake tahoe and lake
washington is described. besides the scientific areas, the major
problems are lack of political leadership necessary for proper
evaluation of water quality and providing financing necessary for
solution. the geological history of the detroit lakes is given. there
are many means of alleviating eutrophication: ecological control,
biological control, chemical control, and mechanical control.

(1970). Map of South Lake Tahoe and vicinity. California, s.n.

(1971). New Sewage Disposal System At Tahoe City. Water And Sewage Works
118(1): 6-8.\
The 1968 california's law requiring the exportation of all sewage from
the lake tahoe basin by january 1, 1972 inspired tahoe city to come up
with this imaginative disposal system. it utilizes three high speed
pumps to lift the effluent 1400 ft. to the 'cinder cone' disposal area.
this effluent is the outcome of a primary treatment plant which
chlorinates and clarifies the sewage. the sludge cake is trucked 20
miles away and buried. the effluent flows to well compacted holding
ponds and is then lifted to the 'sponge like', trench laced disposal
area. various studies were carried out and are still being conducted on
the area and the draining springs. so far an increase of volume was
detected with no adverse effects. (rayyan-texas)

(1973). Limnology of Shallow Waters. Symposia Biologica Hungarica,
Tihany, Hungary, Akademiai Kiado: Budapest, Hungary.\
Production processes in shallow water ecosystems are examined. The 1st
group of papers focuses on primary production. Production was studied in
Lake Balaton (Hungary), Lake Tahoe (USA), Lake Warniak (Poland), the
Masurian lakes of Poland, Lake Szelid (Hungary) and the lake at Palic
(Yugoslavia). The 2nd group of articles study secondary production,
including the effect of fluctuating temperatures on palnkton rotifers;
zooplankton biomass; characteristics of bacteria and plankton in Lake
Castoria (Greece); macrofaunal biomass in Lake Velence (Hungary); and
participation of bacteria in organic production in Lake Ohrid
(Yugoslavia). Effects of pollution and protection of water ecosystems
are considered in many articles.\--Copyright 1975, Biological Abstracts,
Inc.

(1975). Tahoe, then & now\--a look back today. Tahoe Daily Tribune.
South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Daily Tribune: ca. 50 pages in various
paginations.

(1975). Tahoe\--then & now : the Tribune today turns back the pages of
history. Tahoe Daily Tribune. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Daily Tribune:
ca. 50 pages in various paginations.

(1975). . Lake Tahoe Research Seminar, Sands Vagabond Convention Center,
South Lake Tahoe, California, NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA.\
Lake tahoe research seminars are held quarterly to inform the public and
interested researchers of current research projects and to develop lines
of communication among those interested and involved in solving the
problems of the tahoe basin. topics discussed at the research seminar ii
(september 27, 1974) included: 'preliminary study of experimental system
for ammonia removal at south lake tahoe advanced wastewater treatment
plant,' 'the scientist and decision-making at lake tahoe,' 'conifer
damage and death associated with the use of highway deicing salt in the
lake tahoe basin of california and nevada,' 'air quality of the tahoe
basin,' 'weather modification in the lake tahoe basin,' and 'erodibility
of tahoe soils.'

(1975). Wastewater Treatment Process Sends Nutrients Back to the Land.
Engineering News Record 195(22): 18.\
A 4.8 mgd advanced waste water treatment plant is under construction
near north lake tahoe, california, and will be the first to include the
ammonia removal and recovery process (arrp). the process begins with a
series of selective ion exchange beds that follow activated carbon
treatment and includes closed-air towers and ducts in its stripping and
absorption modules. as influent passes over 4-ft deep beds of
clinoptilolite, the ammonium ions (concentrated at about 15 to 20 ppm)
will be adsorbed. the remaining effluent will then pass through an
18-inch diameter pipe for chlorination and disposal. while all the waste
water passes over the clinoptilolite, only the spent regenerant,
enriched to an ammonium concentration of 300 ppm, is pumped to the
stripping towers. there, sodium hydroxide converts the ammonium ions to
ammonia gas, which is ducted to a smaller absorption tower and dissolved
and concentrated. the liquid is pumped to storage tanks when the
ammonium sulfate concentration reaches 40%. the solution leaving the
absorption tower contains about 9% available nitrogen, suitable for
direct irrigation by farmers or for blending by commercial fertilizer
manufacturers. (kramer-firl)

(1976). Land use plan, Truckee-Little Truckee Rivers Planning Unit,
Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tahoe National Forest, Toiyabe
National Forest.

(1976). A salute to Tahoe's pioneers inside today. Tahoe Daily Tribune.
South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Daily Tribune: ca. 50 pages in various
paginations.

(1976). Tahoe \... then and now : a look at Tahoe's historical past in
today's Tribune. Tahoe Daily Tribune. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Daily
Tribune: ca. 50 pages in various paginations.

(1976). Converting Sewage Into Savings. Chemical Week 118(2): 47.\
Producing ammonium sulfate fertilizer will help defray the operating
costs of a new tertiary treatment plant being built on lake tahoe. the
ammonia removal and recovery process produces 40% concentration ammonium
sulfate solution from the regeneration stream from the plant's
ammonia-stripping ion-exchange beds. the solution contains about 9%
available nitrogen, suitable for direct irrigation of sprinkler system
application by farmers or for blending by commercial fertilizer
manufacturers into ammonium sulfate. the north lake tahoe plant will
produce between 2.5 and 5 tons of fertilizer per day. the cost of
installing the process is about 10% of the total construction cost of
the new plant, but the designers say the sale of fertilizer materials
will cut operating expenses by 60%. ammonia is removed from the waste
stream by passing over a bed of clinoptilolite. the bed is then flushed
with a concentrated sodium chloride solution which 'bumps' the ammonia
ions into a regeneration solution. with an ammonium concentration of
about 300 ppm, the solution is pumped into clarifiers where sodium
hydroxide is added to convert the ammonium ions into ammonia gas. in an
absorption tower the gas is converted into a 40% solution of ammonium
sulfate. the ammonia removal and recovery process is part of a \$20
million waste treatment system that includes pure-oxygen-activated
sludge treatment, two-stage lime addition for the removal of phosphorus,
dual-media filtration, activated carbon adsorption, ion-exchange for
ammonia removal, and chlorination for disinfection. (loustau-firl)

(1977). Final Report on the Pyramid Lake Pilot Project, 1970-1975,
Volume 2, Appendices, Nevada Univ. System, Reno. Lab. of Atmospheric
Physics.\
The fourteen appendices are entitled: Rare and Endangered Wildlife
Species of the Lake Tahoe Region; Remote Controlled Mobile AgI Aerosol
Generator; Observed or Actual Storm Periods, 1972-75; Typical Synoptic
Examples of Sierra Nevada Storms; Total Seasonal Precipitation October 1
to May 31; Control Center Operations Summaries; Daily Record of Weather
Modification Activities; Record Structure; Control Center Data;
Non-Recording (True) Precipitation Measurements; Major Computer Programs
Developed for Data Acquisition and Processing; Data Set 5; Precipitation
Amounts for 11 Selected Stations; Data as Used in Analysis (d); and
Sample Teletype Messages as Transmitted Between Desert Research
Institute and Berkeley Statistical Laboratory.

(1978). Project Skywater: Skywater Conference X Report. The Sierra
Cooperative Pilot Project Design. Skywater X Conference, South Lake
Tahoe, CA, North American Weather Consultants, Goleta, CA.\
The proceedings from the Skywater X Conference are reported. The
conference was sponsored by the Bureau of Reclamation to discuss the
status of preliminary studies and design work performed for the Sierra
Cooperative Pilot Project (SCPP), a part of the Skywater Program. The
overall project goal is the development of an effective weather
modification technology, that is scientifically and socially acceptable,
for precipitation management to serve a portion of the country's water
needs. SCPP is studying the physical processes of precipitation
formation to identify those conditions that provide the best potential
for winter precipitation augmentation in the Sierra Nevada. Objectives
include: improving current operational cloud seeding methods,
transferring the techniques and results to concerned groups, and
enhancing public confidence in their use. Topics of discussion at the
conference included: environmental impact, the Sierra Ecology Project,
preliminary project design, meteorological support measurements, and
radar and aircraft data collection and analysis. Detailed presentation
were given on the proposed design for SCPP continuation including
extended areas of effect, tracers and contamination, and hypotheses.

(1978). Sewerage Study Hits South Tahoe AWT Costs. Engineering News
Record 201(4): 11.\
South Lake Tahoe, Nevada, has been advised by the engineering firm of
Culp, Wesner, Culp, of El Dorado, California, to convert from advanced
waste water treatment to secondary tratment with irrigation disposal.
Designs for expanding the 7.5 mgd tertiary treatment plant to 10 mgd
demonstrated that secondary treatment with land application would
require \$20 million in capital expenditures and \$1.4 million annually
for operation and maintenance. This expense represents an annual savings
of 27% plus an additional 50% energy consumption reduction. Nitrogen
removal sould require \$32 million in capital expenditures and \$2.7
million for maintenance; expansion to nitrification would require
capital expenditure of \$25 million with annual maintenance costs of
\$2.5 million. A 1 mgd reverse osmosis water reclamation demonstration
plant in addition to secondary treatment and land application was also
considered; capital and operating costs were estimated at \$2.5 million,
respectively. (Lisk-FIRL)

(1979). Nationalizing Lake Tahoe. Santa Clara Law Review 19(3):
681-717.\
As a result of urbanization in the Northern California and Northwestern
Nevada area, concern arose for the preservation of the Lake Tahoe Basin
area as a beautiful recreation attraction. In response to this concern,
a planning board, the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA), was created
pursuant to an agreement between California and Nevada with
Congressional approval. Recently, the TRPA's effectiveness has been
questioned. Any resolution of the problem has been stymied due to the
disagreement between the two states' legislatures. Federal intervention
has been threatened to resolve the dispute. Various methods of federal
intervention are examined. The creation of a national recreation area is
stressed with the imposition of federal land use controls as a means to
protect the basin, in the absence of effective state land management
controls. There is a wealth of federal power available to affect the
area's growth. Apparently, Congress has the constitutional power to
impose direct federal land use control to protect any federal land. At
the very least, a congressional declaration of the national interest in
Lake Tahoe should be made.

(1981). Lake Tahoe Preservation Bill Enacted. National Parks 55(2): 23.\
Legislation was enacted to preserve Lake Tahoe (PL96-586) during the
closing days of the 96th Congress. The bill provided for the sale of
Bureau of Land Management property around Las Vegas, with 85% of the
proceeds from the sales to be used to buy land in the Lake Tahoe Basin.
The bill was weakened by two amendments. The first removed the Secretary
of Agriculture's authority to acquire lands to protect air and visual
qualities. The second required that before any land could be condemned,
the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency would have to concur. The bill is a
positive step toward resolving the lake's problems. (Small-FRC)

(1981). Tahoe-Truckee Water Reclamation Plant, California. Journal of
the Water Pollution Control Federation 53(3): 398-400.\
The Tahoe-Truckee Sanitation Agency was formed in May, 1972, to
implement a California State law which required exportation of all
wastewater from the Lake Tahoe Basin. The Agency was charged with
planning, designing, and constructing a regional system for transporting
all wastewater from areas on the California shore of Lake Tahoe to a
regional facility. The treatment facility, which receives only domestic
and commercial wastewaters, provides primary treatment, pure oxygen
activated sludge, lime treatment with two-stage recarbonation, dual
media filtration, carbon adsorption, and ion exchange for ammonia
removal and recovery. While effluent quality was relatively good from
the start of operations in February, 1978, the quality gradually
improved during the initial months of operation. Fairly stable operation
was achieved between July and December, 1978, with consistent production
of effluent of excellent quality. All of the very stringent discharge
requirements were met except those for total dissolved solids and
chloride concentration. Monitoring of the Truckee River, into which the
effluent is discharged, has demonstrated that the plant is achieving its
primary goals of returning reclaimed water to the basin while
maintaining exceptional water quality. Construction costs for the plant
were high due to the location. Operation and maintenance costs were
about \$450 per 1000 cubic meters during the first year of operation.
Methods of reducing operating costs and/or improving plant performance
are being investigated. (Carroll-FRC)

(1991). Battle rages over Lake Tahoe dredging. World Dredg. Min. Constr.
27(6): 16.\
An environmental battle is brewing at Lake Tahoe in the California
Sierra-Nevada, over whether or not marina operators should be allowed to
dredge their channels to counter-act lower lake levels brought on by
five years of drought. With lake level at 6,222.40 feet above sea level
(as of May 13), down from a previous average of 6,226, 57 marinas have
naturally been affected. The Lake Tahoe Marina Association, an
organization representing the area's marinas, has proposed dredging to
remedy the current situation.

Abbott, M. R., T. M. Powell, et al. (1980). The effects of transect
direction on observed spatial patterns of chlorophyll in Lake Tahoe.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 25(3): 534-537.\
Horizontal transects of fluorescence measurements have been used
extensively to investigate phytoplankton patchiness. Variance spectra
have been calculated from these data, thus quantifying spatial
heterogeneity as a function of length scale. Analysis of such fieldwork
and associated theoretical investigations is based on the assumption
that horizontal patchiness is isotropic. Three transects done in Lake
Tahoe (California-Nevada) in different directions on the same day
resulted in variance spectra that were significantly different from each
other. The possibility of windrows appears consistent with the spectra.
Although the exact cause of the differences is unclear, the results do
violate the assumption of isotropic horizontal phytoplankton patterns.

Abbott, M. R., T. M. Powell, et al. (1982). The relationship of
environmental variability to the spatial patterns of phytoplankton
biomass in Lake Tahoe. J. Plankton Res 4(4): 927-942.\
Horizontal transect measuring phytoplankton biomass and temperature were
made in Lake Tahoe in the nearshore epilimnion in 1976 and 1977, near
the deep chlorophyll maximum in midlake in 1977, and in the deep
thermocline in 1976. Variance spectra from these transects indicate that
large length scale patchiness depends on large-scale habitat
variability, manifested as nitrate patchiness, caused by stream inflow
in the nearshore epilimnion and by differential transport processes in
the deeper water.

Abbott, M. R., P. J. Richerson, et al. (1982). In situ Response of
Phytoplankton Fluorescence to Rapid Variations in Light. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 27(2): 218-225.\
Phytoplankton chlorophyll a fluorescence responded to rapid fluctuations
in light intensity in Lake Tahoe at three depths: 10, 35, and 60 m.
Fluorescence yield was negatively correlated with surface irradiance at
all depths, but there was a strong depth dependence in the intensity of
this response. Phytoplankton at 35 m reacted more strongly to
fluctuations than those at 10 or 60 m and therefore could show a
noticeable response to more rapid variations. This may have been due to
near-optimal levels at 35 m, light inhibition at 10 m, and light
limitation at 60 m.

Abbott, M. R., K. L. Denman, et al. (1984). Mixing and the dynamics of
the deep chorophyll maximum in Lake Tahoe. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29(4):
862-878.\
Chlorophyll-temperature profiles were measured across Lake Tahoe about
every 10 days from April through July 1980. Analysis of the 123 profiles
and associated productivity and nutrient data identified three important
processes in the formation and dynamics of the deep chlorophyll maximum
(DCM): turbulent diffusion, nutrient supply rate, and light
availability. Seasonal variation in these three processes resulted in
three regimes: a diffusion-dominated regime with a weak DCM, a
variable-mixing regime with a pronounced, nutrient supply-dominated DCM,
and a stable regime with a deep, moderate light availability-dominated
DCM.

Adam, D. P. (1988). Correlations of the Clear Lake, California, Core
CL-73-4 Pollen Sequence with Other Long Climate Records. Late Quaternary
Climate, Tectonism, Sedimentation in Clear Lake, Northern California
Coasts. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO 1988: 81-95.\
Clear Lake core CL-73-4 records fluctuating abundances of oak pollen
during the last glacial/interglacial cycle that correlate remarkably
well with fluctuations in extensive pollen records from Grande Pile in
France and Tenaghi Phillipon in Macedonia, as well as with the
oxygen-isotope records from deep-sea cores. The record correlates less
closely with other extensive records, including those for Lake Biwa,
Japan, and Sabana de Bogota, Colombia. Correlation of the record with
the early Weichselian climatic sequence of northwestern Europe is
excellent; both sequences show a series of five cryomer/thermomer
fluctuations between the end of the last interglaciation
(Eemian/Konocti, which is correlated with the end of marine
oxygen-isotope Stage 5e) and the onset of full continental glaciation at
the end of Stage 5a. The fluctuations correlate both in their relative
durations and in their relative amplitudes. The Clear Lake record also
correlates with various North American sequences. The Sangamon interval
of the mid-continent area correlates with the entire Konocti thermomer
and early Pomo cryomer interval, and correlations with the glacial
sequences of the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains suggest that some
Tahoe, Mono Basin, and Bull Lake moraines may be of Sangamon age. The
proposed correlations of the Clear Lake record with other sequences have
not been proved. The overall impression, however, is one of remarkable
consistency, and it is likely that further work will provide more
evidence in support of the sequence of five cryomer/thermomer cycles
between the end of the last interglacial period and the onset of full
glacial conditions about 70,000 years ago. This sequence is much more
complicated than has been generally recognized, although parts of it
have been known for many years. The sequence, which has now been found
in several widely separated areas, should no longer be ignored. (See
also W89-10137) (Author's abstract)

Adams, V. D., M. L. Cleave, et al. (1983). Indian Creek Reservoir
sediments. Water Res 17(11): 1709-1712.\
Indian Creek Reservoir (ICR) was originally designed to hold the
effluent from the South Tahoe Public Utility District (STPUD) advanced
wastewater treatment plant during the winter months and to release the
impounded water during the irrigation season. The original use of the
reservoir has been modified extensively, and in addition to the
agricultural uses, the reservoir has become a popular recreational
facility. Changes in the use of the reservoir have resulted in changes
in the standards imposed upon the STPUD and ICR. Because of the unique
nature of the influent to ICR, unusual claims are frequently made about
the characteristics of the water and sediments. Sediment samples
collected from four diverse sites in the reservoir were analysed for
phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, volatile content, and chlorophyll content.
The results of the analyses showed that the sediments are typical of
those found in any eutrophic lake or reservoir.

Alberts, A. (1990). Organic Superconductors In South Lake Tahoe Jt
Advanced Materials. 2(12): 609-611.

Allen, A. W. (1978). Sierras Boast Most Modern Treatment Plant. Western
Construction 53(4): 22-24.\
A \$20 million tertiary treatment plant in California will treat 4.85
mgd of wastes from the Lake Tahoe Basin area, Truckee, and several other
areas. The effluent receives conventional secondary treatment by primary
and secondary settling with oxidation. Phosphorus and some suspended
solids are then precipitated with lime, followed by polymer dosage in
rapix-mix and flocculation tanks. The effluent is then injected with
carbon dioxide gas in recarbonation basins for calcium removal and pH
adjustment. The treated effluent is pumped to two ballast tanks with a
total volume of 1.2 million gallons before the wastes are filtered,
adsorbed on activated carbon towers, and stripped of ammonia on ion
exchange beds and three ammonia removal and recovery modules for
ammonium sulfate fertilizer production. The effluent is discharged into
a series of subsurface ditches for percolation through the glacial soil
into the Truckee River. Sludge is thickened, dewatered, conditioned with
lime and polymers, filtered on a horizontal press operated by 3 variable
speed pumps, and disposed of in a landfill. Carbon dioxide is generated
on-site by compre ssed gas from the digester boilers and by carbon
dioxide stripping during oxygenation of the wastes; supplementary liquid
carbon dioxide is stored on-site. Oxygen is also generated on-side by
Union Carbide's Pressure-Swing Adsorption process. The plant design
includes enclosed piping and electrical corridors which provide passage
from one building to another and a complete laboratory. (Lisk-FIRL)

Aloi, J. E. (1986). The Ecology and Primary Productivity Of the
Eulittoral Epilithon Community: Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada (Algae,
Periphyton), University Of California, Davis (0029).\
This dissertation is an investigation into the factors affecting the
community dynamics of an epilithic diatom community in Lake Tahoe.
Although Lake Tahoe is characterized by extremely low phytoplankton
primary productivity, the productivity of the eulittoral (0-2 m)
periphyton community is much higher than would be expected in this
extremely oligotrophic lake. The eulittoral periphyton community is
structured by a stalked diatom, Gomphoneis herculeana, and rosettes of
Synedra ulna, with small diatoms living within this matrix. Growth
commences in this highly seasonal zone during late winter, and reaches
maximal biomass and primary productivity during the spring. Following
this peak, most of the algal mat sloughs off, leaving only a small
understory. This seasonal cycle of the eulittoral epilithon was
monitored through three growing seasons. Biomass was measured once or
twice per month at 12-17 sites. Eulittoral primary productivity was also
measured monthly at one site, using in situ C('14) methodology.
Significant and consistent differences in epilithon biomass were found
between sites adjacent to land-based development and sites far from
disturbance. To determine the physical and chemical parameters
responsible for both the seasonal periodicity and the site-to-site
differences in epilithon biomass and primary productivity, field
measurements were combined with laboratory experiments. These
experiments indicated that the diatom community is adapted for maximal
productivity under the wide variety of light intensities and
temperatures occurring throughout the year. Although nutrient additions
did not significantly stimulate primary productivity in short term
experiments, there was a close correlation between nutrient levels in
the lake and periphyton growth rate. The site-specific nutrient loading
and associated periphyton biomass evidences that nutrient stimulation
acts to increase periphyton productivity and biomass over a longer time
scale (perhaps up to a month). Finally, in situ methods of measuring
periphyton biomass and primary productivity were compared to traditional
methods using artificial substrates. These experiments indicate that in
situ methods are preferable for the naturally occurring periphyton
community. However, artificial substrates may be more appropriate to
detect sources of local enrichment particularly where the natural
substrate is not uniform. Order No: AAC 1329334 ProQuest - Dissertation
Abstracts

Aloi, J. E., S. L. Loeb, et al. (1988). Temporal and Spatial Variability
of the Eulittoral Epilithic Periphyton, Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada.
Journal of Freshwater Ecology JFREDW 4(3): 401-410.\
The temporal and spatial variability of an epilithic diatom community in
the eulittoral zone of Lake Tahoe was monitored for three years. Lake
Tahoe is a deep, subalpine lake in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of
California and Nevada. Although the lake is considered to be
oligotrophic, the productivity of the eulittoral (0-2 m) epilithic
periphyton is very high, reaching a peak biomass at one site of 58 g
C/sq m in spring of 1985. More typical annual maxima were in the range
of 15-25 g C/sq m at more productive sites. The epilithon shows great
temporal and spatial variation in biomass. To quantify this variability,
total particulate carbon was measured monthly or biweekly at 8 sites
between 1983 and 1985. Annual regrowth of the eulittoral epilithon began
during late winter, and reached maximal biomass during the spring and
early summer months. Following this peak, most of the algal mat
sloughed, leaving only a small understory. In addition, significant and
consistent differences in epilithon biomass were found between sites
adjacent to land-based development and disturbance, and sites far from
disturbance. Several sites adjacent to disturbed areas had up to 20
times greater biomass than sites far removed from disturbance. (Author's
abstract)

Alverson, F. B. (1900). The Brockway Hotel, Lake Tahoe, California.
Brockway, CA, \[publisher unknown\]: 1 sheet.

Anderson, S. B. and J. L. McLain (1987). Successful erosion control
combines engineering and vegetation expertise at the Ridge Tahoe,
Nevada. Erosion control : your're gambling without it, Conference XVIII
International Erosion Control Association, Reno, NV, International
Erosion Control Association, Pinole, CA.

Antonucci, D. C. and F. D. Schaumburg (1975). Environmental Effects Of
Advanced Wastewater Treatment At South Lake Tahoe. Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation 47(11): 2694-2701.\
The results of an assessment of direct and indirect energy requirements
and environmental impacts associated with the operation of the
full-scale advanced waste water treatment plant at south lake tahoe,
california, are reviewed. although the installation effectively removes
organic materials and nutrients from domestic waste water, it requires
large amounts of energy and treatment chemicals. a number of
contaminants are released on land and in the air. it is impossible to
tell, despite quantitative data on energy and materials consumption and
on contaminant emissions, if advanced waste treatment processes
significantly reduce the net level of degradation in the total
environment. a common denominator should be found with which different
types and quantities of pollutants released in the environment could be
quantitatively compared. (waltner-firl)

Arnold, W., J. W. Young, et al. (1972). Constructing nonlinear dynamic
models for socio-environmental decisionmaking: a methodology. Davis, CA,
University of California, Davis.\
A methodology for the development of socioeconomic system submodels
which could be integrated into environmental impact studies is
presented. the so-called method of 'quasilinearization' is incorporated
into the model building procedure in order to obtain values of unknown
and important parameters. as an example illustrating application of
techniques proposed in the model construction methodology, the
socioeconomic system of the lake tahoe basin is modeled and unknown
parameters in the model identified. it is concluded that social systems
experts with little or no mathematical background can be included in the
model building process, parameter identification schemes can be employed
to determine selected model parameters, re-evaluation of the model after
data collection is critical, and methods used for interpretation of some
data is a major weakness in the present version of the model. some
topics suggested for future study, based on this research, include
integration of the socioeconomic model with environmental submodels to
determine the impact of urbanization on the environment, improvement of
the quasilinearization scheme, and the development of numerical
techniques to reduce long computer run times for systems of large
appended state vectors using quasilinearization.

Atassi, M. Z. and H. Bachrach (1985). Immunobiology of proteins and
peptides III : viral and bacterial antigens. Third International
Symposium on the Immunobiology of Proteins and Peptides, Tahoe City, CA,
Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Ayer, J. (1970). Water Quality Control At Lake Tahoe: Dissertation On
Grasshopper Soup. California Law Review 58(6): 1273-1331.\
Tahoe is an oligotrophic lake; its attraction as a resort, however,
endangers the water quality of the lake. agencies of both nevada and
california are involved in preventing eutrophication. the federal
government is also involved to a limited extent. inadequate sewage
disposal has proven to be the most serious threat to lake tahoe.
attempts to create a combined local, state, and federal sewage disposal
effort have been unsuccessful, although all agreed that treated sewage
must somehow be exported from the lake tahoe area. as a result, parallel
sewage export lines exist. the major difficulty with sewage export has
been financing; ad valorem taxation has provided insufficient revenue to
meet the needs. sedimentation also endangers the water quality of lake
tahoe. the sedimentation problem may, however, be alleviated through a
soil conservation program. other threats to the water quality of the
lake are shore-line construction, disposal of solid wastes, and
excessive enrichment from use of fertilizer in the surrounding area.
various frustrated attempts to export water from lake tahoe have also
threatened water quality. one plan advocates limiting the population and
commercial growth of the tahoe area to prevent eutrophication. all plans
agree, however, that some sort of regional approach is necessary to
return lake tahoe's oligotrophic state. (hart-florida)

Azuma, D. L. (1985). Estimating Snow Load in California for Three
Recurrence Intervals. Research Note PSW 379(6): 1.\
A key to designing facilities in snowbound areas is knowing what the
expected snow load levels are for given recurrence intervals. In
California, information about snow load is available only for the Lake
Tahoe Basin. About 280 snow courses in the State were analyzed, and snow
load estimated and related to elevation on a river basin and statewide
level. The tabulated snow load was estimated for three recurrence
intervals - 25, 50, and 100 years - for each snow course. No
relationship was found between elevation and snow load on either a
statewide or river basin level. (Author's abstract)

Baccus, D. and Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Consortium (1974).
Species list of the Lake Tahoe Basin, \[publisher unknown\].

Bailey, R. G. (1971). Geomorphic Analysis of the Lake Tahoe Basin, Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency and USDA Forest Service.

Bailey, R. G., United States Forest Service, et al. (1974).
Land-capability classification of the Lake Tahoe Basin,
California-Nevada : a guide for planning. South Lake Tahoe, CA, U.S.
Forest Service.\
Since the late 1950's the lake tahoe basin, covering 500 square miles,
has been subjected to rapid development which has been responsible for
many improper land development procedures, including failure to
recognize hydrologic and topographic limitations, unnecessary
destruction of vegetal cover, realignment and pollution of streams,
encroachment on flood plains, and disruption of drainage. this study
classified the land according to 'land tolerance' as a measure of
capability which is defined as a level of use an area can tolerate
without sustaining permanent damage through erosion and other causes.
the capability classes are estimated by the degree to which potential
hazards arising from improper use are absent. principal factors used in
distinguishing the seven land capability ranks shown on the final map
were: soil type (along with erosion hazards, hydrologic-soil group, soil
drainage and rockiness and stoniness); and geomorphic setting including
6 groups: glaciated granitic uplands, glaciated volcanic flowlands,
streamcut granitic mountain slopes, streamcut volcanic flowlands,
depositional lands, and oversteeped slopes. the 7 classes fall into 3
general categories each with implications for land use: high hazard
lands, lands that should remain in their natural condition; moderate
hazard lands, lands that are permissive to certain uses but not others;
and low hazard lands, lands that are most tolerant to urban-type uses.
in addition each of the classes is given a single numerical index
indicating the percentage, ranging from 1 to 30 percent, of the land
which can be used for impervious cover if environmental balance is to be
maintained.

Baker, J. A., W. E. Davis, et al. (1976). Siltation evaluation
investigation for the Lake Tahoe basin, California Regional Water
Quality Control Board, Sacramento, CA.

Baldwin, E. J., R. H. Lloyd, et al. (1892). Elias Jackson Baldwin
papers, 1892-1900, (Includes two letters to his attorney, Reuben H.
Lloyd (one concerning proposed sale of Lake Tahoe property) and printed
copy of map of Santa Anita Rancho.).

Bankert, S. F., S. D. Bloom, et al. (1973). Rapid Determination Of Very
Low Nitrogen Levels In Water. Nature 242(5395): 270-271.\
A new approach to n-14 assay is associated with the evaporated detritus
of less than 4 ml of water. this method, termed charge particle
(nuclear) activation analysis (cpaa), has an activation and subsequent
decay of minus 5.9 mev and 71.0 s, respectively. the presence of
nitrogen is measured by counting the number of 2.31 mev gamma rays
emitted in the decay reaction. the present overall accuracy is about
plus or minus 25 percent at concentrations greater than 20 mg/kg; the
test is sensitive down to 20 mg/kg. the testing time per sample is about
3 min without any destruction of the sample. the method has been applied
to water samples from lake tahoe, the sacramento river, municipal wells,
and public drinking fountains. (holoman-battelle)

Barker, P. F., United States Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, et al.
(1988). Final environment impact statement, Lake Tahoe Basin Management
Unit : forest land and resource management plan : El Dorado, Placer, and
Alpine counties, California \[and\] Washoe and Douglas counties and
Carson City rural area, Nevada, United States Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Berkeley, CA.

Barone, J. B., University of California - Davis Crocker Nuclear
Laboratory Air Quality Group, et al. (1979). Further investigation of
air quality in the Lake Tahoe basin : final report to the California Air
Resources Board on contract no. A6-219-30, University of California -
Davis Crocker Nuclear Laboratory Air Quality Group, Davis, CA.

Barshinger, R. (1992). How Not to Land At Lake Tahoe. American
Mathematical Monthly 99(5): 453-455.

Bartlett, L. and E. G. Schmiedel (1909). Lake Tahoe water level.

Bartlett, L. (1931). Papers, bulk 1931-1945, (Lawyer and mayor of
Berkeley, Calif. Correspondence, reports, documents, and memoranda,
relating to California's Central Valley Project, Lake Tahoe, East Bay
Municipal Utilities District, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, and
public water and power supply system for other California
municipalities.).

Barton, A. M. and California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission
(1900). Lake Tahoe water levels and monthly discharge totals,
California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission.

Barton, A. M. and Lake Tahoe Interstate Water Conference Committee
(1952). Preliminary report, issued as a public service for the
information of interested Tahoe property owners in the states of
California and Nevada. Sacramento, CA, Lake Tahoe Interstate Water
Conference Committee: 17 leaves.

Barton, A. M. and California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission
(1957). Your stake in the water problems of Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission.

Bateman, R. L., A. B. Cunningham, et al. (1974). Arid Basin Management
Model With Concurrent Quality and Flow Constraints - Phase I, University
of Nevada -Reno, Center for Water Resources Research.\
Aim is development of an inorganic water quality-flow management model
in which both water supply and quality criteria are considered for
formulation of operating rules. truckee-carson system of northwest
nevada is being used as a prototype. evaluation of flow and quality data
show that the carson system is generally amenable to application of the
type of inorganic quality-simulation model previously developed on the
tahoe-truckee portion of the truckee-carson system. preliminary
predictive relations of the type utilized in the quality simulation
model are developed for several sites within carson system. problems
encountered in development of sound predictive relations in river
reaches where intensive irrigated agriculture is practiced are
discussed. results of an attempt to improve stochastic generation of
flows byincorporating responses which may be attributable to long-term
systematic climatic behavior are reported. tentative correlation is made
between historic annual streamflow and tree growth. results of this and
previous work indicate that final correlations (gamma values) can be
expected to be on the order of 0.7 to 0.8.

Baum, F. G. (1908). California-Nevada Electric Power Company. San
Francisco, CA, \[publisher unknown\]: 1 v.

Baxter, L. (1974). Regional politics and the challenge of environmental
planning. Davis, CA, Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of
California, Davis.

Beauchamp, D. A., B. C. Allen, et al. (1992). Lake trout spawning in
Lake Tahoe: Egg incubation in deepwater macrophyte beds. N. Am. J. Fish.
Manage. 12(3): 442-449.\
Although most populations of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush spawn over
rocky shoals, use of these substrates by lake trout has not yet been
found in Lake Tahoe. Large cobble substrate exists at depths \< 20 m and
steep, fractured, rocky substrate can be found in isolated areas from
the surface down to at least 100 m. At least a portion of the population
spawns on deepwater mounds (40-60 m deep) over beds of the macrophyte
Chara delicatula . This is the first known report of lake trout spawning
over macrophyte beds. This population may have originated from a
deep-spawning stock and that the macrophyte beds provide some of the
best deepwater incubation habitat in the lake. Although egg predation by
intermediate sizes of lake trout was substantial, the mounds appeared to
be a refuge from the potentially more effective invertebrate and small
vertebrate egg predators. The oxygen and temperature regime within the
macrophytes was suitable for egg development, and the eggs that
infiltrated deeply among the plant strands were anchored against
currents and were presumably protected from further predation by lake
trout.

Beauchamp, D. A., P. E. Budy, et al. (1994). Timing, Distribution, and
Abundance Of Kokanees Spawning In a Lake Tahoe. Great Basin Naturalist
54(2): 130-141.

Bell, J. (1988). Tahoe's gilded age, 1890-1917 : a photographic
portfolio. Auburn, CA, El Toyon, Ltd.

Bell, J. W., R. J. Watters, et al. (1989). Engineering Geology of the
Reno-Lake Tahoe Area, Nevada. Engineering Geology of Western United
States Urban Centers. Los Angeles, California to Denver, Colorado,
June.\
Reno is located at the western edge of the Great Basin province along
the foot of the Sierra Nevada. The varied geology, hydrology, and
physiography of the area contribute to a wide range of engineering
geologic conditions which can significantly influence land-use
considerations in this rapidly growing urban area. Although there are
numerous engineering geology topics of interest-including expansive
soils and groundwater resources\--this study focuses on several of the
more important, and interesting, aspects: earthquake hazards of the
Reno-Carson City urban corridor; slope stability characteristics of the
Reno-Lake Tahoe area, including the 1983 landslide and associated
waterflood at Slide Mountain; and surface runoff characteristics in the
Lake Tahoe area. Five principal creeks in the Incline Village area,
First Creek, Second Creek, Wood Creek, Third Creek, and Incline Creek
have a cumulative drainage of 46 sq km and furnish a yearly average of
about 18.5 cu hectometers of runoff to Lake Tahoe. For the 4 year period
1970-1973, annual runoff from the individual streams ranged from 0.567
to 8.717 cu hectometers, and discharges ranged from 0.0057 to 3.1 cu
m/sec. During the 4 years, the five streams delivered about 28,000
metric tons of sediment, which averaged about 75% gravel and sand, 15%
silt, and 10% clay, to the lake. Annual quantities ranged from 1,360 to
9,980 tons. The 1982/83 winter was noted for a record snow pack in the
Sierra Nevada. At mid-day of May 30, 1983, a large mass of rock detached
from the southeast side of Slide Mountain, NV. The lowest part of the
slide entered Upper Price Lake, a small reservoir. The sudden movement
of landslide debris into the lake created a surge of water that rapidly
exited the pond and flowed into Lower Price Lake. This wave of water
immediately flushed Lower Price Lake, and the cumulative contents of
both lakes, about 0.025-0.037 cu hectometers of muddy water, rushed down
the steep canyon of Ophir Creek below the lakes. After about 8-9 minutes
of travel, this debris wave, with a leading edge about 9 m high, reached
the canyon mouth where the channel abruptly widened and flattened. At
the canyon mouth, the boulder-laden flood wave encountered and destroyed
2 homes. Maximum depth of fill across an old roadway was about 2.7 m.
(Lantz-PTT)

Benedict, N. B. (1983). Snow Vegetation Interactions in the Lake Tahoe
Region : Phase I Final Report, \[publisher unknown\].

Berg, N. (1985). Snow chemistry in the central Sierra Nevada,
California. International Symposium On Acidic Precipitation, Muskoka,
Ontario.\
Precipitation and snowpack basal outflow event samples were analyzed for
pH and NO sub(3) and SO sub(4) concentrations at a site near Lake Tahoe,
California. The Seasonal minimum pH from basal outflow was synchronous
with a rain-on-snow event in 1984. Outflow pH reflected the low ionic
concentrations of precipitation at the site. There was no evidence for a
pulse of acidified meltwater at this site either during a mid-February
melt induced by high air temperatures in 1985 or during 1984 or 1985
main spring melt periods. During the mid-February 1985 melt, however, an
alkalinity pulse occurred in basal outflow.

Berg, N., R. Osterhuber, et al. (1991). Rain-induced Outflow from Deep
Snowpacks in the Central Sierra Nevada, California. Hydrological
Sciences Journal HSJODN 36(6): 611-629.\
In many mountainous areas of the Pacific coast of North America,
rainfall onto snowpacks causes massive floods, probably the single
greatest cause of change in channel morphology and lotic habitats. To
understand and model this hydrometeorological phenomenon better,
process-response hypotheses were developed for snowpack outflow amount,
duration and rate, and the time lags from the beginning of rainfall to
the initial and peak outflow. The hypotheses were evaluated by
correlation and regression analyses based on measurements of 20
rain-on-snow events monitored between 1984 and 1990 at forested and open
plots near Lake Tahoe, California. Precipitation amounts ranged from 3
to 247 mm, and rainfall comprised at least 90% of the precipitation
during 65% of the events (precipitation during 9 of the 20 was entirely
rain). Although the bulk of the storms occurred during the snowpack
accumulation phase (late November to mid-March), four ablation-period
events were monitored. Except for one late-season event, snowpack depths
were always greater at the open plot. Taking the 20 events collectively,
outflow amount was about as variable (measured by the coefficient of
(variation) as precipitation amount, but in several events outflow
amount was much greater than precipitation amount. Snow (in mixed rain
and snow storms) increased pack depth and reduced outflow amount
relative to precipitation. The mean duration of outflow was slightly
longer than the mean duration of precipitation, and the summary
statistics for precipitation and outflow rate were similar. Outflow
amount correlated significantly with the precipitation amount, duration
and rate, snow depth, and melt potential. Many of these variables also
correlated significantly with outflow duration and rate and lag time to
peak outflow. Regression models explained 80-90% of the variation in
outflow amount and duration. Significant differences were not identified
between the forest and open plots for any of the outflow attributes.
(Fish-PTT)

Berggren, G. and J. R. Harrill (1985). South Lake Tahoe Quadrangle:
Vegetation Map, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, U.S. Geological
Survey, Carson City, NV.\
This map shows vegetation types and urban areas in California and Nevada
southeast of Lake Tahoe. It was compiled from a previous publication,
infrared satellite imagery, color satellite imagery, and color aerial
photographs and followed by field checking. Land areas are categorized
as forest, shrub, riparian, alpine, disturbed, or urban. Forest areas
are shown as pure pine, mixed conifer, fir, or lodgepole pine. Shrub
areas are subdivided into big sagebrush/bitterbrush/rabbit brush/mule
ears or mondtaine chaparral. Riparian areas may be deciduous or
meadow/marsh. Alpine areas are defined as low-growing
grasses/herbs/shrubs/scattered trees. Disturbed areas are relatively
large areas that have been denuded in recent years by some natural or
man-caused disturbance. Some of them are being successfully revegetated
with grasses and chaparral species. Urban areas are land where natural
vegetation associations have been significantly altered by man.
(Shidler-PTT)

Berry, M. E. (1990). Soil-Geomorphic Analysis Of Late-Quaternary
Glaciation and Faulting, Eastern Escarpment Of the Central Sierra
Nevada, California, University Of Colorado At Boulder (0051).\
Late-Quaternary faulting along the eastern escarpment of the Sierra
Nevada, California, between Bishop and Lake Crowley, was evaluated using
soil-geomorphic analyses to estimate ages of faulted and unfaulted
Quaternary surficial deposits. Thermoluminescence (TL) and \$\\sp{14}\$C
dating methods were also used to date fault-scarp colluvium. The study
focused on the four glaciated drainages of McGee (N), Pine, McGee (S),
and Bishop Creeks, and on an alluvial fan on the flanks of Mt. Tom. In
these areas, fault scarps are well preserved on the Hilton Creek (HCF),
Wheeler Crest (WCFZ), and Coyote Warp (CWFZ) fault zones. The faulted
deposits are correlated with the Tioga (about 10.5-25 ka) and Tahoe
(about 140 ka) glaciations, and a pre-Tahoe (190\$\\sp{+}\$ ka)
glaciation based on soil development, weathering, and geomorphology. The
Tioga deposits typically have well-preserved moraine morphology,
A/Bw/Cox soil profiles, and minor clast weathering. The Tahoe deposits
typically have subdued moraine morphology, A/Bt/Cox soil profiles, and a
two-fold or more increase in the degree of clast weathering. Pre-Tahoe
deposits, which are present in two areas, are more extensively weathered
than the adjacent Tahoe moraines. Surface faulting on the range-front
faults (HCF and WCFZ) has displaced Tioga deposits 6.5-26 m, Tahoe
deposits 52-130 m, and a pre-Tahoe deposit 81 m. Preferred slip rates
for the faults are 0.4-1.3 mm/yr for the last 10.5-25 ka, and 0.4-1.0
mm/yr for the last 140 ka. The higher rates are for the HCF at McGee (N)
Creek, near the Long Valley caldera. The soil development, weathering,
and dates for the deposits, plus the scarp morphology and amounts of
surface offset across the faults, indicate that large surface-faulting
events have occurred on the WCFZ, and probably on the HCF, during the
Holocene. In contrast to the HCF and WCFZ, no surface rupture has
occurred on the faults in the CWFZ for 15-25 ka, and possibly not for
100 ka. Order No: AAC 1342209 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts

Birkeland, P. W. and R. G. Miller (1962). Pleistocene History Of the
Truckee Area, North Of Lake Tahoe, California, Stanford University
(0212) Stanford University (0212).

Blackburn, D. J. (1992). Saving the Sierra, master plan for the range of
light. California Journal 23(2): 103-105.

Bliss, D. L. and H. H. Bancroft (1887). Data concerning the Virginia &
Truckee Railroad, and those who planned and carried out that work, 1887.

Bliss, W. S. and Grant Horace Smith Estate (\[n.d.\]). Biography of
Duane L. Bliss, \[unpublished\].

Boardman, H. P., Truckee Basin Water Committee, et al. (1959). Some
interesting and important facts about Lake Tahoe, Tahoe Basin Water
Committee, and Nevada Cooperative Snow Surveys, Committee of State
Association of Soil Conservation Districts.

Bollman, F. H. (1985). Water quality protection: The crucial and
contested key to adequate environmental management of Lake Tahoe. Shiga
Conference '84 on Conservation and Management of World Lake Environment,
Otsu, Japan.\
A review is presented of the environmental management experiment in Lake
Tahoe basin, in order to trace the evolution of concepts that have been
guiding inthe pursuits of an effective policy of nondegradation of the
basin's environment. Principal issues involving different levels of
government responsibility for water quality management are identified.

Bonham, H. F. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1976). South Lake
Tahoe folio: geologic map. Reno, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology,
Carson City, NV.

Bowman, A. and Geological Survey of California (1870). Map showing
outlines of former glaciers : \[in the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of
Lake Tahoe\].

Bronson, W. (1971). It's About Too Late For Tahoe. Audubon 73(3):
49-80.\
The tahoe regional planning agency (trpa), originally created to prevent
the degradation of the tahoe basin, has failed to control the rush of
urban development. the forest cover of the area, combined with
ecological factors such as meadows, streams, lakes and talus slopes
provide habitats for many vertebrates. however, trpa's zoning plans
could permit an increase in population in the area from a 1970 level of
28,000 to a possible 335,000. water quality has been the primary
environmental concern at lake tahoe, and the threat of water pollution
triggered steps toward basin-wide pollution controls. algae blooms have
occurred due to excessive nutrient contribution and the entrance of
turbid water through streams where development is proceeding in the
watershed. correction of the problem can only occur by controlling
man-caused erosion in the watershed. however, serious siltation is
predicted to continue, and if unabated will result in eutrophication of
the lake. trpa, a bi-state commission ratified by congress in 1969, has
done little to prevent the continuing development of the area, and
environmentalists are now looking for the federal government to save
lake tahoe, which is federally owned. (ritchie-florida)

Brooks, L. (1992). Beyond the Sierra Summit : first step is a
centralized databank. California County Jan.-Feb.: 30-31.

Brown and Caldwell (1959). South Tahoe sewerage survey : a report for
the South Tahoe Public Utility District on the collection, treatment and
disposal of sewage in the South Tahoe area. San Francisco, CA, Brown &
Caldwell: 145 p.

Brown and Caldwell (1961). Water works program for South Tahoe. San
Francisco, CA, Brown & Caldwell: 193 p.

Brown, J., W. Howe, et al. (1973). Nutrient and Sediment Production From
Forested Watersheds, Nevada agricultural experiment station, Reno, NV.\
An effort to determine and quantify relationships between drainage basin
characteristics and certain water quality parameters is reported.
beginning august 1970, monthly concentrations of suspended sediments,
nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, and dissolved orthophosphate were
determined for 25 forested watersheds of the lake tahoe-truckee river
system. quantified watershed characteristics of soils, geology,
geomorphology, vegetation, and land use for each watershed are assumed
to act in combination to determine nutrient and sediment discharges from
a drainage area. correlation and regression analyses were used to test
this assumption. suspended sediment production is largely dependent upon
two criteria: (1) sources of sediment and (2) energy to move it. energy
is evidently more important in this region, with overland slope and
stream discharge dominating the relationship. nitrogen production
exhibits excessive seasonal variability and is apparently determined by
watershed characteristics which reflect sources of nitrogen and
influence of watershed drainage patterns throughout the year. phosphorus
production, on the other hand, is much more uniform and is primarily
determined by factors affecting base flow relations, regardless of
season.

Brown, R. L. (1977). Monitoring Water Quality by Remote Sensing,
California State Dept. of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA.\
Results of a study to determine the applicability of remote sensing for
evaluating water quality conditions in San Francisco Bay-Delta area and
Lake Tahoe, California, are presented. Coincident ground truth was
obtained during LANDSAT and U-2 flights and correlated with the remote
sensing images to establish a data comparison base line. Images were
analyzed for apparent surface anomalies which might indicate water
quality problems. It is concluded that: (1) for most water quality
monitoring applications, LANDSAT imagery is too infrequent and of too
small a scale to be useful in routine monitoring programs; (2) imagery
from U-2 and conventional aircraft can be effectively used to monitor
gross water quality changes; (3) with the present state-of-the-art in
image analysis and the large amount of ground truth needed, remote
sensing has only limited application in monitoring water quality; (4)
California water quality conditions are improving as a result of the
Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act and provisions of P.L. 92-500; an (5)
in complex and dynamic systems such as the San Francisco Bay and Delta,
large amounts of ground truth data must be collected to support remote
imagery; spatial and temporal variations of the parameters are so great
that approaches other than synoptic (synchronized multi-point sampling)
do not provide enough information to evaluate patterns observed in
specific images. (Seip-IPA)

Brown, R. L. and California Dept. of Water Resources (1979). Lake Tahoe
water quality : a summary of available data, California Dept. of Water
Resources.

Brown, D. L. (1987). Nitrate Cycling and Hydrologic Transport Mechanisms
In a Sierra Nevada Headwaters Watershed (California; Groundwater
Pollution), University Of Nevada, Reno.\
The primary non-point source pollutant impacting Lake Tahoe is
nitrate-nitrogen. This paper presents the results of four years of
research that address nitrate transport and cycling characteristics at
the watershed level. Water quality was monitored in an undeveloped 79.6
ha headwaters watershed to delineate nitrate concentrations in
precipitation, stream discharge, soil moisture and groundwater. The flow
and storage in these systems was measured using an extensive
instrumentation network. Nitrate cycling mechanisms including
denitrification and uptake by periphyton, conifers and macrophytic
vegetation were studied in the field, and estimates were made of
nitrogen-fixation and nitrification. The results show that the study
watershed removes virtually 100% of the nitrate derived from all
sources. A simplified conceptual model is presented to describe the
temporal interactions between removal and hydrologic transport
mechanisms. Order No: AAC 1331798 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts

Brubaker, J. M. (1980). Space-Time Scales Of Temperature Variability In
the Seasonal Thermocline Of Lake Tahoe, Oregon State University.\
The objectives of this work are to characterize and, when possible, to
interpret temperature finestructure and microstructure observations made
with vertical profiling instruments in the upper thermocline of Lake
Tahoe during late summer stratification. From the finestructure data
(observations with the TD instrument) the following characteristics of
temperature variability in the Tahoe thermocline were found. Over time
scales of days to weeks, or over horizontal scales of several km,
relatively large amplitude temperature fluctuations were observed. In
contrast, for sampling limited to 2 1/2 hours and to about 200 m
horizontally, the ensemble variability was of smaller magnitude.
Vertical wavenumber spectra of temperature fluctuations fell steeply.
Results on scales of variability represent only a first step toward
development of a full frequency-wavenumber spectrum for the temperature
field, but should provide some perspective and organization structure
for future work. Similarities of some features of the Tahoe spectra (and
cross spectra) to oceanic results support the idea that similar dynamics
control the small-scale structure in both environments. Thus, Tahoe
could find extensive use as a 'laboratory' for studying some oceanic
phenomena. (Sinha-OEIS)

Brust, R. A. and L. E. Munstermann (1992). Morphological and genetic
characterization of the Aedes (Ochlerotatus) communis complex (Diptera:
Culicidae) in North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 85(1):1-10.\
Morphometric comparisons were made of seven populations and
electrophoretic comparisons of nine populations of the Aedes communis
complex in North America. Of 27 loci surveyed, 3-10 diagnostic loci were
found to separate three species of this complex: A. communis sens. str.,
Aedes churchillensis , and Aedes nevadensis . A Lake Tahoe, Calif.,
collection showed unusually low genetic variability (\< 5%) and was
significantly different from the other three species at 6 of 19 loci.
Mean measurements of six larval and five adult morphological characters
of the Lake Tahoe population also differed significantly from A.
communis s.s. Originally this population was described by Dyar (1916) as
Aedes tahoensis , but he later synonymized it under A. communis DeGeer.
We resurrect A. tahoensis Dyar as a valid species based on genetic and
morphological differences with A. communis s.s.

Bryon, E. R., P. E. Sawyer, et al. (1986). Recurrence of Daphnia rosea
in Lake Tahoe: Analysis of a Population Pulse. .\
Following the disappearance of all Lake Tahoe cladocera in 1970, Daphnia
rosea reappeared in the lake during the summer and fall of 1983. Since
the introduction and population increase of the omnivorous opossum
shrimp, Mysis relicta, was heavily implicated in the initial
disappearance, the D. rosea recurrence with respect to fluctuating M.
relicta abundance and steadily increasing primary productivity was
studied. An analysis of D. rosea population dynamics, fecundity, feeding
characteristics and M. relicta feeding selectivity, suggested that D.
rosea was able to coexist with M. relicta in 1983 only because D. rosea
birth rates were substantially higher than historical levels due to the
increase in algal productivity since 1970. The variation of cladoceran
success in lakes M. relicta introductions may be due, in large part, to
variations in primary productivity. (Author's abstract)

Bunch, R. L. and M. B. Ettinger (1967). Biodegradability Of Potential
Organic Substitutes For Phosphates. 22nd Industrial Waste Conference,
Lafayette, IN.\
The undesirable eutrophication of waters may be considerably reduced by
replacing phosphates in industrial processes and detergents with
biodegradable chelating agents, such as nitriloacetic acid (nta) and
hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid (heida). the use of detergents containing
non-phosphate builders is suggested, especially for extreme situations,
such as lake tahoe. the use of non-biodegradable agents which complex
heavy metals will depend upon their effect on waste treatments,
softening water, drinking water, and calcium metabolism of man.
(wilde-wisconsin)

Burcar, S. A. (1992). Seasonal Preferential Flow and Nutrient Transport
In Selected Sierra Nevada Soils, University Of Nevada, Reno.\
Little work has focused on groundwater, its quality, and potential
affect on Lake Tahoe water quality. This study investigated seasonal
infiltration, preferential water flow, and NH\$\\sb4\\sp+\$ and
NO\$\\sb3\\sp-\$ transport in 2 Sierra Nevada soil types under forest
and meadow conditions using rainfall simulation. Soil water repellency
was clearly shown to induce preferential infiltration. The finer
textured volcanic soil demonstrated continuous preferential flow with
depth, whereas preferential flow rapidly dissipated in the coarser
textured granitic soil. Wetting patterns showed greater instability and
preferential flow in the forested areas in the late summer/early fall.
Applied NH\$\\sb4\\sp+\$ was effectively adsorbed by the soil matrix
suggesting that unstable wetting occurred by preferential flow in
wettable portions of the soil matrix and not by macropore flow. Nitrate
moved through the granitic soil at applied concentrations but was
attenuated with depth in the volcanic soil as the latter demonstrated
NO\$\\sb3\\sp-\$ adsorption.

Burco, R. A. (1970). Policy and planning in the Lake Tahoe Basin: the
case of transportation. Davis, CA, Institute of Governmental Affairs,
University of California.

Burco, R. A., C. D. Henderson, et al. (1971). Transportation planning
alternatives in the Tahoe Basin : final report.Menlo Park, CA, Stanford
Research Institute: ca. 200 p.

Burco, R. A. (1973). Policy and planning in the Lake Tahoe Basin : the
case of transportation, Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of
California, Davis.

Burnett, J. L. and California Division of Mines & Geology (1967).
Preliminary geologic map of the Lake Tahoe basin, southern half.
Sacramento, CA, California Division of Mines and Geology.

Burnett, J. L. (1968). Geology of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Geologic Studies
in the Lake Tahoe Area, California and Nevada. J. R. Evans and R. A.
Matthews. Sacramento, Geological Society of Sacramento: 1-13.

Bursik, M. I. (1989). Late Quaternary Volcano-Tectonic Evolution Of the
Mono Basin, Eastern California, California Institute Of Technology.\
The Mono Basin of eastern California provides an ideal laboratory in
which to study the interaction of volcanic and tectonic processes. The
late Quaternary record of volcanic activity and range-front faulting is
relatively complete. Range-front faults of the Sierra Nevada offset
dateable late Pleistocene glacial moraines, thus affording the
opportunity to estimate range-front slip rates. The first two chapters
concern dating of moraines that are offset by range-front faults. In
Chapters 1 and 2, I discuss the ages of the glacial moraines of the Mono
Basin and the correlation of them between canyons. I dated the moraines
by studying their morphology and the relative weathering of granitic
boulders atop their crests, and by use of the clast-sound velocity (CSV)
dating technique. I also dated the moraines at Lee Vining Canyon with
the use of a new dating method based on quantitative modelling of
moraine degradation. Moraines in all major canyons from Lee Vining south
were correlable with the standard late Pleistocene sequence of Tioga,
Tenaya, Tahoe and Mono Basin deposits. At Lundy Canyon, however, Tahoe
and Tenaya moraines are poorly if at all preserved. In Chapter Three, I
use moraine ages determined in Chapters 1 and 2 to estimate slip rates
of range-front faults. For Chapter Three, I measured fault-scrap
profiles on the dated lateral moraines of the Mono Basin to determine
fault slip rates. I compared these data with what can be deduced about
the extension rate due to dike intrusion underneath the Mono Craters. I
then considered extension rates in the context of regional strain
patterns to infer the mode of deformation and strain relief in the Mono
Basin during late Quaternary time. The extension-rate data indicate that
dikes are being intruded underneath the Mono Craters in response to
crustal stretching, and because of this, are now accomodating elastic
strain that was once accomodated by range-front normal faulting.
Consideration of the extension rates in the context of regional tectonic
strain patterns suggest that the Mono Craters are forming along one of
the extensional boundary structures of a pull-apart basin, the other
extensional boundary of which is the deactivated range-front segment.
(Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

Byron, E. R., P. T. Whitman, et al. (1983). Observations of copepod
swarms in Lake Tahoe. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28(2): 378-382.\
During summer 1980, dense swarms of the calanoid copepod Diaptomus
tyrrelli formed during midday in several areas of the nearshore surface
of Lake Taboe, California-Nevada. Swarms were most consistently found
immediately adjacent to rocks in pools protected from wave action.
Swarms were as dense as 11,354 copepods multiplied by liter super(-1)
and composed primarily of adult males. Swarming copepods have greater
mating success than midlake copepods. Swarming may offer some protection
from fish predation.

Byron, E. R., C. L. Folt, et al. (1984). Copepod and cladoceran success
in an oligotrophic lake. J. Plankton Res 6(1): 45-65.\
Cladocerans have proved to be much less successful members of the Lake
Tahoe limnetic community than the calanoid copepods. An analysis of
temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the cladoceran Bosmina
longirostris and the herbivorous calanoid copepod Diaptomus tyrrelli
revealed important differences between the two types of zooplankton.
Although the productivity of both species is limited to varying degree
by the abundance of certain algal species and the availability of
particulate nitrogen, they differ strongly in the mechanisms responsible
for mortality. Correlation analysis suggests that B. longirostris is
severely limited temporally and spatially by predation from the
omnivorous calanoid copepod Epischura nevadensis . In contrast, D.
tyrrelli is not noticeably limited by predators. Instead, abiotic
seasonal events and starvation control its population dynamics.
Mortality and natality differences between Bosmina and Diaptomus in Lake
Tahoe help to explain the general lack of success of cladocerans in
oligotrophic lakes.

Byron, E. R., P. E. Sawyer, et al. (1986). The recurrence of Daphnia
rosea in Lake Tahoe: Analysis of a population pulse. J. Plankton Res
8(4): 771-783.\
Following the disappearance of all Lake Tahoe Cladocera in 1970, Daphnia
rosea reappeared in the lake during the summer and fall of 1983. Since
the introduction and population increase of the omnivorous opossum
shrimp, Mysis relicta , was heavily implicated in the initial
disappearance, the authors investigated the D. rosea recurrence with
respect to fluctuating M. relicta abundance and steadily increasing
primary productivity. An analysis of D. rosea population dynamics,
fecundity, feeding characteristics and M. relicta feeding selectivity,
suggested that D. rosea was able to coexist with M. relicta in 1983 only
because D. rosea birth rates were substantially higher than historical
levels due to the increase in algal productivity sine 1970.

Byron, E. R. and C. R. Goldman (1989). Land-use and water quality in
tributary streams of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. J Environ Qual
18(1): 84-88.\
We examined land-use and water quality monitoring data for 10 watersheds
of tributary streams to Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, to describe
relationships between watershed disturbance and water quality
degradation from nonpoint sources. Discharge-weighted annual average
concentrations of nitrate (as NO3-N), soluble P, total P and suspended
sediment were plotted against the proportion of each watershed
represented as disturbed and imperviously covered land of various
land-use classes. Comparisons between land-use and runoff water quality
demonstrated significant relationships between increased coverage and
disturbance in the watersheds and decreased water quality. The
concentrations of NO3-N, total P, and suspended sediment in the streams
increased significantly with the disturbance of high hazard lands
(erodible soils, steep slopes, stream environment zones). Increased
disturbance of lower hazard lands (less erodible soils) resulted in
increases in the concentrations of soluble and total P. The patterns of
significance and slopes of the relationships demonstrated increased
nonpoint source water quality degradation with increased land
disturbance in these Sierra Nevada watersheds. AGRICOLA (1984 - 12/91)\
88 of 148

Byron, E. R., R. P. Axler, et al. (1991). Increased Precipitation
Acidity in the Central Sierra Nevada. Atmospheric Environment ATENBP(2):
271-275.\
Bulk precipitation has been collected continuously for chemical analysis
on a storm event basis since 1979 at the Ward Valley Bench Station at
Lake Tahoe, California. The station is 300 m higher than the lake, 6.8
km from the shore, and is only 3 km east of the Sierra Nevada divide.
The 4 m high tower holding the sampler is in an extensive subalpine
meadow surrounded by pine/fir forests; the closest development is low
density housing 1 km to the northeast. Between 1979 and 1986,
precipitation acidity increased significantly on the crest of the
central Sierra Nevada. Variation in precipitation pH was closely
associated with change in nitrate concentrations but not with sulfate.
This area of the Sierra Nevada crest contains many acid-sensitive,
poorly buffered lakes and ponds that can be adversely affected by
increasing precipitation acidity. (Mertz-PTT)

C. E. Erickson & Associates (1966). Map of Lake Tahoe recreational area.
Berkeley, CA, C.E. Erickson & Associates.

C. E. Erickson & Associates and South Lake Tahoe Chamber of Commerce
(1970). Map of Lake Tahoe recreational area, California, Nevada.
Berkeley, CA, C.E. Erickson & Associates.

Caen, H. (1991). Charmed Life At the Lake Of the Sky (Lake Tahoe).
Architectural Digest 48(5): 54+.

Cahill, T. A. (1974). Air Quality In the Lake Tahoe Basin. Lake Tahoe
Research Seminar II, Sands Vagabond Convention Center, South Lake Tahoe,
CA.\
Lake tahoe is over twenty miles long, yet we expect to see the mountains
on the far side\--an important part of the scenic value. thus, a
significant part of the recreational value of the lake is based upon
visibility greater than thirty miles most of the time. the problem of
area-wide degradation of visibility is one which is vital to lake
tahoe's future. other sites in california show that fine sulfur
particulates are likely to be responsible for the hazes presently seen
at lake tahoe on many summer days. there are four sources of fine sulfur
aerosols that could cause problems: (1) fuel oil combustion in the
basin; (2) the conversion of residual sulfur in gasoline into fine
sulfur particulates, an unfortunate byproduct of the epa mandated
catalytic converters on new cars sold in california; (3) the
landing-take off cycle of a boeing 727, which produces as much sulfur
oxides as about 500 cars driving from meyers to stateline; and (4)
transport of fine sulfur particulates present in the sacramento valley
or reno area into the basin.

Cahill, T. A. and California Air Resources Board Research Division
(1977). Sources of visibility degradation in the Lake Tahoe Air Basin :
final report, California Air Resources Board Research Division.

Cairns, J., W. Munk, et al. (1979). On the dynamics of neutrally buoyant
capsules: an experimental drop in Lake Tahoe. Deep Sea Res 26(4a):
369-381.\
The motion of a neutrally buoyant capsule launched into Lake Tahoe
exhibited several interesting and peculiar features. The authors
interpret an initial slow sinking and a late downward settling in terms
of entrapped air. Otherwise the descent was consistent with a square
drag. After reaching equilibrium depth, an overshoot and subsequent
oscillations occurred at the expected frequency, but the oscillations
were damped much more rapidly than the authors can explain.

California Air Resources Board (1974). Air quality in the Tahoe Basin :
summer 1973, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA.

California Air Resources Board - Air Analysis Branch (1977). Lake Tahoe
air basin emission inventory, 1975, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA.

California Bureau of Sanitary Engineering (1962). Lake Tahoe Basin water
quality survey \-- 1961, California Bureau of Sanitary Engineering,
Sacramento, CA.

California Bureau of Vector Control Solid Waste Management (1969).
Future of solid waste managment in the Lake Tahoe area, California Dept.
of Public Health, Sacramento, CA.

California Commission on Interstate Cooperation (1963). 1961-1963 report
of the California Commission on Interstate Cooperation, Senate of the
State of California, Sacramento, CA.\
This report relates discussions between Nevada and California which
sought to formulate a bi-state plan to develop public recreational areas
at Lake Tahoe.

California Department of Parks and Recreation (1971). Sugar Pine Point
State Park, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Resources
Agency, State of California, Sacramento, CA.

California Department of Parks and Recreation (1988). Lake Valley State
Recreation Area General Plan, California Department of Parks and
Recreation, Resources Agency, State of California, Sacramento, CA.

California Department of Public Health and California Legislature
Assembly Committee on Natural Resources/Planning/Public Works (1964).
Statement of California State Department of Public Health on Future
Development of Lake Tahoe Basin.

California Dept. of Alcohol Drug Programs -Audit Services Section
(1989). County of El Dorado Drug Program,Tahoe Human Services, Inc.,
July 1, 1987 through June 30, 1988, State of California, Dept. of
Alcohol and Drug Programs, Audit Services Section, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Boating and Waterways (1991). Safe boating hints for
Lake Tahoe, State of California, The Resources Agency, Dept. of Boating
and Waterways, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Conservation, Lake Tahoe Area Council, et al.
(1969). Tahoe vegetation-soil protection symposium : summary and
proceedings, California Dept. of Conservation.

California Dept. of Finance - Program Evaluation Unit (1977). Regional
planning at Lake Tahoe : an analysis : a staff reference report.,
California Dept. of Finance - Program Evaluation Unit, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Finance/Financial Performance/Accountability (1987).
California Tahoe Conservancy, review of the system of internal
accounting control and fiscal procedures, Financial and Performance
Accountability, Dept. of Finance, State of California, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Finance/Fiscal Management/Audits (1979). California
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency : examination of financial statements for
the period July 1, 1977 to June 30, 1978, Fiscal Management Audits,
Dept. of Finance, State of California, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Fish and Game (1957). A report on Lake Tahoe and its
tributaries : fisheries management vs. trial and error, California Dept.
of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Navigation and Ocean Development (1970). Safe
boating hints for Lake Tahoe, California Dept. of Navigation and Ocean
Development, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Parks & Recreation (1967). Tahoe Parkway, California
Dept. of Parks & Recreation, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways (1958). Emerald
Bay : development of State Highway route 38 for all year travel along
the west side of Lake Tahoe in the vicinity of Emerald Bay. Sacramento,
CA, California Dept. of Public Works: 1 v. (various pagings).

California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways (1900). Lake
Tahoe wagon road field notes, state surveys of 1900 & 1907, California
Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways (1950). Visual
comparison of Emerald Bay routes, \[publisher and place published
unknown\].

California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways (1957). Emerald
Bay : report and recommendation with respect to development State
highway route 38 for all year travel on the west side of Lake Tahoe in
the vicinity of Emerald Bay. Sacramento, CA, California Dept. of Public
Works: 5, 8 p.

California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways (1960). Emerald
Bay route studies : state legislative route 38, California Dept. of
Public Works - Division of Highways, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways (1961).
Proceedings of the public meeting held for the purpose of discussing the
proposed freeway routings between Tallac Creek and .5 mile north of
Bliss State Park, Bijou, California, September 29, 1961, California
Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways, Sacramento, CA.

California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways (1963). Report
of route studies relative to the location of State sign route 89 between
0.5 mile north of D.L. Bliss State Park and State sign route 28 near
Tahoe City, and the location of State sign route 28 between State sign
route 89 near Tahoe City and 0.2 mile east of Bunker Road. Sacramento,
CA, California Dept. of Public Works: \[11\] p.

California Dept. of Transportation - District 03 Office of Planning and
Public Transportation (1982). The San Francisco-Sacramento-Lake Tahoe
transit corridor study, California Dept. of Transportation - District 03
Office of Planning and Public Transportation, Marysville, CA.

California Dept. of Water Resources and South Tahoe Public Utility
District (1970). Indian Creek Dam and Reservoir Project : findings on
the application of South Tahoe Public Utility District for grants under
the Davis-Grunsky Act, State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of
Water Resources, Sacramento, CA.

California Division of Beaches and Parks and California Commission on
Interstate Cooperation (1962). A proposal for creating the Lake Tahoe
Interstate Park Authority : status report as of August 17, 1962,
California Division of Beaches and Parks, California Commission on
Interstate Cooperation,.

California Division of Beaches and Parks (1963). Emerald Bay, D.L. Bliss
State Parks, California Division of Beaches and Parks, Sacramento, CA.

California Division of Beaches and Parks (1965). Lake Tahoe region
study, California Division of Beaches and Parks, Sacramento, CA.

California Division of Small Craft Harbors (1959). Boating facilities
and needs on Lake Tahoe, California Division of Small Craft Harbors,
Sacramento, CA.

California Division of Soil Conservation (1969). Sedimentation and
erosion in the Upper Truckee River and Trout Creek Watershed, Lake
Tahoe, California, California Division of Soil Conservation, Sacramento,
CA.

California Division of Water Resources and Nevada State Engineer (1949).
Joint report on the use of water in the Lake Tahoe watershed, California
Division of Water Resources.

California Environmental Protection Agency - Air Resources Board (1993).
Public meeting to consider the approval of the carbon monoxide air
quality plan for the Lake Tahoe air basin, California Environmental
Protection Agency - Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA.

California Forest Range Experiment Station and United States Work
Projects Administration (1942). Lumbering history of the Truckee River
Basin : 1856-1936, California Forest and Range Experiment Station.

California Governor (1985). Agreement ending litigation over the future
of 77 acres of environmentally sensitive land in the Lake Tahoe Basin,
Office of the Governor, Sacramento, CA.

California Highway Transportation Agency, C. L.-A. I. C. o. N.
Resources/Planning, et al. (1964). Statement of State highway policies
and planning procedures in the Lake Tahoe Basin : presented to the
Assembly Interim Committee on Natural Resources, Planning and Public
Works in Brockway, Lake Tahoe, September 10-11, 1964.

California Lake Bigler Forestry Commission (1884). Report of the Lake
Bigler Forestry Commission to Governor George Stoneman, made in
accordance with Assembly concurrent resolution no.31, passed by the 25th
session of the legislature of the state of California. Sacramento, CA,
\[publisher unknown\]: 15 p.

California Legislature - Senate Select Committee on Tahoe (1984).
Hearing, California Legislature, Senate Select Committee on Tahoe in the
matter of land acquisition and land use in the Lake Tahoe Basin, Peters
Shorthand Reporting Corporation \[available from\] Joint Publications
Office, Box 90, State Capitol, Sacramento, CA.

California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural Resources and
Conservation (1972). Transcript of proceedings; hearing on regional
planning in the Lake Tahoe basin: implementation of adopted Tahoe
Regional Plan, December 18-19, 1972, Stateline, Nevada, California
Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural Resources and Conservation,
Sacramento, CA.

California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural
Resources/Planning/Public Works (1964). Regional planning in the Lake
Tahoe basin; transcript of proceedings. Brockway, California, September
10-11, 1964, California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural
Resources/Planning/Public Works, Sacramento, CA.

California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural
Resources/Planning/Public Works (1967). Transcript of proceedings.
Hearing on regional planning in the Lake Tahoe Basin: West Shore Parkway
and transportation planning. Bijou, California, October 26, 1967,
California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural
Resources/Planning/Public Works, Sacramento, CA.

California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Natural
Resources/Planning/Public Works (1967). Report of the Assembly Committee
on Natural Resources, Planning, and Public Works. Part V, Highway
beautification, Beautification and maintenance of the Capitol Mall,
Highway and fr eeway planning, Regional planning in the Lake Tahoe
Basin, The filling of San Francisco Bay, California Legislature -
Assembly Committee on Natural Resources/Planning/Public Works,
Sacramento, CA.

California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Rules (1977). A User fee
system for the California Tahoe Conservancy, California Legislature -
Assembly Committee on Rules, Sacramento, CA.

California Legislature - Assembly Committee on Water (1969). A report on
the California-Nevada interstate compact; an interim study of the
Assembly Committee on Water pursuant to HR 443, 1969 session, California
Legislature - Assembly Committee on Water, Sacramento, CA.

California Legislature - Assembly Interim Committee on Water (1966). The
legislative action program for Lake Tahoe pollution control, California
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California Legislature - Assembly Interim Committee on Water (1966). New
horizons in California water development, California Legislature -
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California/Nevada loop road connection : transcript of proceedings :
public hearing before the Senate Committee on Transportation : January
23, 1981, California Legislature - Senate Committee on Transportation,
Sacramento, CA.

California Legislature - Senate Fact Finding Committee on Public Health
and Safety (1962). Hearing before Senate Fact Finding Committee on
Public Health and Safety in the matter of recreational use of domestic
water supplies \... Al Tahoe, California, September 18, 1962, California
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Sacramento, CA.

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matter of land acquisition and land use in the Lake Tahoe basin:
hearing, Joint Publications Office, State Capitol, Sacramento, CA.

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Resources/Planning/Public Works (1966). Executive session, 1965-67
interim studies, Los Angeles, December 16, 1966, California Legislature
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Sacramento, CA.

California Legislature Assembly Interim Committee on Natural
Resources/Planning/Public Works (1964). Transcript of proceedings,
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regional planning in the Lake Tahoe Basin, Brockway Hot Springs Hotel,
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Resources/Planning/Public Works (1965). Report of the Assembly Interim
Committee on Natural Resources, Planning, and Public Works. Part 2,
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lands, Old Sacramento State Park, Land acquisition policies and
procedures, Recreational boating, Riding and hiking trails, California
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California Regional Water Quality Control Board\--Lahontan Region
(1966). Lake Tahoe water quality control policy, California Regional
Water Quality Control Board.

California Regional Water Quality Control Board\--Lahontan Region
(1967). Lake Tahoe water quality control policy. Addendum regarding
implementation, adopted May 1967, California Regional Water Quality
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quality control plan for the North Lahontan Basin (basin 6-A),
California State Water Resources Control Board.

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(1985). Staff report : triennial review of water quality standards in
the water quality control plan for the North Lahontan Basin (6A). South
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Lahontan Region: 1 v. (various pagings).

California State Automobile Association (1910). Automobile roads from
Sacramento and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. San Francisco, CA,
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California State Automobile Association (1927). Automobile roads from
Sacramento and Stockton to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. San Francisco, CA,
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California State Automobile Association (1928). Automobile roads from
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California State Automobile Association (1929). Automobile roads from
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California State Automobile Association (1930). Automobile roads from
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California State Automobile Association (1936). Sacramento and Stockton
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California State Automobile Association (1937). Sacramento and Stockton
to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, The Association.

California State Automobile Association (1940). Sacramento and Stockton
to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, The Association.

California State Automobile Association (1949). Sacramento and Stockton
to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, The Association.

California State Automobile Association (1953). Lake Tahoe resorts. San
Francisco, CA, The Association.

California State Automobile Association (1954). Lake Tahoe region. San
Francisco, CA, Csaa.

California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile Club of
Southern (1958). VIII Olympic Winter Games : Squaw Valley-Lake Tahoe,
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California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile Club of
Southern (1958). Lake Tahoe region. San Francisco, CA, The Association.

California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile Club of
Southern (1962). Lake Tahoe resorts. San Francisco, CA, Csaa.

California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile Club of
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California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile Club of
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Southern (1970). Lake Tahoe region. San Francisco, CA, California State
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California State Automobile Association and C. Automobile Club of
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Automobile Club of Southern (1973). Lake Tahoe region. San Francisco,
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vicinity. San Francisco, CA, The Assn.

California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and C.
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vicinity. San Francisco, CA, California State Automobile Association.

California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and C.
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CA, The Association.

California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. (1988). Lake
Tahoe communities, Truckee and vicinity. San Francisco, CA, Csaa.

California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and C.
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California State Automobile Association. Cartographic, D. and C.
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vicinity / Cartographic Department ; Issued by California State
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Francisco, CA, The Association.

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vicinity. San Francisco, CA, Csaa.

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California State Lands Commission (1971). U. S. Forest Service, Valhalla
Pier Site, California State Lands Commission, Sacramento, CA.

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public use at Lake Tahoe, California State Lands Commission, Sacramento,
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Commission, Sacramento, CA.

California State Lands Commission (1989). Pier extension : proposed
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Commission, Sacramento, CA.

California State Mining Bureau (1909). Map of El Dorado County,
California : showing boundaries of the national forests. San Francisco,
CA, The Bureau.

California State Personnel Board - Cooperative Personnel Services
(1969). City of South Lake Tahoe, classification and salary survey,
California State Personnel Board, Sacramento, CA.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1970). News & views :
Lake Tahoe, California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento,
CA.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1971). Lake Tahoe,
report on 1969 use of water within Lake Tahoe Basin, California.
Sacramento, CA, California State Water Resources Control Board: 1 v.
(various pagings).

California State Water Resources Control Board (1974). Tahoe Basin
studies report : a compendium of reports to the California State Water
Resources Control Board, California State Water Resources Control Board,
Sacramento, CA.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1979). Summary report on
water use and water rights, Lake Tahoe basin, California State Water
Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1979). Report on water
use and water rights : Lake Tahoe Basin, California State Water
Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1979). Appendices for
the Report on water use and water rights, Lake Tahoe Basin, California
State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake Tahoe Basin
Water Quality Plan, Summary, California State Water Resources Control
Board, Sacramento, CA.\
This summary describes the Lake Tahoe Basin Final Water Plan, in which
erosion control is seen as the principal factor in protecting Lake
Tahoe's clarity and water quality, and in preventing further
deterioration of the lake. Also described are: the erosion threats to
the lake; the five water quality control alternatives, with a full
description of Alternative C (Proposed Alternative, Less Restrictive
Adherence to Land Capability); costs of remedial projects and management
options; development controls possible to prevent erosion; program
impacts; and implementation plans. Them summary includes the changes to
the Lake Tahoe Water Quality Plan since its publication in January 1980.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake Tahoe Basin
Water Quality Plan, Final Plan, California State Water Resources Control
Board, Sacramento, CA.\
Lake Tahoe is an outstanding natural resource. The exceptional clarity
and purity of the waters of the lake are priceless as both a scientific
and scenic treasure. Federal law requires that the high quality of the
lake be maintained. Erosion control is seen as the principal factor in
protecting Lake Tahoe's clarity and water quality, and in preventing
further deterioration. The Final Water Plan, submitted in accordance
with requirements of Section 208 of the Federal Clean Water Act,
describes the adverse effects of human activity on the lake. Rapid
development in the Basin over the past two decades is causing a
deterioration of the lake's water quality, including a doubling of the
algal growth. The principal control measures outlined are: (1) erosion
and urban runoff control; (2) on-site surface runoff control; (3)
controls on development; and (4) policies involving forest practices.
The report suggests funding sources and describes implementation
procedures, including liaison with Nevada authorities.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake Tahoe basin
water quality plan : summary of public comments, State of California,
State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake Tahoe basin
water quality plan : summary, State of California, State Water Resources
Control Board, Sacramento, CA.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake Tahoe basin
water quality plan : final plan, California State Water Resources
Control Board, Sacramento, CA.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1984). Policy for water
allocation in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California State Water Resources
Control Board, Sacramento, CA.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1984). Policy for water
allocation in the Lake Tahoe Basin : summary of draft environmental
impact report, California State Water Resources Control Board,
Sacramento, CA.

California Tahoe Area Land Acquisition Commission and California
Resources Agency (1983). A Preliminary analysis of possible objectives,
issues, and approaches involved in implementation of the Lake Tahoe
Acquisition Bond Act of 1982 : a background document, California
Resources Agency, Sacramento, CA.

California Tahoe Area Land Acquisition Commission and California
Resources Agency (1984). The implementation of the Lake Tahoe
Acquisitions Bond Act of 1982 : final report and recommendations of the
Tahoe Area Land Acquisition Commission, California Resources Agency,
Sacramento, CA.

California Tahoe Conservancy (1987). A Report on soil erosion control
needs and projects in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California Tahoe
Conservancy, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

California Tahoe Conservancy (1991). Progress report, 1985-1991,
California Tahoe Conservancy, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and California Resources
Agency (1975). Draft environmental impact report for the California
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, California Tahoe Regional Planning
Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA: 1 v. (various pagings).

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1975). Land use ordinance,
California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1975). Regional plan for Lake
Tahoe, California, August 29, 1975, California Tahoe Regional Planning
Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). Criteria for
development and expansion of ski areas, Lake Tahoe Basin. South Lake
Tahoe, CA, California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency: 27 p.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). An analysis of the
carrying capacity of the California/Tahoe Region. South Lake Tahoe, CA,
California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency: 2 v.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). Summary of an analysis
of the carrying capacity of the California/Tahoe region, California
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA: \[21\] p.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). Draft environmental
impact report, long range regional transportation plan, California Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). Final environmental
impact report, regional transportation plan, California Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Tahoe Regional Planning
Agency (1977). Regional transportation plan, California Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1978). Ordinances, California
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1978). Rules and regulations,
California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Sierra Pacific Power Company,
et al. (1979). Draft environmental impact report for the Sierra Pacific
Power Company, Lake Tahoe basin electrical transmission system master
plan, Grove-Boand & Associates, Tahoe City, CA.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1980). Draft regional plan
update : CTRPA 1980 plan. South Lake Tahoe, CA, California Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1980). Draft regional
transportation plan : CTRPA 1980 plan. South Lake Tahoe, CA, California
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1980). Final environmental
impact report on the CTRPA regional plan, California Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1980). Final environmental
impact report : CTRPA 1980 plan\--regional plan update. South Lake
Tahoe, CA, California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency: 1 v. (various
pagings).

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1980). Regional plan update :
regional transportation plan, California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency,
South Lake Tahoe, CA.

California Taxpayers Association (1972). A study of factors relative to
building a new school in the Lake Tahoe Unified School District.
Sacramento, CA, California Taxpayers Association.

California Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake Tahoe Basin Water
Quality Plan, Summary, California State Water Resources Control Board,
Sacramento, CA.\
This summary describes the Lake Tahoe Basin Final Water Plan, in which
erosion control is seen as the principal factor in protecting Lake
Tahoe's clarity and water quality, and in preventing further
deterioration of the lake. Also described are: the erosion threats to
the lake; the five water quality control alternatives, with a full
description of Alternative C (Proposed Alternative, Less Restrictive
Adherence to Land Capability); costs of remedial projects and management
options; development controls possible to prevent erosion; program
impacts; and implementation plans. The summary includes the changes to
the Lake Tahoe Water Quality Plan since its publication in January,
1980. The principal control measures detailed in the Final Water Plan
are summarized in this report. They are: (1) erosion and urban runoff
control; (2) on-site surface runoff control; (3) controls on
development; and (4) measures involving forest practices. Remedial
erosion control projects are estimated to cost \$95 million in 1979
dollars. The report suggests funding sources and summarizes
implementation procedures, including liaison with Nevada authorities.

California Water Resources Control Board (1980). Lake Tahoe Basin Water
Quality Plan, Final Plan, California State Water Resources Control
Board, Sacramento, CA.\
Lake Tahoe is an outstanding national resource. The exceptional clarity
and purity of the waters of the lake are priceless as both a scientific
and a scenic treasure. Federal law requires that the high quality of the
lake be maintained. Erosion control is seen as the principal factor in
protecting Lake Tahoe's clarity and water quality, and in preventing
further deterioration. The Final Water Plan, submitted in accordance
with requirements of Section 208 of the Federal Clean Water Act,
describes the adverse effects of human activity on the lake, such as
erosion from road cuts and off-road vehicles, destruction of natural
filtering zones by development, construction on both 'high erosion
hazard' lands and stable lands, and impact on runoff absorption when
development covers excessive land. Rapid development in the Basin over
the past two decades is causing a deterioration of the lake's water
quality, including a doubling of the algal growth. The principal control
measures outlined are: (1) erosion and urban runoff control; (2) on-site
surface runoff control; (3) controls on development; and (4) policies
involving forest practices. The report suggests funding sources and
describes implementation procedures, including liaison with Nevada
authorities.

California-Nevada Governors' Programs for Progress (1963). Joint
statement on Lake Tahoe pollution, California-Nevada Governors' Programs
for Progress.

California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission (1958). Lake Tahoe faces
water problems : adequate water supply, high water damage, sewage
disposal, California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission.

California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission (1958). Public opinion
sought : Lake Tahoe faces a water problem, California-Nevada Interstate
Compact Commission.

California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission and Field Research
Company (1958). Property owners in the Lake Tahoe basin appraise
proposed water level plans for the lake : a public opinion survey
conducted for the California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commissions of
California and Nevada, California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission.

California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission (1960). First draft of
Compact Articles approved in principle by action of the Joint
California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission for referral to the
drafting committee, California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission.

California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission (1970). Lake Tahoe water
surface elevations & releases, California-Nevada Interstate Compact
Commission.

California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission of California (1958).
Lake Tahoe faces water problems. Sacramento, CA.

Calkins, S. and Lake Tahoe Area Council (1960). Lake Tahoe Airport, Lake
Tahoe Area Council, Reno, NV: 7 leaves.

Camp Agassiz - Tallac, C. (1902). A guide to the Lake Tahoe region : an
account of the scenery, geology, natural history, the fishing, hunting
and resorts. Tallac, CA, W.W. Price.

Campana, M. E. and R. L. Boone (1986). Hydrologic Monitoring of
Subsurface Flow and Groundwater Recharge in a Mountain Watershed.
Proceedings of the Symposium: Cold Regions Hydrology, University of
Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, American Water Resources
Association, Bethesda, Maryland.\
A small-scale study in a Sierra Nevada watershed just east of Lake Tahoe
utilized four major groups of instruments to delineate infiltration,
recharge and subsurface flow contributions to streamflow. Foremost among
these groups was an automated tensiometer-transducer system.
Tensiometers were linked to a central scanning valve via hydraulic
tubing, which was buried to protect against freezing. The investigation
indicated that deep percolation/groundwater recharge occurred beneath
the snowpack during the winter months, but could not determine how much
of it discharged locally and how much flowed off-site, perhaps as part
of a deeper system. The major conclusion of this study is that deep
percolation and groundwater recharge occurred beneath the snowpack
during the winter months. In addition, rain-on-snow events provide
additional pulses of infiltration superimposed on the steady downward
deep percolation. (See also W90-10434) (Lantz-PTT)

Cannon, H. W. (1971). Statement In Support Of the Clean Lakes Act Of
1971. Congressional Record 117(24).\
The proposed clean lakes act of 1971 would be of great value in
improving and maintaining the unique purity and clarity of lake tahoe.
this glacier lake is 22 miles long and 12 1/2 miles wide, but its depth
of 1645 feet is being diminished by algae and mud expanding in its
waters as a result of man's disturbance of watershed soil. due to the
increasing population and recreation demands upon lake tahoe, it is in
danger of prematurely aging\--a process called eutrophication. in the
last 10 years the fertility of the lake has increased by 72%. this
fertilization process has been speeded up by community development
projects, lumbering, roadbuilding, and land clearing. a regional
planning agency is already establishing standards and controls over air
and water pollution, zoning, building and the general development of the
lake and the surrounding land area. however, the lake needs immediate
attention from past neglect. the proposed act would direct the
environmental protection agency to provide technical and financial
assistance to states and cities and to conduct a comprehensive program
of pollution control and redevelopment of the lake and the surrounding
land.

Carlson, J. R. and J. C. Buckwalter (1974). Native plants studied in
Lake Tahoe area. \[Erosion control\]. Soil-Conserv 40(2): 10-11.

Carlucci, A. F. and P. M. Bowes (1972). Determination Of Vitamin B12,
Thiamine and Biotin In Lake Tahoe Waters Using Modified Marine Bioassay
Techniques. Limnol Oceanogr 17(5): 774-776.\
Seawater bioassays for dissolved vitamin b12, thiamine and biotin were
modified for freshwater samples. the assay algae are: b12, cyclotella
nana; thiamine, monochrysis lutheri; and biotin, amphidinium carterae.
the lowest detectable levels of dissolved vitamins are: b12, 0.1 ng/l;
thiamine, 4 ng/l; and biotin, 0.4 ng/l. summer and winter samples in a
water column near the center of lake tahoe, california, were assayed
using this method, and, with one exception, vitamins were found only in
the euphotic zone.\--copyright 1973, biological abstracts, inc.

Carney, H. J. (1987). Phytoplankton Dynamics In Large Temperate and
Tropical Lakes: Two Case Studies (Titicaca; Peru; Bolivia; Tahoe;
California; Nevada), University Of California, Davis.\
This dissertation includes seven papers on studies of phytoplankton of
Lake Titicaca (Peru/Bolivia) and Lake Tahoe (California/Nevada). The
introduction discusses these papers in relation to current progress in
the fields of ecology and limnology. Lake Titicaca has received
relatively little study. Thus, two papers focus on initial phases of
limnological work. One describes a new diatom species, Cyclotella
andina, which at times is a dominant species in the plankton. The other
provides a species list which includes 128 new records for the lake and
compares the flora and other structural aspects of Lake Titicaca to
other tropical and temperate lakes. A third paper reports a combination
of assays which test for nutrient limitation, one of the more important
factors which control the dynamics of these organisms. Lake Tahoe has
received much more study. This combined with the lake's proximity to the
University has allowed more sophisticated work to be done. One paper
focuses on the seasonality, demographic characteristics (growth and loss
processes) and competitive interactions of dominant phytoplankton
species. Another describes field tests of interspecific resource-based
competition among these species. A third paper discusses the application
of concepts of succession to Lake Tahoe, in particular r- and
K-selection theory. The dissertation closes with a look to the future.
This includes a paper on autoradiography, one of the techniques which
holds promise for linking studies of the dynamics of populations,
communities and ecosystems.

Carney, H. J. (1987). Field tests of interspecific resource-based
competition among phytoplankton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84(12):
4148-4150.

Carney, H. J., P. J. Richeson, et al. (1988). Seasonal phytoplankton
demographic processes and experiments on interspecific competition.
Ecology 69(3): 664-678.\
Population dynamics of Lake Tahoe phytoplankton species were studied
during 1985. Four dominant diatoms were examined: Cyclotella glomerata,
Cyclotella ocellata, Synedra amphicephala , and Synedra radians . All
three tests indicated that resource-based competition was important.
Species clearly segregated with thermal stratification and nutrient
depletion in the epilimnion. C. glomerata packed within the epilimnion
(0-20 m), S. radians became dominant in the deep chlorophyll maximum
region (60-90 m), and the other species peaked at intermediate depths.
Resource-limited growth was a dominant process during this time, and
sinking and natural death were significant losses. Primary productivity
nutrient-enrichment bioassays and growth kinetic assays (phosphate,
nitrate, light) also indicated that phosphate and light limitation were
important bases of species interactions.

Carney, H. J. and C. R. Goldman (1988). Seasonal Phytoplankton rho- and
K-selection in Oligotrophic Lake Tahoe. Internationale Vereinigung fuer
Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. 23(2): 672-676.\
Lake Tahoe is a large (400 sq km surface area), deep (505 meters
maximum, 313 meters mean depth) lake. The watershed is small (1.6:1
ratio of drainage basin to lake surface area) and consists primarily of
nutrient poor soils which overlie granitic bedrock. Because of these
watershed characteristics and the morphometry of the lake, Lake Tahoe
has been ultraoligotrophic for thousands of years. The unusual features
of this lake provide a rigorous test for the generality of the rho- and
K-selection concept. Rho refers to the intrinsic rate of increase, and
rho-selected organisms are small, fast-growing, short-lived and
opportunistic species which rapidly occupy resource-rich areas. K refers
to the carrying capacity, and K-selected organisms are the larger,
slow-growing, long-lived and highly competitive species which use
limiting resources efficiently. Data collected during a 1984-85 study
were examined to test whether phytoplankton seasonality in Lake Tahoe
agrees with the concept of rho- and K-selection. Several factors are
generally consistent with this concept during the spring and summer:
increasing water column stability, reduced nutrient concentrations,
declining primary productivity and specific growth rate, and a shift
from smaller short-lived cells to larger and more persistent forms. The
most striking difference of this lake is its muted seasonality, which
may be caused by some combination of the following factors: low nitrogen
and phosphorus loadings and lack of silica depletion, unusual depth, and
relatively low grazing pressure. If cultural eutrophication of this lake
continues, the rate of seasonal succession will probably increase and
become more typical for a north temperate lake.(Davis-PTT)

Carson Jr., W. D. (1980). Effluent Charges for Water Pollution Cont rol
in California.\
This report stems from a research project to identify an area of the
water pollution control program in California where the application of
effluent charges could be effective and beneficial. The project
incorporates a case study of Lake Tahoe as an example of potential
application of effluent charges and a model for answering difficult
questions of implementation of such charges. Taxes or charges are seen
as preferable to direct controls, except in terms of political
acceptability. The report attempts to improve political acceptability by
clarifying certain issues. It recommends (1) that charges be
administered by the Regional Boards, since water quality management
problems are regional in nature, and (2) that monitoring be a
combination of self-reporting by the discharger and random audits by the
Regional Boards. Numerous questions regarding implementation of effluent
charges are examined. The report suggests that effluent charges can be
applied to water quality control problems only in a simulation model
that requires information on technology, pollution transfer, water
quality, and treatment costs. Simulation studies of effluent charges
applied to industrial point sources of water pollution have also shown
effluent charges to be more efficient than uniform percentage reduction.
Suggested uses of generated revenue, relevant federal legislation,
administrative costs, and an extensive bibliography are included.

Cartier, K. D., L. A. Peltz, et al. (1994). Development and
documentation of spatial data bases for the Lake Tahoe basin, California
and Nevada, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Earth
Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section, Denver, CO.

Carville, J. S. (1989). Lingering in Tahoe's wild gardens : a guide to
hundreds of the most beautiful wildflower gardens of the Lake Tahoe
region. Chicago Park, CA, Mountain Gypsy Press.

Cave, D. L. (1987). Geochemical Reactions Between Primary-Treated Sewage
and Volcanic Phase Assemblages Near Tahoe City, California, University
Of Nevada, Reno (0139).\
Volcanic terrain near Tahoe City, California, was utilized from 1970 to
1978 as a land disposal medium for primary-treated sewage. Prior to
effluent application, the primary geochemical process occurring in the
latite flow system was weathering of aluminosilicates; feldspars were
the dominant reactants, contributing 82 percent of total ions (Ca, Na,
K) to solution. During effluent application, dissolution of plagioclase
feldspars increased 260 percent; Ca concentrations in solution increased
proportionately, but Na and K levels decreased. Cation exchange and
adsorption were not viable mechanisms for continual removal of high
sodic concentrations from solution; therefore, formation of disordered
clays appears to have been the principal sink for Na, K and silica in
the flow system. Cation concentrations in solution and resultant clay
precipitation were controlled by: (1) aluminosilicate dissolution and
resultant cation ratios in solution; (2) anion concentrations; and (3)
aluminum concentrations in solution. Order No: AAC 9224917 ProQuest -
Dissertation Abstracts

Cefalu, J. (1987). Tahoe's economic environment crippled : regional
government's impact. California County May-June: 25+.

CH2MHill and Tahoe-Truckee Sanitation Agency (1978). Sewage disposal
study for the North Tahoe - Truckee area. Redding, CA, CH2MHill.

Chang, C., J. Kender, et al. (1991). super(113m)Cd in Lake Tahoe. The
34th Conference of the International Association of Great Lakes
Research, Ann Arbor, MI.\
The fallout isotope super(113m)Cd (t sub( is equivalent ) = 14.6y, 99%
beta super(-), E sub(max) 0.59MeV) has been detected in preliminary
studies of water and sediment from Lake Tahoe. A hollow fiber filtrator
was used to dewater ca. 1 g of Fe(OH) sub(3) freshly precipitated from
750 L of lake water that had been amended with a stable Cd recovery
tracer. super(113m)Cd isolated on this precipitate was decontaminated
from other beta super(-) emitters using the procedure developed earlier,
and determined using a "pancake" proportional counter. Duplicate samples
averaged 500 +/- 210 x 10 super(-6) Bq/L. Naturally-occurring Cd in the
lake ranges around 20 pM, giving a mean specific activity of similar to
0.2 MBq/g. In sediment cores from near midlake, super(113m)Cd activity
exhibits a pronounced subsurface maximum between 2-3 cm, reaching about
17 mBq/g dry weight. This value agrees well with the sedimentation rate
derived from the unsupported super(210)Pb profile.

Chang, C. C. Y., J. S. Kuwabara, et al. (1992). Phosphate and iron
limitation of phytoplankton biomass in Lake Tahoe. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. 49(6): 1206-1215.\
Field measurements and bioassay experiments were coupled to investigate
the interdependent processes affecting phytoplankton biomass at Lake
Tahoe using a trace metal protocol. Water samples were analyzed for
suspended particular matter, dissolved organic carbon, major ions and
macronutrients, adenosine triphosphate, and phytoplankton abundance.
Concentrations of total Cd ( less than or equal to 18 pM), Cu (2.25-8.85
nM), and Fe (22-49 nM) were similar to or lower than those reported for
other oligotrophic lakes. Bioassays were carried out to assess the
response of inoculated, single-species diatom populations (Cyclotella
meneghiniana and Aulocosiera italica ) to additions of synthetic
chelators (EDTA, EDDHA), and phosphate. A chemical speciation model
along with the field data was also used to predict how trace metal
speciation, and hence bioavailability, was affected by the chelator
additions. Results suggest that phosphate was limiting to phytoplankton
biomass. Other solutes, Fe in particular, may also exert controls on
biomass. Nitrate limitation seems less likely, although Fe-limiting
conditions, as suggested by the biomass, may have led to an effective N
limitation because algae require Fe to carry out nitrate reduction.
Small perturbations in chemistry may have pronounced effects on
phytoplankton biomass in oligotrophic systems where essential nutrients
ar at low concentrations.

Chappie, E. A., D. B. Seney, et al. (1990). Oral history interview with
Eugene A. Chappie : Member, California State Assembly, 1965-1974;
Member, United States House of Representatives, 1981-1986; March 12,
1990, April 3, 1990, April 5, 1990 and April 10, 1990, Placerville,
California.

ChartAmerica Corporation (1976). South Lake Tahoe and surrounding area.
San Antonio, Texas, ChartAmerica Corporation.

Chatfieldtaylor, J. (1989). Contemporary Traditions On Lake-Tahoe.
Architectural Digest 46(10): 270+.

Chilman, K. C. and G. Hampton (1982). A new recreation inventory system
to aid land management decision-making: an application at Lake Tahoe
Management of dispersed recreation on large wildland areas, National
Forests. Symposium on Leisure Research, Minneapolis, University of
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

Christensen, D. R. and R. W. Prettyman (1975). Thickening Of Unwanted
Spent Lime Rejects. Water And Sewage Works 122(5): 102-104.\
The montgomery county regional advanced waste treatment plant in
maryland is planning to treat its lime sludge by separating the unwanted
materials (rejects) from the spent lime by centrifugation. the spent
lime can be reused following recalcination. the rejects will be further
settled in gravity thickeners before being pumped to dewatering
equipment prior to final disposal. an investigation was conducted to
obtain design data for the gravity thickening units. the tests were
conducted with rejects from a centrifuge at the south lake tahoe
advanced waste treatment plant in california. rejects from the
centrifuge are expected to enter the thickeners at 3% solids. a 24 hr
detention time in a 6 ft depth at 4% solids should result in a solids
loading rate of 15 lb/sf/day. two 90 ft diameter rejects thickeners with
a 10 ft side water depth are the preliminary design recommendations.
this design will produce solids loading at a maximum flow of 16
lb/sf/day. (orr-firl)

Christensen, R., R. Eilbert, et al. (1980). An Exploratory Application
of Entropy Minimax to Weather Prediction: Estimating the Likelihood of
Multi-Year Droughts in California, Entropy Ltd., Lincoln, MA.\
A new information theoretic technique was tested for long range
forecasting of the probability of extended drought. Time-series data
were obtained describing precipitation, stream flow, tree ring indices,
atmospheric temperature and pressure, sea surface temperature, Palmer
drought severity index, and other variables. The geographical region
includes Far Western North America, and mid- and north Pacific Ocean;
the time span extends from about 1850 to 1977. These time-series were
analyzed for patterns enabling long range prediction of annual
precipitation in a 7-station Sacramento-Tahoe region in California.
Patterns were found in a randomly selected (training) half of the years
enabling prediction of wet versus dry probabilities for the other (test)
half with lead times of one, two or three years. The accuracy of the
predictions on the test half of the data is 63%, statistically
significant at the 94% confidence level. For comparison, the accuracy
obtained for a random predictor is 50%, and the accuracy for a one-year
persistence hypothesis is 54%, with negligible statistical significance.
On extreme years (extremely wet or extremely dry), the predictive
accuracy of the patterns rises to 78%, evidence of their physical
meaningfulness. On extreme years, the accuracy of the persistence
hypothesis, on the other hand, degrades to 51%.

City of South Lake Tahoe (1982). The code of the city of South Lake
Tahoe, California : the general ordinances of the city, City of South
Lake Tahoe, CA.

City of South Lake Tahoe (1990). City code of the city of South Lake
Tahoe, California : codified ordinances of the city, City of South Lake
Tahoe, CA.

Clair A. Hill Associates (1965). A preliminary report concerning
recommended additions to the sewage treatment plant and Bijou pump
station for South Tahoe Public Utility District, Bijou, El Dorado
County, California, Clair A. Hill Associates, Redding, CA: 12 p., 2
leaves of plates.

Clarke, R. M. (1991). South Lake Tahoe Gaming: Analysis and History,
University Of Nevada, Reno.\
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the gambling industry at the
south shore of Lake Tahoe. The study is intended to show how the
industry developed, where it is today, and what influences it. The
thesis is divided into three sections. The first section is the history
of the area's gambling industry development, who and what shaped it.
This section is primarily historical, not analytical. The second section
is a regression analysis of the exogenous factors that affect the area
gaming. The factors found to directly influence gaming were California
wages and salaries, seasons, local non-gaming recreational offerings,
holidays, and inflation. The third section is an attempt to create a
demand-side oriented tourism index for South Lake Tahoe that will give a
clear, accurate view of the local tourism trends.

Clontz, J. N. (1974). The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency : problems and
perspectives in the Lake Tahoe Basin, University of San Diego, School of
Law, San Diego, CA.

Coatney, R. L. (1965). Modal Analysis Of the Granitic Rocks Of the
Northern Sierra Nevada Between Yosemite and Lake Tahoe, California, The
Pennsylvania State University (0176).

Coats, R. N. (1975). Nitrogen Flux Through a Forested Watershed Near
Lake Tahoe, California, University Of California, Berkeley.

Coats, R. N., R. L. Leonard, et al. (1976). Nitrogen uptake and release
in a forested watershed, Lake Tahoe basin, California. Ecology - Durham
57(5): 995-1004.

Coats, R. N., R. L. Leonard, et al. (1978). Removal of nitrogen from
snowmelt water by the soil-vegetation system, Lake Tahoe Basin,
California. West-Snow-Conf., Carson City, NV.

Coats, R. N. (1993). Nitrogen concentration-discharge relationships in
streams of the Lake Tahoe basin, California-Nevada. Annual Meeting
Abstracts - USA Aslo And Sws.\
Lake Tahoe is a large ultra-oligotrophic lake in the Sierra Nevada.
Because the Lake is undergoing rapid eutrophication, the input of
nutrients from basin watersheds has been studied intensively since the
early 1970's. This paper reports on the efforts to develop
discharge-concentration models for nitrate-nitrogen in 10 stream in the
Lake Tahoe Basin. A simple 2-variable model was developed to compare the
water types: "short flow-path water" that dominates during storms and
snowmelt, and "long flow-path water" that dominates base flow. Stepwise
linear regression was used to fit model parameters to the data. Both
independent variables made a highly significant contribution to
explaining the concentration variance. The results of this study may be
useful for developing predictive models for estimating nutrient input to
the Lake, and for guiding policy aimed at controlling that input.

Coats, R. and C. Goldman (1993). Nitrate Transport in Subalpine Streams,
Lake Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada, U.S.A. Applied Geochemistry 8(2):
17-21.\
Efforts have been taken to develop a linear model which relates
nitrate-N concentration to two discharge variables, and to fit the model
to the data using multiple regression. The data set comprises \>3100
mean daily discharge and nitrate-N concentration values representing 45
watershed-years. The goal was to compare the relative contribution to
nitrate-N concentration of two dominant water types: 'short flow-path
water' that occurs during storms and snowmelt, and 'long flow-path
water' or base flow. The first variable is a reciprocal function of
discharge, derived from a mixing model for two water types in an open
system. The second variable uses either cumulative water discharge or
cumulative nitrate-N load for the water year. Stepwise linear regression
was used to fit model parameters to the data. Both independent variables
made a highly significant contribution to explaining the concentration
variance. Values of R-squared ranged from 0.22 to 0.45. For one
catchment, the model was fitted to data for eight separate water years;
it explained up to 80% of the variance in nitrate-N concentration. These
results indicate that the model can be used to distinguish anthropogenic
nitrate sources from the ion pulse associated with early snowmelt, and
to develop predictive models for estimating total load.

Cobourn, J. (1989). Cumulative Watershed Effects (CWE) Analysis in
Federal and Private Forests in California. Symposium on Headwaters
Hydrology. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, MD.\
Resource managers at the State and Federal forestry agencies in
California are working to develop CWE analysis methodologies to satisfy
legal requirements for consideration of cumulative impacts in watersheds
of mixed ownership. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the
Clean Water Act of 1977, as well as the California Environmental Quality
Act (CEQA), require that the effects of past, present, and future
management activities be considered together to prevent water quality
impacts. Such analysis creates a safety net for water quality\--the
ultimate best management practice for predicting impacts which might be
missed if planning were carried out only at the project proposal level.
Some of the most detailed CWE analyses in California are being performed
by the hydrologists of the USDA Forest Service (USFS) using the Region 5
Forest Service methodology. Phase one of this approach is the
calculation of a Natural Sensitivity Index for each watershed. Phase two
is the compilation of the acreage of all management activities,
including road surfaces, into a Land Disturbance History. In this phase,
the Equivalent Roaded Acre (ERA) is often used as a unit of measure.
Phase three is a field investigation, and phase four is an evaluation,
based on Phases one, two, and three, of the possibility that the
watershed may be at or near its geomorphic Threshold of Concern (TOC),
beyond which special measures will be needed to ensure protection
against adverse CWE. (See also W90-08822) (Author's abstract)

Cobourn, J. (1989). Application of Cumulative Watershed Effects (CWE)
Analysis on the Eldorado National Forest in California. Proceedings of
the Symposium on Headwaters Hydrology, American Water Resources
Association, Bethesda, Maryland.\
The Region 5 Office of the USDA Forest Service has directed the National
Forests of California to develop their own applications of the Region's
'Cumulative Off-site Watershed Effects Analysis' methodology. The
Eldorado National Forest has developed and implemented such a process.
Phase 1 of the process relies heavily on the Soil Survey and the
Streamside Management Zones for calculation of a weighted Natural
Sensitivity Index (NSI). The second phase of the analysis calls for the
district offices to assemble the actual acreages and dates of various
management activities, including proposed activities, in a Land
Disturbance History (LDH). This summary uses the Equivalent Roaded Acre
(ERA) as a unit of measure for normalizing the disturbance caused by
various Harvest and Site Preparation activities. Phase 3, a detailed
field observation of the channel system, is conducted if phases 1 and 2
indicate a need for concern. Once these phases are complete, phase 4, an
estimate of the Threshold of Concern (TOC), is made. The estimated TOC
is not a firm number but rather an approximation, such as 10-12% ERA for
a very sensitive watershed. This TOC is only one part of a summary
statement which attempts to explain management implications in terms of
the degree of risk of initiating adverse CWE. (See also W90-08822)
(Author's abstract)

Coil, J. A., III (1978). Spatial Heterogeneity Of Selected Nutrients In
Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada), University Of California, Davis (0029).

Coleman, E. H. (1950). Map of Fallen Leaf Lodge region, Lake Tahoe,
Calif.

Compass Maps (1974). Welcome to North Lake Tahoe. Modesto, CA, Compass
Maps.

Compass Maps and El Dorado County Chamber of Commerce (1976). Map of El
Dorado County. Modesto, CA, Compass Maps.

Comstock, H. O. and J. B. Goodman (1941). Lake Tahoe. Lake Tahoe, CA,
Brockway Hotel and Hot Springs.

Cooley, R. L., J. W. Fordham, et al. (1971). Hydrology Of Truckee
Meadows, Nevada, University of Nevada - Reno, Desert Research
Institute.\
The states of california and nevada and the federal government are
involved in the fate of pyramid lake and the newlands irrigation
project. truckee meadows, which lies at the base of the carson range (a
spur of the sierra nevada) approximately 30 miles northeast of lake
tahoe, was studied with regard to its potential as a source for
additional water for the system. using the groundwater model,
groundwater inflow to the meadows from areas peripheral to the basin was
estimated to be about 5,000 acre-feet per year (ac-ft/yr). however,
using reasonable extremes for transmissivities, the model indicates
inflow could range from 2,000 to 8,000 ac-ft/yr. the estimated recharge
rate includes underflow from tributary valleys, recharge on alluvial
fans and slopes, and underflow from the bordering mountain ranges.
underflow out of truckee meadows occurs in the vicinity of vista and is
apparently less than 10 ac-ft/yr. mining groundwater in the meadows
would yield about 2 feet of water per 10 feet of saturated material per
unit area based on an estimated average specific pumping carries several
risks which could overshadow any benefits. lowering water levels in
areas of groundwater discharge will increase hydraulic gradients toward
the discharge areas and will likely induce movement of poorer quality
water into pumpage areas.

Coon, T. G., M. Lopez, et al. (1987). Summer Dynamics of the Deep
Chlorophyll Maximum in Lake Tahoe. Journal of Plankton Research 9(2):
327-344.\
Vertical profiles of chlorophyll and phytoplankton biomass were measured
in Lake Tahoe from July 1976 through April 1977. A deep chlorophyll
maximum (DCM) persisted during summer and early autumn (July-October)
near 100 m, well below the mixed layer and at the upper surface of the
nutricline. The DCM coincided with the phytoplankton biomass maximum as
determined from cell counts. In addition, the composition of the
phytoplankton assemblage was highly differentiated with respect to
depth. Cyclotella stelligera was the predominant species in the mixed
layer while the major species in the DCM layer included C. ocellata and
several green ultraplanktonic species. In situ cell growth plays a
substantial role in maintaining the DCM, but sinking of cells from
shallower depths and zooplankton grazing above the DCM persists at the
boundary between an upper, nutrient-limited phytoplankton assemblage and
a deeper, light-limited assemblage. (Author's abstract)

Cordone, A. J., S. J. Nicola, et al. (1971). The Kokanee Salmon In Lake
Tahoe. Calif Fish Game 57(1): 28-43.\
Large numbers of kokanee salmon, oncorhynchus nerka, fry were stocked in
lake tahoe from 1949 through 1955. kokanee became established but the
population remained at a low level until 1963 when a dramatic increase
in the number of spawners was observed. a fishery finally developed in
1967. major spawning concentrations occur in taylor creek and along the
shores of mckinney bay. in most years from 1960 through 1968 virtually
the entire taylor creek run was composed of a single age group from
certain strong year classes. presence of strong year classes suggests
high survival of naturally-spawned fish. there is some evidence,
however, of high egg retention. lake tahoe kokanee grow rapidly and a
trend toward increasing growth rates since 1961 is suggested. their
length-weight relationship was log w=-3.26090 + 2.91063 log l. their
diet consisted mostly of cladocerans. they are widely distributed in the
limnetic zone and strongly surface oriented, except during the summer
and early fall when large schools form off taylor creek at depths from
50 to 120 ft.\--copyright 1971, biological abstracts, inc.

Corps of Engineers (1969). Flood Plain Information, Trout and Bijou
Creeks, South Lake Tahoe, California. Corps Eng Flood Plain Report,
Corps of Engineers. 23.\
Flooding of trout and bijou creeks, south lake tahoe, california, is
described in a report of flood plain problems based on records of
rainfall, runoff, and historical and present flood heights. maps,
photographs, profiles, and cross sections indicate the extent of
flooding that has occurred and which may be expected to occur in the
future. the information is for use in study and planning ways to
minimize vulnerability to flood damages by control of flood plain use by
zoning and subdivision regulations, the construction of flood protection
works, or by combinations of these approaches.

Corps of Engineers (1969). Flood Plain Information, Upper Truckee River,
South Lake Tahoe, California. , Oct, Corps of Engineers. 27.\
Flooding of the upper truckee river, south lake tahoe, california is
described in a report of flood plain problems based on records of
rainfall, runoff, and historical and present flood heights. maps,
photographs, profiles, and cross sections indicate the extent of
flooding that has occurred and which may be expected to occur in the
future. the information is for use in study and planning ways to
minimize vulnerability to flood damages by control of flood plain use by
zoning and subdivision regulations, the construction of flood protection
works, or by combinations of these approaches.

Costantini, E. and K. Hanf (1971). Environmental Concern and Political
Elites: A Study Of Perceptions, Backgrounds, and Attitudes, Institute of
Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis.\
Inevitably the question of what constitutes unacceptable environmental
conditions is a political one. environmental policy is not an
irresistible, simple, unchallenged response to empirical or scientific
fact alone, but is determined through trial by political combat.
environmental policy tends to be a function of the degree of concern for
environmental problems on the part of those persons in a position to
make or affect relevant decisions. the decision makers in the latke
tahoe basin are examined in terms of variations in their level of
concern for environmental problems. the relationship between these
variations and other environmental perceptions, the background, and
political, social and psychological attitudes of the decision makers is
discussed. a larger study is concerned with identifying and analyzing
the attitudes and interests of the most significant actors concerned
with environmental policy in the lake tahoe basin.

Costantini, E. and K. Hanf (1972). Environmental Concern At Lake Tahoe,
a Study Of Elite Perceptions, Backgrounds, and Attitudes. Environment
And Behavior 4(2): 209-242.\
Environmental policy is determined through trial by political combat and
is, therefore, among other things, a function of concern for
environmental problems on the part of those persons in a position to
make or affect relevant decisions. a perspective is needed from which to
penetrate this growing but diffuse concern for environmental problems
and thus to provide a more differentiated point of departure for the
analysis of environmental policy-making. in profile fashion, the
perceptions, backgrounds, and attitudes of significant factors affecting
environmental decision-making in a limited but environmentally
significant local \-- the lake tahoe basin \-- are explored. on the
basis of responses to a series of likert-type questions by some 300
people, who, by virtue of their position, reputation and activity, were
identified as significantly affecting environmental decision-making, an
environmental concern scale was constructed as a measure of the
respondent's concern for environmental quality at tahoe. scores on this
scale led to grouping the respondents in terms of variations in levels
of concern; these variations were then examined in terms of their
relationship with (1) other environmental dispositions and perceptions,
(2) the social background, and (3) the political and social
psychological attitudes of the decision-makers. significant differences
were found between high and low scorers on the concern scale along each
of these dimensions. those displaying a relatively high level of
environmental concern were more likely to be professionals or
governmental officials and less likely to be businessmen or anchored in
the tahoe area. (davis - chicago)

Costantini, E. and K. Hanf (1973). The Environmental Impulse and Its
Competitors: Attitudes, Interests, and Institutions At Lake Tahoe,
Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis.\
Inevitably, the question of what constitutes unacceptable environmental
conditions is a political one: environmental policy cannot be an
irresistible, simple, unchallenged response to empirical or scientific
fact alone. no matter how weighty the evidence of degradation may be,
the environmental impulse inevitably competing, perhaps stronger,
impulses. as a consequence, what constitutes unacceptable environmental
conditions and what to do about them are political questions, for it is
in the political process that disagreement over significant social
values and conflicting interests finds expression and seeks some form of
resolution. two central ingredients of that process are considered:
first, the attitudes and backgrounds of persons critically affecting
environmental decision-making in the tahoe basin, and second, the
framework of political institutions within which decisions regarding the
basin are made. in particular, the extent to which these institutions
have been responsive to the values of environmental quality, is
examined. the objective is to explore the relationships between
political institutions and institution building at tahoe on the one
hand, and the environmental impulse and its competitors on the other.
(snyder-california)

Costantini, E. and K. Hanf (1974). The politics of ecology and the Lake
Tahoe Basin, Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of
California, Davis: 85 leaves.

Costantini, E., G. Wandesforde-Smith, et al. (1974). Regional agency
voting behavior : the Tahoe experience, Institute of Governmental
Affairs, University of California, Davis.

Costantini, E. (1975). The Environmental Impulse and Its Competitors:
Attitudes, Interests, and Institutions at Lake Tahoe, University of
California, Davis.\
A summarized and updated version is presented of a Technical C ompletion
Report (See W74-06843). Inevitably, the question of what constitutes
unacceptable environmental conditions is a political one: Environmental
policy cannot be an irresistible, simple unchallenged response to
empirical or scientific fact alone. No matter how weighty the evidence
of degradation may be, the environmental impulse inevitably confronts
competing, perhaps stronger, impulses. As a consequence, what
constitutes unacceptable environmental conditions and what to do about
them are political questions, for it is in the political process that
disagreement over significant social values and conflicting interests
finds expression and seeks some form of resolution. The relationship
between political institutions and institution building at Tahoe on the
one hand, and the environmental impulse and its competitors on the other
is explored. (Snyder-California, Davis)

Court, J. E., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1972). Surface Sediments In Lake
Tahoe, California-Nevada. Journal Of Sedimentary Petrology 42(2):
359-377.\
Samples from 40 sites in lake tahoe and from six major tributaries were
analyzed for mineral and biogenic components and for texture. the areal
distribution of volcanic constituents of sand and gravel fractions
reflects volcanic sources in the north and northwest parts of the basin.
volcanic areas contribute montmorillonite to clay fractions whereas
vermiculite and chloritic intergrades are characteristic weathering
products of granitic sources. two distinct types of sediment are
present. pollen-rich diatomaceous ooze (organic ooze) is characterized
by: (a) abundant diatoms and pollen; (b) chloritic intergrades in the
clay fraction; and (c) all from flat-lying, well stratified beds. the
other sediment type (non-organic) is typified by: (a) diatoms and pollen
rare or absent; (b) vermiculite/mica/montmorillonite clay fraction; (c)
not present in flat-lying beds; and (d) texturally more varied than
organic ooze. non-organic samples represent still-exposed depositional
products of the tioga glaciation, reflecting relatively rapid erosion
and slumping into deeper parts of the basin. the principal source of
non-organic material was the west side where volcanic rocks constitute
about half of the area. in contrast, organic ooze samples result from
relatively passive post-glacial fluvial erosion. the relative abundance
of biogenic components in organic ooze reflects low depositional rates
and the clay fraction, rich in chloritic intergrades points to the
dominance of granitic source rocks in the present basin-widesource.
(knapp-usgs)

Cover, A. E. and L. J. Pieroni (1969). Appraisal Of Granular Carbon
Contacting: Phase 1. Evaluation Of the Literature, and Phase 2. Economic
Effect Of Design Variables, Swindell-Dressler Co., Pittsburgh, PA.\
A literature review of tertiary waste water treatment gives special
attention to activated carbon adsorption of chemical oxygen demand
(cod), allowable capacity (loading) of carbon with organic waste matter,
carbon particle size, and number of regeneration cycles on adsorption
capacity and rate. the economic effects of shop fabrication and field
erection of vessels, surge designs, plant size, idle carbon inventory,
velocity, contact time, particle size, regeneration loss, carbon
capacity, material costs, number of contacting stages, and in-place
regeneration are discussed. most of the data were collected from carbon
treatment plants at pomona (california), lake tahoe (california), nitro
(west virginia), washington (new jersey), and lebanon (ohio).
recommendations are made for further evaluation and experimental work.

Crescent Books (1987). Lake Tahoe : a picture book to remember her by.
New York, NY, Crescent Books.

Crippen, J. R., B. R. Pavelka, et al. (1969). The Lake Tahoe Basin,
California-Nevada, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.

Crippen, J. R., B. R. Pavelka, et al. (1970). The Lake Tahoe basin,
California-Nevada, U.S. GPO, Washington, D.C.

Crocker, C. and J. W. Dwinelle (1879). Letter to John W. Dwinelle : San
Francisco : ALS, 1879 Oct. 17, (Concerning the meaning of the word
Tahoe.).

Croke, E. J. (1973). An Evaluation Of the Impact Of Land Use On
Environmental Quality, Argonne National Lab., Illinois Center for
Environmental Studies.\
Recent federal legislation such as the federal clean air act (1970) and
the water pollution control act have mandated pollution control plans
reflecting the spatial distribution of pollutant sources for
metropolitan regions and river basins. such plans would necessitate the
substitution of a comprehensive land use policy for the present
technologically oriented pollution control strategy which is seriously
hampered by rapid development. any environmental land use policy would
have to consider the relationship between the assimilative capacity of
an area and environmental quality standards. for example, large
quantities of toxic industrial wastes may be contaminating new jersey
groundwater due to an inability to assimilate the wastes. lake tahoe and
atlanta are cited as two areas where regional development plans have
included constraints due to assimilative capacity. current national
environmental strategy, however, tends to disregard the particular
assimilative capacities of different areas by establishing national
emission and environmental quality standards. current land development
policy, with projects having a 25-30 year economic lifetime can often
lead to socioeconomic irreversibility of the consequent environmental
problems. highway systems, airports, and the land development and
population distribution they engender are cases in point. in order to
insure the inclusion of environmental control in land use decisions by
states and localities the federal government has a wide variety of
incentives and disincentives at its disposal including the withholding
of granting of funds for transportation systems, water treatment
facilities and energy distribution systems.

Crow, L. W. and California Energy Commission (1978). California Climatic
Thermal Zone 16 near Lake Tahoe related to energy requirements for
heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning. Sacramento, California
Energy Commission.

Cuenca, R. (1974). Preliminary Study Of Experimental System For Ammonia
Removal At South Lake Tahoe Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant. Lake
Tahoe Research Seminar II, Sands Vagabond Convention Center, South Lake
Tahoe, CA.\
Nitrogen first enters the treatment plant in domestic wastewater in the
form of ammonia and organic nitrogen compounds. total nitrogen in
domestic wastewater can vary from 20 to 55 mg/1. in the activated sludge
treatment process such as that at south lake tahoe, these compounds are
first hydrolyzed and then oxidized by microorganisms until all of the
nitrogen is converted to aqueous ammonia. as the result of research
conducted in south africa and israel, interest was stimulated in a
method of ammonia removal which had never been tried at plant scale. the
system is basically comprised of four components. following chemical
clarification of the lime treated wastewater, the water is transferred
to a high ph detention pond. the detention time in the pond varies from
5 to 12 hrs depending on the influent flow rate. this first pond is
followed by a second detention pond in series. this pond has installed a
system of 46 spray nozzles. following the ponds is a modified stripping
tower. installed in the interior of the tower is a system of 24 spray
nozzles identical to those in the spray pond. the final step was
breakpoint chlorination which had previously been used at south lake
tahoe. (see also w76-07793) (sims - isws)

Culp, G. and A. Slechta (1966). Plant Scale Reactivation and Reuse Of
Carbon In Wastewater Reclamation. Water And Sewage Works 113(11):
425-431.\
At the 2.5 mgd tertiary sewage treatment plant at so. lake tahoe,
activated carbon has been very effective in removing organic materials.
efficient regeneration of the carbon is provided. for each mg of
effluent about 740 lbs of carbon is removed through a 2 in. pipeline to
two spent carbon tanks (coal-tar epoxy coating) with screened drain for
dewatering the carbon to 43 percent moisture in 1 hr. carbon is moved by
a variable speed stainless steel screw conveyor, capacity 40 to 250
lbs/hour, discharging into the top of the regeneration furnace. the
carbon moves downward through the six hearths each equipped with gas-air
control burners. steam can be added also. the regenerated carbon is
discharged from the bottom of the furnace into a quench tank, from which
it is pumped to the regenerated carbon storage tank, where it is washed
to remove any fine carbon. regeneration is controlled by hourly
determination of the apparent density of the carbon - it decreases with
destruction of the absorbed organics to a final apparent density of
0.49. ash content is also monitored. carbon loss has averaged less than
10 percent per regeneration cycle. cost to regenerate and make up one
pound of carbon was only one-sixth the cost of virgin carbon.
regeneration costs are only 3.8 cents per one thousand gallons of
effluent. (bean-awwarf)

Culp, R. L. and R. E. Roderick (1966). The Lake Tahoe Water Reclamation
Plant. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 38(2):
147-155.\
The authors describe the new tertiary sewage treatment plant of south
tahoe public utility district which produces a high quality, colorless,
odorless effluent. the article presents construction and operating cost
estimates for plants of 2.5, 10.0, 50.0, 100.0, and 200.0 mgd capacity,
and for varying degrees of treatment. a principal conclusion is that the
total cost of providing the maximum quality tertiary treatment with this
process would vary from 24 cents to 37 cents/cap/month, depending on the
size of the treatment plant. this estimated cost is based upon an
average estimated effluent volume of 100 gpd per capita. the authors
also conclude that 'tertiary treatment provides an economic advantage
over desalination as a source of water, since wastewater can be
renovated for only 10-15 percent of the latest realistic estimates of
cost for desalination'.

Culp, R. L. (1967). The Tahoe Process For Nutrient Removal. 7th
Industrial Water And Waste Conference, Texas Water Pollution Control
Association.\
A 2 1/2 mgd water reclamation plant was placed into operation during the
summer of 1965 at South Tahoe, California. The process which evolved
from the operating experience of this original tertiary plant plus the
information gained from this demonstration was the basis for the design
of an expanded process capable of handling 7 1/2 mgd. The new process
not only removes phosphates, nitrogen, and organics present in waste
waters, but also provides for the recovery and reuse of chemicals
employed in the process. All solid wastes are reduced to sterile ash by
incineration. The total investment to provide tertiary treatment will be
almost equal to that for providing secondary treatment at Tahoe.

Culp, R. L. (1969). Disease Due to 'Nonpathogenic' Bacteria. Journal Of
The American Water Works Association 61(3): 157.\
Gram-negative bacteria such as e. coli and p. aeruginosa can, under
certain conditions, become pathogenic to man\--especially to young
infants and premature babies. the advent of sulfonamides and antibiotics
has broadened the range of conditions within which these bacteria may
act as pathogens. water supplies can be made and kept free of all
gram-negative bacteria by chlorination of all water supplies, the
covering of all finished water storage reservoirs, filtration of all
surface waters, continuous monitoring and recording of chlorine
residuals and turbidity in finished water, and elimination of cross
connections to water distribution systems. (britton-awwarf)

Culp, R. (1969). Water Reclamation At South Tahoe. Water Wastes Eng
6(4): 36-39.\
A 7.5 mgd water reclamation plant which employs advanced wastewater
treatment practices has been operating for 9 mos with good results. the
water is used for irrigation of alfalfa, other hay, and pasture land.
there are plans to use the water for contact sports. the process starts
with chlorination for odor control, then continues with a conventional
activated sludge treatment with some recirculation of lime sludge for
phosphorus removal. the effluent from the conventional treatment
receives 5 steps of tertiary treatment: flocculation and coagulation
with phosphorus removal (lime), nitrogen stripping, recarbonation,
filtration, activated carbon columns, and chlorination. the sludges are
incinerated with recovery of lime and carbon dioxide. the plant removes
nearly 100 percent of the bod, cod, suspended solids, color, odor,
coliforms and turbidity. the removal of phosphorus is about 94 percent
and of nitrogen is greater than 50 percent. the spent carbon is
regenerated with a loss of about 5 percent per cycle. the water is
lifted 270 ft to a storage tank then about 1500 feet more to indian
creek reservoir where it is removed for use. (ledbetter-texas)

Culp, R. L. and H. E. Moyer (1969). Wastewater Reclamation and Export At
South Tahoe. Civil Eng 39(6): 38-42.\
The 7.5-mgd reclamation plant at the south tahoe public utility district
is the most advanced full-scale wastewater treatment plant in the world.
treatment consists of 2 basic parts, liquid processing and solids
handling. the first 2 steps of liquid processing are the conventional
ones of primary, or solids separation, and secondary, or biological
oxidation. in addition, the advanced treatment provides chemical
treatment and phosphorus removal, mixed-media filtration, activated
carbon adsorption, and disinfection. the solids handling system provides
for incineration of biological sludge, regeneration and reuse of
granular activated carbon, and recalcining and reuse of lime, all by
means of multiple hearth furnaces equipped with scrubbers and
afterburners. results to date indicate that the plant removes all of the
suspended solids, color, odor and bacteria; most of the bod, cod, mbas,
and phosphorus; and 50 to 98% of the nitrogen. reclaimed water is
exported from the tahoe basin and used to irrigate croplands.
(knapp-usgs)

Culp, R. L., D. R. Evans, et al. (1971). Advanced waste water treatment
as practiced at South Tahoe, Water Quality Office, Environmental
Protection Agency, For sale by U.S. GPO, Washington, D.C.\
A 7.5 mgd advanced wastewater treatment plant at south lake tahoe,
california has been in uninterrupted operation for three years. chemical
treatment, mixed media filtration, and granular carbon adsorption have
been shown to be efficient, reliable, and economical processes for
wastewater treatment. a degree of reliability and flexibility comparable
to that achieved in electric power generation and water purification has
been achieved by appropriate selection and sequencing of unit processes
and proper plant design. plant bypasses have been eliminated. bacteria
and viruses have been entirely eliminated from the effluent by small
chlorine dosages. lime has been recalcined in a multiple hearth furnace
without air pollution, and granular activated carbon has been
successfully regenerated and reused, with stack gasses scrubbed to meet
air pollution standards. the entire plant produces only clean water,
sterile ash, and harmless gases. reclaim ed wastewater has been used to
form a recreational lake, certified for all water contact sports by
regular testing, and free of algal blooms. the wastewater treatment cost
has been approximately twice the cost of conventional wastewater
treatment, but the project has demonstrated that man's wastes need no
longer degrade the environment if genuine desire and determination to
solve the problem is applied. (lowry-texas)

Culp, R. L. and S. P. Hansen (1980). Carbon Adsorption Enhancement with
Ozone. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 52(2):
270-281.\
Adding ozone (3 or 10 mg per liter) during activated carbon treatment of
secondary effluent did not sufficiently enhance COD removal in pilot
plant studies at South Tahoe, California, to warrant installation of a
full-scale plant. Tests were continued until COD breakthrough occurred.
The best test results showed an 80% increase in adsorptive capacity, but
these high results were not duplicated in subsequent runs. Several
characteristics of the system in this facility contributed to the
negative results\--chlorine residuals and low soluble COD in the
effluent and low biological activity and normally aerobic conditions on
the adsorption bed. Ozone-enhanced activated carbon adsorption has been
used successfully in Europe and in Cleveland, where different conditions
prevail. It is believed that several factors affect the results of ozone
addition\--nature of the organic material, amount of organic loading,
presence or absence of aerobic conditions, species and growth of
bacteria, and pretreatment of effluent. (Cassar-FRC)

Culp/Wesner/Culp (1979). Master plan for the South Tahoe Public Utility
District water system. Cameron Park, CA, Culp/Wesner/Culp.

Culp/Wesner/Culp and Tahoe City Public Utility District (1982). Master
plan for the Tahoe City Public Utility District water system,
Culp/Wesner/Culp, Cameron Park, CA.

Culver, R. H. and R. H. Thomas (1972). Municipal Wastewater Reclamation
and Reuse. Regional Workshiop by Science Council of Singapore and
National Academy of Sciences of the USA, Water Resources, environment
and national development - Volume II, Singapore.\
Methods used to reclaim usable water from municipal wastewater are
reviewed. the results obtained, the costs of construction and operation,
the precautions to be observed in the use of reclaimed water, and
alternative potential uses of reclaimed water are considered. the water
reclamation projects at santee and south lake tahoe in california, and
at windhoek in south west africa are described in detail.

Dake, J. M. K. and D. R. F. Harleman (1969). Thermal Stratification In
Lakes: Analytical and Laboratory. Water Resources Research 5(2):
484-495.\
Theories are developed for the time dependent vertical temperature
distribution in a deep lake during the yearly cycle of solar heating and
cooling. a heat flux balance at the water surface, which accounts for
back radiation and evaporative heat loss, is formulated as a boundary
condition. the linear, second-order heat transfer equation is solved by
superposition of solutions for the surface absorbed radiation and the
internally absorbed radiation. analytical solutions are given for three
different assumptions regarding the time dependence of the incoming
radiation and the surface heat losses. at certain times, the resulting
temperature and density distribution in the epilimnion are unstable.
under these conditions convective mixing and turbulent diffusion are
accounted for by generating a surface mixed layer of uniform
temperature, the depth determined by a thermal energy balance. the
theory shows good agreement with field observations of temperature
distributions in lake tahoe. experiments are performed using artificial
insolation (mercury vapor and infrared lamps) on a laboratory tank. we
conclude that it is possible to simulate the development of thermal
stratification under laboratory conditions. (ross-vanderbilt)

David, M. D. C., United States Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, et al.
(1978). A study of the impacts of alternative land use plans for the
Lake Tahoe Basin, David, M. Dornbusch Company, San Francisco, CA.

Davies, R. A., H. J. Kaempf, et al. (1973). Removal Of Organic Material
By Adsorption On Activated Carbon. Chemistry And Industry 17: 827-831.\
Activated carbon has found widespread use for prepurification of potable
and industrial waters and treatment of municipal and industrial waste
waters, not only for removal of color, taste, and odor, but also for
prevention of pollution by pesticides and other biodegradable and
nondegradable organics in general. the physical principles of adsorption
on carbon particles and beds are reviewed, and some process engineering
considerations are discussed, including costs of granular carbon
reactivation, justification of combustion furnaces, and relative merits
of powdery vs. granular carbons. the first full-scale application of
granular carbon for tertiary treatment was at lake tahoe, where aeration
tank effluent is passed through eight parallel adsorbers to reclaim
daily 28,000 cu m of irrigation water. at windhoek, south africa,
potable water is recovered from sewage in a plant processing 200 cu
m/hr. three typical industrial installations where granular carbon finds
use in removal of toxic and colored effluent components include a swiss
explosive factory, a herbicide factory on the U.S. west coast, and a
carpet mill in Pennsylvania.

Davis, R. G. (1970). Regional government for Lake Tahoe : a case study,
Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis.

Davis, J. B. and R. E. Martin (1987). . Symposium on Wildland Fire 2000,
South Lake Tahoe, CA, U.S. Dept of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA.

Dean, R. B. (1970). Air Stripping Of Ammonia. Pittsburg Sanitary
Engineering Conference, Pittsburgh, PA.\
Ammonia can be stripped from a solution by bubbling air through it only
if the ph is first raised to 11.0 to convert the free ammonium ion to
ammonium hydroxide. ammonia, however, is over 1000 times more soluble in
water than is co2, necessitating a theoretical minimum of 220 ft3 of air
for 90% ammonia removal from 1 gallon of water at 20c. stripping towers
become, in essence, water cooling towers, with subsequent cold weather
operation difficulties. also, the solubility of ammonia is increased
with decreasing temperature, compounding the problem. actual performance
data from the lake tahoe plant indicate that under plant operation
conditions, 300 ft3/gallon are actually required. in addition, calcium
carbonate scale is formed by reaction with co2 which must be removed.
reducing the ammonia content of a fluid from 20 mg/1 to 2 mg/1 would
cost 2.3 cents/1000 at ph 11 and 9.9 cents/1000 gallons if the cost of
the lime required to raise the ph to 11 is included. these costs are
based on a 10 mgd plant, and they do not include scale removal. (see
also w71-09450) (lowry-texas)

Dean, R. B. (1970). Re-Use and Disposal Of Alum and Lime Sludges.
Pittsburg Sanitary Engineering Conference, Pittsburgh, PA.\
Both lime and alum precipitation reactions produce sludge which must be
handled in some manner. first of all, the choice must be made as to
whether the sludge is to be disposed of or treated for re-use of the
chemicals in it. 250 mg/l of lime produces 500-600 mg/l of sludge with
and underflow concentration of 2-3% or 2 tons of sludge solids per mgd.
this sludge may be used for soil stabilization, fill for roads, or in
agriculture. however, by heating the precipitated calcium carbonate,
calcium oxide can be recovered and re-used. the cost of lime recovery is
the same as the cost of new lime, but disposal costs are significantly
reduced. costs reported from dayton, ohio are \$10-\$12 per ton, while
the lake tahoe plant reports lime recovery as costing \$20/ton. the
results of testing 4 laboratory scale, 75 liter treatment systems are
reported and compared with regard to phosphate removal, sluge
dewaterability, sludge filterability, and sludge composition. alum
sludges contain 2 al:1p and probably some ca plus some organic matter.
the sludge will settle to 10% solids, and is amendable to concentration
by freezing. the sludge is not biodegradable, and can sometimes cause
clogging of the soil when disposed on the land. lime treated alum sludge
can be filter pressed to remove in excess of 50% as soluble aluminate,
however, incineration of alum sludge leaves little or no residue for
disposal, so for alum, disposal may be less expensive than re-use. (see
also w71-09450) (lowry-texas)

Dean, R. B. (1981). Use of Log-Normal Statistics in Environmental
Monitoring. Chemistry in Water Reuse 1: 245-258.\
Most real data obtained in analytical laboratories follow log-normal
statistics. In order to make use of the most powerful statistics that
are available the data should be transformed to logs. If log-normal data
are treated as if they were normal, quite erroneous estimates of large
deviations from the central value will be made. Conversely, if truly
normal data are treated as log-normal, the errors will usually be small
and conservative. One should justify in each case the use of normal
statistics rather than log-normal on all data, such as concentrations,
where values less than zero are impossible. (Author)

Decker, L. M. and D. C. Erman (1992). Short-term seasonal changes in
composition and abundance of fish in Sagehen Creek, California. Trans.
Am. Fish. Soc. 121(3): 297-306.\
Direct underwater observation was used to quantify numbers and locations
of eight species of fish in 100-m sections along a 1,200-m reach of
Sagehen Creek, California, at biweekly intervals between 5 July and 22
September 1983. Most of the eight species exhibited significant
short-term changes in abundance and reached peak abundance at different
times. Total fish abundance was highest in mid-July; the Margalef index
of diversity was highest in mid-August. Lahontan redside Richardsonius
egregius , Tahoe sucker Catostomus tahoensis , and mountain sucker C.
platyrhynchus appeared to migrate from a downstream reservoir into the
stream during the spawning season. In addition, fish were not
distributed evenly in the study reach. All species tended to prefer pool
habitat and pools were not uniformly distributed. Relative fish
composition determined at long- term permanent sections by
electrofishing was not significantly associated with most underwater
counts made at different times or stations. This study illustrates
mobility of an entire fish assemblage and indicates how long-term
studies of fish populations may be greatly influenced by the timing and
placement of samples.

DeMars Jr., C. J., G. T. Ferrell, et al. (1988). Host-insect/disease
interactions in drought-stressed white fir stands at Lake Tahoe,
California. Integrated control of Scolytid bark beetles. T. L. Payne and
H. Saarenmaa. Blacksburg, VA, College of Agriculture and Life Science,
V.P.I and State Univ.: 135-146.

Denham, C. R. (1981). Numerical Correlation of Recent Paleomagnetic
Records in Two Lake Tahoe Cores. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 54(1): 48-52.\
Recent paleomagnetic fluctuations are smooth and well correlated in two
short cores collected 28 km apart in Lake Tahoe. Cross-correlation
analysis of the unit-vector time series data shows that the
characteristic angular difference between the two records is only 11
degree for the past 3000 years. this compares favorably with the
characteristic angular differences of 7-8 degree between adjacent
samples within each core taken separately. The correspondingly high
values of pairwise (between cores) and serial (within core) correlation
are significant at 99.99% confidence. These data, collected and
previously studied qualitatively by A.S. Goldstein, show that the
sediment in Lake Tahoe can provide reliable recent paleosecular
variation records. The paucity of fine-scale paleomagnetic correlation
between other cores from that basin is due likely to stratigraphic
rather than rock magnetic difficulties.

Dewante, Stowell, et al. (1971). Comments on South Tahoe Public Utility
District proposal to provide sewerage service for Tahoe City and North
Tahoe Public Utility Districts, Dewante & Stowell, Sacramento, CA.

Dillon, T. M. (1974). Low Frequency Turbulence and Vertical Temperature
Microstructure In Lake Tahoe, California - Nevada, University Of
California, Davis.

Dillon, T. M., T. M. Powell, et al. (1975). Low Frequency Turbulence and
Vertical Temperature Microstructure in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada.
Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 19: 110-115.\
Lake depth temperature profile plots are usually presented as smooth
curves, masking considerable detailing in structure of temperature,
including 'stair steps' and inversions. Thus, estimates of thermal eddy
diffusivities can be obtained from a careful analysis of the small-scale
irregularities. A device is described which can resolve the 50 cm
spectral level by modifying an expendable bathythermograph probe, which
consists of a thermistor mounted on a streamlined body containing a 450
m section of fine two-conductor copper wire mounted on aspool from which
it freely unwinds. A second section of the same wire is wound on a
similar spool which remains on board when the probe is launched.
Modification of the probe involves attaching a large funnel to slow the
rate of descent and mounting four large rectangular wings on the drag
funnel to provide further drag and spin the probe about its vertical
axis to ensure uniform vertical descent. The descent rate is taken
concurrently with a conventional thermistor. The fall rate is normally
about 13 cm/sec and the time constant for XBT thermistor is 0.1 seconds,
so that under ideal conditions features on the order of 3 cm might be
resolved. The spectrum was uncontaminated at wavelengths greater than 25
cm during measurements taken at Lake Tahoe. (Auen-Wisconsin)

Dillon, T. M. and T. M. Powell (1976). Low-Frequency Turbulence Spectra
in the Mixed Layer of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Journal of
Geophysical Research 81(36): 6421-6427.\
Low-frequency turbulence was measured in the unstratified mixed layer
(epilimnion) of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, during August and
September 1973 by using savonius rotor current meters positioned at
three depths. Kinetic energy frequency spectra derived from these
measurements were compared with the Kolmogorov inertial subrange
prediction by assuming that Taylor's hypothesis is valid. The spectra
are proportional to (wave number) to the (-5/3) power in a wavelength
range generally between 10 m and 100 m at all depths. In view of the
shallow thermocline depth (18-27m), the turbulence cannot be considered
isotropic in this wavelength range, and a true inertial subrange should
not exist. Kinetic energy dissipation rates averged over the epilimnion
were calculated from the -5/3 portion of the kinetic energy spectra and
vary between 0.0004 sq cm/s to the 3rd power (with slight winds) to
0.005 sq cm/s to the 3rd power (with winds ranging from 2 to 8 m/s).
These dissipation rates are comparable with dissipation rates measured
at similar depths in oceanic waters. (Sims-ISWS)

Dodson, R. E. (1977). Continuous Measurements Of the Natural Remanent
Magnetization Of Sediments From Lake Michigan and Lake Tahoe, University
Of Pittsburgh (0178).

Dozier, B. J. and P. J. Richerson (1975). An Improved Membrane Filter
Method for the Enumeration of Phytoplankton. Verhandlungen
Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 19: 1524-1529.\
The technique described offers two important modifications to the usual
membrane filter method. The first modification is a reduced vacuum
pressure of only 1 psi or less, which prevents destruction and minimizes
distortion to the fragile forms by the filtration process. The other
modification is substitution of 50% glutaraldehyde for the clearing
agents usually used, such as cedarwood oil, immersion oil, anisole, and
acetone vapor. Because glutaraldehyde is water soluble, it can be
applied to the wet filter immediately following filtration, eliminating
the need for an ethanol dehydration step. The new method is an offshoot
of research initiated earlier, in which over 1,000 phytoplankton samples
had to be enumerated as part of an investigation into the relationship
between phytoplankton community structure and physical processes in Lake
Tahoe (California-Nevada). Results are given of experiments performed to
investigate organism distribution on filters prepared by the new method,
using several techniques involving equipment distinguished by funnel
shape. Statistical results are given, in addition, for a comparison of
counts of 10 filtered and 10 sedimented samples, including mean,
variance, variance:mean, chi-square and pattern description.
(Harris-Wisconsin)

Dozier, B. J. (1976). An Autoradiographic Study Of the Relationship
Between Photosynthetic Rate and Phytoplankton Seasonal Succession In
Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, University Of California, Davis.

Dozier, B. J. and J. J. Beauchamp (1978). An autoradiographic
investigation of the seasonal photosynthetic activity of three diatom
species in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada Stephanodiscus astraea,
Fragilaria crotonensis, and Cyclotella stelligera, Algae. 20th Congress,
Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,
Copenhagen, Denmark, International Association of Theoretical and
Applied Limnology.\
Seasonal photosynthetic activity of three dominant diatom species in
ultraoligotrophic Lake Tahoe (CA, NV) was measured by autoradiography,
in 1975. The influence of water temperature, light available for
photosynthesis, nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorus on
species-specific variation in photosynthetic activity was analyzed by
stepwise multiple regression. Declining phytoplankton populations in
Lake Tahoe were precipitated by an unfavorable change in the
physico-chemical environment rather than by zooplankton grazing, since
in all three cases population reduction followed declining
photosynthetic activity. Data also support the overriding influence of
nitrate nitrogen over phosphorus as a limiting nutrient in Lake Tahoe.
Of the four parameters, water temperatures was the most ciritcal
affecting photosynthetic rate at 50 m of Stephanodiscus astraea, while
nitrate nitrogen was the most important for Cyclotella stelligera, and
to a lesser extent Fragilaria crotonensis. For all three species
temperature correlated inversely with photosynthetic activity. Algal
samples were injected with carbon-14 sodium bicarbonate solution with an
activity of 9.2 microCi/ml. Incubated and filtered samples were packaged
with Kodak AR10 Autoradiographic Stripping Plates and exposed for 3-6
weeks; five proved optimal. Results were evaluated according to silver
grain density. (Lynch-Wisconsin)

Drew, S. E. (1982). Carson & Tahoe Lumber & Fluming Company's Lake Tahoe
narrow gauge railroad locomotive no. 2 "Glenbrook" : restoration
feasibility investigation. Arcadia, CA, Short Line Enterprises.

Drivas, E. P. (1986). Sampling Schedules For Tahoe Basin Streams During
Snowmelt (Nevada), University Of Nevada, Reno.

Drohojowska, H. (1992). Natural Grace For Lake-Tahoe, Rustic Details
Enliven a Nevada Waterfront. Architectural Digest 49(8): 156-163.

Duane, T. P. (1992). Managing the Sierra Nevada. California Policy
Choices 8: 169-194.

Duckworth, S., D. Crowe, et al. (1979). Ozone patterns on the western
Sierra slope : downwind of Sacramento during the summer of 1978,
California Air Resources Control Board, Technical Services Division,
Aerometric Analysis Branch, Sacramento, CA.

Duell, L. F. W. (1987). Geohydrology and Groundwater Quality Monitoring
Network for the Antelope Valley Area, California, U.S. Geological
Survey - Water Resources Division, Tahoe City, CA.\
A basinwide ideal network and an actual network were designed to
identify ambient groundwater quality, trends in groundwater quality, and
degree of threat from potential pollution sources in Antelope Valley,
California. In general, throughout the valley groundwater quality has
remained unchanged, and no specific trends are apparent. The main source
of groundwater for the valley is generally suitable for domestic,
irrigation, and most industrial uses. Water quality data for selected
constituents of some network wells and surface-water sites are
presented. The ideal network of 77 sites was selected on the basis
ofsite-specific criteria, geohydrology, and current land use
(agricultural, residential, and industrial). These sites were used as a
guide in the design of the actual network consisting of 44 existing
wells. Wells are currently being monitored and were selected whenever
possible because of budgetary constraints. Of the remaining ideal sites,
20 have existing wells not part of a current water quality network, and
13 are locations where no wells exist. The methodology used for the
selection of sites, constituents monitored, and frequency of analysis
will enable network users to make appropriate future changes to the
monitoring network.

Dugan, G. L. (1972). Eutrophication Potential of the Lake Tahoe Basin
California-Nevada. Water Resources Seminar Series 1: 3-11.\
Future seasonal and permanent populations will be controlled by zoning
regulations to some predetermined number as a measure of eutrophication
control of lake tahoe. the lake tahoe area council was formed in the
1950's with the basic function of conducting research and promoting
orderly and environmentally sound development around the lake. a
consultants' study concluded that municipal sewage posed the greatest
threat to the clarity of the lake, prompting a program of effluent
export from the basin. after lengthy negotiations, alpine county agreed
to accept the effluent in a proposed 160-acre reservoir located outside
of the tahoe basin if the effluent met drinking water quality standards;
the reservoir would be used for recreations and as a storage facility
for irrigation water. one of the most advanced waste water treatment
plants, operated by the south lake tahoe public utilities district (the
several processes are listed) purifies the effluent before it is pumped
over a 1500-ft. elevation to the indian creek reservoir. a 1966 fwpca
demonstration grant and a 1969 epa grant resulted in intensive studies
(which are described) of the basin. lake tahoe should not be the basic
criteria for limiting development as when detectable degradation is
observed environmental degradation will have already occurred.

E.L. Nuttle Co. (1964). Map of south shore of Lake Tahoe, El Dorado
County, California, Douglas County, Nevada.

Economics Research Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971).
Economic analysis of projected growth for the Lake Tahoe Basin, Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Economics Research Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972).
Regional housing element update. Los Angeles, CA, Economics Research
Associates.

Economics Research Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972).
Regional capital programming plans, 1973-1977. Los Angeles, CA,
Economics Research Associates.

Economics Research Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1973).
Capital programming plans, Lake Tahoe Region. Los Angeles, CA, Economics
Research Associates.

Economics Research Associates, EDAW, et al. (1973). Housing element
update; Lake Tahoe region. Los Angeles, CA, Economics Research
Associates.

Economics Research Associates (1976). Socioeconomic impact of the
California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency regional plan and land use
ordinance. Los Angeles, CA, Economics Research Associates.

EDAW (1972). Tahoe : population estimates and projections. San
Francisco, CA, Eckbo, Dean, Austin and Williams.

EDAW and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1973). A comprehensive regional
planning program for the Tahoe Region : Overall program design
1973-1975. San Francisco, CA, Eckbo, Dean, Austin and Williams.

Eddy, G. A. and Lake Tahoe Sierra Association (1950). Bird's-eye view of
the Lake Tahoe region. Tahoe City, CA, Lake Tahoe Sierra Association.

Edson, M. S. (1955). Ultimate water requirements, American and Cosumnes
River Basins and Lake Tahoe region, El Dorado County, California.
Georgetown, CA, Edson.

Edwards, W. F., C. D. Irons, et al. (1883). W.F. Edwards' tourists'
guide and directory of the Truckee Basin. Truckee, CA, W.F. Edwards.

Eiland, R. G. (1968). Operation of Lake Tahoe Dam and Reservoir. South
Lake Tahoe, CA, Dept. of Water Resources.

El Dorado County Chamber of Commerce and California Economic Development
Agency (1964). The economic resources of western El Dorado County,
including Placerville, California, with supplement south shore Lake
Tahoe, El Dorado County Chamber of Commerce.

Elder, J. F. (1974). Trace-Metals From Ward Creek and Their Influence
Upon Phytoplankton Growth In Lake Tahoe, University Of California,
Davis.

Elder, J. F., S. K. Perry, et al. (1975). Application Of
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence to Trace Metal Analysis of Natural
Waters. Environmental Science and Technology 9(12): 1039-1042.\
Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence is a relatively recent development
in the field of x-ray spectrometry which improved capability for rapid
multielement analysis. application of the technique to analysis of
dissolved trace metals in water requires transfer of the dissolved
elements to a uniform target suitable for analysis. this can be
accomplished by precipitating the elements with the nonspecific
chelating agent, ammonium-l-pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, and filtering
through a membrane filter. the method is applicable to many types of
aqueous samples and for analysis of most transition metals. equipment
and costs, as well as advantages and limitations of the method are
discussed. data from analysis of waters in the lake tahoe basin are
presented and discussed.

Elder, J. F., K. E. Osborn, et al. (1976). Iron Transport in a Lake
Tahoe Tributary and its Potential Influence upon Phytoplankton Growth.
Water Research 10(9): 783-787.\
Water from Ward Creek, a tributary of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, was
analyzed for iron content from October 1972 to April 1974. Two
analytical techniques were used: a bathophenanthroline colorimetric
method which produced total iron data, and X-ray fluorescence which
produced total iron data, and X-ray fluorescence which permitted
separate determinations of dissolved and particulate iron. Iron
concentrations show marked seasonal variability. The total iron
transport during a one-year period in 1972-73 was approximately 6000 kg
or 0.2% of the total iron content of Lake Tahoe. Most iron in stream
water of the Lake Tahoe basin results from erosion, producing a high
predominance of particulate forms. Because of the possiblity of various
breakdown mechanisms, this iron is potentially stimulatory to algal
growth in the lake. (Katz)

Eloranta, P. V. and S. L. Loeb (1983). Near-shore littoral phytoplankton
communities in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Congress of the
International Association of Limnology, Lyon, France.\
Phytoplankton biomass and the species community structure were monitored
at the near-shore sampling stations in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada.
The main aim of the study was to get information on the algal response
to the nutrient load from the surrounding land areas with different
degree of the urban development. The species richness, diversity and
evenness were used as community parameters. The comparisons were also
made using some single species as indicators and similarity indices. The
differences between the stations were generally small and the seasonal
fluctuation in biomass and species richness reflected the seasonal
differences in water flow and nutrient load.

Eloranta, P. V. (1983). Periphyton pigment analyses using paper
chromatography. Periphyton Of Freshwater Ecosystems - The First
International Workshop On Periphyton Of Freshwater Ecosystems, Vaxjo,
Sweden.\
Paper chromatography was used to study the community structure, the
proportion of degraded chlorophylls to the total pigment content, and
the chlorophyll and carotenoid content of the epilithic periphyton algae
from Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Analyses were made using both
samples directly from the lake and cultured periphytic algae. The
relative contribution of different pigment fractions to total light
absorption by the complete periphyton extract was estimated by
planimetric integration of absorption curves. From the pigment
structure, estimates were made of the proportions of different algal
groups in the samples. The results showed the rarity of phaeophytin a in
the epilithic algal communities in Lake Tahoe, but often some proportion
of chlorophyll a occurred as other forms of pigment degradation
products.

Elser, J. J., H. J. Carney, et al. (1990). Zooplankton-Phytoplankton
Interface in Lakes of Contrasting Trophic Status: An Experimental
Comparison. Hydrobiologia 200(201): 69-82.\
An experimental study was conducted to compare algal responses to
short-term biomanipulations of zooplankton in three California lakes
that encompass a broad range of productivity (ultra-oligotrophic Lake
Tahoe, mesotrophic Castle Lake, and strongly eutrophic Clear Lake). To
assess the potential strength of grazing in each lake, algal responses
to a 16-fold range of zooplankton biomass were evaluated. Algal
responses to Daphnia over a range of Daphnia densities from
1-16animals/L were compared. Effects of both ambient grazers and Daphnia
were strong in Castle Lake. However, neither ambient zooplankton nor
Daphnia had much impact on phytoplankton in Clear Lake. In Lake Tahoe,
no grazing impacts could be demonstrated for the ambient zooplankton,
but Daphnia grazing had dramatic effects. These results indicate weak
coupling between phytoplankton and zooplankton in Clear Lake and Lake
Tahoe, which lie near opposite extremes of lake trophic status for most
lakes. These observations, along with work reported by other
researchers, suggest that linkages between zooplankton and phytoplankton
may be weak in lakes with either extremely low or high productivity.
Biomanipulation approaches to recover hypereutrophic lakes that aim only
to alter zooplankton size structure may be less effective if algal
communities are dominated by large, inedible phytoplankton taxa.

Elser, J. J. and C. R. Goldman (1991). Zooplankton Effects on
Phytoplankton in Lakes of Contrasting Trophic Status. Limnology and
Oceanography LIOCAH 36(1): 64-90.\
Studies were carried out in three lakes of strongly contrasting trophic
state to evaluate how the effects of zooplankton on phytoplankton vary
as a function of lake productivity. Chlorophyll and total P
concentrations differed by 2-3 orders of magnitude among
ultra-oligotrophic Lake Tahoe, meso-oligotrophic Castle Lake, and
strongly eutrophic Clear Lake. Three experimental designs involving
short-term (4 d) manipulations of nutrients, ambient zooplankton, and
the common crustacean grazer Daphnia were performed in each lake. Algal
responses were assessed at both the aggregate, community and species
levels. Experiments in Lake Tahoe revealed a high degree of nutrient
sensitivity but negligible grazing impacts by the very low densities of
ambient zooplankton. Daphnia grazing had substantial impacts on Tahoe
phytoplankton, indicating high susceptibility to grazing in this
assemblage of relatively small-sized algal species. Castle Lake
exhibited strong direct and indirect impacts of both ambient zooplankton
and Daphnia on the nutrient-limited algal assemblage. The
cyanobacteria-dominated algal community of Clear Lake was resistant to
grazing impacts, responding relatively weakly only to the higher
densities of Daphnia. Good correspondence between estimates of algal
biomass made from chlorophyll measurements and microscopic examination
were obtained, and, in Castle Lake, concordance between estimated
community productivity turnover times made from species-specific growth
determinations and community productivity measurements was observed. The
contrasting responses to experimental zooplankton manipulations in the
three lakes support the view that the coupling between zooplankton and
phytoplankton is strongest in the lakes of intermediate productivity and
imply that food-web alterations at the top of the food web are most
likely to propagate to the level of the phytoplankton (and therefore
lake water quality) in lakes of moderate trophic status. (Author's
abstract)

Engineering Science Inc. (1964). Lake Tahoe survey. Arcadia, CA,
Engineering Science Inc.

Engineering Science Inc. and Dillingham Corporation of California
(1966). Circulation system for Tahoe Keys waterways. Arcadia, CA,
Engineering Science Inc.

Engineering Science Inc. and Lake Tahoe Area Council (1967). A regional
program for the protection of water resources in the Lake Tahoe-Truckee
River Basin. Arcadia, CA, Engineering Science, Inc.

Engineering-Science Inc. and Placer County Board of Supervisors (1965).
Report on waste disposal alternatives for North Shore area of Lake
Tahoe, Engineering-Science, Inc., Arcadia, CA.

Environmental Protection Agency (1975). The Lake Tahoe Study\...as
Requested by the 92nd Congress in Section 114 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act of 1972, Environmental Protection Agency,
Surveillance and Analysis Div., San Francisco, CA.\
An important conclusion reached by a comprehensive study of the Lake
Tahoe Basin in 1973 and 1974 was that, while federal oversight and
control in efforts to preserve the fragile ecology of the lake are
adequate in terms of public lands around the lake, such efforts are
inadequate for control of the activities connected with private lands.
As a corollary, it was concluded that legal and other arrangements
should be redefined to resolve the apparent dichotomy of adequacy.
Various recommendations were given to resolve this problem, including
individual actions that could be taken by the U.S. Congress and by the
States of California and Nevada. Study elements described include a
basic 9-point description of the Tahoe basin, including location,
physical geography, political geography, status of planning, land
ownership and land use, economic system, population, infrastructure, and
externalities. The Tahoe Basin ecosystem and intergovernmental
activities relating to it are also considered, including compact
provisions and federal coordination, an analysis of agency activities
and intergovernmental problems relating to federal policy, sewerage, air
quality, erosion and sedimentation control, water supply,
transportation, regulation of private development and ecosystem
management. Also described are an assessment of the adequacy of federal
control and a roster of programs available to resolve basin problems.

EPA (1971). Capital and Operating Costs For Conventional and Advanced
Waste Treatment. Advanced Wastewater Treatment As Practiced At South
Tahoe, Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control Research
Series, Environmental Protection Agency: 323-364.\
The costs of conventional and advanced waste treatment are estimated
using data obtained from the conventional-advanced waste treatment
scheme at south lake tahoe, nevada. conventional treatment includes
primary clarification, and both plug flow and completely mixed activated
sludge secondary treatment. advanced treatment includes phosphorus
removal through lime treatment and lime recalcining, nitrogen removal,
recarbonation, filtration, carbon adsorption, and carbon regeneration.
the total cost at 7.5 mgd was \$166 per mg for conventional waste
treatment and \$217 per mg for advanced waste treatment. the cost for
conventional treatment consists of \$67.50 in capital costs and \$98.50
in operating and maintenance costs. advanced waste treatment costs are
divided into \$74.50 for capital costs and \$142.50 for operating and
maintenance costs. capital costs are defined as the estimated
replacement cost per mg in 1969. these costs are based on producing an
extremely high quality reclaimed water with 100 percent reliability.
lesser requirements should generate lower costs. the cost estimates are
presented in detail in numerous tables. these cost estimates indicate
that tertiary waste treatment adds less than \$9.00 per person per year
to the total cost of waste collection and treatment.

EPA (1971). Eutrophication Of Surface Waters\--Lake Tahoe, Environmental
Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control Research Series; Lake Tahoe
Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA.: 154 p.\
A survey was made of nutrient and other chemical constituents of surface
waters from developed and undeveloped land areas, sewage effluents,
seepage from septic tank percolation system and refuse fills, drainage
from swamps, precipitation, and lake tahoe water. algal growth
stimulating potential of the samples were bioassayed with selenastrum
gracile as a test organism. algal response to nutrients was measured by
maximum growth rate and maximum cell count in a 5-day growth period.
ponds simulating the shallow portions of the lake were used for
continuous flow assay of the biomass of indigenous lake organisms
produced by sewage effluent. flask assays and chemical analyses were
made over two years on three major creeks. twenty-eight other creeks and
precipitations were monitored by chemical analysis. evaluating the
eutrophication potential, lake tahoe is nitrogen sensitive and responds
to it in proportion to its concentration. creeks draining developed land
carried twice the nitrogen as those draining relatively undisturbed
watersheds. human activity doubles nitrogen inflow to the lake.
exporting all sewage would remove 70% of the nitrogen.

EPA (1971). Wastewater Ammonia Removal By Ion Exchange,
Battelle-Northwest, Richland, WA.\
Pilot plant investigations of a nitrogen removal system employing a
natural zeolite, clinoptilolite, which is selective for ammonium ions in
the presence of sodium, magnesium, and calcium ions, were conducted at
the south tahoe public utility district. the system was operated on both
clarified and carbon treated secondary effluent and clarified raw
sewage. 94% removal was the average ammonia removal obtained using tahoe
tertiary effluent with single 6 ft. deep beds. with two column
semi-countercurrent operation, 97% ammonia removal was achieved with 4.7
ft. deep beds, operating to an average of 250 bed volumes. for clarified
raw sewage treated in the semi-countercurrent columns, 93% average
ammonia removals were achieved at average throughputs of 282 bed
volumes. regeneration was accomplished by reacting the exhausted zeolite
with hydroxyl ions to form an alkaline aqueous ammonia solution suitable
for air stripping and discharge to the atmosphere. the regenerant
solution is not discarded and no liquid wastes are generated. a 7 1/2
mgd plant was designed based on the pilot plant data. estimates for
operational costs and construction costs, based on current costs in the
lake tahoe region and capital costs amortization at 6% over 20 years
were \$84.95/million gallons and \$63.10/million gallons, respectively.

EPA (1981). Final Environmental Impact Statement; Wastewater Treatment
Facilities, South Shore Lake Tahoe Basin, Environmental Protection
Agency, San Francisco, CA. Region IX.\
This Final Environmental Impact Statement on the wastewater treatment
programs proposed by the South Tahoe Public Utility District and the
Douglas County Sewer Improvement District No. 1, contains EPA's
recommendations, and revisions and additions to the Draft Environmental
Impact Statement. Based on the impact analysis of various growth
scenarios and commitments to mitigate primary and secondary adverse
impacts, EPA recommends for South Tahoe Public Utility District a 7.5
mgd maximum daily flow wastewater treatment plant which produces
secondary treated and filtered effluent for agricultural irrigation in
Alpine County, California. Possible plant expansion is contingent upon
approval by various local and regulatory agencies and adequate
performance under the mitigation program. The environmental parameters
considered were water quality, biology, noise and air quality, and
visual resources. The social parameters considered include land use,
housing, transportation, recreation, public services/fiscal concerns,
utilities, and cultural resources. The final environmental impact
statement for Douglas County Sewer Improvement District No. 1 has been
postponed because of lack of progress in developing a mitigation
program.

Eppard, R. A. (1992). Effect of deicing salt on overstory vegetation in
the Lake Tahoe Basin. Transportation Research Record(1352): 67-74.

Etcheverry, B. A. (1917). Miscellaneous data and maps, (Partial
Contents: Bouquet Canyon Reservoir \-- Tahoe City and Lake Tahoe).

Etra, J. and W. N. Johnson (1986). Water quality improvement and erosion
control at Heavenly Valley Ski Area, Lake Tahoe Basin.
High-Alt-Revegetation-Workshop, Fort Collins, CO, Colorado Water
Resources Research Institute.

Etra, J. (1987). Revegetation and erosion control on harsh sites in Lake
Tahoe basin. Erosion control : you're gambling without it, Conference
XVIII International Erosion Control Association, Reno, Nevada,
International Erosion Control Association, Pinole, CA.

Evans, J. R. and R. A. Matthews (1968). Geologic studies in the Lake
Tahoe area, California and Nevada. Sacramento, CA, Geological Society of
Sacramento.

Evans, D. R. and J. C. Wilson (1972). Capital and Operating Costs\--Awt.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 44(1): 1-13.\
Advanced waste treatment methods have been utilized at south lake tahoe,
california, to further improve on conventional activated sludge
secondary effluent, and produce a valuable water resource for
recreation, irrigation, and perhaps direct reuse. methods used include
lime precipitation of phosphorus from secondary effluent, with
subsequent lime recalcination, ammonia stripping, recarbonation,
mixed-media filtration, and carbon adsorption with subsequent carbon
regeneration. total costs in 1969 were \$172/million gallons for
conventional treatment and \$212/million gallons for advanced waste
treatment, both figures including capital and operating costs for
treatment of 7.5 mgd of municipal wastes. product water contained less
than 0.21 mg/l mbas, 2.9 mg/a bod, 16.9 mg/lcod, 1.2 mg/l turbidity, and
0 mg/l suspended solids for 100% of plant operating lime.

Evans, L. G. (1993). Lake Tahoe : A Family Guide. Seattle, Mountaineers.

Fallon, D. and City of South Lake Tahoe (1990). City of South Lake
Tahoe, twenty-five years : continuing the pursuit of excellence. South
Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Daily Tribune.

Farrell, J. B. (1970). Ammonia Nitrogen Removal By Stripping With Air.
Nitrogen Removal From Wastewaters, Federal Water Quality Administration,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab.\
Ammonia can be desorbed or stripped from solution by raising the ph of
the solution to the point where the ammonium ion is converted to
dissolved ammonia, and contacting the solution with ammonia free air.
municipal wastewater normally contains 15 to 25 mg/l of ammonium ion
which is removable by stripping, but the volume of air required is
nearly 400 cu. ft./gallon of wastewater in a counter current-flow packed
tower. pressure drop across a packed tower is one psi, and since power
is proportional to the product of pressure drop and volumetric flow
rate, power costs were prohibitive. development of a slat filled tower
in lieu of a packed tower halved the pressure drop and so reduced power
costs at lake tahoe, where 90% removal efficiencies were then obtained
in a 24 ft.high counter current tower. problems with ammonia stripping
include the increased solubility of ammonia in cold water making winter
operation more costly. scaling problems have also occurred in several of
the locations now using the process, although the scale did not adhere
to the tower in south africa. cost has been estimated at 2.9 cent/1000
gallons of wastewater treated exclusive of the cost of lime and
facilities to raise the ph to 11.0. in colder weather, costs will
increase sharply. an operating ph of 10.5 counter current operation
rather than crossflow, and an openfill to allow easy flushing of
accumulated solids will help to control scale in the tower.

Felts, W. E. and G. Wandesforde-Smith (1973). The politics of
development review in the Lake Tahoe basin, Institute of Governmental
Affairs, University of California, Davis.

Fenske, J. P. (1990). Erosion Control and Water Quality In the Tahoe
Basin California-Nevada, University Of Nevada, Reno.\
The Lake Tahoe Basin is extremely sensitive to human activities. Steep
slopes, unstable soils, a harsh climate, and a short growing season to
reestablish vegetation increase erosion potential. With the advent of
development in the past 30 years, much of which was on environmentally
sensitive lands, eutrophication increased dramatically as did the need
for environmental safeguards. The magnitude of sediment discharge and
its accompanying nutrients transported to the lake is dependent on a
readily available source of sediment and a water flow of high enough
energy to induce movement. Retention structures, which treat runoff
prior to discharge into the lake, are one way man has attempted to
control the effects of erosion on water quality. The Tahoe City Urban
Improvement Projects propose to divert urban runoff away from the lake
to a retention structure for treatment. To ensure design integrity, a
hydrogeologic site investigation was performed. Because of high
groundwater levels encountered near the center of the site and the
limited construction area, substantial berming would be required for the
implementation of initial design proposals. Order No: AAC 1342733
ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts

Field Research Com pany and Joint California-Nevada Interstate Compact
Commission (1958). Property owners in the Lake Tahoe basin appraise
proposed water level plans for the lake; a public opinion survey
conducted for the California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commissions of
California and Nevada. San Francisco, CA, Field Research Company.

Fielding, G. J., H. J. Schuler, et al. (1979). Highway 50 corridor study
in the South Lake Tahoe area : final report, Jhk Associates, Santa Ana,
CA.

Fillip, J. (1989). Lake-Tahoe R/Udat Explores Controlling Resort Growth.
Architecture-the AIA Journal 78(9): 36-37.

Findlay, W. F. (1990). Tertiary Geology Along the Sierra Nevada-Basin
and Range Boundary Northwest of Lake Tahoe, California, University Of
California, Davis.

Fink, R. J. (1991). Public Land Acquisition For Environmental
Protection - Structuring a Program for the Lake Tahoe Basin. Ecology Law
Quarterly 18(3): 485-557.

Finkelstein, C., L. Baxter, et al. (1974). Planning and politics : a
staff perception of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Institute of
Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis.

Firby, J. R., R. A. Schweickert, et al. (1985). Field trip guide :
National Association of Geology Teachers Far Western Section Fall
meeting, October 4-6, 1985. Reno, NV, Mackay School of Mines, University
of Nevada-Reno.

Fisher, W. K. (1920). Camp Agassiz in the Tahoe National Forest. Palo
Alto, CA, W.K. Fisher.

Fisher, H. J. and Fisher Drafting Service (1957). Map of Lake Tahoe
south shore. Placerville, CA, Fisher Drafting Service.

Fisher, H. and California Resources Agency (1964). Lake Tahoe problems,
Statement before the Assembly Committee on Natural Resources, Planning
and Public Works, September 10-11, 1964, Brockway.

Fisher, H. (1965). California's programs and needs in water quality
control, Report presented by Hugo Fisher, Administrator of Resources,
before the Senate Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, San
Francisco, CA: 7 leaves.

Fisher, H. (1966). Water quality control legislative needs : Tahoe and
statewide, Paper presented before the Assembly Interim Committee on
Water, July 22, 1966, Bijou, California.

Flint, R. W. and C. R. Goldman (1975). The Effects Of a Benthic Grazer
On the Primary Productivity Of the Littoral Zone Of Lake Tahoe. .\
The crayfish, pacifastacus leniusculus, because of its dominant biomass
in the littoral zone occupies a unique trophic position in lake tahoe.
submerged macrophytes above 50 m are scarce as are animal food materials
during much of the year, thus the crayfish population relies
substantially on the littoral benthic periphyton for its food. this
investigation was designed to establish what effect the crayfish has on
the littoral zone periphyton production and to assess the effects of its
grazing on aquatic macrophytes and its role in the recycling of
nutrients. the nutrient contribution by crayfish excretion serves as an
important source of ammonia which is converted to nitrate by
heterotrophic activity and becomes directly available to periphyton. the
importance of these nutrients to the benthic community was shown by the
absence of any abnormal increase in nutrient levels in the water column
and the lack of any overall increase in nitrogen in the lake indicated
rapid recycling of this nutrient. the relationship between the crayfish
and the benthic flora portrays a dynamic balance between primary and
secondary production in this extremely oligotrophic environment. the
crayfish represents an effective 'cleanser' of the littoral area and
provides a stable food source for the lake trout. (auen-wisconsin)

Flint, R. W., R. C. Richards, et al. (1977). Adaptation of styrofoam
substrate to benthic algal productivity studies in Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada. J. Phycol. 13(4): 407-409.\
A routine sampling technique has been developed using artificial
styrofoam substrate to estimate benthic algal productivity in the
littoral zone of lakes. Estimation of maximum carbon fixed in Lake Tahoe
ranged from 11-.-1 mg C-.-m-SUP\--2\--.-day-SUP\--1- at 0-.-5 m to
17-.-1 mg C-.-m-SUP\--2\--.-day-SUP\--1- at 1-.-0 m. Estimates were made
for communities composed of both diatom and green algal populations in
water between 0-.-5 and 3-.-0 m. Maximum productivity occurred between
1-2 m. The technique developed can give comparable estimates of
productivity if adequate replication is undertaken to decrease problems
associated with periphytic heterogeneity.

Florsheim, J. L. (1988). Channel Form and Process: a Modeling Approach,
University Of California, Santa Barbara.\
A study of channel form and process using the HEC-2 step-backwater
computation in an alluvial channel (Blackwood Creek, near Tahoe City,
CA) and a bedrock controlled channel (Slide Creek, near Ojai, CA)
suggests riffle-pool sequences and deposits upstream and downstream of
bedrock constrictions are produced and maintained by flows with a
characteristic distribution of shear stress or stream power per unit bed
area. Riffle-pool sequences in Blackwood Creek are maintained by flows
with recurrence intervals of 1.2 to 5 years when the shear stress on
pools exceeds that on riffles. The majority of bed material is mobile
during flows with recurrence interval less than 20 years, including the
largest boulders, which may be derived from Pleistocene glacial outwash.
There is an inverse relationship between stream power per unit bed area
and sediment deposition in Slide Creek. Deposition occurs where stream
power per unit bed area decreases most rapidly (in backwater areas and
in expansions), and scour occurs where stream power per unit bed area
increases most rapidly (in constrictions). The Wheeler Fire in July 1985
burned the entire watershed of Slide Creek. Rate of material delivered
to the channel by the process of dry ravel (dry sliding of debris under
the force of gravity) was measured at 39 m\$\\sp3\$/ha per month. The
first winter flow (2.1 m\$\\sp3\$/s), following the fire was transport
limited and deposited 550 m\$\\sp3\$ of small gravel in the 270 m study
reach and 90% of this debris was derived from dry ravel accumulations on
hillslopes near the channel. The second winter flow (2.5 m\$\\sp3\$/s)
was supply limited, and eroded the channel to the pre-fire thalweg. A
reduction in particle size and critical shear stress associated with
post-fire deposition of small gravel enables relatively low magnitude
flows to transport large volumes of sediment. Radiocarbon dating of
debris flow deposits in Slide Creek basin suggest that the recurrence
interval of debris flows is at least 100's and perhaps 1000's of years.
In a given basin, fluvial transport of sediment derived from dry ravel
and small landslides off hillslopes are more likely following a fire
than is a large debris flow. Order No: AAC 8813990 ProQuest -
Dissertation Abstracts

Flynn, G. J., Tahoe County Formation Review Commission, et al. (1984).
Tahoe County Formation Review Commission final report, Tahoe County
Formation Review Commission.

Foglesong, M. T. (1993). Water-Related Scientific Activities of the U.S.
Geological Survey in Nevada, Fiscal Years 1991-92, U.S. Geological
Survey, Water Resources Div., Carson City, NV.\
The U.S. Geological Survey has been collecting water resources data in
Nevada since 1890. Most of the projects that constitute the current
Nevada District program can be classified as either basic-data
acquisition (about 25%) or hydrologic interpretation (about 75%). About
54% of the activities are supported by cooperative agreements with State
and local agencies. Technical projects supported by other Federal
Agencies make up about 28% of the program, and the remaining 18% consist
of USGS data collection, interpretive projects and research. Water
conditions in most of Nevada during fiscal years 1991 and 1992 continued
to be very dry, a continuation of drought conditions since late 1986.
The major water resource issues in Nevada include: water allocation in
the Truckee River and Carson River basins; water supply needs of Las
Vegas and the Reno/Sparks area, including water importation plans;
irrigation and return flow contamination of the Stillwater Wildlife
Management Area; hydrologic effects of weapons testing at the Nevada
Test Site; assessment of potential long term effects of the proposed
Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository; and drought. Future water
resources issues in Nevada are likely to center on water supply for, and
environmental effects of, the rapidly growing population centers at Las
Vegas, Reno, and Elko; impact of operations at the Nevada Test Site;
management of interstate rivers such as the Truckee, Carson, and
Colorado Rivers; hydrologic and environmental impacts at heavily mined
areas; and water quality management in the Lake Tahoe Basin.

Folt, C. L. (1982). The Effects Of Species Interactions On the Feeding
and Mortality Of Zooplankton (Tahoe), University Of California, Davis.\
Mechanisms of interaction among the adults of the 3 species of
crustacean zooplankton in Lake Tahoe were examined (Mysis relicta,
Epischura nevadensis, Diaptomus tyrelli). Interference and predator/prey
interactions that reduced the feeding and survival of these species were
demonstrated. The intensity of these interactions varied with the
absolute and the relative densities of the species and was hypothesized
to provide a mechanism for the density-dependent population regulation
of zooplankton communities. Both species of copepods (Diaptomus and
Epischura) were severely food limited in Lake Tahoe. The use of algal
resources by the copepods was measured from August 1979 to October 1980,
and compared to the seasonal abundances of the zooplankton and the
algae. Filtering and ingestion rates were estimated from the uptake of
radioactivity labelled particles in natural assemblages of lake seston.
There were strong seasonal trends in food usage, with very low rates (\<
1ml per animal per day) found during the fall and winter, when the
densities of zooplankton and phytoplankton were also very low. The
interactions among the copepods that affected feeding and survival were
studied in a series of laboratory experiments. The filtering rates of
Diaptomus were reduced by an allelopathic chemical passively released by
Epischura. The feeding rates of Diaptomus averaged 50% lower in
2-species trials (including Epischura) than in 1-species trials. An
increase in the density of Epischura relative to Diaptomus did not
reduce the filtering rates further. A 10-fold increase in Diaptomus
density (from 1 to 10 animals per 125mls) resulted in a decrease in the
Diaptomus filtering rates, but was not chemically induced. The effects
of intra- and inter-specific interactions on filtering rates of
Diaptomus were compared at several copepod densities. At low densities
(\< 4 animals per 125 mls) only inter-specific interactions caused
significant reductions in the filtering rates. However, at the higher
densities, the effects were similar. . . . (Author's abstract exceeds
stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of school.)

Folt, C. L., W. G. Crumpton, et al. (1987). The consequences of food
resource partitioning on a size-structured zooplankton population.
Congress In New Zealand, Hamilton, New Zealand, \[publisher unknown\].\
All animals were taken from the pelagic waters of Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada, USA. Size related patterns in food use by Epischura
nevadensis were experimentally measured, seasonal patterns in algal
abundance were estimated from samples taken at ten depths (0 to 60) and
samples for total particulate carbon were collected. Zooplankton were
separated into three size-classes (nauplii, copepodids and adults).
Predation rates on both size-classes increased with the size of the
predator. The abundances of the three algal size classes varied
seasonally. Food use by E. nevadensis differs with animal size. The only
species of rotifer present in the pelagic waters of the lake, Keratella
longispina , is also to large for the small E. nevadensis.

Folt, C. L. and E. R. Byron (1989). A comparison of the effects of prey
and non-prey neighbours on foraging rates of Epischura nevadensis
(Copepoda: Calanoida). Freshwat. Biol. 21(2): 283-293.\
Adults of the calanoid copepod, Epischura nevadensis aggregate in situ
near the thermocline in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, together with
adults of another species of calanoid copepod, Diaptomus tyrelli and
juveniles of both species. With a series of laboratory predation and
algal clearance trials, the authors show that foraging rates of adult E.
nevadensis are determined not only by the density of co-occurring
potential prey (small copepods), but also by the presence of
co-occurring non-prey neighbours (large, adult copepods). These effects
occur at densities and in zooplankton assemblages found naturally,
emphasizing the ecological importance of neighbours other than prey on
zooplankton feeding.

Fordham, J. W., R. L. Bateman, et al. (1980). Arid Basin Management
Model With Concurrent Quality and Flow Considerations: Phase III,
University of Nevada-Reno, Water Resources Center.\
This report is the third and final report of a three-phase research
project. The primary objective of the overall project was to develop an
inorganic water quality-flow management model in which both water supply
and quality criteria are considered in the development of operating
policy and to demonstrate the use of the combined model in a real-world
situation. This was done by developing a water quality model for the
Carson River for use with a Truckee-Carson management model and an
existing Truckee quality model. A second objective of the research was
projection of water quality of Carson sub-basins by applying predictive
techniques developed on the Tahoe-Truckee System. A third objective was
to examine long term hydrology behavior, making use of such climatic
indicators as three growth (ring widths). The report includes a report
on the first three phases, as well as an in-depth review and analysis of
the study area and the data obtained. The 26 figures contained in the
report graphically represent the data and schematically depict two river
systems and locations of key control points. Computer programs used in
data analysis are included in the appendices.

Fortmann, L. and J. Kusel (1990). New voices, old beliefs: forest
environmentalism among new and long-standing rural residents. Rural
Sociology 55(2): 214-232.\
In the on-going sociological debate over rural-urban differences, rural
conflict over natural resources is often attributed to environmental
attitudes of new residents from urban areas. An alternative hypothesis
is that new residents provide not new attitudes, but a new voice for
attitudes already held by many local residents. Data from a survey of
residents of communities near two national forests show little support
for the hypothesis that residential status affects forest management
attitudes, dissatisfaction, or action. The findings support the
"new-voice" thesis and show that it is often a female voice.

Foster, D. and California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways
(1971). Control of highway-produced siltation, Lake Tahoe Basin,
California Dept. of Public Works, Division of Highways, Sacramento, CA.

Foster, D. (1975). Highway Ice and Snow Removal and Deicing Salt
Problems at Lake Tahoe. Lake Tahoe Research Seminar III, South Lake
Tahoe, CA.\
Problems associated with environmental effects caused by use of salt for
highway snow and ice removal are discussed in regard to the Lake Tahoe
Basin. Loss of vegetation along roadsides, and water pollution from
highway runoff are possible dangers, together with corrosion of steel
and deterioration of concrete on bridge supports and decks. Routine use
of salt in California which did not begin until 1962-63, rose to 22,000
tons in 1969. In Caltrans District 3 costs in 1973-74 were \$212,000,
down from \$339,546 the previous winter. Since 1962 the Division of
Highways has had a 'bare pavement' policy. Alternative methods of snow
and ice control have been tried or considered, including abrasives,
vacuum equipment, chains, serrated packed snow, and chemicals other than
salt. Abrasives, including sand and gravel, can lead to siltation.
Chains have drawbacks, such as inconvenience, pavement and tire wear,
and driver over-confidence. Seventeen compounds were tested as salt
replacements; two were considered
promising\--Tetrapotassium-pyrophosphate and Urea\--both are potential
environmental hazards.

Fox, P. S. (1930). Al Tahoe (Lake Tahoe). Al Tahoe, CA, P. S. Fox.

Fox, F. L. (1982). Chemical Variations Of the Truckee River From Lake
Tahoe to Truckee, California During Low Flow, University Of Nevada, Reno
(0139).

Franks, A. L. (1975). Erosion and Sediment Control Technology. Lake
Tahoe Research Seminar III, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
This is the text of a slide presentation illustrating existing and
proposed methods of erosion sediment control arising from the California
Water Resources Control Board's demonstration of such technology at
Northstar California. The area is devoted half to living quarters and
half to a ski area and to other recreational purposes. The project was
begun in 1968 and by 1971 thirteen mosaics of vegetation types based on
soil, geology, and reestablishment of vegetation were developed. As a
result, only a few areas at Northstar have problems with erosion. Most
of the soil in the area is a high-infiltration volcanic type; the runoff
from most impervious areas was diverted and percolated. When this was
impossible, standard methods of debris traps, drop inlet structures,
screens, and energy dissipators were used.

Franks, A. L. (1980). Environmental Geology\--Land Use Planning, Erosion
and Sedimentation, West Martis Creek Drainage Basin, California,
University Of California, Davis.\
The West Martis Creek drainage basin is tributary to the Truckee River
and lies north of Lake Tahoe and southeast of the town of Truckee,
California. It is considered to be a portion of the Sierra Nevada
physiographic province. The oldest rocks in the West Martis Creek Basin
consist of andesite flows, a sill, brecciated flows, and mudflows that
are correlated with the Pliocene Kate Peak formation. They are overlain
along the northern border of the study area by Pliocene lake and stream
deposits that are correlated with the Coal Canyon formation. One small
exposure of an olivine basalt flow, which is probably of Pleistocene
age, is located in the northwest portion of the area. Younger rock units
include Pleistocene glacial deposits and recent alluvial and lake
deposits. All layered rocks are at or close to their original dip. The
only significant structures in the study area are faults. Four faults of
some significance were mapped. Movement on them ranges in age from
Pliocene to Recent. The year-round recreational complex of
Northstar-at-Tahoe, constructed in the West Martis Creek drainage basin,
was the site of detailed studies of post-development erosion and
sedimentation. These studies included extensive hydrologic and water
quality monitoring, detailed mapping of the geology, and measurement of
changes in the aquatic ecosystems. An extensive demonstration of various
methods that may be used for source control of erosion were carried out
and were used to develop best management practices for both planning and
construction. To supplement the studies on erosion control, Rubicon
Properties subdivision, in the Lake Tahoe basin, was included as a
portion of this demonstration. It was demonstrated that erosion can be
controlled at the source by using appropriate existing technology. The
study shows that some natural, less costly methods such as the use of
willow wattling, straw mulch, and native plants, are better and more
effective than are the more expensive measures. Order No: AAC 8016847
ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts

Frantz, T. C. and A. J. Cordone (1967). Observations On Deepwater Plants
In Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada. Ecology 48(5): 709-714.\
Aquatic studies of lake tahoe have disclosed a remarkable plant
zonation. with surface area not unusually large, it has maximum depth of
1645 feet, mean depth of 1027 feet. deepwater macroscopic hydrophytes in
lake tahoe, found to depths of 500 feet, consisted of algae, mosses, and
liverworts. most were concentrated at depths of 200-350 feet. only chara
occasionally invades areas shallow as 20 feet; other deepwater
hydrophytes are restricted to depths below 50 feet. the list of
identified species, probably incomplete, includes six algae, ten mosses,
and two liverworts. although light transmission probably controls
maximum depth of plant occurrence, factors limiting inshore distribution
are less clear. substrate type at lake's south end seems to control
shoreward extension of plants. these deepwater plant beds are not only
unusual scientific interest but appear important in the life history of
tahoe's major game fish, the lake trout, whose maximum concentration
coincides with these plant zones; plants apparently provide shelter for
crayfish, nongame fishes, and small lake trout. longterm research on
ecology of these deepwater hydrophyte communities is needed. lake tahoe
is threatened with eutrophication from domestic wastes.
(jones-wisconsin)

Frantz, T. C. and A. J. Cordone (1970). Food Of Lake Trout In Lake
Tahoe. California Fish And Game 56(1): 21-35.\
Stomachs of 1389 lake trout of five size groups were analyzed. samples
were obtained by creel census, gill-net and bottom trawl. percentage of
empty stomachs increased directly with fork length of fish. fish under 5
inches utilized cladocerans and copepods (over 90% by weight and
frequency of occurrence); tendipid larvae and pupae were of secondary
importance. fish (sculpin) became an important dietary component in fish
5 to 9.9 inches; cladocerans and tendipeds were of secondary importance
and amphipods assumed importance. fish and cladocerans remained
important in fish 10 to 14.9 inches, fish other than sculpins and
including small lake trout were ingested. sculpins dominated diet of
fish 15 to 19.9 inches; importance of cladocerans diminished while
importance of crayfish increased. fish over 19.9 inches relied almost
entirely on fish, primarily suckers. percentage of stomachs containing
food was highest in spring and summer, lowest in winter and autumn for
all size groups; mean weight of food per stomach was also highest in
spring and summer. fish were utilized most in spring months, least in
summer. tabular data include seasonal stomach analyses by size group of
lake trout. (voigtlander-wisconsin)

Fronk, C. A., J. B. Farrell, et al. (1985). Separation of Metals in
Wastewater Sludge by Centrifugal Classification. Environmental Progress
4(4): 269-276.\
The great bulk of municipal wastewater sludge is harmless or beneficial
with toxic contaminants generally present in only trace amounts. There
would be substantial benefit if these trace substances could be removed
economically. In Lake Tahoe, California, it was discovered that a
solid-bowl continuous decanter centrifuge with an internal helical
conveyor for solids removal separated the sludge into two fractions. The
primary constituent of the sludge was calcium carbonate, with lesser
amounts of magnesium, phosphate, calcium hydroxyapatite, and organic
solids. It was found that the calcium carbonate was concentrated in the
solids in the cake, whereas the magnesium and phosphate compounds were
concentrated in the solids in the centrate. Consequently, instead of
just wasting a portion of the cake to bleed off impurities, the
centrifuge was deliberately operated inefficiently, losing the
undesirable phosphates and magnesium compounds in the centrate. The
cake, which was enriched in calcium carbonate, was reburned to CaO and
reused. The centrate solids were subsequently collected by a second
centrifuge, using a polymer, and discarded. This procedure improved the
economics of their process because the lime concentration in the
reburned product was increased, calcium carbonate losses were lower, and
lime makeup was reduced. The interesting results indicate that
centrifugal classification might prove to be a useful and cost-effective
method for removing harmful substances from sewage sludge. (David-PTT)

Fullmer, D. G. (1987). Sheep grazing for plantation release a foresthill
ranger district case study. Annu-For-Veg-Manage-Conf., Sacramento, CA,
The Association.

Fullmer, D. G. (1989). Benefits of free ranging cattle grazing for
plantation release Foresthill three year results.
Annu-For-Veg-Manage-Conf., Redding, CA, The Association.

Galton, J. H. and K. M. Nolan (1986). Suspended-Sediment Transport, Lake
Tahoe Basin. Proceedings of the Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation
Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, I.\
Analysis of magnitude and frequency of suspended sediment transport in
four tributary streams of Lake Tahoe indicated that from 1973 to 1981
suspended sediment was transported primarily by frequent, moderate
streamflow. Spring snowmelt transported 73.8% of the total annual
suspended sediment load. Ninety percent of the suspended sediment in
these four streams was transported by flows that occurred more than 1.4
days/yr. Less than 13% of the total suspended sediment load was
transported by flows that occurred only 1% of the time. The relationship
of suspended sediment discharge to water discharge was found to depend
upon factors such as amount of snow cover and the type of runoff that
produced streamflow. Data were divided into four groups according to the
time of year during which different runoff processes prevail and were
further subdivided into high and low discharge classes within each
seasonal group. (See also W87-05741) (Author's abstract)

Gambino, P. (1987). First records of the German yellowjacket Paravespula
germanica (L.) from the east San Francisco Bay (California, U.S.A.)
area. Pan Pac. Entomol. 63(4): 358.\
The German yellowjacket, Paravespula germanica (L.), is native to
Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. Its geographical range has
increased largely due to the activities of man, and it is now
established in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, North America, and
South America. The North American population was introduced on the east
coast and gradually spread west. The first California record was from
South Lake Tahoe in 1983. The present report extends the confirmed range
to coastal California.

Gangopadhyay, A. K. (1989). Economics Of Water Transfers In the
Tahoe-Truckee Basin Of Nevada, University Of Nevada, Reno (0139).\
The problem of improving water allocation in the Tahoe-Truckee basin of
Nevada has assumed great significance, particularly during recent
drought in the State. One of the main issues is whether there are
potential gains from both long-term and short-term water transfers from
agricultural uses to non-agricultural uses. The main objective of this
study is to examine this question and formulate, by using value of
marginal productivity analysis and regression analysis, mechanisms for
short-term allocation of water between agricultural and municipal uses
for the Tahoe-Truckee basin of Nevada during drought. More precisely,
this study attempts to outline procedures and implications for water
transfers from the Sierra Valley, California to the Truckee Meadows in
Nevada, and for water transfers from agricultural uses to municipal uses
within the Truckee Meadows area under conditions of drought. Order No:
AAC 9019258 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts

Garcia, R., K. H. Hansgen, et al. (1972). Observations on malathion
thermal fogging in a mixed conifer forest at Lake Tahoe. \[Mosquito
control\]. Calif-Mosq-Contr-Assoc-Proc-Pap 40: 56-59.

Garcia, K. T. (1988). Effect of Erosion-Control Structures on Sediment
and Nutrient Transport, Edgewood Creek Drainage, Lake Tahoe Basin,
Nevada, 1981-83, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Div., Carson
City, NV.\
Three sites in the Edgewood Creek basin with a combined drainage area of
about 1.2 sq mi were selected to assess the effect of erosion-control
structures along Nevada State Highway 207, on sediment and nutrient
transport. The flow at site one is thought to have been largely
unaffected by urban development, and was completely unaffected by
erosion control structures. The flow at site two was from a basin
affected by urban development and erosion control structures. Site three
was downstream from the confluence of streams measured at sites one and
two. Most data on streamflow and water quality were collected between
June 1981 and May 1983 to assess the hydrologic characteristics of the
three sites. As a result of the erosion control structures, mean annual
concentrations of total sediment were reduced from about 24,000 to about
410 mg/l at site two and from about 1,900 to about 190 ml/l at site
three. Sediment loads were reduced from about 240 to about 10 tons/year
at site two and from about 550 to about 110 tons/year at site three. At
site one, in contrast, mean concentrations and loads remained low
throughout the study period. At site two, sediment particle size changed
from predominately coarse prior to construction, to predominately fine
thereafter; at site three, it changed from about half coarse sediments
to predominately fine. Mean concentration and loads of total iron also
were significantly reduced after construction at sites two and three,
whereas mean concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus species did not
change appreciably.

Gates, W. C. B. (1993). New Wells Safeguard Scenic Tahoe. Civil
Engineering 63(5): 60-62.

Geological Survey of California (1870). Geologic map of a portion of the
Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe.

Geological Survey of California (1870). Sierra region west of L. Tahoe.

George S. Nolte Associates (1960). North Tahoe Public Utility District
water supply study, George S. Nolte Associates, Palo Alto, CA: 1 v.

Gilbert, L. E. (1993). Geodetic Shear Strain Estimates From the 1906
Segment Of the San Andreas Fault, California (Earthquakes), Columbia
University (0054).\
Shear strain rate estimates from the San Andreas fault segment that
ruptured in the 1906 earthquake are complied. Those results indicate
that the strain accumulation pattern associated with Pacific-North
American plate interaction along the San Andreas fault varies from a
narrow zone of free slip near Hollister to a broad locked zone north of
San Francisco. A geodetic network between San Francisco and Lake Tahoe
has been measured five times by first-order triangulation between 1880
and 1963. In 1991, it was resurveyed using the Global Positioning
System. Calculations of average shear strain rates indicate: (1) Long
term strain extends from the San Andreas fault to the westernmost Great
Valley. (2) In the decades after 1906, strain rate in the Coast Ranges
is elevated relative to its average. (3) Estimates of the orientation of
the maximum right lateral shear strain rate in the Coast Ranges are
interpreted to imply that the period of elevated strain rate included an
element of enhanced fault-normal compression. (4) The maximum right
lateral shear strain rate in the Great Valley is oriented approximately
north-south. (5) The estimated strain rate in the Sierra Foothills
cannot be differentiated from zero at the 95% confidence level. When
formulated as a two dimensional problem, the difference between "deep
slip" and "basal shear" models of interseismic strain accumulation
cannot be resolved using geodetic observations of surface deformations.
Laboratory models also fail to distinguish between them. Estimates of
the maximum shear strain direction from all along the San Andreas System
are everywhere parallel to the local faulting rather than the regional
plate motion direction. This indicates that the deep slip mechanism
dominates the loading process. The vertical rheological structure
implicit in the deep slip model is corroborated by geological field
observations that transcurrent faults are rooted in deep vertical
ductile shear zones. The deep slip model can be reconciled with the
rheology of predicted by laboratory models through the strain-softening
processes associated with flow of composite materials such as
quartzo-feldspathic rocks. Order No: AAC 9317194 ProQuest - Dissertation
Abstracts

Gilliland, M. W. and Western Federal Regional Council Interagency Task
Force (1979). Lake Tahoe environmental assessment, Western Federal
Regional Council Interagency Task Force.

Gilliland, M. W. and B. D. Clark (1981). The Lake Tahoe Basin: A Systems
Analysis of its Characteristics and Human Carrying Capacity. Environ.
Manage. 5(5): 397-407.\
A systems analysis of the Lake Tahoe Basin indicates significant and
accelerating environmental deterioration within the basin, suggests that
Tahoe is poised for yet another round of urban expansion, delineates the
portion of Tahoe's resources that are consumed by gaming recreation
vis-a-vis outdoor recreation, and identifies the Federal government as a
contributor to Tahoe's problems. In response to the need for a holistic
approach to basin-wide planning and management, ecological carrying
capacity concepts are explored as they may be applicable to the Basin's
growth patterns, and ideas on establishing a carrying capacity for Tahoe
are developed.

Gilliland, M. W. (1982). A systems approach to the analysis of human
carrying capacity applied to the Lake Tahoe Basin of California/Nevada.
Analysis of ecological systems : state-of-the-art in ecological
modelling, Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, Amsterdam : Elsevier
Scientific Pub. Co.

Glancy, P. A. (1969). A Mudflow In the Second Creek Drainage, Lake Tahoe
Basin, Nevada, and Its Relation to Sedimentation and Urbanization. Geol
Surv Res 650: 195-200.\
A mudflow of more than 50,000 cubic yards occurred in the
1.5-square-mile second creek basin on august 25, 1967, after an intense
thundershower. although the mudflow originated naturally, its path was
affected by manmade features. it damaged real estate and roadways in the
lower part of the drainage, and also polluted lake tahoe. the mudflow
probably is typical of one erosional process believed common throughout
the area. the sequence includes sheet and rill erosion of nonforested
uplands, severe downstream channel erosion that flushes out alluvium
previously accumulated as a result of normal runoff and mass wasting,
and extensive deposition along the flatter and lower part of the
drainage. estimates suggest that sheet and rill erosion of the upper
basin contributed 60 to 80% of the debris, with the rest derived from
the main channel. the event caused landscape denudation that averaged
about 0.02 ft over the entire basin. results of this reconnaissance
influenced design of drainage structures for a new highway route through
the area.

Glancy, P. A. (1971). A reconnaissance of streamflow and fluvial
sediment transport, incline village area, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, second
progress report, 1971, Nevada Dept. of Conservation and Natural
Resources, Division of Water Resources, Carson City, NV.\
Runoff during the 1970 water year from the five major streams in the
incline village area, lake tahoe, nevada, was about 17,600 acre-feet.
about three-fourths of the runoff was from incline and third creeks.
sediment transported to lake tahoe by the major streams was estimated to
be about 10,000 tons, of which about three-fourths was from incline and
third creeks. about 85% of the sediment was delivered to the lake during
the snowmelt runoff period. the annual sediment load was estimated to be
about 68% sand, 20% silt, and 12% clay. sediment transported by streams
during periods of runoff from rainfall generally contained greater
percentages of silt and clay than that transported in runoff from
snowmelt. estimated annual sediment yields ranged from 50 to 650 tons/sq
mi from undeveloped areas, and 1,600 to 3,200 tons/sq mi from developed
areas. the estimated annual yield from the developed area was about 12
times that from the undeveloped area. the highest measured
concentrations of nitrogen transported by streams to the lake during
periods of heavy sediment transport were of organic nitrogen, and the
highest phosphorous concentrations at those times were attached to or
part of the sediment particles.

Glancy, P. A., A. S. Van Denburgh, et al. (1972). Runoff, Erosion, and
Solutes In the Lower Truckee River, Nevada, During 1969. Water Resources
Bulletin 8(6): 1157-1172.\
The truckee river heads in the sierra nevada at lake tahoe, and
terminates in pyramid lake. during the 1969 water year, flow about 9
miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre-ft) was almost four times
the long-term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring
snowmelt. a short period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest
concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent
period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material.
the upper 90% of the basin yielded about 630,000 tons of sediment at the
nixon gage, whereas an estimated 6.8 million tons was contributed by
erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. solute content
at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/liter, dominated by calcium,
sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and
chloride in the most concentrated low flows. solute load totaled about
130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in pyramid
lake\--sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride\--amounted to
almost 40,000 tons. the total solute load during a year of average flow
may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons of principal
lake constituents. (knapp-usgs)

Glancy, P. A. (1973). A Reconnaissance Of Streamflow and Fluvial
Sediment Transport, Incline Village Area, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, Second
Progress Report 1971, Geological survey, carson city, nev.\
Runoff of the five major streams in the incline village area, nevada,
was about 17,600 acre-feet during the 1971 water year. about
three-fourths of the runoff was from incline and third creeks. sediment
transported to lake tahoe by the major streams was estimated to be about
11,000 tons, of which about 60% was from incline and third creeks. about
90% of the sediment was delivered to the lake during the snowmelt runoff
period. the annual sediment load was estimated to be about 78% sand and
gravel, 13% silt, and 9% clay. sediment transported by streams during
periods of rainfall runoff generally contained greater percentages of
silt and clay than that transported by snowmelt runoff. estimated annual
sediment yields ranged from 60 to 930 tons per square mile from
undeveloped areas, and 620 to 7,600 tons per square mile from developed
areas. the highest measured concentrations of nitrogen transported by
streams to the lake during periods of heavy sediment transport were of
dissolved ammonia and occurred during periods dominated by low-altitude
runoff. (woodard-usgs)

Glancy, P. A. and United States Geological Survey (1976). A
reconnaissance of streamflow and fluvial sediment transport, Incline
Village area, Lake Tahoe, Nevada : Third Progress Report, 1972 and 1973,
State of Nevada, Dept. of Conservation and Natural Resources, Division
of Water Resources, Carson City, NV.

Glancy, P. A., Nevada Dept. of Highways, et al. (1977). A reconnaissance
of sediment transport, streamflow, chemical quality, Glenbrook Creek,
Lake Tahoe basin, Nevada, State of Nevada Highway Dept., Carson City,
NV.

Glancy, P. A. (1988). Streamflow, Sediment Transport, and Nutrient
Transport at Incline Village, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, 1970-73, U.S.
Geological Survey, Carson City, NV.\
Five principal creeks, First Creek, Second Creek, Wood Creek, Third
Creek, and Incline Creek, having a cumulative drainage of 17.8 sq mi,
furnished a yearly average of about 15,000 acre-ft of runoff, mainly
snowmelt, to Lake Tahoe during the 1970-73 water years. Annual runoff
from the individual streams ranged from 460 to 7,070 acre-ft, and
discharges ranged from 0.2 to 110 cu ft/sec. During the 4 years, the
five streams delivered to Lake Tahoe 31,000 tons of sediment, which
averaged about 75% percent gravel and sand, 15% silt, and 10% clay.
Annual cumulative sediment load for the five creeks ranged from 1,500 to
11,000 tons; individual streams furnished 20 to 5,200 tons annually.
Measured sediment transport at the stream mouths ranged from 1 to 13,200
mg/L and from 0.001 to 1,420 tons/day; sediment concentrations up to
63,200 mg/L were measured at upstream tributary sites. Estimated annual
sediment yields of principal drainage basins ranged from 3 to 930
tons/sq mi from undeveloped areas and from 26 to 5,000 tons/sq mi from
developed areas; yields for developed areas appeared to average about 10
times those of undeveloped areas, and roadways apparently were the major
source. Erosion disequilibrium caused by pre-study flash floods on two
of the creeks continues to manifest itself through high natural sediment
yields. The Second Creek flood of 1967 yielded about 75,000 tons of
sediment in one afternoon. Fluvial nutrient transport seems
quantitatively related to magnitudes of sediment and water transport.
Movement rates of organic nitrogen and particulate phosphorus were
greater than rates of other nutrient species moving to the lake.

Glen Alpine (1930). Tahoe : Glen Alpine, Lake Tahoe, California. Lake
Tahoe, CA, Glen Alpine.

Goddard, G. H. and Geological Survey of California (1870). Sierra region
south of Lake Tahoe.

Goin, P., C. E. Raymond, et al. (1992). Stopping time : a rephotographic
survey of Lake Tahoe. Albuquerque, NM, University of New Mexico Press.

Goin, P. (1992). Rephotographing Tahoe. Landscape 31(3): 8-15.

Goin, P. (1992). Stopping Time a Rephotographic Survey Of Lake-Tahoe
(Photographs From the Book). Spazio E Societa-Space & Society 15(58):
74-85.

Goldman, C. R. (1963). Primary Productivity Measurements in Lake Tahoe,
Appendix I. Comprehensive Study on Protection of Water Resources of Lake
Tahoe Basin Through Controlled Waste Disposal, Engineering Science,
Inc.: 154-157.

Goldman, C. R. and R. C. Carter (1965). An Investigation By Rapid
Carbon-14 Bioassay Of Factors Affecting the Cultural Eutrophication Of
Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation 37(7): 1044-1059.\
Attempts were made to determine significant variability in the present
fertility of lake tahoe, to estimate more precisely the lake's
productivity by a more comprehensive sampling program than previously
possible, and, with carbon-14 bioassay methods, to determine
eutrophication potential of inflow, both natural and that enriched with
sewage effluent. the extreme sensitivity of the carbon-14 method
provides a means of predicting levels of nutrient addition which might
cause objectional eutrophication. assumption that the physiological
condition of plankton is variable in different parts of the lake is
supported by results of study. areal estimates of productivity were
determined by integrating photosynthetic curves resulting from
consideration of light extinction, variation in temperature, and the
distribution of plankton with depth. a secondary sewage effluent, when
diluted to 1/3,700 of original strength, stimulates bioactivity in lake
tahoe sufficiently to produce a 1% decrease in light transmittance
within 12 days. measurements of primary productivity around the lake's
margin show that, despite extensive mixing, localized signs of
eutrophication are evident. the extreme sensitivity of lake tahoe waters
to any change in nutrient regime clearly evidences the potential of even
treated effluent for speeding eutrophication. (jones-wisconsin)

Goldman, C. R. and J. E. Court (1968). Limnological Studies of Lake
Tahoe. Geologic Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area, California and Nevada.
J. R. Evans and R. A. Matthews. Sacramento, Geological Society of
Sacramento: 60-66.

Goldman, C. R. and R. Armstrong (1969). Productivity: Primary
Productivity Studies In Lake Tahoe, California. Verh Internat Verein
Limnol 17: 49-71.\
Lake tahoe's enrichment and areal variability in productivity influenced
by tributary streams have been investigated. knowledge of factors
causing higher production rates in certain areas should enhance
evaluation of nutrients in entire lake and assist in effectively slowing
eutrophication. productivity measurements at the mouths of streams
showed dispersion of stream-borne nutrients influencing primary
productivity. calculating relative photosynthetic efficiences provided
best comparisons of areal variability. relative influence of tributary
waters of three streams was assessed; water from unpolluted control
stream did not provoke the response as the others. although importance
of nitrogen or phosphorus was implied, stream water appeared more
stimulating than its nitrogen and phosphorus content alone implied,
perhaps affected by organic growth factors or natural chelating agents.
each stream bioassay was accompanied with a productivity experiment at
the stream's mouth in the lake. stimulation of photosynthesis by stream
water was seasonal. water was analyzed for calcium, magnesium, sodium,
potassium and ultraviolet absorbance. absorbance was greater in streams
than lake and offered greater promise of being a water-mass indicator;
its measurements in water samples, compared with productivity data,
showed relationship restricted to waters around the upper truckee river
mouth.

Goldman, C. R., G. Moshiri, et al. (1970). Synoptic Study Of Accelerated
Eutrophication In Lake Tahoe\--an Alpine Lake. Water Pollution Control
In Cold Climates. R. S. Murphy and D. Nyquist. Washington, D.C., U.S.
GPO. 5501-0208: 1-21.\
Lake tahoe was studied by the synoptic approach which provides a nearly
instantaneous evaluation of conditions existing on a given day, allowing
nutrient sources to be located accurately. increased fertility was
evident at the south shore under the influence of the truckee river and
high resident population, in crystal bay which contained highly
disturbed land drainage, and near the lake outflow where there were high
resident population and fairly extensive shallow water areas. although
occasional high periphyton values were encountered near tributaries,
there was less correlation with tributaries than was found for
phytoplankton productivity and biomass; distribution of periphyton was
fairly uniform around the lake. the abundance and diversity of benthic
organisms may not be functions of the same environmental property as the
abundance, productivity, and diversity of the phytoplankton. the primary
producers must be viewed as a more sensitive indication of increased
fertility than chemical parameters, since any additional nutrients
appear to move rapidly into the phytoplankton. little or no measurable
change in water chemistry was found while phytoplankton photosynthesis
showed a very significant change.

Goldman, C. R. (1972). The Role Of Minor Nutrients In Limiting the
Productivity Of Aquatic Ecosystems. American Society of Limnology and
Oceanography Special Symposia. G. Likens. Lawrence, Kansas, Allen Press.
1: 21-23.\
The limiting-factor concept is useful in understanding dynamics of
aquatic ecosystems but it is almost certainly an oversimplification when
applied to the organisms representing natural phytoplankton populations.
trace elements, either singly or in combination, may limit aquatic
environment productivity. of methods for determining nutrient-limiting
factors, one measures nutrient content of the waters and infers
limitation of specific nutrients that are in short supply. another
collects the organisms themselves, extracts and analyzes their cell
content; a third adds nutrients to the natural phytoplankton population
and measures their growth responses; a fourth is similar to the third
except that a test species is used in filtered water for the bioassay.
trace element deficiencies are more likely in oligotrophic than in
eutrophic lakes. in castle lake, california which is deficient in
molybdenum, nitrogen-fixing alders appear to compete with aquatic
ecosystem for molybdenum. algal enzyme systems are simultaneously
limited by more than a single nutrient. the additive effect of phosphate
additions to iron- and nitrogen-limited lake tahoe, california is
emphasized. autoradiography is useful in determining relative metabolic
activity. to understand lakes submodels that emphasize recycling time
and efficiency are recommended as opposed to models requiring masses of
data.

Goldman, C. R. (1973). Will Baikal and Tahoe Be Saved? Cry California
9(1): 19-25.\
An exchange program between the united states and the soviet union to
reduce water pollution investigates lake tahoe, california-nevada and
lake baikal, Russia. lake baikal, the world's oldest, largest, and
deepest freshwater lake is very clear, low in minerals, and contains
nearly 600 plant and 1200 animal species, three-quarters of which are
endemic. although cellulose plant effluents meet water quality standards
for human consumption, they may be lethal to lake organisms. omul are
declining due to overfishing and use of spawning streams for log
flotation. logging, soil erosion, tourist activities, and industrial
developments are causing eutrophication. The FSU's hydrometeorological
services conduct extensive limnological research on effects of man's
activities on the lake's hydrological, chemical, and biological
processes. lake tahoe is less complex and has a less diversified aquatic
population. an environmental research program, research applied to
national needs, is monitoring tahoe's physical and biological condition
and surrounding terrestrial environment. university extension and
political science programs have been established to speed application of
research results. both areas have air pollution and snow removal
problems; california is now studying the soviet union's method of snow
disposal. solutions to these problems will depend on governmental
ability to use scientific evidence and act to protect mankind's natural
heritage.

Goldman, C. R. (1974). Eutrophication of Lake Tahoe emphasizing water
quality, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research & Development,Washington, D.C. and University of California,
Davis, Institute of Ecology, Davis, CA.\
A study of lake tahoe eutrophication showed that primary productivity
has increased, with the seasonal maxima shifting from early spring to
late summer. depth of maximum productivity may be 50-75 m. productivity
increased 25-26% from 1968-1971 and 51% from 1959-1971. the littoral
zone contributes about 10% of the total primary production. winter
mixing distributes nutrients into the euphotic zone and is important in
year-to-year productivity variation. phosphorus is more uniformly
distributed than nitrate which forms a thermocline that helps determine
depth of winter mixing. near-short areas have higher nitrogen and
phosphorus levels and more seasonal variation. nta stimulates primary
productivity. bacteria are important in nutrient regeneration; their
growth is stimulated by sediment. there are at least 160 species of
phytoplankton. cyclotella bodanica, melosira crenulata, and fragilaria
crotonensis account for 80% of phytoplankton biomass. cladocerans have
been virtually eliminated as phytoplankton grazers; this may be related
to mysis relicta and oncorhynchus nerka. the most important benthic
organism is pacifastacus leniusculus. nitrogen, iron, and phosphorus
levels should be limited and sediment input reduced. synoptic sampling
and aerial photography have delineated problem areas. bacterial
regeneration of nutrients in eutrophication should be studied.
relationships between bacteria, detritus, phytoplankton, zooplankton,
and fish need elaboration.(buchanan-davidson\--wisconsin)

Goldman, C. R., J. C. Rundquist, et al. (1974). Ecological Studies of
the California Crayfish, Pacifastacus Leniusculus, With Emphasis on
Their Growth from Recycling Waste Products. Second International
Crayfish Symposium, Baton Rouge, LA.\
This research has two main objectives. The first is an investigation of
the ecological role of Pacifastacus leniusculus in its natural habitat
such as Lake Tahoe, the Sacramento River, and the coast range streams
and lakes. The second objective involves cooperative research around the
world as regards intensive crayfish culture. This paper reviews previous
work and present outlook for the two objectives.

Goldman, C. R., R. C. Richards, et al. (1974). Limnological Studies and
Remote Sensing Of the Upper Truckee River Sediment Plume In Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada. Remote Sensing Of Environment 3(1): 49-67.\
The upper truckee river sediment plume in lake tahoe was studied using
aerial photography and simultaneous measurements in the lake. the
studies covered river discharge conditions during the snowmelt-runoff
period in the spring of 1971. color and multispectral aerial photography
allowed delineation of the extent and relative density of four to five
units within each plume.simple correlation coefficients are high between
these uni ts and measures of suspended sediment, dissolved inorganic
carbon, and light penetration, as well as measures of primary
productivity and heterotrophic activity. corelations are inconsistent
between the above variables and nutrients. two studies were conducted in
the morning and afternoon of a single day; the plume's eastward shift
during the day was recorded photographically and with limnological
measurements. high correlations between sediment plumes and biological
conductivity coupled with evidence that silt particles and associated
nutrients stimulate bacterial growth indicate that sediment plumes are
accelerating the eutrophication of lake tahoe. (knapp-usgs)

Goldman, C. R., R. W. Hoffman, et al. (1975). A study of the influence
of highway deicing agents on the aquatic environment in the Lake Tahoe
basin and drainages along Interstate 80, Ecological Research Associates,
Davis, CA.

Goldman, C. R. and E. de Amezaga (1975). Spatial and Temporal Changes in
the Primary Productivity of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada Between 1959
and 1971. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 19:
812-825.\
Intensive study of Lake Tahoe during 1967-71 and comparisons made with
1959-60 data show a dramatic increase in primary productivity for this
remarkably blue and transparent alpine lake, a measure of increased
cultural eutrophication that continues despite steps taken to export
sewage from the lake's basin. During the latter period primary
productivity increased 25.6% and this increase rises to 51% if compared
with the 1959-60 data. It is assumed that the rapid build-up population
around the lake in recent years have caused soil and vegetation
disturbances which have replaced the nutrients that formerly were
derived from treated sewage. The euphotic zone in Lake Tahoe often
exceeds 100 m depth, and maximum phytoplankton may occur as deep as
50-75 m. The vertical profile is established in early December with a
single production peak in the vicinity of 50 m. As stratification
develops the unimodal productivity curve is transformed into a bimodal
one which persists through the rest of the season. A trend is seen in
which the seasonal maximum in productivity is retarded. Synoptic studies
show that pelagic phytoplankton productivity has steadily increased
relative to productivity in the littoral zone. Although the latter zone
contributes only 10% of the lake primary productivity, it is visibly the
greatest evidence of eutrophication in Lake Tahoe.

Goldman, C. R. and T. A. Cahill (1975). Danger Signs For Tahoe's Future:
The Continuing Decline in Air and Water Quality. Cry California(Spring):
30-35.\
Since 1959 qualitative measurements of lake tahoe's water have shown
increasing fertility. algal growth rose 25% between 1968-1971; since
then algal growth has increased but the annual rate of increase has
dropped. synoptic studies showed that high-fertility water masses are
gradually spreading over the entire lake surface. zooplankton\--daphnia
rosea, daphnia pulex, and bosmina longirostris\--have disappeared,
perhaps due to introduction of opossum shrimp (mysis relicta) and red
salmon fry. their disappearance may be contributed to the lake's green
algal crop increase. tahoe is still oligothrophic; if nutrient inflow
can be retarded, this low fertility might be preserved. air quality of
the basin is also declining. a 1973 california air resources board study
revealed that eye-stinging oxidants were half as dense at tahoe as in
los angeles, but carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and lead levels were
higher. atmospheric aerosols\--sulfur-containing particulates, fine
soil, and automobile pollutants\--are the major cause of reduced
visibility. sulfur-containing particulates result from combustion of
fuel oil by automobiles and planes, are a by-product of automobile
catalytic converters, and may be carried into the area by wind. through
sound, strictly enforced land development restrictions, tahoe's beauty
can still be preserved.

Goldman, C. R. (1976). The Use of Natural Phytoplankton Populations in
Bioassay. Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte
Limnologie Symposium: Experimental Use of Algal Cultures in Limnology,
Sandefjord, Norway.\
Natural phytoplankton populations from Castle Lake and Lake Tahoe,
California, incubated both in-situ and in a continuous-light incubator,
were used in experiments on limiting effects of nitrogen. In
environments with extremely low nitrients, as in these lakes, only
part-per-billion additions of nutrients are required, and conventional
culture technique are not likely to be effective. Adaptation time may be
required for enzyme levels to respond to increased substrate levels, and
photosynthetic inhibitionis requently the first response measured. In
Castle Lake the nitrogen response is complicated by a natural molybdenum
deficiency. Culture experiments with natural phytoplankton populations
were conducted there to determine the relative availability of nitrogen
with and without molybdenum. In early August 1975, fiver micrograms/l of
molybdenum was inhibiting with nitrogen and phosphorus in short supply
(three micrograms nitrate/l, no detectable ammonia, and two micrograms/l
phosphorus). The combination of nitate-nitrogen, phosphorus, and
molybdenum was most stimulating, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. By
early September nitrogen limitation was very pronounced, and the
organisms' ability to utilize nitrate without molybdenum was greatly
reduced. In Lake Tahoe experiments, Fragilaria crotonenesis, a dominant
diatom, showed particular response to nitrate addition in the
nitrogen-limiting lake. Various other experiments at the two lakes are
also described.

Goldman, C. R. and J. C. Rundquist (1976). A Comparative Ecological
Study of the California Crayfish, Pacifastacus Zeniusculus (Dana), From
Two Subalpine Lakes. 3rd International Symposium on Freshwater Crayfish,
Kuopio, Finland.\
Crayfish growth and population density were determined and compared for
Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana) populations in two closely situated but
limnologically distinct Sierra-Nevada lakes, Lake Tahoe
(California-Nevada) and Donner Lake (California). Physical, chemical and
biological parameters for the lakes were also compared to determine
whether differences observed in the crayfish populations could be
related to broad limnological characteristics of the lakes. The crayfish
population in mesotrophic Donner Lake was considerable less dense than
in ultraoligotrophic Lake Tahoe. The implication of this finding for
crayfish production management is discussed. A brief discussion of
possible genetic differences between the two crayfish populations, based
on gel electrophoresis, is also presented.

Goldman, C. R. (1977). Trophic Status and Nutrient Loading for Lake
Tahoe, California - Nevada. North American Project\--A Study of U.S.
Water Bodies, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.C.: 465-480.\
Lake Tahoe in California and Nevada, a subalpine, ultraoligotrophic lake
with record Secchi readings to 40 meters, has in recent years been
subjected to increased nutrient inputs resulting from resident and
tourist population growth and basin development. Because of its
relatively small watershed and great volume, Lake Tahoe is at the
extreme lower end of classifications based on loading; probably for the
same reasons it is very sensitive to nutrient loading, as seen in data
on primary productivity for 1959-74. By 1962 even treated sewage
discharge was found to greatly stimulate phytoplankton primary
productivity in the nutrient-poor water. Productivity apparently stopped
increasing by 1974 in response to extensive sewage diversion, mostly
completed by 1970. Daphnia and Bosmina are no longer dominant
zooplankters, and ultraplankton have increased at the lower end of the
euphotic zone. Oxygen shows no measurable depletion, even at depths of
500 meters, and the dilute rain of organic matter into the abyssal zone
is almost completely mineralized before it reaches the sediment. At
present nitrogen levels the lake is rather insensitive tophosphorus and
is an excellent example of a nitrogen-limited system. The lake ap pears
highly sensitive to nitrogen loading, which has caused an increase in
primary productivity of about 5%/year. Total phosphorus loading is about
0.047 g/sq m/yr, and nitrogen is 0.5156 g/sq m/yr (1969).

Goldman, C. R., M. D. Morgan, et al. (1979). A population dynamics
analysis of the cladoceran disappearance from Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24(2): 289-297.\
A comparison of the population dynamics of Daphnia pulicaria- and D.
rosea- in 1967-1969 and during their decline from Lake Tahoe in 1970
showed that the decline resulted from a combination of increased death
rates and decreased birth rates. The remaining cladoceran, Bosmina
longirostris-, disappeared from the plankton in 1971. The elimination of
cladocerans coincided with high densities of the opossum shrimp, Mysis
relicta-, and the kokanee salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka-. Predation by
these two introduced species is believed to have increased cladoceran
death rates. Changes in the timing of the peaks of primary productivity
are a possible cause for the decline in birth rates. A brief resurgence
of Bosmina- in late 1974 was associated with a dramatic decline of the
mysid population and the continued decline of kokanee which began in
1970. The mysids recovered by late 1975 but Bosmina- again disappeared
and has remained absent since. The failure of Daphnia- to reappear
suggests that factors in addition to predation by kokanee and Mysis-
exclude them from Lake Tahoe. Changes in the phytoplankton community
composition may have altered the ability of the cladocerans to maintain
birth rates sufficiently high to offset increased losses due to
predation.

Goldman, C. R., E. R. Byron, et al. (1981). Colonization of Lake Tahoe
and other western habitats by the copepod, Skistodiaptomus pallidus
(Herrick) (Calanoida). Southwest Nat 26(1): 82-84.

Goldman, C. R. (1981). Lake Tahoe: Two Decades of Change in a Nitrogen
Deficient Oligotrophic Lake. Congress In Japan, Kyoto, Japan.\
This paper summarizes the changes in this oligotrophic lake due to
increased recreational activity. Fluctuations in phytoplankton community
composition and of zooplankton populations are discussed with regard to
changing patterns of nutrient availability: in two decades phytoplankton
biomass has more than doubled. Three cladocerans which had been dominant
in the lake vanished, the introduced species Mysis relicta appeared as
the dominant species 5-7 years after its introduction.

Goldman, C. R., Ecological Research Associates, et al. (1981). The
Effects of deicing agents on the autotrophic and heterotrophic
communities of Lake Tahoe, Ecological Research Associates, Davis, CA.

Goldman, C. R. and E. de Amezaga (1983). Primary productivity and
precipitation at Castle Lake and Lake Tahoe during twenty-four years,
1959-1982. Congress of the International Association of Limnology, Lyon,
France.\
A strong bimodal productivity curve characterizes Castle Lake. The
hypolimnetic productivity sometimes exceeds the productivity of the
epilimnion-metalimnion. This occurs most frequently in late spring and
early summer. The depth of spring mixing is an important factor
influencing the annual fertility of the lake. Nitrogen limitation occurs
and ammonia appears to be the major nitrogen source after nitrate
depletion. A curious distribution of nitrate and ammonia persists at the
bottom of the euphotic zone. Denitrification is evident near the bottom
of the water column during years of unusually high productivity. An
inverse relationship was found between primary productivity and annual
rainfall, indicating a nutrient and perhaps phytoplankton washout from
the lake during years of heaviest spring runoff. This contrasts with
Lake Tahoe.

Goldman, C. R. (1985). Lake Tahoe: An oligotrophic lake's response to
nutrient loading. LAKES POLLUTION AND RECOVERY: EUROPEAN WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL, Rome, Italy, European Water Pollution
Control Assoc., London, UK.\
Lake Tahoe is a large subalpine lake located in a deep graben fault
basin in the Sierra Nevada between California and Nevada. The remarkable
transparency of this ultraoligotrophic lake is now threatned as it
enters the earliest stages of eutrophication. Nutrient loading from
precipitation influences the percent change in productivity from year to
year but the most dominant factor is internal loading during occasional
periods of deep winter mixing, which returns the accumulation of
nutrients to the euphotic zone. The lake is gradually shifting from a
nitrogen-limited system to one increasingly sensitive to phosphorus and
trace elements. Paleolimnological studies indicate a four-fold increase
in recent sedimentation rate as compared with a period of major
deforestation during the previous century.

Goldman, C. C., S. G. Paulsen, et al. (1986). Lake Tahoe wetlands:
Prospects for control of nutrient loading at the transition between land
and water. 6th Annual International Symposium, Lake and Reservoir
Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid
Precipitation, Portland, OR, North American Lake Management Society.\
Wetlands form a transitional zone between the land and water and remain
some of the most interesting and complex ecosystems on our planet.
Studies of artificial wetlands in Southern California have shown the
remarkable ability of Pseudomonoas sp. to denitrify both primary and
secondary sewage. Natural wetlands in the fragile Lake Tahoe basin have
been greatly reduced by development, but provide the same important
environmental services. Denitrification measurements in the Lake Country
Estates marsh above Tahoe showed moderate levels of denitrification
largely regulated by the availability of nitrate. Small carbon
supplements greatly enhance the denitrification process in this system.
New, highly efficient wetlands can be constructed to intracept both the
particulate and dissolved nutrients draining from disturbed lands and
fertilized areas, thus, reducing the nitrogen loading of receiving
waters.

Goldman, C. R., E. R. Byron, et al. (1986). Changing water quality at
Lake Tahoe : the first five years of the Lake Tahoe Interagency
Monitoring Program, Tahoe Research Group, Institute of Ecology,
University of California, Davis, CA.

Goldman, C. R., E. R. Byron, et al. (1986). A technical summary of
Changing water quality in Lake Tahoe : the first five years of the Lake
Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program, Tahoe Research Group, Institute of
Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA.

Goldman, S. J., K. Jackson, et al. (1986). Erosion and Sediment Control
Handbook. New York, NY, McGraw-Hill Book Company.\
This handbook on erosion and sediment control is an outgrowth of a
series of professional seminars. The handbook is organized into chapters
on each of the major subject areas of erosion control. Chapter 1
describes erosion problems, including both environmental impacts and
economic costs. It also describes the erosion process. Chapter 2
outlines ten basic strategies for preventing erosion and trapping
sediment. Chapter 3 describes how to set up and enforce an effective
erosion and sediment control program in a city or county, and it
outlines the key features of an effective erosion and sediment control
ordinance. This chapter also includes detailed data on private sector
costs for constructing control measures and public agency costs for
implementing a control program. Chapter 4 shows how to use the rational
formula to estimate runoff volumes for sizing temporary erosion and
sediment control measures. Emphasis is on the use of short-duration
rainfall intensity data. Chapter 5 describes how to use the universal
soil loss equation to estimate the volume of sediment likely to be
eroded from a construction site. Chapter 6 discusses how to use plants
and mulches to protect graded areas from erosion. It rates the
effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of seven common revegetation
techniques, describes the characteristics of plants that are effective
in controlling erosion, and lists sources of information on suitable
plant types throughout the world. Chapter 7 provides guidelines for
designing water conveyance and energy dissipation structures such as
dikes, swales, sample designs, and practical tips for designers and
builders. Chapter 8 shows how to design and construct sediment basins
and traps, straw bale dikes, and silt fences. The first part of Chapter
9 shows how to develop an erosion and sediment control plan for a site.
The step-by-step planning process is illustrated with examples from an
actual project. The last part of the chapter gives a method, designed
for public officials, for evaluating the adequacy of an erosion and
sediment control plan, and it includes a plan review checklist. Chapter
10 covers control measure maintenance.

Goldman, C. R. (1988). Primary Productivity, Nutrients, and Transparency
During the Early Onset of Eutrophication in Ultra-Oligotrophic Lake
Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnology and Oceanography 33(6): 1321-1333.\
For more than half a century, the trophic status of water bodies has
been of interest to limnologists and oceanographers. This report
demonstrates the close, inverse relationship between C14-estimated
primary productivity and transparency during the earliest stages of
cultural eutrophication. As the population in the Tahoe basin has
rapidly increased, Lake Tahoe has been characterized by an increase in
primary productivity that has averaged 5.6%/yr for the last 28 yr. There
has been a concomitant decline n transparency of 0.37 m/yr. During
winter months when transparency is highest, the average annual loss has
been slightly greater (0.40 m/yr). The average annual Secchi depth has
decreased by 7 m during the last 19 yr of intensive monitoring. There
has also been a significant increase in the light extinction
coefficient. Photosynthetic efficiency has increased while there has
been a gradual shrinkage of the eutrophic zone. During the same period
the total nitrate-N content of the lake has increased significantly, but
total P content has not. Lake Tahoe primary production has become
increasingly P sensitive during the last decade as N has accumulated in
the system. A gradual increase in the N:P may prove to be a general
evolutionary characteristic of oligotrophic lakes during the earliest
stages of eutrophication. The importance of long-term studies in
detecting gradual change that may be masked by considerable interannual
variability is particularly evident from this study.

Goldman, C. R., A. Jassby, et al. (1989). Interannual fluctuations in
primary production: Meteorological forcing at two subalpine lakes.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 34(2): 310-323.\
Meteorological factors are associated with most of the interannual
variability in primary production at both Castle Lake, California and
Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. At Castle Lake, extreme values of annual
primary production, either much higher or lower than the long-term
average, are likely to occur during the phenomenon of El Nino/Southern
Oscillation. Two plausible pathways for the impacts of these large-scale
climate events at Castle Lake were identified: winter snowfall, acting
through its effect on the snow-ice pack and timing of the spring thaw;
and total precipitation, acting through its effect on outwash rates. In
contrast, no influence of large-scale climate events is apparent at Lake
Tahoe, but a plausible pathway involving the impact of synoptic-scale
phenomena on interannual variation was identified: local weather events.

Goldman, C. R. (1989). Lake Tahoe: Preserving a Fragile Ecosystem.
Environment 31(7): 6-11, 27-31.\
An overview of the history of the development of Lake Tahoe and the
surrounding area is presented. Over the last 30 years, water quality in
Lake Tahoe has declined steadily despite the lake's large volume. As a
result of increased nutrient availability in the lake's water, algal
growth in the spring coats the rocks near shore, and the lake is losing
its famous transparency. As a result of increasing concern about the
condition of the lake, in 1970 California and Nevada created the Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) to regulatefurther development in the
basin. With increasing cooperation from the various state and federal
agencies and clearer goals set by a 1980 agreement, TRPA began to
enforce conservation practices based on a basin-wide zoning plan that
classified the land according to its suitability for development. In
addition, regulations for maintaining water quality were adopted as the
conservation forces gradually assumed a more aggressive and successful
posture. Research and monitoring programs have been implemented that
disseminate essential water quality information that offers support to
regulatory, planning, and research activities in the Tahoe basin.
Eutrophication studies have been conducted and ways to decrease inputs
into the lake implemented. Tributary streams and atmospheric deposition
have also been considered and studied. Essential to preserving a lake's
ecological balance is the basic science necessary for understanding the
structure, function, and coupling of terrestrial ecosystems. By
developing an understanding of the workings of these fragile aquatic
systems, it should be possible to conserve their quality.
(White-Reimer-PTT)

Goldman, C. R. (1990). The importance of long-term limnological research
with emphasis on Lake Tahoe and Castle Lake. Scientific Perspectives in
Theoretical and Applied Limnology. R. de Bernardi. Pallanza, Italy,
C.N.R., Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia. 7: 221-231.\
An account is given of long-term limnological studies of Lake Tahoe,
California, USA, together with some comparative studies of Castle Lake,
which evidence the importance of weather-mediated events and the
necessity of sustaining long-term research.

Goldman, C. R., A. D. Jassby, et al. (1990). Forest Fires, Atmospheric
Deposition and Primary Productivity at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada.
Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie.
Verhandlungen 24(1): 499-503.\
Forest fires are a possible link between climate and interannual changes
in lake behavior. A 1974 fire in the Experimental Lakes Area of
northwestern Ontario increased the volume of runoff water, but annual
nutrient loading to the drainage stream was not changed significantly,
nor were nutrients and phytoplankton productivity in the lake receiving
the stream flow. In Elk Lake, Minnesota, fossil pigment stratigraphy and
cladoceran remains suggest an increase in algal production and a change
in cladoceran community composition in response to fires in the
watershed. The occurrence of major fires in southern California during
the summer of 1985 offered a unique opportunity to examine the
atmospheric effects of fire in isolation. Lake Tahoe is located in a
graben at the crest of the Sierra Nevada Range. Surface irradiation was
measured continuously with a Belfort recording pyranograph, and
photosynthetically active radiation at different depths in the lake was
measured. Despite the decrease in solar radiation reaching the
phytoplankton community, primary productivity reached the highest
recorded levels on July 11. Lake Tahoe characteristically shows a
vertical productivity profile with one peak above the thermal
discontinuity and a second peak below it. The high primary productivity
on July 11 also cannot be attributed to biomass. Several lines of
evidence suggest the nutrients contributed by dry fallout during the
fire were the most likely cause of the stimulation in productivity. When
atmospheric deposition filtrate from the July fire was added to
mixed-layer water, the productivity stimulation was similar in extent to
that caused by nutrient spiking. These results show that large-scale
fires can have a significant impact on monthly and perhaps even annual
primary productivity through their effects on atmospheric deposition,
independent of any runoff effects.

Goldman, C. R. (1992). Moving Beyond the Conflicts: Research to Protect
Lakes and Reserviors of the Western States. Bend, Oregon, The High
Desert Museum: 8 p.\
The ongoing drought has underscored the importance of our western water
supplies and those of the entire globe. Availability of water is in fact
likely to be the ultimate limiting factor for the quality of life and
will eventually set the upper limits for sustaining the earth's rapidly
expanding population. The lakes and reserviors of the Pacific west are
extraordinarily diverse in both their nature and their variety of water
quality problems. Lake Tahoe, situated between the states of California
and Nevada, is in the earliest stage of eutrophication. Our three
decades of study underscore the necessity of conducting long-term
measurements in order to detect and eventually reverse deteriorating
water quality. Managed fertility in lakes and reservoirs remains a goal
to produce fish and at the same time provide for multiple uses.
Education beginning at the primary level and extending to public
consensus meetings is essential for diffusing conflict and arriving at
workable compromise. The importance of this can scarcely be
overemphasized as we attempt to manage our limited water resources,
predict and anticipate future conditions which will be influenced by
changes in climate, and endeavor to meet human expectations for multiple
water uses.

Goldman, C. R., A. D. Jassby, et al. (1993). Decadal, interannual, and
seasonal variability in enrichment bioassays at Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada, USA. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50(7): 1489-1496.\
The response of Lake Tahoe water to macronutrient supplementation has
been assayed with inorganic super(14)C uptake since the 1960s. On the
decadal scale, a change in bioassay response to macronutrient enrichment
took place around 1980, with a decrease in the frequency of N
stimulation and an increase in the frequency of P stimulation. On the
annual scale, an effect of spring mixing depth on the size of the
bioassay response could be observed: stronger mixing events resulted in
a more positive response. On the seasonal scale, the response magnitude
was affected by stratification, but the significance of the response was
independent of season. In a subset of the bioassays, in vivo
fluorescence and chlorophyll a were measured in addition to inorganic
super(14)C uptake; bioassay results were essentially the same,
regardless of which of these three bioassay response indicators was
used.

Goodman, J. B. and United States Forest Service - California Region
(1926). Tahoe National Forest, California and Nevada : 1926. San
Francisco, CA, U.S. Forest Service.

Goodwin, V., Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, et al. (1971). Cultural and
historical significance of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide for planning,
Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Gordon, F. and Evergreen Publishing Corp. (1956). Tahoe fishing,
hunting, recreation map : made by sportsmen, showing the best spots to
hunt and fish, types of fish and game found in the area, and all other
recreation and accomadations of vital interest to the sportsman and
tourist. Sacramento, CA, Evergreen Publishing Corp.

Gray, D. H., A. T. Leiser, et al. (1980). Combined Vegetative-Structural
Slope Stabilization. Civil Engineering 50(1): 82-85.\
Vegetation in partnership with structural measures provides an
attractive and cost effective method of stabilizing slopes and combating
erosion. An effective approach is to use contour wattling, willow
cuttings, or conventional slope plantings in combination with a low
breast wall, gabion revetment, or bench structure constructed at the toe
of a slope. Another approach is to grow vegetation in the voids of
interstices of structural walls or revetments. The role of vegetation in
stabilizing slopes was described; criteria and guidelines for successful
wattling or revegetation of slopes were also discussed. Examples and
cost comparisons were presented of recent vegetative-structural slope
treatments used in the Lake Tahoe Region of California. (Humphreys-ISWS)

Greenfield, S. M. (1973). Ultimate Disposal Of Wastewaters and Their
Residuals, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Monitoring, Washington, D.C.: 121-126.\
The environmental protection agency provides financial support for
projects for the development of water reuse technology to help meet the
goals of the 1972 federal water pollution control act. epa supports the
continued development and implementation of waste water reclamation,
reuse, recycling, and recharge. emphasis is placed on the potential for
waste water reuse in agricultural, industrial, municipal, recreational,
and groundwater recharge applications. the direct interconnection of
waste water reclamation plants with municipal water treatment plants,
and projects including procedures for the rapid identification and
removal of viruses and organics, epidemiological and toxicological
analyses, advanced waste water drinking water treatment process design
and operation, development of water quality requirements for various
reuse opportunities, and cost-effectiveness studies are not currently
supported by epa. eighteen major waste water reuse projects for a total
investment of \$5,400,000 have been supported by epa. among these
projects are ones at lake tahoe, santee, and antelope valley,
california. most of the epa funded research in the fiscal year 1973 was
concerned with land treatment systems for effluents and sludges.
well-known epa financed projects in this area are groundwater recharge
at whittier narrows, california, pennsylvania state university's
project, and the muskegon, michigan, spray irrigation project.

Greenlee, D. L. (1985). Denitrification Rates Of a Mountain Meadow Near
Lake Tahoe (Acetylene, Inhibition), University Of Nevada, Reno.

Grenfell, W. E., Jr. and A. J. Brody (1983). Seasonal foods of black
bears in Tahoe National Forest, California. Calif. Fish Game 69(3):
132-150.\
Black bear, Ursus americanus , food habits were determined by analyzing
395 fecal samples collected from 1978 through 1980. Colonial insects
were eaten consistently throughout the year, while other animal food
items were used sporadically. Consumption of plant material varied with
phenology. Grasses and forbs were utilized in the spring, manzanita
berries in the summer, and acorns eaten in the fall.

Greuner, L. and Lake Tahoe Historical Society (1971). Lake Valley's past
: a guide to twenty historical sites at Tahoe's South Shore. South Lake
Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe Historical Society.

Griffenhagen-Kroeger Inc. and South Tahoe Chamber of Commerce (1960).
Local government for South Tahoe; prepared for the South Tahoe Chamber
of Commerce. San Francisco, CA, Griffenhagen-Kroeger Inc.

Grose, L. T. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1985). Geologic map,
Glenbrook quadrangle. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology,
University of Nevada-Reno.

Grose, L. T., United States Geological Survey, et al. (1986). Geologic
map, Marlette Lake quadrangle. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau of Mines and
Geology, University of Nevada-Reno.

Grunsky, C. E. (1913). Evaporation from reservoirs (pen & ink graphs),
\[publisher and place published unknown\].

Guerrant, D. G. (1989). Evaluation Of Infiltration, Runoff and Sediment
Transport Characteristics In Sierra Nevada Watersheds Through Rainfall
Simulation, University Of Nevada, Reno.\
Quantitative erosion data for Tahoe Basin soils are lacking. Rainfall
simulation was used to measured infiltration, runoff and erosion of
Cagwin soil under three slope (0-15, 15-30, and \$\>\$30%) and four plot
(natural with duff, natural without duff, disturbed without duff, and
disturbed with duff) condition. Simulated storms were \$\>\$100 yr-1 hr
event. Relationships were analyzed via a modified Philip's model and
multiple non-linear regression (P = 0.01). All plots were significantly
different. Final infiltration (i\$\\sb{\\rm f}\$) ranged from 4.6-6.1 cm
hr\$\\sp{-1}\$ and runoff from 36-59%. Natural conditions with duff
demonstrated highest and without duff lowest i\$\\sb{\\rm f}\$. Runoff
was reversed. Sediment discharge increased with slope, decreased with
time, and was greatest for disturbed with duff (1,391-35,416 Kg
Ha\$\\sp{-1}\$) and least for natural with duff conditions (trace).
Modeled cumulative sediment vs. runoff demonstrated general erosivity
for each slope/plot condition. Order No: AAC 1338576 ProQuest -
Dissertation Abstracts

Guerrant, D. G., W. W. Miller, et al. (1990). Infiltration Evaluation of
Four Mechanical Rainfall Simulation Techniques in Sierra Nevada
Watersheds. Water Resources Bulletin 26(1): 127-134.\
Little quantitative site-specific infiltration, runoff and sediment
transport data for Tahoe Basin soils under varying storm events or stage
of development are available. Modular (M1), F-type (M2), Impact nozzle
(M3), and Impact-Fan nozzle (M4) rainfall simulators were evaluated as
to their practicality and ability to characterize infiltration for the
Cagwin Soil Series within the Tahoe Basin. Three slope (0-15, 15-30,
\>30 ppt) and four plot conditions (natural with duff, natural without
duff, disturbed without duff, and disturbed with duff) were studied. The
measured data were incorporated into a modified Philip's infiltration
model and multiple non-linear regression analyses were used to examine
relationships between method, slope, plot conditions, and infiltration
characteristics. Simulation methods M1 and M4 produced statistically
similar (P=0.01) infiltration data, as did M2 and M3 which produced
lower infiltration rates. All were found suitable for use in Sierra
Nevada watersheds. M1 was considered most practical. Slope had
negligible effect on infiltration. The plot condition was found to
significantly influence infiltration, and the effect of each plot
condition was significantly different. Final infiltration rates ranged
from 4.7 to 6.2 cm/hr. Thus, the Cagwin soil demonstrated moderate to
high infiltration rates even when exposed to extreme storm conditions
(8-10 cm/hr). (Author's abstract)

Guerrant, D. G., W. W. Miller, et al. (1991). Site-specific erosivity
evaluation of a Sierra Nevada forested watershed soil. J Environ Qual
20(2): 396-402.\
Little quantitative site-specific infiltration, runoff, and erosion data
for forested watershed soils of the Tahoe Basin are available. A
Modular-type rainfall simulator was used to examine these variables for
the Cagwin (mixed Typic Cryopsamment) soil series. Three slope (0-15,
15-30, \>30%) and four plot conditions (undisturbed with natural duff,
undisturbed without natural duff, disturbed without natural duff, and
disturbed with natural duff removed) were studied. Infiltration and
runoff data were incorporated into a modified Philip's model whereas
erosion data were incorporated into a general nonlinear model. Data sets
were analyzed via nonlinear regression for slope and plot interaction.
Slope had negligible effect on infiltration and runoff but had a
significant effect on erosion. Plot condition had significant effects on
infiltration runoff, and erosion. Final infiltration rates ranged from
4.7 to 6.1 cm h-1, runoff ranged from 36 to 59% of the application
rates, and cumulative interrill erosion ranged from 37.5 to 108.4 g m-1
for a simulated design storm of 8 to 10 cm h-1. The findings of this
investigation were consistent with those of related quantitative
investigations and indicate that the Cagwin soil has a low relative
erosivity. Data from this study further suggest that previously applied
models used to estimate potential erosion hazards of forested watershed
soils may well result in over-estimation of erosion potential.

Gupta, V. L. and J. W. Fordham (1971). Multisite Streamflow Simulation
Of Truckee River, Nevada. Symposium on Statistical Hydrology, Arizona
University, Tucson.\
The problems associated with conducting sequential simulation studies of
monthly streamflow were discussed. focus was on a configuration of six
gaging stations in the truckee river system. the concepts of simulation
were structured in such a manner that both the serial and cross
correlations of the station-to-station dependence was preserved. the
results were investigated by comparing the statistical properties of the
simulated sequences and the historic flow inputs. some of these
properties include mean, standard deviation, and skewness; correlograms;
and frequency distributions. lack of meaningful agreement in the
statistics of historic and simulated sequences for tahoe inflow,
particularly for the low flow regime, is attributable to the use of a
blanket 'log-pearson type iii distribution' for all stations, for all
seasons, and for each month. tahoe inflow is predominantly a consequence
of the precipitation on the large body of water. lag time and the
frequency distribution of precipitation and streamflow are distinctly
different. consequently, postulating the same parent distribution has
led to discrepancies. smoothing and truncating the skew coefficients as
advocated by the method used is partially responsible for the lack of
agreement between historic and simulated sequences. (see also w75-10507)
(sims-isws)

Gupta, V. L. and J. W. Fordham (1972). Streamflow Synthesis \-- a Case
Study. Journal Of The Hydraulics Division, American Society Of Civil
Engineers 98(Hy6): 1049-1055.\
A statistical simulation was prepared for monthly streamflow sequences
in a multiple-site configuration in the tahoe-truckee system. data
preparation consisted of: (1) conversion of historic streamflow values,
wherever necessary, to what the values would be if it were not for
regulation; and (2) reconstitution of missing flow values in the record.
the general statistical properties of the simulated sequences were
comparable to those of historic sequences. inconsistencies with regard
to monthly water balance of the simulated sequences are outlined.

Guthe, W. G. and M. L. Shelton (1987). Estimating the Water Resource for
a High Sierra Watershed. Water Resources Bulletin WARBAQ 23(5):
767-775.\
Competition for water, concerns for maintaining groundwater quality, and
compliance with legislative action require quantification of the water
resource for high elevation watersheds in the Sierra Nevada. However,
meager hydroclimatic data frequently hinder runoff assessments needed
for formulating water development policies, and the selection of
watershed models for estimating the water resource is limited to those
requiring a minimum of observational data. A climatic water budget model
and an energy slope and aspect model are employed to estimate the water
resource for a small watershed in Sierra Valley north of Lake Tahoe. The
models employ different assumptions and computational procedures, but
the total water available estimated by both models is very similar.
Measured runoff is estimated satisfactorily by the models, but
streamflow is not representative of the total water resource because a
substantial portion of the available water enters the regional
groundwater system. This conclusion is supported by hydrologic and
geochemical evidence, and groundwater recharge is estimated to be at
least as great as measured runoff during dry years and nearly twice as
large during wet years. (Author's abstract)

H.L. Hensley & Associates (1959). Lake Tahoe Area Council : program and
plan of operations. Reno, NV, H.L. Hensley & Associates.

Hacker, P. W. (1973). The Mixing Of Heat Deduced From Temperature
Fine-Structure Measurements In the Pacific Ocean and Lake Tahoe,
University Of California, San Diego (0033).

Hager, D. G. (1981). Source Treatment of Industrial Wastewater with
Granular Activated Carbon. International Conference on Application of
Adsorption to Wastewater Treatment, Nashville, TN, Enviro Press, Inc.,
Nashville, TN.\
Installation of a granular activated carbon (GAC) wastewater treatment
system at Lake Tahoe some fifteen years ago marked the first large scale
municipal application for the adsorption process. Following the Lake
Tahoe installation, many municipal and industrial waste treatment
facilities were installed with the common objective of reducing residual
dissolved organic contaminants which have survived conventional
biological treatment. The GAC System was placed at the end of the
treatment sequence and the organics being removed were measured in terms
of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COC), total
organic carbon (TOC) and/or soluble (organic) oxygen demand (SOC). More
recently, industrial GAC systems have been designed to remove specific
chemical contaminants rather than overall general organic reductions.
Current regulatory actions emphasize the removal of specific organic
contaminants from industrial effluents which are considered to be toxic
and/or carcinogenic. For removal of specific organic contaminants the
adsorptive capacity of activated carbon is more fully utilized in point
of source treatment where specific contaminant concentrations are
highest and other organic concentrations are lowest. Point of source GAC
treatment provides an opportunity for recovery of valuable products from
the wastewater via non-thermal regeneration of the GAC. Countercurrent
adsorption systems, such as pulsed bed adsorbers, maximize the loading
of contaminants on the GAC in each adsorption cycle and thereby reduce
the quantity of carbon exhausted per gallon of treated water. Recently,
developed fluid bed carbon reactivation technology has appreciably
reduced fuel consumption and improved reactivated carbon quality in both
industrial and municipal GAC water applications.

Hamilton, F. S. (1935). A study of Lake Tahoe with respect to the best
regulation for future storage, University of California, Berkeley.

Hamilton, M. K., C. O. Davis, et al. (1993). Estimating chlorophyll
content and bathymetry of Lake Tahoe using AVIRIS data. Remote Sens.
Environ. 44: 2-3.\
An AVIRIS image was obtained at Lake Tahoe on 9 August 1990, along with
in situ data. Profiles of percent transmission of monochromatic light,
stimulated chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetically available
radiation, and spectral upwelling and downwelling irradiance, and
upwelling radiance were measured. Chlorophyll-a + phaeopigments, total
particulate absorption, detritus absorption, and absorption due to
colored dissolved organic matter were measured on discrete samples.
Spectral reflectance at the surface was measured with a handheld
spectroradiometer. Image preprocessing included increasing the
instrument signal-to-noise ratio by filtering to reduce patterned noise
and spatial resampling, and application of LOWTRAN-7 as an atmospheric
correction. Several analyses were then performed illustrating the
utility of the AVIRIS over a dark water scene. The water-leaving
radiance measured by the AVIRIS compares very well with the upwelling
radiance measured in-water, everywhere but in the very short wavelength
channels. After recalibrating one AVIRIS channel, the chlorophyll
concentration derived from the image compares extremely well with that
measured with bottle samples. Surface spectroradiometer measurements
made along a transect of varying depth were used to condition a multiple
linear regression bathymetry model. By applying the model coefficients
to a portion of the image, a bathymetry map of the shallow parts of the
lake was constructed which compares favorably with published lake
soundings, indicating the potential for a bottom-reflectance correction
to coastal ocean color imagery.

Hampton, A. M. (1988). Altitudinal range and habitat of triclads in
streams of the Lake Tahoe basin. Am. Midl. Nat. 120(2): 302-312.\
The distribution of freshwater triclads in streams, springs and seeps of
the Lake Tahoe Basin was studied. Twenty-one streams were investigated
from source to mouth in an elevation range from 1902 to 2792 m (6235 to
9160 ft), and collecting sites were established approximately every 400
m (quarter mile). Species of Polycelis were found at the highest
elevations and were the most abundant and widely distributed of the
stream triclads. They were in 81% of the streams and in many springs and
seeps. In several cases, triclads of the genus Polycelis were most
abundant in headwaters, decreasing in density downstream.

Hancock, L. (1986). Lambreth Hancock autobiography : revised typescript
(photocopy), \[ca. 1986\], (Describes his years working for Henry J.
Kaiser, first in California and later in Hawaii; life at Lake Tahoe;
various ventures of Henry J. Kaiser; other members of the family.).

Hanf, K. and G. Wandesforde-Smith (1972). Institutional Design and
Environmental Management; the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, University
of California, Institute of Governmental Affairs, Davis, CA.\
Some of the reasons why the tahoe regional planning agency has not lived
up to the hopes that environmentalists had for it are considered. an
explanation is presented of the performance of the agency in terms of
relationships between its organizational attributes, its
politico-administrative environment, and the structure of incentives and
constraints in which this and all other attempts at environmental
policy-making sets within the context of the political systems must
operate. at a more general level, it is argued that environmentalists
have scant reason to be either surprised or indignant at the inadequate
performance of the intergrated, comprehensive approach to environmental
planning. little systematic attention has been given to the political
factors likely to influence the design and performance of the regional
agencies or to the political processes which, once set in motion by
demands for regional environmental planning, can reasonably be expected
to lead to a situation where regional agencies are inadequate to the
task at hand. this is not to say that environmental planning is
impossible or undesirable in the united states through the medium of
regional agencies. however, it is argued that more careful attention
must be given to analysis of the costs and benefits of alternative
governmental arrangements with a potential for achieving regional
environmental planning, including existing as well as proposed
arrangements. the nature of environmental planning as a political
process must be reconsidered, stressing the need to take clearer account
of the consequences of policies advanced in the name of improved
environmental quality.

Hannaford, J. F. and M. C. Williams (1968). Regional Hydrologic Area
Study As an Analysis Tool In Weather Modification. 36th Annual Meeting
of Western Snow Conf., Lake Tahoe, Nevada.\
A regional hydrologic analysis of the southern and central sierra nevada
from bakersfield, california to reno, nevada was made to identify trends
in runoff and to identify trends associated with weather modification
activity. most target areas show apparent increases in runoff during the
period of modification operations. the pattern is clear even though
increases may only be in the 5 to 10 percent range. this implies that
sierra weather modification projects have been successful, well
targeted, and effective. there is an apparent area of downwind effect
showing increases in runoff of a magnitude similar to that in the target
areas. no peripheral or downwind effects indicating decreases in runoff
were found which could be associated with the period of weather
modification activity. it is recognized that rigorous statistical proof
with the data in this analysis is a virtual impossibility. apparent
effects are small when related to overall discharge and potential
measurement errors, so that detection with a suitable degree of
statistical reliability basins may not be possible. however, an overall
pattern is developing which appears consistent with findings of others
in this and other areas.

Hansen, R. P., W. A. Hillhouse, et al. (1970). Public Land Policy and
the Environment, Volume 2, Part I Environmental Problems On the Public
Lands. Summary Statement and Case Studies 1 Through 8, Rocky Mountain
Center On Environment, Denver, CO.\
Environmental case studies of the following areas and practices are
presented: (1) batholith granite in idaho; (2) lake tahoe; (3) the
henderson project in colorado, a mining operation; (4) shirly basin in
wyoming, a mining operation; (5) copper pit mining composite in arizona;
(6) south central utah, a grazing area; (7) a timber cutting practice
composite; and (8) a fire ecology composite. these case studies recite
facts, discuss environmental impact, and consider problem origins,
environmental considerations, and alternatives. a summary of all the
case studies is provided in an attempt to define generally the areas
discussed in all of the studies. types of environmental problems and
impacts are set forth, as are the legal, procedural and policy problems
associated with environmental problems and impacts. suggested
alternative laws, regulations, policies, practices, and procedures for
avoiding or mitigating environmental problems are presented.

Harding, S. T. and California Dept. of Water Resources (1959).
Derivation of the future water requirements of the Lake Tahoe Basin :
comments on the results of the California Department of Water Resources.

Harding, S. T. (1962). Water supply of Lake Tahoe.

Harrill, J. R., Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology, et al. (1977). South
Lake Tahoe folio, hydrologic map. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau of Mines and
Geology.

Harrington, J. M. and California Dept. of Fish & Game (1991). Tributylin
residues in Lake Tahoe and San Diego Bay, California, 1988, California
Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.

Harris, R. W., W. Jeffery, et al. (1974). Water Pollution. Interstate
Environmental Problems: 57-84.\
The types and mechanisms of water pollution, the various legal means of
protecting water quality, and the application of those means in the lake
tahoe-truckee river area in california are surveyed in this article.
types of pollutants include: organic wastes, infectious agents, plant
nutrients, synthetic organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, sediments,
radioactive wastes, and thermal pollution. a particularly destructive
type of pollution is created by the meat packing industry by penning
animals in feedlots. various chemical techniques are available for
detecting pollutants, as well as natural techniques such as the trout
standard. once a pollution problem is detected, water quality control
authorities may compel abatement under the 1972 amendments to the
federal water pollution control act (fwpca), which places limitations on
the discharges of effluents into navigable waters. in california, there
are nine separate regional water quality control boards in charge of
enforcing fwpca requirements. an examination of the tahoe-truckee
system, however, reveals that federal requirements often conflict with
state needs, and that solution to one part of the water quality
problem\--sewage treatment\--can have adverse consequences in other
areas of the environment.

Harris, R. E., P. F. Barker, et al. (1988). Land and resource management
plan : Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, USDA Forest Service, Lake Tahoe
Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Hart, O. O. (1978). An Introduction to Water Renovation and Reclamation.
Manual for Water Renovation and Reclamation CSIR Technical Guide K42
16(1978): 1-16.\
A supply of fresh surface water for all consumers is no longer possible
in a water-poor country such as South Africa, therefore, water
renovation and reclamation, two methods of conserving the water that is
available, are becoming increasingly necessary. Successful reuse of
waste water has been achieved in locations such as Lake Tahoe in South
Africa, Chanute in the United States, and Windhoek in South West Africa.
Research that began six years ago at the Stander water reclamation
plant, Daspoort, Pretoria has done much to futher water reuse in South
Africa. The research has dealt primarily with two types of raw water,
biofilter humus tank effluent and activated sludge effluent. Unit
processes have been developed so that final water of virtually any
quality can be produced. Unit processes used include: lime treatment,
clarification, quality equalization, ammonia stripping, recarbonation,
sand filtration, chloride disinfection, ozone disinfection, active
carbon adsorption, final treatment, sludge dewatering, and active carbon
regeneration. The cost of renovated and reclaimed water is a function of
plant size, waste water characteristics, and the degree of treatment ore
renovation. The most expensive, but necessary, unit process is active
carbon adsorption, while the most economical unit process is quality
equalization.

Hasler, A. D. and B. Ingersoll (1968). Dwindling Lakes. Nat Hist 77(9):
1.\
Eutrophication and subsequent extinction of lakes is a naturally
occurring process whose rate is governed by many limnological and
geological factors. man's activities, including waste disposal and
agricultural practices, substantially hasten the process by polluting
rivers, lakes and impoundments with excessive plant nutrients.
consequent growth of blue-green algae and rooted aquatic vegetation
initiate a cycle of events which are aesthetically offensive and
economically costly. authors classified 12 selected american lakes as
follows: excellent\--crater, ore; excellent but endangered\--superior
and tahoe; good but endangered\--george and cayuga, ny; fair but
improving\--washington, seattle; good and improving\--okoboji, iowa;
fair and endangered\--mendota, wis; poor and endangered\--erie; good but
endangered\--douglas, mich; and okeechobee, fla; and poor but
improving\--apopka, fla. authors discuss diversion, improved sewage
treatment, enlightened agricultural practices, and harvesting as methods
of control, but discourage techniques such as application of biocides,
which treat effects without eliminating nutrients. air pollution is
involved as source of nitrogen pollution via rainfall. authors urge more
and careful study of manifold factors influencing eutrophication and
indicate the great promise of systems analysis as means of generating
large-scale data needed for control.

Hasler, A. D. (1969). Cultural Eutrophication Is Reversible. Bioscience
19(5): 425-431.\
Various human activities contribute to excessive enrichment (cultural
eutrophication) of waters. among the symptoms of cultural eutrophication
are nuisance blooms of algae, increased nutrient levels, depletion of
hypolimnetic oxygen, increased turbidity, and changes in the
species-compositions of phytoplankton, invertebrates, and fishes. a case
history is presented (zurichsee) documenting changes in limnological
conditions, as well as additional relevant data from north american
lakes. as methods of solving the problems of cultural eutrophication,
author suggests that more extensive dissemination of information,
involvement of all citizens and citizen groups in workshops and
seminars, and enlightened legislation. the wisconsin resources law
(1965) is given as an example of legislation and the philosophy of
zoning is discussed. three examples are given (lakes monona, tahoe,
washington) where success is curbing cultural eutrophication has been
achieved. methods of control and harvesting aquatic plants and fish are
discussed; also chemical control and sewage utilization. table gives
estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus input to wisconsin surface waters.
see also w68-00680. (voigtlander-wis)

Hawkins, F. F., R. LaForge, et al. (1986). Seismotectonic study of the
Truckee/Lake Tahoe area, northeastern Sierra Nevada, California for
Stampede, Prosser Creek, Boca, and Lake Tahoe Dams, Seismotectonic
Section, Engineering and Research Center, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation,
Denver, CO.

Hawley, R. S. (1925). Property map of Lakeside Park : Lake Tahoe, Calif.

Hayden, M. (1971). Guidebook to the Lake Tahoe Country. Los Angeles, CA,
W. Ritchie Press.

Hays, D. W. and U.S. Geological Survey Reclamation Service (1903). Lake
Tahoe outlet, Truckee project, Nevada. \[Reno, Nevada?\], U.S.G.S.
Reclamation Service.

Hendrickson, J. D. (1993). Community plan preparation primer, City of
South Lake Tahoe : an individual parcel inventory and cumulative
district assessment to assist in the preparation of a community plan for
the South "Y" and industrial tract planning areas, University of
California, Los Angeles.

Heoney, A. and C. Miller (1987). Living on the lake : Tahoe. Northern
California Real Estate Journal 2(2): 8-9.

Heyman, M. (1975). Legal Review of Land Use Controls. Lake Tahoe
Research Seminar III, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
Developments in the Lake Tahoe Basin since the organization of the Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) as a grant experiment in legal
techniques and governmental organization are discussed. Major topics
covered are land use regulation and processes of governments. TRPA and
CTRPA plans are referred to. The major concern of these plans has been
the protection of water quality in Lake Tahoe and other Basin lakes, and
the preservation of the vegetation and natural land forms. Air pollution
and shoreline regulation are mentioned. The second part of the paper is
devoted to litigation dealing with land use. (See also W78-00260)
(Lynch-Wisconsin)

Hildinger, A. E. (1962). Forest trees of the Lake Tahoe area. South Lake
Tahoe, CA, A.E. Hildinger.

Hill, B. R., J. R. Hill, et al. (1988). Sediment Sources in the Lake
Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada: Preliminary Results of a Four Year
Study, August 1983 - September 1987, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park,
CA.\
Data were collected during a 4-yr study of sediment sources in four
drainage basins tributary to Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. The study
areas include the Blackwood, General, Edgewood, and Logan House Creek
basins. Data include changes in bank and bed positions at channel cross
sections; results of stream-channel mapping; analyses of bank and bed
material samples; tabulations of bed material point counts; measured
rates of hillslope erosion; dimensions of gullies; suspended-sediment
data collected during synoptic snowmelt sampling; and physiographic data
for the four study basins. (USGS)

Hill, B. R., J. R. Hill, et al. (1990). Sediment-Source Data for Four
Basins Tributary to Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada, August 1983-June
1988, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.\
Data were collected during a 5-year study of sediment sources in four
drainage basins tributary to Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. The study
areas include the Blackwood Creek, General Creek, Edgewood Creek, and
Logan House Creek basins. Data include changes in bank and bed positions
at channel cross sections; results of stream-channel inventories;
analyses of bank and bed material samples; tabulations of bed-material
pebble counts; measured rates of hillslope erosion; dimensions of
gullies; suspended-sediment data collected during synoptic snowmelt
sampling; and physiographic data for the four study basins. (USGS)

Hill, K. J. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1994). 1993 annual water
quality report, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Zephyr Cove, NV.

Hinckle, G. and B. Hinckle (1949). Sierra Nevada Lakes. Indianapolis,
IN, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.

Hoefer, J. (1986). Planning in a fragile environment\--Lake Tahoe.
Proc-Soc-Am-For-Natl-Conv. Bethesda, Md., The Society: 273-275.

Hoffman, R. W., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1981). Aquatic Impacts of Deicing
Salts in the Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. Water Resour.
Bull. 17(2): 280-285.\
The fate and effect of sodium chloride applied to Californian highways
in the Lake Tahoe, Truckee River, and Yuba River watersheds were studied
over a period of 14 months in 1974-75. Chloride levels in streams below
major freeways were found to be elevated during the winter. The high
chloride levels occurred after the application of salt to roads,
decreasing as the time from application increases. Small lakes receiving
runoff from major highways were also enriched with chloride. Several of
these lakes displayed a temporary chemocline, which was sufficiently
strong to stabilize a temperature inversion in one lake.

Hoffman, D. S. (1984). Saving the lake! : an overview of Lake Tahoe's
development, University of Nevada, Reno.

Hoffman, R. J. (1990). Phosphorus in the Truckee River Between Vista and
Patrick, Storey and Washoe Counties, Nevada, August 1984, US Geological
Survey, Carson City, NV.\
During calibration of a numerical water quality model of the Truckee
River below Reno, Nevada, the modeling results showed an undocumented
accretion of phosphorus between Lockwood and Patrick at streamflows of
about 300 cu ft/sec. An examination of available historical data tended
to support the observed increase. In August 1984, at a streamflow of
about 300 cu ft/sec, a diel sampling program was undertaken at four
stations along a 7.3-mile reach of the river to determine if the
undocumented input of phosphorus was real, or was due to errors
associated with water quality sampling procedures, or the river's
traveltime, or both. Water samples were collected using the
equal-discharge-increment method across the stream, for the analysis of
phosphorus, chloride, sulfate, and arsenic. On-site measurements
included specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, and
pH. All water quality data were collected every 2 hours and
instantaneous streamflow was measured about every 3 hours at each
station. The results of field work and a thorough analysis of past
sampling programs in the Truckee River suggest that the apparent
increase in phosphorus between Lockwood and Patrick was most likely the
result of sampling protocol in association with the river's time of
travel, compounded by fluctuating phosphorus loads from an upstream
wastewater treatment plant near Reno during periods of moderate
streamflow. During high streamflow conditions, the increase may also
have been the result of the resuspension of particulate phosphorus.
(Author's abstract)

Hokom, L. H. (1949). Sanitary survey of water systems Lake Tahoe Area,
California Department of Public Health, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering,
Sacramento, CA.

Holderman, J. C. (1991). Development Of a Bike Path In the Ecologically
Sensitive Lake Tahoe Basin, University Of Nevada, Reno.\
The environmental and developmental problems of a hike n' bike path in
an ecologically sensitive mountain lake area were researched. The path
would extend the existing Incline Village bike path south along Highway
28 at Lake Tahoe. The high recreational pressure on the Lake Tahoe area
has resulted in environmental degradation along the shoreline. Subjects
covered in this analysis were examination of historical development of
the study area, planning issues, integration with other recreational
plans, and Intergovernmental Cooperative agreements. Two bike path
alternatives were established and comparison of the plans were assessed
to determine the most feasible alternative. The research indicates that
the development of the proposed path will probably slow down the
degradation occurring in the area allowing better control of
recreational use; and thus, easier enforcement of regulations and
maintenance of the area.

Hopp, W. J. (1970). Tahoes environmental problems and regional controls
: with a history and analysis of the Tahoe regional planning compact,
\[publisher and place published unknown\].

Hotchkiss, W. R. (1968). Snow Avalanche - The White Death. Geologic
Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area, California and Nevada. J. R. Evans and
R. A. Matthews. Sacramento, Geological Society of Sacramento: 37-45.\
Avalanches; Avalanch control

Howard, R. F., M. J. Singer, et al. (1981). Effects of soil properties,
water content, and compactive effort on the compaction of selected
California forest and range soils in the Sierra, Tahoe, and Modoc
national forests in California. J Soil Sci Soc Am 45(C (2): 231-236.

Howell, R. and California Dept. of Public Works - Division of Highways
(1971). Soil erosion transects Lake Tahoe region, California Division of
Highways, Sacramento, CA.

Howell, R. B., J. B. Skog, et al. (1971). Hydrology and sediment
transport (Spring 1971), Lake Tahoe Basin : interim report, State of
California, Dept. of Public Works, Division of Highways, Materials and
Research Dept., Sacramento, CA.

Huber, W. L. (1936). Photographs of scenic views of Nevada and Lake
Tahoe.

Huggins, E. (1992). What shall we do tomorrow : at North Lake Tahoe and
Truckee. Truckee, CA, Coldstream Press.

Hunsaker, J. N. and United States Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit
(1976). Environmental analysis report (EAR) for a proposed Lake Tahoe
Management Unit land use plan, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South
Lake Tahoe, CA.

Hunt, R. H. and California Division of Forestry (1971). Lake Tahoe :
urbanization under the forest canopy, California Division of Forestry,
Sacramento, CA.

Hunter, D. A., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1990). Changes in the
Phytoplankton Community Structure in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada.
Internationale Vereinigung fuer Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie
24(1): 505-508.\
Qualitative and quantitative evidence suggests that the low phosphorus
concentrations in Lake Tahoe are responsible for changes in the
phytoplankton community structure. The high N:P ratio has triggered
increases in species richness and has altered the relative contribution
of algal groups to the total phytoplankton biomass. Diatoms no longer
exclusively dominate the biomass. Instead, the phytoplankton community
structure reflects a shared dominance among diatoms, chrysophytes and
cryptophytes. The shift in algal group dominance may testify to resource
partitioning among natural N:P gradients. As phosphorus becomes more
limiting, those species that can optimize low concentrations of
phosphorus are gaining importance. If the N:P ratio increases, the
phytoplankton community may become increasingly dominated by
chrysophytes. Lake Tahoe is characterized by a high degree of
environmental variability which is reflected in the annual resource
availability. Much work remains to be done to increase the understanding
of the interactions between the extent of spring mixing and the
resulting implications for phytoplankton growth and resource
partitioning.

Hyne, N. J. J. (1969). Sedimentology and Pleistocene History Of Lake
Tahoe, California - Nevada, University Of Southern California.

Hyne, N. J., P. Chelminski, et al. (1972). Quaternary History of Lake
Tahoe, California-Nevada. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 83: 1435-1448.

Hyne, N. J., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1973). Mounds In Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada: a Model For Landslide Topography In the Subaqueous
Environment. J. Geology 81(2): 176-188.\
Landslide movement of sediments is a significant mode of sediment
transport in lake tahoe, california-nevada. a series of massive,
basin-wide landslides deposited a large portion of the thick bottom
sediments. the latest of these landslides was comparable in volume with
the largest landslides ever recorded. several large mounds on the floor
of lake tahoe were formed by landslides. at the base-of-slope
environment, many mounds are well layered and rotated backward,
suggesting deposition as coherent slump blocks. mounds further from the
base of slope are circular or elliptical in area, have a pebbly mudstone
sedimentary texture, display a disordered internal structure on seismic
reflection profiles, and are located on an extensive layer of similarly
disordered sediments. these mounds formed along dewatering centers
during the rapid deposition of an incoherent landslide mass. a gradation
exists between coherent slumps, partially fluidized incoherent landslide
masses, and fluidized turbidity currents depending on the amount of
water that has been entrained. only the fluid flow does not form a
characteristic mound topography.

Imboden, D. M., R. F. Weiss, et al. (1977). Lake Tahoe geochemical
study. (l). lake chemistry and tritium mixing study. Limnology and
Oceanography 22(6): 1039-1051.\
The study of vertical mixing in Lake Tahoe by temperature and oxygen
measurements is limited to the top layer of the lake, since vertical
gradients are extremely small at greater depth. Below 200 m the
temperature gradient is about -1-.-6 x 10-SUP\--4\--degree-C m-SUP\--1-,
with little or no seasonal variation. A tritium profile was taken at a
midlake station in 1973 together with samples for measurements on lake
chemistry. Oxygen, nitrate, total inorganic carbon, and pH showed the
effects of photosynthetic activity to a depth of about 80 m, well below
the thermocline; average planktonic composition was calculated from
these data. Silicate and carbonate alkalinity profiles were essentially
uniform, showing that biological removal is negligible in comparison to
the rate of vertical mixing. Essentially no variation in tritium
concentration with depth was observed. Tritium measurements and input
estimates in Crater Lake were used to calculate tritium concentration in
Lake Tahoe between 1954 and 1973 and to estimate a ratio in tritium
input of 32% precipitation to 68% vapor exchange. The tritium profile
gives strong evidence for at least occasional complete mixing of Lake
Tahoe. The last complete mixing may have occurred in March 1973 and at
least one other such event took place between 1964 and 1968.

Ingram, W. and P. A. Sabatier (1987). A descriptive history of land use
and water quality planning in the Lake Tahoe Basin, Institute of
Governmental Affairs and the Institute of Ecology, University of
California, Davis, CA: 75 leaves.

Ingrum, B. (1986). Progress at Lake Tahoe. Urban Land 44(11): 13-16.

Innis, G. S., D. F. Hanson, et al. (1981). A simulation model of
management alternatives in a freshwater fishery. Ecol. Modelling 12(4):
267-280.\
A model for investigating management alternatives on the Pyramid
Lake-Truckee River system of Nevada and California is presented.
Cutthroat trout, cui-ui, Tahoe sucker and tui chub are modelled with
special emphasis on river spawning by trout. Management decision
variables include hatchery input, water flow control, and diversion
screening. Preliminary results indicate that some hatchery input will be
needed to support the trout even with the best river management.

J.B. Gilbert & Associates (1973). Erosion control and surface water
management : Lake Tahoe portion of El Dorado County, J.B. Gilbert &
Associates, Sacramento, CA.

J.B. Gilbert & Associates (1974). Tahoe Regional Planning Agency 1974
comprehensive planning program, preliminary status report : public
facilities master plan - storm drainage and surface water runoff - fire
services - power and gas supply, J.B. Gilbert & Associates, Sacramento,
CA: 1 v.

Jackson, W. T. and D. J. Pisani (1972). Lake Tahoe water : a chronicle
of conflict affecting the environment : 1863-1939, Institute of
Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis, CA.

Jackson, W. T. and D. J. Pisani (1973). From resort area to urban
recreation center : themes in the development of Lake Tahoe, 1946-1956,
Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis, CA.\
LAKE TAHOE'S DEVELOPMENT AS A RESORT CENTER DATES TO 1924. AFTER WORLD
WAR II, IMPROVED ACCESS BY HIGHWAY AND AIR, DEVELOPMENT OF WINTER SPORTS
FACILITIES AND AN INCREASE IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BEGAN TO TAX TAHOE
CITY'S WATER SUPPLIES. CONTROVERSY OVER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE USE OF
BEACHES, BUILDING AND ZONING CODES, AND LAND USE OCCURRED IN THE 1940'S
AND 1950'S. SMALL PRIVATE UTILITY COMPANIES SUPPLIED WATER BETWEEN
1946-1956, MANY OF THESE BEING ABSORBED INTO PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICTS AS
COMMUNITIES EXPANDED. CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA DEPARTMENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DEMONSTRATED CONSIDERABLE CONCERN OVER SEWAGE SYSTEMS DRAINING INTO THE
LAKE AND INTO THE TRUCKEE RIVER, THE NATURAL OUTLET OF THE LAKE. AS
POLLUTION INCREASED BOND ISSUES TO PROVIDE A NEW SEWAGE SYSTEM AT TAHOE
CITY WERE DEFEATED BY VOTERS AND COURT ACTIONS BECAME FREQUENT. CONFLICT
BETWEEN THOSE WISHING TO PRESERVE AND THOSE WISHING TO DEVELOP THE
ENVIRONMENT BECAME EVIDENT. ATTEMPTS AT BI-STATE COOPERATION OVER THE
WATER LEVEL CONTROVERSY INCLUDING THE TRUCKEE RIVER AGREEMENT WHICH SET
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM LEVELS OF THE LAKE, AND THE PROPOSED BUILDING OF THE
PROSSER RESERVOIR FOR STORAGE BY THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS, ARE TRACED.
PROBLEMS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL WERE ALSO TACKLED ON A BI-STATE BASIS OFTEN
INVOLVING BITTER CONFLICT. PROBLEMS OF JURISDICTION AND FINANCE
CONTINUE. (EDWARDS-NORTH CAROLINA)

Jackson, W. T. and D. J. Pisani (1973). A Case Study In Interstate
Resource Management: the California-Nevada Water Controversy, 1865-1955,
University of California, Davis, Water Resources Center, Davis, CA.\
A historical summary and evaluation are presented of the controversy
between northern california and nevada over capture, storage, and
distribution of the water supply originating in the sierra nevada
mountains between the two states. the water controversy is described
from the perspective of formal interstate efforts to satisfy those
interests and find an equitable way of dividing 'surplus' water between
the two states. the majority of the report is concerned with interstate
efforts to resolve differences over water allocation, uses, and
management from 1931 to 1955. although significant, the
california-nevada interstate water conference played a relatively
ineffective role during this period.

Jackson, W. T. (1974). Early planning efforts at Lake Tahoe : the role
of Joseph F. McDonald, 1956-1963. Davis, CA, Institute of Governmental
Affairs, University of California.

Jackson, W. T. and T. L. Dailey (1974). Environmental planning efforts
at Lake Tahoe : the evolution of regional government, 1963-1968,
Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis, CA:
iii, 76 leaves.

Jackson, W. T. and D. J. Pisani (1974). A Case Study In Interstate
Resource Management: the California-Nevada Water Controversy, 1955-1968,
University of California, Davis, Water Resources Center, Davis, CA.\
A history is presented of the california-nevada interstate compact
commission from its formation in 1955 through 1971. the commission was
responsible for drafting a compact dividing up the surplus water of one
interstate lake, lake tahoe, and three interstate streams, the truckee,
carson and walker rivers. however, largely because of opposition from
the federal government, the compact has never taken effect. federal
agencies interested in lake tahoe, particularly the department of the
interior, have blocked any chance for the two states to solve their
mutual water problems by imposing a new set of negotiating conditions on
the commissioners after a formal compact between the states was adopted.
much of the criticism levelled at the compact commission has been
unjustified considering the statutory limitations imposed on the
commission's authority when negotiations began. finally, this report
illustrates the continuing conflict over water use priorities in the
american west. throughout negotiations the relative value of water use
for recreation was tested against the needs of farmers, power companies
and other interest groups. the agreements reached by negotiators reflect
the difficulty water use planners have had in reconciling conflicting,
and often inconsistent, demand on a limited resource.

James, G. W. (1915). Lake Tahoe and it's surroundings. Pasadena, CA,
George Wharton James.

James, G. W. (1956). The lake of the sky, Lake Tahoe in the high Sierras
of California and Nevada; its history, Indians. Chicago, IL, C. T.
Powner Company.\
discovery by Fremont, legendary lore, various namings, physical
characteristics, glacial phenomena, geology, single outlet, automobile
routes, historic towns, early mining excitements, steamer ride, mineral
springs, mountain and lake resorts, trail and camping out trips, summer
residences, fishing, hunting, flowers, birds, animals, trees and
chapparal \[!\] with a full account of the of the Tahoe National Forest,
the public use of the water of Lake Tahoe and much other interesting
matter

Jassby, A. D., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1992). Trend, seasonality, cycle,
and irregular fluctuations in primary productivity at Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada, USA. Hydrobiologia 246(3): 195-203.\
Primary productivity has been measured routinely at Lake Tahoe since
1967, and a number of mechanisms underlying variability in the
productivity record have now been identified. A long-term trend due to
nutrient loading dominates the series. Seasonality also is prominent,
apparently controlled by direct physical factors unrelated to the
trophic cascade. A 3-yr cycle has been detected and several possible
mechanisms are considered. Irregular fluctuations also are present,
caused in part by isolated events (a forest fire) and recurring but
variable phenomena (spring mixing). Except possibly for the 3-yr cycle,
the known sources of variability appear to operate "bottom-up" through
direct physical and chemical effects on the phytoplankton.

Jassby, A. D., J. E. Reuter, et al. (1994). Atmospheric Deposition Of
Nitrogen and Phosphorus In the Annual Nutrient. Water Resources Research
30(7): 2207-2216.

Jeffries, J. P. (1987). The master trailbuilder of Lake Tahoe : \[Bill
Tisher\]. Sierra 72(4): 79-82.

Jhk Associates and Franchise Realty Interstate Corporation (1976).
Traffic engineering report : proposed McDonald's Restaurant, 1035
Emerald Bay Road, South Lake Tahoe, Jhk Associates, San Francisco, CA:
17 leaves.

Jhk Associates (1981). Woodvista traffic impact analysis : draft report,
Jhk Associates, San Francisco, CA: 68 leaves.

Jhk Associates (1984). Tahoe Transportation District transit operations
program, fy 1985-89, Jhk Associates, Emeryville, CA: ca. 150 leaves in
various foliations.

Johnson, H. (1910). Hiram Johnson photograph albums.

Johnson, J. W. (1959). Shoreline processes near the mouth of the upper
Truckee River.

Johnson, J. W. and E. G. Hagadorn (1970). Star Harbor, Lake Tahoe.

Johnson, H. T. (1972). Lake Tahoe and Fragile Environment. Congressional
Record 118(27).\
The fragile ecosystem of the lake tahoe area basin is discussed and the
statement of mr. paul de falco, jr., regional administrator (ix) of the
environmental protection agency, made before a senate public works
sub-committee is introduced. the presentation summarizes the work done
to preserve the environment surrounding the lake in relationship to
pressures of development. particular points discussed are: efforts to
protect the quality of the waters of lake tahoe by implementation of a
system of sewage and solid waste export; the possible effects on water
quality due to the cycle of land alteration, erosion, sedimentation,
transport of nutrients, and eutrophication; the air pollution control
program; the activities of epa, other federal agencies, and the tahoe
regional planning agency in protecting the basin's environmental
quality. the interrelatedness of these problems is nowhere more evident
than in the tahoe basin. defalco states that the fragile ecological
system which is tahoe demands not just water pollution control or air
pollution control, but a true environmental review, and coordinated
efforts by state and local jurisdictions, with the cooperation of the
federal government. (tolle-florida)

Johnson, W. N. (1985). High altitude erosion control at Lake Tahoe.
Erosion control: A Challenge in Our Time : Conference XVI International
Erosion Control Association, San Francisco, CA, International Erosion
Control Association.

Johnson, W. and J. Christophrson (1992). Trees for Tahoe landscapes.
Fact sheet Max C Fleischmann Coll Agric, Coop Ext Serv(92-49): 4.

Johnson, W. and J. Christopherson (1992). Shrubs for Tahoe landscapes.
Fact sheet Max C Fleischmann Coll Agric, Coop Ext Serv(92-48): 4.

Johnston, R. A., B. Pedersen, et al. (1989). Air pollution,
transportation policy, and growth control in the Lake Tahoe Region,
Division of Environmental Studies, University of California, Davis, CA:
34, \[8\] leaves.

Joint California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission (1968).
California-Nevada interstate compact concerning waters of Lake Tahoe,
Truckee River, Carson River and Walker River Basins, Joint
California-Nevada Interstate Compact Commission, Reno, NV (?).

Jones, F. L., California Dept. of Parks &Recreation, et al. (1966).
Position of the State Department of Parks and Recreation regarding the
Lake Tahoe regional plan, California Dept. of Parks &Recreation,
Sacramento, CA.

Jones, F. L., California Department of Parks and Recreation, et al.
(1966). Recreation-related problems at Lake Tahoe, California Department
of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento, CA.

Jones, F. L., California Department of Parks and Recreation, et al.
(1966). Report to the Lake Tahoe Area Council, California Department of
Parks and Recreation, Sacramento, CA.

Jones, J. R., J. Stuart, et al. (1974). Inventory of research activities
in the Lake Tahoe area, 1878-1974. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe Area
Research Coordination Board.\
A bibliography of 492 research publications and items which might be
useful to researchers for the lake tahoe area, california and nevada,
has been compiled. a master file listing was made which has been
subdivided into the following categories; air, land, water, vegetation,
animal life, socio-economic, and resource allocation. the water section
of the bibliography contains 111 references under sub-groupings of
limnology, water supply, water quality, water resources managements and
waste water treatment. the bibliographical notations are arranged
chronologically. the appendices include an author index, a chronological
index, a subject index and a listing of current research activities. the
inventory master listing will be kept current and published
periodically.

Jones, M. M. (1975). Interpretations of Property Rights at Lake Tahoe:
An Investigation into the Open Texture of the Taking Clause, University
Of Washington.

Jones, J. R., Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board, et al.
(1976). Inventory of research activities in the Lake Tahoe area : a
bibliography, 1845-1976. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe Area Research
Coordination Board.

Jones, J. R. (1978). Research coordination and utilization at Lake Tahoe
Snow. .

Jones & Stokes Associates, Tahoe-Truckee Sanitation Agency, et al.
(1973). Environmental impact assessment, Tahoe-Truckee Sanitation
Agency, Jones & Stokes Associates, Sacramento, CA: 3 v.

Jorgensen, L. N., A. L. Seacer, et al. (1978). Hydrologic basins
contributing to outflow from Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Reston, VA,
U.S. Geological Survey.

Juday, C. (1907). Notes on Lake Tahoe, Its Trout and Trout-fishing.
Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 26: 133-146.

Kampf, H. J. (1972). Repeated Use Of Granular Activated Carbon In Waste
Water Treatment. Water Research, 6: 493-494.\
Granular activated carbon, which has more capacity than powdered
activated carbon, is economical only if regeneration and reuse is
possible. onsite thermal regeneration in a herreshoff furnace is the
usual method. with proper oxygen and temperature control, a 5-7% carbon
loss per cycle can be maintained giving a fifteen cycle lifetime for the
carbon. at lake tahoe, costs are \$5.84 per 1000 cu m for tertiary
treatment with the product comparable to drinking water.
(anderson-texas)

Kasperson, R. E. and M. Eichen, Eds. (1972). Water Supply From Renovated
Wastewater\--a Resource Manual For Massachusetts Planners, Public
Officials and Citizen Groups. Worcester, MA, Clark University.\
Metropolitan boston, although situated in the humid northeast, is faced
with the prospect of water shortages due to growing population and per
capita use. this study examines one source of supply\--reclaimed
water\--in general terms and as it might be applied to boston. treatment
techniques are analyzed for their abilities to deal with heavy metals
and toxic organic materials, and for their costs. complete purification
of waste water for all uses is expensive, lacks public support, and may
pose long-term health hazards even when it meets current standards.
instead of treating waste water to make it potable, a heirarchy of water
used is proposed. higher order uses, including drinking, cooking, and
bathing, require much more stringent standards than lower order uses
such as irrigation or industrial application. eighteen locations
currently using renovated wastewater in municipal, industrial,
recreation, or irrigation uses are listed, and two in california, santee
and lake tahoe, are described, as well as the windhoek, south africa,
reclamation plant which supplies 1/3 of the city's water. the
metropolitan district commission's quabbin reservoir in cental
massachusetts is being depleted by 12 million gallons per day. immediate
and long range plans are discussed, and a dual water supply system using
reclaimed waste water for major lower order uses is proposed.
(herr-north carolina)

Katzer, T. L. and P. A. Glancy (1978). Flood and Related Debris Flow
Hazards Map. Carson City, NV, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources
Div.\
Estimates of the 100-year floodflow were made and the corresponding
flood plains were outlined on the map (scale 1:24,000) for the principal
streams in the South Lake Tahoe quadrangle, California-Nevada. Degrees
of hazard were assigned to the flood plains of these streams on the
basis of floodflows and potential debris movement and are depicted on
the map. (Woodard-USGS)

Keinath, T. M. (1973). Waste Water Renovation and Reuse: State Of the
Art. Ultimate Disposal Of Wastewaters And Their Residuals, Raleigh,
North Carolina, Research Triangle Universities.\
The state-of-the-art of the renovation of municipal waste water for the
reuse of such waters as a viable water resource is discussed. the four
basic areas that this discussion covers are: the public's attitude
toward the reuse of renovated municipal waste water; the specific health
considerations; the primary reclamation processes; and, the experiences
of a reclamation facility in renovating waste waters for reuse. a public
attitude survey was sponsored by the university of california at
berkeley and the california state department of public health to
determine how the public would respond to the concept of reusing
municipal waste waters. the consensus was that proposals to implement
the reuse of renovated municipal waste waters would not meet with
serious opposition as long as the proposals are properly introduced. the
health aspects of reusing municipal waste water include bacteriology,
virology, algology, parisitology, and toxicology. the treatment
processes that are capable of high degree of treatment required for
reuse purposes are those that were developed under the supervision of
the advanced waste treatment program of the environmental protection
agency. these treatment methods include coagulation, adsorption,
filtration, ion exchange, nitrogen removal, and reverse
oxmosis/ultrafiltration. operation of the south lake tahoe, california,
reclamation facility is discussed.

Kempkey, A. (1923). Preliminary report on the economic development of
hydro-electric energy for Tahoe Tavern.

Ken R. White Company and Douglas County-NV County Commission (1964).
Lake Tahoe : 1985 development plan, Lake Tahoe, Douglas County, Nevada,
Ken R. White Company, Denver, CO: 48 p.

Kennedy, G. M., J. H. Rogers, et al. (1971). Soils of the Tahoe Basin :
report and general soil map, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service, Portland, OR.

Kennedy, D. N., California Dept. of Water Resources, et al. (1990).
Testimony of David N. Kennedy, director, Department of Water Resources,
State of California before the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources, Subcommittee on Water and Power regarding S.1554 - a bill to
ratify and implement the interstate allocations of the Truckee and
Carson Rivers and for other purposes, Dept. of Water Resources,
Sacramento, CA.

Kennedy Engineers and Churchill County Board of Commissioners (1966). A
study of the implications of wastewater export from Lake Tahoe Basin
with regard to the water quality of the Carson River, Kennedy Engineers,
San Francisco, CA.

Kennedy Engineers (1966). Review of waste disposal for North Shore of
Lake Tahoe for the City of Sparks, Nevada, Kennedy Engineers, San
Francisco, CA.

Kiefer, D. A., O. Holm-Hansen, et al. (1972). Phytoplankton In Lake
Tahoe. Deep-Living Populations. Limnology And Oceanography 17(3):
418-422.\
Most of the phytoplankton biomass in lake tahoe is located below the
euphotic zone. chlorophyll concentration was low (0.1-0.2
microgram/liter) in the upper 50 m, reached a maximum (0.7
microgram/liter) at 100 m, and then dropped rapidly to 0.2
microgram/liter at 200 m. below this it decreased slowly except for two
peaks at 320 and 350 m. the vertical distribution of phytoplankton
volume agreed with that of chlorophyll. the six dominant species in cell
numbers were: asterionella formosa, fragilaria crotonensis, melosira
crenulata, stephanodiscus rotula, dinobryon sociale and elakatothrix
gelatinosa. there were no qualitative differences in species composition
throughout the water column, although the surface samples contained many
small thecate dinoflagellates. the amount of pheophytin between 100-475
m ranged from 15-25 percent of the total chlorophyll a pigment, similar
to values found in the euphotic zone. this indicated that the
chlorophyll in the aphotic zone derived from live algal cells rather
than detritus, a conclusion supported by the healthy appearance of the
cells and by their demonstrated photosynthethic capacity of being
capable of fixing co2 at significant rates when exposed to near-surface
illumination. the relationship between the distributions of
phytoplankton standing crop and production is best explained by passive
sinking of cells out of the euphotic zone and accumulation in deep
waters. this recruitment of deep phytoplankton from surface waters may
be an important feature of deep oligotrophic lakes, limiting primary
production and nutrient regeneration in the euphotic zone.
(holoman-battelle)

Klamm, J. M., J. P. Woodyard, et al. (1981). Technical assistance to the
Tahoe Basin city and county governments : development and assessment of
regional solid waste management alternatives: final report, SCS
Engineers, Long Beach, CA: 1 v. (various pagings).

Klieforth, H. E. (1974). Weather Modification In the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Lake Tahoe Research Seminar II, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
The history of weather modification by cloud seeding was reviewed. Some
cloud seeding projects in the vicinity of lake tahoe were discussed.

Kramer, T. J. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1982). South Lake
Tahoe quadrangle, land use map. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau of Mines and
Geology.

Krivanek, O. L. (1991). Proceedings Of Lake Tahoe Workshop On Electron
Energy Loss Spectroscopy -. Microscopy Microanalysis Microstructures Ta
Microsc Mic 2(2-3): R3-R4.

Kroll, C. G. (1973). Sediment Discharge In the Lake Tahoe Basin,
California, 1972 Water Year, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.\
Streamflow and fluvial-sediment discharge data are being collected at
selected streams and highway gutters in the lake tahoe basin to
determine the extent of erosion from highway cuts and to evaluate the
effects of various land treatment practices to reduce erosion.
precipitation in the lake tahoe area during 1972 was 77 percent of
normal; consequently, runoff was well below normal. seventy-six percent
of the total annual runoff during the 1972 water year occurred from
march through june 1972. sediment samples were collected during the year
at streamflow gaging stations and at gutter stations at highway cuts to
define the range of transport conditions. the major part (87 percent) of
the annual suspended-sediment discharge during the 1972 water year
occurred during the snowmelt runoff period, march through june.

Kroll, C. G. (1974). Sediment Discharge In the Lake Tahoe Basin,
California, 1973 Water Year, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.\
Streamflow and fluvial-sediment discharge data are being collected at
selected streams and highway gutters in the lake tahoe basin to
determine the extent of erosion from highway cuts and to attempt to
evaluate the effects of various land-treatment practices to reduce
erosion. this is the second progress report. precipitation in the lake
tahoe area during 1973 was 94 percent of normal. seventy-one percent of
the total annual runoff during the 1973 water year occurred from march
through june 1973. sediment samples were collected during the year at
streamflow stations and at gutterflow stations at highway cuts to define
the range of transport conditions. the major part (74 percent) of the
annual suspended-sediment discharge from streams during the 1973 water
year occurred during the snowmelt runoff period, march through june.

Kroll, C. G. and California Dept. of Public Works Division of Highways
(1976). Sediment discharge from highway cut-slopes in the Lake Tahoe
basin, California, 1972-74, U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.\
Streamflow and fluvial-sediment discharge data were collected at
selected streams and highway gutters in lake tahoe basin, calif., to
determine the extent of erosion from highway cuts and to attempt to
evaluate the effects of various land-treatment practices to reduce
erosion. estimate of long-term annual total-sediment discharge from six
streams into the lake is 7,100 tons, of which 2,300 tons is finer than
62 micrometers. during 1972-74, snowmelt runoff (april-july) accounted
for 65 percent of the water and sediment discharge. approximately 90
percent of the sediment is transported in suspension. sediment measured
at 16 gutterflow stations at the base of highway cut-slopes indicates
that less than 100 tons of fine sediment per year are contributed to the
lake from all california state highway cuts. sediment-transport rates
are highly variable, and an unknown part of the measured sediment was
derived from sources other than highway cuts. data were not adequate to
demonstrate the effectiveness of treatments to stabilize cut-slopes.

Kuehner, R. A., G. H. Elsner, et al. (1978). Responses of visitors to
the Rainbow Trail: an evaluation of an interpretive area \[by the Forest
Service\] in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California SO:
USDA-For-Serv-Res-Pap-PSW-U-S-Pac-Southwest-For-Range-Exp-Stn, 1978,
131, 17 p. Maps. .

La Camera, R. J. and S. B. Browning (1988). Data on Surface-Water
Quality and Quantity, Lower Edgewood Creek Basin, Douglas County,
Nevada, 1984-85, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Div., Carson
City, NV.\
Selected hydrologic data were collected from August 1984 through July
1985 at three sites on the lower part of Edgewood Creek, and at a
recently constructed sediment-catchment basin that captures and retains
runoff from developed areas in the lower Edgewood Creek drainage. The
data were collected to quantify the discharge of selected constituents
downstream from recent and planned watershed restoration projects, and
to Lake Tahoe. Contained in this report are the results of quantitative
analyses of 39 water samples for: total and dissolved ammonium, organic
nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, phosphorus, and orthophosphorus; suspended
sediment; total iron, manganese, and zinc; and dissolved temperature,
specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen; summary statistics
(means and standard deviations), and computations of instantaneous
loads. On the basis of mean values, about 80% of the total nitrogen load
at each of the three Edgewood Creek sites is in the form of organic
nitrogen, 12% is in the form of nitrate nitrogen, 7% is in the form of
ammonium nitrogen, and 1% is in the form of nitrite nitrogen. The
percentage of total phosphorus load in the form of orthophosphorus at
the three stream sites varies somewhat with time, but is generally
greater at the two downstream sites than at the upstream site. In
addition, the percentage of the total phosphorus load that is present in
the dissolved state generally is greater at the two downstream sites
than at the upstream site.

Laarveld, B. C. (1976). Happy Homestead Cemetery District : listing of
burial permits. South Lake Tahoe, CA, \[publisher unknown\].

Lahontan Regional Water Pollution Control Board (1953). Clean water for
your vacationland, Lahontan Regional Water Pollution Control Board,
Sacramento, CA.

Lake Tahoe Area Council and Engineering-Science Inc. (1963).
Comprehensive study on protection of water resources of Lake Tahoe Basin
through controlled waste disposal. Summary and conclusions, Lake Tahoe
Area Council, Al Tahoe, CA.

Lake Tahoe Area Council (1968). Eutrophication of surface waters, Lake
Tahoe, bioassay of nutrient sources; first progress report, Lake Tahoe
Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA: xii, 178 p.

Lake Tahoe Area Council, California Dept. of Conservation, et al.
(1969). Tahoe Vegetation\--Soil Protection Symposium: Summary and
proceedings. Sacramento, CA, State of California Dept. of Conservation.

Lake Tahoe Area Council (1969). Eutrophication of surface waters, Lake
Tahoe, laboratory and pilot pond studies : second progress report, Lake
Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA: xviii, 180 p.

Lake Tahoe Area Council and United States Federal Water Quality
Administration (1970). Eutrophication on surface waters - Lake Tahoe
\[progress report\], Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA: v.

Lake Tahoe Area Council and United States Federal Water Quality
Administration (1970). Progress report: Euthophication of surface
waters - Lake Tahoe, Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board (1974). Research needs for
the Lake Tahoe basin, Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board, South
Lake Tahoe, CA.

Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board and Lake Tahoe Environmental
Education Consortium (1975). Lake Tahoe Research Seminar III, Lake Tahoe
Area Research Coordination Board and the Lake Tahoe Environmental
Education Consortium, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
Seven papers are presented as part of a quarterly series held by the
Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board and the Lake Tahoe
Environmental Education Consortium, mostly verbatim transcriptions of
tapes recorded at the seminar. Highway Ice and Snow Removal and Deicing
Salt Problems at Lake Tahoe reviews alternative methods to salt for ice
and snow control. '1975 Census and the Tahoe Basin' describes a census
and questionnaire to be administered in six California counties,
including the Tahoe Basin. 'Legal Review of Land Use Controls'
discusses, land use regulation and litigation as it related to the TRPA
and CTRPA. 'Erosion and Sediment Control Technology', the text of a
slide presentation, presents information on an erosion control project
at Northstar, Cal., a ski resort. 'Revegetation and Erosion Control at
Heavenly Valley' gives deals with various methods of controlling erosion
caused by snowmelt (also a slide presentation). 'Establishing Forest
Cover on Harsh Sites in the Sierra Nevada' gives the results of
reforestation experiments using Jeffrey pine seedlings in plantable
containers. (Areawide Waste Treatment and Erosion Control Planning'
discusses the purposes of the TRPA under Section 208 of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act.

Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board (1975). Abstracts of current
research, Lake Tahoe Basin. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe Area
Research Coordination Board.

Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board (1976). Research
coordination and utilization, the Tahoe basin : final report 1973-1976,
Lake Tahoe Area Research Coordination Board, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Lake Tahoe Association (1920). Lake Tahoe country. Lake Tahoe, CA, Lake
Tahoe Association.

Lake Tahoe Chautauqua Improvement Company Carnelian Springs, Lake Tahoe
summer resort. Reno, NV, Lake Tahoe Chautauqua Improvement Company.

Lake Tahoe Interstate Water Conference Committee and California
Reclamation Board (1952). Preliminary report of the Lake Tahoe
Interstate Water Conference Committee : issued as a public service for
the information of interested Tahoe property owners in the States of
California and Nevada, California Reclamation Board, Sacramento, CA.

Lake Tahoe Joint Study Committee (1967). Report of the Lake Tahoe Joint
Study Committee, Lake Tahoe Joint Study Committee.

Lake Tahoe Ry Trans Company (1899). Lake Tahoe, the most picturesque
lake in America, the leading mountain resort of the coast,
\[unpublished\].

Lake Tahoe Ry Trans Company (1905). Tahoe Tavern, Lake Tahoe,
California, \[unpublished\].

Lake Tahoe Ry Trans Company and Stanley-Taylor Company (1911). Tahoe
Tavern, Lake Tahoe, California. Tahoe City, CA, Lake Tahoe Ry. & Trans.
Co.

Lake Tahoe Sierra Association (1930). Lake Tahoe. Tahoe City, CA, Lake
Tahoe Sierra Association.

Lake Tahoe Transportation Company (1896). Lake Tahoe Transportation
Company stock and transfer book, 1896.

Lamb, D., K. W. Nielsen, et al. (1976). Measurements of Liquid Water
Content in Winter Cloud Systems Over the Sierra Nevada. Journal of
Applied Meteorology 15(7): 763-775.\
Investigations of the structure and organization of synoptic-scale
storms over the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range during two successive
winters (1971-73) were made with a modified B-26 aircraft. Measurements
of liquid water content, temperature, and dew point were made along
horizontal traverses in a vertical plane oriented roughly perpendicular
to the main crest and extending from Lake Tahoe to Sacramento,
California. It was shown that the spatial distribution of liquid water
was linked to the gross terrain features, as was the surface
distribution of precipitation. The main centers of cloud liquid water
content tended to form 40-75 km upwind of the main crest in highly
convective cells. (Sims-ISWS)

Lanini, W. T. and S. R. Radosevich (1982). Herbicide effectiveness in
response to season of application and shrub physiology in Tahoe National
Forest, California, photosynthesis, xylem potential, moisture stress,
phenology. Weed Sci 30(5): 467-475.

Laudenslayer, W. F., Jr., W. E. Grenfell, Jr., et al. (1991). A
check-list of the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals of
California. Calif. Fish Game 77(3): 109-141.\
The following is a check-list of the species of amphibians, reptiles,
birds, and mammals found in California and adjacent off-shore waters.
The list is presented to the extent possible, in phylogenetic order and
includes vernacular and scientific names for each species. Information
is also provided on the legal status of those species and subspecies
that appear on California and federal lists of threatened and endangered
species. California species of special concern (an informal designation
used by the California Department of Fish and Game) are also included in
the list. Subspecies are included in this check-list only when they
appear on any of the preceding lists. This list includes 933 species
representing 438 genera and 126 families.

Lawrence, E. F. (1961). Correspondence and report to Arthur L. Wood,
Crystal Bay Development Company, on the geology of the Lake Tahoe area,
E.F. Lawrence, Reno, NV: 11 leaves.

Lazarus, R. J. (1993). A view toward the future : lessons from Tahoe and
the Truckee. Natural resources policy and law : trends and directions.
L. J. MacDonnell and S. F. Bates. Washington, D.C., Island Press: 241.

League to Save Lake, T. (1991). Is it time to say "enough"? : thresholds
review critical to lake's future. Keep Tahoe Blue Jan.-Feb.: 1-6.

LeConte, J. (1883). Physical Studies of Lake Tahoe - I. The Overland
Monthly 2(November): 506-516.

LeConte, J. (1883). Physical Studies of Lake Tahoe - II. The Overland
Monthly 2(December): 595-612.

LeConte, J. (1884). Physical Studies of Lake Tahoe - III. The Overland
Monthly 3(November): 41-.

Lee, C. R. and T. Takamatsu (1974). Carbon Contact-Filtration: How It
Works. Water And Sewage Works 121(8): 84-87.\
Activated carbon treatment is used to remove dissolved organics or
inorganics. the mechanism of removal can be adsorption which actually
removes the dissolved organics from the solution and/or bio-oxidation of
the adsorbed organics. the mechanism of adsorption is discussed.
physical adsorption results from inter-molecular forces of attraction.
chemical adsorption results from the formation of chemical bonds between
the molecules of the adsorbate and adsorbent. the adsorption equilibrium
depends on the concentration of the materials, gas pressure, and
temperature. equations developed by freundlich and longmuir are
presented. the theory of contact-filtration is also discussed. three
modes are considered\--single-stage system, multi-stage current flow
system, and multi-stage counter-current flow system. waste treatment
cost is classified into two groups: capital cost including construction,
land, engineering and contingency; and, operation and maintenance cost
including fuel, power, maintenance materials and labor. when considering
carbon treatment costs, carbon inventory is included in the capital cost
and the make-up carbon and carbon regeneration costs are included in the
operation and maintenance cost. a cost analysis is presented for the
actual expenses for carbon treatment incurred at a south tahoe, nevada,
water reclamation plant during 1969 and 1970. equations, figures, and
graphs are used to illustrate expenses and comparisons of costs.

Legg, K. and C. Chickering (1970). Lake Tahoe wildflowers, also of the
central Sierras. Healdsburg, CA, Naturegraph Publishers.

Leggett, J. T. and F. R. McLaren (1968). The Lake Tahoe Water Quality
Problem: History and Prospectus. Geologic Studies in the Lake Tahoe
Area, California and Nevada. J. R. Evans and R. A. Matthews. Sacramento,
Geological Society of Sacramento: 47-59.

Leicht, F. v., J. D. Hoffmann, et al. (1874). Topographical map of Lake
Tahoe and surrounding country : compiled from the best authorities. S.F.
\[i.e. San Francisco, CA\], Leicht & Hoffmann.

Leigh Abbott, M. R., J. A. Coil, et al. (1978). Effects of a Coastal
Front on the Distribution of Chlorophyll in Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada. Journal of Geophysical Research 83(C9): 4668-4672.\
The existence of a distinct coastal zone was confirmed in Lake Tahoe
(California-Nevada) by horizontal transects measuring chlorophyll and
temperature simultaneously. Creation of the coastal region is influenced
by bottom topography, the nature of the surface wind stress, and the
difference between physical processes occurring within a Rossby radius
of deformation and those occurring in midlake. Chlorophyll records from
horizontal transects were decomposed by spectral analysis, and the
normalized sectra from nearshore and midlake were compared. The two
regions were found to differ at large scales, primarily because of
differences in nutrient import, and at intermediate scales because of
differences in the mixing regime. The coastal zone was observed to erode
with increasing winds and weakening stratification, leading to little
significant difference between nearshore and midlake chlorophyll
patterns. (Sims-ISWS)

Leigh-Abbott, M. R. (1978). The Spatial Distribution of Chlorophyll in
Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) and Lake Berryessa (California),
University Of California, Davis.

Leiser, A. T., California Dept. of Transportation, et al. (1974).
Revegetation of disturbed soils in the Tahoe Basin : final report, March
1971-June 1974, California Dept. of Transportation, Transportation
Laboratory in cooperation with U.S. Federal Highway Administration,
Sacramento, CA.

Lekisch, B. (1988). Tahoe place names : the origin and history of names
in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Lafayette, CA, Great West Books.

Leonard, R. L., L. A. Kaplan, et al. (1979). Nutrient transport in
surface runoff from a subalpine watershed, Lake Tahoe Basin, California.
Ecol. Monogr. 49(3): 281-310.\
Quantitative data on the watershed of Ward Creek were collected
(1972-1975) at three stations. Precipitation in a normal year is over
90% snow. Water discharge and the flux of suspended sediments,
NOSUB-3-N, phosphorus, iron and trace metals were dominated by the
spring snowmelt runoff from mid-April to mid-June. However, in 1974
heavy fall and summer rains accounted for a large percentage of the
annual flux of sediments and nutrients in a total of only 14 d. The
spring runoff was characterized by distinct diel water discharge
patterns. Similar but not coincident patterns were found to exist for
sediments and nutrients, including NOSUB-3-N, but not for soluble
phosphorus. The principal source of suspended sediments in Ward Creek
was streambank erosion in the lower reaches of the channel. The dominant
form of inorganic nitrogen in Ward was NOSUB-3-N derived from
precipitation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nitrification of organic
nitrogen in forest soil. Phosphorus and iron were almost entirely in
particulate form and thus their periods of flux occurred during high
flows and sediments transport. Sediment and nutrient loading of Lake
Tahoe from the watersheds reflect a history of soil disturbance and
vegetation removal. Logging, fire and stream channel diversion have been
the dominant perturbations. Conservative extrapolation of annual loading
data from this study to the entire basin indicates that algal nutrient
levels in the lake probably have increased sufficiently in the century
of man's intensive disturbance of the basin watersheds to account for
increased phytoplankton and periphyton production that have been
measured and observed since 1958.

Leonard, R. L., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1981). Some Measurements of the
pH and Chemistry of Precipitation at Davis and Lake Tahoe, California.
Water Air Soil Pollut 15(2): 155-167.\
Precipitation samples were collected at Davis and Lake Tahoe,
California, in 1972-73 and 1977-78 and analyzed for pH and major cations
and anions. Rain and snow in this region of northern California are
derived primarily from winter cyclonic storms which move easterly from
the Pacific Ocean over Davis and then Lake Tahoe. Precipitation at both
sites was found to be more acid than water in equilibrium with
atmospheric CO sub(2). Acidity at Lake Tahoe apparently increased over
the 5-yr period of the study. Sulfate was the dominant acid anion in
1972-73 (not measured in 1977-78). A major source of sulfate in
precipitaion was probably industry in the San Francisco Bay Area, upwind
of the study sites. Automobile exhaust emissions throughout the region,
contribute both sulfate and nitrate precursors to the atmosphere. These
strong acid anions are influencing precipitation chemistry in northern
California, including the Sierra Nevada mountains.

Leone, G. (1987). Tahoe plan approved : development limits set. Northern
California Real Estate Journal 1(20): 5.

Lind, R. A. and J. D. Goodridge (1978). Lake Tahoe water balance.
Conference on Sierra Nevada Meteorology, South Lake Tahoe, CA, American
Meteorological Society.

Lindstrom, S. G. (1990). Submerged tree stumps as indicators of
mid-holocene aridity in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Journal of California and
Great Basin Anthropology 12(2): 146-157.

Lintz, J. and Geoscience Information Society (1984). Lake Tahoe field
trip : Wednesday, November 7, 1984, Geoscience Information Society.

Livermore, N. B., U. S. Forest Service, et al. (1968). Land use planning
in the Tahoe basin. Tahoe Vegetation Soil Protection Symposium, Lake
Tahoe, NV.

Livingston, Blayney, et al. (1970). Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
overall program design, Livingston and Blayney, San Francisco, CA: 54
leaves, \[1\] leaf of plates.

Llewellyn, T. E. (1968). Massive Sewer Infiltration. Am City 83(10):
90-91.\
The north tahoe public utility district instituted a massive sewer
repair program after it discovered that sewage flows were highly
excessive. snow creek and lake tahoe were becoming polluted, 200
manholes were leaking and permitting entrance of surface and
groundwater, and many lateral sewers were causing infiltration. smoke
bombs employed to pinpoint offenders disclosed storm inlets connected to
sanitary sewers. methods used to correct violations and sewer defects
are described.

Loeb, S. L. and C. R. Goldman (1979). Water and nutrient transport via
groundwater from Ward Valley into Lake Tahoe. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24(6):
1146-1154.\
The amount of groundwater transported from the Ward Valley watershed
into Lake Tahoe during the 1975 water year was 4.1 x 10SUP-6 mSUP-3.
This was 16% of the water volume carried by Ward Creek and 10% of the
total precipitation within the watershed during the same period. Of the
total nutrient loading of Lake Tahoe from the Ward Valley watershed,
groundwater contributed 49% of the total nitrate-nitrogen and 44% of the
total soluble phosphorus loads. Groundwater may be a significant source
of water and dissolved nutrients for Lake Tahoe, particularly in the
littoral zone. AN: 0031760 ASFA 1978 - 1987\
99 of 108

Loeb, S. L. (1980). The Production Of the Epilithic Periphyton Community
In Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, University Of California, Davis.\
A detailed investigation of the ecology of the epilithic periphyton
community of Lake Tahoe is the focus of this thesis. Lake Tahoe, a deep,
clear, oligotrophic lake, is located at an elevation of 1,898 m in the
Sierra Nevada on the border between California and Nevada. Initially, a
new in situ method serviced by SCUBA for measuring the productivity and
standing crop of the naturally occurring epilithic periphyton was
developed. Results of an experiment comparing the commonly used
substrate colonization method with the natural epilithic periphyton
community illustrated some of the advantages of this new method. The
diurnal productivity pattern of epilithic periphyton (8 m) showed the
production rate reached its maximum between 0900 - 1300 with the rate
gradually increasing to the maximum during the early morning hours
(0600 - 0900) and gradually declining after the maximum. The diurnal
productivity pattern of the littoral phytoplankton (2 - 16 m) showed
maximum productivity during the first and last hours of daylight while
during midday the production rate was diminished. Inhibition of
photosynthetic fixation of carbon due to supraoptimal light intensities
may have affected the observed diurnal productivity pattern for
phytoplankton while no such inhibition was apparent in the periphyton
community. Seasonal patterns in the epilithic periphyton standing crop
were more pronounced at 16 m than at 2 m and 8 m. At no time did the
standing crop of the community drop to zero except in the shallow
eulittoral zone (0-1 m). Qualitative examination of the species
composition showed the eulittoral community was dominated by
chlorophycean and bacillariophycean species while the sublittoral
community (1-40 m) was dominated by cyanophycean species (e.g.
Tolypothrix, Calothrix, Scytonema and Nostoc). Maximum standing crop
occurred during the summer and fall although the general characteristic
of the sublittoral community biomass was shown to be perennial. The
average annual TPC, TPN and Chl a were 28.10 g C m('-2), 1.80 g N m('-2)
and 26.09 mg Chl a m('-2). The seasonal patterns in productivity were
bimodal with peaks in spring and late summer-early fall. Spring
production accounted for 25% of the total annual production at 2 and 8 m
and 20% at 16 m. Productivity in 1978 was maximal at all depths (2, 8
and 16 m) during May. Overall the total annual community production was
fairly evenly distributed between the spring, summer and fall (20-35%
per season) while winter production ranged from 11-15% of the total. The
perennial epilithic periphyton standing crop was therefore a viable,
productive community during the entire year. Further evidence of the
community's stability was indicated by a slow turnover rate. Depending
on what percentage of the total community TPC was living, the turnover
rate ranged from a month to many years. At the average annual production
rate of 2.09 g C m('-2)h('-1) it would take over 30 years to turn over
the entire TPC pool (28.1 g C m('-2)). The depth distribution pattern of
the periphyton community standing crop was bimodal with peaks at 16 and
30-40 m on horizontal rock surfaces and peaks at 2 m and 16 m on
vertical rock surfaces. Maximum standing crop on horizontal surfaces was
at 30-40 m and at 16 m for vertical rock surface. From 2-30 m the
standing crop on vertical rock surfaces was 2-13 times greater than on
horizontal rock surfaces possibly due to differences in light and
grazing on these two surfaces. Below 30 m the biomass was generally
equal on the two surface orientations. The depth distribution patterns
for epilithic periphyton productivity was bimodal for both horizontal
and vertical surfaces. Maximum productivity on horizontal surfaces
occurred at 40 m (4.76 mg C m('-2)h('-1)) and at 16 m for vertical
surfaces (11.30 mg C m('-2)h('-1)). The general trend from 2-16 m was
increased productivity with increased depth, a trend similar to that of
the standing crop. Specific production (productivity(.)Chl a('-1)),
however, decreased from 2-16 m. Of the littoral zone productivity over
50% was contributed by epilithic periphyton from 0-40 m and over 40 %
from 0-60 m. Periphyton contributed most to the total littoral zone
productivity during the fall, winter and spring while the littoral
phytoplankton was most important during the summer. Spatial distribution
of the epilithic periphyton productivity and standing crop were
positively correlated with the general distribution of urban development
around Lake Tahoe. Increased nutrient loading of the lake from surface
and ground water sources draining urban areas could explain the observed
higher productivity and standing crop of periphyton in the littoral zone
adjacent to urban areas compared to littoral regions adjacent to
undeveloped areas.

Loeb, S. L. (1981). An In Situ Method For Measuring the Primary
Productivity and Standing Crop of the Epilithic Periphyton Community in
Lentic Systems. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26(2): 394-399.\
An incubation chamber and a quantitative sampler were developed to
measure the primary productivity and standing crop of the epilithic
periphyton community in Lake Tahoe. The method allows in situ
measurements with minimal disturbance to the natural community. In an
experiment comparing the substrate colonization method with the natural
epilithic periphyton community, artificial substrate methods
underestimated productivity by as much as 95%. The species composition
of the periphyton on the colonized substrates ws quite different from
that of the natural sublittoral epilithic community.

Loeb, S. L., P. Eloranta, et al. (1983). Littoral phytoplankton
productivity and biomass as indicators of differential nutrient loading
of Lake Tahoe. Congress of the International Association of Limnology,
Lyon, France.\
The effects of increased urbanization of the watershed of Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada, have increased nutrient loading of the lake and are
believed to have accelerated the rate of eutrophication. An
investigation of the seasonal and spatial trends in water quality and
phytoplankton production in the littoral zone of Lake Tahoe revealed
several findings: (1) littoral phytoplankton productivity was highest at
the south end of the lake adjacent to the most heavily developed region
of the watershed; (2) phytoplankton biomass was generally higher at the
south end of the lake and partly explained the spatial distribution
pattern of productivity; (3) station SS-3, located on the south shore
off the Tahoe Keys development which was previously a marsh area, had
the highest mean annual phytoplankton biomass and productivity, and the
highest species diversity of the nine study sites.

Loeb, S. L., J. E. Reuter, et al. (1983). Littoral zone production of
oligotrophic lakes. The contributions of phytoplankton and periphyton.
Periphyton Of Freshwater Ecosystems: First International Workshop On
Periphyton Of Freshwater Ecosystems, Vaxjo, Sweden.\
Littoral zone primary productions can be expressed as the summation of
the integral production of its phytoplanton and benthic components. This
expression represents a "wedge" of littoral zone, 1 m wide, extending
from the shore a distance, x, to where the depth of the water, z, is
equal to the maximum depth of the littoral zone (i.e. 1% of surface
light intensity). The periphyton community contributed 63% of the total
littoral production (0-60 m) in Lake Tahoe at a site where the benthic
substratum was rock. Evaluation of littoral productivity on a water
column basis (i.e. m super(-2) of lake surface) illustrated that
periphyton contributed varying amounts to the total productivity
depending upon the depth of the water column, the time of year, the
degree bottom of slope, and the benthic substratum type.

Loeb, S. L. (1986). Algal biofouling of oligotrophic Lake Tahoe: Causal
factors affecting production. Algal Biofouling 28: 159-173.\
The algal biofouling of oligotrophic Lake Tahoe refers to the increased
growth of attached algae, periphyton, on naturally occurring rock
substrata along the shoreline. Persistent patterns of periphyton
production have been observed and associated with land disturbance
(i.e., development) within the watershed. Nutrient bioassays
demonstrated productivity can be stimulated with increased availability
of nitrogen alone or phosphorus and nitrogen together. Both stream and
ground waters have been identified as nutrient loading pathways from the
watershed to the lake.

Loeb, S. L. and S. H. Hackley (1987). Distribution of Submerged
Macrophytes in Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada, and the Possible
Influence of Groundwater Seepage. Internationale Vereinigung fur
Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen 23(4): 1927-1933.\
The study of factors regulating the sparse occurrence of macrophytes in
oligotrophic lakes affords researchers an opportunity to examine
potentialgrowth regulating factors among plant supporting and
non-supporting areas. The objectives of this study were: (1) describe
the distribution pattern of the submerged macrophytes in the shallow
(0-10 m) littoral zone, (2) examine the seasonal growth pattern, and (3)
determine whether differential groundwater seepage into the lake was
associated with the growth distribution patterns of these plants. A
survey of spatial distribution of submerged macrophytes revealed that
these plants were very rare in the shallow (0-10 m) littoral zone of
Lake Tahoe. Tracheophytes dominated the submerged aquatic plant beds.
The two major macrophyte growth areas were adjacent to marshes along the
shore. The importance of this relationship is not known although it may
be related to chemical differences in seepage water, sediment type, or,
historically, to periods when the lake level elevation was lower. The
species composition within the plant beds was quite heterogeneous. A
transect across the macrophyte bed illustrated how the species
composition changes abruptly from myriophyllum spicatum and
ceratophyllum demersum to potamogeton richardsonii. The sediment profile
outside the plant bed showed it to be deep sands with low organic matter
content while the sediment inside the bed was organic in composition
until a coarse sand and pebble layer was reached approximately 20 cm
below the sediment-lake interface. The chloride analyses on the lake and
interstitial waters verified that interstitial water samplers were not
drawing lake water back into the sediments. The increased amounts of
chloride inside the plant beds compared to outside were believed to be
the result of plant decomposition. For two nutrient species, ammonium
and soluble iron, there were strong concentration gradients between the
interstitial waters and the overlying lake waters. The movement of
nutrients by diffusion across this gradient from sediment into lake
would be relatively slow compared to movement into the lake due to
groundwater seepage.

Logan, T. L. (1983). Regional Biomass Estimation Of a Coniferous Forest
Environment From Noaa-Avhrr Satellite Imagery (California, Landsat),
University Of California, Santa Barbara.\
A predominately non-linear relationship has been established between
regional coniferous forest biomass and corresponding visible and
near-infrared spectral channels from the NOAA Advanced Very High
Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The relationship bears resemblance to a
generally well-behaved two-dimensional "Rooster's Tail," with shallow
crescentic layers of biomass decreasing in quantity with increasing
visible wavelength reflectance. The relationship was determined by
preparing a 1.2 million acre continuous biomass data plane of the
Eldorado National Forest near Lake Tahoe, California, and comparing it
with AVHRR imagery co-registered to a common spatial resolution of 827 x
827 meter pixels. The biomass data plane was created by calibrating a
Landsat-based forest stratification map (produced from the modelling of
Landsat, digital terrain, and ground truth data), with field data and
species biomass regression equations. Correlation, multiple regression,
and multispectral classification techniques were employed to interrogate
the relationship between forest biomass and spectral reflectance. The
correlation analysis revealed a poor linear relationship between biomass
and several popular channel transformations (Transformed Vegetation
Index; Normalized Difference; Gray-McCrary Index; Eigenvector Images 1
and 2), and the AVHRR near- and thermal-infrared bands. Sixty-one
percent (r\*\*2) of the total biomass variance was explained by the
AVHRR visible channel, and a similar amount was explained by the joint
regression of the visible and near-infrared channels. Multiple
regression and multispectral classification techniques were then used in
a 'Train and Test' procedure to determine their comparative biomass
prediction capabilities. Both techniques produced total biomass
estimates to within 1% of the actual value, but the classification
technique did so with a residual standard error considerably less than
that for the regression technique. These results suggest a potential for
the accurate regional estimation of coniferous forest biomass from AVHRR
satellite imagery, and contribute toward developing the procedures that
will be necessary to assess whether world vegetation\--and its
associated stored carbon\--is a key element in controlling the quantity
of carbon in the atmosphere. If a relationship can be found, then the
theorized dependency of climate on atmospheric carbon may permit its
regulation through the management of world vegetation.

Longwell, J. S. and M. Bennett (1956). Correspondence and notes
regarding water supply at Brockway Hot Springs, Lake Tahoe, California,
(Correspondence with Maillard Bennett, General Manager, Brockway Hot
Springs).

Longwell, D. (1973). Remarks, Region IX. Conference on Environmental
Quality Sensors (Second) Held at National Environmental Research Center,
Las Vegas, Nevada.\
The Pacific Southwest Region (IX) of EPA includes Arizona, California,
Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa, Guam, and the Pacific Islands Trust
Territory. Due to the complex topography and associated environmental
problems, remote sensing techniques have great application in the
region. An ongoing study of Lake Tahoe is using remote sensing to detect
algal growth and sediment plumes. Photographic and thermal infrared
imagery were used for an extensive aerial survey of the San Francisco
Bay area to identify outfalls. Aerial photographs taken at Moss Landing
(CA) and in the Los Angeles area documented sediment plumes for
enforcement purposes. Current aerial photography missions include a
survey of oil fields in the Bakersfield (CA) area, and a survey of the
Las Vegas-Lake Mead vicinity to aid in siting sampling stations.

Lord, E., United States Geological Survey, et al. (1883). Map of the
Carson Valley : \[Nev.\]. \[Washington, D.C.?\], United States
Geological Survey.

Lowry, M. M., United States Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, et al.
(1994). Blackwood Creek water quality monitoring report, water year
1980-1993, USDA Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Luck, R. F. (1973). Natural decline of an insecticide-induced outbreak
of the pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), at South Lake
Tahoe, California. Berkeley, CA, University of California.

Luck, R. F. and D. L. Dahlsten (1975). Natural decline of a pine needle
scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae \[Fitch\]), outbreak at South Lake Tahoe,
California following cessation of adult mosquito control with malathion
\[Pinus contorta, Pinus jeffreyi\]. .

Lynard, W. G., E. J. Finnemore, et al. (1980). Urban Stormwater
Management and Technology: Case Histories, Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Palo
Alto, CA.\
This report is the third in a series on urban stormwater and combined
sewer overflow management. It presents 12 case histories representing
most promising approaches to stormwater control. The case histories were
developed by evaluating completed and operational facilities or ongoing
demonstration projects that have significant information value for
future guidance. Essential elements of the case history evaluations
cover approch methodology, design considerations, costs, effectiveness,
and environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Eight of the case histories
assess Best Management Practices (BMPs) and expand the data base on
source control methodology, focusing principally on planning and storage
alternatives. Special considerations are given to flood and erosion
control measures also having a dual benefit of stormwater control. The
project sites evaluated are Bellevue, Washington; Montgomery County,
Maryland; Lake Tahoe, California; The Woodlands, Texas; Orange County,
Florida; San Jose, California; Middlesex County, Connecticut; and
Boulder, Colorado. The remaining four case histories evaluate the
control of combined sewage overflows and document a systems approach in
applying unit process alternatives. The effectiveness and unit costs of
storage and treatment processes are presented, together with evaluations
of areawide and systemwide integration of these technologies. Storage,
the key element of an integrated approach, can involve
storage/wet-weather treatment or storage/dry-weather treatment, or both.
The project sites are Seattle, Washington; Saginaw, Michigan; Mount
Clemens,Michigan; and Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Mabury, S. A. (1993). Hydroxyl Radical In Natural Waters (California,
Photolysis), University Of California, Davis.\
Indirect or sensitized photolysis is important for the degradation of
aquatic pollutants in natural waters. Hydroxyl radical is the most
reactive of the intermediaries in this degradation. It was hypothesized
that the photo-oxidative capacity of natural field waters is driven by
the interaction of sunlight with various dissolved constituents via the
production and consumption of hydroxyl radical. The dynamics of hydroxyl
in several natural waters was investigated, and a laboratory system for
measuring the reactivity of organic chemicals towards hydroxyl was
developed in order to more thoroughly determine the role of hydroxyl in
limiting the persistence of aquatic pollutants. The dynamics of hydroxyl
production and consumption is largely driven by the interaction of
sunlight with various dissolved constituents. Numerous pathways exist
for producing hydroxyl; the mechanisms by which hydroxyl is produced in
field waters was investigated by monitoring the most active species
responsible for its production. Hydrogen peroxide, nitrate, copper,
iron, DOC, and hydroxyl radical were measured in field waters from rice
fields, Clear Lake, and Lake Tahoe in California, employing a
combination of analytical techniques during sunlight irradiation
experiments. Additionally, the scavenging of hydroxyl by carbonate
species, and the resultant secondary product the carbonate radical, was
also investigated. Results indicate that a photo-Fenton reaction
dominates in waters with elevated levels of copper. Nitrate and iron
were shown to be ready sources of hydroxyl via direct photolysis while
hydrogen peroxide was only a minor source. Carbonate radical levels were
found to be approximately 10\$\\sp{-14}\\ M\$ in each of the waters
tested, and would be an important sink for some organic pollutants.
Steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl were highest in rice fields
(10\$\\sp{-16}\\ M\$) containing copper, iron or nitrate, and lowest in
Clear Lake water (10\$\\sp{-18}\\ M\$) due to high scavenging rate
constants. Lake Tahoe water showed low hydroxyl production rates but
high concentrations given the absence of dissolved organic matter that
scavenges hydroxyl. The laboratory system for experimentally determining
the reactivity of organic compounds towards hydroxyl uses a standard
competitor, p-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline (PNDA), to compete with a
particular pesticide for hydroxyl. Hydroxyl is produced by the
photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, and the degree to which the pesticide
competes with PNDA for hydroxyl, reveals its reactivity. Results
indicated that carbaryl was the most reactive, carbofuran and MCPA were
of intermediate reactivity and hexazinone one of the least reactive of
the pesticides tested. Experiments in irradiated field water showed that
dissipation of the pesticides followed the order of reactivity.

MacDonald, C. and W. E. Rudge (1929). Lake Tahoe, California. Mount
Vernon, N.Y., Priv. print. for Claire MacDonald by W.E. Rudge.

Machida, D. T. and J. B. Gussman (1988). The California Tahoe
Conservancy: Applying the Principles. Coast. Manage. 16(1): 39-46.\
This paper reports on the utilization and advantages of the conservancy
model at Lake Tahoe and discusses the programs of the California Tahoe
Conservancy. In 1984, the Conservancy was activated by the California
Legislature. The conservancy model was adopted because it offered
several important advantages. Among these is an orientation toward a
broad range of resource protection objectives and a goal of resolving
land use conflicts. The Conservancy's acquisition and restoration
programs are unique because of their special focus on water quality
objectives. The agency is implementing new programs for the transfer of
development rights in the Lake Tahoe Basin.

Mackey, P. F. (1968). Evolution of Land Use Patterns in the Lake Tahoe
Basin with Emphasis on the Spatial Patterns Resulting from Early
Transportation and Mining Developments. Geologic Studies in the Lake
Tahoe Area, California and Nevada. J. R. Evans and R. A. Matthews.
Sacramento, CA, Geological Society of Sacramento: 67-81.

Maloney, F. E. and J. O. N. Heaton (1971). Nevada (Analysis Of State
Water Pollution Law and Comparison With Present and Proposed Tennessee
Law). The 1971 Water Pollution Study for the State of Tennessee,
\[publisher and place published unknown\].\
The state board of health is supreme in all non-administrative health
matters and includes within its area of control the water pollution
problem. water pollution matters, however, are but a samll part of the
area of its interest. in defining potential polluters, nevada law does
not specifically include either the state or federal governments,
creating a serious gap in coverage. administrative procedures for water
pollution control are essentially nonexistent. there is no
classification of water, standards for streams or effluents, or
financial incentives to aid in pollution control. procedures are
established for the inspection and control of water supply systems. no
permit system is used for the state as a whole; however, as concerns the
lake tahoe watershed, permits must be issued prior to construction of
any building or water or sewage system. all enforcement of the water
pollution laws is by judicial action initiated by the attorney general.
the board of health has no enforcement powers. pollution of state waters
constitutes a misdemeanor. strict controls are placed upon boat owners.
two tables compare nevada pollution control law to the present and
proposed law of tennessee.

Marrin, D. L. (1983). Ontogenetic changes and intraspecific resource
partitioning in the tahoe sucker, Catostomus tahoensis \[Fish, food
habits, habitat, prey density, subalpine lake, California\]. Environ
Biol Fish 8(1): 39-47.

Martin, S. K. (1987). The Ecology Of the Pine Marten (Martes Americana)
At Sagehen Creek, California, University Of California, Berkeley.\
Pine marten (Martes americana) ecology was studied at Sagehen Creek,
California on 40 km\$\\sp2\$ of the Tahoe National Forest. Ten marten
were fitted with radio collars and located an average of 41 times for
investigation of movement patterns, den use, and habitat preferences.
Nine radio-collared marten were continuously monitored for a total of
2,780 hours to study activity patterns. Habitat was characterized by
measuring 42 variables on plots centered on 146 marten locations. Three
4- to 10-week track plate surveys were completed. Prey availability by
habitat type was investigated by trapping small mammals on 20 trap lines
during June and September 1981, 1982, and 1983. Food habits were studied
by analyzing the contents of 100 marten scats. The average home range
size was 1.39 km\$\\sp2\$ for all marten. Snags, stumps and logs were
preferentially selected as den sites. An activity peak for all marten
was observed in early afternoon hours and males were more active than
females at night. Discriminant function analysis separating sites used
by marten from randomly selected sites developed several models
accounting for 31-54% of the variation in the data. High basal area,
downfall cover, living ground cover and log density characterized marten
habitat. Trapping and census data for several small mammal species
revealed that deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and voles (Microtus
montanus and Phenacomys intermedius) were most abundant in habitats
preferentially used by marten and that chipmunks (Eutamias sp.) and
chickaree (Tamiasciurus douglasii) were distributed evenly throughout
most habitats. The most common small mammal prey items, measured by
percent frequency of occurrence in scats, were montane vole (10.6%),
chickaree (6.8%), and chipmunk (5.8%). Prime marten habitat is found in
mature forests dominated by red fir, a mixture of red fir and white fir
(Abies concolor), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) with a total basal
area of 30-60 m\$\\sp2\$/ha. Downfall cover of 10-20%, stump densities
of 50-90/ha, and log densities of 20-50/ha contribute to optimal marten
habitat within the preferred forest types.

Martin, J. P. (1990). Ecogeographic analysis of Lake Tahoe tributaries,
San Jose State University.

Martinelli, D. M. (1989). Geophysical Investigations Of the Northern
Sierra Nevada-Basin and Range Boundary, West-Central Nevada and
East-Central California, University Of Nevada, Reno.\
The seismicity, heat flow, and crustal thickness of the Sierra
Nevada-Basin and Range transition were examined in the Reno-Carson
City-Lake Tahoe region. From seismic reflection and refraction data the
crustal structure exhibits crustal thinning from the Sierra Nevada (40
km) to the Basin and Range (29 to 33 km). Heat flow values in the Tahoe
Basin are transitional between the high values of the Basin and Range
province and the low values of the Sierra Nevada. The seismicity of the
area for the years 1980-1987 was examined. The main result from the
seismicity study is that the hypocentral depths shallow from the Sierra
Nevada into the Basin and Range which is consistent with the changes in
heat flow and crustal thickness. A significant transitional zone, 20 to
30 km wide exists in the crustal properties between these two provinces.

Massoth, H. P., III (1978). Salt Toxicity to Conifers In the Lake Tahoe
Basin, University Of Nevada, Reno.

Matthews, R. A. (1968). Geological Hazards of the Lake Tahoe Basin Area.
Geologic Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area, California and Nevada. J. R.
Evans and R. A. Matthews. Sacramento, CA, Geological Society of
Sacramento: 14-26.

Matthews, R. A. and California Division of Mines & Geology (1968).
Preliminary geologic map of the Lake Tahoe basin, northern half.
Sacramento, CA, California Division of Mines and Geology.

Matthews, R. A., C. Schwarz, et al. (1970). Lake Tahoe Basin, a
preliminary bibliography, 1969, Resources Agency, Department of
Conservation, Division of Mines & Geology, Sacramento, CA; Pacific
Southwest Forest & Range Experiment Station, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Berkeley, CA.

Matthews, R. A. and A. L. Franks (1971). Cinder Cone Sewage Disposal At
North Lake Tahoe, California. Water And Sewage Works 118(1): 2-5.\
As a result of extensive field investigations and evaluations 'cinder
cone' was selected as sewage disposal area to handle 20 mgd of sewage.
seismic refractions gave indications of rock formations and that the
effluent will flow towards the truckee river drainage to the west. four
drill holes were made and carefully studied by bore hole television
cameras. results of the drilling and water testing of these holes
indicated that the subsurface would accept the effluent 1500 ft of
trenches were made in the area and graphed into 4 groups. percolation
rates of group 1 was 620 gpm after 30 hours and decreased to 300 gpm
after 200 hours. group 2 a similar material to group 1 has a percolation
rate of 250 gpm after 200 hours. this decreased rate is due to shorter
trench length rather than variation of material. tests indicate that
percolation rate in group 3 and 4 may be too rapid to provide filtration
and treatment. data from spring no. 8 showed an increase in chloride
with increase in coliform count. no change of the quality of water of
the other sampling areas was detected. (rayaan-texas)

Mavko, B. B. (1980). Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure Of the Sierra
Nevada, Stanford University.\
During the summers of 1977 and 1978 an array of eight temporary
short-period seismic recorders was deployed in the Sierra Nevada. The
four northernmost stations were deployed during the summer of 1977
between Lassen Park to the north and Lake Tahoe to the south. The
remaining four stations were deployed during the summer of 1978
extending the array south to Bridgeport. The combined eight-station
coverage of the array extended approximately 350 km in a north-south
direction along the axis of the Sierra. The purpose of this study was to
look for lateral variations in the upper mantle velocity structure
beneath the Sierra using teleseismic P-wave residuals. Such variation,
in the form of gradual thinning of the high-velocity lithosphere from
north to south, has been postulated to explain the difference in
elevation between the high southern Sierra and the low northern Sierra.
In addition, the Sierra Nevada province marks the western boundary of
the Basin and Range, a region known to have a particularly thin
lithosphere and a low-velocity upper mantle. Since teleseismic P waves
arriving in the Sierra pass through the crust as well as the upper
mantle, it was necessary to determine first the effects of crustal
structure on travel time. A number of existing gravity and seismic
refraction studies indicate a deep crustal root under the Sierra,
extending to about 47 km under Lake Tahoe and thickening to about 57 km
farther south under Mt. Whitney. North of Lake Tahoe the crust is only
poorly constrained by the existing refraction studies. Therefore,
several east-west crustal profiles were constructed in the northern
region based on the Bouguer gravity. These indicate a northward thinning
of the crust to about 35 to 38 km under Mt. Lassen. A three-dimensional
model of the crustal root, constructed from the various gravity and
refraction profiles, indicates a monotonic increase in travel time from
north to south of as much as 0.4 sec, due to crustal effect alone. After
correcting the observed teleseismic residuals for crustal and
topographic effects there is still a variation of as much as 0.5 to 0.5
sec from north to south across the array (arrivals relatively later to
the south). In addition, there are significant variations in travel time
patterns depending on the azimuth of wave arrivals. Two simple modeling
approaches have been used to infer the upper mantle velocity structure
from the observed variations in travel time. In model 1 it is assumed
that lateral velocity variations are distributed throughout a fixed
depth range of about 60 to 160 km. The resulting best fit indicates a
north-south trend in upper mantel P velocities from about 7.9 km/sec
near Lassen, to low velocities of 7.6 km/sec near Mono Lake.
Superimposed is an east-west trend near Lake Tahoe from relatively fast
velocities (7.85 km/sec) on the west to relatively slow velocities (7.7
km/sec) on the east. In model 2, a fixed velocity contrast is assumed
between the lithosphere and asthenosphere, with variations in travel
time resulting from variations in lithospheric thickness. The preferred
model indicates a thinning of the lithosphere from 110 km near Lassen to
60 km near Mono Lake. The increase in elevation from north to south in
the Sierra can be isostatically compensated with either a variable
lithospheric thickness or a variable crustal thickness, although neither
extreme seems realistic. A particularly attractive range of models,
compensated by a combination of variable crust and lithosphere, has the
variable lithosphere inferred from the teleseismic observations and a
lithosphere-asthenosphere density contrast slightly less than or equal
to 0.04 g/cm('3).

McBride, J. R. and D. F. Jacobs (1986). Presettlement forest structure
as a factor in urban forest development. Urban Ecol 9(3-4): 245-266.\
Characteristics of presettlement forests at Menlo Park and South Lake
Tahoe, CA were compared with the present characteristics of the urban
forests in these cities. Urbanization of forest types in both cities led
to decreased tree density (in Menlo Park from 279 to 43/ha; in South
Lake Tahoe from 761 to 373/ha), decreased tree cover (in Menlo Park from
92 to 34%; in South Lake Tahoe from 57% to 19%). In contrast,
urbanization of the oak savannas at Menlo Park has resulted in an
increase in tree density from (4 to 35/ha) crown cover (from 14 to 25%)
and the number of species (from 3 to 130). The number of tree species
has increased in both cities as a result of urbanization of
presettlement forests (in Menlo Park from 5 to 145; in South Lake Tahoe
from 1 to 6). The uneven-aged structure of presettlement oak savannas at
Menlo Park has been modified to an all-aged structure as a result of
tree planting and the mortality of older age classes.

McDonald, K. R. (1965). Wastewater Reclamation At Lake Tahoe,
California. Water And Sewage Works 112(10): 366-370.\
Transformation of wastewater into high-grade useable water is achieved
at south lake tahoe's sewage reclamation plant. the process includes
flocculation; the floc is removed by filtration in two multimedia
pressure separation beds of special design. final polishing is in twin
columns of activated carbon. the plant is automated and includes
equipment for regeneration of the carbon. key to the tertiary treatment
process is the addition of alum and a polyelectrolyte to the water
before filtering. the 10 ft. in diameter by 38 ft. long separation beds
operate under pressure, in series at 5 gpm/sq. ft. backwash flow is 15
gpm/sq. ft. the two carbon columns operate in parallel. each is 12 ft.
in diameter and 24 ft. high with 14 ft. depth of carbon bed.
(bean-awwarf)

McDonald and Smart (1974). Tahoe regional general plan implementation:
financial feasibility, McDonald & Smart, San Francisco, CA.

McEvoy, J., S. Williams, et al. (1970). Visual pollution in the Lake
Tahoe Basin : a report to the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency based on
the application of a quantitative method of assessing the visual
environment, University of California, Davis, CA.

McEvoy, J., III (1972). Multi- and Interdisciplinary Research - Problems
Of Initiation, Control, Integration, and Reward. Policy Science 3(2):
201-208.\
Some of the difficulties of initiating and completing interdisciplinary
research involving both bio-physical and social systems are reviewed.
drawing on experience as project director of a large interdisciplinary
project concerned with man's environmental effects on lake tahoe, a
structural analysis is included of the organization of universities
which has the effect of inhibiting interdisciplinary research. specific
suggestions for the conduct and design of such projects are made. the
political implications of recent changes in national science policy are
also reviewed. (davis-chicago)

McGauhey, P. H., R. Eliassen, et al. (1963). Comprehensive Study On
Protection Of Water Resources Of Lake Tahoe Basin Through Controlled
Waste Disposal \[Prepared for the Lake Tahoe Area Council\]. San
Francisco, CA, Engineering Science, Inc.\
The lake tahoe shore development for recreational purposes, one of the
world's clearest lakes, has increased resident human population and
subjected it to aggravated eutrophication influences. this detailed base
line study was undertaken to determine resources of basin, evaluate its
present status, and suggest programs to avoid further deterioration.
topical coverage of 16 chapters indicates its scope: introduction;
geography of basin; climatology and hydrology; geology and hydrology;
land use patterns; population forecasts; water consumption; existing
sewerage facilities; quantity and characteristics of wastes; ground
disposal studies; limnology and hydrography of lake tahoe, lacustrine
eutrophication; methods of effluent disposal; design criteria and cost
estimating bases; alternative treatment and disposal systems; summary
and conclusions. nine appendices include: list of figures; proposed
compact terms for tahoe basin; glossary of limnological terms;
analytical methods used; temperature measurements; microplankton
analyses; chemical characteristics; periphytic microorganisms; primary
productivity measurements. these studies suggest that lake tahoe is very
sensitive to additions of plant nutrients, and that additional nitrogen
will be more damaging to its water quality than phosphorus. ideally,
control of eutrophication should be accomplished by diversion of
effluents from the lake, or by distillation of secondary effluents\--at
great expense.

McGauhey, P. H., G. A. Rohlich, et al. (1968). Eutrophication Of Surface
Waters-Lake Tahoe, Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
Increasing eutrophication of surface waters in the u.s. has directed
attention to a need for methods of assaying influents. the need for
applying bioassay techniques to determine the algal growth stimulating
potential of influents to surface waters is particularly acute at lake
tahoe because of the uinque clarity of the lake waters. both batch and
continuous chemostat techniques were applied in the laboratory to
determine the biostimulatory effects on lake tahoe water of various
concentrations of sewage effluents, surface runoff, and seepage from
inhabited and uninhabited land areas as a prelude to demonstration tests
with pilot ponds simulating shallow areas of the lake. the green alga s.
gracile was used as a test organism, with the specific or maximum mass
growth rate of cells as the principal parameter of growth response. lake
tahoe as well as the majority of inflows to the lake were found to be
nitrogen-limiting. added phosphorus had little effect on eutrophication.
algal growth rates for sewage effluents were found to be significantly
higher than that resulting from equivalent concentrations of nitrogen
and phosphorus. numerous shortcomings of bioassay techniques are
identified.

McGauhey, P. H., Lake Tahoe Area Council, et al. (1970). Eutrophication
of surface waters\--Lake Tahoe (Indian Creek Reservoir), Lake Tahoe Area
Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA: xi, 141 p.

McGauhey, P. H., Lake Tahoe Area Council, et al. (1970). Eutrophication
of surface waters\--Lake Tahoe, pilot pond and field studies: third
progress report, Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA: x, 109
p.

McGauhey, P. H., G. L. Dugan, et al. (1972). Eutrophication of surface
waters\--Lake Tahoe, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. G.P.O.,
Washington, D.C.

McGauhey, P. H., E. J. Middlebrooks, et al. (1972). Manmade Pollution
and America's 100,000 Lakes. Public Works 103(3): 87-88.\
To combat the problem of pollution of our lakes, it has been advised
that research be done to determine several factors in relation to sewage
effluents and their effects on the eutrophication process: (1) the
concentration at which nitrogen and phosphorus will trigger or support
substantial algal growth, (2) the growth stimulating effect of sewage
that has had its p and n partially removed, and (3) the ability of
nutrient removal processes to reduce n and p to levels below that
critical to algal growth. in addition, it is felt that since increasing
populations tend to accelerate pollution in lake basins, the need for
pollution research takes on other aspects: (1) the residual ability of
tertiary sewage effluents to stimulate algal growth; (2) the ultimate
fate of nutrients removed from sewage in a basin; and (3) the effect of
man's near-shore and shoreline modifications on the beauty and biology
of the system. lake tahoe is cited as an example of efficient wastewater
reclamation and treatment. (mackan-battelle)

McGauhey, P. H., D. B. Porcella, et al. (1975). Eutrophication Of
Surface Water - Lake Tahoe's Indian Creek Reservoir, Lake Tahoe Area
Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
From april 1969 to october 1974 field and laboratory analyses and
observations were made at approximately weekly intervals to evaluate the
relationship between the quality of water impounded at indian creek
reservoir (icr) and the reclaimed water exported by the south tahoe
public utility district. the reclaimed water comprised from 70 to 80 per
cent of the annual impoundment. on the average the reclaimed water
contained 0.1 to 0.2 mg/l of phosphorus and 15-24 mg/l of ammonia, the
latter making it toxic to fish implanted in icr. however, as the
reservoir matured, nitrification-denitrification removed most of the
nitrogen from the system and by march 1970 the reservoir had become a
excellent trouth fishery. excess n is comparison with p evidently
precluded blooms of blue green algae but low phosphorus did not prevent
the impoundment from becoming typical of a highly productive
environment, with vascular plants invading to considerable depths
because of the high degree of clarity of the reclaimed water. by 1974
the biosystem was at an approximately steady state. this state may not
remain because of the appearance of epiphytic blue green algae which
caused taste and odor problems in the water and in the fish. it is
concluded that the reservoir responds to more complex factors than are
measurable by analysis of reclaimed water. the results show why a system
of wastewater reclamation must be designed on the basis of the natural
as well as the man-controlled components of the system, and points the
way to the necessary parameters and institutional concepts if water is
to be reclaimed for a specific purpose.

McGlashan, N. V. (1905). The legend of Tahoe. Sunset Magazine.

McGlashan, C. F., M. N. McGlashan, et al. (1986). From the desk of
Truckee's C.F. McGlashan : his letters to Eliza Donner Houghton, Donner
Party survivor, investigative report of a massacred wagon train,
Truckee-Tahoe adventures and more. Truckee, CA, Truckee-Donner
Historical Society.

McKenna, S. A., N. L. Ingraham, et al. (1992). Stable Isotope Study of
Bank Storage Mechanisms in the Truckee River Basin. Journal of Hydrology
JHYDA7 134(1): 203-219.\
River, groundwater, and snow samples were collected in the Truckee River
drainage basin in northern California and Nevada to determine the
mechanisms of bank storage. Lake Tahoe, the source for the Truckee
River, had average stable isotope concentrations of delta-deuterium
(delta-D) of -57 and delta-oxygen-18 (delta-O18) of -5.5. These
compositions are more enriched than the average local precipitation,
calculated to be -117 in delta-D and -15.8 in delta-O18, due to
continued evaporation during the long residence time of the water in the
lake. Thus, Lake Tahoe water can be easily recognized allowing for easy
tracing as bank storage. An enrichment threshold value was developed to
explain the stable isotopic ratios observed in the Truckee River. A
delta-D value of -85 was determined to be the threshold value, below
which evaporation can explain the isotopic composition observed in the
Truckee River, and above which the presence of Lake Tahoe water is
required. There does not appear to be a direct relationship between the
delta-D value of the Truckee River and the discharge to the river from
Lake Tahoe, at least in the upper reaches of the basin. The rise in
delta-D of the river to a value similar to that of the lake appears to
move progressively upstream and is thought to be related to the
discharge of the bank-stored Lake Tahoe water. (Author's abstract)

McKeon, O. F. (1946). The railroads and steamers of Lake Tahoe. The
Western Railroader. San Mateo, CA. 9: 1 p. l., 22 p.

McLaren, F. (1975). Areawide Waste Treatment and Erosion Control
Planning. Lake Tahoe Research Seminar III, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
Under section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) was designated the planning agency for
the Tahoe Basin, and is the only such agency in Region IX. The purpose
of the project is to develop a regional water quality facilities plan,
not a report or study. It will define implementable improvements
necessary to control surface water runoff in the Tahoe Basin's erosion
control program. Water quality standards will not be reevaluated; the
program will be designed to implement existing standards. Management of
all the surface water runoff, especially from urban areas, will be basic
to the plan. Runoff from filling stations, golf courses, parking lots,
logging areas, and streets will be considered, as well as fertilizer
use, waste disposal in marinas, solid waste management, septic tanks,
and shoreline erosion. (See also W78-00260), (Lynch-Wisconsin)

Medford, B. (1974). Research Needs for the Lake Tahoe Basin, Lake Tahoe
Area Research Coordination Board, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
This tentative assessment of research needs is intended to provide a
channel of communication between researchers, sponsors and research
users. Trends relating to environmental quality in the Lake Tahoe area
are the conflicting use of natural resources, the failure of the market
system to account for long-range costs such as pollution, and the
democratization of recreation leading to increased demand for recreation
opportunities and facilities, and expansion of recreation home
ownership. Problems afflicting the Lake Tahoe Basin are: the threat of
irreversible water pollution, degradation of the pure air,
overdevelopment in places, under-development elsewhere, traffic
congestion, crowded facilities, severe seasonal fluctuations in the
economy, a shortage of housing in middle and low income categories,
uncontrolled erosion, damaged vegetation along highways, and a high
frequency of social problems. Six broad categories of research needs are
surveyed: air, water, land and vegetation, fish and wildlife, social
sciences, and resource systems.

Melgin, W. L. (1985). The Influence of Hillslope Hydrology on Nitrate
Transport in a Forested Watershed, Near Lake Tahoe, University Of
Nevada, Reno.

Merchant Maps (1990). South Lake Tahoe. Cincinnati, OH, Merchant Maps
Division.

Meyer, P., Tahoe Research Group, et al. (1970). What is the TRPA : a
bureaucratic hassle, an eco-sell-out, or a pragmatic problem solver?
Davis, CA, University of California - Tahoe Research Group.

Meyer, P. (1974). The Scientist and Decision Making At Lake Tahoe. Lake
Tahoe Research Seminar II, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
The ward valley plan adopted by placer county, nevada, in 1970 was
investigated in an attempt to determine the ways scientists influence
the content of public policies. to gather data, 40 interviews were
conducted, public documents were examined, and public hearings were
attended. it was found that the suggestion to make a land-use plan for
ward valley first came from the technicians on the county staff, who
initially determined both the nature of the problem that faced the
county and the general approach the county would take to solve it. after
developing their proposal, the staff presented it to the planning
commission and received permission to produce a plan. after gathering
information, the staff drafted a plan without much direction from the
commissioners or supervisors. the staff presented their plan at public
hearings. it was the only such plan presented; no one besides the staff
had invested the time and energy to produce a detailed plan for the
valley. consequently, the county politicians had no respectable
alternative, and the board of supervisors simply adopted the plan
recommended by the staff. the influence of academic scientists on the
ward valley plan was very gradual and unrecognized and occurred over a
number of years prior to the staff's work.

Middlebrooks, E. J., E. A. Pearson, et al. (1971). Eutrophication Of
Surface Water: Lake Tahoe. J Water Pollut Contr Fed 43(2): 242-251.\
Although n and p are major factors in the nutrient-rich, or eutrophic
condition that leads to algal blooms, their presence is not always the
critical factor in eutrophication. an effort was made to develop
suitable methods of assaying the algal growth-stimulating potential of
various influents to lakes and streams and to apply these methods to an
evaluation of their ability to increase the eutrophication of water. a
test algae, selenastrum gracile, was used to assess quantitatively
biostimulation by exposure to surface runoff, seepages, effluents from
various wastewater treatment processes, and lake tahoe (california)
water. initial growth response to the test algae was much greater with
batch-type assay data than with steady-state conditions. both batch and
continuous flow assays indicated that the biostimulatory properties of
secondary effluents were much greater than that from raw or primary
treated wastes. wastewater effluents of all types showed higher growth
response rates than could be accounted for by the amount of n and p
present in the samples.\--copyright 1971, biological abstracts, inc.

Middlebrooks, E. J., D. B. Porcella, et al. (1971). Biostimulation and
Algal Growth Kinetics Of Wastewater. J Water Pollut Contr Fed 43(3 Part
1): 454-473.\
An investigation was made of the biostimulatory characteristics and
algal growth potential of wastewater effluents and surface runoff in
lake tahoe. specific parameters studied were the maximum growth rate and
the maximum cell concentration for waters that have undergone various
degrees of treatment. growth rates increased linearly with total n, and
algal growth approached a maximum rate at an initial total p
concentration of 50 micro g/l. all types of wastewater effluents
apparently are toxic to algal growth in the assay used, and deviations
from the expected growth response predicted by n and p concentrations
could be caused by the presence of toxicants. all effluents could be
expected to increase the algal productivity of lake tahoe.\--copyright
1971, biological abstracts, inc.

Mietens, C. (1990). (Exanthema subitum, Lake Tahoe disease and
herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) infection.). Klinische Paediatrie 202(2):
67-68.

Miller, L. (1899). Loye Holmes Miller papers, 1899-1957.

Miller, L. H. (1920). Journal, Tahoe trip, 1919, \[publisher and place
published unknown\].

Moana Corporation (1970). Chinquapin. Tahoe City, CA, Moana Corporation.

Morgan, M. D., S. T. Threlkeld, et al. (1978). Impact of the
introduction of kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) and opossum shrimp (Mysis
relicta) on a subalpine lake. J. Fish. Res. Board Can 35(12):
1572-1579.\
Introductions of (M. relicta) and (O. nerka) are common management tools
for improvement of local sport fisheries. This paper summarizes
published information from varied sources and presents supplemental data
on the impact of these introductions on the Lake Tahoe zooplankton and
fish communities. Concomitant with peak spawning runs of kokanese and
the establishment and high densities of Mysis was the disappearance of
the three pelagic cladoceran species in the lake. Population dynamics
analysis of the cladoceran populations indicate that their elimination
was due to increasing death rates (related to Mysis and kokanee
predation) and decreasing birth rates (possibly related to cultural
eutrophication). Changes have also been observed in the fish
populations. Lake trout have altered their food habits to include large
quantities of Mysis, but this has been done to the exclusion of other
prey types. Thus, improvement in lake trout condition has been indicated
only in years when Mysis is abundant. Recent evidence of a sustained
decline in the mysid population suggests that unless lake trout shift
back to more traditional food sources, their condition could deteriorate
to below pre-mysid levels. Finally, mean weight and abundance of kokanee
spawners have declined since the cladoceran disappearance, suggesting a
negative impact on the whole population which fed heavily on
cladocerans.

Morgan, M. D. (1979). The Dynamics Of an Introduced Population Of Mysis
Relicta (Loven) In Emerald Bay and Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada,
University Of California, Davis.

Morgan, M. D. (1980). Life history characteristics of two introduced
populations of Mysis relicta-. Ecology 61(3): 551-561.\
Introducted M. relicta- take 4 yr to reach reproductive age in Lake
Tahoe, California-Navada and 1-2 yr in Emerald Bay, an isolated (for
Mysis-). The duration of embryonic stages in the Emerald Bay population
ranged from 50 d for the egg stage to 6 d for the laste embryonic stage.
The number of eggs per egg-bearing female in Emerald Bay increased
significantly with the total length of the female. A decline in brood
size with age of the brood occurred in Emerald Bay but not in Lake
Tahoe. The average number of eggs per brood in Lake Tahoe was
significantly less than in Emerald Bay. However, there was no difference
in the number of stage 5 embryos per brood in both systems. Differences
in generation time and total reproductive output in the Lake Tahoe and
Emerald Bay populations were most closely related to differences in the
overall production and mean depth of the 2 systems. In addition, these
traits and whether reproduction is seasonal or continuous among other
mysid populations are strongly correlated with the total production of
the environment. These results suggest that differences in M. relicta-
life history traits among populations may represent a phenotypic and not
an evolutionary life history adaptation.

Morgan, M. D., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1981). Impact of Introduced
Populations of Mysis Relicta on Zooplankton in Oligotrophic Subalpine
Lakes. Congress In Japan, Kyoto, Japan.\
The crustacean zooplankton in Fallen Leaf Lake, California in July 1913
and August 1970 was dominated by Daphnia pulicaria, D. rosea, Bosmina
longirostris and Diaptomus sp. Samples from August 1978 and 1979
revealed that only Bosmina was still abundant. Both Daphnia species were
no longer present and Diaptomus existed as a rare population. Similarly,
the crustacean zooplankton of neighboring Donner Lake was dominated by
D. rosea, B. longirostris, Diaptomus pallidus and Epischura nevadensis
in August 1970 but by August 1978 and June 1979, only Bosmina and
Epischura were still abundant. D. rosea and Diaptomus were rare. The
cladoceran fauna of nearby Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada (D. pulicaria,
D. rosea and B. longirostris ) disappeared from the plankton shortly
after 1970. Detailed studies have implicated predation by Mysis relicta
(introduced into the lake between 1963 and 1965) as the primary cause of
these extinctions. Mysis was also introduced into Donner and Fallen Leaf
Lake in 1965 and is therefore considered the most likely reason for the
decline of the cladoceran populations in these lakes.

Morgan, M. D. (1981). Abundance, Life History, and Growth of Introduced
Populations of the Opossum Shrimp (Mysis Relicta) in Subalpine
California Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
38(8): 989-993.\
Lake productivity was an important factor in the growth of opossum
shrimp (Mysis relicta), introduced into Donner Lake and Fallen Leaf
Lake, California, in 1965. This species is important in the food
dynamics of fish populations. The overall densities of populations in
Donner Lake were 238 per sq meter in August 1978, 123 per sq meter in
June 1979, and 108 per sq meter in November 1980. In Fallen Leaf Lake,
the densities were 114 per sq meter in August 1978 and 103 per sq meter
in June 1979. These figures indicate that the mysids are
well-established throughout both lakes. Mysids reproduced in the spring
at ages 1 and 2 years, living for 2 years. In nearby Lake Tahoe, a much
less productive lake, the growth rate of mysids was much slower, taking
twice as long to reach similar population densities. The Lake Tahoe
population was not reproductive during its first 2 years. (Cassar-FRC)

Morris, R. J., C. M. Skau, et al. (1970). A Preliminary Study Of the
Relationships Between Stream Water Quality and Watershed Characteristics
For the Truckee River, University of Nevada-Reno, Center for Water
Resources Research.\
Water quality along the truckee river between lakes tahoe and pyramid in
northeast california and northwest nevada was investigated. the six
major sampling sites defined five major watersheds along the truckee
river between the outlet dam at lake tahoe and the inlet to pyramid lake
at nixon. each watershed was characterized by: (1) area; (2) percentage
area logged from 1959 through 1968; (3) percentage area burned from 1959
through 1968; (4) percentage area covered by paved and dirt roads; (5)
soil-type percentage for each of eight types common to the area; and (6)
vegetation of land-use percentage for each of twelve kinds found in the
entire truckee watershed. results of chemical analyses for nitrate and
organic nitrogen, phosphate, and boron are tabulated. the overall levels
of nitrogen and phosphate are comparatively low from tahoe dam to
boynton lake (just above the sewage treatment plant at reno). the levels
fluctuate around that separating oligotrophic and eutropic conditions,
commonly taken as 0.1 mg/liter for nitrogen and 0.01 mg/liter for
phosphate. boron concentrations ranged from .03 mg/liter below verdi to
3.18 mg/liter at steamboat above sewage treatment plant.

Morris, F. A. and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (1981).
Meadowland natural treatment processes in the Lake Tahoe basin : a field
investigation, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of
Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las
Vegas, NV.

Moshiri, G. A., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1970). The Effects Of Variations
In Oxygen Tension On Certain Aspects Of Respiratory Metabolism In
Pacifastacus Leniusculus (Dana) (Crustacea:Decapoda). Physiological
Zoology 43(1): 23-29.\
Responses of the crayfish, pacifastacus leniusculus, from lke tahoe to
variations in oxygen tension were determined under laboratory
conditions. these results were supplemented by experiments which yielded
data on ventilation rates, also under conditions of varying oxygen
levels. results show the relationship between oxygen concentration and
uptake to be linear within the range tested. ventilation rate remained
constant with a decrease in oxygen level down to 2.5 ml/1, at which
point it started to decline. the efficiency of oxygen utilization showed
a mean of 22.1% down to a concentration of 3.88 ml/1, at which point it
began to increase. in addition, a direct relationship was observed
between utilization efficiency and increase in temperature. these
results indicate that in this species the patterns of ventilation and
oxygen utilization are direct consequences of a decrease in metabolism
rather than adaptations for the regulation of oxygen uptake.
(svensson-washington)

Moyer, H. E. (1968). The South Lake Tahoe Water Reclamation Project.
Public Works December: 87-94.

Moyle, P. B., D. M. Baltz, et al. (1983). Instream flow requirements of
native California stream fishes, Water Resources Center, University of
California, Davis, CA.

Muir, J. (1900). Lake Tahoe in Winter. Sierra Club Bulletin 3(2):
119-126.

Mullen, J. R. and P. Nady (1985). Water Budget for Major Streams in the
Central Valley, California, 1961-77., U.S. Geological Survey, Water
Resources Div., Tahoe City, CA.\
A compilation of annual streamflow data for 20 major stream systems in
the central Valley of California, for water years 1961-77, is presented.
The water-budget tables list gaged and ungaged inflow from tributaries
and canals, diversions, and gaged outflow. Theoretical outflow and gain
or loss in a reach are computed. A schematic diagram and explanation of
the data are provided for each water-budget table. (USGS)

Murvosh, C. M. (1992). On the occurrence of the water penny beetle
Eubrianax edwardsii in lentic ecosystems (Coleoptera: Psephenidae).
Coleopt. Bull. 46(1): 43-51.\
The occurrence and distribution of the water penny beetle, Eubrianax
edwardsii (LeConte), was studied in Lake Tahoe, Walker Lake, and Pyramid
Lake in Nevada, and Upper Salmon, Haven, Goose, and Gold Lakes in the
Sierra Nevada of California. Although larvae were relatively common in
Gold Lake, only one was found in the stream outflow. Larvae were more
abundant close to shore, but could be found as far out as 15 m and in
water almost 2 m deep. The probability of finding a larva increased with
the size of the rock, but most (181) rocks sampled had no larvae, while
32 rocks had 1, 2 rocks had 2, 1 rock had 3, and no rocks bore more than
3 larvae. The cause(s) of these patterns is (are) unknown. Little is
known about the ecology of this insect. Larvae were easily found along
the six shore sites of Gold Lake and in Goose Lake. They were not
collected in any of the other sampled lakes.

Myles, G. A., University of Nevada - Center for Water Resources
Research, et al. (1966). Water based recreation in Nevada, Tahoe, Center
for Water Resources Research, Desert Research Institute and Max C.
Fleischmann College of Agriculture, University of Nevada, Reno, NV.\
National studies estimate that the U.S. population will double by the
year 2,000, but that in this same period the demand for outdoor
recreation will triple. with nevada's rapidly expanding population,
estimated to be 500,000 in 1966, and increasing tourist travel by
automobile, it is likely that the demand for water based recreation
within the state will exceed national averages. the purpose of this
study is to provide information concerning: (1) the use of water based
recreational areas, (2) desire for satisfaction with facilities and
services, (3) the using public's willingness to pay for use of areas and
facilities, (4) the expenditures of visitors, and (5) characteristics of
recreational users and the effect of these characteristics on demand for
various areas, facilities and services. a survey was conducted at major
water areas providing information for all of nevada's major water
recreation areas. results are given for each area because each has its
own peculiarities and information is more meaningful on an area basis. a
summary of and recommendations for all areas are provided. this work is
concerned primarily with lake tahoe located in the sierra nevada
mountains at 6,000 ft.

Myles, G. A. (1967). Water Based Recreation In Nevada: Western Desert
and Northern Lakes, University of Nevada, College of Agriculture, Reno,
NV. 74.\
A study of nevada's water-based recreational facilities was conducted,
june 18-sept 10, 1965, by 7 students from the university of nevada. it
included lakes tahoe, pyramid, topaz, walker and lahontan reservoir in
the west; rye patch and wildhorse reservoirs, ruby and angel lakes in
the north, and lakes mead and mojave in the south. information sought
covered use of water-based recreational facilities, satisfaction with or
desire for facilities and services, public willingness to be charged for
use of areas and facilities, expenditures of visitors and
characteristics of visitors which affected demand for facilities, areas
and services. reviews and summaries of reports for each of the above
lakes, except lakes mead and mojave and lake tahoe which are covered in
separate volumes, were given. on the basis of the findings,
recommendations included charging of high prices for facilities with
exclusive features for higher socio-economic groups and nominal fees for
those of lower groups satisfied with fewer services; facilities for
younger aged groups; a wide variation of facilities where feasible; more
definitive directions for tourists; insect control; and more accurate
estimates of visitor numbers.

Myrup, L. O., T. M. Powell, et al. (1979). Climatological estimate of
the average monthly energy and water budgets of Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada. Water Resour Res 15(6): 1499-1508.

Nachlinger, J. L. (1985). The Ecology Of Subalpine Meadows In the Lake
Tahoe Region, California and Nevada (Phytosociology, Phenology, Plant
Associations, Sierra Nevada Vegetation, Snowpack Augmentation),
University Of Nevada, Reno.

Nachlinger, J. L. (1988). An ecological survey of the candidate Lyon
Peak Needle Lake Research Natural Area, Tahoe National Forest,
California. Berkeley, CA, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment
Station, U.S. Forest Service.

Nakao, D. I. and California Office of Transportation Laboratory (1976).
Revegetation of disturbed soils in the Tahoe region : final evaluation,
June 1974-June 1976, California Dept. of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.

Nakao, D. I., M. M. Hatano, et al. (1976). Highway Operation and Plant
Damage, California State Dept. of Transportation Laboratory, Sacramento,
CA.\
A five-year study was undertaken by Caltrans in 1973 to study the
effects of deicing salts on terrestrial vegetation and to explore other
possible causes of plant damage, both natural and man-made, and to
recommend alternative courses of action. The study is divided into two
phases: (1) soil chemistry and salt analysis, and (2) vegetation damage
assessment and recommendations for mitigation. The Environmental Branch
of the Transportation Laboratory is performing phase 1, and the
University of California at Davis has contracted to perform that portion
of the research dealing with vegetation (phase 2). An interim report was
prepared on the first phase of the study for the period of April 1973 -
June 1975. Fifteen study sites, in and around the Tahoe Basin, were
selected for in-depth study. A total of 2,459 soil samples were
analyzed. Generally, salt concentrations in the soil are highest next to
the roadway, decreasing with increased distance from the roadway.
Concentrations are higher in drainage paths running through the downhill
section of a study site. Salt application rates were recorded for
possible correlation with soil analysis, topography, and plant damage.
Ozone concentration data monitored from August 1974 through July 1975
indicated that the levels are below the Environmental Protection Agency
air quality standard of 0.08 PPM (hourly average). (Sims-ISWS)

Nakao, D. I., R. B. Howell, et al. (1976). Highway Operation and Plant
Damage-Data Appendix (Soil Chemistry, Salt Application, Ozone,
Precipitation), California State Dept. of Transportation Laboratory,
Sacramento, CA.\
The Transportation Laboratory is engaged in a study of the effects of
deicing salts on roadside vegetation in and around the Lake Tahoe Basin.
The portion of the study dealing with soil chemistry, salt application
rates, ozone, and precipitation was reported in an Interim Report dated
January 1976. This Appendix Report contains the backup data for that
Interim Report.

Nakao, D. I., K. L. Baumeister, et al. (1979). Deicing salt application
rates at terrestrial vegetation study sites in the Lake Tahoe vicinity
(1974-1978), California Office of Transportation Laboratory, Sacramento,
CA.

Narnhagen, E., E. R. Byron, et al. (1988). Epischura Density as a Factor
Controlling the Establishment of Bosmina Populations in Lake Tahoe.
Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,
Verhandlungen IVTLAP 23(4): 2082-2086.\
Conditions are explored under which Bosmina longirostris populations can
successfully colonize Lake Tahoe and coexist with Mysis relicta. The
timing of the decline of Epischura in the late summer and autumn months
is probably the most important factor determining whether Bosmina will
occur in any given year. If Epischura populations decline in August or
September, Bosmina is free to grow throughout September and October and
can achieve high densities depending on food availability. If Epischura
populations persist into October or November before declining in
abundance, Bosmina will not be able to colonize the lake because of
inherent resting egg production and declining ambient temperatures. The
impact of Mysis predation on Bosmina populations has apparently been to
shift Bosmina vertical distribution higher in the water column. Bosmina
population abundance is now controlled by Epischura abundance to a large
extent. In short, Bosmina populations in Lake Tahoe do not exhibit high
enough birth rates to overcome the impact of invertebrate predation and
their ability to colonize the lake is essentially controlled by the
population behavior of their predators. (Miller-PTT)

Naslas, G. D. (1991). Infiltration, Runoff, Nutrient and Sediment
Transport Analysis Of Soils In the Lake Tahoe Basin Through Rainfall
Simulation, University Of Nevada, Reno.\
Quantitative erosion, infiltration and nutrient transport data for the
Lake Tahoe Basin are limited. Meeks and Umpa soils were subjected to a
simulated storm event, using a modular simulator, in order to determine
infiltration, runoff and sediment transport rates and runoff was
analysed for soluble nutrients. Three slope gradients and four plot
conditions were studied per soil type. The interaction of soil type and
plot condition controlled maximum nitrate concentration, with mean
maximum nitrate concentrations of 1.486 and 0.57 mg l-1 for the Umpa and
Meeks respectively. The interaction between soil type, plot condition
and slope significantly controlled infiltration and runoff (P = 0.0011)
and erosion (P = 0.0164). Maximum 1-hr final infiltration rates of 4.5
and 6.1 cm hr-1 were measured for the Meeks and Umpa soils respectively.
Wooded plots exhibited strong water repellency resulting in 75-97% of
the applied water running off. Sediment and nitrate release were not
related.

Naslas, G. D., W. W. Miller, et al. (1994). Effects of soil type, plot
condition, and slope on runoff and interrill erosion of two soils in the
Lake Tahoe basin. Water Resour. Bull. 30(2): 319-328.\
Few studies have addressed sediment discharge due to interrill erosion
from natural and minimally disturbed alpine and subalpine forested
watersheds. Infiltration, runoff, and surface erosion of two Tahoe Basin
soils under several conditions were investigated using rainfall
simulation. A significant three-way interaction among soil type, plot
condition, and slope was identified. Although high erodibility was
commonly associated with disturbance and/or high slope, this was not
always the case. Soil type, plot condition, slope, and duration of the
event were all found to be important factors in determining the amount
of erosion. Decreased water clarity in Lake Tahoe has been partly
attributed to increased algal growth associated with surface runoff and
erosion from adjacent watersheds. Interpretive evaluation for resource
management planning should be event based and carefully delineated on a
site-specific basis.

Naslas, G. D., W. W. Miller, et al. (1994). Sediment, Nitrate, and
Ammonium In Surface Runoff From 2 Tahoe Basin Soil. Water Resources
Bulletin 30(3): 409-417.

Nathan, H. and P. Barusch (1976). Tahoe: the bistate stalemate
\[Environmental protection\]. .

Nathenson, M. and United States Geological Survey (1989). Chemistry of
Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, and nearby springs, Dept. of the
Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.

National Automobile Club and C. E. Erickson & Associates (1960). Map of
Lake Tahoe recreational area. Berkeley, CA, C.E. Erickson & Associates.

Neilson, J. A. (1972). Lake Tahoe vegetation I : a symposium, Institute
of Governmental Affairs, University of California, Davis, CA.

Neilson, J. A. (1973). Lake Tahoe vegetation II : natural vegetation
zones, Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California,
Davis, CA: 35 leaves.

Nelson, S. N., J. C. Goddard, et al. (1976). A guide to the research
resources of the University of California, Davis, with respect to Lake
Tahoe and the Lake Tahoe Basin. Davis, CA, Office of Research
Development, University of California.

Nevada Dept. of Highways (1930). Automobile roads from Carson City and
Reno to Lake Tahoe and vicinity. Carson City, NV, State of Nevada
Department of Highways.

Nevada Fish & Game Commission and California Dept. of Fish & Game
(1962). Angler's guide to Lake Tahoe, State Printing Office, Carson
City, NV.

Nevada Legislature - Legislative Commission (1978). Feasibility of
creating a new county to govern the north shore area of Lake Tahoe,
Legislative Commission of the Legislative Counsel Bureau, State of
Nevada, Carson City, NV.

Nevada Legislature - Legislative Commission (1986). Review of the
activities of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Legislative Commission
of the Legislative Counsel Bureau, State of Nevada, Carson City, NV.

Nevada Legislature - Legislative Commission (1988). Review of the
activities of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 1987-1988, Legislative
Commission of the Legislative Counsel Bureau, State of Nevada, Carson
City, NV.

Nevada State Dept. of Conservation & Natural Resources (1970). Compacts
for the future, Nevada-California, Lake Tahoe, Truckee, Carson and
Walker Rivers, Nevada State Dept. of Conservation & Natural Resources,
Carson City, NV.

Nevada State Dept. of Health - Division of Public Health & Engineering
(1953). Lake Tahoe watershed; report on water pollution control, Nevada
State Dept. of Health - Division of Public Health & Engineering, Carson
City, NV.

Nevada State Engineers and California Dept. of Engineering (1949). Joint
report on the use of water in the Lake Tahoe watershed, Nevada State
Engineers, Carson City, NV.

Nevada Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Raymond P. Smith Associates
(1969). A general plan for Lake Tahoe, Nevada. \[Nevada\], Nevada Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency.

Nichols, S. L. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1973). South Lake
Tahoe folio: tinted relief map. Reno, NV, Bureau of Mines and Geology.

Nichols, S. L. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1975). Glenbrook
folio: tinted relief map. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology.

Nichols, S. L. and Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1975). Marlette
Lake folio: tinted relief map. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau of Mines and
Geology.

Nolan, K. M. and B. R. Hill (1991). Suspended-Sediment Budgets for Four
Drainage Basins Tributary to Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada, 1984-87,
U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, CA.\
Effective management of lands surrounding Lake Tahoe, California and
Nevada, requires an understanding of processes controlling sediment
delivery to the lake from tributary streams. Erosional processes were
monitored along four Lake Tahoe tributary basins during 1984-87, and
sediment budgets were formulated to identify processes that supply
sediment to tributary streams. Data collection was adequate to describe
the processes most important in the mobilization, transport, and storage
of sediment in three of the four study basins. In the fourth basin,
Logan House Creek, measured sediment output did not compare favorably
with sediment output predicted by the sediment budget. Erosional
processes in Logan House Creek apparently are operating too slowly to be
adequately quantified in a 4-year study. Channel erosion mobilized more
than 95% of the sediment in study basins with balanced sediment budgets.
Average annual sediment yields from the study basins ranged from 0.7 to
67.9 megagrams/sq km. Differences in the processes and rates of channel
erosion and in the sources of sediment within channel systems seem to be
controlled by differences in precipitation, geology, basin physiography,
and, to an unknown degree, land use. Because alluvial channels are the
dominant source of mobilized sediment in the study basin, land-use
changes virtually anywhere in a basin could affect sediment yields in
that basin.

North Tahoe Public Utility District and California Department of Parks &
Recreation (1980). Kings Beach State Recreation Area : general
development and resource management plan, California Department of Parks
& Recreation, Sacramento, CA.

North Tahoe Public Utility District (1987). Master water plan, North
Tahoe Public Utility District, Tahoe Vista, CA.

Nylund, V. and K. Westman (1981). Frequency of visible symptoms of the
crayfish plague fungus (Aphanomyces astaci ) on the American crayfish
(Pacifastacus leniusculus ) in natural populations in Finland.
Freshwater Crayfish 5: Apers-From.\
The occurrence of the brown spots indicative of crayfish plague fungus
(A. astaci ) was investigated in three lakes inhabited by
self-propagating populations of the American crayfish (P. leniusculus ).
The 236 crayfish examined came from catches made with crayfish traps. In
two of the lakes, in which the crayfish populations originated from
adults imported in 1969 from Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA, the frequency of
infected crayfish was high - 47% and 52%. In one lake, in which the
population had developed from juveniles imported from Sweden in 1971,
the crayfish showed no brown spots at all. AN: 0910099 ASFA 1978 - 1987\
56 of 108

O'Donnell, C. M., R. L. Webb, et al. (1951). Airport proposed for Lake
Tahoe : report, California Aeronautics Commission, Sacramento, CA.

O'Rourke, E. V. (1990). Sounds and images of the fabulous fifties :
history of the Tahoe Truckee Unified School District, 1949-1956.
Sacramento, CA, E.V. O'Rourke.

Orcutt, R. G., L. D. Bottoroff, et al. (1975). Optimal Planning Of
Regional Wastewater Systems and Their Impacts On Stream Quality With a
Case Study Of the Carson River Basin. Available From The National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va(En): 14.\
The problem of wastewater transportation, treatment, and utilization in
the carson river and lake tahoe basins served as a basis for the
development of the methodologies presented. a general heuristic
algorithm for determining near optimal regional wastewater facilities
was derived. dynamic programming was employed for the suboptimization of
interlinked wastewater transportation systems. the diurnal variation of
dissolved oxygen due to photosynthesis was modeled. a regression
relationship involvnig nutrients, flow, and temperature was used to
estimate the magnitude of the photosynthesis component of the model.
possible future population growth patterns in the carson valley and the
nevada portion of lake tahoe were analyzed with the algorithm to
determine the near optimal wastewater facilities to serve them. the
impacts of these systems on dissolved oxygen levels in the carson river
were assessed with the simulation model. sensitivity analysis of
significant parameters was performed to achieve a better understanding
of their significance in achieving a solution to the type of problem
under consideration. (fallon-nevada)

Orlob, G. T., L. G. Selna, et al. (1966). Development Of a Mathematical
Model For Prediction Of Temperature In Deep Reservoirs-Phase Ii: High
Discharge-Volume Ratio Reservoirs, Water Resources Engineers, Inc.,
Lafayette, CA.\
The modification of the mathematical model for computation of
temperature distribution in reservoirs to make it useful for that of
reservoirs which have highly variable horizontal cross-sections or which
experience time varying independent inflow and outflow is discussed. the
mathematical model is designed to account for net heat flow input from
the atmosphere. using this model, it would be possible to simulate a
complete annual cycle of temperature change in an operating reservoir.
certain assumptions, such as the independence of heat flow and reservoir
surface temperature, would continue to restrict the versatility of the
model. the objective of this report is to give a detailed account of the
generalizations made in the one dimensional reservoir temperature model
mentioned in the phase-i report. the model was tested using the data
obtained in the lake tahoe studies.

Orme, A. R. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). The shore-zone
system for Lake Tahoe : a report prepared for the Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Orr, R. T. and J. Moffitt (1971). Birds of the Lake Tahoe region. San
Francisco, CA, California Academy of Sciences.

Otton, J. K., R. A. Zielinski, et al. (1989). Uranium in Holocene
Valley-fill Sediments, and Uranium, Radon, and Helium in Waters, Lake
Tahoe-Carson Range Area, Nevada and California, U.S.A. Environmental
Geology and Water Sciences 13(1): 15-28.\
The uranium content of sediments in the Lake Tahoe-Carson Range area of
Nevada and California approaches 0.6%; however, the average is in the
range of 300-500 ppm. Waters associated with these sediments locally
contain as much as 177 ppb uranium. Modest levels of helium and radon
also occur in these waters. Uraniferous waters are clearly entering the
private and public water supply systems in some parts of the study area;
however, it is not known how much uranium is reaching users of these
water supplies. Many of the waters sampled in the study area exceed the
published health effects guidance level of the Environmental Protection
Agency. Regulatory standards for uranium in waters have not been
published, however. Much uranium is stored in the sediments along these
stream valleys. Estimates for a marsh and a fen along one drainage are
24,000 and 15,000 kg, respectively. The potential effects of man-induced
environmental changes on the uranium are uncertain. Laboratory studies
of uraniferous sediment rich in organic matter may allow us to evaluate
the potential of liberating uranium from such sediments and creating
transient increases in the level of uranium moving in water in the
natural environment. (Doria-PTT)

Owen, P. H. and J. P. Barry (1972). Electrochemical Carbon Regeneration,
Environics, Inc. Huntington Beach, CA Environmental Protection Agency.\
Experimentation was conducted to investigate a process of
electrochemical regeneration of granulated activated carbon spent in the
adsorption treatment of municipal secondary effluent. electrochemically
regenerated carbon and virgin carbon were compared by their respective
abilities to remove soluble cod organics from sand-filtered secondary
effluents during simultaneous dynamic exhaustion. it was found that
electrochemical regeneration of granular activated carbon can restore
the working capacity for removing soluble cod organics to from 42 to 61%
of the capacity of virgin carbon. the 61% of cod capacity
electrochemically regenerated is about 77% as good as the average
thermal regenerated capacity. as compared to thermal regeneration of
carbon, the costs of electrochemical regeneration are much lower. based
on the electrolysis cell energy requirement measured as 15.3 watt hours
per gram cod adsorption capacity regenerated, the calculated cost of
electrical power to regenerate and rinse the carbon spent in treating
1000 gallons of lake tahoe-type waste water was 0.66 cents. this is
equivalent to 3.2 cents per pound of carbon at a dosage of 207 lbs
carbon per million gallons of effluent.

Paerl, H. W. and C. R. Goldman (1972). Heterotrophic Assays In the
Detection Of Water Masses At Lake Tahoe, California. Limnol Oceanogr
17(1): 145-148.\
A sensitive biological method for water mass detection was successfully
tested in the extremely oligotrophic waters of lake tahoe, california. a
trace amount of 14c dissolved acetate is added to water samples and
microbial incorporation monitored; assimilation rates demonstrate the
presence of water masses originating from stream outflow. the same
technique also shows microbial stimulation of tahoe water when stream
water is added in culture experiments. autoradiographs indicate that
bacterial cells, sometimes associated with detrital matter, are
responsible for the acetate uptake.\--copyright 1972, biological
abstracts, inc.

Paerl, H. W. (1973). The Regulation Of Heterotrophic Activity By
Environmental Factors At Lake Tahoe, California - Nevada, University Of
California, Davis.

Paerl, H. W. (1973). Detritus In Lake Tahoe: Structural Modification By
Attached Microflora. Science 180(4085): 496-498.\
Water samples were collected from lake tahoe over a vertical profile of
0 to 440 m to investigate microbiological utilization of detritus.
subsamples were filtered through metricel filters, fixed with
glutaraldehye, dehydrated by stepwise immersion in increasing
concentrations of ethyl alcohol, portions mounted and gold plated, and
viewed by scanning electron microscopy (sem). subsamples were also
monitored for microbial heterotrophic activity as a measure of
mineralization rates by determining acetate uptake. total particulate
carbon, and acetate concentrations were determined in samples taken from
all depths. in a separate study, detritus was collected from ward creek,
a tributary of lake tahoe, homogenized, sterilized, and divided into
dialysis bags which were impervious to detritus and microorganisms, but
allowed passage of nutrients and metabolic waste products. two sets of
dialysis bags were used: one containing sterile detritus and one
containing lake water and live microorganisms. both sets were incubated
in lake tahoe and periodically examined by light microscopy and sem. the
results show that readily identifiable groups of microorganisms present
on nonliving particulate organic matter (detritus) in the upper waters
of lake tahoe are attached in specific ways and appear responsible for
detrital aggregation. this microflora is associated with active
heterotrophic metabolism, but deeper waters possess little detrital
microflora and little heterotrophic activity. (little-battelle)

Paerl, H. W., R. C. Richards, et al. (1975). Seasonal Nitrate Cycling As
Evidence For Complete Vertical Mixing In Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada.
Limnology And Oceanography 20(1): 1-8.\
A study of annual nitrate cycling in lake tahoe provided evidence that
the lake is both oligotrophic and holomictic. beginning with the spring
phytoplankton bloom, a sequence of biological nitrogen transformations
isresponsible for formation of a nitrate gradient, characterized by a
distinct 'nitracline.' the main processes responsible are nitrate
depletion by phytoplankton uptake and deep water nitrification by
bacteria. sinking detritus appeared to be the main source of reduced
nitrogen available for nitrification. as cooling proceeded during fall
and winter 1972, depression of the nitracline revealed the process of
vertical mixing and eventual turnover of the water mass. (jess-isws)

Paerl, H. W. and N. J. Williams (1976). The Relation Between Adenosine
Triphosphate and Microbial Biomass in Diverse Aquatic Ecosystems.
Internationale Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 61(5): 659-664.\
The ratio of carbon to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in living
phytoplankton cells was consistent over depth and nutrient level in
water samples from Lake Tahoe, California. The ratio fluctuated by no
more than + or - 1% of the mean between maximum and minimum nutrient
conditions. A survey of lakes differing in trophic level and having
diverse phytoplankton and bacterial assemblages demonstrated that ATP
can accurately measure total living microbial biomass. ATP discriminates
living from dead or detrital material because it rapidly breaks down to
mono- and di-phosphate nucleotides in extracellular solution or dead
cells. Only living cells, therefore, contain appreciable amounts of ATP.
Results indicate that conventional phytoplankton enumeration methods
tend to overestimate biomass among armored species (such as diatoms)
harboring intracellular remnants from former growth periods. Previous
attempts to measure carbon-ATP ratios of natural microbial communities
failed because of the difficulty of separating living from nonliving
components. The present study overcame this problem by autoradiographic
examination of carbon-14 labelled viable cells, which allowed separation
of the phytoplankton. Since both ATP determinations and labelling could
be performed on natural algal communities determining carbon-ATP ratios
was possible. (Lynch-Wisconsin)

Paerl, H. W. and S. M. Merkel (1982). Differential Phosphorus
Assimilation in Attached vs. Unattached Microorganisms. Archiv fur
Hydrobiologie 93(2): 125-134.\
One aspect of particle-related phosphorus uptake was investigated -
differential uptake activities of attached vs. free floating bacteria in
natural aquatic ecosystems. This is significant in determining the
relative importance of phosphorus uptake and cycling on particle-bound
vs. free-floating microorganisms. Microautoradiography was used to study
the uptake of phosphorus. A variety of aquatic ecosystems was studied,
exhibiting a range of trophic states. Lake Tahoe, California, a deep
ultra-oligotrophic lake, was studied, as was Heart Lake, Ontario, which
is a small, shallow, eutrophic lake, and Lake Taupo on the North Island
of New Zealand, which is a deep oligo-mesotrophic lake. Samples were
also taken from the Newport River Estuary in North Carolina. In all
systems studied particle-rich waters showed higher uptake rates per unit
volume than particle-poor waters. Bacteria associated with particles
were responsible for elevated uptake rates and exhibited higher relative
uptake rates per cell than free-living bacteria. Differences in cellular
phosphorus uptake between attached and unattached bacteria were greatest
under oligotrophic and least under eutrophic conditions. The
significance of these findings with regard to particles as
nutrient-concentrating microenvironments in natural waters is discussed.
(Baker-FRC)

Paget, F. and California Division of Water Resources (1949). Report on
the use of water in the Lake Tahoe Watershed in California, Dept. of
Public Works, Division of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA.

Palme, L. and R. A. Curletti (1955). Vikingsholm : an authentic Viking
castle in the romantic Sierra Nevada of California. Santa Barbara, CA,
C. W. Haagen.

Palmer, D. F., T. L. Henyey, et al. (1979). Paleomagnetic and
sedimentological studies at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett. 46(1): 125-137.\
Three cores taken in Lake Tahoe were split into two complete replicates
for paleomagnetic study stratigraphic and mineralogical analysis.
Stratigraphic correlation is based on two distinctive horizons (volcanic
ash and diatomite) and upon three different sedimentological regimes
dominated by (1) poorly bedded silts and muds, (2) well bedded graded
units, and (3) finely laminated silts. These correlations served as the
standards for the evaluation of the paleomagnetic data. Extrapolation of
SUP-14C dates obtained in the upper sections of the Lake Tahoe sediments
suggests that the lower sections of the cores may reach ages of
25,000-30,000years B.P. X-ray, optical, Curie point, and hysteresis
measurements show that magnetite is the only important magnetic mineral
in the sediments and occurs in the size range of 10 m. Hematite is
essentially absent. Based on large changes in the declination and
inclination of the natural remanent magnetism (NRM) within single graded
layers the paleomagnetic signature is a post-depositional remanent
magnetism (PDRM). This PDRM is believed to be caused by magnetic
orientation during compaction. Paleomagnetic measurements show three
regimes that are correlated with the stratigraphic regimes. NRM
declination and inclination data show good correlation between the three
cores and agree well with the correlation based on sediment character.
NRM intensity variations are due largely to the variations in magnetite
content and its occurrence as either single detrital grains or as
inclusions within the larger silicates. Thus the variation in paleo
intensity was not determined.

Parker, V. T. and M. P. Yoder Williams (1989). Reduction of survival and
growth of young Pinus jeffreyi by an herbaceous perennial, Wyethia
mollis. Am Midl Nat 121(1): 105-111.

Pearson, E. A., E. J. Middlebrooks, et al. (1971). Kinetic Assessment Of
Algal Growth. Chemical Engineering Progress, Symposium Series 67(107):
5-14.\
It is well known that nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are
required for algal metabolism. however, the question remains, is
nitrogen or phosphorus usually or frequently limiting the growth rate or
standing stock in most receiving waters. to effectively control the rate
of eutrophication of our natural waters, this question must be answered.
it is not enough to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewaters in
hopes of reducing the growth rate or standing stock of plankton in
waters concerned. there is an urgent need to develop methods or
techniques for assessing the biostimulatory character of waste
effluents, natural runoff, etc., estimating the level of consequences
one might expect for a given level of rate-limiting nutrient or
substance. in no single case is this need more urgent than in the case
of lake tahoe. although action to remove sewage effluents from the basin
is well underway, human activity in the area is rapidly increasing and
it is not known whether other inputs to the lake should be controlled to
limit the rate of eutrophication or enrichment of the lake. a laboratory
method of evaluating the capacity of aquatic environments to grow algae
is definitely needed. (gutierrez-texas)

Pepper, J. E. (1972). An approach to environmental impact evaluation of
land-use plans and policies: the Tahoe Basin planning information
system, University Of California, Berkeley.

Pepper, J. E., R. E. Jorgensen, et al. (1974). Influences on wastewater
management on land use: Tahoe Basin, 1950-1972, Office of Research and
Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

Pepper, J. E. and Pepper Bice Associates (1976). Density transfer
systems : Options for the Lake Tahoe Basin, Pepper Bice Associates.

Perkins, M. A. and L. A. Kaplan (1978). Epilithic periphyton and
detritus studies in a subalpine stream. Hydrobiologia 57(2): 103-109.\
The accumulation of epilithic periphyton in Ward Creek, a permanent
stream within the Lake Tahoe basin, California, was measured weekly at
three stations from July through Sept, 1972. Subsamples were analyzed
for total carbon and adenosine triphosphate content. The mean total
carbon content at three stations over the period of investigation was
0-.-508 0-.-263 mg carbon cm-SUP\--2-. Live biomass, as estimated from
ATP measurements, averaged 0-.-121 0-.-115 mg carbon cm-SUP\--2-. It was
estimated that approximately 76% of the organic carbon accumulating on
rock substrates was present at detritus. Scanning electron microscopy of
rock substrates suggested that much of this detrital accumulation may
consist of diatom stalk materials. AN: 8156510 ASFA 1978 - 1987\
106 of 108

Peterson, D. L. and Pacific Southwest Forest Range Experiment Station
(1992). Guidelines for evaluating air pollution impacts on class I
wilderness areas in California. Albany, CA, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Phillips, B. R. M., Grefe Inc., et al. (1978). The cumulative impacts of
shorezone development at Lake Tahoe.

Pierce-Arrow Line (1924). Lake Tahoe, the scenic daylight way, Pierce
Arrow Line.

Pillsbury and Hillen (1902). Lake Tahoe and a guide to its mountains,
lakes and trails. Tallac, CA, Pillsbury and Hillen.

Pinkerman, K. O. and California Office of Transportation Laboratory
(1979). South Lake Tahoe cold weather carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon
study : final report, California Dept. of Transportation, Office of
Transportation Laboratory, Sacramento, CA.

Pisani, D. J. (1977). Lost parkland: lumbering & park proposals in the
Tahoe-Truckee Basin SO: J-For-Hist, Jan 1977, 21 (1): 4-17. Map. Ref. .

Pisani, D. J. (1977). Federal Reclamation and Water Rights in Nevada.
Agricultural History 51(3): 540-558.\
Since their initiation in 1905, Federal reclamation projects in Nevada
have exacerbated water rights controversies between California and
Nevada, as well as between these states and the Federal Government. The
dispute over the Federal Government's claim to Lake Tahoe's surplus
water, the conflict between the Reclamation Bureau and established
agricultural interests in Nevada, and the controversy over the use of
Pyramid Lake water exemplify the complications introduced by Federal
reclamation projects. Much confusion could have been avoided by
post-poning these projects until already existing water rights
controversies had been settled. However, the Federal Government is not
entirely to blame, as the limited water supply could not satisfy all
competing users and the legal system could not adjust quickly enough to
the increased importance of water for industrial and recreational use,
as opposed to agricultural needs. (Russell-Arizona).

Placer County and Planning Associates (1969). North Tahoe general plan.
Auburn, CA, Placer County.

Placer County Planning Dept. (1976). North Tahoe urban design study :
environmental impact report, Placer County Planning Dept, Auburn, CA.

Porcella, D. B., P. H. McGauhey, et al. (1971). Biological Response to
Tertiary Treated Effluent In Indian Creek Reservoir. Preprint, Presented
At 44th Annual Conference Of Water Pollution Control Federation, Session
25: 3-8.\
Indian creek reservoir receives tertiary effluent from the south tahoe
public utility district. an on-going study is observing the effects of
nutrient removal (mainly phosphorus) and the possibility of impoundments
as a process for reclaiming water from sewage. the reservoir is changing
from a low diversity and high production to a higher diversity and lower
production aquatic ecosystem, a more balanced system less likely to be
disturbed. high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus exist, although
considerable removal of both nitrogen and phosphorus occurs in the
reservoir. a balance accounted for phosphorus, but a deficit was found
for nitrogen that was attributed to nitrification-denitrification. algal
growth was observed that was associated with benthic algae. the
diversity of benthic organisms was lower than expected in a mature
reservoir, but is apparently increasing. fish survival during the 1971
season indicates that the reservoir continues to be a suitable
environment for planted trout species. aquatic vascular plants are
present in some abundance, particularly in the shallow water areas.
though sufficient phosphorus is available no objectionable algal blooms
have occurred. water quality, both chemically and biologically, differs
dramatically from the tertiary effluent, from which it predominantly
derives, suggests impoundment as an economical process to reduce
nitrogen following phosphorus removal. (morgan-texas)

Porcella, D. B. and P. H. McGauhey (1976). Before Removing
Nutrients\...Re-Analyze Lake Tahoe. Water and Wastes Engineering 13(2):
17-19.\
The use of tertiary effluent as irrigation water for the Indian Creek
Reservoir is discussed in relation to the effect of nutrient addition on
algal blooms. Observations made at the reservoir after its filling
revealed a water quality which is conducive to aquatic weed development
but not to phytoplankton blooms. Influent nutrient levels indicated that
substantial plant productivity should be observed, and the aquatic weed
growth confirmed this to be the case. Factors which may have a role in
controlling the presence and quantity of blue green algae in Indian
Creek Reservoir include: the presence of excess inorganic nitrogen
relative to low phosphorus concentrations, low levels of trace elements
which may be limiting to blue greens and other algal groups, the low
phosphorus levels in reservoir waters, low concentrations of
biostimulatory organic compounds which are probably removed by activated
carbon treatment, and the possible toxicity of high nitrogen levels to
specific algae. (Kreager-FIRL)

Porter, D. R. (1985). Alluvial pursuit : Lake Tahoe's environmental
conundrums. Urban Land 44(4): 34-35.

Post, R. L. (1989). Woods rose (Rosa woodsii). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll
Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Post, R. L. (1989). Western serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia). Reno,
NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Post, R. L. (1989). Squaw carpet (Ceanothus prostatrus). Reno, NV, Fact
Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Post, R. L. (1989). Red osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) \[Fact Sheet
Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext\]. (89-67): 2.

Post, R. L. (1989). Mountain whitethorn (Ceanothus cordulatus). Reno,
NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Post, R. L. (1989). Lewis flax (Linum lewisii). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet
Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Post, R. L. (1989). Greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphyos patula). Reno,
NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Post, R. L. (1989). Antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata). Reno, NV,
Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Powell, T. M., P. J. Richerson, et al. (1975). Spatial scales of current
speed and phytoplankton biomass fluctuations in Lake Tahoe. .

Prater, E. B. (1857). Eli B. Prater letters : to his family, 1857-1890.

Price, R. C. (1966). Statement to Assembly Interim Committee on Water
\[on the California-Nevada Interstate Compact and its relationship to
the subject of export of sewage from the Lake Tahoe Basin\]. South Lake
Tahoe, CA, Dept. of Water Resources.

Price, R. C. (1966). California beautiful : waters to enjoy, State of
California, The Resources Agency, Department of Water Resources,
Sacramento, CA.

Reid, J. G. and California Legislature Assembly Interim Committee on
Water (1965). Pollution of Lake Tahoe, a brief summary : a staff report
to the Assembly Interim Committee on Water, California Legislature
Assembly Interim Committee on Water, Sacramento, CA.

Reinhardt, D. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970). Environmental
planning conference for Lake Tahoe, May 3-4, 1970 : preliminary report
and summary, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Crystal Bay, NV.

Reno Evening Gazette (1885). Truckee Basin and Lake Tahoe directory for
1884-5 : giving name, business and residence of the adult population on
the line of the C.P.R.R., from Truckee to Wadsworth, inclusive, also of
Lake Tahoe. Reno, NV, Reno Evening Gazette, Book & Job Print.

Resource Concepts Inc., Nevada Dept. of Transportation, et al. (1990).
Roadside erosion control and revegetation needs associated with the use
of de-icing salt within the Lake Tahoe Basin. Carson City, NV, Resource
Concepts, Inc.

Reuter, J. E., S. L. Loeb, et al. (1982). Nitrogen fixation in
periphyton of oligotrophic Lake Tahoe. First International Workshop On
Periphyton Of Freshwater Ecosystems, Vaexjoe, Sweden.\
Heterocystous blue-green algae dominate the biomass of the upper
sublittoral ( similar to 2-60 m) epilithic periphyton community in
nitrogen deficient, oligotrophic Lake Tahoe. Representative genera are
Calothrix, Polypothrix, Nostoc and Scytonema . Samples obtained from
three locations using SCUBA were assayed for N-fixation using the
acetylene reduction technique. Seasonal rates ranged from 4-561 mu gN m
super(-2) h super(-1) with a distinct summer maximum and winter minimum.
Laboratory experiments along with physico-chemical lake data suggest
that temperature regulates the seasonal cycle of N-fixation. This
community is perennial, actively fixes N throughout the entire year and
is in sharp contrast to the ephemeral nature of planktonic N-fixers. The
estimated loading rate of nitrogen resulting from periphyton N-fixation
was 0.03 kg N ha super(-1) (of lake surface) yr super(-1), which is very
small (\< 1%) in relation to other inputs of inorganic-N. The ability of
this community to utilize atmospheric N sub(2) appears to be a
successful adaptive strategy for survival in N-deficient environments.

Reuter, J. E. (1983). Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake By Epilithic Periphyton
Communities In Oligotrophic, Nitrogen Deficient Lakes (Tahoe, Castle,
Nevada, California), University Of California, Davis.\
The research conducted for this dissertation focused on nitrogen
metabolism in the epilithic periphyton communities growing on rocks of
N-deficient Lake Tahoe and Castle Lake. The goals of this study were to:
(1) quantify the seasonal patterns of total inorganic-N (as N(,2),
NH(,4)('+) and NO(,3)('-)) assimilation by eulittoral (splash zone) and
sublittoral (submerged) communities, (2) determine the physico-chemical
parameters regulating N-uptake, and (3) characterize periphyton
inorganic-N uptake in a variety of other N-deficient lakes. The
sublittoral community in Lake Tahoe was perennial with viable biomass
present throughout the year. Heterocystous blue-green algae (e.g.
Calothrix, Tolypothrix, Scytonema and Nostoc) dominated the biomass in
this zone. These species were also found to dominate the biomass in the
sublittoral of the other N-deficient lakes. Rates of N(,2)-fixation were
measured using the acetylene reduction technique and annual areal rates
ranged from 4-561 (mu)g N m('-2) hr('-1) with a distinct summer maximum
and winter minimum. Rates of biomass specific N(,2)-fixation (per unit
Chl a, nitrogen and ash-free dry weight) showed similar trends. The
annual loading of N in Lake Tahoe due to N(,2)-fixation was 0.23-0.35 g
N m('-2) bottom yr('-1). N(,2)-fixation activity was essentially
undetectable in the epipelic community growing on the soft sediments in
Castle Lake. The phytoplankton communities in the lakes studied were in
striking contrast to the periphyton communities because pelagic
N(,2)-fixing species were completely absent. Solar radiation appeared to
be the most important factor controlling the vertical distribution of
heterocystous species while temperature was considered to regulate the
seasonal pattern of N(,2)-fixation. Inorganic-N levels are low
throughout the year and experimental evidence indicates that under
ambient conditions this parameter does not influence N(,2)-fixation. The
kinetics of NH(,4)('+) and NO(,3)('-) uptake fit the Michaelis-Menten
equation. Half-saturation constants (K(,t)) were usually very large
(100-500 (mu)g N l('-1)), i.e. two orders of magnitude greater than
ambient substrate levels. These data indicated that these communities
did not have a high affinity for low concentrations of inorganic-N.
Estimates of total daily N-uptake showed that sublittoral periphyton in
Lake Tahoe depended on N(,2)-fixation as its major source of N. This
pathway accounted for 30-90% of the total daily N-uptake on an annual
basis. The ratio of total daily C/N uptake ranged from 16-65 and
exhibited no apparent seasonal pattern. However, the correlation between
PC/PN and C/N uptake was positive and significant (p \< .05).

Reuter, J. E., S. L. Loeb, et al. (1986). The physiological ecology of
nuisance algae in an oligotrophic lake. ALGAL BIOFOULING. Evans, L:
115-127.\
Periphyton growth in oligotrophic Lake Tahoe appears to be regulated by
nutrient input and provides additional evidence of cultural
eutrophication. A stalked diatom community, Gomphoneis herculeana ,
dominates the biomass in the eulittoral (splash) zone, and it is the
luxuriant growth of this alga which has caused algal biofouling problems
in this pristine lake. The rates of nitrogen uptake at natural substrate
levels, measured under no flow (static) conditions were too low to
account for this community's N-demand. Water movement (e.g., wave
action) may be an important mechanism which acts to increase the
bio-availability of nutrients and therefore allows these algae to
achieve high rates of growth even though ambient substrate
concentrations are low.

Reuter, J. E., S. L. Loeb, et al. (1986). Inorganic nitrogen uptake by
epilithic periphyton in a N-deficient lake. Limnology and Oceanography
31(1): 149-160.\
Seasonal patterns of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and inorganic carbon
uptake by the sublittoral epilithic periphyton community in N-deficient,
oligotrophic Lake Tahoe were examined. The biomass dominants of this
community, N sub(2)-fixing blue-green algae (e.g. Calothrix,
Tolypothrix), and Nostoc ) were persistent and retained their
nitrogenase activity throughout the year. Seasonal rates of N sub(2)
fixation exhibited considerable variation, with a distinct summer
maximum and winter minimum. Uptake of both NO sub(3) super(-) and NH
sub(4) super(-) followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. K sub(t) values were
typically extremely high (\>100 mu g N liter super(-1)) compared to the
ambient concentrations of these forms of nitrogen (\<10 mu g N liter
super(-1)). N sub(2) fixation was the most important source of inorganic
N to the yearly N budget of this benthic community. Low ambient
substrate concentrations coupled with a low physiological affinity for
these substrates at ambient levels were responsible for the relative
unimportance of NO sub(3) super(-) and NH sub(4) super(-) uptake.

Reuter, J. E., T. Djohan, et al. (1992). The use of wetlands for
nutrient removal from surface runoff in a cold climate region of
California\--results from a newly constructed wetland at Lake Tahoe.
Journal of Environmental Management 36(1): 35-53.\
Pollutant removal by wetlands represents a potential mitigation
technique for treating urban runoff in the cold climates of the Sierra
Nevada. This is especially encouraging in the Lake Tahoe Basin, where
research has demonstrated the link between nitrate and phosphorus, and a
precipitous increase of algal growth in the lake. In September 1987 a
plastic-lined, gravel-filled wetland was constructed for experimental
purposes and is the first demonstration of its kind in a subalpine
region of the western United States. The primary objective of our
research was to evaluate the effectiveness of this system in removing
nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, suspended sediments and other constituents
from runoff. Data collected between August 1987 and March 1989 show that
the average per cent removal of total Kjeldahl-N as it passed through
the wetland was low at -3%. In contrast, nitrate concentrations declined
by greater than +85-90%. Changes in particulate phosphorus
concentrations between inflow and outflow decreased by +47%, however,
the soluble-P component showed a -28% reduction due to a contamination
of the gravel during construction.

Reynolds, J. H. and J. A. Cissell (1980). Land Application of Waste
Water. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 52(6):
1284-1290.\
Various research studies dealing with the application of waste water to
the land are cited for brief review. Design parameters were investigated
in a winter spray irrigation study and in a study applying raw and
secondary treated waste water to overland areas in Oklahoma. Specific
case studies were reported from South Tahoe Public Utility District;
Toulumne County, California disposal system; Tallahassee, Florida;
Michigan State University Water Quality Management Facility; West Dover,
Vermont; Puerto Rico; and Oahu, Hawaii. Long-term effects of land
applications were studied on the high plains of west Texas. Effects on
groundwater nitrate concentrations and microbial penetration were also
investigated. The impact of such practices on the quality of surface
waters was investigated in Muskegon County, Michigan. Movement and
adsorption characteristics of a virus in a soil column of loamy sand
were assessed using waste water seeded with poliovirus. Several forest
ecosystems irrigated with treated municipal waste water were examined.
Proceedings of a 5-day symposium on water reuse contained several papers
dealing with land application. (Baker-FRC)

Rez, P. (1991). Proceedings Of Lake Tahoe Workshop On Electron Energy
Loss Spectroscopy -. Microscopy Microanalysis Microstructures Ta Microsc
Mic 2(2-3): R5-R5.

Rhodes, J. S., C. M. Skau, et al. (1983). Techniques for evaluating
spatial and temporal variability in surface water quality as related to
soil moisture and subsurface water flux in forested watersheds,
University of Nevada, Reno in cooperation with Water Resource Center,
Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV.

Rhodes, J., C. M. Shau, et al. (1984). Nitrate nitrogen flux in a
forested watershed \-- Lake Tahoe, USA. Recent Investigations In The
Zone Of Aeration 2: 671-680.\
Nitrate nigrogen is the limiting factor for algal growth in oligotrophic
Lake Tahoe, U.S.A. Studies attempt to trace NO sub(3)N from
precipitation to streamflow through intermediary aeration zones of snow
and soil vadose zones on a nearby 79.6 ha, forested watershed.
Instrumentation consists of a precipitation network, 46 piezodmeters, 31
neutron soil moisture across tubes, 40 pressure-vacuum soil water
samples and a recording stream gage. Over 99% NO sub(3)N in
precipitation was depleted as measured in streamflow. Hydrologic
processes favoring denitrification and plant uptake are thought to be
responsible. Fractionation in snow was observed but only minor amounts
reached the channels.

Rhodes, J. J. G. (1985). A Reconnaissance Of Hydrologic Nitrate
Transport In an Undisturbed Watershed Near Lake Tahoe (Precipitation,
Groundwater, Snowmelt), University Of Nevada, Reno.

Richards, R. C., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1975). Where Have All the
Daphnia Gone. the Decline Of a Major Cladoceran In Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada. Verhandlungen International Verein Limnologie 19:
835-842.\
An investigation was made into the causes of the virtual disappearance
of daphnia from lake tahoe. it is suspected that the change in the
zooplankton community structure was due to introduction of 11.1 million
kokanee salmon fry into the lake from 1949-1960 and the introduction of
333,000 opossum shrimp (mysis relicta) in 1963-1965 to provide forage
for game fish. a primary productivity increase of 25 percent occurred
from 1967-1971. decline in the cladoceran population may be due to
competition with the mysids for food. there are indications that adult
mysis prey upon cladocerans and rotifers. another possible reason for
decline of daphnia is the heavy utilization of them as food by kokanee.
interaction of two nearly simultaneous species introductions at
different trophic levels has caused disruption throughout the lake tahoe
ecosystem. research must deal with the fate of daphnia, feeding habits
of mysis and the fishery as the system stabilizes. (katz)

Richerson, P. J. (1969). Community Ecology Of the Lake Tahoe Plankton,
University Of California, Davis.

Richerson, P., R. Armstrong, et al. (1970). Contemporaneous
Disequilibrium, a New Hypothesis to Explain the 'Paradox of the
Plankton'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 67(4):
1710-1714.\
Unexpectedly high diversity found in even small samples of lake
phytoplankton has been termed 'the paradox of the plankton.' a small
volume of water, for example 10 ml, usually shows some tens of species
where the competitive exclusion principle might lead to expectation of
only one or a few species. patches of water may exist in which one
species competes advantageously relative to the others. they are stable
enough for considerable patchiness among phytoplankton, but are
obliterated frequently enough to prevent exclusive occupation of each
niche by a single species. with epilimnion mixing, only one or at most,
a few niches for primary producers might be expected. in samples from
castle lake, california, a high degree ofpatchiness for many
phytoplankton species was found, indicating mixing rate is sufficiently
slow in relation to the algal productivity rate, for many different
niches to exist simultaneously. in lake tahoe, productivity per unit
biomass ratios show that turnover times for carbon are often less than
one day. high diversity is associated with high productivity per unit
biomass and high zooplankton populations. a contemporaneous
disequilibrium model is a plausible explanation of the diversity.

Richerson, P. J., B. J. Dozier, et al. (1975). The Structure of
Phytoplankton Associations in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada).
Verhandlungen International Vereinigung Limnologie 19: 843-849.\
Phytoplankton associations and their diversity as related to the
physical environment were investigated in Lake Tahoe and its Emerald Bay
(essentially a separate lake, about 1/10th of the dimension of the main
lake, connected over a 2.5 m-deep sill). These 1973 observations were a
portion of a larger study to relate phytoplankton distribution as
directly as possible to physical environmental conditions. Physical
measurements included current speed, current fluctuations and
temperature structure. Biological measurements included in-situ
chlorophyll fluorescence and phytoplankton sample enumeration. Diversity
spectra were analyzed by several techniques, including averaged and
unaveraged methods. The observations confirmed the existence of spatial
heterogeneity in phytoplankton associations. Even in the horizontal
direction, patterns may exist on length scales ranging downward to about
200 m. The results were generally consistent both with the comparisons
of chlorophyll and with turbulence measurements which showed divergence
in the spectral form of chlorophyll and velocity variance at similar
length scales. The cause for the lack of regular variation in
phytoplankton community structure observed is obscure. (Auen-Wisconsin).

Richerson, P. J., M. Lopez, et al. (1978). The Deep Chlorophyll Layer of
Lake Tahoe. 20th Congress, Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische
und Angewandte Limnologie, Copenhagen, Denmark.\
Six hypotheses offered by several authors to explain the occurrence in
lakes of deep chlorophyll maxima in the vicinity of the compensation
depth were evaluated with 1976-77 data for ultraoligotrophic Lake Tahoe
(California-Nevada). All six fit Lake Tahoe to some degrees, but none
too strongly. Shade adaptation was surprisingly unimportant. The six
hypotheses are: (1) The layer may be a by-product of shade adaptation;
chlorophyll per unit cell biomass may increase with depth, but not
biomass itself. (2) Zooplankton biomass may be higher above the maximum
and grazers may prune the upper part of the profile. (3) Better nutrient
conditions at depth may permit biomass to accumulate despite low
photosynthetic rates. (4) Lower respiration rates could permit
differential biomass accumulation at depths; such lower rates could be
due to low temperatures or secondarily to better nutrient conditions
which favor cells with smaller surface-to-volume ratios. (5) The layer
could result from differential sinking rates of cells in nutrient-poor
surface waters compared with nutrient-rich deeper waters. (6) Eucaryotic
cells may be able to compete with bacteria for organic substrates at low
temperatures, and it has been shown that heterotrophic uptake is a very
strong function of temperature in Lake Tahoe. The Lake Tahoe epilimnion
is consistently dominated by the very small diatom Cyclotella
stilligera, while at the deep maximum (peak at 105 m) the much larger C.
ocellata was dominant.

Roberts, F. C., R. F. Luck, et al. (1973). Natural decline of a pine
needle scale population at South Lake Tahoe. \[Chionaspis pinifolaie\].
Calif-Agric 27(10): 10-12.

Rogers, J. H., United States Soil Conservation Service, et al. (1972).
Soil survey of the Tahoe Basin area, California and Nevada : an interim,
unedited report, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,
Forest Service, Portland, OR.

Rogers, J. H., United States Soil Conservation Service, et al. (1974).
Soil survey, Tahoe Basin Area, California and Nevada, U.S. Soil
Conservation Service and Forest Service, Portland, OR.

Rohlich, G. A. (1972). A Lake\--How Does It Behave. Conference On The
Management Of Recreational Lakes, Marinette County, WI, Wisconsin
University Center.\
The definition of a lake as a body of water surrounded by land is too
restrictive, since the entire lake basin influences the character and
behavior of the lake. the importance of stratification, benthos, and
eutrophication are discussed. unpolluted waters have a wide variety of
species and a dynamic biological balance. under eutrophic conditions,
there are comparatively few species which dominate with the consequent
absence of biological balance. domestic and industrial waste waters are
sources of organic materials and energy. the trophic nature of a lake is
influenced by climatic conditions, topography, conformation, wind
patterns, geology, erosion, and human influences. techniques for
measuring eutrophication are discussed. eutrophication affects water
quality, water supplies, recreational uses, and agricultural uses.
approaches which have been taken to solve eutrophication problems are
mentioned, e.g., diversion of effluents around a lake (as in lakes
mendota and kegonsa, madison, wisconsin; lake tahoe, nevada-california;
and lake washington, washington); urban drainage; removal of weed debris
and rough fish; dredging of lake sediments; withdrawal of hypolimnetic
water; watershed zoning; and control of nuisance plant growth.

Rosecrance, J. D. (1984). The Degenerates Of Lake Tahoe: a Study Of
Persistence In the Social World Of Horse Race Gambling (Nevada),
University Of California, Santa Barbara.\
Horse racing, America's number one spectator sport, is also an important
social phenomena affecting the daily lives of millions of Americans. The
horse racing industry is supported by a hard core of regular patrons
whose continuing support and steadfastness are amazing. These "regulars"
sustain participation despite the financial, social and psychological
costs associated with this activity (most knowledgeable observers agree
that 95 percent of all horse players lose money from this endeavor).
This phenomena has led to a specific research question: Why do
inveterate horse players persist in an activity that is personally so
costly? The behavior patterns of inveterate horse players have not been
adequately investigated by social science researchers. The matrices of
the racing world are frequently incomprehensible and seemingly
irrational to outside observers. The procedure used to address the
research problem was participant-observation of inveterate horse players
in their natural environment. The subjects selected for this study were
the approximately 65 horse players who regularly frequent Harrah's Race
Book, Lake Tahoe, a legal offtrack betting establishment. The
researcher, himself a veteran horse player, is a long-standing member of
this group and was assured an ease of entree. Because of prior
experience the researcher had developed a reservoir of empathetic
knowledge which facilitated data collection. The use of the grounded
theory approach (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) served as an overall guide to
the collection and analysis of data. The format selected for presenting
the study was to proceed from an ethnographic accounting to substantive
generalization, culminating in a discussion of the theoretical
implications of the research. When the ethnographic data was analyzed,
the rewards of group membership (such as reaffirmations of self-worth
and a secure, relaxed atmosphere) emerged as the most salient factor in
the persistence demonstrated by Harrah's regulars. Since group
membership can only be maintained by sustained participation,
discontinuance of the activity is extremely problematic. The prevailing
social relationship in this milieu is a form of comradeship\--the
sharing of specialized contingencies. Although sociologists have not
prominently identified this form of relationship, similar patterns can
be located in a wide variety of settings. Order No: AAC 8402471
ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts

Rosenfeld, R. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). An ordinance
regulating the construction of piers, breakwaters, harbors, barriers,
and other structures and altering shoreline and underlying lands within
the lakes of the Tahoe Basin. Berkeley, CA, R. Rosenfeld.

Rush, F. E., B. R. Scott, et al. (1972). Bathymetric Reconnaissance Of
Marlette and Spooner Lakes, Washoe County and Carson City, Nevada, U.S.
Geological Survey, Carson City, NV.\
Maps, curves, and tables describe bathymetric data for marlette and
spooner lakes between carson city and lake tahoe in the carson range of
the sierra nevada. marlette lake is at an altitude of 7,838 feet and
spooner lake, at about 6,980 feet. marlette lake is about 1,600 feet
higher than lake tahoe and about 3,200 feet higher than carson city.
both lakes drain to lake tahoe. the principal source of water for the
lakes is snowmelt. the marlette lake basin has an area of 3.0 square
miles and spooner lake basin, about 1.2 square miles. precipitation at
marlette and spooner lakes averages about 27 inches per year, or an
average annual total of each basin of about 4,500 acre-feet and 1,700
acre-feet, respectively. of these amounts, an estimated 60% runs off to
the lakes. a continuously recording, electronic fathometer was used to
measure the depths of marlette and spooner lakes, making a total of 19
traverses on marlette lake and 17 on spooner lake.

Rush, F. E., United States Geological Survey, et al. (1973). Bathymetric
reconnaissance of Lake Tahoe, Nevada and California, State of Nevada,
Dept. of Conservation and Natural Resources, Division of Water
Resources, Carson City, NV.\
This bathymetric map (scale 1:62,500) of lake tahoe in california and
nevada is based on a soundings map of the u.s. coast and geodetic survey
(1923). the deepest sounding in the lake, 1,646 feet and the only
sounding greater than 1,600 feet, was about 6 miles due east of the
truckee river outlet and along the axis of the lake. most of the steep
slopes shown by the closespacing of the bathymetric coutours on the east
and west sides of the lake are of fault origin. in addition, a fault
scarp extends southwestward from stateline point at the north end of the
lake towards the deepest point in the lake. about 2 miles north of
emerald bay at rubicon point, the lake depth increases 1,300 feet in
about the same horizontal distance, producing a bottom slope of about 45
deg from horizontal. smaller maps and illustrations show general
distribution of lake-bottom sediments; approximate mean annual
precipitation in the lake tahoe basin; mean monthly flow of upper
truckee river near meyers, california; flow from lake tahoe to truckee
river; and annual variations in stage of lake tahoe. summary tables are
presented for lake morphometry, water temperature, water quality, light
penetration, and dam-design.

Rybock, J. T. (1978). Mysis Relicta Loven In Lake Tahoe: Vertical
Distribution and Nocturnal Predation, University Of California, Davis.

Sabatier, P. A., S. M. Hunter, et al. (1987). The devil shift :
perceptions and misperceptions of opponents. The Western Political
Quarterly 40(3): 449-476.

Sabatier, P. A. and S. Hunter (1989). The incorporation of causal
perceptions into models of elite belief systems. The Western Political
Quarterly 42(3): 229-261.

Sabatier, P. A. and N. W. Pelkey (1990). Land development at Lake Tahoe,
1960-84 : the effects of environmental controls and economic conditions
on housing construction, FAU/FIU Joint Center for Environmental and
Urban Problems, Fort Lauderdale, FL; Institute of Ecology, University of
California, Davis, CA.

Sabine, C. (1992). Magmatic Interaction In the Crystal Range Suite,
Northern Sierra Nevada Batholith, California, University Of Nevada,
Reno.\
The approximately 225-km\$\\sp2\$ Desolation study area lies at the
northern end of the Sierra Nevada batholith, southwest of Lake Tahoe.
The area is underlain by early- to middle-Jurassic metasedimentary and
metavolcanic rocks of the Mount Tallac pendant, a group of
middle-Jurassic plutonic rocks, and several Cretaceous plutons.
Extensive glaciated exposures and a diversity of igneous lithologies
ranging from leucogranite to anorthosite ideally suit the area for
geologic and remote sensing studies. Among Jurassic plutons is the
Crystal Range suite, which includes the Pyramid Peak leucogranite and
numerous consanguine dioritoid bodies, hybrid rocks, and microdiorite
dikes. Dioritoid and leucogranite magmas interacted as demonstrated by
field (lobate contacts, composite dikes, hybridization), petrographic
(ocellar quartz, rapakivi texture, acicular apatite), and geochemical
evidence (Harker diagrams, variation across contact zones). Low initial
\$\\sp{87}\$Sr/\$\\sp{86}\$Sr ratios indicate a mantle origin for
dioritoids; a range of higher ratios in leucogranite suggests melting of
an isotopically diverse crust. Alignment of the Crystal Range suite,
dioritoid bodies, and foliation patterns with regional structural trends
in metamorphic rocks suggests emplacement was influenced by geologic
structures. The Crystal Range suite was among the earliest plutonic
units to invade metamorphic rocks. A U-Pb zircon age from Pyramid Peak
leucogranite is 164 \$\\pm\$ 7 M.A. thesis. A model is proposed in which
crustal anatectic leucogranite magma is generated by underplating of
mafic magma from the mantle. Faults and shear zones provide conduits for
concomitant ascent and interaction of mafic and felsic magmas early in a
plutonic cycle. As plutonism continues, melting and magmatic interaction
in the lower crust generate large volumes of intermediate magma. Thermal
softening produces a more ductile crust, allowing ascent of large
diapiric plutons. Other mafic-felsic suits in the Sierra Nevada
batholith intrude metamorphic rocks and are surrounded by younger
plutons as predicted by the model. Thermal Infrared Multispectral
Scanner imagery led to discoveries of a large mafic body, obscured by
vegetation, and a silicic facies of a mafic granodiorite and allowed
discrimination of plutons according to composition. Correlation of
wavelengths of emittance minima with pluton compositions produced images
that semiquantitatively depict variation in SiO\$\\sb2,\$ SCFM, quartz,
and hornblende content. Order No: AAC 1345766 ProQuest - Dissertation
Abstracts

Sacramento Ridesharing Project (1981). Lake Tahoe transportation
alternatives, winter 1981-1982, California Dept. of Transportation,
Sacramento Ridesharing Project, Sacramento, CA.

Sangwan, B. and Indian Chief Publishing House (1990). The Complete Lake
Tahoe guidebook. Tahoe City, CA, Indian Chief Publishing House.

Sato, S. (1985). Lake Tahoe: A vanishing jewel? Shiga Conference '84 on
Conservation and Management of World Lake Environment, Otsu, Japan.\
A description is given of the Lake Tahoe basin, its institutional
evolution and struggles and management strategies of the past and
present, indicating the lesson to be learned from incongruous
development. The possibility of halting the development to preserve the
environment is examined.

Schaffer, J. P. (1984). The Tahoe Sierra : a natural history guide to
106 hikes in the northern Sierra. Berkeley, CA, Wilderness Press.

Schaffer, J. P. (1985). Desolation Wilderness and the South Lake Tahoe
Basin. Berkeley, CA, Wilderness Press.

Scharpf, R. F., M. Srago, et al. (1974). Conifer damage and death
associated with the use of highway deicing salt in the Lake Tahoe Basin
of California and Nevada, Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service,
California Region, San Francisco, CA.\
In the winter of 1972-73 severe damage to conifers was observed along
the major state and county highways in the lake tahoe basin. local
foresters suspected highway deicing salt as the cause of damage. a
biological evaluation was begun in the spring of 1973 to determine the
cause and distribution of damage to the roadside conifers, the species
affected, and the relationship of tree damage to the distances of trees
from the highways. estimates from the evaluation indicated that some
3000 trees died or were damaged on more than 300 locations in the basin.
browning of foliage, branch dieback, and in many cases, dead trees of
all sizes and ages were observed. damage and death were greater for
trees near highways and less for trees at greater distances from the
highways; in some cases damage occurred up to 60 feet from the pavement.
tests in the greenhouse, which involved adding different concentrations
of salt solution to potted trees, duplicated symptoms and damage
observed in the field. it was concluded that salt applied to the
highways is a major cause of damage and death to roadside conifers in
the basin. damage probably will continue to occur if the use of sodium
chloride for highway deicing continues at the present level. (see also
w76-07793) (sims - isws)

Scharpf, R. F., R. V. Bega, et al. (1981). Elytroderma disease reduces
growth and vigor, increases mortality of Jeffrey pines at Lake Tahoe
Basin, California, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA.

Scharpf, R. F. and R. V. Bega (1988). Elytroderma disease in young,
planted Jeffrey pine, South Lake Tahoe, California, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Southwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA: 2.

Scharpf, R. F. (1991). The role of pests in the ecology of pine-fir
forests at South Lake Tahoe, California. Soc-Am-For-Natl-Conv., San
Francisco, CA, The Society (Bethesda, MD).

Schlesinger, D. A., A. M. McCombie, et al. (1983). An evaluation of
climatic, morphoedaphic, and effort data as predictors of yields from
Ontario sport fisheries. Ont. Fish. Tech. Rep. Ser.(10).\
The purpose of this study was to determine the relative usefulness of
the morphoedaphic index (MEI = total dissolved solids/mean depth),
angling effort (E), lake surface area (A), and long-term mean annual air
temperature in the lake vicinity (TEMP) for predicting sport fishing
yields (Y) for a set of 85 Ontario lakes, 6 Minnesota lakes, and Lake
Tahoe, California. Angling effort proved to be the best single
independent variable, producing the equation: log sub(10) super(Y) =
0.668 (log sub(10) super(E)) - 0.507 with r super(2) = 0.611 where Y is
stated in kg/ha/yr and E in angler-hours/ha/yr. When the MEI is given in
mg/L/m, it considerably improved the correlation. In contrast, lake
surface area and TEMP were of questionable value as independent
variables, as indicated by a step-wise regression analysis.

Schmidt, A. R. (1980). Is it too late for Tahoe? \[Environment
impacts\]. Am For 86(5): 16-19, 56-59.

Schmidt, W. J. (1985). Structure Of the Northern Sierra Nevada,
California, Rice University.\
Structural features on megascopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic scales
have been examined in a study area located in the central portion of the
northern Sierra Nevada (west of Lake Tahoe). Structures observed within
the study area are correlated with regional deformational events of the
northern Sierra Nevada. Although at least four regionally extensive
deformational events have affected the rocks of the northern Sierra
Nevada, the effect of only three events are recognized in the study
area. Structures associated with post-Ordovician/Silurian and pre-Late
Devonian deformation were not identified due to overprinting of later
deformational events. There is ample evidence supporting extensive late
Paleozoic-early Mesozoic deformation in the study area. Structures from
this event formed as the result of compressive deformation along a
northwest-striking, east-dipping convergent plate boundary along the
western margin of the Sierran province and may be related to the
accretion of an exotic terrane, Sonomia. Although a significant
component of strike-slip motion may have existed along the plate
boundary, the structures appear to be related to the normal component of
convergence. The intense, short-lived Nevadan orogeny deformed rocks
throughout the study area. This latest Jurassic event is thought to be
the result of an arc-continent collision. Nevadan structures, which have
an anomalous north to north-northeast trend in the study area, are often
indistinguishable from late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic structures due to
similarities in style and orientation. Analysis of strain from quartz
microfabrics indicates that Nevadan deformation is, at least locally,
non-coaxial. The non-coaxial deformation is probably related to
left-lateral oblique convergence. The last deformational event that
affects rocks in the study area occurred in the Cretaceous. Cretaceous
structures have a consistent northwest trend throughout the northern
Sierra Nevada. The anomalous trend of Nevadan structures in the study
area is most likely related to Cretaceous deformation. In the northern
Sierra Nevada, post-Nevadan, dextral oroclinal folding, which occurred
prior to or during the Cretaceous deformational event, is the result of
right-lateral oblique convergence.

Schultz, F. M. and C. Lake Tahoe Area (1959). Early history of the Lake
Tahoe Area Council, Lake Tahoe Area Council.

Schulze, K. L. (1968). Tertiary Treatment Of Waste Water. Developments
In Industrial Microbiology 9: 175-185.\
Using data obtained from continuous flow culture of bacteria, it was
demonstrated that secondary waste water treatment processes are
inherently incapable of attaining high grade removal of nutrients,
especially nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. activated sludge plants
have maximum removal capability of 49% for nitrogen and 33% for
phosphate related to primary effluent. this necessitates the development
of tertiary treatment. a survey of the physico-chemical and biological
tertiary treatment methods and their results were presented. special
emphasis was placed on an attempt to assess the possibility of large
scale nutrient removal by biological means. pilot plants at lebanon,
ohio and full scale operations at santee valley and lake tahoe public
utility district plants in california were described. it is suggested
that combination of a tertiary treatment slip with irrigation for crop
production be used as a possible solution. it is urged that industry
substitute another detergent filler for phosphates. (waid-texas)

Schumann, H. H. (1975). Operational Applications of Satellite Snowcover
Observations and Landsat Data Collection Systems Operations in Central
Arizona. NASA Workshop on Operational Applications of Satellite
Snowcover Observations, South Lake Tahoe, CA, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration.\
Repetitive Landsat and NOAA-4 satellite imagery together with aerial
surveys are being evaluated to develop an operational capability for
mapping snowcover distributions on the Salt-Verde watershed of central
Arizona. Satellite telemetry is being used also for near-real time relay
of hydrologic data to aid in the management and operation of reservoirs
on the Salt and Verde Rivers. For use in rating satellite imagery, the
depth and distribution of snowcover was measured by examination of
oblique aerial photographs of snow markers. This method allowed rapid
and economical determination of snow depths. The Landsat Data-Collection
System (DCS) relays hydrologic data from remote and relatively
inaccessible earth-based sensors. The Landsat telemetry system relays
information from streamflow- and snow-monitoring installations located
in the upper parts of the Salt-Verde Watershed.

Schuster, R. O., E. C. Toftner, et al. (1977). Tardigrada of Pope Beach,
Lake Tahoe, California. .

Schwarz, C. F. (1982). Conceptual Ecologic Modeling In Regional
Environmental Management and Land Planning: a Case Study Of Lake Tahoe
Water Color Transparency, University Of California, Berkeley.\
The main value of conceptual ecologic modeling (CEM) for land use
planners is for visualizing and understanding the factors affecting
their problems. CEMs of land use problems are usuallyfeasible and
provide the general analysis planner's most often need. I used CEMs to
study the protection of lake water color and transparency. I developed a
general then a detailed CEM of natural factors affecting those
qualities. I estimated the areal distribution of nutrients (nitrogen and
phosphorus) and potential suspended sediments on watersheds. I developed
other detailed CEMs of nutrient and sediment release and delivery to the
lake, their horizontal and vertical dispersal in it, lake nutrient
cycling, their effect on water color and transparency via increased lake
organic matter production, and suspended sediment deposition. Management
of nutrient stores and accumulation processes is needed to offset water
quality damages caused by urbanization. Careful, periodic removal of
biomass and litter deposits and quick reestablishment of forest cover
are the only feasible methods. CEMs for the lake revealed that
capability classification based solely on a site's qualities is
inadequate. It does not account for the antagonistic or synergistic
effects of off-site conditions. Classification must include upslope and
downslope conditions affecting the net consequences of land alterations.
I recommend a classification scheme using ratings of above and below
ground conditions affecting release and transmission of nutrients and
sediments along the fall line on which projects are proposed. I include
a rating of channel delivery efficiency from the base of fall lines to
the lake. The complexity of information in CEMs poses potential
communication difficulties. Planners encourage public participation in
their analysis process. They must also explain the reasons for their
recommendations to decisionmakers. This problem can be readily overcome
by using modern science communication techniques. The graphical nature
of CEMs is inherently advantageous for communication. CEMs are useful
for organizing and synthesizing scientific information on many planning
problems, for communicating understanding of possible consequences of
alternative land use decisions and as stimuli of insights producing a
comprehensive range of environmental management alternatives.

Schweickert, R. A., J. R. Firby, et al. (1985). Field trip guide: the
Northern Sierra Nevada / Nevada and California. Reno, NV, University of
Nevada - Reno.

Scott, E. B. (1964). The saga of Lake Tahoe; a complete documentation of
Lake Tahoe's development over the last one hundred years. Crystal Bay,
NV, Sierra-Tahoe Publishing Company.

Scott, V. H., R. A. Matthews, et al. (1978). Groundwater resources of
the South Tahoe Public Utility District. Davis, CA, Dept. of Water
Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis.

Seagraves, A., A. Seagraves, et al. (1987). Tahoe : lake in the sky.
Lakeport, CA (P.O. Box 1141, Lakeport 95453), WESANNE Enterprises.

Sebastian, F. and R. Sherwood (1969). Clean Water and Ultimate Disposal.
Water And Sewage Works 116(8): 297-300.\
The unique application of thermal systems for solid waste reclamation
and disposal at the south tahoe phosphate removal and water reclamation
plant was presented. three unique thermal processing systems were
employed. bartlet snow pacific multiple hearth furnaces were used in the
thermal treatment systems. the first system processes a relatively wet
dewatered sludge, 15-20 percent total solids, obtained from the addition
of lime to raw primary sludge. elimination of all odors and steam plume
was obtained. lime treatment of the sewerage plant effluent produces
another distinct sludge which was centrifuged producing a cake of about
50% moisture. this sludge was recalcined at temperatures approaching
1900 deg f. for eventual recovery of the lime. dry lime storage was
possible without the associated dust problems by the application of a
thermal disc cooler. the tdc utilized water as the heat transfer liquid
and decreased the temperature of the calcined lime from 1400deg f to
less than 400 deg f. there was virtually no recarbonation as the system
was totally enclosed. the third system was used in the regeneration of
activated carbon at the cost of \$0.023 per lb. (galwardi-texas)

Sebastian, F. P. (1970). Waste Water Reclamation and Reuse. Water And
Wastes Engineering 7(7): 46-47.\
In march 1968 the south tahoe (calif.) water reclamation plant, the
first, largest and most fully integrated plant in the world today
producing water of potable quality directly from sewage effluent, began
operation and has since processed one billion gallons of waste water,
enough drinking water quality effluent for the annual household needs of
30,000 people. the incremental cost of discharging secondary effluent is
\$.166 per 1000 gallons. the stated operational cost includes carbon
adsorption and regeneration at \$.036 per 1000 gallons. public
resistance to the use of renovated water is lessening. use of this type
of water in long distance space flights will help increase public
acceptance. according to the u. s. public health service, drinking water
standards do not apply to direct use of reclaimed water for drinking.
research is reportedly planned to establish the needed standards for
water from heavily polluted sources. the potential benefits of purified
waste water are greater than the incremental costs. the value of
secondary effluent is generally nil, whereas tertiary effluent ranges in
value from \$.09 per 1000 gallons to the cost value of fresh water, on
san francisco peninsula, of \$.18 to \$.376 per 1000 gallons. the
virtual elimination of biostimulants and elimination of the need for
ocean outfalls with unknown effects on bay and ocean ecology can be
accomplished with tertiary treatment. a simplified flowsheet of south
tahoe water reclamation plant is included in the article. (selby-texas)

Sebastian, F. P. (1971). Tahoe and Windhoek: Promise and Proof Of Clean
Water. Chemical Engineering Progress, Symposium Series 67(107):
410-412.\
Technical and economic achievements in water reclamation have been
demonstrated in full-scale operations at lake tahoe, california, and
windhoek, south west africa. at these locations it has been shown that
sewage effluent can be safely treated to produce drinking quality water.
the plant at tahoe consists of a conventional activated sludge plant
with an added tertiary system. a significant step in compatibility of
thermal reclamation processes used at tahoe is the development of
exhaust gas cleaning devices that cool and clean the gases so
effectively that particulate matter is unmeasureable. in the first years
of operation the effluent was better than the standards set, the median
bod was 0.98 mg/liter and the median cod was 10.83 mg/liter. the total
operating cost of the tertiary process based on 7.5 million gal/day is
14 cents/1000 gal. and the amortization cost is 8.75 cents/1000 gal,
while the incremental cost above secondary treatment is 1.5
cent/person/day. during trial runs undertaken to study the overall
performance of the plant, test work included a determination of the fate
of polio viruses, bacteria, and parasites. tests showed little or no
viruses were present passing into the chlorination tank, giving no
indication as to the effectiveness of the levels of chlorine used. as a
result of the tests it was shown that completely acceptable water could
be produced from specified sewage effluents. (gutierrez-texas)

Sebastian, F. P. (1974). Purified Wastewater-the Untapped Water
Resource. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 46(2): 239-246.\
Purified wastewater has become an increasingly important source of
water. a recent u.s. government study of 155 communities with
populations over 25,000 indicates, for example, that 145 presently have
some raw waste in their water supplies. several communities, including
windhock, south west africa; lake tahoe, california; colorado springs,
colorado; and rye meads, u.k., have recently applied advanced waste
treatment technology to boost existing tap, trout lake, swimming,
irrigation, and industrial cooling water supplies. treatment plants for
the respective communities utilize biological-algae-physical-chemical,
biological-physical-chemical, biological-physical-chemical, and
extended-biological techniques to meet required quality standards. some
earlier problems of wastewater reuse have been resolved. first, problems
of dissolved solids buildup have not resulted because not all water is
recycled. second, a number of toxic materials present in wastewater are
effectively eliminated in the advanced treatment stage. third, potential
hazards from viruses have been virtually nonexistent to this point. cost
estimates for the summarized advanced treatment methods indicate
conventional primary-secondary-tertiary treatment is more expensive than
independent physical-chemical treatment for similar effluent, although
the latter is generally more expensive in producing water up to
primary-secondary treatment quality. potential benefits arising from the
development of an advanced treatment potential, in addition to increased
water supplies, are listed. (schroeder-wisconsin)

Sedway Cooke Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972). Tahoe
region basinwide conservation and development suitability policies and
criteria. San Francisco, CA, Sedway Cooke Associates.

Sedway/Cooke (1981). Final Environmental Impact Statement; South Tahoe
Public Utility District and Douglas County Sewer Improvement District
No. 1, Appendix B: Mitigation Program, Sedway/Cooke, San Francisco, CA.\
The Mitigation Task Force, which was created to coordinate the actions
of the agencies with authority to reduce the environmental impacts of
the proposed expansion of the South Tahoe Public Utility District, has
identified 97 measures to be implemented by 28 agencies. The measures
and the agency responsible for implementation of each measure are
presented in a matrix. There are 13 areas of impact: water resources and
water quality; geology and soils; biology; noise; meteorology and air
quality; visual resources; land use and housing; transportation;
recreation; public services/fiscal concerns; utilities; cultural,
archeological and historical resources; and the Carson Valley. In the
water resources and quality category there are sixteen required measures
in the areas of erosion and drainage projects, on-site runoff controls,
development restrictions, and forest practices; and one recommended
measure, monitoring. For each measure, the statements of the responsible
agencies are given, and implementation statements from all agencies are
also presented.

Seibert, H. and M. Penniman (1975). Revegetation and Erosion Control at
Heavenly Valley. Lake Tahoe Research Seminar III, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
At Heavenly Valley in the Lake Tahoe Basin of California and Nevada, the
largest ski resort in the U.S. with 20 square miles of skiable terrain,
one of the biggest problems in any ski area is erosion during the spring
runoff. The entire mountain at Heavenly Valley is granodiorite which has
been weakly glaciated, resulting in a shallow soil mantle. The surface
consists of rocks mixed with finer soil. Because of its sandy nature,
the soil has poor internal stability and a small amount of water causes
erosion. Serration, berms, heavy jute netting, log placement, and
revegetation (grass, squaw carpet, manzanita) were used in an effort to
control erosion from snowmelt. Grass planting (wheatgrass and alpine
timothy), using a mulching process and jute netting, cost about \$10,000
per acre. To prevent vegetative disruption, ski lifts have been
installed by means of helicopters, at a cost of \$23,000 per lift. A
table showing cost breakdown is appended to this paper, which is the
test of a slide presentation.

Sercelj, A. and D. P. Adam (1975). A late Holocene pollen diagram from
near Lake Tahoe, El Dorado County, California. .

Sharp, J. V., R. L. Bateman, et al. (1970). Digital Simulation Model Of
Inorganic Water Quality Of Tahoe-Truckee System, Nevada-California,
Progress Report., University of Nevada-Reno, Center for Water Resources
Research, Reno, NV.\
This is a progress report on research to develop a digital model to
simulate inorganic water quality in a complex system. for purposes of
developing the model, the tahoe-truckee river system was studied.
regular and special analysis contributing to development and testing of
the model are preliminary analyses of geology, geomorphic features,
soils, and groundwater; daily stream flow records from many stations;
monthly flow records; and reservoir storage and release records. the
digital model, now approaching final stages of refinement, contains a
hydrologic model providing monthly flows, a set of predictive equations,
and a set of equations for simulating regulation. the purpose of the
model is to describe and predict variation of water quality in terms of
total dissolved solids so that accurate management decisions in areas of
water quality control, waste disposal and pollution control can be made.
by use of the model at its present state of refinement, the observed
amounts of total dissolved solids is reasonably near the simulated
amounts, and further development of the model is expected to produce
more accurate simulation. many parts of the model are given as formulae.
(yensen-arizona)

Shea, P. J., M. I. Haverty, et al. (1984). Effectiveness of fenitrothion
and permethrin for protecting ponderosa pine trees from attack by the
western pine beetle \[Tahoe National Forest, Eldorado National Forst\].
J Ga Entomol Soc 19(4): 427-433.

Shedd, R. A. (1977). Lake Tahoe historical sketches. South Lake Tahoe,
CA, R.A. Shedd.

Shellito, J., Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Consortium, et al.
(1976). Tahoe reflections : an anthology, 1974-1976. South Lake Tahoe,
CA, Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Consortium.

Shireman, H. C. (1972). Filtration Boasts Tertiary Treatment,
Mixed-Media Filters, Plus Filter Aids, Turn In a Top Performance. Water
And Waste Engineering, New York, Vol9, No4, P34 37.\
In-depth, coarse-to-fine filtration in mixed media downflow beds,
utilizing alum or polymer filter aids, can play an important part in
many overall treatment schemes. coarse-to-fine filtration adds to
overall plant reliability in terms of continuous operation, consistent
effluent quality, and backing up biological and chemical treatment
upsets. filtration prior to granular carbon adsorption protects the
carbon against fouling by suspended solids and colloidal matter. the
selection between pressure filters or open gravity beds is based on the
overall economies of pumping and construction materials. lime, alum, or
nonionic, anionic, or cationic polymers may be used as filter aids on
mixed media beds, and can maintain turbidity as low as0.05 jtu. the
optimum dose of filter aid allows the terminal head loss (usually 10
ft.) and turbidity breakthrough (about 1 to 2 jtu) to occur
simultaneously. filter underdrain systems are used to support the filter
media, collect the filtered water, and distribute the backwash water
uniformly over the bed. a bed of supporting gravel (usually 8 to 18 in.
in depth and 2 in. to 10 mesh in gradiation) is used between the fine
media and the underdrain. in sewage filters, a 3 in. thick layer of
coarse (1 mm) garnet is needed between the fine media and supporting
gravel. a detailed evaluation of mixed media filters on stream in south
tahoe from 1965 to 1970 is included along with typical removals, cost
tables, and a flow diagram. (barron-texas)

Shlemon, R. J. (1972). A quantitative study of soil erodibility in the
Lake Tahoe Basin, Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of
California, Davis, CA.

Siddiqi, F. H. (1984). Strength Evaluation Of Cohesionless Soils With
Oversize Particles (Rockfill Dams, Cyclic Earth Static System Compliance
Correction), University Of California, Davis.\
Modeling criteria to be used for the preparation of the conventional
laboratory specimens needed for the prediction of the static and cyclic
strength behavior of the "total" material containing oversized
particles, is presented and its validity discussed. To experimentally
verify the validity of the modeling criteria, laboratory static and
cyclic triaxial tests were performed on the assumed prototype material
with 2-inch maximum size particles and the modeled conventional
specimens with 1/2-inch maximum size particles. The results obtained for
the assumed prototype and the modeled specimens were compared and
conclusions regarding the validity of the modeling criteria were drawn.
Two distinctly different types of gravelly materials were selected for
the study. One material came from Lake Valley Dam, a rockfill dam
located in the Sierras, approximately 50 miles northwest of Lake Tahoe,
and owned by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company of San Francisco. The
other material came from Oroville Dam. Where as the Lake Valley gravel
is very well graded, the Oroville gravel is more uniformly graded. To
investigate the influence of relative density on the modeling criterion,
the tests were conducted on samples with wide range of relative density.
The specimens of the Lake Valley gravel were prepared at relative
densities of 40 and 60 percent for cyclic tests and 58 percent for
static tests. A relative density of 84 percent was utilized for cyclic
testing of the Oroville gravel. The modeling criteria presented in this
study very closely predicted the cyclic and static undrained strength
behavior of the assumed prototype materials.

Siebert, H. L., R. G. Bailey, et al. (1972). Land use planning at Lake
Tahoe. .

Sierra Libraries Information Consortium (1978). . Living at Tahoe : the
land use decision making process, Tahoe City, CA, Bureau of Governmental
Research, University of Nevada, Reno, NV.

Sierra Pacific Power Company and E.D.A.W. Inc. (1978). Lake Tahoe Basin
: electrical transmission master plan and environmental impact
assessment, Sierra Pacific Power Company.

Simpson, R. G. (1974). Selected Hydrologic Data, Sagehen Creek Basin
Near Truckee, California, 1954-72, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park,
CA.\
Sagehen creek in tahoe national forest near truckee, calif., drains a
near-virgin environment. since december 1953 the average discharge of
sagehen creek has been 12.4 cubic feet per second, the annual peak flows
range from 27 to 765 cubic feet per second, and minimum daily flows
occur in autumn and are generally about 2.0 cubic feet per second. mean
water temperature is about 2 deg c in the winter and 13 deg c in the
summer. sediment concentration during 1968-72 has ranged from 1 to 26
milligrams per liter. conductivity measurements ranged from 40 to 140
micromhos. results of coliform bacteria counts and chemical analyses of
water samples and surveys of plant and animal life have indicated no
pollution. little or no scour or fill has occurred, and no changes in
channel alinement have been noted. (knapp-usgs)

Singer, M. (1974). Erodibility Of Tahoe Soils. Lake Tahoe Research
Seminar II, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
The erosion program at tahoe has three major focuses: (1) to measure
actual amounts of erosion occurring on different kinds of soil, (2) to
determine actual erodibility of soils, and (3) to trace the sources of
sediments found in streams. plots were established at seven sites on
seven different soil series. the plots were 50 feet long and 6 feet
wide, surrounded on three sides by redwood borders which were buried in
the soil and extend a bit above the soil surface so that just erosion
and just sediment movement within those borders could be measured. at
the bottom end of the plots a pit was dug and lined with a cloth so that
the sediment could be caught and weighed after different storm events.
rainfall on each of the sites was measured. the data from the plots were
used to develop mathematical models to predict erosion. the basic
chemical and physical properties of the different kinds of soils found
in the tahoe basin were used to trace sediments from their source to the
lake.

Sinton, P. and F. S. Walter (1962). Childhood memories of summers at
Lake Tahoe. San Francisco, CA, Grabhorn Press (Priv. print.).

Skalski, A. M. (1983). Factors and Effects Of Crowding On Lake Tahoe
Beaches, University Of Nevada, Reno.

Skau, C. M. (1970). College Sees Need For Resource Management\...Thus
Need For a Renewable Natural Resources Division. .\
The renewable natural resources division, university of nevada, is
concerned with education, research, development and management of
undeveloped areas such as rangelands, forests, streams and lakes. a
master plan is developed for the tahoe basin, based on hydrologic,
vegetation and soil studies. improvement of wildlife habitat is
advocated for rangelands. soil surveys offer methods of interpreting
species distribution. environmental effects on quality are emphasized.
(popkin-arizona)

Slayback, R. D. and R. F. Clary, Jr. (1987). Vegetative solutions to
erosion control in the Tahoe basin. Erosion control : your're gambling
without it, Conference XVIII International Erosion Control Association,
Reno, NV, International Erosion Control Association, Pinole, CA.

Slayback, R. D. (1988). Plants for erosion control in the Tahoe Basin.
Am Nurseryman 167(1): 166.

Sloane, B. A. and T. E. Dickinson (1979). Computer Modeling for the Lake
Tahoe Basin: Impacts of Extreme Land-Use Policies on Key Environmental
Variables. Journal of Environmental Systems 9(1): 39-56.\
A socio-economic computer simulation model of population, growth and
land-use in the Lake Tahoe Basin utilizes the best available statistical
data and incorporates views of regional planners and interested
citizens. The model compares broad long-range social and economic
implications of potential governmental policies. Major variables or
submodels are: available jobs; locally employed seasonal residents;
housing demand; housing supply; housing market reconciliation; basin
acreage; year-round residents employment status; business units; year
round residents' age structure; tourist visitor days; tourist amenities;
and special factors. Computer simulation runs were made of seven extreme
land-use policy packages which included the following policies: (1)
construction and subdivision moratorium; (2) housing occupancy
limitation, (3) removal of most campground and commercial limitations;
(4) increase in number of residential units per acre; (5) additional
acres zoned residential; (6) doubling of gambling casino facilities; and
(7) new light industry. Each policy package was simulated using three
different model versions to accomodate its high sensitivity to
assumptions about tourism. Results show that the number of acres
developed and the related lake water clarity reduction would be greater
with upzoning policies such as density variances than with simulatory
ones such as new industry promotion.

Smith, E. R., A. C. Hammon, et al. (1947). E.R. Smith map of Lake Tahoe
& vicinity. Bijou, CA, Edw. R. Smith.

Smith, R. M. (1959). Geographic factors relative to the Lake Tahoe
Basin, Lake Tahoe Area Council, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Smith, R. M. (1959). Littoral drift - a study, Lake Tahoe Area Council,
South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Smith, R. M. (1960). Aerial mapping : problems, costs and procedures for
the Lake Tahoe area, R.M. Smith, Reno, NV.

Smith, R. M. (1960). Objectives of a planning program at Lake Tahoe,
R.M. Smith, Reno, NV.

Smith, R. M. (1960). A preliminary survey and analysis of planning and
development problems - Lake Tahoe portion of Washoe County, Nevada, R.M.
Smith, Reno, NV.

Smith, R. M. and Universal Inc. (1963). A report and analysis of the
demographic, economic, geographic and financial aspects of the Lake
Tahoe basin and surrounding areas with particular reference to present
and future trends in the southshore section, especially as applied to
the Nevada (Douglas Co.) portion, in order to ascertain the potential
need for a new savings and loan facility proposed to be located at the
Kingsburg Grade intersection in Douglas County, Lake Tahoe, Universal
Inc.: 28 p.

Smith, R. M. and Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Commission of Nevada and
California (1967). A comparison of existing subdivision, zoning & other
developmental controls in the Lake Tahoe basin, R.M. Smith, Reno, NV: 55
p.

Smith, R. M. and Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Commission (1969).
Reconnaissance report, Lake Tahoe basin area, Lake Tahoe Regional
Planning Commission, Reno, NV.

Smith, R. M. and United States Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970).
Nevada Tahoe general plan; a general plan document for the Nevada
portion of the Lake Tahoe Basin, Reno, NV.

Smith, R. M. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Housing study of
the Lake Tahoe Basin; a report, \[unpublished\]: \[4\], 62 p.

Smith, G. L. (1973). A flora of the Tahoe basin and neighboring areas.
San Francisco, CA, University of San Francisco.

Smith, R. C., J. E. Tyler, et al. (1973). Optical Properties and Color
Of Lake Tahoe and Crater Lake. Limnology And Oceanography 18(2):
189-199.\
Spectral irradiance has been measured as a function of depth in crater
lake, oregon and lake tahoe, california. in lake tahoe, secchi disk
observations and submarine photometer measurements have been recorded
year round since july 1967 and beam transmittance has been measured as a
function of depth. from these data the radiant energy input and certain
optical properties of the two lakes are presented. since color is a
principal esthetic feature of these lakes, a complete color analysis is
also presented. this information provides an objective standard with
which to compare possible future changes in the optical properties and
in the esthetic appearance of crater lake and lake tahoe. the method can
be applied generally to quantify the optical deterioration of any
aquatic habitat and can detect such deterioration before it is
noticeable by casual visual observation. (holoman-battelle)

Smith, J. L. (1975). Water Yield Improvement Research Of the Pacific
Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station and Its Usefulness to
Wildland Resource Management. Lake Tahoe Research Seminar IV, South Lake
Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Consortium.\
The project mission was to determine the effect of vegetation
manipulation upon snow accumulation and melt, so that the changes
imposed by vegetation manipulation can be programed to accomplish the
desired purpose. an ultimate goal is to develop a model that can be used
to estimate such use under any level of plant cover and for any complex
of soil, aspect and slope. the results of the study suggest a feasible
approach in developing such a model. water balances are computed by
combining calculations for plant water use, soil water movement and
energy balance. the current research task is the combining of all snow
hydrology data into models of snowmelt with which a land manager, prior
to timber harvest, may predict, the effects of alternative land
management practices upon time of water delivery to the streams. a
second task is the combining of the snow hydrology, plant water use and
soil water movement data into models with which the land manager can
determine prior to harvest the optimum form of harvest cut for
maximizing water yield, aesthetic considerations, change in time of
water yield or other management objectives.

Smith, J. K., A. J. Englande, et al. (1978). Characterization of
Reusable Municipal Wastewater Effluents and Concentration of Organic
Constituents, Gulf South Research Inst., New Orleans, LA.\
Organic concentrates were collected from operating advanced waste water
treatment plants for use in health effects testing. After reverse
osmosis, the organics were further concentrated and then recovered by
liquid/liquid extraction. Also, chemical, physical, and biological
analyses were conducted of effluent to determine how the quality of the
effluents compared with drinking water criteria. All advanced treatment
plants tested were characterized by high quality effluents. Spot samples
taken over a six to nine month period at six plants determined that
nitrogen (ammonia and nitrate), phenol, odor, carbon chloroform extract,
turbidity, and specific heavy metals exceeded drinking water standards
in most cases. The plants tested were: Lake Tahoe, California; Blue
Plains, District of Columbia; Pomona, California; Dallas, Texas;
Escondido, California; and Orange County, California. (Small-FRC)

Smith, Z. G. and United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region
(1979). Summary draft environmental impact statement : Land management
plan part 2 : Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit : El Dorado, Placer,
Alpine counties, California and Washoe, Douglas counties and Carson
City, Nevada, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Berkeley,
CA.

Smith, A. Y. and R. J. Blackwell (1979). Application of Digital Image
Processing Techniques and Information Systems to Water Quality
Monitoring of Lake Tahoe. Satellite Hydrology, Fifth Annual William T.
Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.\
Lake Tahoe is one of very few natural lakes in the United States which
has remained relatively undamaged by the encroaching developments of
man. The management of Tahoe's water quality has become a subject of
intensive study in recent years in an effort to define and limit the
effects of nonpoint source pollutants that are input from the
contributing drainage basins. As an aid to the water quality management
effort, the Image Processing Laboratory at Caltech's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory has interfaced Landsat data with topographic digital imagery
from the Defense Mapping Agency, conventional maps, and tabular data to
create a comprehensive information data base for Lake Tahoe and its
environs. The project used the resources of the JPL developed IBIS
programs to augment data gathered by the U.S. Forest Service and
Department of Agriculture for the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. The
IBIS dat base method allowed cross correlation of Landsat imagery and
topographic data with a variety of environmental parameters relating to
such indicators as surface runoff, drainage basin acreage, and terrain
configuration. Parameters were evaluated and compared for each drainage
basin defined by the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). The methods
used to construct and update the information data base are described and
evaluated. In addition, the utility of including Landsat imagery is
discussed.

Smith, Z. G. and United States Forest Service (1980). Land management
plan part 2 : Lake Tahoe Basin management unit, El Dorado, Placer,
Alpine counties California, Washoe, Douglas counties, and Carson City,
Nevada : final environmental impact statement, USDA Forest Service,
Pacific Southwest Region, Berkeley, CA.

Smith, R. L. and R. S. Oremland (1983). Anaerobic oxalate degradation:
Widespread natural occurrence in aquatic sediments. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 46(1): 106-113.\
Significant concentrations of oxalate (dissolved plus particulate) were
present in sediments taken from a diversity of aquatic environments,
ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 mmol/liter of sediment. These included pelagic
and littoral sediments from two freshwater lakes (Searsville Lake,
Calif., and Lake Tahoe, Calif.), a hypersaline, meromictic, alkaline
lake (Big Soda Lake, Nev.), and a south San Francisco Bay mud flat and
salt marsh. The oxalate concentration of several plant species which are
potential detrital inputs to these aquatic sediments ranged from 0.1 to
5.0% (wt/wt). In experiments with litter bags, the oxalate content of
Myriophyllum sp. samples buried in freshwater littoral sediments
decreased to 7% of the original value in 175 days. This suggests that
plant detritus is a potential source of the oxalate within these
sediments. These results suggest that anaerobic oxalate degradation is a
widespread phenomenon in aquatic sediments and may be limited by the
dissolved oxalate concentration within these sediments.

Smith, G. L. (1983). Supplement to a flora of the Tahoe basin and
neighboring areas. Wasmann J. Biol. 41(1-2): 1-46.\
This supplement presents new distribution records and adds 2 new
families, 38 genera, 111 species, 14 infraspecific taxa and 2 natural
hybrids to the flora of the Tahoe basin and neighboring areas.

Smith, E. (1991). Incline Village/Crystal Bay defensible space handbook
: a volunteer's guide to reducing the wildfire threat. Reno, NV,
University of Nevada-Reno.

Smith, S. O., California Dept. of Parks & Recreation, et al. (1991).
Emerald Bay barges archaeological survey, 1989-1990, California Dept. of
Parks & Recreation, Sacramento, CA.

Snider, W. M., J. L. Kershner, et al. (1987). Instream flow requirements
of salmonid resources, Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada,
Resources Agency, State of California. Dept. of Fish and Game,
Sacramento, CA.

Snyder, J. H. (1985). Fiscal Year 1984 Program Report (California Water
Resources Center), University of California, Davis, Water Resources
Center.\
A synopsis is presented of the results of each of the research projects
sponsored under the 1984 Water Research Institute Program (WRIP) for the
University of California Water Resources Center. It also contains
summaries of water problems and issues in California and the Water
Resources Center's Program Goals and Priorities, Information
Dissemination Activities and Cooperative Arrangements. The California
WRIP package is a subset of the Center's overall research program and
consists of five projects investigating the following topic areas: The
Diffusion of Low-Volume Irrigation Technology in Western Agriculture,
Structural Impacts of the Reclamation Reform Act of 1982 on California
Agriculture, The Direct Quantification of Atmospheric Dry Acid and
Nutrient Deposition on Western Mountain Lakes, Application of a Paired
Watershed Research Design to Evaluate Instream Effects of Watershed
Management Activities in North Coastal California, Interaction of
Nemagon (DBCP) with Constituents of Water-Soil Systems.

South Tahoe Public Utility District and Brown and Caldwell (1959).
Specifications for construction of sewage treatment plant, Brown and
Caldwell, San Francisco, CA: 126 p.

South Tahoe Public Utility District and Jones & Stokes Associates
(1979). Final environmental impact report for the South Tahoe Public
Utility District water system master plan, Jones & Stokes Associates,
Sacramento, CA.

South Tahoe Public Utility District, Jones & Stokes Associates, et al.
(1983). South Tahoe Public Utility District wastewater facilities
planning program: draft supplemental environmental impact report, Jones
& Stokes Associates, Sacramento, CA.

Southern Pacific Company (1900). Lake Tahoe, California : \[brochure\].
San Francisco, CA, Southern Pacific Company: 1 sheet (\[15\] p.).

Southern Pacific Company (1900). By Tahoe shores. San Francisco, CA,
Southern Pacific Company.

Southern Pacific Company (1902). Lake Tahoe. San Francisco, CA, Sunset
Press: 1 sheet.

Southern Pacific Company (1909). A guide to the Lake Tahoe region,
California. San Francisco, CA, Southern Pacific Company.

Southern Pacific Company (1915). The Tahoe country. San Francisco, CA,
Southern Pacific Company.

Southern Pacific Company (1926). Tahoe Tavern, California : reached by
Southern Pacific, Lake Tahoe Route via Ogden. Lake Tahoe, CA, Lake Tahoe
Co.

Southern Pacific Company (1927). Lake Tahoe. \[San Francisco, CA,
Southern Pacific Company.

Spink Engineering Company (1967). A report on the formation of a
municipal water system for the City of South Lake Tahoe, California,
Spink Engineering Company, Sacramento, CA.

Squires (ed.), P. (1977). Final Report on The Pyramid Lake Pilot
Project, 1970-1975, Volume 1, Text of Report, University of Nevado-Reno,
Lab. of Atmospheric Physics, Reno, NV.\
A randomized cloud seeding project was carried out over an area of 1052
sq. mi. near Lake Tahoe for 3 winter-spring seasons. Six remotely
controlled silver iodide generators were located on the upper western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and precipitation was measured by means of
23 recording gauges and 54 non-recording gauges. A total of 132
experimental periods (corresponding to forecast synoptic scale storms)
averaged some 35 hours in duration. The preliminary statistical analysis
is based on a comparison of periods randomly assigned to be seeded, or
not seeded, on a 50-50 basis. However, for a variety of reasons, seeding
actually occurred for only about half the total hours assigned to be
seeded. Thus, the effect of seeding can appear here only in a somewhat
diluted form. The varying duration of experimental periods was taken
into account by assuming a Gamma distribution of precipitation amounts,
with the shape parameter a linear function of duration; the effect of
seeding then appeared as a change in the scale parameter. By means of a
forecast, storms were classified as heavy, moderate, light or marginal.
The evidence for a positive seeding effect is not conclusive; however,
the apparent effect or seeding all categories of storms was an increase
of 16%. In the group comprising heavy and moderate storms, the apparent
increase was 25%. If the true effect had been equal to this, the chance
of detecting it, at the 5% significance level, would have been about 1
in 5.

Stafford, A. A. (1936). Touring Tahoe, a handbook of useful information
for the Lake Tahoe visitor. Carson City, NV, Stafford's 'MARK TWAIN'
Book Shop.

Stander, G. J., L. R. J. Van Vuuren, et al. (1970). Current Status Of
Research On Waste Water Reclamation In South Africa. Preprint.\
The efficient removal of the predominately organic impurities from waste
water calls for the application of more sophisticated techniques than
are normally applied in conventional water treatment. the successful
operation of large-scale plants at windhoek and lake tahoe have
confirmed that a combination of biological, chemical and physical
processes may be considered as most feasible current approach in waste
water reclamation. research conducted by the national institute of water
research has been focused on further refinements to some individual
process units. a pilot plant was constructed in pretoria to study the
physico-chemical route for waste water reclamation. these investigations
have culminated in the design and construction of a 1 million gal/day
demonstration plant which will be a basis for further research on waste
water reclamation in south africa, with the main objectives of
formulating design criteria for larger reclamation plants and to
evaluate costs and performance data. particular emphasis is placed on
the technique developed for the application of powdered activated carbon
as an integral part of the renovation process for the adsorption of
dissolved organics from secondary effluents. (selby-texas)

State of California (1971). Special Water Quality Provisions. California
Water Code Ann Secs 13950 thru 13951.\
If any area of any district in the lake tahoe basin provides a sewer
system and treatment facilities sufficient to handle and treat any
resultant waste, along with transportation facilities sufficient to
transport resulting effluent outside the basin, then the further use of
cesspools or other means of waste disposal is a public nuisance. such
district shall require all buildings to be connected with the sewer
system within a period of not less than 90 days. on or after january 1,
1972, waste from within the lake tahoe watershed shall be placed in
sewer systems and treatment facilities only. such waste may be placed in
holding tanks until it can be transported to treatment facilities. use
of cesspools, septic tanks, or other means of waste disposal after
january 1, 1972, shall be a public nuisance. occupying a building which
discharges waste in violation of this section is a public nuisance, and
actions may be brought to enjoin such occupants. if the regional board
of the lahontan region finds that the operation of septic tanks and
cesspools will not affect water quality and that sewering would damage
the environment, then this section shall not apply. (robinson-florida)

State of California (1975). Fallen Leaf Protection Association v South
Tahoe Public Utilities District (Provisions of California Water Code
Requiring Specific Property Owners to Connect to Sewer Lines Upheld
Against Constitutional Challenge). 120 Cal Rptr 538-47.\
Plaintiff property owners challenged the validity of sections of the
California Water Code by a cross-complaint alleging inverse
condemnation. The plaintiffs' property was located in the Lake Tahoe
Basin; plaintiffs disposed of waste through the use of cesspools and
septic tanks. The Public Utilities District, in the course of
constructing a sewer collector line through the property had sought to
restrain plaintiffs from occupying any buildings on their property. In
the cross-complaint plaintiffs claimed fair market value of their
property, contending that the state lacked the power to compel them to
connect to a sewer line, and that certain provisions of the California
Water Code were arbitrary, unreasonable, and discriminatory. The
California Third District Court of Appeal held that the actions of the
state under the Water Code to be a valid exercise of police power in
light of legislative determination that a clear and present danger to
the environment exists in the Lake Tahoe Basin; that under the
circumstances no invidious discrimination against specific property
owners could be found; and that a statute based on a permissible
legislative purpose is to be presumed valid unless plainly arbitrary.

State of Nevada Permits for Diversion, Transfer, Appropriation of Water
from Interstate Streams; Stored Water; Waste Water. Nev. Rev. Stat. secs
533.515 thru 533.540.\
A permit for water appropriation may be granted in Nevada when the point
of diversion lies outside the state if the other state authorizes the
diversion of its water for use in Nevada. No permit will be issued to
change the use or to transfer water or water rights of any water
appropriated for beneficial use in Nevada for use beyond the state
borders. Waters from interstate streams may be diverted within Nevada
for beneficial use in another state only when state has a reciprocal
water diversion agreement. It is a misdemeanor to divert and not use or
to waste water of any river, stream, or creek during the irrigation
season. Lake Tahoe may be used by the United States for reservoir
purposes to aid the Truckee-Carson reclamation project. Guidelines and
procedures are provided for the refunding of water district funds from
county treasuries to water users and calimants of rights to waters of
the Carson River or its forks. (Mulligan-Florida)

State of Nevada (1963). Protection Of Lake Tahoe Watershed. Nevada
Revised Statutes Secs 445.080 THRU 445.120.\
For the purpose of protecting lake tahoe, it is unlawful for anyone to
construct without a permit: (1) any commercial or private building
unless it does not require domestic water or sewage disposal, (2) any
water supply system, or (3) any sewage disposal system. when the source
of domestic water or place for sewage disposal would create a health
hazard, the permit should be denied. direct discharge of sewage or other
wastes into any water body within the watershed is prohibited. if
discharge into lake tahoe is considered necessary by the health
division, the division shall issue a permit subject to the installation
of the necessary sewage works to protect the lake. the division is
empowered to make necessary rules, regulations, and inspections to carry
out the purposes of the act. (gallagher-florida)

State of Nevada (1974). Morales V. Westergard (California-Nevada
Interstate Compact and Lake Tahoe Condominiums). Nev. Rev. Stat. sec 522
P2D 1224-25(Nevada, 1974).\
Petitioner developers attempted to get their condominium map, which
described their development's sewage and water supply systems, approved
by the bureau of environmental health. the bureau refused to give its
approval, however, finding that the development's use of water from the
lake tahoe basin would violate the california-nevada interstate compact.
as a result of this decision, petitioner sought a writ of mandamus from
the supreme court of nevada to compel the bureau to approve the
condominium map. the court granted the relief sought, finding that the
development's proposed use of water would not violate the interstate
compact. the court noted that water taken by the development from the
lake tahoe basin would be returned, except for a minimal amount which
would be used for lawn care, to the basin by natural gravity through the
closed sewer system. therefore, the compact's aim of controlling and
conserving water use within the basin would not be violated by the
approval of the condominium map.

State of Nevada (1975). Protection of Lake Tahoe and its Watershed. Nev.
Rev. Stat. secs 445.080 thru 445.120.\
Written permission must be obtained from the bureau of environmental
health before any person, firm, association or corporation can construct
any dwelling or building for human occupancy or commercial use, any
drinking water procurement or distribution system, or any sewage
collection or disposal system in the Lake Tahoe watershed. Permission is
also required for any construction in Lake Tahoe, any alteration of the
shoreline, or any dredge and fill operation. No permits will be issued
if a health hazard or threat to water quality would result. Discharge of
wastes into the lake or its watershed is prohibited except in certain
instances which require a discharge permit. The bureau of environmental
health is authorized to enforce reasonable regulations and to inspect
any property in the watershed area to determine compliance with the
regulations. Anyone violating any provisions of this act or any
regulations promulgated to enforce it shall be quilty of a misdemeanor.
(Cocheu-Florida)

State of Nevada (1975). California-Nevada Interstate Compact. Nev. Rev.
Stat. sec 538.600.\
The major purposes of the California-Nevada Interstate Compact are to
promote equitable apportionment of water, governmental cooperation, and
future development, use, conservation and control of water within the
Lake Tahoe, Truckee River, Carson River and Walker River Basins.
Guidelines for the creation, financing and general powers of a
California-Nevada Compact Commission are stated. Information regarding
storage rights and construction of an overflow weir for Lake Tahoe is
given. Allocations and diversion rights for the waters of the Truckee
and Carson Rivers are specified. Detailed plans for the distribution of
waters of the Walker River are described, including allocations for the
Topaz Reservoir and the Walker River Indian Reservation. Waters of the
Walker River in excess of allocated amounts shall be administered by a
watermaster nominated by the Commission. Both states have the right to
develop ground waters and springs within their boundaries if such use
does not reduce the water allocated to the other state, and either state
may initiate proceedings if it believes its allocation is adversely
affected. Violations of this compact shall be investigated by the
commission which may take any necessary remedial action including
injunctive relief. (Mulligan-Florida)

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Willows (Salix species). Reno, NV, Fact
Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). White fir (Abies concolor). Reno, NV,
Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). White alder (Alnus rhombifolia). Reno,
NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Western chokecherry (Prunus
virginiana). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext:
2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Sulfur flower, buckwheat (Eriogonum
umbellatum). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext:
2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana). Reno,
NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). River birch (Betula nigra). Reno, NV,
Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides).
Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Reno,
NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Mountain spiraea (Spiraea densiflora).
Reno, NV, Fact-Sheet-Coll-Agric-Univ-Nev-Reno-Nev-Coop-Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Mountain pride penstemon (Penstemon
newberryi). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext:
2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Mountain delphinium (Delphinium
glaucum). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2
p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Moss pink (Phlox subulata). Reno, NV,
Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Leopard lily (Lilium pardalinum). Reno,
NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi). Reno,
NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens).
Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Hartweg's Iris (Iris hartwegii). Reno,
NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Evening primrose (Oenothera hookeri).
Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Crimson columbine (Aquilegia formosa).
Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium).
Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Common monkey-flower (Mimulus
guttatus), Lewis monkey-flower (Mimulus lewisii). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet
Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Brewer's lupine (Lupinus breweri),
Sierra lupine (Lupinus confertus), Gray's lupine (Lupinus grayi). Reno,
NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Blanket flower (Gaillardia aristata).
Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa).
Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext: 2 p.

Stead, S. and R. L. Post (1989). Applegate's paintbrush (Castilleja
applegatei). Reno, NV, Fact Sheet Coll Agric Univ Nev Reno Nev Coop Ext:
2 p.

Steiner, F. (1983). Regional planning in the United States: Historic and
contemporary examples. Landscape Plann 10(4): 297-315.\
Landscape planning occurs within the jurisdiction of various levels of
government, from local to international. Early ideas about regional
planning are traced from the 19th century into the 20th century. The
social vision of the New Deal is discussed in relationship to the
harnessing of human and natural resources in such projects as the
Tennessee Valley Authority, the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project, and
the Greenbelt new towns. The ideas about regional planning of John
Friedmann and Ian McHarg are contrasted. Examples of American regional
planning are summarized, and include: the Appalachian Regional Planning
Commission; New York's Adirondack Park Agency; the Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency; the New Jersey Pinelands Commission; and the U.S Forest
Service's system for land and resource management.

Stollery, D. J. (1969). Tales of Tahoe, Lake Tahoe history, legend and
description. Tahoe City, CA, Tahoe City World.

Stone, R. H., III (1980). Contamination Of the Truckee-Tahoe Watershed
By Upwind Seeding Programs, University Of Nevada, Reno.

Strome, M. (1980). Passenger rail feasibility study : California access
to South Lake Tahoe, \[publisher and place published unknown.

Strong, D. H. (1981). Preservation efforts at Lake Tahoe, 1880 to 1980
Nevada, forest lands. J For Hist 25(2): 78-97.

Strong, D. H. (1984). Tahoe, an environmental history. Lincoln, NE,
University of Nebraska Press.

Strub, T., T. M. Powell, et al. (1983). Temperature and transport
patterns in Lake Tahoe: Satellite imagery, field data and a dynamical
model. Congress of the International Assocation of Limnology, Lyon,
France.\
The use of satellite images, in situ temperature sections, measured
winds and a numerical wind-driven model have enabled them to determine
the mean spring and summer surface temperature structure at Lake Tahoe.
Typical afternoon SW winds cause upwelling on the West and in the South,
and the accumulation of warm water on the East. Cold water from the West
moves to the Northeast and at least during some periods warm water from
the East returns to the West in a large clockwise gyre which occupies
the northern half of the open lake. The current pattern in the South is
less clear nad may be more variable due to winds that switch from
northerly to southerly during the day, and have also been found to be
more variable from day to day. Areas of warm water identify locations
where water is blown against the shore; these indicate that the
shoreline inflows in the Northeast will not be dispersed as rapidly as
inflows on the west side. Previous synoptic studies have found high
levels of primary productivity in the northeast and southeast corner
(Godlman 1974), and we suggest that inflowing water may be trapped
against the coast there by the wind-driven currents.

Strub, T. and T. M. Powell (1983). Surface temperature and transport
patterns in Lake Tahoe \-- comparison between satellite images and a
numerical model. Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union. 64(45): 743.\
Some 62 satellite images showing surface temperature fields during
summers of 1980-82 have been analyzed. The authors present the mean
fields, sequences of image, and the dominant horizontal patterns of
covariability as determined from eigenvector analysis. The data suggest
a semi-permanent east-west temperature gradient and a large clockwise
gyre in the northern half of the lake. They drive a 3-layer, finite
difference, numerical model with actual winds measured during summer,
1982. Model results explain the cold water that upwells on the west and
the warm water that accumulates on the east of the basin, as well as the
temporal development of the gyre.

Strub, P. T. and T. M. Powell (1986). Wind Driven Surface Transport in
Stratified Closed Basins: Direct Versus Residual Circulations. Journal
of Geophysical Research 91(7): 8497-8505.\
The dynamics of wind-driven circulations in moderate-sized, stratified
basins is investigated through numerical modeling of a variety of wind
fields observed at Lake Tahoe. Direct and residual circulation
characteristics of stratified and homogeneous basins are described.
Previous studies of stratified closed basins have emphasized residual
circulations that result in a single cyclonic mean gyre during light to
moderate winds. Lake Tahoe observations have shown that currents are
more constant in direction, with a double gyre pattern of surface
circulation dominated by an anticyclonic northern gyre. Model
experiments demonstrate that the curl of the wind stress must be
included to obtain a direct double gyre circulation similar to
observations. Horizontally uniform winds cause a residual circulation
similar to that reported at other lakes. The model can be used to
calculate the vorticity budget in order to clarify the role of wind
stress curl in creating the direct double gyre. (Michael-PTT)

Strub, P. T. and T. M. Powell (1987). Surface temperature and transport
in Lake Tahoe: Inferences from satellite (AVHRR) imagery. Cont. Shelf
Res 7(9): 1001-1013.\
Analysis of satellite infra-red images in summer at Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada, shows that upwelling on the west side of the lake
causes an east-west temperature gradient that changes in strength from
early spring to late summer, with maximum horizontal gradients in late
June and early July. The mean temperature fields, sequences of
individual images, and empirical orthogonal function analysis all
suggest the presence of a large anticyclonic gyre in the north of the
lake and a weaker cyclonic gyre in the south. This agrees with a
numerical model of the lake's surface circulation, which has been driven
by the measured diurnal summer wind fields. This circulation pattern is
different from that reported at other lakes and may be an important
factor in maintaining areas of maximum primary productivity seen in past
synoptic studies of the lake.

Suhr, L. G. (1971). The Concept Of Wastewater Reclamation. .\
The concepts of wastewater reclamation versus its antithesis, that
wastewater is fit only for disposal, are discussed. probably the most
important aspect of wastewater reclamation is pollution abatement.
biological oxygen demand in natural waters is lowered and there is less
loss of desirable fauna. the lessened p and n levels in turn lessen
eutrophication dangers. the reclaimed waters may be used in agriculture,
industrial processes, groundwater recharge or domestic recyling. the
economic advantages that may be gained are illustrated by the las vegas,
nevada situation where the estimated net costs of recycling may be less
than the cost of merely retreating waste water for disposal, and
colorado springs where recycled effluent provides 2 qualities of
non-potable water. past reclamation projects described are those of
chanute, kansas, windhoek, south-west africa, south lake tahoe,
california and denver, colorado. the treatment process and removal
efficiency for the south tahoe plant are detailed. the major problems of
reuse involve bacterial and viral content and dissolved solids content.
much public education will be necessary in order to gain widespread
acceptance of recycled domestic water. (see also w72-03716)
(casey-arizona)

Suk, T. J., J. L. Riggs, et al. (1986). Water contamination with Giardia
in back-country areas. National Wilderness Research Conference: Current
Research, Fort Collins, CO.\
Cysts of Giardia spp. were detected in 27 of 78 water samples collected
at remote streams in California's Sierra Nevada range. The data suggest
that intensity of human recreational use may play a significant role
and/or be a useful indicator in the contamination of surface water with
Giardia . Cysts of Giardia spp. were detected in 26 of 309 fecal samples
collected from cattle grazing in back-country areas in the Sierra
Nevada. The use of monoclonal antibodies allowed the detection of
human-infective Giardia in cattle stools. The role of wild mammals in
the transmission of human giardiasis remains unclear.

Suk, T. J., K. Sorenson, et al. (1986). Map Showing the Number of
Giardia Cysts in Water Samples from 69 Stream Sites in the Sierra
Nevada, California. Sacramento, CA, U.S. Geological Survey, Water
Resources Div.\
During 1984, 60 stream sites were sampled for the presence of Giardia
sp. cysts. The sampling sites ranged in elevation from 6,000 to 12,000
feet, and were distributed over a distance of more than 200 miles, from
the Lake Tahoe basin in the north to Mt. Whitney in the south. Cysts of
Giardia were detected in 27 of 78 samples. The number of cysts detected
ranged from 1 to 41. Of the 27 samples positive for Giardia, only 1 cyst
was detected in each of 10 samples, 2 cysts were detected in each of 8
samples, 3 cysts were detected in each of 3 samples, 4 cysts were
detected in each of 2 samples, and 5, 6, 14, and 41 cysts were detected
in 1 sample each. (USGS)

Summit Engineering Corporation (1980). Double Diamond Development :
internal circulation analysis, Summit Engineering Corporation.

Sunset Photo-Engraving Company (1880). Sierra highlands. \[San
Francisco, CA, Sunset Photo-Engraving Company.

Symonds, P. J. (1972). Central places in a resort region: a study of
urbanization of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Sacramento, CA, \[publisher
unknown\].

Tahoe City Public Utility District and Dewante Stowell Consulting
Engineers (1983). Rubicon water system reconstruction : project report,
Dewante and Stowell, Sacramento, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1967). Report On Water Distribution In
the Lake Tahoe Region, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe,
CA.\
Although the largest fresh-water lake in california is within the
confines of the tahoe basin, the basin, as a whole, has never had
adequate waterdistribution systems to serve the public. there are 66
separate water companies in the tahoe basin, some of which have multiple
isolated water systems. present trends in the development of water
distribution are discussed. water distribution goals and recommendations
of the tahoe regional planning agency are outlined: maintain federal
water quality standards; water systems should provide adequate supplies
for fire protection as well; existing developed areas should be required
to meet these standards; and new developments should be required to meet
these standards. a brief description of the various individual water
systems is included. (davis-chicago)

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970). Report on Lake Tahoe region solid
waste collection and disposal, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South
Lake Tahoe, CA: iii, 7 p.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Lake Tahoe Regional Fire Association
(1970). Report on Lake Tahoe region fire protection, Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970). Report on Lake Tahoe region
electrical supply, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Lake Tahoe Area Council (1970).
Research coordination and utilization, the Tahoe Basin, Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970). Report on water distribution in
the Lake Tahoe region, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe,
CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1970). The plan for Lake Tahoe. South
Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and United States Forest Service (1971).
Recreation resources of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide to planning,
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Hydrology and Water Resources Of
the Lake Tahoe Region, a Guide For Planning, Tahoe Regional Planning
Agency, Committee on Water Distribution, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 26.\
Most of the land development activity in the lake tahoe region reveals
either lack of awareness of important aspects of the hydrology of the
area or else deliberate ignoring of them. only recently has zoning of
floodplain areas been recognized as a need. local governmental agencies
have not yet developed realistic systems for disposal of storm drainage;
present practice is simply either to deliver overland flow from storms
directly to lake tahoe or else to the nearest stream and without any
treatment to reduce its potential for water pollution. no one in
authority has recognized that the effect of increased runoff from urban
areas into the natural drainage systems is bad. however, some attention
is being devoted to on-site problems in developed areas. several guides
to planning are presented. (1) the damage to man's installed facilities
caused by such natural events as storms and floods, avalanches, and
landslides can be held to a minimum by delineating the areas where they
have occurred and zoning to avoid them. (2) the adverse effects of
increased runoff caused by changes in land use can be reduced by
recognizing these effects in advance and modifying the land use
accordingly. (3) the consequences of structural manipulation of water
can be evaluated by analyzing the short-term, long-term, off-site, and
on-site effects of the proposed change. (4) the shoreline erosion of
lake tahoe could be evaluated in terms of damage done during which water
levels and the feasibility of lowering the lake during periods when
storms are most likely to occur. (5) climatic conditions such as smog or
manmade weather modification could be evaluated in terms of their
consequences to the natural drainage systems.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Report on Lake Tahoe Region
wastewater collection, treatment and disposal, Tahoe Regional Planning
Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA: ii, 1l, \[23\] p.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and United States Forest Service (1971).
Geology and geomorphology of the Lake Tahoe Region : a guide for
planning. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Geology Committee of Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency and Forest Service.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and United States Forest Service (1971).
Scenic analyses of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide to planning ;
prepared for Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Planning
Agency and Forest Service.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and United States Forest Service (1971).
Land resources of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide for planning, Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Water Resources In the Lake Tahoe
Region, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA. Committee
on Water Distribution. 16.\
An overall view of the water resource in the lake tahoe region is
presented. this region includes lake tahoe and its outlet, the truckee
river. a history is presented of the various claims and uses of the lake
tahoe water. the operating policies for the lake tahoe discharge gates
as developed over the last 60 years are described. because the region
spans two states, california and nevada, a discussion of the
california-nevada interstate compact is presented together with nevada
state water policy and current divisions and uses of the lake tahoe
water in both california and nevada. finally, future needs in the region
are examined. (davis-chicago)

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and United States Forest Service (1971).
Vegetation of the Lake Tahoe Region; a guide for planning, Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Proposed regional plan, Lake
Tahoe region California-Nevada, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South
Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Lake Tahoe region storm drainage,
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Report On Lake Tahoe Region Waste
Water Collection, Treatment and Disposal, Tahoe Regional Planning
Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA, Committee on Water Distribution.\
The basic goals of the waste water program for the lake tahoe basin are:
(1) the preservation of water quality in lake tahoe by the removal of
waste water from the basin through connections of all waste-producing
facilities to an adequate collection, treatment and export system; and
(2) encourage and support the development of treatment methods which
will produce water suitable for beneficial reuse in the basin. a history
of the lake tahoe region waste water collection, treatment, and disposal
is presented. the present status of sewage export; policy regarding the
disposal of sewage and industrial waste waters within the lake tahoe
basin; future service areas; future projects, and an outline of regional
waste water treatment plants and export systems are included.
(davis-chicago)

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Water resources in the Lake Tahoe
Region, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971). Limnology and Water Quality Of
the Lake Tahoe Region, a Guide For Planning, Tahoe Regional Planning
Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA, Committee on Water Distribution. 14.\
This review of the water quality of lake tahoe provides several
conclusions and recommendations pertinent to planning. knowledge of the
aquatic ecosystem in the lake tahoe basin is so limited that the
ecosystem can be described only by broad trends and care must be taken
in predicting the effects of increased human population in the basin.
available data indicate that the waters of lake tahoe are still
relatively pure. some typical initial signs of pollution are appearing
in some tributary streams and several near-shore areas of the lake. the
similar deterioration of the aquatic ecosystem caused by urbanization in
other areas is starting in the tahoe basin. corrective and preventive
action should be taken before the final results of these trends become
apparent. several recommendations are: (1) begin soil stabilization
practices in these areas contributing sedimentation and require such
practices to be followed in future development; (2) improve existing and
future storm drainage facilities; (3) consider reduction of area of
impervious surfaces and retention of some storm water on-site to be
percolated into the soil; (4) prohibit discharge of petroleum and other
toxicants into lake tahoe, streams and storm drainage systems; (5)
investigate the effects of fertilizers in the tahoe basin; (6) establish
streamside environmental zones on each side of all annual streams; (7)
use only pesticides that have been proved to be environmentally safe;
(8) do not introduce new species into the aquatic ecosystem until
ecologic effects have been studied and proven safe; (9) investigate the
role of nutrients in the lake tahoe ecosystem. (davis-chicago)

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972). Shoreline ordinance, Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972). Land use ordinance, Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.\
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972). Lake Tahoe open space element :
revised draft, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and EDAW Inc. (1973). Lake Tahoe,
conservation, recreation & open space elements, Eckbo, Dean, Austin &
Williams, San Francisco, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1973). Transportation systems planning
process, Tahoe area : study design (revised) and unified work program
for the Tahoe Region, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe,
CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1973). Stateline subregional study :
preliminary draft , April 23, 1973, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency,
South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and J.B. Gilbert & Associates (1974).
1974 comprehensive planning program : public facilities master plan :
storm drainage & surface water runoff, fire services, power & gas
supply. Sacramento, CA, J. B. Gilbert & Associates.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Cooper Clark Associates (1974).
Natural hazards of the Lake Tahoe basin, California\--Nevada, Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1974). Lake Tahoe Basin : justification
for designation as regional water quality planning agency (Section 208),
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1975). Final environmental impact report
on the Tahoe regional transportation plan alternatives : appendix to the
draft environmental impact report developed by the Tahoe Regional
Transportation Study, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe,
CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1975). The CTRPA regional plan : draft,
May 12, 1975, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1976). Tahoe Basin national recreation
areas : feasibility study, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake
Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1976). Preserving Lake Tahoe's water
quality : a draft plan for the Tahoe basin, January, 1976. South Lake
Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1976). General Plan update workbook :
1976, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1977). Lake Tahoe Basin water quality
management plan, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1978). Tahoe regional plan : proposed,
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1978). Impact assessment : Tahoe
regional plan : proposed, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake
Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1978). Housing and community development
element, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1979). Grading ordinance, Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1981). Lake Tahoe basin water quality
management plan ; Draft environmental impact statement. Sacramento, CA,
The Board.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Association of Bay Area Governments
(1982). How to protect your property from erosion : a guide for
homebuilders in the Lake Tahoe Basin, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency,
South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1982). Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
rules and regulations of practice and procedure. South Lake Tahoe, CA,
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and California Technical Assistance
Associates (1982). Utilization and assessment of public transportation
in the Tahoe basin. Sacramento, CA, California Technical Assistance
Associates.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1982). 1982 air quality plan for the
Lake Tahoe Basin : draft environmental impact statement, Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1982). Environmental impact statement
for the establishment of environmental threshold carrying capacities,
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1983). Regional plan for the Lake Tahoe
Basin : draft. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1983). Regional plan for the Lake Tahoe
Basin : part 1, goals and policies, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency,
South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1983). Environmental impact statement
for adoption of a regional plan for the Lake Tahoe Basin, Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1983). Environmental impact statement
for adoption of a regional plan for the Lake Tahoe Basin, Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1986). The regional plan : goals and
policies for the Lake Tahoe basin, 1986 : striving for the balance,
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1986). Regional plan for the Lake Tahoe
Basin : goals and policies, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake
Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1986). Environmental impact statement
for adoption of a regional plan for the Lake Tahoe Basin, certified
February 23, 1984 : draft supplement, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency,
South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1987). Draft environmental impact
report/environmental impact statement, regional transportation plan,
Lake Tahoe Basin, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1988). Water quality management plan for
the Lake Tahoe Region, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe,
CA.\
Contents: v. 1. Water quality management plan \-- v. 2. Handbook of best
management practices \-- v. 3. SEZ protection and restoration program
\-- v. 4. Capital improvements program for erosion and runoff control
\-- v. 5. Summary \-- v. 6. Responsiveness summary and response to
comments \-- v. 7. Technical appendix.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1988). Compliance measures list and
related information and analysis: prepared pursuant to the requirements
of Chapter 32, TRPA code of ordinances, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency,
South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Tahoe Redevelopment Agency, et al.
(1988). South Lake Tahoe redevelopment plan eir/eis, Brady and
Associates.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Alpengroup (1990). TRPA community
plans environmental impact statement, environmental impact report, Tahoe
City, Lake Forest : Placer County Tahoe area general plan amendment,
environmental impact report, Alpengroup.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1992). Regional transportation plan :
air quality plan for the Lake Tahoe region. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency.

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, United States Forest Service, et al.
(1993). Cultural and historical significance of the Lake Tahoe region :
a guide for planning. Berkeley, CA, California Indian Library
Collections \[distributor\].

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, United States Forest Service, et al.
(1993). Geology and geomorphology of the Lake Tahoe Region : a guide for
planning. Berkeley, CA, California Indian Library Collections
\[distributor\].

Tahoe Regional Planning Commission of Nevada and California and
Wilsey/Ham/Blair (1964). Lake Tahoe 1980 : regional plan, Wilsey, Ham &
Blair.

Tahoe Regional Transportation Study, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, et
al. (1975). Tahoe regional transportation plan : draft. South Lake
Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Transportation Study.

Tahoe Research Group - University of California and National Science
Foundation - Research Applied to National Needs Program (1975). A
multidisciplinary research program in the Tahoe Basin; proposal and
progress report, Tahoe Research Group, University of California, Davis,
CA: \[ii\] 159.

Tahoe Research Group - University of California - Davis and National
Science Foundation (1971). Research proposal submitted to the National
Science Foundation : July 1971, Tahoe Research Group, University of
California, Davis, CA.

Tahoe Tavern and Lake Tahoe Ry & Trans Company (1909). Tahoe Tavern,
Lake Tahoe, Cal, Tahoe Tavern and Lake Tahoe Railway & Transportation
Co.

Talbot, G. J. and I. Bluitt (1907). Letter to Irene Bluitt : Brockway,
Calif. : ALS, 1907 July 8, (Contains description of the Brockway Hotel,
a Lake Tahoe resort where he worked.).

Tallac House (1890). Baldwin's Tallac House : the gem of wonderland, the
enchanted spot of the West. Lake Tahoe, CA, Tallac House.

Talley, S. N. (1977). An ecological survey of the Babbitt Peak Candidate
Research Area on the Tahoe National Forest, U.S. Forest Service Pacific
Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.

Taylor, J. (1989). Alpine Echoes Above Lake-Tahoe - European
Sensibilities Shape a Nevada. Architectural Digest 46(7): 84-91.

Tebbutt, T. H. V. (1967). Reclaimed Water For Industry. Effl And Water
Treat J 7: 587-593.\
Summary information is given of the potential use of reclaimed waste
water from industry and the possibilities for thus increasing the supply
of potable water in many places. water for cooling is the largest use,
with steam generation, process needs, and potable water in that order.
re-cycling and utilization of sewage effluent and other good management
procedures are suggested as methods of reducing water demand. to prevent
growth of micro-organisms, chlorination of sewage water may be necessary
but the cost of such treatment is less than half that of using potable
water. reclaimed waste water would be of better chemical quality than
most available river or canal waters. various processes for contaminant
removal are presented. studies in progress to prevent eutrophication of
lake tahoe by sewage effluent and the production of good-quality water
from industrial effluent at a plant in sw africa are described.
(lang-usgs)

Teclaff, L. A. and E. Teclaff (1972). Saving the Land-Water Edge From
Recreation, For Recreation. Arizona Law Review 14(1): 39-64.\
Water-based recreation depends heavily on the land-water edge and is
exacting a significant toll from this ecologically fragile area. the
nature of the recreational threat to the land-water edge is examined.
the effects of common law water rights such as public rights and
navigability, alienation of trustland under navigable waters, and
riparian and appropriation doctrines are discussed. both federal and
state governments have encouraged the public use of the edge, but these
governmental acquisitions represent only a tiny inroad into the amount
of privately held land located in the edge zone. legal constraints on
the use of the edge are examined including the wild and scenic rivers
act of 1968; the rivers and harbors act of 1899; the fish and wildlife
coordination act; the national environmental policy act; state plans
such as the san francisco bay plan, wisconsin's shoreland zoning system,
and the tahoe basin compact; the 1969 proposals of the commission on
marine science, engineering, and resources; and the proposed national
land use policy act of 1971. possible solutions are advanced for
resolving the conflict between use and conservation of the edge.

Templin, W. E., D. B. Green, et al. (1980). Water-Quality Data from
Taylor Creek Drainage Basin, El Dorado County, California, July 1975
through October 1976., U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Div.,
Menlo Park, CA.\
Data were collected from July 1975 through October 1976 to establish
benchmark water-quality conditions in the Taylor Creek drainage basin in
California. The Taylor Creek drainage basin is a high-altitude system of
lakes and streams which forms one of the tributaries to Lake Tahoe in
the Sierra Nevada of California and Nevada. Sampling sites were
distributed between the upper and lower reaches of the basin. Streamflow
and water-quality data were collected at 13 stream sites. Water-quality
data and depth profiles were collected at six lake sites. The
reconnaissance included measurement and evaluation of the following
selected characteristics: major chemicals, nutrients, fecal coliform
bacteria, phytoplankton, periphytic algae, benthic macroinvertebrates,
primary productivity, and stream community diversity. (USGS)

Terrill, J. K. and Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology (1982). South Lake
Tahoe quadrangle : land use map. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau of Mines and
Geology.

Theodore J. Wirth Associates and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972).
Report and draft environmental impact statement for the Lake Tahoe plan
and effectuating ordinances, Theodore J. Wirth Associates: 115 p.

Thomas, H. E. and E. V. Goldsmith (1945). The Shasta, Sierra, Lassen,
Tahoe, and Donner strawberries. Berkeley, CA, Agricultural Experiment
Station.

Thomas, D. F. (1985). The use of sheep to control competing vegetation
in conifer plantations on the Downieville Ranger District, Tahoe
National Forest: 1981-1984. .

Thomas, W. H., B. C. Cho, et al. (1991). Phytoplankton and Bacterial
Production and Biomass in Subalpine Eastern Brook Lake, Sierra Nevada,
California. II. Comparison with Other High-Elevation Lakes. Arctic and
Alpine Research ATLPAV 23(3): 296-302.\
In ice-free seasons, phytoplankton production in subalpine Eastern Brook
Lake, Sierra Nevada, California, ranged from 11.9 to 61.4 microgm C/L/d.
Integrated production ranged from 40 to 235 mg C/sq m/d and yearly
values would be 23.8 gm C/sq m/yr (1986) and 22.4 gm C/sq m/yr (1987).
These values were in the middle ranges of those for other
north-temperate, high-elevation lakes. Photosynthetic efficiencies were
0.016 to 0.103% and were similar to those in other subalpine lakes.
Near-surface chlorophyll (ice-free season) ranged from 1.46 to 2.62
microgm/L but approached 25 microgm/L under the ice (winter 1987).
Ice-free seasonal chlorophyll values in Eastern Brook Lake were similar
to those for other Sierra Nevada lakes except Lake Tahoe (lower values),
but were generally higher than estimated values for other lakes.
Dominant genera (ice-free season) were Chlorella and Disphora. Other
genera were dominant in other lakes. Under the ice (1987) a massive
bloom of the Chrysophyte Dinobryon occurred; a similar winter bloom was
reported for a Colorado lake. Bacterial production ranged from 3 to 19
microgm C/L/d and was similar to that in Austrian alpine lakes, but
greater than that for a Norwegian mountain lake. In contrast with other
mountain lakes, nutrients were rarely detectable in Eastern Brook Lake
and the biota must depend on regeneration. It was concluded that Eastern
Brook Lake is oligotrophic, no ultraoligotrophic. (See also W92-01416)
(Author's abstract)

Thomas Houseworth & Company (1872). Pacific coast scenery. San
Francisco, CA, Thomas Houseworth & Company.

Thomasson, K. (1962). Planktological Notes From Western North America.
Arkiv For Botanik, Series 4(14): 437-463.\
Ranging form lake tahoe to lakes in the jasper national park, accessible
by public transportation, were visited and phytoplankton recorded. these
included lake tahoe, crater lake, lake brietenbush in the mt. hood
national forest, grand teton lakes, yellowstone lake, two medicine lake,
watertown lake, lakes in banff national park, and in the jasper national
park. the occurrence of tabellaria teilingii in the grand teton national
park lakes is mentioned. the abundant occurrence of ducellieria chodatii
in the plankton of some shallow lakes in the canadian rockies is also
noteworthy. among the desmids there are some plants which are
interesting from a phytogeographical as well as a taxonomical point of
view. the phytoplankton of western north american lakes which were
visited seems to be definitely boreal. there are few endemic
boreo-american phytoplankters to be found, e.g., stephanodiscus
niagarae, peridinium volzii f. vancouvererense, and staurastrum natator
v. rhomboideum. only lake tahoe seems to differ entirely from a
phytogeographical perspective; it has a plankton community related to
the lake communities in the eastern united states. the eastern united
states have a very rich algal flora, particularly desmids, due to the
presence of a phytogeographical element characterized as neotropical.
(jones-wisconsin)

Threlkeld, S. T. (1981). The Recolonization of Lake Tahoe by Bosmina
Longirostris: Evaluating the Importance of Reduced Mysis Relicta
Populations. Limnology and Oceanography 26(3): 433-444.\
Bosmina longirostris reappeared in Lake Tahoe after an absence of more
than three years. Demographic analyses and feeding experiments suggested
that predation by Mysis relicta, which was introduced to the lake, may
have been responsible for Bosmina's decline and disappearance. Bosmina
reappeared when there was a reduction in Mysis relicta from about 380/sq
m. Other factors including biological and physical influences may have
had more to do with the reappearance of Bosmina than the reduction in
Mysis. Considerable annual variation occurs in Lake Tahoe plankton
dynamics, predator assemblages, and in interactions between the littoral
and pelagial. Bosmina may have been reintroduced by wind-induced
advection from Emerald Bay. (Small-FRC)

Threlkeld, S. T. (1983). Empty loricas and the dynamics of Kellicottia
longispina in a subalpine, oligotrophic lake. Biology Of Rotifers -
Third International Rotifer Symposium, Uppsala, Sweden.\
The seasonal dynamics of K. longispina in Lake Tahoe and an isolated
embayment of Lake Tahoe, Emerald Bay, were investigated for an 18-month
period in 1977-79. Population birth and death rates were similar in the
two systems, although productivity and Mysis relicta densities were
higher in Emerald Bay. The timing of population changes was also
similar. A major population increase in late winter 1978 was preceded by
an increase in egg ratio; the subsequent spring decline of K. longispina
was concurrent with decreased birth rates and increased death rates.
Empty loricas of K. longispina were occasionally abundant in the
plankton samples and seemed to result from K. longispina deaths when
densities were high and when egg ratios were declining; it is possible
that population senescence was responsible for the high densities of
empty loricas observed. A potentially important predator, M. relicta ,
defecates K. longispina remains in compact fecal pellets; however, it is
unlikely that the observed empty loricas resulted from Mysis -related
deaths.

Threlkeld, S. T. and J. A. Harrington, Jr. (1985). Contributions of
satellite remote sensing to analysis of spatial variability in
zooplankton distributions. Hydrobiologia 127(1): 3-8.\
Zooplankton populations in Lake Tahoe and other large lakes often
exhibit considerable variability due to changing predator assemblages
and interactions between littoral and pelagial regions. Wind-induced
advection of Emerald Bay populations of Bosmina longirostris into Lake
Tahoe was hypothesized to be the mechanisms for Bosmina's reappearance
in the main body of that lake in late 1978 following an absence of more
than three years (Threlkeld 1981). LANDSAT satellite imagery is examined
here to determine if a significant spatial-temporal interaction in water
quality in Emerald Bay and Lake Tahoe consistent ith this hypothesis
occurred during the period when Bosmina reappeared. Densitometer
measurements of LANDSAT MSS band 4 and 5 images were compared by ANOVA;
significant station-season interactions weredetected, and enlarged
LANDSAT film images revealed plumes, streaks and other surface features
which may have been associated with the hypothesized mixing events in
Lake Tahoe. A major limitation of this method is the need for
pre-flyover "water truth" data for interpretation of detectable surface
features.

Tilzer, M. M., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1975). The Efficiency of
Photosynthetic Light Energy Utilization by Lake Phytoplankton.
Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 19: 800-807.\
Eight lakes of different trophic state and latitude were compared for
degree of overall photosynthetic efficiency as measured by annual means
as well as seasonal fluctuations. The study utilized data collected by
different investigators in tropical Lake Chad (Africa), highly
productive lakes Wingra and Sammamish (U.S.), shallow and very
productive Loch Leven (Scotland) and Clear Lake (U.S.), less productive
and transparent sub-alpine Lake Tahoe and Castle Lake (U.S.), and
alpineVorderer Finstertaler See (Austria). The latter two have thick,
light-absorbing ice covers in winter. Efficiencies range from 0.035 to
3% and are mainly controlled by events in the upper layers where light
energy inputs are high. Biomass concentrations per unit volume have the
greatest effects on efficiency by influencing the percentage of total
light which is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments. In oligotrophic
lakes photosynthesis per unit of biomass is controlled by both abiotic
and biotic factors and governs the seasonal efficiency fluctuation,
while in densely populated lakes biomass changes are most important. In
extremely turbid lakes, as well as in transparent lakes with extremely
low populations, efficiency fluctuations are controlled by variations of
total light attenuations, since limitation by plant light attenuation is
most pronounced here. (Harris-Wisconsin)

Tilzer, M. M., C. R. Goldman, et al. (1976). Influence of Sediment
Inflow in Phytoplankton Primary Productivity in Lake Tahoe
(California-Nevada). Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie
61(2): 169-181.\
The effects of both dissolved and particulate allochthonous materials on
phytoplankton primary productivity were studies under conditions of
reduced underwater light intensities and higher nutrient concentrations
in a Lake Tahoe sediment plume during maximum spring runoff. Nutrient
concentrations in the plume increased in proportion to sediment density
whereas light transmission of the water was reduced with little effect
on the spectral composition except for red light. Comparison with clear
lake water conditions showed that light inhibition of photosynthesis at
the lake surface was less pronounced in the plume than in clear water
and light limitation occurred more rapidly in deeper layers. Lake
experiments and laboratory bioassay results suggested that iron had the
greatest stimulatory effect on both photosynthetic activity and biomass
growth at maximum sediment densities. It was concluded that: (1)
Increased turbidity reduces integral photosynthesis though this effect
is diminished by less surface light inhibition, (2) increased nutrient
inputs lead to higher primary productivity, and (3) the effects of
combined sediment and nutrients inputs is dependent on the increase of
the biomass relative to the increase of non-living seston in influencing
the portion of underwater light which is absorbed and utilized by the
photosynthetic pigments of the algae. (Luedtke-Wisconsin)

Tilzer, M. M., H. W. Paerl, et al. (1977). Sustained viability of
aphotic phytoplankton in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada). .

Tilzer, M. M. and C. R. Goldman (1978). Importance of mixing, thermal
stratification and light adaptation for phytoplankton productivity in
Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada). Ecology 59(4): 810-821.\
Lake Tahoe is highly transparent (Secchi readings 20-42 metres) and
never freezes over. Deep mixing throughout its 500-metre water column
occurred in March 1974 and 1975. Between June and Oct 1974, a distinct
epilimnion of 15- to 30-metre thickness existed. Phytoplankton, which is
dominated by diatoms, showed no significant vertical shifts in species
composition. Chlorophyll a concentrations were highest at the bottom of
the trophogenic zone (75-100 m) during thermal stratification. Maximum
photosynthetic rates were observed at greater depths during winter
mixing of the lake than during thermal stratification. At a defined
light-saturated photosynthetic rate, integral photosynthesis in general
was enhanced during thermal stratification relative to levels attained
during lake mixing.

Tilzer, M. M. (1978). Predictions of Productivity Changes in Lake Tahoe
at Increasing Phytoplankton Biomass. 20th Congress, Internationale
Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, Copenhagen,
Denmark.\
Regression analysis applied to primary productivity parameters monitored
in 1974 in ultraoligotrophic Lake Tahoe (California, Nevada) facilitated
predictions of changes in phytoplankton photosynthesis which would
accompany increasing phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a) with
eutrophication of the lake. Photosynthetic profiles would become
compressed vertically but photosynthetic rates per unit volume would
rise. An increment of chlorophyll-a from 0.1 to 10 mg/cu m would lead to
only a 14-fold increase in average photosynthetic rates in the
trophogenic zone, and due to self-shading integral photosynthesis would
rise by no more than 80%. With increased phytoplankton biomass, light
extinction would increase rapidly, but nonplant light extinction would
also rise with enrichment of detritus, bacteria, zooplankton, and
dissolved organic matter. A shift toward green in lake color would
decrease light extinction, as would an increase in average phytoplankter
size. At present maximum winter concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen, the
main limiting nutrient, are extremely low (13 mg/cu m); since increases
which may be significant for phytoplankton growth are hardly detectable;
primary productivity has been used as a measure of changes over the past
18 years, during which productivity has increased about 60%. Data from
other lakes are included for comparison. (Lynch-Wisconsin)

Tilzer, M. M. and A. J. Horne (1979). Diel patterns of phytoplankton
productivity and extracellular release in ultra-oligotrophic Lake Tahoe.
Int. Rev. Gesamt. Hydrobiol. 64(2): 157-176.\
Phytoplankton in Lake Tahoe is dominated by diatoms and chrysophytes.
High water transparency permits photosynthesis to a maximum depth of
over 100 m. Average annual primary production rates in the entire
trophogenic zone are 0.5-0.6 g C/mSUP-3/year. Nutrient concentrations
and biomass parameters showed little diel variation. Photosynthesis in
mixed water columns decreased in the afternoon. This decline can be
attributed to inactivation of algae by overoptimal light during mid-day
hours. As the summer season progressed, algae became adapted to
highlight intensities and thus were less susceptible to light
inhibition. Extracellular release by algae averaged 12.57.4% of
assimilated carbon without significant vertical differences. Damage of
cells by light thus can be excluded. Respiratory losses overnight
comprised at least 30% of the carbon assimilated during the preceding
day. Integral photosynthesis showed a logarithmic relationship to
incident light which can be used to predict daily production rates from
mid-day incubation with an error of well below 10%.

Todd, A. H. and J. Rector (1984). State/Federal Relationships in Water
Quality Management on the National Forests in California. Options for
Reaching Water Quality Goals, Twentieth Annual Conference of the
American Water Resources Association Symposium, Washington, D.C.\
Much of the water produced in California originates on lands managed by
the United States Forest Service (USFS). As a result, the National
Forests play an increasing role in providing high quality water for
public demands. A framework of cooperative responsibility for control of
nonpoint sources of pollution between the USFS and State Water Resources
Control Board has been established to meet the guidelines of the Clean
Water Act (Section 208). A discussion of the institutional setting in
which Federal and State planning is conducted, decisions are made, and
conflicts are realized or resolved with regard to meeting water quality
goals. How Forest Service water quality management guidelines and Best
Management Practices are integrated with the review process of the
National Environmental Policy Act is also described.

Townley, J. M. (1980). The Pyramid Lake-Newlands Project Controversy,
1903-1926, Nevada Historical Society and University of Nevada, Reno,
NV.\
Historical records were used to study the Newlands Project, Nevada's
initial Federal reclamation project, during the period 1903 through
1926. Since 1903 there has been controversy over the allotment of
Truckee River water among users. In 1923 the Bureau of Reclamation
turned over operational control of the project to the locally directed
Truckee-Carson Irrigation District. Early U.S. Department of Interior
actions to supply water to the Newlands Projectand the effect on Pyramid
Lake, now the Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation, were studied. Records
from newspapers, archival collections, and various Federal agencies were
used to investigate the problems encountered in construction of the
Truckee-Carson Project, the struggle for control of Lake Tahoe as a
storage reservoir, and the treatment of the Paiute as a homesteader on
the project. From this historical study three publications were prepared
that will probably be consulted when the litigation concerning the
Truckee-Carson Irrigation District, the Pyramid Lake Pauite Reservation,
and the water users of the Truckee and Carson Rivers is examined in
Federal court. The study shows that original estimates of potentially
reclaimable acreage were high and the actual 60,000 acres reclaimed are
not enough to economically justify the creation of the project. Failure
to purchase control of the Tahoe City dam forced up land prices in the
reclamation district from \$22/acre to over \$100/acre. The Paiute
Indians lost approximately 30,000 acres, were excluded from entry within
the project, and were isolated on a reservation with no consideration of
Winters Doctrine rights. (Seigler-IPA)

Trexler, D. T. and Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology (1979). South Lake
Tahoe quadrangle: earthquake hazards map. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau of
Mines & Geology.

Trimm, M. and Mountain-Valley Library System (1977). Lake Tahoe, a
bibliography : its history, natural history and travel guides : with
holding locations for Sierra Libraries Information Consortium,
Mountain-Valley Library System, Sacramento, CA.

Tunzi, M. G. and D. B. Porcella (1974). Carbon-14 assimilation,
chlorophyll, and particulate organic matter in steady state systems at
Lake Tahoe. \[Algal gro wth\]. .

Tuohy, D. R., W. Jerrems, et al. (1994). A pottery jar from Lake Tahoe,
Placer County, California. Berkeley, CA, California Indian Library
Collections \[distributor\].

Twiss, R. H. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1976). Housing policy
evaluation : \[draft\]. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Tahoe Regional Planning
Agency.

Twiss, R. H. (1987). Regional Environmental Thresholds and Impact
Assessment. The International Symposium on Environmental Impact
Assessment, Beijing, China.\
Evaluation of certain critical environmental impacts requires
information on the regional environmental context. Further, the
assessment of regional and community plans (as opposed to individual
projects) can be extremely difficult because of the lack of specificity
of the plans, the lack of regional environmental information, and the
need for improved planning methods. In the Lake Tahoe Basin of
California (an area of some 1,360 sq. km), regional development is being
planned and controlled on the basis of a rigorous framework of
environmental information and planning tools. The creation of
"Environmental Threshold Carrying Capacities" has greatly aided the
review and testing of plans and project proposals. This paper briefly
describes the technical aspects of the unique planning system now in
use, in terms of its various components: legal and institutional
structure, land and resource inventories, environmental modeling, land
capability mapping, the establishment of environmental thresholds,
monitoring and enforcement. The accounting system being developed to
evaluate planning proposals is presented, with special reference to the
planning format, information needs, and the use of a geo-based
information system in assessing environmental impacts. Special reference
is made to the need to be able to relate assessment of individual
projects and community plans to regional constraints.

U.S. Coast Geodetic Survey (1930). United States, California\--Nevada,
Lake Tahoe. Washington, D.C., U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

U.S. Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1985). Proposed
land and resource management plan : Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit,
USDA, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.

U.S. Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1985). Draft
environmental impact statement : land and resource management plan :
Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, USDA, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific
Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA: 461.

U.S. Geological Survey Reclamation Service (1905). Truckee - Carson
Project, Nevada. \[Reno, Nevada?\], U.S. Geological Survey Reclamation
Service.

U.S. Geological Surveys West of the 100th Meridian (1881). Topographical
map of Lake Tahoe region, Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada.
Washington, D.C., U.S. Geological Surveys West of the 100th Meridian.

U.S. Public Health Service and United States Bureau of Reclamation
(1964). Water quality control study, American River-Tahoe Basin
diversions, California ; a preliminary evaluation of effects on water
quality and water use, Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, San
Francisco, CA.

Unger, C. D. and California Air Resources Board - Planning Division
(1979). Meteorology and air quality in the Tahoe basin, California Air
Resources Board - Planning Division, Sacramento, CA.

United States (1965). A Bill to Promote the Preservation, For the Public
Use and Benefit, Of Certain Portions Of the Shoreline Areas Of the
United States, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.\
Actions aimed at establishing national shoreline recreation areas and
federal assistance for state-administered shoreline recreation areas are
authorized in this bill. the secretary of the interior is directed to
investigate what actions are required to preserve the following
shoreline areas: (1) cumberland island, georgia; (2) huron mountains,
michigan; (3) channel islands, california; (4) fire island, new york;
(5) cape flattery, washington; (6) leadbetter point, washington; (7)
mosquito lagoon, florida; (8) pigeon point, minnesota; (9) popham-saint
john, maine; (10) parramoure island, virginia; (11) great salt lake,
utah; (12) lake tahoe, nevada-california; (13) smith island, north
carolina; and (14) the shores of hawaii. within two years findings shall
be submitted to congress as to: (1) actions needed to preserve such
areas; (2) acquisition and development costs; (3) land procurable
through donation; (4) recreational suitability; and (5) scenic,
scientific, historic, and recreational values. to assist state
acquisition and preservation, the secretary may pay one-half the
purchase price of state-administered shoreline recreation areas. the
secretary of agriculture shall investigate the suitability of national
forest lands as shoreline recreation areas.

United States (1971). Wastewater Reclamation, National Industrial
Pollution Control Council, Washington, D.C. (Avail from U.S. G.P.O.,
Washington, D.C.).\
Gross withdrawals of water will exceed the ultimate supply of 650
billion gallons per day shortly after 1980. technology needed to recycle
wastewater is currently available, as evidenced by south tahoe
wastewater district. both industry and agriculture are already
practicing limited reuse by treating some of their wastewaters to
suitable levels and reusing them in places where a low-quality effluent
can be tolerated. however, there are 8 major areas in which progress
must be made before wastewater recycling will gain in popularity on a
large scale. these progress needs are: (1) development of definitive
public health and process engineering design criteria for total use of
reclaimed water; (2) development of advanced monitoring and controlling
instrumentation and techniques; (3) development of improved pollutant
reuse methods; (4) initiation of a feasibility study of wastewater
reclamation on a regional scale; (5) continuation of feasibility and
pilot studies on wastewater desalting; (6) establishment of an inventory
of water demands and sources according to user quantity and quality
requirements; (7) determination of values of reclaimed waters for
innovative uses; and (8) initiation of a program of public education on
the need for water reclamation. (lowry-texas)

United States (1972). Environmental Problems Of the Lake Tahoe Basin,
Hearing Subcomm. On Air And Water Pollution Comm. On Public Works, U.S.
Senate, 92d Cong, 2d Sess. 21: 31.\
This hearing took extensive testimony and documentary evidence on every
aspect of the ecosystem of the lake tahoe region; the text of inquiries
concerning the region, and committee reports and studies on each aspect
are given. included are studies on hydrology and water resources, water
distribution and water waste collection and the limnology and water
quality of the region. plans for continuation of existing regulatory
ordinances and implementation of others to regain the quality of this
region are discussed in each study. the tahoe regional planning agency
provided a contribution to the hearings. the planning agency has taken
some very strong stands. there are now in excess of 53 million dollars
in claims pending against the agency for regulation of land use. the
hearings are intended to resolve questions and to provide the immediate
information, legal and ecological, necessary to work toward the
preservation of lake tahoe. (smith-adam-florida)

United States (1981). Act to Grant the Consent of the Congress to the
Tahoe Regional Planning Compact, and to Authorize the Secretary of
Agriculture and Others to Cooperate with the Planning Agency Thereby
Created, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States (1981). An Act to Provide for the Orderly Disposal of
Certain Federal Lands in Nevada and for the Acquisition of Certain Other
Lands in the Lake Tahoe Basin, and for Other Purposes, U.S. G.P.O.,
Washington, D.C.

United States (1982). An Act to Authorize the Secretary of Agriculture
to Sell the Portion of the Tahoe National Forest Known as Blyth Arena,
U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States - Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (1973). Lake Tahoe, a
special place, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1982). Land
acquisition plan for the Lake Tahoe Basin (P.L. 96-586) : final
environmental impact statement, USDA Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin
Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

United States - Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Jhk & Associates, et al.
(1987). Waterborne transportation feasibility study. San Francisco, CA,
Jhk & Associates.

United States Army Corps of Engineers (1969). Flood plain information :
Upper Truckee River : South Lake Tahoe, California, United States Army
Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, CA.

United States Army Corps of Engineers and El Dorado County (1969). Flood
plain information, Trout and Bijou Creeks, South Lake Tahoe, California
: prepared for El Dorado County, United States Army Corps of Engineers,
Sacramento, CA.

United States Army Corps of Engineers (1971). Flood plain information :
Truckee River, Tahoe City, California, United States Army Corps of
Engineers, Sacramento, CA.

United States Bureau of Outdoor Recreation - Pacific Southwest Region
(1971). Lake Tahoe : strategies to save a lake, United States Bureau of
Outdoor Recreation - Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.

United States Bureau of Reclamation and United States Army Corps of
Engineers (1957). Reconnaissance appraisal of possible ways to relieve
flood damage around Lake Tahoe, United States Bureau of Reclamation,
Sacramento, CA.

United States Bureau of Reclamation and United States Army Corps of
Engineers (1959). Lake Tahoe operation studies, United States Bureau of
Reclamation, Sacramento, CA.

United States Bureau of Reclamation (1964). Lake Tahoe Basin,
California-Nevada : a reconnaissance appraisal of ways to develop a
supplemental water supply for Lake Tahoe Basin, United States Bureau of
Reclamation, Sacramento, CA.

United States Bureau of Reclamation (1972). Lake Tahoe Basin,
California-Nevada : status report, United States Bureau of Reclamation,
Sacramento, CA.

United States Bureau of the Census (1970). Tahoe City, unincorporated,
Placer Co., California : \[showing 1970 census districts\]. Washington,
D.C., U.S. Bureau of the Census.

United States Bureau of the Census (1970). Map of the city of South Lake
Tahoe, El Dorado County, California : \[showing 1970 census districts\].
Washington, D.C., U.S. Bureau of the Census.

United States Civil Aeronautics Board (1978). Lake Tahoe service
investigation, United States Civil Aeronautics Board, Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - House Committee on Agriculture (1991).
Designation of the Lake Tahoe Basin National Forest : report (to
accompany H.R. 1058 \... referred jointly to the Committees on Interior
and Insular Affairs and Agriculture), U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
(1980). Providing for the orderly disposal of certain Federal lands in
Nevada and for the acquisition of certain other lands in the Lake Tahoe
Basin, and for other purposes : report together with minority views to
accompany H.R. 7306, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
-Subcommittee on National Parks and Insular Affairs (1981). Legislative
history of the Lake Tahoe Preservation Act (H.R. 7306), U.S. G.P.O.,
Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - House Committee on Public Lands (1937).
Providing for the acquisitions of lands for the Tahoe National Forest
and for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U. S. G.P.O.,
Washington, D.C.\
Hearings \... Seventy-sixth Congress, first session, on S. 2583, to
provide for the acquisition of certain lands for and the addition
thereof to the Tahoe National Forest, in the state of Nevada, and the
acquisition of certain other lands for the completion of the acquisition
of the remaining lands within the limits of the Great Smoky Mountains
National Park, in East Tennessee. August 13, 1937

United States Congress - House Committee on Public Works/Subcommittee on
Rivers and Harbors (1966). Water pollution hearings on South Lake Tahoe,
Calif. Hearings, Eighty-ninth Congress, second session. Washington,
D.C., U.S. GPO.

United States Congress - House Committee on the Judiciary (1969). Tahoe
regional planning compact. Hearings, Ninety-first Congress, first
session \... November 12, 1969, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - House Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee
on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations (1981). Tahoe regional
planning compact : hearing before the Subcommittee on Administrative Law
and Governmental Relations of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of
Representatives, Ninety-scixth Congress, second session, on H.R. 8235
\... November 13, 1980, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - Senate Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources (1980). Lake Tahoe Basin : report together with additional
views (to accompany H.R. 7306), U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - Senate Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources (1982). Sale of Blyth Arena, Tahoe National Forest, Calif. :
report (to accompany H.R. 2863), U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - Senate Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources - Subcommittee on Parks/Recreation/Renewable Resources (1981).
Lake Tahoe scenic area : hearing before the Subcommittee on Parks,
Recreation, and Renewable Resources of the Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, second
session, on H.R. 7306 \... Incline Village, Nev., October 13, 1980, U.S.
G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - Senate Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources - Subcommittee on Water and Power (1990).
Truckee-Carson-Pyramid Lake Water Rights Settlement Act : hearing before
the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress,
second session, on S. 1554 \... February 6, 1990, U.S. G.P.O.,
Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - Senate Committee on Interior and Insular
Affairs (1981). Authorizing the secretary of agriculture to sell the
portion of the Tahoe National Forest known as Blythe Arena : report (to
accompany H.R. 2863) (including cost estimate of the Congressional
Budget Office), U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - Senate Committee on Public Works - Subcommittee
on Air and Water Pollution (1972). Environmentalproblems of the Lake
Tahoe Basin. Hearing, Ninety-second Congress, second session. August 21,
1972-Brockway, California, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

United States Congress - Senate Committee on the Judiciary (1969). Tahoe
regional planning compact : report \[to accompany S.118\], U.S. G.P.O.,
Washington, D.C.

United States Department Of Agriculture - Forest Service (1981). Land
Acquisition Plan For The Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada, California, U.S.
Forest Service, California Department of Agriculture, San Francisco, CA:
116.\
PURACQUISITION OF 29,450 ACRES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE LANDS WITHIN
THE 205,520-ACRE LAKE TAHOE BASIN IN EL DORADO AND PLACER COUNTIES,
CALIFORNIA AND WASHOE AND DOUGLAS COUNTIES AND CARSON CITY, NEVADA IS
PROPOSED. ALL UNIMPROVED LANDS WITHIN THE BASIN THAT ARE IDENTIFIED
UNDER A BROAD DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE WOULD BE ELIGIBLE
FOR ACQUISITION. EMPHASIS WOULD BE PLACED ON ACQUIRING THOSE LANDS THAT,
IF DEVELOPED, REPRESENT THE GREATEST THREAT TO WATER QUALITY IN LAKE
TAHOE. LAND WOULD BE RANKED BY RELATIVE SENSITIVITY TO DISTURBANCE. AN
11-TIERED SENSITIVITY HEIRARCHY HAS BEEN DEVELOPED THAT EXTENDS FROM
STREAM ENVIRONMENT ZONES AND AREAS OF POOR NATURAL DRAINAGE, WHICH
CONSTITUTE THE MOST SENSITIVE LAND, TO AREAS MODIFIED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY
WITHIN ZONES FOR COMMERCIAL OR TOURIST PURPOSES. THE COST OF ACQUISITION
OF TARGETED LAND RANGES FROM \$58 MILLION TO \$237.6 MILLION. AT LEAST A
PORTION OF THE COST OF THE LAND WOULD BE PAID WITH FUNDS OBTAINED FROM
THE SALE OF PUBLIC LANDS IN CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA. POSDECREASES IN LAND
DISTURBANCES AND FEWER ADDITIONS TO THE AMOUNT OF AREA COVERED BY
IMPERVIOUS SURFACES WOULD IMPROVE WATER QUALITY. ACQUISITION OF THE
SENSITIVE LAND WOULD RESULT IN LESS DISTURBANCE OF SOILS AND DESTRUCTION
OF VEGETATION, MAINTENANCE OF NATURAL INFILTRATION RATES IMPORTANT TO
SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER INTERCHANGE, AND RESTORATION AND STABILIZATION
OF CURRENTLY DISTURBED AREAS. MORE HABITAT WOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
WILDLIFE, AND SHORE ZONE AREAS THAT PROVIDE HABITAT FOR THE ENDANGERED
TAHOE YELLOW CRESS WOULD BE LESS LIKELY TO BE DISTURBED. OTHER
ENDANGERED SPECIES THAT WOULD BENEFIT FROM FEWER CONFLICTS WITH HUMAN
ACTIVITY WOULD INCLUDE GOSHAWKS, SPOTTED OWLS, BALD EAGLES, OSPREYS, AND
LAHONTAN CUTTHROAT TROUT. VISUAL, RECREATIONAL, AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
WOULD SUFFER FEWER DISTURBANCES. AIR QUALITY IN THE BASIN WOULD IMPROVE
DUE TO ELIMINATION OF POTENTIAL EMISSION SOURCES. NEGLAND ACQUIRED WOULD
BE REMOVED FROM THE COUNTY TAX BASE. FEWER PERSONS WOULD BE ABLE TO
LOCATE IN THE BASIN, RESULTING IN LESS LOCAL SUPPORT FOR TRANSPORTATION
METHODS DESIGNED TO CURB THE EMISSION OF POLLUTANTS, POORER
HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES, AND FEWER PRIVATE FEEDING PROVISIONS FOR
WILDLIFE IN TIMES OF STRESS. THE RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THE BASIN
WOULD DECLINE DUE TO PROHIBITION OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENT ON ACQUIRED
LANDS. THE NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK ALLOWED TO GRAZE WITHIN THE BASIN COULD
DECLINE. THE HIGH VALUE OF REAL ESTATE AND HIGH COST OF WATER QUALITY
PROTECTION PRACTICES WOULD CAUSE ECONOMIC HARDSHIPS FOR MANY COMMERCIAL
ESTABLISHMENTS. LEGSANTINI-BURTON ACT

United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Service (1981). Lake
Tahoe Basin Management Unit Land Management Plan, California and Nevada,
California Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, San Francisco,
CA.\
PURIMPLEMENTATION OF A LAND-MANAGEMENT PLAN IS PROPOSED FORTHE
136,871-ACRE LAKE TAHOE BASIN MANAGEMENT UNIT CONSISTING OF PORTIONS OF
ELDORADO, TAHOE, AND TOIYABE NATIONAL FORESTS IN EL DORADO, PLACER, AND
ALPINE COUNTIES, COLORADO AND CARSON CITY, WASHINGTON, AND DOUGLAS
COUNTIES, NEVADA. THE PREFERRED MANAGEMENT PLAN WOULD LIMIT RECREATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT TO LOW HAZARD LANDS IN FULLY SERVED AREAS OFFERING WATER
ORIENTATION. AREAS OUTSIDE THIS DEVELOPED CORE WOULD BE MANAGED FOR A
VARIETY OF RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES. A POTENTIAL SITE NEAR SPOONER
JUNCTION THAT IS NOT CURRENTLY SERVED BY SEWER INSTALLATIONS WOULD BE
DEVELOPED TO INCREASE THE LIMITED DEVELOPMENT POSSIBILITIES ON THE
EASTERN SHORE OF THE LAKE. EXISTING DEVELOPMENTS WOULD BE RETAINED
UNLESS SITE-SPECIFIC EVALUATIONS SHOWED THAT CHANGE OR REMOVAL WAS
WARRANTED. SKI DEVELOPMENT WOULD BE CONSIDERED ONLY AT SITES IN THE
EXISTING FULL SERVICE AREAS THAT ARE EASILY SERVED BY PUBLIC TRANSIT.
THE DARDANELLES WITHIN THE LAKE TAHOE BASIN WOULD BE MANAGED FOR
PRIMITIVE RECREATION, WHILE THE DARDANELLES OUTSIDE THE BASIN WOULD BE
MANAGED FOR SEMIPRIMITIVE RECREATION. THE PORTION OF THE DARDANELLES
WITHIN THE ELDORADO NATIONAL FOREST WOULD BE CONSIDERED FOR WILDERNESS
STATUS, AND THE FREEL AREA WOULD BE MANAGED AS A ROADLESS AREA, WITH
SOME MOTORIZED ACCESS ALLOWED DURING THE WINTER. LINCOLN CREEK AND
PYRAMID WOULD BE MANAGED FOR A VARIETY OF LOW-INTENSITY DISPERSED
RECREATION USES WITH EMPHASIS ON NONMOTORIZED RECREATION. TIMBER HARVEST
WOULD BE ALLOWED ONLY AS NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN OR ENHANCE RECREATION AND
OTHER RESOURCE VALUES. PRESCRIBED BURNING WOULD BE ALLOWED TO TREAT
INACCESSIBLE LANDS. ONLY 1.25 MILES OF ROAD AND 0.5 MILES OF SEWER AND
POWER LINES WOULD BE INSTALLED IN THE AREA YEARLY. ANNUAL COST OF
MAINTAINING THE BASIN UNIT UNDER THE PREFERRED PLAN IS ESTIMATED AT
\$2.7 MILLION IN 1975 DOLLARS. POSTHE PLAN WOULD PROVIDE AN ULTIMATE
SUMMER CAPACITY ON EXISTING NATIONAL FOREST LAND FOR 6,670 OVERNIGHT
USERS AND 13,500 DAY USERS, AN INCREASE OVER THE PRESENT CAPACITY OF
2,125 AND 6,955 RESPECTIVELY. SKI DEVELOPMENTS WOULD INCREASE SKIER
CAPACITY FROM 10,700 VISITORS TO 28,700 VISITORS. ROADLESS AREA
CAPAICITY WOULD PROVIDE FOR 1,745 WILDERNESS VISITORS AND 9,940
NONWILDERNESS VISITORS. A TOTAL OF 21,300 ACRES OF WILDERNESS WOULD BE
PRESERVED, AND AN ADDITIONAL 13,600 ACRES COULD BE PRESERVED.
NEGMANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES WOULD DEGRADE VISUAL QUALITY ON 16 PERCENT OF
THE MANAGEMENT AREA AND, IN COMBINATION WITH ACTIONS BY VISITORS, WOULD
DAMAGE CULTURAL SITES. DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES
WOULD DISTURB AND DISPLACE WILDLIFE AND DISRUPT FISHERY RESOURCES. LANDS
MANAGED AS WILDERNESS WOULD BE REMOVED FROM USE AS RANGE BY LIVESTOCK
RANCHERS, AND COMMERCIAL TIMBER ACTIVITIES WOULD BE PROHIBITED ON
WILDERNESS LANDS. PRESCRIBED BURNING ACTIVITIES WOULD DEGRADE AIR
QUALITY IN LOCAL AREAS FOR SHORT PERIODS. LEGNATIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT
ACT OF 1976

United States Employment Training Administration and Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory - Physics/Computer Science/Mathematics Division (1982).
Report 3, social indicators for planning and evaluation, 1980 census of
population. South Lake Tahoe City, California. Springfield, VA, National
Technical Information Service: iv, 30 p.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (1971). Eutrophication Of
Surface Waters\--Lake Tahoe Indian Creek Reservoir, Environmental
Protection Agency, Lake Tahoe Area Council.\
The water impounded at indian creek reservoir was approximately
one-third surface runoff and direct precipitation and two-thirds
reclaimed water exported from south tahoe public utility district plant.
during 1969 to 1971 field and laboratory studies determined the temporal
changes and relationships between water quality characteristics of
indian creek reservoir and those of the reclaimed water. reclaimed water
contained 0.01 to 0.04 mg/l phosphorus and more than 15 mg/l ammonia.
initially the reservoir would not support fish life, but as the
reservoir matured, ammonia levels declined to less tha 4 mg/l and by
1970 it was an excellent trout fishery. approximately 70% of the ammonia
nitrogen was lost to the atmosphere by nitrification-denitrification.
good biological productivity indicated access to other phosphorus
sources, probably runoff. relative to conductivity and chemical
components the water is of good irrigation quality. bioassays showed
growth stimulating ability of reservoir water to exceed that of
reclaimed water. various parameters showed that the reservoir responds
to more complex factors than those measurable in the reclaimed waste
water, raising the question of optimum water treatment for recreational
impoundments.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Nevada Environmental
Protection Services, et al. (1978). Report on Lake Tahoe, Carson City,
Douglas, and Washoe Counties, Nevada, El Dorado and Placer Counties,
California : EPA Region IX, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Environmental Monitoring & Support Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (1979). Environmental
impact statement : South Tahoe Public Utilities District and Douglas
County Sewer Improvement District No.1 proposed wastewater treatment
facilities : El Dorado and Alpine Counties, California and Douglas
County, Nevada, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, CA.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (1981). Technical
appendices : appendix A : comments on DEIS : final environmental impact
statement : South Tahoe Public Utility District and Douglas County Sewer
Improvement District No. 1, El Dorado and Alpine Counties, California
and Douglas County, Nevada. San Francisco, CA, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Sedway Cooke &
Associates, et al. (1981). Technical appendices : appendix B :
mitigation program : final environmental impact statement : South Tahoe
Public Utility District and Douglas County Sewer Improvement District
No. 1, El Dorado and Alpine Counties, California and Douglas County,
Nevada. San Francisco, CA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, South Tahoe Public
Utility District, et al. (1981). Final environmental impact statement :
wastewater treatment facilities, South Shore Lake Tahoe Basin, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX, San Francisco, CA.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, South Tahoe Public
Utility District, et al. (1981). Wastewater treatment facilities, South
Shore Lake Tahoe basin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX,
San Francisco, CA.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (1981). Technical
appendices : draft environmental impact statement : South Tahoe Public
Utilities District and Douglas County Sewer Improvement District No. 1,
proposed wastewater treatment facilities, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Region, I. X., San Francisco, CA.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, South Tahoe Public
Utility District, et al. (1981). South Tahoe Public Utilities District
and Douglas County Sewer Improvement District No. 1 proposed wastewater
treatment facilities : El Dorado and Alpine Counties, California and
Douglas County, Nevada : draft environmental impact statement, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX, San Francisco, CA.

United States Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Technology
Transfer (1969). Wastewater purification at Lake Tahoe, Environmental
Protection Agency, Technology Transfer, Washington, D.C.

United States Federal Insurance Administration (1978). Flood insurance
study : city of South Lake Tahoe, California, EL Dorado County, Dept. of
Housing and Urban Development, Federal Insurance Administration,
Washington, D.C.

United States Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (1966). .
Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the Interstate Waters of Lake
Tahoe and its Tributaries, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D.C.

United States Forest Service and United States Geological Survey (1910).
Collection of U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Geological Survey maps of
national forest areas in California.

United States Forest Service (1963). Lake Tahoe area :
Eldorado-Tahoe-Toiyabe national forests, California and Nevada.
Washington, D.C., U.S. Forest Service.

United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971).
Soils of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide for planning, Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971).
Scenic analyses of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide to planning, Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
Technical Committee (1971). Hydrology and water resources of Lake Tahoe
region : a guide fo r planning, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South
Lake Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
Technical Committee (1971). Fisheries of Lake Tahoe and its tributary
waters; a guide to planning, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake
Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971).
Climate and air quality of the Lake Tahoe region; a guide to planning,
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971).
Wildlife of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide for planning, Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1971).
Lake Tahoe basin : land capabilities. California, U.S. Forest Service.

United States Forest Service (1972). Lake Tahoe basin land suitabilities
planning guide map. California, U.S. Forest Service.

United States Forest Service (1973). Proposed general plan for
management of national forest lands in the Lake Tahoe basin - Lake Tahoe
Basin Management Unit (portions of the Eldorado, Tahoe, and Toiyabe
National Forests) : environmental statement, United States Forest
Service, Washington, D.C.

United States Forest Service (1976). USDA-Forest Service environmental
statement : land use plan, Truckee-Little Truckee Rivers Planning Unit,
Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tahoe National Forest, Toiyabe
National Forest.

United States Forest Service (1978). Trails of the Lake Tahoe basin :
Lake Tahoe Visitor Center, Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Washington, D.C.

United States Forest Service (1978). Birds of the Lake Tahoe Basin,
Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.

United States Forest Service (1978). Trees of the Lake Tahoe Basin,
Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.

United States Forest Service - California Region (1917). Route map,
Plumas, Tahoe, and Eldorado National Forests, California. San Francisco,
CA, U.S. Forest Service, Region 5.

United States Forest Service - California Region (1919). Route map,
Plumas, Tahoe, and Eldorado National Forests, California. San Francisco,
CA, U.S. Forest Service, Region 5.

United States Forest Service - California Region (1973). General plan
for management of national forest lands in the Lake Tahoe basin, 1973 :
review draft, Forest Service, California Region, U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, San Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - California Region and Lake Tahoe Basin
Management Unit (1976). Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, California and
Nevada : 1976. San Francisco, CA, U.S. Forest Service.

United States Forest Service - California Region and Lake Tahoe Basin
Management Unit (1978). Land management plan, part I, USDA Forest
Service, California Region, San Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - California Region and Lake Tahoe Basin
Management Unit (1979). Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, California and
Nevada : 1979. San Francisco, CA, U.S. Forest Service.

United States Forest Service - Intermountain Region and United States
Forest Service - California Region (1962). Multiple use management plan
for National Forest lands : Lake Tahoe Basin. San Francisco, CA, U.S.
Forest Service, Region 5.

United States Forest Service - Intermountain Region and United States
Forest Service - California Region (1969). Multiple use management plan
for national forest lands in the Lake Tahoe Basin, Forest Service,
Region 4 and 5, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, San Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1976).
Environmental analysis report : proposed off-road recreational vehicle
plan, United States Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit,
South Lake Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (1988).
Land and resource management plan, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit,
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management
Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin Planning Team and Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency (1972). Lake Tahoe basin : planning for
environmental quality, United States Forest Service - Lake Tahoe Basin
Planning Team, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest, R. (1990).
Environmental impact statement for the Tahoe National Forest land and
resource management plan, 1990, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest
Region, San Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1978). Land
management plan, Lake Tahoe Basin management unit, U.S.D.A. Forest
Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and Geometronics
Service Center (1979). Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, California and
Nevada. San Francisco, CA, United States Forest Service - Pacific
Southwest Region.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1980). Summary
of the final environmental impact statement : Lake Tahoe Basin
Management Unit : land management plan, part 2, USDA Forest Service,
Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1980). Final
environmental impact statement : Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit : land
management plan, part 2, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region,
San Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1980). Final
environmental impact statement : Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit : land
management plan, part 2, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region,
San Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1985). Proposed
land and resource management plan : Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit,
USDA, Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South Lake
Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1985). Draft
environmental impact statement : land and resource management plan :
Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, USDA, Forest Service, Pacific
Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA: 461 p. in various pagings.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1988). Lake
Tahoe Basin management unit. South Lake Tahoe, CA, U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1988). Record
of decision, final environmental impact statement, land and resource
management plan, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco,
CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1988). Land and
resource management plan, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, USDA Forest
Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1988). Final
environmental impact statement, land and resource management plan, Lake
Tahoe Basin Management Unit, United States Forest Service - Pacific
Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1988). Overview
of the forest plan, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region (1990). Record
of decision : USDA Forest Service, final environmental impact statement
: Tahoe National Forest, land and resource management plan. San
Francisco, CA, Pacific Southwest Region, USDA Forest Service.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency (1994). East shore project : summary : Lake
Tahoe basin management unit, United States Forest Service - Pacific
Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA: 14.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and Lake Tahoe
Basin Management Unit (1978). Final environmental impact statement :
land management plan, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San
Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and Lake Tahoe
Basin Management Unit and Geometronics Service Center (1979). Lake Tahoe
Basin Management Unit, California and Nevada : 1979. San Francisco, CA,
United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and Lake Tahoe
Basin Management Unit (1988). Lake Tahoe Basin management unit, U.S.
Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San
Francisco, CA.

United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region and Lake Tahoe
Basin Management Unit and Geometronics Service Center (1992). Lake Tahoe
Basin Management Unit, California and Nevada : 1992. San Francisco, CA,
United States Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Region.

United States Geological Survey (1901). Lake Tahoe and vicinity :
California-Nevada, U.S. Geological Survey.

United States Geological Survey, N. B. o. M. a. Geology, et al. (1973).
South Lake Tahoe folio, slope map. Reno, NV, Nevada Bureau of Mines and
Geology.

United States Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit and United States Forest
Service Pacific Southwest Region (1994). Final environmental impact
statement : Tallac historic site master plan., United States Forest
Service Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA.

United States National Ocean Service and United States Federal Aviation
Administration (1989). Lake Tahoe Airport, South Lake Tahoe, California
: digitized from OC 5416, surveyed March 1989, 7th edition, United
States National Ocean Service, Corbin, VA.

United States National Ocean Service (1992). United States,
California\--Nevada, Lake Tahoe. Washington, D.C., National Ocean
Service.

United States National Park Service (1940). Map of the Comstock area.
Berkeley, CA, United States National Park Service.

United States Soil Conservation Service (1970). Snow load zones, Lake
Tahoe Basin : Alpine, El Dorado & Placer counties, California; Carson
City, Douglas & Washoe counties, Nevada. Portland, OR, United States
Soil Conservation Service.

United States. Forest Service and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1975).
Soils of the Lake Tahoe region : a guide for planning, Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency, South Lake Tahoe, CA.

Van Denburgh, A. S., R. D. Lamke, et al. (1973). A Brief Water-Resources
Appraisal Of the Truckee River Basin, Western Nevada, U.S. Geological
Survey, Carson City, NV.\
The study area for this water-resources appraisal in nevada lies at the
western edge of the great basin and encompasses 12 hydrographic areas
but excludes the lake tahoe basin. eleven of the areas are part of the
truckee river drainage basin, and the 12th, the fernley area, borders
the basin to the east. altitudes in the study area range from 10,778
feet atop mt. rose to 3,460 feet at the deepest point in pyramid lake
(depth, 335 feet). precipitation averages 5 to 10 inches per year at
lower altitudes, and more than 40 inches in the higher mountain areas.
within the truckee river basin in 1969, 43,000 acre-feet of water was
withdrawn for domestic, public-supply, and industrial use. about 70% of
the total is obtained from the truckee river and hunter creek. the
remainder, about 12,000 acre-feet per year, is pumped from wells. the
greatest groundwater withdrawal is made to supply the reno-sparks
municipal system. groundwater ranges from dilute (specific conductance
less than about 600 micromhos, dominated by calcium, sodium, and
bicarbonate) in and near recharge areas and near streams, to saline
(more than 5,000 micromhos, dominated by sodium and chloride) in the
lowest, downgradient areas. the quality of surface waters deteriorates
in a downstream direction, culminating in the saline waters of pyramid
lake (about 5,000 mg per liter of dissolved solids) and fernley sink
(more than 50,000 mg per liter). (woodard-usgs)

Van Etten, C. (1985). Prewar wood : speedboats of Lake Tahoe, 1910-1941.
Tahoe City, CA, Sierra Maritime Pub.

Van Etten, C. (1987). Tahoe City yesterdays. Tahoe City, CA, Sierra
Maritime Publications.

Van Seters, P. (1989). Magnificent Places: Public Efforts to Protect
Natural Resources, University Of California, Berkeley.\
This dissertation is a socio-legal comparative case study of three
government agencies dealing with matters of land use and environmental
protection: the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development
Commission (BCDC), the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA), and the
California Coastal Zone Conservation Commission (CCZCC), later renamed
California Coastal Commission (CCC). BCDC, TRPA and CC(ZC)C represent a
new breed of administrative organizations that brought about what is
commonly referred to as the "quiet revolution in land use control." The
innovative quality of these new agencies appears most prominently in the
following characteristics: (1) their affirmative responsibility for
problems of environmental management heretofore outside the scope of
government; (2) the welding of planning to regulatory authority; and (3)
a "regional" jurisdiction that cuts across the traditional boundaries of
local governments. While the Bay Commission, the Tahoe Agency and the
Coastal Commission share important attributes of legislative mandate and
institutional design, they display equally important differences. These
differences are explored and assessed in subsequent chapters of this
study: the ways in which official mandates were elaborated into
institutional missions; the variant interplay of planning and
regulation; the patterns of administrative organization and culture; the
modalities of public participation. Thus the study identifies variations
of structure and context that account for the variable accomplishments
of these new land use agencies. The underlying analytic theme of this
dissertation is to point out and explicate a characteristic tension
between "responsiveness" and "accountability," between "openness" and
"integrity," in contemporary law, policy and administration.
Administrative agencies have emerged as today's most representative
legal institutions. In recent thinking about administrative law and
public administration, attention has shifted from the containment of
"administrative discretion" to the promotion of "institutional
competence." Comparison of the historical records of BCDC, TRPA and
CC(ZC)C testifies that this latter is no panacea and highlights the
dilemmas involved in designing institutions that are both competent and
fair. Order No: AAC 9029078 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts

Van Tassel, B. H. (1987). Wood chips to games chips : casinos and people
at North Lake Tahoe. Sacramento, CA, Spilman Printing Co.

Varnhagen, E., E. R. Byron, et al. (1987). Epischura density as a factor
controlling the establishment of Bosmina populations in Lake Tahoe.
Congress In New Zealand, Hamilton, New Zealand.\
The timing of the decline of Epischura in the late summer and autumn
months is probably the most important factor determining whether Bosmina
will occur in any given year. If Epischura populations decline in August
or September, Bosmina are free to grow throughout September and October
and can achieve high densities depending on food availability. If
Epischura populations persist into October or November before declining
in abundance, Bosmina will not be able to colonize the lake because of
inherent resting egg production and declining ambient temperatures. The
impact of Mysis predation on Bosmina populations has apparently been to
shift Bosmina vertical distribution higher in the water column. Bosmina
population abundance is now controlled by Epischura abundance to a large
extent. In short, Bosmina in Lake Tahoe do not exhibit high enough birth
rates to overcome the impact of invertebrate predation and their ability
to colonize the lake is essentially controlled by the population
behavior of their predators.

Vernon, E. J. (1949). Tahoe trails and Sierra Mountain memories, E.J.
Vernon.

Vincent, W. F. (1977). Ecophysiological Studies On the Aphotic
Phytoplankton Of Lake Tahoe, California - Nevada, University Of
California, Davis.

Vincent, W. F. (1978). Survival of Aphotic Phytoplankton in Lake Tahoe
Throughout Prolonged Stratification. Congress In Denmark, Copenhagen,
Denmark.\
The chlorophyll content of the 350-450 m stratum of Lake Tahoe's aphotic
zone remained statistically unchanged from Dec. 1975 to Dec. 1976,
thereby demonstrating that exchange between the deep aphotic zone and
overlying waters was minimal even throughout the period of surface
mixing in early 1976. Algae collected from within this zone began
photosynthesizing immediately upon re-exposure to euphotic light levels
and photosynthetic rates were not increased with up to 116 hours further
preincubation in the light. To supplement chlorophyll estimates of
"light reaction potential" the enzyme catalysing the rate determining
step of the dark reaction, ribulose 1.5-diphosphate carboxylase
(RuDPCase) was assayed down the water column. RuDPCase levels per unit
microbial biomass for deep aphotic populations were not statistically
different from levels in the euphotic community. Settling velocities
measured over a wide range of nutritional conditions for six aphotic
algae isolated into uni-algal culture were too slow to account for a
recent euphotic origin of these cells by passive sedimentation.

Vincent, W. F. and C. R. Goldman (1980). Evidence for algal heterotrophy
in lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25(1): 89-99.\
Significant differences in the uptake of SUP-14 organic compounds
between light and dark bottle incubations of water were recorded from
Lake Tahoe. The response to light did not occur in situ below the max
depth of inorganic C photoassimilation and was completely inhibited by a
photosynthetic inhibitor. Dark acetate uptake in the deep euphotic zone
was strongly inhibited by a eucaryotic inhibitor. Microautoradiographic
analysis showed that 2 species of green algae (Monoraphidium contortum-
and Friedmannia-) in Tahoe were capable of acetate transport at labeled
substrate additions within previously determined ambient limits; in
axenic culture these 2 species grew heterotrophically on acetate.
Activities of key enzymes of the major inducible pathway for acetate
assimilation were high per unit ATP in the region of the water column
where acetate uptake was light stimulated. These data strongly support
the hypothesis of heterotrophically active phytoplankton populations at
the bottom of the euphotic zone.

Vincent, W. F. (1982). Autecology of an Ultraplanktonic Shade Alga in
Lake Tahoe. J. Phycol. 18(2): 226-232.\
The ultraplanktonic green alga Monoraphidium contortum Korm. in Lake
Tahoe (California-Nevada) demonstrated several ecological and
physiological attributes of a genetically adapted shade species. M.
contortum achieved maximum biomass during deep mixing in winter when
light availability was at a minimum. During stratification it was found
in maximum abundance in the deep euphotic region, 100-150 m. This
species was also distributed through the deep aphotic zone where,
despite prolonged darkness, it remained capable of immediate
photosynthesis when re-exposed to light levels in the euphotic zone. The
spirally twisted cells were grazed by two calanoid copepods in Lake
Tahoe as readily as much larger-celled phytoplankton species of less
complex morphology. Slow growth rates in combination with high
susceptibility to copepod grazing may effectively exclude M. contortum
from the upper 75 m, where it was rarely recorded. In culture it showed
a marked incapacity to adjust to "sun" conditions but was well adapted
to low light regimes. Under a wide range of irradiances, photochemical
capacity, photosynthetic capacity and growth rates were low, but
cellular pigment content remained high. Genetically distinct sun and
shade populations of phytoplankton may play a determining role in major
shifts of community structure over depth and time in Lake Tahoe.

Vincent, W. F. (1990). Dynamic Coupling Between Photosynthesis and Light
in the Phytoplankton Environment. Internationale Vereinigung fuer
Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. Verhandlungen IVTLAP 24(1):
25-37.\
Substantial variations in photosynthesis from one year to another are
often superimposed upon any long term trends such as eutrophication.
This year-to-year variability can be initiated by meteorological
factors, especially at critical times in the successional or mixing
cycle. In Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) a strong cross-correlation
exists between annual photosynthesis and the maximum depth of mixing.
The critical period of less than one month in Lake Tahoe is short
relative to broader scale, synoptic weather patterns, such as those
associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation cycle. Much of the
photo-adjustment of phytoplankton takes place at the level of energy
capture, and also during the conversion of solar to chemical energy.
Four classes of proteins, each interconnected to the others, include
light harvesting pigment proteins, reaction center proteins, electron
transfer proteins, and ATP-generating proteins. The efficiency of light
harvesting by these pigment protein complexes dictates the areal
absorption coefficient of the cell, usually normalized to chlorophyll a
and referred to as kc. The increase in the carotenoid content of the
light-harvesting complex may be especially important in brightly lit
environment. The biosynthetic processes associated with sun-shade
adaptation allow the phytoplankton community to adjust to mean
irradiances over a time scale of hours to days, but for an algal cell
circulating through the mixed layer of a lake, or exposed to changing
cloud conditions, a more urgent photoadaptive response is required. High
performance liquid chromatography is playing an increasing role for the
tracking of shifts in the light-harvesting pigments in natural waters.
Several models have been developed to describe the processes of
photosynthesis and photoadaptation but none of these models have
incorporated the adjustments, adaptations, and damage/repair responses
which characterize phytoplankton photosynthesis. (Brunone-PTT)

Voluntary Action Center of South Lake Tahoe (1978). Programs and
projects, March 1978. South Lake Tahoe, CA, Voluntary Action Center of
South Lake Tahoe.

von Schmidt, A. W. and Lake Tahoe and San Francisco Water Works (1871).
Report to the Lake Tahoe and San Francisco Water Works Company, on its
sources of supply, proposed line of works, estimated cost and income,
Alta California Printing House, San Francisco, CA: 21 p.

Vondracek, B. C. (1981). The Energetics Of the Tahoe Sucker, Catostomus
Tahoensis, In Cyclic and Constant Temperatures, University Of
California, Davis.\
Recent hypotheses suggest that aquatic organisms will exhibit faster
growth rates in diel temperature cycles as compared with organisms that
remain at constant temperatures. Attendant assumptions are lower
metabolic rates and increased assimilation efficiency in cyclic as
opposed to constant temperatures. The growth and metabolic rate of the
Tahoe sucker, Catostomus tahoensis, were evaluated in diel temperature
cycles which approximate natural temperature regimes occurring between
late spring and early autumn. Three experiments were conducted in cyclic
temperatures and constant temperatures equivalent to the arithmetic mean
of the temperature cycles. The Tahoe sucker grew faster in a reservoir
than in two tributary streams. Growth rates were evaluated both by
comparison of back-calculated lengths using pectoral fin rays and by
comparison of standard lengths at capture of age V suckers. Four
possible factors were hypothesized to explain the observed growth
differential: (1) genetic differences, (2) extra energy costs of
swimming in flowing systems, (3) food availability, and (4) temperature
regimes. Stampede Reservoir was formed in 1969 and the parental stock of
suckers was originally present in Sagehen Creek and the Little Truckee
River suggesting genetic differences are not a factor. The Tahoe sucker
selects areas of low flow rate obviating significant energy expenditures
to maintain station. Digestive tract fullness and energy content of the
diets were not significantly different in the streams of the reservoir,
which indicated food availability was not a factor influencing the
growth differential. Stream temperatures fluctuated 12 C daily, whereas
reservoir temperatures remained nearly constant daily and varied little
throughout July and August. Mean temperatures w here the suckers reside
in both streams and reservoir were nearly identical during the summer
sampling period. Growth season length or increased maintenance metabolic
costs for stream residents are likely temperature-related phenomena
explaining observed growth rate differentials. Resting routine metabolic
rates of the Tahoe sucker were measured using static, plexiglass
respirometers in cycling and constant temperatures over the thermal
range of 8-20 C. Q(,10) values approximating three for both cyclic and
constant temperature regimes indicate that the Tahoe sucker in a cyclic
temperature regime are significantly (P \< 0.05) higher than rates of
suckers acclimated to a constant temperature equivalent to the
arithmetic mean of the cycle. These higher energetic costs for routine
metabolism may explain reduced Tahoe sucker growth rates in streams
compared with reservoirs. Growth rates, gross growth efficiencies and
maintenance rations of the Tahoe sucker were determined in cyclic and
constant temperatures over a thermal range of 4-23 C. Growth rates and
gross growth efficencies were determined in three temperature pairs
(low, 8 C constant, 4-12 C cycle; intermediate, 13 C constant, 8-18 C
cycle; and high, 18 C constant, 13-23 C cycle) and at three ration
levels (starvation, restricted and repletion). Growth rates and gross
growth efficiencies were not significantly different at any temperature
pair-ration condition, except at low temperatures and starvation ration.
Maintenance rations increased from approximately 1% initial weight
weight/d at low temperatures 1.7% at high temperatures and 2.0 % at
intermediate temperatures. Brought together, the results of the three
experiments question the universality of previous assumptions regarding
growth and metabolism of fishes exposed to sinusoidal temperature
fluctuations. Order No: AAC 8521654 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts

Vondracek, B., J. J. Cech, Jr., et al. (1982). Effect of cycling and
constant temperatures on the respiratory metabolism of the Tahoe sucker,
Catostomus tahoensis (Pisces: Catostomidae). Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp
Physiol 73(1): 11-14.

Vondracek, B., L. R. Brown, et al. (1982). Comparison of Age, Growth,
and Feeding of the Tahoe Sucker From Sierra Nevada Streams and a
Reservoir. Calif. Fish Game 68(1): 36-46.\
The Tahoe sucker, Catostomus tahoensis , grew faster in a reservoir than
in two tributary streams. Growth rates were evaluated both by comparison
of back-calculated lengths using pectoral fin rays and by comparison of
standard lengths at capture of age V suckers. Digestive tract fullness
and energy content of the diets were not significanlty different for
fish in the streams of the reservior, which indicated food availability
was not a factor influencing the growth differential. Growing season
length or increased maintenance metabolic costs forstream residents are
likely temperature-related phenomena explaining observed growth rate
differences.

Vondracek, B., J. J. Cech, Jr., et al. (1989). Growth, growth
efficiency, and assimilation efficiency of the Tahoe sucker in cyclic
and constant temperature. Environ. Biol. Fish. 24(2): 151-156.\
Tahoe sucker, Catostomus tahoensis , were fed at three ration levels
(starvation, 50% of repletion, and repletion) at three constant and
cyclic temperature regimes to examine growth rate and gross growth
efficiencies. Growth rates increased with increasing temperature and
ration level. Growth rates were not different between cyclic
temperatures and the constant temperature equivalent to the mean of the
cycle. Maintenance rations increased from 0.9% of the initial wet weight
per day at low temperatures to 2.0 and 1.7% at intermediate and high
temperatures, respectively. Tahoe sucker growth rates and assimilation
efficiencies may not be enhanced in small streams because of this
species' inability to mediate temperature cycles through behaviour
thermoregulation.

Wackenreuder, V. and Geological Survey of California (1870). Sierra
Nevada summit line north and south of Lake Tahoe.

Walters Engineering (1973). Lake Tahoe water, wastewater & drainage
HUD-701 planning study, Walters Engineering, Reno, NV: 1 v. (unpaged).

Ward, J. F., Lockheed Engineering, et al. (1981). Photographic
technology development project : timber typing in the Tahoe Basin using
high altitude panoramic photography : final report, USDA, Houston, TX.

Warriner, J. and R. Warriner (1958). Lake Tahoe; an illustrated guide
and history. San Francisco, CA, Fearon Publishers.

Washburn, C. A. (1972). Clean Water and Power. Environment 14(7):
40-44.\
Because of the well-known environmental consequences of electrical
production and distribution, a question arises as to whether the
pollution caused by the power requirements of water pollution control
programs will approach or outweight the benefits gained. a power
increase of 2.9% would suffice to furnish secondary and tertiary
treatment to every remaining untreated effluent in the united states.
even producing the pristinely pure effluent of the lake tahoe plant
represents only a 3.3 percent addition over tertiary power needs. this
compares to a past overall power growth rate of 7 percent per year.
power growth demands are not attributable to waste water treatment
needs, nor can secondary pollution from power demands be used as an
excuse for halting pollution control efforts. (anderson-texas)

Watanabe, Y. and C. R. Goldman (1983). Heterotrophic bacterial community
in oligotrophic Lake Tahoe. Congress of the International Assocation of
Limnology, Lyon, France.\
Distribution and some properties of heterotrophic bacteria were studi ed
in ultra-oligotrophic Lake Tahoe, Calfifornia-Nevada, U.S.A. The b
acterial density was low in pelagic waters but increased in the litto
ral zone. Size fractionation of suspended particles in lake water sho
wed that 68% of viable bacteria in the pelagic water attached to detr
ital particles larger than 3 mu m, whereas 20% in the polluted littoral
water. In aufwuchs on bottom rocks in littoral zone, a high bacteria l
density (10 super(6) cfu cm super(-2) in viable counts, 10 super(8)
cells cm super(-2) in direct counts) developed in relation to attached
algae. Enrichment experiments revealed that the growth of bacterial
population in both plankt onic and attached was limited not only by
organic carbon but also nit rogen and phosporus in lake water. Daylight
penetrating into lake wat er is one factor suppressing the bacterial
growth in upper photic zon e in such an oligotrophic situation.

Waymire, J. A. (1907). Diverting water from Lake Tahoe for use in
California. San Francisco, CA, Argus Press.

Waymire, J. A. (1908). Distribution of Lake Tahoe waters. San Francisco,
CA, \[publisher unknown\].

Waymire, J. A. (1908). Lake Tahoe and Truckee River water supply :
distribution of interstate waters, Jordan Printing. Co.

Waymire, J. A. (1908). Water and power supply from Lake Tahoe and
American River offered to Oakland and other cities. Oakland, CA, Oakland
Enquirer.

Waymire, J. A., California Water Company, et al. (1909). In the matter
of the title in and to the waters of the Truckee river and to the use of
Lake Tahoe as a reservoir : brief on behalf of the California Water
Company, successor in interest to the Lake Tahoe and San Francisco Water
Works. San Francisco, CA, \[publisher unknown\].

Waymire, J. A. (1920). Water supply from Lake Tahoe and the North Fork
of American River for power and domestic use in cities in California.
San Francisco, CA.

Weekend Outdoor Productions (1972). Lake Tahoe recreation area. Oakland,
CA, Weekend Outdoor Productions.

Wells, A. J. (1906). Lake Tahoe and the High Sierra. San Francisco, CA,
Southern Pacific Co.

Werner, S. B., C. E. Weidmer, et al. (1984). Primary plague pneumonia
contracted from a domestic cat at South Lake Tahoe, Calif. J. Am. Med.
Assoc. 251(7): 929-931.\
Primary plague pneumonia occurred in a 47-year-old South Lake Tahoe
woman shortly after face-to-face exposure to her plague
pneumonia-infected cat. Both died. Field investigation revealed a recent
plague epizootic in squirrels and chipmunks around the patient's home.
Control measures included active surveillance and chemoprophylaxis of
197 contacts to the victim, a community alert on methods of self- and
pet protection, and application of insecticide to reduce rodent flea
populations. No secondary cases occurred.

West, A. W. and K. M. Mackenthun (1966). Report on Pollution in the Lake
Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Cincinnati, OH.\
Lake Tahoe is threatened by nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants from
sewage discharged within the basin. The phosphorus content of Lake Tahoe
water has reached a critical level. Objectionable algal growths are
present in near-shore areas where phosphorus concentrations are highest.
A substantional increase in nitrogen, common in human wastes, could
create obnoxious algae throughout the lake, destroy its clarity and
cause a distasteful sight and smell. Lake Tahoe is threatened by silt
erosion from lands where the natural vegetative cover is destroyed and
soil is disturbed by land clearing. Silt, transported by runoff during
the rainy season, reduces water clarity and beauty; destroys aquatic
life and adversely changes composition of organisms that may be present.
The following general improvements should be made; (1) establish
additional public utility districts, and extend public sewer service to
collect all sewage from the drainage area; (2) provide minimum secondary
treatment for all wastes collected; (3) export all sewage and garbage
out of the Lake Tahoe basin; and (4) minimize the transport of silt into
Lake Tahoe by using effective soil conservation and erosion control for
lands within the basin.

West (1971). California-Nevada Interstate Compact. West Cal Water Code
Ann secs 5975 thru 5976.\
California and Nevada have entered into a compact for the more efficient
determination of water rights between the states. A commission
consisting of five representatives from each state as well as one
federal representative has been established to enforce the Compact's
provisions. Any citizen who feels that the Compact has been violated is
permitted to report to the commission. The commission will enforce the
Compact's provision in the appropriate court of the state in which a
violation has occurred. The relative rights of both California and
Nevada regarding the use of water from the Lake Tahoe Basin, the Truckee
River Basin, the Carson River Basin and the Walker River Basin are set
out in detail in the compact. Each state is allowed to make any use of
groundwater and springs provided such use does not interfere with the
natural flow of water in the other state. The states are free to change
the use of water assigned to them provided such change does not
adversely affect the allocation of water to the other state. The use of
all waters for the preservation, protection, and enhancement of fish,
wildlife, and recreation is explicitly recognized. Either state which
imports water is guaranteed the exclusive use of that water.
(Moorhouse-Florida)

Western Federal Regional Council (1978). Federal policy for the Lake
Tahoe Basin, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C.

Western Federal Regional Council (1979). Lake Tahoe environmental
assesssment : executive summary, Western Federal Regional Council.

Western Federal Regional Council - Interagency Task Force (1979). Lake
Tahoe environmental assessment, Western Federal Regional Council,
Interagency Task Force.

Western Geographics Co. (1968). Street map of Lake Tahoe communities,
California and Nevada. Tahoe City, CA, Greater North Lake Tahoe Chamber
of Commerce and Covention Bureau.

Western Map Company (1975). City indexed maps of Lake Tahoe and
vicinity. Glendale, CA, Western Map Company.

Westphal, J. A., R. L. Bateman, et al. (1972). Water quality simulation
of Tahoe-Truckee system, Nevada-California, Center for Water Resources
Research, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada, Reno, NV.

Westphal, J. A. (1973). Digital Simulation Of Inorganic Water Quality Of
Tahoe-Truckee System, Nevada-California, University Of Nevada, Reno.

Westphal, J. A., J. V. A. Sharp, et al. (1976). Water Quality Simulation
of Tahoe-Truckee System, Nevada-California-Volume I, University of
Nevada, Reno. Center for Water Resources Research.\
A model was developed to aid inorganic water quality control in the
Tahoe-Truckee water system of Nevada and California. In this system
impoundments, diversions for and returns from industrial, agricultural,
and municipal uses, and groundwater returns influence inorganic quality
and surface water flows. Mass-flux-balance is the basis of the model.
Assumptions used relative to the model include: a conservative nature
for inorganic constitutents, instantaneous, complete mixing, and the
accurate recapitulation of flows at an unused gaging station. The model
is based on data collected over three years at 40 sites. Calcium,
sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate bicarbonate, silica, magnesium, and
total dissolved solids (less silica) were modeled. The model simulates
concentrations at selected points and quality of dispersed flows.
(Collins-FIRL)

Westphal, J. A., J. V. A. Sharp, et al. (1976). Water Quality Simulation
of Tahoe-Truckee System, Nevada-California - Volume II - Appendices,
University of Nevada, Reno. Center for Water Resources Research.\
Documentation for a digital inorganic water quality simulation model of
the Tahoe-Truckee System which consists of the mainstem and tributaries
of the Truckee River between Tahoe City, California and Nixon, Nevada is
presented in the form of appendices. The model is based on the principle
of mass-flux balance and presumes that inorganic constituents are
conservative, complete mixing occurs instantaneously, and that flows are
recapitulated accurately at the defunct gaging station near Truckee,
California. The model was developed from 3 yr of water quality data
collected monthly at about 40 sites along the mainstem and tributaries.
The appendices include: predictive equations, a computer program for the
model, cumulative frequency distribution curves, a derivation of
complete mixing equations, and simulation model output for bicarbonate,
chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silica, and
total dissolved solids. (Kreager-FIRL)

Wheeler, G. M., Grunsky Family, et al. (1881). Topographical map of Lake
Tahoe Region : Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada. Vienna, Imp. Royal
Geog. Institut.

Wheeler, S. S. and W. W. Bliss (1992). Tahoe heritage : the Bliss family
of Glenbrook, Nevada. Reno, NV, University of Nevada Press.

White, G. C. (1974). Disinfection: the Last Line Of Defense For Potable
Water. Water And Sewage Works 121(7): 66-67.\
The community water system survey revealed that 77 percent of water
treatment plant operators are inadequately trained in elementary water
microbiology, with 46 percent deficient in chemistry relating to the
operation of the facility. a review of the important aspects of
chlorination chemistry was presented. in the free residual process, free
chlorine displays the most powerful germicidal ability of all chlorine
compounds, with the exception of chlorine dioxide. this process should
be operated so that the hocl content of the final residual is 85 to 90
percent of the total residual. ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen
cause the most interference with the process. ammonia nitrogen may be
removed by chlorine easily, requiring approximately 10 parts of chlorine
for each part of ammonia. organic nitrogen compounds can produce a
system of unstable residuals, with reactions lasting for days before
completion, often resulting in n-chloro compounds with taste and odor
problems in the distribution system. the coliform concentration is a
salient factor in the evaluation of raw water quality at lake tahoe,
california, a plant produces effluent with a coliform concentration less
than 2.3/100 ml. this potable standard is achieved with chlorine doses
of 2 to 3 mg/liter in the presence of 2 to 15 mg/liter of ammonia
nitrogen. (leibowitz-firl)

White, C. A., A. L. Franks, et al. (1978). Demonstration of erosion and
sediment control technology : Lake Tahoe region of California, Municipal
Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development,
Springfield, VA.

Willard, W. B. J. (1972). Municipal Wastewater Reclamation. The Military
Engineer 64(418): 101-104.\
Examples of water reuse are given. at santee, california, waste water
has been used for recreational purposes. five bodies of water composed
of reclaimed sewage were constructed in 1959. to delay eutrophication of
lake tahoe new methods for waste water reclamation have been devised.
the basic concept consists of collection of all waste water from
individual and community systems within the tahoe basin, treatment to
meet bacteriological standards for drinking water, and exportation for
irrigation and recreation. it is a great economic saving to use
reclaimed water in industry, but the conversion of waste water into high
quality drinking water offers the greatest challenge. groundwater
recharge using municipal waste water is another means of water reuse.
waste water can be converted to potable water through the use of
microorganisms. direct cycle water reuse for municipal water supplies
could come into existence by the end of this century, but only if the
economics of the situation favor its use over some other method. under
the advanced water treatment research program of the federal water
quality administration (fwqa), processes have been developed and are
available for the production of potable water, but some degree of
overdesign must be incorporated until further full-scale testing and
improvements in design, materials, and equipment are completed. it is
believed that treated waste water will gain widespread acceptance as a
true water source, and that the quality of the effluent will not be
measured in the future by percent reduction, but will be based on more
practical absolute values. (strachan-chicago)

Williams, N. J. and C. R. Goldman (1975). Succession Rates in Lake
Phytoplankton Communities. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung
Limnologie 19: 808-811.\
Discussion is centered on progressive changes in relative species
composition of phytoplankton in five lakes which represent extremes and
medians of production. Included were: (1) Lake Tahoe, an
ultra-oligotrophic, subalpine warm monomictic lake; (2) Castle Lake,
California, a dimictic, mesotrophic subalpine lake; (3) Clear Lake,
California, a polymictic, lower-altitude productive aquatic environment;
(4) Lake Victoria, Africa, representing equatorial regions; and (5) an
arctic pond to represent conditions typical of polar latitudes.
Comparison of succession rates for the five lakes demonstrated that the
non-tropical lakes show significant seasonal variation in succession.
Additionally, maximum succession rates occur after community independent
environmental perturbations which are usually but not necessarily
correlated with periods of high primary productivity. Finally, it was
found that in the absence of disturbance succession rates decline and
remain low, partly because of community dependent processes. Equations
are given in the text for measuring rate of succession by calculating
the change in the relative contribution of individual species to total
biomass diversity. Notation is given for the fraction of total diversity
attributable to a single species, and a succession rate index that
measures the speed at which the community moves through diversity space
where the dimensions are the proportion of total diversity contributed
by a particular species. (Harris-Wisconsin)

Williams, N. J. (1978). Annual Variation of Photosynthetic Parameters in
Lake Tahoe. 20th Congress, Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische
und Angewandte Limnologie, Copenhagen, Denmark.\
The Steele (1962) and Vollenweider (1965) primary production versus
light equations were fit to an annual cycle of primary production in
Lake Tahoe. The Vollenweider equation was reparameterized in terms of
the two Steele parameters, optimum light intensity and maximum
production per chlorophyll, plus an additional parameter, the initial
slope of the specific production versus light curve. Both equations
explained about 90% of the total annual variation in specific
production. The parameters of these equations showed systematic and
significant annual variation. This variation was correlated with
environmental conditions. Optimum light intensity appeared to be
controlled by average light intensity in the mixed layer, the initial
slope by nitrate concentration, and maximum specific production by
nitrate and temperature. By relating the parameters to the environmental
conditions it was possible to account for 44% of the observed variation
in specific production with the Vollenweider equation and 67% with the
Steele equation.

Wilsey & Ham and Nevada-California Lake Tahoe Association (1958). Lake
Tahoe regional area : preliminary study for a general plan. Millbrae,
CA, Wilsey & Ham.

Wilsey Ham & Blair and Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Commission of Nevada
and California (1962). Preliminary regional plan : Lake Tahoe 1980
regional plan program. San Francisco, CA, Wilsey, Ham & Blair.

Winnett, T. (1987). The Tahoe-Yosemite trail : a comprehensive guide to
the 180 miles of trail between Meeks Bay at Lake Tahoe and Yosemite
Park's Tuolumne Meadows. Berkeley, CA, Wilderness Press.

Wise, J. and United States Environmental Protection Agency (1975). The
Lake Tahoe study : as requested by the 92nd Congress in Section 114 of
the Federal water pollution control act amendments of 1972, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

Wolfe, J. E. (1968). Earthquake History Near Lake Tahoe. Geologic
Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area, California and Nevada. J. R. Evans and
R. A. Matthews. Sacramento, CA, Geological Society of Sacramento: 27-36.

Woo, S. and N. Berg (1986). Factors Influencing the Quality of Snow
Precipitation and Snow Throughfall at a Sierra Nevada Site. Symposium on
Cold Regions Hydrology, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK,
American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, MD.\
Regression analysis showed precipitation type, (rain, snow, mixed rain
and snow, hail/graupel) and latitudinal storm path to be important
factors influencing both precipitation, conductivity and nitrate solute
concentrations at a subalpine site near Lake Tahoe, California. Weaker
relationships existed between both precipitation type and precipitation
pH and sulfate solute concentration. Storm duration, interstorm period,
and precipitation amount and intensity were relatively unimportant
explanatory variables. Vegetative influence on snow throughfall under
forest canopy was minimal, compared to unaffected precipitation. Solute
concentrations of H, SO4, Cl, and Ca in snow drip from two major
conifers, lodgepole fir and red fir, were generally greater than
precipitation in an open site. Contrary to studies in rain-dominated
environments, snow drip chemistries between fir and pine were
statistically different only for CA.

Wood, D. F. and San Francisco State University (1977). Water, sewerage
and water-related land use controls in the Tahoe-Truckee area : a study
in overlapping programs, San Francisco State University, San Francisco,
CA.

Wrye, K. J. (1989). Perceived and Preferred Mission and Goals As Held By
Constituent Groups Of the Lake Tahoe Unified School District
(California, Nevada), University Of San Francisco.\
The purpose of this study was to measure the perceptions and preferences
of the mission and goals of the Lake Tahoe Unified School District held
by teachers, school site administrators, district administrators, and
members of the school board. Mission and goal priorities and levels of
agreement and disagreement were sought among and between the four
constituent groups. The review of literature relevant to this study
focused on theories of organizations, social systems model,
organizational mission and goals, and school mission and goals. Out of
the literature review come the development of the School Mission and
Goals Survey used to assess mission and goal perceptions and
preferences. The questionnaire consisted of eighty items and utilized
Likert-type scales to measure perception of actual and preferred mission
and goal statements. Respondents included 167 teachers, 11 school site
administrators, 5 district administrators, and 5 board members, (an
overall response rate of 87 percent). This study clarifies the
prevailing knowledge concerning the mission and goals of the Lake Tahoe
Unified School District, and provides insight into some of the
organizational problems associated with mission and goal clarification.
On perceptions and preferences of the mission and goals by the
District's constituent groups, all groups scored their preferences
higher in importance than their actual perceptions; all constituent
groups were dissatisfied with the District's emphasis of importance on
most of the eighty mission and goal items; all groups showed
dissatisfaction with regard to the District's emphasis on support goals;
all groups disagreed most often with the board members concerning
mission and goal rankings and agreed most often with the teachers; and
although there were some important agreements on rankings, there was not
a clear enough pattern of agreement to conclude a consensus on the
rankings. Constituent group disagreement on mission and goal rankings,
and findings that their preferences were higher than their perceptions
implies that district schools should do it all and do it better. Lackof
constituent group agreement on district mission and goals may imply a
disproportionate emphasis on output goals over organizational support
goals creating a dysfunctional organization.

Xiang, W.-N. (1989). Systems Modeling For Environmental Planning In the
Lake Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada, University Of California,
Berkeley.\
Environmental planning in the Lake Tahoe basin is difficult. The
environmental problems are complex, data and human knowledge are
uncertain, the planning processes are multiobjective, multiparticipant,
multilevel, and multicycle in nature. To cope with these difficulties, a
holistic framework for environmental planning at a regional or basin
level is desirable. As an effort to construct a systematic framework,
three objectives are identified and pursued in this study. Pursuit of an
improved regional environmental planning system through a coordination
of its two component systems. The dissertation demonstrates how the two
environmental planning systems at a regional level of a planning
hierarchy for water quality and air quality protection, which are
different from each other in purposes, assumptions, methods, and
outputs, can be coordinated such that they are compatible with one
another as well as consistent with the planning requirements from the
higher level. It also demonstrates that not only the two systems
themselves, but also the entire regional environmental planning system,
in which the two are parts, can be improved from such a coordination.
Establishment and application of a basinwide mitigation system. In the
coordination process, a basinwide mitigation scheme is developed and
applied. The dissertation demonstrates how a basinwide mitigation system
can be used through a multiobjective linear programming model as a lever
to balance the tradeoff between land use development and regulation.
Development and application of a basinwide geographically oriented
research support information system. The dissertation demonstrates what
a basinwide geographically oriented planning information system should
look like, how the system that is originally developed at a regional
level is connected with others at community or site-specific levels, and
how it supports the planning activities at the regional level. The study
results not only provide helpful insights and experience for the
professionals in the Lake Tahoe basin, but also benefit the development
of a more effective and efficient methodology for regional environmental
planning.

Zanitsch, R. H. and J. M. Morand (1970). Tertiary Treatment Of Combined
Waste Water. Water And Wastes Engineering 7(9): 58-60.\
The feasibility of removing refractory organic material and dyes from an
activated sludge effluent using granular activated carbon was studied. a
colorless effluent containing an average of 3 mg/l biochemical oxygen
demand and 3 mg/l suspended solids was produced in the 61-day trial.
tertiary treatment with granular activated carbon has been demonstrated
in a pilot scale at pomona, california; a full-scale advanced waste
treatment plant is in operation at lake tahoe, california. the source of
waste water for each of these plants is basically of domestic origin,
free of industrial contamination. at the mill creek sewage treatment
plant in cincinnati, the influent is a combined industrial-domestic
waste containing organic dyes, one of which is fluorescein. the green
fluorescein color is soluble and, therefore, is not removed by primary
treatment. in a preliminary test, an adsorption isotherm study was
conducted on a grab sample; the isotherms demonstrated that the soluble
organic carbon level of secondary effluent could be significantly
reduced by adsorption on activated carbon. the carbon columns were used
as both a filter and an adsorber. the fluorescein dye color bodies were
effectively removed by adsorption on the granular carbon.
(jones-wisconsin)

Zauner, P. (1982). Lake Tahoe. Tahoe Paradise, CA, Zanel Publications.

Zell, S. C. and S. K. Sorenson (1993). Cyst Acquisition Rate For
Giardia-Lamblia In Backcountry Travelers to Desolation Wilderness, Lake
Tahoe. Journal Of Wilderness Medicine 4(2): 147-154.

Zettel, R. M. and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1972). A
transportation planning process for the Lake Tahoe Region : a
prospectus. Berkeley, CA, R.M. Zettel.

Ziegler, D. S. (1985). Economics of nonpoint source pollution control:
Lake Tahoe, California/Nevada. Perspectives On Nonpoint Source
Pollution, Kansas City, Missouri.\
Controlling water pollution from nonpoint sources had been a major
concern at Lake Tahoe for over a decade. Recent amendments to the Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency's Regional Plan require 5 different nonpoint
source control programs to reduce pollutant loads to the Lake. The
Agency's nonpoint source control policies may have a positive long-term
impact on the region's economy and impacts of various types on local
government, utility districts, and individual property owners. Lake
Tahoe is a natural resource of exceptional quality; nonpoint source
pollution control measures are necessary to protect its famous water
quality. Economic impacts on local government and individual property
owners should be minor, assumming that they share the burden of capital
improvements. Utility districts that finance their operations with
connection fees will be affected to some degree by growth management
policies.

Zielinski, W. J., W. D. Spencer, et al. (1983). Relationship between
food habits and activity patterns of pine martens. J. Mammal. 64(3):
387-396.\
Pine martens (Martes americana ) consume a variety of food types
annually but seasonal foraging is restricted to a subset of available
prey. Winter foods include chickarees (Tamiasciurus douglasii ), voles
(Microtus spp.), snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus ), and flying
squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus ) whereas ground-dwelling sciurids
(Spermophilus spp. and Eutamias spp.) comprise the bulk of the diet
during the remainder of the year. Activity also is variable by season,
with martens foraging at night during winter and by day during summer.
Seasonal marten activity does not appear associated with optimal ambient
temperature but instead appears synchronized with the activity of prey.